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class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Background and accession</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Background_and_accession-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Reign" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reign"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Reign</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Reign-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Coinage" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Coinage"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Coinage</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Coinage-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Rock_relief" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rock_relief"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Rock relief</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rock_relief-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Klimova_plate" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Klimova_plate"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Klimova plate</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Klimova_plate-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Onyx_seal" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Onyx_seal"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Onyx seal</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Onyx_seal-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Bibliography subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Ancient_works" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ancient_works"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.1</span> <span>Ancient works</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ancient_works-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Modern_works" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Modern_works"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.2</span> <span>Modern works</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Modern_works-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> 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class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Shapur III</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 38 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-38" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">38 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%88%D8%B1_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AB%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AB" title="سابور الثالث – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="سابور الثالث" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%DB%86%DA%86%D9%88%D9%86%D8%AC%D9%88_%D8%B4%D8%A7%D9%BE%D9%88%D8%B1" title="اۆچونجو شاپور – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="اۆچونجو شاپور" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shapur_3-s%C3%A8" title="Shapur 3-sè – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Shapur 3-sè" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D0%B0%D0%BF%D1%83%D1%80_III" title="Шапур III – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Шапур III" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sapor_III" title="Sapor III – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Sapor III" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%A0%C3%A1p%C3%BAr_III." title="Šápúr III. – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Šápúr III." data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schapur_III." title="Schapur III. – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Schapur III." data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A3%CE%B1%CF%80%CF%8E%CF%81%CE%B7%CF%82_%CE%93%CE%84_%CF%84%CE%B7%CF%82_%CE%A0%CE%B5%CF%81%CF%83%CE%AF%CE%B1%CF%82" title="Σαπώρης Γ΄ της Περσίας – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Σαπώρης Γ΄ της Περσίας" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sapor_III" title="Sapor III – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Sapor III" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%9Capur_la_3-a" title="Ŝapur la 3-a – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Ŝapur la 3-a" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B4%D8%A7%D9%BE%D9%88%D8%B1_%D8%B3%D9%88%D9%85" title="شاپور سوم – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="شاپور سوم" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chapour_III" title="Chapour III – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Chapour III" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%83%A4%ED%91%B8%EB%A5%B4_3%EC%84%B8" title="샤푸르 3세 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="샤푸르 3세" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%A0apur_III." title="Šapur III. – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Šapur III." data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sapore_III" title="Sapore III – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Sapore III" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A9%D7%90%D7%A4%D7%95%D7%A8_%D7%94%D7%A9%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%A9%D7%99" title="שאפור השלישי – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="שאפור השלישי" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A8%E1%83%90%E1%83%9E%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A0_III" title="შაპურ III – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="შაპურ III" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/III._S%C3%A1p%C3%BAr_sz%C3%A1sz%C3%A1nida_kir%C3%A1ly" title="III. Sápúr szászánida király – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="III. Sápúr szászánida király" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%88%D8%B1_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AA" title="سابور التالت – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="سابور التالت" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B4%D8%A7%D9%BE%D9%88%D8%B1_%D8%B3%D9%88%D9%85" title="شاپور سوم – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="شاپور سوم" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sjapoer_III" title="Sjapoer III – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Sjapoer III" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%B7%E3%83%A3%E3%83%BC%E3%83%97%E3%83%BC%E3%83%AB3%E4%B8%96" title="シャープール3世 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="シャープール3世" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sjahpur_III_av_Persia" title="Sjahpur III av Persia – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Sjahpur III av Persia" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Szapur_III" title="Szapur III – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Szapur III" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sapor_III" title="Sapor III – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Sapor III" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D0%B0%D0%BF%D1%83%D1%80_III" title="Шапур III – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Шапур III" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%A0%C3%A1p%C3%BAr_III." title="Šápúr III. – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Šápúr III." data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%A0apur_III." title="Šapur III. – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Šapur III." data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%A0apur_III" title="Šapur III – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Šapur III" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shahpour_III" title="Shahpour III – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Shahpour III" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/III_%D0%A8%D0%B0%D0%BF%D1%83%D1%80" title="III Шапур – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="III Шапур" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D0%BE%D0%BF%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B8_III" title="Шопури III – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Шопури III" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/III._%C5%9E%C3%A2p%C3%BBr" title="III. Şâpûr – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="III. Şâpûr" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D0%B0%D0%BF%D1%83%D1%80_III" title="Шапур III – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Шапур III" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B4%D8%A7%D9%BE%D9%88%D8%B1_%D8%B3%D9%88%D9%85" title="شاپور سوم – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="شاپور سوم" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shapur_III" title="Shapur III – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Shapur III" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%9Eapur_III" title="Şapur III – Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Şapur III" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Zazaki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zazaki</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B2%99%E6%99%AE%E5%B0%94%E4%B8%89%E4%B8%96" title="沙普尔三世 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="沙普尔三世" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q310267#sitelinks-wikipedia" 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Click here for more information." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/19px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/29px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/39px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Sasanian emperor, 383–388</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above fn" style="background-color: #cbe; color:inherit; font-size: 125%">Shapur III<br /><span title="Middle Persian-language text"><span lang="pal" dir="rtl">𐭱𐭧𐭯𐭥𐭧𐭥𐭩</span></span></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader"><i><a href="/wiki/King_of_Kings_of_Iran_and_non-Iran" class="mw-redirect" title="King of Kings of Iran and non-Iran">King of Kings of Iran and non-Iran</a><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></i></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image photo"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Plate_of_Shapur_III_killing_a_tiger.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Plate_of_Shapur_III_killing_a_tiger.jpg/220px-Plate_of_Shapur_III_killing_a_tiger.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="202" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Plate_of_Shapur_III_killing_a_tiger.jpg/330px-Plate_of_Shapur_III_killing_a_tiger.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Plate_of_Shapur_III_killing_a_tiger.jpg/440px-Plate_of_Shapur_III_killing_a_tiger.