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id="toc-History_of_women's_rowing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History_of_women's_rowing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>History of women's rowing</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-History_of_women's_rowing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Technique" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Technique"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Technique</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Technique-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Technique subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Technique-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Technique_exercises" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Technique_exercises"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Technique exercises</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Technique_exercises-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Forward_pick" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Forward_pick"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.1</span> <span>Forward pick</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Forward_pick-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Reverse_pick_(Korzinowski_drill)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reverse_pick_(Korzinowski_drill)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.2</span> <span>Reverse pick (Korzinowski drill)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Reverse_pick_(Korzinowski_drill)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cut-the-cake" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cut-the-cake"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.3</span> <span>Cut-the-cake</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cut-the-cake-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Quarter_or_half_slide_rowing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Quarter_or_half_slide_rowing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.4</span> <span>Quarter or half slide rowing</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Quarter_or_half_slide_rowing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Square-Wide-6" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Square-Wide-6"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.5</span> <span>Square-Wide-6</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Square-Wide-6-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Feet-out_rowing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Feet-out_rowing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.6</span> <span>Feet-out rowing</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Feet-out_rowing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Eyes-closed_rowing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Eyes-closed_rowing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.7</span> <span>Eyes-closed rowing</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Eyes-closed_rowing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Boat_classes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Boat_classes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Boat classes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Boat_classes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Equipment" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Equipment"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Equipment</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Equipment-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Equipment subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Equipment-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Racing_shell" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Racing_shell"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Racing shell</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Racing_shell-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Oar" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Oar"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Oar</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Oar-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Training_equipment" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Training_equipment"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Training equipment</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Training_equipment-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Race_formats" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Race_formats"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Race formats</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Race_formats-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Race formats subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Race_formats-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Side_by_side" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Side_by_side"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Side by side</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Side_by_side-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Head_races" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Head_races"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Head races</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Head_races-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_race_formats" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_race_formats"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>Other race formats</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_race_formats-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Boat_positions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Boat_positions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Boat positions</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Boat_positions-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Boat positions subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Boat_positions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Coxswain" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Coxswain"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Coxswain</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Coxswain-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Athlete_categories" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Athlete_categories"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Athlete categories</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Athlete_categories-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Athlete categories subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Athlete_categories-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Age" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Age"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Age</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Age-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Weight" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Weight"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2</span> <span>Weight</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Weight-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pararowing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pararowing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.3</span> <span>Pararowing</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pararowing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Governing_bodies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Governing_bodies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Governing bodies</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Governing_bodies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-International_competitions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#International_competitions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>International competitions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-International_competitions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fitness_and_health" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fitness_and_health"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Fitness and health</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fitness_and_health-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12.1</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Footnotes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Footnotes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12.2</span> <span>Footnotes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Footnotes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Rowing (sport)</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 74 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-74" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">74 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roei" title="Roei – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Roei" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%AC%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%81_(%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%B6%D8%A9)" title="تجديف (رياضة) – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="تجديف (رياضة)" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akademik_avar%C3%A7%C9%99km%C9%99" title="Akademik avarçəkmə – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Akademik avarçəkmə" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%B1%DA%86%DA%A9%D9%85%D9%87" title="آوارچکمه – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="آوارچکمه" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BA_%D0%B8%D1%88%D0%B5%D2%AF" title="Академик ишеү – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Академик ишеү" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%8D%D0%BC%D1%96%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B5_%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B5" title="Акадэмічнае веславанне – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Акадэмічнае веславанне" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%8D%D0%BC%D1%96%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B5_%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%B5" title="Акадэмічнае веславаньне – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Акадэмічнае веславаньне" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%BE_%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B5" title="Академично гребане – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Академично гребане" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roe%C3%B1verezh" title="Roeñverezh – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Roeñverezh" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rem_(esport)" title="Rem (esport) – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Rem (esport)" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Veslov%C3%A1n%C3%AD" title="Veslování – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Veslování" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhwyfo" title="Rhwyfo – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Rhwyfo" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaproning" title="Kaproning – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Kaproning" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rennrudern" title="Rennrudern – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Rennrudern" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%B5udmine" title="Sõudmine – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Sõudmine" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9A%CF%89%CF%80%CE%B7%CE%BB%CE%B1%CF%83%CE%AF%CE%B1" title="Κωπηλασία – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Κωπηλασία" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Remo_(deporte)" title="Remo (deporte) – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Remo (deporte)" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Remado" title="Remado – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Remado" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arraunketa" title="Arraunketa – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Arraunketa" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%A6%DB%8C%D9%86%DA%AF_(%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%B2%D8%B4)" title="روئینگ (ورزش) – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="روئینگ (ورزش)" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kappr%C3%B3%C3%B0ur" title="Kappróður – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Kappróður" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Føroyskt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aviron_(sport)" title="Aviron (sport) – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Aviron (sport)" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%A1mha%C3%ADocht" title="Rámhaíocht – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Rámhaíocht" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Remo_(deporte)" title="Remo (deporte) – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Remo (deporte)" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%A1%B0%EC%A0%95_(%EC%8A%A4%ED%8F%AC%EC%B8%A0)" title="조정 (스포츠) – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="조정 (스포츠)" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B1%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%A4%D5%A5%D5%B4%D5%AB%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%B6_%D5%A9%D5%AB%D5%A1%D5%BE%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6" title="Ակադեմիական թիավարություն – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ակադեմիական թիավարություն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Veslanje" title="Veslanje – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Veslanje" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Remado" title="Remado – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Remado" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dayung" title="Dayung – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Dayung" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Remar" title="Remar – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Remar" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kappr%C3%B3%C3%B0ur" title="Kappróður – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Kappróður" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canottaggio" title="Canottaggio – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Canottaggio" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%97%D7%AA%D7%99%D7%A8%D7%94_(%D7%A1%D7%A4%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%98)" title="חתירה (ספורט) – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="חתירה (ספורט)" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%B0%E0%B3%8B%E0%B2%AF%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%82%E0%B2%97%E0%B3%8D_(%E0%B2%86%E0%B2%9F)" title="ರೋಯಿಂಗ್ (ಆಟ) – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ರೋಯಿಂಗ್ (ಆಟ)" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%8F%D0%BB%D1%8B%D2%9B_%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%83" title="Академиялық есу – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Академиялық есу" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Werzi%C5%9Fa_b%C3%AArikki%C5%9Fandin%C3%AA" title="Werzişa bêrikkişandinê – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Werzişa bêrikkişandinê" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Remigium_(ars_athletica)" title="Remigium (ars athletica) – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Remigium (ars athletica)" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akad%C4%93misk%C4%81_air%C4%93%C5%A1ana" title="Akadēmiskā airēšana – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Akadēmiskā airēšana" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irklavimas" title="Irklavimas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Irklavimas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evez%C3%A9s" title="Evezés – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Evezés" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%9A%D0%B5" title="Веслање – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Веслање" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%AC%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%81" title="تجديف – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="تجديف" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lumba_dayung" title="Lumba dayung – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Lumba dayung" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roeien_(sport)" title="Roeien (sport) – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Roeien (sport)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%AD%E3%83%BC%E3%82%A4%E3%83%B3%E3%82%B0%E7%AB%B6%E6%8A%80" title="ローイング競技 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ローイング競技" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roing" title="Roing – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Roing" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rem_(esp%C3%B2rt)" title="Rem (espòrt) – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Rem (espòrt)" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akademik_eshkak_eshish" title="Akademik eshkak eshish – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Akademik eshkak eshish" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%A6%DB%8C%D9%86%DA%AF_(%DA%A9%DA%BE%DB%8C%DA%88)" title="روئینگ (کھیڈ) – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="روئینگ (کھیڈ)" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wio%C5%9Blarstwo" title="Wioślarstwo – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Wioślarstwo" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Remo" title="Remo – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Remo" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canotaj" title="Canotaj – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Canotaj" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%27uyuy" title="T'uyuy – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="T'uyuy" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B1%D0%BB%D1%8F" title="Академическая гребля – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Академическая гребля" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sm mw-list-item"><a href="https://sm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alo" title="Alo – Samoan" lang="sm" hreflang="sm" data-title="Alo" data-language-autonym="Gagana Samoa" data-language-local-name="Samoan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gagana Samoa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kanotazhi" title="Kanotazhi – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Kanotazhi" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%94%E0%B6%BB%E0%B7%94_%E0%B6%B4%E0%B7%90%E0%B6%AF%E0%B7%93%E0%B6%B8%E0%B7%9A_%E0%B6%9A%E0%B7%8A%E2%80%8D%E0%B6%BB%E0%B7%93%E0%B6%A9%E0%B7%8F%E0%B7%80" title="ඔරු