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2540" data-file-height="2327" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption" style="line-height:normal;padding-bottom:0.2em;padding-top:0.2em;">A depiction of a king killing a leopard on the "Klimova Plate" (<a href="/wiki/Hermitage_Museum" title="Hermitage Museum">Hermitage Museum</a>), presumed to be Shapur III</div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #e4dcf6;color:inherit;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_shahanshahs_of_the_Sasanian_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="List of shahanshahs of the Sasanian Empire">Shahanshah</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Sasanian_Empire" title="Sasanian Empire">Sasanian Empire</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Reign</th><td class="infobox-data">383 – 388</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Predecessor</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Ardashir_II" title="Ardashir II">Ardashir II</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Successor</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Bahram_IV" title="Bahram IV">Bahram IV</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #e4dcf6;color:inherit;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><div style="height: 4px; width:100%;"></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">388</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Spouse</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Yazdan-Friy_Shapur" title="Yazdan-Friy Shapur">Yazdan-Friy Shapur</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Issue_(genealogy)" title="Issue (genealogy)">Issue</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Yazdegerd_I" title="Yazdegerd I">Yazdegerd I</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Bahram_IV" title="Bahram IV">Bahram IV</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Dynasty" title="Dynasty">House</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/House_of_Sasan" class="mw-redirect" title="House of Sasan">House of Sasan</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Father</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Shapur_II" title="Shapur II">Shapur II</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Religion</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Zoroastrianism" title="Zoroastrianism">Zoroastrianism</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1092331828">@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .contains-special-characters{width:22em}}</style><div class="side-box metadata side-box-right contains-special-characters noprint selfref"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><b>This article contains <a href="/wiki/Help:Special_characters" title="Help:Special characters">special characters</a>.</b> Without proper <a href="/wiki/Help:Special_characters#Middle_Persian" title="Help:Special characters">rendering support</a>, you may see <a href="/wiki/Specials_(Unicode_block)#Replacement_character" title="Specials (Unicode block)">question marks, boxes, or other symbols</a>.</div></div> </div> <p><b>Shapur III</b> (<a href="/wiki/Middle_Persian_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Middle Persian language">Middle Persian</a>: <span lang="pal" dir="rtl">𐭱𐭧𐭯𐭥𐭧𐭥𐭩</span> <span title="Middle Persian-language romanization"><i lang="pal-Latn">Šābuhr</i></span>), was the <a href="/wiki/Sasanian_Empire" title="Sasanian Empire">Sasanian</a> <a href="/wiki/King_of_Kings" title="King of Kings">King of Kings</a> (<span title="Middle Persian-language text"><i lang="pal"><a href="/wiki/Shah" title="Shah">shahanshah</a></i></span>) of Iran from 383 to 388. He was the son of <a href="/wiki/Shapur_II" title="Shapur II">Shapur II</a> (<span style="white-space:nowrap;"><abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr> 309–379</span>) and succeeded his uncle <a href="/wiki/Ardashir_II" title="Ardashir II">Ardashir II</a> (<span style="white-space:nowrap;"><abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr> 379–383</span>). </p><p>His reign was largely uneventful; to the west, a dispute with the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Romans</a> over <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Armenia_(antiquity)" title="Kingdom of Armenia (antiquity)">Armenia</a> was eventually settled <a href="/wiki/Peace_of_Acilisene" title="Peace of Acilisene">through diplomacy</a>, partitioning the area between the two empires in a manner which left most of it under Sasanian control. To the east, Shapur III lost control of the important mint city <a href="/wiki/Kabul" title="Kabul">Kabul</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Alchon_Huns" title="Alchon Huns">Alchon Huns</a>. </p><p>He is notable for having a <a href="/wiki/Rock_relief" title="Rock relief">rock relief</a> carved at <a href="/wiki/Taq-e_Bostan" title="Taq-e Bostan">Taq-e Bostan</a>, depicting a scene of him along with his father. He was the penultimate monarch to have a rock relief carved, the last one being <a href="/wiki/Khosrow_II" title="Khosrow II">Khosrow II</a> (<span style="white-space:nowrap;"><abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr> 590–628</span>), who mimicked and magnified Shapur III's work. The king died in 388, after reigning for five years. He was crushed by the collapsing weight of his own tent, after some conspiring nobles had cut its ropes. His son <a href="/wiki/Bahram_IV" title="Bahram IV">Bahram IV</a> succeeded him. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shapur_III&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Etymology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>"Shapur" was a popular name in <a href="/wiki/Sasanian_Iran" class="mw-redirect" title="Sasanian Iran">Sasanian Iran</a>, being used by three Sasanian monarchs and other notables of the Sasanian era and its later periods. Derived from <a href="/wiki/Old_Iranian" class="mw-redirect" title="Old Iranian">Old Iranian</a> <i>*xšayaθiya.puθra</i> ("son of a king"), it must initially have been a title, which became—at least in the late 2nd century AD—a personal name.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShahbazi2002_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShahbazi2002-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It appears in the list of <a href="/wiki/Parthian_Empire" title="Parthian Empire">Arsacid</a> kings in some Arabic-Persian sources, however, this is <a href="/wiki/Anachronistic" class="mw-redirect" title="Anachronistic">anachronistic</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShahbazi2002_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShahbazi2002-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Shapur is transliterated in other languages as; <a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a> <i>Sapur</i>, <i>Sabour</i> and <i>Sapuris</i>; <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a> <i>Sapores</i> and <i>Sapor</i>; <a href="/wiki/Arabic" title="Arabic">Arabic</a> <i>Sābur</i> and <i>Šābur</i>; <a href="/wiki/New_Persian" title="New Persian">New Persian</a> <i>Šāpur</i>, <i>Šāhpur</i>, <i>Šahfur</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShahbazi2002_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShahbazi2002-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Background_and_accession">Background and accession</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shapur_III&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Background and accession"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Shapur III was the son of <a href="/wiki/Shapur_II" title="Shapur II">Shapur II</a> (<span style="white-space:nowrap;"><abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr> 309–379</span>). In 379, Shapur II designated his half-brother <a href="/wiki/Ardashir_II" title="Ardashir II">Ardashir II</a> as his successor on the condition that he would abdicate when his son reached adulthood.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShahbazi1986380–381_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShahbazi1986380–381-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ardashir II's reign lasted until 383, when he was killed or deposed by the Iranian nobility. The reason behind this was due to his continuation of Shapur II's policy of restricting the authority of power-hungry nobles.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShahbazi1986380–381_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShahbazi1986380–381-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Shapur III then succeeded him; according to the narratives included in the history of <a href="/wiki/Al-Tabari" title="Al-Tabari">al-Tabari</a> (died 923), he was well received by his subjects due to the crown being given to an offspring of Shapur II.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBosworth199968_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBosworth199968-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Shapur III declared to them in his accession speech, that he would not allow deceit, greed or self-righteousness at his court.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPourshariati200857–58_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPourshariati200857–58-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, to the nobility this was unacceptable.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPourshariati200858_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPourshariati200858-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Reign">Reign</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shapur_III&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Reign"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Roman-Persian_Frontier_in_Late_Antiquity.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Roman-Persian_Frontier_in_Late_Antiquity.svg/280px-Roman-Persian_Frontier_in_Late_Antiquity.svg.png" decoding="async" width="280" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Roman-Persian_Frontier_in_Late_Antiquity.svg/420px-Roman-Persian_Frontier_in_Late_Antiquity.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Roman-Persian_Frontier_in_Late_Antiquity.svg/560px-Roman-Persian_Frontier_in_Late_Antiquity.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2710" data-file-height="1740" /></a><figcaption>Map of the Roman-Iranian frontier</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Armenia_(antiquity)" title="Kingdom of Armenia (antiquity)">Armenia</a> had been constantly the source of war between the Roman and Sasanian Empires. In 378/9, Shapur II had achieved Iranian hegemony over the country after its regent <a href="/wiki/Manuel_Mamikonian" title="Manuel Mamikonian">Manuel Mamikonian</a> submitted to him. A force 10,000 of Iranian soldiers led by general <a href="/wiki/Surena_(4th_century)" title="Surena (4th century)">Surena</a> were dispatched to Armenia.