පැදීමේ ක්‍රීඩාව – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="ඔරු පැදීමේ ක්‍රීඩාව" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rowing_(sport)" title="Rowing (sport) – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Rowing (sport)" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Veslovanie" title="Veslovanie – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Veslovanie" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Veslanje" title="Veslanje – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Veslanje" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%9A%D0%B5_(%D1%81%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%82)" title="Веслање (спорт) – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Веслање (спорт)" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Veslanje_(sport)" title="Veslanje (sport) – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Veslanje (sport)" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olympialuokkien_soutu" title="Olympialuokkien soutu – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Olympialuokkien soutu" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rodd" title="Rodd – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Rodd" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%81_%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B3%E0%AF%88%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%B3%E0%AF%8D" title="படகு விளையாட்டுகள் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="படகு விளையாட்டுகள்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BA_%D0%B8%D1%88%D0%BA%D3%99%D0%BA_%D0%B8%D1%88%D2%AF" title="Академик ишкәк ишү – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Академик ишкәк ишү" 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<div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Sport where individuals or teams row boats by oar</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the sport. For oar powered propulsion in general, see <a href="/wiki/Rowing" title="Rowing">Rowing</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Rower" redirects here. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Rower_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Rower (disambiguation)">Rower (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><caption class="infobox-title fn" style="padding-bottom:0.2em;">Rowing</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><div style="background-color:black;border-collapse:collapse;border:1px solid black;width:200px;display:table;margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><div style="display:table-row"><div style="display:table-cell;border-top:0;padding:1px 0 0 1px"><div style="display:table;background-color:black;border-collapse:collapse"><div style="display:table-row"><div style="display:table-cell;border-top:0;padding:0 1px 1px 0"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Harvard_Rowing_Crew_at_Henley_2004_-2.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Harvard_Rowing_Crew_at_Henley_2004_-2.JPG/200px-Harvard_Rowing_Crew_at_Henley_2004_-2.JPG" decoding="async" width="200" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Harvard_Rowing_Crew_at_Henley_2004_-2.JPG/300px-Harvard_Rowing_Crew_at_Henley_2004_-2.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Harvard_Rowing_Crew_at_Henley_2004_-2.JPG/400px-Harvard_Rowing_Crew_at_Henley_2004_-2.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1737" data-file-height="1158" /></a></span></div></div></div><div style="display:table;background-color:black;border-collapse:collapse"><div style="display:table-row"><div style="display:table-cell;border-top:0;padding:0 1px 1px 0"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Aviron_2015_-_World_Championships_-_11.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Aviron_2015_-_World_Championships_-_11.JPG/200px-Aviron_2015_-_World_Championships_-_11.JPG" decoding="async" width="200" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Aviron_2015_-_World_Championships_-_11.JPG/300px-Aviron_2015_-_World_Championships_-_11.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Aviron_2015_-_World_Championships_-_11.JPG/400px-Aviron_2015_-_World_Championships_-_11.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="3000" /></a></span></div></div></div></div></div></div><div class="infobox-caption">An <a href="/wiki/Eight_(rowing)" title="Eight (rowing)">eight</a> (top) and <a href="/wiki/Single_sculls" class="mw-redirect" title="Single sculls">single sculls</a> (bottom)</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em; padding-right:1.0em;">Highest <a href="/wiki/Sports_governing_body" title="Sports governing body">governing body</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/World_Rowing_Federation" class="mw-redirect" title="World Rowing Federation">World Rowing Federation</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em; padding-right:1.0em;">First modern-day competition</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;">1715 <sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:#eee;">Characteristics</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em; padding-right:1.0em;">Contact</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;">No</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em; padding-right:1.0em;">Team members</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;">1, 2, 3, 4, 5 or 9 (depending on boat class and whether there is a <a href="/wiki/Coxswain_(rowing)" title="Coxswain (rowing)">coxswain</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em; padding-right:1.0em;"><a href="/wiki/Mixed-sex_sports" title="Mixed-sex sports">Mixed-sex</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;">Separate competitions</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em; padding-right:1.0em;">Type</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_water_sports" title="List of water sports">Water sport</a>, outdoor</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em; padding-right:1.0em;">Equipment</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Racing_shell" title="Racing shell">Racing shell</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oar" title="Oar">oars</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em; padding-right:1.0em;">Venue</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;">River, <a href="/wiki/Artificial_lake" class="mw-redirect" title="Artificial lake">artificial lake</a>, canal, ocean</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em; padding-right:1.0em;">Glossary</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_rowing_terms" title="Glossary of rowing terms">Glossary of rowing terms</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:#eee;">Presence</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em; padding-right:1.0em;"><a href="/wiki/Olympic_Games" title="Olympic Games">Olympic</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;">since <a href="/wiki/1900_Summer_Olympics" title="1900 Summer Olympics">1900</a> (men only); since <a href="/wiki/1976_Summer_Olympics" title="1976 Summer Olympics">1976</a> (both men and women)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em; padding-right:1.0em;"><a href="/wiki/Paralympic_Games" title="Paralympic Games">Paralympic</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;">since <a href="/wiki/2008_Summer_Paralympics" title="2008 Summer Paralympics">2008</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em; padding-right:1.0em;"><a href="/wiki/World_Games" title="World Games">World Games</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;">Indoor: <a href="/wiki/2017_World_Games" title="2017 World Games">2017</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Rowing</b>, often called <b>crew</b> <a href="/wiki/American_English" title="American English">in the United States</a>, is the <a href="/wiki/Sport" title="Sport">sport</a> of <a href="/wiki/Racing" title="Racing">racing</a> boats using <a href="/wiki/Oar_(sport_rowing)" title="Oar (sport rowing)">oars</a>. It differs from <a href="/wiki/Paddling" title="Paddling">paddling</a> sports in that rowing oars are attached to the boat using <a href="/wiki/Rowlock" title="Rowlock">rowlocks</a>, while paddles are not connected to the boat. Rowing is divided into two disciplines: <a href="/wiki/Sculling" title="Sculling">sculling</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sweep_rowing" title="Sweep rowing">sweep rowing</a>. In sculling, each rower holds two oars, one in each hand, while in sweep rowing each rower holds one oar with both hands. There are several boat classes in which athletes may compete, ranging from <a href="/wiki/Single_scull" title="Single scull">single sculls</a>, occupied by one person, to shells with eight rowers and a <a href="/wiki/Coxswain_(rowing)" title="Coxswain (rowing)">coxswain</a>, called <a href="/wiki/Eight_(rowing)" title="Eight (rowing)">eights</a>. There are a wide variety of course types and formats of racing, but most elite and championship level racing is conducted on calm water courses 2 kilometres (1.2 mi) long with several lanes marked using buoys. </p><p>Modern rowing as a competitive sport can be traced to the early 17th century when professional <a href="/wiki/Watermen" class="mw-redirect" title="Watermen">watermen</a> held races (<a href="/wiki/Regatta" class="mw-redirect" title="Regatta">regattas</a>) on the <a href="/wiki/River_Thames" title="River Thames">River Thames</a> in <a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a>, England. Often prizes were offered by the London Guilds and <a href="/wiki/Livery_Companies" class="mw-redirect" title="Livery Companies">Livery Companies</a>. <a href="/wiki/Amateurism_in_sport" class="mw-redirect" title="Amateurism in sport">Amateur</a> competition began towards the end of the 18th century with the arrival of "boat clubs" at British <a href="/wiki/Public_school_(United_Kingdom)" title="Public school (United Kingdom)">public schools</a>. Similarly, clubs were formed at colleges within <a href="/wiki/Colleges_of_the_University_of_Oxford" title="Colleges of the University of Oxford">Oxford</a> and <a href="/wiki/Colleges_of_the_University_of_Cambridge" title="Colleges of the University of Cambridge">Cambridge</a> on the programme for the 1896 games, racing did not take place due to bad weather.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Male rowers have competed since the <a href="/wiki/1900_Summer_Olympics" title="1900 Summer Olympics">1900 Summer Olympics</a>. Women's rowing was added to the Olympic programme in <a href="/wiki/1976_Summer_Olympics" title="1976 Summer Olympics">1976</a>. Today, there are fourteen boat classes which race at the Olympics.<sup id="cite_ref-Tokyo_2020_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tokyo_2020-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In addition, the sport's governing body, the <a href="/wiki/World_Rowing_Federation" class="mw-redirect" title="World Rowing Federation">World Rowing Federation</a>, holds the annual <a href="/wiki/World_Rowing_Championships" title="World Rowing Championships">World Rowing Championships</a> with twenty-two boat classes. </p><p>Across six continents, 150 countries now have rowing federations that participate in the sport.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Major domestic competitions take place in dominant rowing nations and include <a href="/wiki/The_Boat_Race" title="The Boat Race">The Boat Race</a> and <a href="/wiki/Henley_Royal_Regatta" title="Henley Royal Regatta">Henley Royal Regatta</a> in the United Kingdom, the <a href="/wiki/Australian_Rowing_Championships" title="Australian Rowing Championships">Australian Rowing Championships</a> in Australia, the <a href="/wiki/Harvard%E2%80%93Yale_Regatta" title="Harvard–Yale Regatta">Harvard–Yale Regatta</a> and <a href="/wiki/Head_of_the_Charles_Regatta" title="Head of the Charles Regatta">Head of the Charles Regatta</a> in the United States, and the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Canadian_Henley_Regatta" title="Royal Canadian Henley Regatta">Royal Canadian Henley Regatta</a> in Canada. Many other competitions often exist for racing between clubs, schools, and universities in each nation. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rowing_(sport)&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/History_of_rowing" class="mw-redirect" title="History of rowing">History of rowing</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Plaque_with_Naval_Games_in_Honor_of_Anchises_LACMA_51.13.2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Plaque_with_Naval_Games_in_Honor_of_Anchises_LACMA_51.13.2.jpg/220px-Plaque_with_Naval_Games_in_Honor_of_Anchises_LACMA_51.13.2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="248" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Plaque_with_Naval_Games_in_Honor_of_Anchises_LACMA_51.13.2.jpg/330px-Plaque_with_Naval_Games_in_Honor_of_Anchises_LACMA_51.13.2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Plaque_with_Naval_Games_in_Honor_of_Anchises_LACMA_51.13.2.jpg/440px-Plaque_with_Naval_Games_in_Honor_of_Anchises_LACMA_51.13.2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1864" data-file-height="2100" /></a><figcaption>A rowing competition is recounted in the <a href="/wiki/Aeneid" title="Aeneid">Aeneid</a>, illustrated in this sixteenth-century plaque</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Doggett_Coat_Badge_-_Thomas_Rowlands.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Doggett_Coat_Badge_-_Thomas_Rowlands.jpg/300px-Doggett_Coat_Badge_-_Thomas_Rowlands.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="182" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Doggett_Coat_Badge_-_Thomas_Rowlands.jpg/450px-Doggett_Coat_Badge_-_Thomas_Rowlands.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a3/Doggett_Coat_Badge_-_Thomas_Rowlands.jpg 2x" data-file-width="480" data-file-height="291" /></a><figcaption>The finish of the <a href="/wiki/Doggett%27s_Coat_and_Badge" title="Doggett's Coat and Badge">Doggett's Coat and Badge</a>. Painting by <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Rowlandson" title="Thomas Rowlandson">Thomas Rowlandson</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>An Egyptian funerary inscription of 1430 BC records that the warrior <a href="/wiki/Amenhotep_II" title="Amenhotep II">Amenhotep</a> (Amenophis) II was also renowned for his feats of oarsmanship, though there is some disagreement among scholars over whether there were rowing contests in ancient Egypt.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the <a href="/wiki/Aeneid" title="Aeneid">Aeneid</a>, <a href="/wiki/Virgil" title="Virgil">Virgil</a> mentions rowing forming part of the funeral games arranged by <a href="/wiki/Aeneas" title="Aeneas">Aeneas</a> in honour of his father.<sup id="cite_ref-Burnell,_Richard_1997_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Burnell,_Richard_1997-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the 13th century, <a href="/wiki/Venice" title="Venice">Venetian</a> festivals called <i>regata</i> included boat races among others.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The first known "modern" rowing races began from competition among the professional <a href="/wiki/Watermen" class="mw-redirect" title="Watermen">watermen</a> in the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a> that provided ferry and taxi service on the <a href="/wiki/River_Thames" title="River Thames">River Thames</a> in <a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a>. Prizes for wager races were often offered by the London <a href="/wiki/Guilds" class="mw-redirect" title="Guilds">Guilds</a> and <a href="/wiki/Livery_Companies" class="mw-redirect" title="Livery Companies">Livery Companies</a> or wealthy owners of riverside houses.<sup id="cite_ref-Burnell,_Richard_1997_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Burnell,_Richard_1997-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The oldest surviving such race, <a href="/wiki/Doggett%27s_Coat_and_Badge" title="Doggett's Coat and Badge">Doggett's Coat and Badge</a> was first contested in 1715 and is still held annually from <a href="/wiki/London_Bridge" title="London Bridge">London Bridge</a> to <a href="/wiki/Chelsea,_London" title="Chelsea, London">Chelsea</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the 19th century these races were to become numerous and popular, attracting large crowds. Prize matches amongst professionals similarly became popular on other rivers throughout Great Britain in the 19th century, notably on the <a href="/wiki/River_Tyne" title="River Tyne">Tyne</a>. In America, the earliest known race dates back to 1756 in New York, when a pettiauger defeated a Cape Cod whaleboat in a race.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Amateur competition in England began towards the end of the 18th century the age before technology. Documentary evidence from this period is sparse, but it is known that the Monarch Boat Club of <a href="/wiki/Eton_College" title="Eton College">Eton College</a> and the Isis Club of <a href="/wiki/Westminster_School" title="Westminster School">Westminster School</a> were both in existence in the 1790s. The Star Club and Arrow Club in London for gentlemen amateurs were also in existence before 1800. At the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Oxford" title="University of Oxford">University of Oxford</a> bumping races were first organised in 1815 when <a href="/wiki/Brasenose_College_Boat_Club" title="Brasenose College Boat Club">Brasenose College</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jesus_College_Boat_Club_(Oxford)" title="Jesus College Boat Club (Oxford)">Jesus College</a> boat clubs had the first annual race<sup id="cite_ref-Oxford_rowing_history_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Oxford_rowing_history-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while at <a href="/wiki/University_of_Cambridge" title="University of Cambridge">Cambridge</a> the first recorded races were in 1827.<sup id="cite_ref-Penn_Rowing_History_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Penn_Rowing_History-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Brasenose beat Jesus to win Oxford University's first Head of the River; the two clubs claim to be the oldest established boat clubs in the world. <a href="/wiki/The_Boat_Race" title="The Boat Race">The Boat Race</a> between Oxford University and Cambridge University first took place in 1829, and was the second intercollegiate sporting event (following the first Varsity Cricket Match by 2 years). The interest in the first Boat Race and subsequent matches led the town of <a href="/wiki/Henley-on-Thames" title="Henley-on-Thames">Henley-on-Thames</a> to begin hosting an <a href="/wiki/Henley_Royal_Regatta" title="Henley Royal Regatta">annual regatta</a> in 1839.