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChaumont1986418–438_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChaumont1986418–438-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELenski2002185_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELenski2002185-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Surena was given the title of <i><a href="/wiki/Marzban" title="Marzban">marzban</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/Margrave" title="Margrave">margrave</a>), which indicates that Armenia was now a Sasanian province.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChaumont1986418–438_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChaumont1986418–438-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Under Ardashir II, however, Manuel rebelled and succeeded in maintaining independence against both the Iranians and Romans in the early 380s.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELenski2002185_(see_also_note_172)_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELenski2002185_(see_also_note_172)-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, just before his death in 385/386,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEToumanoff19615_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEToumanoff19615-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> he seemingly placed Armenia under Roman protection.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlockley1987229_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlockley1987229-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> With his death, many Armenian <i><a href="/wiki/Nakharar" title="Nakharar">nakharars</a></i> (grandees) revolted against the <a href="/wiki/Arsacid_dynasty_of_Armenia" title="Arsacid dynasty of Armenia">Arsacid</a> king <a href="/wiki/Arshak_III" title="Arshak III">Arshak III</a> (<span style="white-space:nowrap;"><abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr> 378–387</span>) and appealed to Shapur III for another king. Shapur III responded by crowning <a href="/wiki/Khosrov_IV_of_Armenia" title="Khosrov IV of Armenia">Khosrov IV</a> as king, and gave him his sister <a href="/wiki/Zurvandukht" class="mw-redirect" title="Zurvandukht">Zurvandukht</a> in marriage.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He then sent an invasion force into Armenia, which occupied most of the country. Arshak III was forced to withdraw to the western region of <a href="/wiki/Acilisene" title="Acilisene">Acilisene</a>, where he awaited Roman reinforcements.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEToumanoff19615_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEToumanoff19615-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlockley1987229_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlockley1987229-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Instead of declaring war, Iran and Rome agreed to come to terms through diplomacy.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKia2016278_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKia2016278-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlockley1987229_12-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlockley1987229-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An <a href="/wiki/Peace_of_Acilisene" title="Peace of Acilisene">agreement</a> was made to partition Armenia.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKia2016278_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKia2016278-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChaumont1986418–438_8-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChaumont1986418–438-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The boundary stretched through <a href="/wiki/Erzurum" title="Erzurum">Theodosiopolis</a> in the north and <a href="/wiki/Amida_(Mesopotamia)" title="Amida (Mesopotamia)">Amida</a> in the south, which meant that most of Armenia remained in Sasanian <a href="/wiki/Sasanian_Armenia" title="Sasanian Armenia">hands</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChaumont1986418–438_8-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChaumont1986418–438-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> including the two Arsacid capitals of <a href="/wiki/Artaxata" title="Artaxata">Artaxata</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dvin_(ancient_city)" title="Dvin (ancient city)">Dvin</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHovannisian199792_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHovannisian199792-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> With this treaty, the Romans also fully acknowledged Iranian hegemony over all of <a href="/wiki/Sasanian_Iberia" title="Sasanian Iberia">Iberia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEToumanoff1963360–361_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEToumanoff1963360–361-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESuny199422_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESuny199422-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHoward-Johnston200627_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoward-Johnston200627-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When this treaty exactly took place is unsure; most scholars believe the treaty was made in 387, whilst a few others state 384 or even in 389 or 390.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChaumont1986418–438_8-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChaumont1986418–438-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Both sides were to cooperate in the defense of the <a href="/wiki/Caucasus" title="Caucasus">Caucasus</a>, with the Romans agreeing to pay the Iranians roughly 500 lbs (226 kg) of gold at irregular intervals.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShayegan2013809_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShayegan2013809-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPayne2015297–298_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPayne2015297–298-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While the Romans saw this payment as political allocations, the Iranians saw it as tribute.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPayne2015298_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPayne2015298-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In order to further reduce the political and economic power of Iranian Armenia, Shapur III deprived the country of several of its provinces;<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBournoutian200253_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBournoutian200253-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Artsakh_(historic_province)" class="mw-redirect" title="Artsakh (historic province)">Artsakh</a>, <a href="/wiki/Utik" title="Utik">Utik</a>, Shakashen, <a href="/wiki/Gardman" title="Gardman">Gardman</a> and Kolt were given to <a href="/wiki/Caucasian_Albania" title="Caucasian Albania">Caucasian Albania</a> (ruled by a <a href="/wiki/Arsacid_dynasty_of_Caucasian_Albania" title="Arsacid dynasty of Caucasian Albania">collateral line</a> of the Arsacids);<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHewsen200140,_75_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHewsen200140,_75-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Gugark" title="Gugark">Gugark</a> (ruled by the <a href="/wiki/Mihranids_of_Gugark" title="Mihranids of Gugark">Mihranids</a>) became subject to Iberia;<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERapp201466_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERapp201466-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEToumanoff196138_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEToumanoff196138-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Arzanene" title="Arzanene">Arzanene</a> (ruled by a <i><a href="/wiki/Bidaxsh" title="Bidaxsh">bidaxsh</a></i>, i.e. margrave), <a href="/wiki/Paytakaran" title="Paytakaran">Paytakaran</a>, Korjayk (<a href="/wiki/Corduene" class="mw-redirect" title="Corduene">Corduene</a>) and <a href="/wiki/Parskahayk" class="mw-redirect" title="Parskahayk">Parskahayk</a> were incorporated into Iran.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHovannisian199792_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHovannisian199792-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBournoutian200253_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBournoutian200253-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEToumanoff196131_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEToumanoff196131-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Arshak III soon died, which made the Romans abolish their branch of the Arsacid monarchy and create the province of <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Armenia" title="Byzantine Armenia">Western Armenia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELenski2002185_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELenski2002185-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChaumont1986418–438_8-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChaumont1986418–438-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As a result many of the <i>nakharars</i> who had followed him subsequently rejoined the Iranians.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHovannisian199792_15-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHovannisian199792-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Arsacid monarchy in Iranian Armenia continued to last for a few decades, until its abolishment by king <a href="/wiki/Bahram_V" title="Bahram V">Bahram V</a> (<span style="white-space:nowrap;"><abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr> 420–438</span>) in 428.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELenski2002185_9-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELenski2002185-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChaumont1986418–438_8-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChaumont1986418–438-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Shapur III's religious tolerance towards the Christians is reported by the historians <a href="/wiki/Elishe" title="Elishe">Elishe</a> and <a href="/wiki/John_of_Ephesus" title="John of Ephesus">John of Ephesus</a>. According to the former, Shapur III granted the Armenians lavish gifts and exempted their Church from royal taxation.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcDonough2006252_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcDonough2006252-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Besides the dispute over Armenia, Shapur III seems to have clashed with the <a href="/wiki/Alchon_Huns" title="Alchon Huns">Alchon Huns</a> to the east; coinage indicates that the Alchon Huns seized <a href="/wiki/Kabul" title="Kabul">Kabul</a> from him sometime before 388. They duplicated the same coin mints issued by Shapur III, with the only difference being the newly added <a href="/wiki/Bactrian_language" title="Bactrian language">Bactrian</a> inscription "αλχοννο" (<i>alxanno</i>), added to display their takeover of Sasanian territory.