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Founded in 1818, <a href="/wiki/Leander_Club" title="Leander Club">Leander Club</a> is the world's oldest public rowing club.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The second oldest club which still exists is the <a href="/wiki/Der_Hamburger_und_Germania_Ruder_Club" title="Der Hamburger und Germania Ruder Club">Der Hamburger und Germania Ruder Club</a> which was founded 1836 and marked the beginning of rowing as an organized sport in Germany.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the 19th century, as in England, wager matches in North America between professionals became very popular attracting vast crowds. Narragansett Boat Club was founded in 1838 exclusively for rowing. During an 1837 parade in Providence, R.I, a group of boatmen were pulling a longboat on wheels, which carried the oldest living survivor of the 1772 <a href="/wiki/Gaspee_affair" title="Gaspee affair">Gaspee Raid</a>. They boasted to the crowd that they were the fastest rowing crew on the Bay. A group of Providence locals took issue with this and challenged them to race, which the Providence group summarily won. The six-man core of that group went on in 1838 to found NBC.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Detroit Boat Club was founded in 1839 and is the second oldest continuously operated rowing club in the U.S. In 1843, the first American college rowing club was formed at <a href="/wiki/Yale_University" title="Yale University">Yale University</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Harvard%E2%80%93Yale_Regatta" title="Harvard–Yale Regatta">Harvard–Yale Regatta</a> is the oldest intercollegiate sporting event in the United States,<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Harvard-yale_reggata_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Harvard-yale_reggata-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> having been contested every year since 1852 (excepting interruptions for wars and the <a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic" title="COVID-19 pandemic">COVID-19 pandemic</a>). </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Boathouse_Row-wide.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Boathouse_Row-wide.JPG/300px-Boathouse_Row-wide.JPG" decoding="async" width="300" height="218" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Boathouse_Row-wide.JPG/450px-Boathouse_Row-wide.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Boathouse_Row-wide.JPG/600px-Boathouse_Row-wide.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1818" data-file-height="1323" /></a><figcaption>Philadelphia's iconic <a href="/wiki/Boathouse_Row" title="Boathouse Row">Boathouse Row</a>, Home of the Schuylkill Navy</figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Schuylkill_Navy" title="Schuylkill Navy">Schuylkill Navy</a> is an association of amateur rowing clubs of <a href="/wiki/Philadelphia" title="Philadelphia">Philadelphia</a>. Founded in 1858, it is the oldest amateur athletic governing body in the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Boathouse_Row_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Boathouse_Row-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The member clubs are all on the <a href="/wiki/Schuylkill_River" title="Schuylkill River">Schuylkill River</a> where it flows through <a href="/wiki/Fairmount_Park" title="Fairmount Park">Fairmount Park</a> in Philadelphia, mostly on the historic <a href="/wiki/Boathouse_Row" title="Boathouse Row">Boathouse Row</a>. The success of the Schuylkill Navy and similar organizations contributed heavily to the extinction of professional rowing and the sport's current status as an amateur sport.<sup id="cite_ref-Jefferson_1983_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jefferson_1983-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At its founding, it had nine clubs; today, there are 12. At least 23 other clubs have belonged to the Navy at various times.<sup id="cite_ref-Schuylkill_Navy_Records_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Schuylkill_Navy_Records-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many of the clubs have a rich history, and have produced a large number of Olympians and world-class competitors.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The sport's governing body, <a href="/wiki/F%C3%A9d%C3%A9ration_Internationale_des_Soci%C3%A9t%C3%A9s_d%27Aviron" class="mw-redirect" title="Fédération Internationale des Sociétés d'Aviron">Fédération Internationale des Sociétés d'Aviron</a>, was founded in 1892,<sup id="cite_ref-Virtual_Library_Rowing_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Virtual_Library_Rowing-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and is the oldest international sports federation in the Olympic movement.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>FISA first organized a <a href="/wiki/European_Rowing_Championships" title="European Rowing Championships">European Rowing Championships</a> in 1893.<sup id="cite_ref-Virtual_Library_Rowing_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Virtual_Library_Rowing-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An annual <a href="/wiki/World_Rowing_Championships" title="World Rowing Championships">World Rowing Championships</a> was introduced in 1962.<sup id="cite_ref-Harvard-yale_reggata_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Harvard-yale_reggata-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-AUS_Rowing_History_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AUS_Rowing_History-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Rowing has also been conducted at the <a href="/wiki/Olympic_Games" title="Olympic Games">Olympic Games</a> since <a href="/wiki/1900_Summer_Olympics" title="1900 Summer Olympics">1900</a> (cancelled at the first modern Games in <a href="/wiki/1896_Summer_Olympics" title="1896 Summer Olympics">1896</a> due to bad weather).<sup id="cite_ref-Olympic.org_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Olympic.org-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="History_of_women's_rowing"><span id="History_of_women.27s_rowing"></span>History of women's rowing</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rowing_(sport)&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: History of women's rowing"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Women%27s_rowing" class="mw-redirect" title="Women's rowing">Women's rowing</a></div> <p>Women row in all boat classes, from single scull to coxed eights, across the same age ranges and standards as men, from junior amateur through university-level to elite athlete.