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPayne201611_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPayne201611-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The loss of the city was a major blow, as it had been a center of coin manufacture since the 360s.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPayne201611_28-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPayne201611-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Shapur III died in 388, after reigning for five years. He died when some nobles cut the ropes of a large tent that he had erected in one of his palace courts, so that the tent fell on top of him.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPourshariati200858_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPourshariati200858-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was succeeded by his son <a href="/wiki/Bahram_IV" title="Bahram IV">Bahram IV</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKlíma1988514–522_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKlíma1988514–522-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another of his sons, <a href="/wiki/Yazdegerd_I" title="Yazdegerd I">Yazdegerd I</a>, later succeeded Bahram IV in 399.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShahbazi2005_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShahbazi2005-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Coinage">Coinage</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shapur_III&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Coinage"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gold_coin_of_Shapur_III.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Gold_coin_of_Shapur_III.jpg/220px-Gold_coin_of_Shapur_III.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="106" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Gold_coin_of_Shapur_III.jpg/330px-Gold_coin_of_Shapur_III.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Gold_coin_of_Shapur_III.jpg/440px-Gold_coin_of_Shapur_III.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="386" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Gold_dinar" title="Gold dinar">Gold dinar</a> of Shapur III, <a href="/wiki/Sindh" title="Sindh">Sindh</a> <a href="/wiki/Sasanian_coinage_of_Sindh" title="Sasanian coinage of Sindh">mint</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Under Shapur III and Bahram IV, the administrative program for <a href="/wiki/Sasanian_coinage" title="Sasanian coinage">Sasanian coinage</a> substantially changed. More coins were minted, with administrative areas often producing dies for several types of mints.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchindel2013818_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchindel2013818-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Shapur III was one of the few Sasanian kings to mint coins of himself not wearing a crown and <i><a href="/wiki/Korymbos_(headgear)" title="Korymbos (headgear)">korymbos</a></i>, but only a <a href="/wiki/Diadem" title="Diadem">diadem</a>. This demonstrates that the diadem was the most important <a href="/wiki/Headgear" title="Headgear">headgear</a> of the Sasanian king.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShayegan2013832_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShayegan2013832-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On his coins, he used the typical title of <i>Mazdēsn bay Šābuhr šāhān šāh Ērān ud Anērān kēčihr az yazdān</i> ("the Mazda-worshiping, divine Shapur, King of Kings of Iran(ians) and non-Iran(ians), whose image/brilliance is from the gods").<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchindel2013836_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchindel2013836-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShayegan2013805_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShayegan2013805-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Rock_relief">Rock relief</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shapur_III&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Rock relief"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Inscription_of_Shapur_II_and_Shapur_III_at_Taq-e_Bostan" title="Inscription of Shapur II and Shapur III at Taq-e Bostan">Inscription of Shapur II and Shapur III at Taq-e Bostan</a></div> <p>Shapur III ordered the creation of a <a href="/wiki/Rock_relief" title="Rock relief">rock relief</a> located at the site of <a href="/wiki/Taq-e_Bostan" title="Taq-e Bostan">Taq-e Bostan</a> near present-day <a href="/wiki/Kermanshah" title="Kermanshah">Kermanshah</a>. Its design was that in the form of an <a href="/wiki/Iwan" title="Iwan">iwan</a>. Two Sasanian kings are portrayed, with inscriptions identifying the king to the left as Shapur III, and the king to the right as Shapur II.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECanepa2013870_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECanepa2013870-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While the king to the right is wearing Shapur II's crown, the one to left does properly duplicate the crown of Shapur III.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECanepa2013870_35-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECanepa2013870-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Unlike other Sasanian reliefs, the one created under Shapur III was not sculptured at the surface of a rock face, but at the back of a <a href="/wiki/Barrel_vault" title="Barrel vault">barrel vaulted</a> area.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECanepa2018360_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECanepa2018360-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This style was mimicked and magnified in the 7th century by the Sasanian monarch <a href="/wiki/Khosrow_II" title="Khosrow II">Khosrow II</a> (<span style="white-space:nowrap;"><abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr> 590–628</span>).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECanepa2018361_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECanepa2018361-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed" style="text-align:center"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 234px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 232px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Taq-e_Bostan_-_High-relief_Shapur_II_and_Shapur_III.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Relief of Shapur III (left) and Shapur II (right).[33]"><img alt="Relief of Shapur III (left) and Shapur II (right).[33]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Taq-e_Bostan_-_High-relief_Shapur_II_and_Shapur_III.jpg/348px-Taq-e_Bostan_-_High-relief_Shapur_II_and_Shapur_III.jpg" decoding="async" width="232" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Taq-e_Bostan_-_High-relief_Shapur_II_and_Shapur_III.jpg/522px-Taq-e_Bostan_-_High-relief_Shapur_II_and_Shapur_III.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Taq-e_Bostan_-_High-relief_Shapur_II_and_Shapur_III.jpg/695px-Taq-e_Bostan_-_High-relief_Shapur_II_and_Shapur_III.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="663" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Relief of Shapur III (left) and Shapur II (right).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECanepa2013870_35-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECanepa2013870-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 258.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 256.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Shapur_II_and_Shapur_III.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="19th-century drawing of the relief from a book of George Rawlinson."><img alt="19th-century drawing of the relief from a book of George Rawlinson." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Shapur_II_and_Shapur_III.jpg/385px-Shapur_II_and_Shapur_III.jpg" decoding="async" width="257" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Shapur_II_and_Shapur_III.jpg/578px-Shapur_II_and_Shapur_III.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Shapur_II_and_Shapur_III.jpg/770px-Shapur_II_and_Shapur_III.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2514" data-file-height="1470" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">19th-century drawing of the relief from a book of <a href="/wiki/George_Rawlinson" title="George Rawlinson">George Rawlinson</a>.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 182.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 180.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Taq-e_Bostan_-_Pahlavi_writing.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Inscriptional Pahlavi text near the sculptures."><img alt="Inscriptional Pahlavi text near the sculptures." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Taq-e_Bostan_-_Pahlavi_writing.jpg/271px-Taq-e_Bostan_-_Pahlavi_writing.jpg" decoding="async" width="181" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Taq-e_Bostan_-_Pahlavi_writing.jpg/407px-Taq-e_Bostan_-_Pahlavi_writing.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Taq-e_Bostan_-_Pahlavi_writing.jpg/542px-Taq-e_Bostan_-_Pahlavi_writing.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="850" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Inscriptional_Pahlavi" title="Inscriptional Pahlavi">Inscriptional Pahlavi</a> text near the sculptures.</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Klimova_plate">Klimova plate</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shapur_III&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Klimova plate"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The "Klimova Plate" (part of the <a href="/wiki/Klimova_Treasure" title="Klimova Treasure">Klimova Treasure</a>), is a silver vessel located in the <a href="/wiki/Hermitage_Museum" title="Hermitage Museum">Hermitage Museum</a>, which depicts a king slaying a leopard. His crown is highly identical to that of Shapur III. The crown is topped by the traditional <i>korymbos</i>, a globe-like cloth.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarperMeyers198174_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarperMeyers198174-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The king is wearing a dress identical to that of the plate of Yazdegerd I located in the <a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_Museum_of_Art" title="Metropolitan Museum of Art">Metropolitan Museum of Art</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarperMeyers198175_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarperMeyers198175-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A <a href="/wiki/Sogdian_language" title="Sogdian language">Sogdian</a> inscription from the 7th or 8th-century is inscribed on its reverse.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarperMeyers198174_38-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarperMeyers198174-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While Harper and Meyers in their book <i>Silver Vessels of the Sasanian Period: Royal Imagery</i> (1981) consider the king to possibly represent Shapur III,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarperMeyers198174–75_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarperMeyers198174–75-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the <i><a href="/wiki/The_Oxford_Dictionary_of_Late_Antiquity" title="The Oxford Dictionary of Late Antiquity">Oxford Dictionary of Late Antiquity</a></i> (2018) considers it be him.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHunter-Crawley20181158_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHunter-Crawley20181158-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Onyx_seal">Onyx seal</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shapur_III&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Onyx seal"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>One of the wives of Shapur III, named <a href="/wiki/Yazdan-Friy_Shapur" title="Yazdan-Friy Shapur">Yazdan-Friy Shapur</a>, has been immortalized by an <a href="/wiki/Onyx" title="Onyx">onyx</a> seal of remarkable quality, where she is shown wearing the horns of a ram. The seal is now in the <a href="/wiki/Cabinet_des_M%C3%A9dailles" class="mw-redirect" title="Cabinet des Médailles">Cabinet des Médailles</a>, <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELo_Muzio2008201_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELo_Muzio2008201-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shapur_III&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Also spelled "King of Kings of Iranians and non-Iranians".</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">This led to some Armenian writers to wrongly state that Ardashir II was Shapur II's son.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShahbazi1986380–381_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShahbazi1986380–381-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shapur_III&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-columns-2"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEShahbazi2002-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShahbazi2002_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShahbazi2002_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShahbazi2002_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFShahbazi2002">Shahbazi 2002</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEShahbazi1986380–381-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShahbazi1986380–381_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShahbazi1986380–381_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShahbazi1986380–381_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFShahbazi1986">Shahbazi 1986</a>, pp. 380–381.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBosworth199968-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBosworth199968_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBosworth1999">Bosworth 1999</a>, p. 68.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPourshariati200857–58-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPourshariati200857–58_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPourshariati2008">Pourshariati 2008</a>, pp. 57–58.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPourshariati200858-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPourshariati200858_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPourshariati200858_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPourshariati2008">Pourshariati 2008</a>, p. 58.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEChaumont1986418–438-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChaumont1986418–438_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChaumont1986418–438_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChaumont1986418–438_8-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChaumont1986418–438_8-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChaumont1986418–438_8-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChaumont1986418–438_8-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChaumont1986418–438_8-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFChaumont1986">Chaumont 1986</a>, pp. 418–438.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELenski2002185-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELenski2002185_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELenski2002185_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELenski2002185_9-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLenski2002">Lenski 2002</a>, p. 185.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELenski2002185_(see_also_note_172)-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELenski2002185_(see_also_note_172)_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLenski2002">Lenski 2002</a>, p. 185 (see also note 172).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEToumanoff19615-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEToumanoff19615_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEToumanoff19615_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFToumanoff1961">Toumanoff 1961</a>, p. 5.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlockley1987229-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlockley1987229_12-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlockley1987229_12-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlockley1987229_12-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBlockley1987">Blockley 1987</a>, p. 229.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Faustus of Byzantium, History of the Armenians, Book 6, Chapter 1</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKia2016278-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKia2016278_14-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKia2016278_14-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKia2016">Kia 2016</a>, p. 278.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHovannisian199792-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHovannisian199792_15-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHovannisian199792_15-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHovannisian199792_15-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHovannisian1997">Hovannisian 1997</a>, p. 92.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEToumanoff1963360–361-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEToumanoff1963360–361_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFToumanoff1963">Toumanoff 1963</a>, pp. 360–361.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESuny199422-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESuny199422_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSuny1994">Suny 1994</a>, p. 22.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoward-Johnston200627-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHoward-Johnston200627_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHoward-Johnston2006">Howard-Johnston 2006</a>, p. 27.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEShayegan2013809-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShayegan2013809_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFShayegan2013">Shayegan 2013</a>, p. 809.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPayne2015297–298-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPayne2015297–298_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPayne2015">Payne 2015</a>, pp. 297–298.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPayne2015298-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPayne2015298_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPayne2015">Payne 2015</a>, p. 298.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBournoutian200253-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBournoutian200253_22-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBournoutian200253_22-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBournoutian2002">Bournoutian 2002</a>, p. 53.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHewsen200140,_75-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHewsen200140,_75_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHewsen2001">Hewsen 2001</a>, pp. 40, 75.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERapp201466-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERapp201466_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRapp2014">Rapp 2014</a>, p. 66.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEToumanoff196138-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEToumanoff196138_25-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFToumanoff1961">Toumanoff 1961</a>, p. 38.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEToumanoff196131-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEToumanoff196131_26-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFToumanoff1961">Toumanoff 1961</a>, p. 31.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcDonough2006252-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcDonough2006252_27-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMcDonough2006">McDonough 2006</a>, p. 252.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPayne201611-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPayne201611_28-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPayne201611_28-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPayne2016">Payne 2016</a>, p. 11.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKlíma1988514–522-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKlíma1988514–522_29-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKlíma1988">Klíma 1988</a>, pp. 514–522.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEShahbazi2005-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShahbazi2005_30-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFShahbazi2005">Shahbazi 2005</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESchindel2013818-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchindel2013818_31-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSchindel2013">Schindel 2013</a>, p. 818.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEShayegan2013832-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShayegan2013832_32-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFShayegan2013">Shayegan 2013</a>, p. 832.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESchindel2013836-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchindel2013836_33-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSchindel2013">Schindel 2013</a>, p. 836.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEShayegan2013805-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShayegan2013805_34-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFShayegan2013">Shayegan 2013</a>, p. 805.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECanepa2013870-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECanepa2013870_35-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECanepa2013870_35-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECanepa2013870_35-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCanepa2013">Canepa 2013</a>, p. 870.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECanepa2018360-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECanepa2018360_36-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCanepa2018">Canepa 2018</a>, p. 360.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECanepa2018361-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECanepa2018361_37-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCanepa2018">Canepa 2018</a>, p. 361.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarperMeyers198174-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarperMeyers198174_38-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarperMeyers198174_38-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHarperMeyers1981">Harper & Meyers 1981</a>, p. 74.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarperMeyers198175-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarperMeyers198175_39-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHarperMeyers1981">Harper & Meyers 1981</a>, p. 75.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarperMeyers198174–75-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarperMeyers198174–75_40-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHarperMeyers1981">Harper & Meyers 1981</a>, pp. 74–75.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHunter-Crawley20181158-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHunter-Crawley20181158_41-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHunter-Crawley2018">Hunter-Crawley 2018</a>, pp. 1158.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://medaillesetantiques.bnf.fr/ws/catalogue/app/collection/record/ark:/12148/c33gb1v1s6">"Intaille"</a>. <i>medaillesetantiques.bnf.fr</i> (in French).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=medaillesetantiques.bnf.fr&rft.atitle=Intaille&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmedaillesetantiques.bnf.fr%2Fws%2Fcatalogue%2Fapp%2Fcollection%2Frecord%2Fark%3A%2F12148%2Fc33gb1v1s6&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShapur+III" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELo_Muzio2008201-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELo_Muzio2008201_43-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLo_Muzio2008">Lo Muzio 2008</a>, p. 201.</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shapur_III&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ancient_works">Ancient works</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shapur_III&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Ancient works"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Faustus_of_Byzantium" class="mw-redirect" title="Faustus of Byzantium">Faustus of Byzantium</a>, <i>History of the Armenians</i>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Modern_works">Modern works</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shapur_III&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Modern works"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBlockley1987" class="citation journal cs1">Blockley, Roger C. (1987). "The Division of Armenia between the Romans and the Persians at the End of the Fourth Century A.D.". <i>Historia: Zeitschrift für Alte Geschichte</i>. <b>36</b> (2): 222–234. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/4436006">4436006</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Historia%3A+Zeitschrift+f%C3%BCr+Alte+Geschichte&rft.atitle=The+Division+of+Armenia+between+the+Romans+and+the+Persians+at+the+End+of+the+Fourth+Century+A.D.&rft.volume=36&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=222-234&rft.date=1987&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F4436006%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Blockley&rft.aufirst=Roger+C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShapur+III" class="Z3988"></span> <span style="font-size:0.95em; font-size:95%; color: var( --color-subtle, #555 )">(<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Access_to_sources" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">registration required</a>)</span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBosworth1999" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Clifford_Edmund_Bosworth" title="Clifford Edmund Bosworth">Bosworth, C.E.</a> (1999). Ehsan Yar-Shater (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pdfdrive.com/the-history-of-al-tabari-vol-5-the-sasanids-the-byzantines-the-lakhmids-and-yemen-d183777497.html"><i>The History of al-Ṭabarī, Volume V: The Sāsānids, the Byzantines, the Lakhmids, and Yemen</i></a>. Vol. 5. Albany, NY: State University of New York Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+History+of+al-%E1%B9%ACabar%C4%AB%2C+Volume+V%3A+The+S%C4%81s%C4%81nids%2C+the+Byzantines%2C+the+Lakhmids%2C+and+Yemen&rft.place=Albany%2C+NY&rft.pub=State+University+of+New+York+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.aulast=Bosworth&rft.aufirst=C.E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pdfdrive.com%2Fthe-history-of-al-tabari-vol-5-the-sasanids-the-byzantines-the-lakhmids-and-yemen-d183777497.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShapur+III" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBournoutian2002" class="citation book cs1">Bournoutian, George A. (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/concisehistoryof00geor"><i>A Concise History of the Armenian People: (from Ancient Times to the Present)</i></a> (2 ed.). Mazda Publishers. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1568591414" title="Special:BookSources/978-1568591414"><bdi>978-1568591414</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Concise+History+of+the+Armenian+People%3A+%28from+Ancient+Times+to+the+Present%29&rft.edition=2&rft.pub=Mazda+Publishers&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-1568591414&rft.aulast=Bournoutian&rft.aufirst=George+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fconcisehistoryof00geor&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShapur+III" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCanepa2013" class="citation book cs1">Canepa, Matthew P. (2013). "Sasanian Rock Reliefs". In Potts, Daniel T. (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/3862504"><i>The Oxford Handbook of Ancient Iran</i></a>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0199733309" title="Special:BookSources/978-0199733309"><bdi>978-0199733309</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Sasanian+Rock+Reliefs&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Handbook+of+Ancient+Iran&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-0199733309&rft.aulast=Canepa&rft.aufirst=Matthew+P.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F3862504&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShapur+III" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCanepa2018" class="citation book cs1">Canepa, Matthew P. (2018). "Earthly Paradises". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://muse.jhu.edu/book/62562"><i>The Iranian Expanse: Transforming Royal Identity through Architecture, Landscape, and the Built Environment, 550 BCE–642 CE</i></a>. University of California Press. pp. 1–512. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780520964365" title="Special:BookSources/9780520964365"><bdi>9780520964365</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Earthly+Paradises&rft.btitle=The+Iranian+Expanse%3A+Transforming+Royal+Identity+through+Architecture%2C+Landscape%2C+and+the+Built+Environment%2C+550+BCE%E2%80%93642+CE&rft.pages=1-512&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=9780520964365&rft.aulast=Canepa&rft.aufirst=Matthew+P.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmuse.jhu.edu%2Fbook%2F62562&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShapur+III" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChaumont1986" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Chaumont, M. L. (1986). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/armenia-ii">"Armenia Iran ii. The pre-Islamic period"</a>. In <a href="/wiki/Ehsan_Yarshater" title="Ehsan Yarshater">Yarshater, Ehsan</a> (ed.). <i>Encyclopædia Iranica, Volume II/4: Architecture IV–Armenia and Iran IV</i>. London and New York: Routledge & Kegan Paul. pp. 418–438. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-71009-104-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-71009-104-8"><bdi>978-0-71009-104-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Armenia+Iran+ii.+The+pre-Islamic+period&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Iranica%2C+Volume+II%2F4%3A+Architecture+IV%E2%80%93Armenia+and+Iran+IV&rft.place=London+and+New+York&rft.pages=418-438&rft.pub=Routledge+%26+Kegan+Paul&rft.date=1986&rft.isbn=978-0-71009-104-8&rft.aulast=Chaumont&rft.aufirst=M.+L.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.iranicaonline.org%2Farticles%2Farmenia-ii&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShapur+III" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarperMeyers1981" class="citation book cs1">Harper, Prudence Oliver; Meyers, Pieter (1981). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.metmuseum.org/art/metpublications/Silver_Vessels_of_the_Sasanian_Period_Vol_1_Royal_Imagery"><i>Silver Vessels of the Sasanian Period: Royal Imagery</i></a>. Metropolitan Museum of Art. pp. 1–256. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780870992483" title="Special:BookSources/9780870992483"><bdi>9780870992483</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Silver+Vessels+of+the+Sasanian+Period%3A+Royal+Imagery&rft.pages=1-256&rft.pub=Metropolitan+Museum+of+Art&rft.date=1981&rft.isbn=9780870992483&rft.aulast=Harper&rft.aufirst=Prudence+Oliver&rft.au=Meyers%2C+Pieter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.metmuseum.org%2Fart%2Fmetpublications%2FSilver_Vessels_of_the_Sasanian_Period_Vol_1_Royal_Imagery&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShapur+III" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHewsen2001" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Robert_H._Hewsen" title="Robert H. 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Palgrave Macmillan. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1403964212" title="Special:BookSources/978-1403964212"><bdi>978-1403964212</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Armenian+People+from+Ancient+to+Modern+Times%3A+Volume+I%3A+The+Dynastic+Periods%3A+From+Antiquity+to+the+Fourteenth+Century&rft.pub=Palgrave+Macmillan&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-1403964212&rft.aulast=Hovannisian&rft.aufirst=Richard+G.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShapur+III" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHoward-Johnston2006" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/James_Howard-Johnston" title="James Howard-Johnston">Howard-Johnston, James</a> (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=1U4rUaLdYnQC"><i>East Rome, Sasanian Persia And the End of Antiquity: Historiographical And Historical Studies</i></a>. Ashgate Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-86078-992-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-86078-992-6"><bdi>0-86078-992-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=East+Rome%2C+Sasanian+Persia+And+the+End+of+Antiquity%3A+Historiographical+And+Historical+Studies&rft.pub=Ashgate+Publishing&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=0-86078-992-6&rft.aulast=Howard-Johnston&rft.aufirst=James&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D1U4rUaLdYnQC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShapur+III" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKia2016" class="citation book cs1">Kia, Mehrdad (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=B5BHDAAAQBAJ"><i>The Persian Empire: A Historical Encyclopedia [2 volumes]: A Historical Encyclopedia</i></a>. ABC-CLIO. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1610693912" title="Special:BookSources/978-1610693912"><bdi>978-1610693912</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Persian+Empire%3A+A+Historical+Encyclopedia+%5B2+volumes%5D%3A+A+Historical+Encyclopedia&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-1610693912&rft.aulast=Kia&rft.aufirst=Mehrdad&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DB5BHDAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShapur+III" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKlíma1988" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Klíma, O. (1988). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/bahram-04">"Bahrām IV"</a>. 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London and New York: Routledge & Kegan Paul. pp. 514–522. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-71009-117-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-71009-117-8"><bdi>978-0-71009-117-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Bahr%C4%81m+IV&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Iranica%2C+Volume+III%2F5%3A+Bahai+Faith+III%E2%80%93Ba%E1%B8%B5t%C4%AB%C4%81r%C4%AB+tribe+II&rft.place=London+and+New+York&rft.pages=514-522&rft.pub=Routledge+%26+Kegan+Paul&rft.date=1988&rft.isbn=978-0-71009-117-8&rft.aulast=Kl%C3%ADma&rft.aufirst=O.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.iranicaonline.org%2Farticles%2Fbahram-04&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShapur+III" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLenski2002" class="citation book cs1">Lenski, Noel Emmanuel (2002). <i>Failure of Empire: Valens and the Roman state in the fourth century A.D</i>. University of California Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-23332-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-520-23332-4"><bdi>978-0-520-23332-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Failure+of+Empire%3A+Valens+and+the+Roman+state+in+the+fourth+century+A.D.&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-520-23332-4&rft.aulast=Lenski&rft.aufirst=Noel+Emmanuel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShapur+III" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcDonough2006" class="citation journal cs1">McDonough, Scott (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/966746">"Power by Negotiation: Institutional Reform in the Fifth Century Sasanian Empire"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Power+by+Negotiation%3A+Institutional+Reform+in+the+Fifth+Century+Sasanian+Empire&rft.date=2006&rft.aulast=McDonough&rft.aufirst=Scott&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F966746&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShapur+III" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_journal" title="Template:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment">Cite journal requires <code class="cs1-code">|journal=</code> (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#missing_periodical" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLo_Muzio2008" class="citation journal cs1">Lo Muzio, Ciro (2008). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/3586155">"Remarks on the Paintings from the Buddhist Monastery of Fayaz Tepe (Southern Uzbekistan)"</a></span>. <i>Bulletin of the Asia Institute</i>. <b>22</b>: 189–208.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Bulletin+of+the+Asia+Institute&rft.atitle=Remarks+on+the+Paintings+from+the+Buddhist+Monastery+of+Fayaz+Tepe+%28Southern+Uzbekistan%29&rft.volume=22&rft.pages=189-208&rft.date=2008&rft.aulast=Lo+Muzio&rft.aufirst=Ciro&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F3586155&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShapur+III" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHunter-Crawley2018" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Hunter-Crawley, Heather (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=A09WDwAAQBAJ">"Perm Treasures"</a>. 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"The Making of Turan: The Fall and Transformation of the Iranian East in Late Antiquity". <i>Journal of Late Antiquity</i>. <b>9</b>. 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(ed.). <i>The Oxford Handbook of Ancient Iran</i>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0199733309" title="Special:BookSources/978-0199733309"><bdi>978-0199733309</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Sasanian+Coinage&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Handbook+of+Ancient+Iran&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-0199733309&rft.aulast=Schindel&rft.aufirst=Nikolaus&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShapur+III" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShahbazi1986" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Alireza_Shapour_Shahbazi" title="Alireza Shapour Shahbazi">Shahbazi, A. Shapur</a> (1986). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/ardasir-ii-sasanian-king-of-kings-a">"Ardašīr II"</a>. In <a href="/wiki/Ehsan_Yarshater" title="Ehsan Yarshater">Yarshater, Ehsan</a> (ed.). <i>Encyclopædia Iranica, Volume II/4: Architecture IV–Armenia and Iran IV</i>. London and New York: Routledge & Kegan Paul. pp. 380–381. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-71009-104-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-71009-104-8"><bdi>978-0-71009-104-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Arda%C5%A1%C4%ABr+II&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Iranica%2C+Volume+II%2F4%3A+Architecture+IV%E2%80%93Armenia+and+Iran+IV&rft.place=London+and+New+York&rft.pages=380-381&rft.pub=Routledge+%26+Kegan+Paul&rft.date=1986&rft.isbn=978-0-71009-104-8&rft.aulast=Shahbazi&rft.aufirst=A.+Shapur&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.iranicaonline.org%2Farticles%2Fardasir-ii-sasanian-king-of-kings-a&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShapur+III" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShahbazi2002" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Shahbazi, A. Shapur (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/shapur-i">"Šāpur I"</a>. In <a href="/wiki/Ehsan_Yarshater" title="Ehsan Yarshater">Yarshater, Ehsan</a> (ed.). <i>Encyclopædia Iranica, Online Edition</i>. Encyclopædia Iranica Foundation.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=%C5%A0%C4%81pur+I&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Iranica%2C+Online+Edition&rft.pub=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Iranica+Foundation&rft.date=2002&rft.aulast=Shahbazi&rft.aufirst=A.+Shapur&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.iranicaonline.org%2Farticles%2Fshapur-i&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShapur+III" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShahbazi2005" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Shahbazi, A. Shapur (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/sasanian-dynasty">"Sasanian dynasty"</a>. In <a href="/wiki/Ehsan_Yarshater" title="Ehsan Yarshater">Yarshater, Ehsan</a> (ed.). <i>Encyclopædia Iranica, Online Edition</i>. Encyclopædia Iranica Foundation.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Sasanian+dynasty&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Iranica%2C+Online+Edition&rft.pub=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Iranica+Foundation&rft.date=2005&rft.aulast=Shahbazi&rft.aufirst=A.+Shapur&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.iranicaonline.org%2Farticles%2Fsasanian-dynasty&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShapur+III" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShayegan2013" class="citation book cs1">Shayegan, M. Rahim (2013). "Sasanian Political Ideology". In Potts, Daniel T. (ed.). <i>The Oxford Handbook of Ancient Iran</i>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0199733309" title="Special:BookSources/978-0199733309"><bdi>978-0199733309</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Sasanian+Political+Ideology&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Handbook+of+Ancient+Iran&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-0199733309&rft.aulast=Shayegan&rft.aufirst=M.+Rahim&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShapur+III" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSuny1994" class="citation book cs1">Suny, Ronald Grigor (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=riW0kKzat2sC"><i>The Making of the Georgian Nation</i></a>. Indiana University Press. pp. 1–418. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780253209153" title="Special:BookSources/9780253209153"><bdi>9780253209153</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Making+of+the+Georgian+Nation&rft.pages=1-418&rft.pub=Indiana+University+Press&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=9780253209153&rft.aulast=Suny&rft.aufirst=Ronald+Grigor&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DriW0kKzat2sC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShapur+III" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFToumanoff1961" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Cyril_Toumanoff" title="Cyril Toumanoff">Toumanoff, Cyril</a> (1961). "Introduction to Christian Caucasian History: II: States and Dynasties of the Formative Period". <i>Traditio</i>. <b>17</b>. Cambridge University Press: 1–106. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0362152900008473">10.1017/S0362152900008473</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/27830424">27830424</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:151524770">151524770</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Traditio&rft.atitle=Introduction+to+Christian+Caucasian+History%3A+II%3A+States+and+Dynasties+of+the+Formative+Period&rft.volume=17&rft.pages=1-106&rft.date=1961&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A151524770%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F27830424%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0362152900008473&rft.aulast=Toumanoff&rft.aufirst=Cyril&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShapur+III" class="Z3988"></span> <span style="font-size:0.95em; font-size:95%; color: var( --color-subtle, #555 )">(<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Access_to_sources" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">registration required</a>)</span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFToumanoff1963" class="citation book cs1">Toumanoff, Cyril (1963). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=jlE1AAAAIAAJ"><i>Studies in Christian Caucasian history</i></a>. Georgetown University Press. pp. 1–599.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Studies+in+Christian+Caucasian+history&rft.pages=1-599&rft.pub=Georgetown+University+Press&rft.date=1963&rft.aulast=Toumanoff&rft.aufirst=Cyril&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DjlE1AAAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShapur+III" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shapur_III&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Greatrex, Geoffrey; Lieu, Samuel N. C. (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=awCGAgAAQBAJ&q=editions:RnfRGIKzbn8C"><i>The Roman Eastern Frontier and the Persian Wars (Part II, 363–630 AD)</i></a>. New York, New York and London, United Kingdom: Routledge (Taylor & Francis). <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-415-14687-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-415-14687-9"><bdi>0-415-14687-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Roman+Eastern+Frontier+and+the+Persian+Wars+%28Part+II%2C+363%E2%80%93630+AD%29&rft.place=New+York%2C+New+York+and+London%2C+United+Kingdom&rft.pub=Routledge+%28Taylor+%26+Francis%29&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=0-415-14687-9&rft.aulast=Greatrex&rft.aufirst=Geoffrey&rft.au=Lieu%2C+Samuel+N.+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DawCGAgAAQBAJ%26q%3Deditions%3ARnfRGIKzbn8C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShapur+III" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Rezakhani, Khodadad (2017). "East Iran in Late Antiquity". <i>ReOrienting the Sasanians: East Iran in Late Antiquity</i>. Edinburgh University Press. pp. 1–256. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781474400305" title="Special:BookSources/9781474400305"><bdi>9781474400305</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.3366/j.ctt1g04zr8">10.3366/j.ctt1g04zr8</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=East+Iran+in+Late+Antiquity&rft.btitle=ReOrienting+the+Sasanians%3A+East+Iran+in+Late+Antiquity&rft.pages=1-256&rft.pub=Edinburgh+University+Press&rft.date=2017&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F10.3366%2Fj.ctt1g04zr8%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.isbn=9781474400305&rft.aulast=Rezakhani&rft.aufirst=Khodadad&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShapur+III" class="Z3988"></span> <span style="font-size:0.95em; font-size:95%; color: var( --color-subtle, #555 )">(<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Access_to_sources" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">registration required</a>)</span></li></ul> <table class="wikitable succession-box noprint" style="margin:0.5em auto; font-size:small;clear:both;"> <tbody><tr> <td colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #FFD700; text-align:center;"><div>Shapur III </div><div><b><a href="/wiki/Sasanian_Empire" title="Sasanian Empire">Sasanian dynasty</a></b></div><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-size:90%; margin:2em"> <b>Died:</b> 388</span> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Ardashir_II" title="Ardashir II">Ardashir II</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/King_of_Kings_of_Iran_and_non-Iran" class="mw-redirect" title="King of Kings of Iran and non-Iran">King of Kings of Iran and non-Iran</a> </b><br />383–388 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Bahram_IV" title="Bahram IV">Bahram IV</a></div> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output 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Rulers"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Rulers_of_the_Sasanian_Empire_(224–651)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_kings_of_the_Sasanian_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="List of kings of the Sasanian Empire">Rulers</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Sasanian_Empire" title="Sasanian Empire">Sasanian Empire</a> <small>(224–651)</small></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Ardashir_I" title="Ardashir I">Ardashir I</a> <small>(224–242)</small></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Shapur_I" title="Shapur I">Shapur I</a> <small>(240–270)</small></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Hormizd_I" title="Hormizd I">Hormizd I</a> <small>(270–271)</small></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Bahram_I" title="Bahram I">Bahram I</a> <small>(271–274)</small></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Bahram_II" title="Bahram II">Bahram II</a> <small>(274–293)</small></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Bahram_III" title="Bahram III">Bahram III</a> <small>(293)</small></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Narseh" title="Narseh">Narseh</a> <small>(293–303)</small></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Hormizd_II" title="Hormizd II">Hormizd II</a> <small>(303–309)</small></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Adur_Narseh" title="Adur Narseh">Adur Narseh</a> <small>(309)</small></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Shapur_II" title="Shapur II">Shapur II</a> <small>(309–379)</small></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Ardashir_II" title="Ardashir II">Ardashir II</a> <small>(379–383)</small></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Shapur III</a> <small>(383–388)</small></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Bahram_IV" title="Bahram IV">Bahram IV</a> <small>(388–399)</small></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Yazdegerd_I" title="Yazdegerd I">Yazdegerd I</a> <small>(399–420)</small></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Shapur_IV" title="Shapur IV">Shapur IV</a> <small>(420)</small></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Khosrow_(son_of_Bahram_IV)" title="Khosrow (son of Bahram IV)">Khosrow</a> <small>(420)</small></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Bahram_V" title="Bahram V">Bahram V</a> <small>(420–438)</small></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Yazdegerd_II" title="Yazdegerd II">Yazdegerd II</a> <small>(438–457)</small></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Hormizd_III" title="Hormizd III">Hormizd III</a> <small>(457–459)</small></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Peroz_I" title="Peroz I">Peroz I</a> <small>(459–484)</small></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Balash" title="Balash">Balash</a> <small>(484–488)</small></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Kavad_I" title="Kavad I">Kavad I</a> <small>(488–496)</small></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Jamasp" title="Jamasp">Jamasp</a> <small>(496–498/9)</small></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Kavad_I" title="Kavad I">Kavad I</a> <small>(498/9–531)</small></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Khosrow_I" title="Khosrow I">Khosrow I</a> <small>(531–579)</small></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Hormizd_IV" title="Hormizd IV">Hormizd IV</a> <small>(579–590)</small></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Khosrow_II" title="Khosrow II">Khosrow II</a> <small>(590)</small></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Bahram_Chobin" title="Bahram Chobin">Bahram VI Chobin</a><sup>§</sup> <small>(590–591)</small></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Khosrow_II" title="Khosrow II">Khosrow II</a> <small>(591–628)</small></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Vistahm" title="Vistahm">Vistahm</a><sup>§</sup> <small>(591–596)</small></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Kavad_II" title="Kavad II">Kavad II</a> <small>(628)</small></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Ardashir_III" title="Ardashir III">Ardashir III</a> <small>(628–630)</small></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Shahrbaraz" title="Shahrbaraz">Shahrbaraz</a><sup>§</sup> <small>(630)</small></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Khosrow_III" title="Khosrow III">Khosrow III</a><sup>§</sup> <small>(630)</small></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Boran" title="Boran">Boran</a> <small>(630)</small></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Shapur-i_Shahrvaraz" title="Shapur-i Shahrvaraz">Shapur-i Shahrvaraz</a> <small>(630)</small></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Azarmidokht" title="Azarmidokht">Azarmidokht</a> <small>(630–631)</small></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Farrukh_Hormizd" title="Farrukh Hormizd">Farrukh Hormizd</a><sup>§</sup> <small>(630–631)</small></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Hormizd_VI" title="Hormizd VI">Hormizd VI</a><sup>§</sup> <small>(630–632)</small></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Khosrow_IV" title="Khosrow IV">Khosrow IV</a><sup>§</sup> <small>(630–636)</small></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Boran" title="Boran">Boran</a> <small>(631–632)</small></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Yazdegerd_III" title="Yazdegerd III">Yazdegerd III</a> <small>(632–651)</small></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Peroz_III" title="Peroz III">Peroz III</a> <small>(pretender)</small></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Bahram_VII" title="Bahram VII">Bahram VII</a> <small>(pretender)</small></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Narsieh" title="Narsieh">Narsieh</a> <small>(pretender)</small></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><sup>§</sup> usurpers or rival claimants</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Shapur_III&oldid=1254169829">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Shapur_III&oldid=1254169829</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:388_deaths" title="Category:388 deaths">388 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