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Typically men and women compete in separate crews although mixed crews and mixed team events also take place.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Coaching for women is similar to that for men.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The world's first women's rowing team was formed in 1896 at the <a href="/wiki/Furnivall_Sculling_Club" title="Furnivall Sculling Club">Furnivall Sculling Club</a> in London.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The club, with signature colors a very distinct myrtle and gold, began as a women's club, but eventually allowed the admittance of men in 1901.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_31-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The first international women's races were the 1954 <a href="/wiki/European_Rowing_Championships" title="European Rowing Championships">European Rowing Championships</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-WR2_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WR2-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The introduction of women's <a href="/wiki/Rowing_at_the_1976_Summer_Olympics" title="Rowing at the 1976 Summer Olympics">rowing at the 1976 Summer Olympics</a> in Montreal increased the growth of women's rowing because it created the incentive for national rowing federations to support women's events. <a href="/wiki/Rowing_at_the_2012_Summer_Olympics" title="Rowing at the 2012 Summer Olympics">Rowing at the 2012 Summer Olympics</a> in London included six events for women compared with eight for men.<sup id="cite_ref-WRfeature1_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WRfeature1-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the US, rowing is an NCAA sport for women but not for men;<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> though it is one of the country's oldest collegiate sports, the difference is in large part due to the requirements of <a href="/wiki/Title_IX" title="Title IX">Title IX</a>. </p><p>At the international level, women's rowing traditionally has been dominated by Eastern European countries, such as Romania, Russia, and Bulgaria, although other countries such as Germany, Canada, the Netherlands, Great Britain and New Zealand often field competitive teams.<sup id="cite_ref-WRfeature1_33-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WRfeature1-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The United States also has had very competitive crews, and in recent years these crews have become even more competitive given the surge in women's <a href="/wiki/College_rowing_(United_States)" class="mw-redirect" title="College rowing (United States)">collegiate rowing</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Now there is usually the same number of girls and boys in a group. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Technique">Technique</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rowing_(sport)&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Technique"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Rowing_stroke" title="Rowing stroke">Rowing stroke</a></div> <p>While rowing, the athlete sits in the boat facing toward the <a href="/wiki/Stern" title="Stern">stern</a> and uses the <a href="/wiki/Oars" class="mw-redirect" title="Oars">oars</a> (also interchangeably referred to as "blades"), which are held in place by <a href="/wiki/Oarlock" class="mw-redirect" title="Oarlock">oarlocks</a> (also referred to as "gates"), to propel the boat forward (towards the <a href="/wiki/Bow_(ship)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bow (ship)">bow</a>). Rowing is distinguished from <a href="/wiki/Paddling" title="Paddling">paddling</a> in that the oar is attached to the boat using an <a href="/wiki/Oarlock" class="mw-redirect" title="Oarlock">oarlock</a> or a rowing gate, where in paddling there is no oarlock or attachment of the paddle to the boat. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><span><video id="mwe_player_0" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/ROWING_Women%27s_Single_Sculls_Final_-_28th_Summer_Universiade_2015_Gwangju.webm/250px--ROWING_Women%27s_Single_Sculls_Final_-_28th_Summer_Universiade_2015_Gwangju.webm.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="250" height="141" data-durationhint="22" data-mwtitle="ROWING_Women's_Single_Sculls_Final_-_28th_Summer_Universiade_2015_Gwangju.webm" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/File:ROWING_Women%27s_Single_Sculls_Final_-_28th_Summer_Universiade_2015_Gwangju.webm"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/5/56/ROWING_Women%27s_Single_Sculls_Final_-_28th_Summer_Universiade_2015_Gwangju.webm/ROWING_Women%27s_Single_Sculls_Final_-_28th_Summer_Universiade_2015_Gwangju.webm.480p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="480p.vp9.webm" data-width="854" data-height="480" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/5/56/ROWING_Women%27s_Single_Sculls_Final_-_28th_Summer_Universiade_2015_Gwangju.webm/ROWING_Women%27s_Single_Sculls_Final_-_28th_Summer_Universiade_2015_Gwangju.webm.720p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="720p.vp9.webm" data-width="1280" data-height="720" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/56/ROWING_Women%27s_Single_Sculls_Final_-_28th_Summer_Universiade_2015_Gwangju.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-width="1280" data-height="720" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/5/56/ROWING_Women%27s_Single_Sculls_Final_-_28th_Summer_Universiade_2015_Gwangju.webm/ROWING_Women%27s_Single_Sculls_Final_-_28th_Summer_Universiade_2015_Gwangju.webm.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="426" data-height="240" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/5/56/ROWING_Women%27s_Single_Sculls_Final_-_28th_Summer_Universiade_2015_Gwangju.webm/ROWING_Women%27s_Single_Sculls_Final_-_28th_Summer_Universiade_2015_Gwangju.webm.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/5/56/ROWING_Women%27s_Single_Sculls_Final_-_28th_Summer_Universiade_2015_Gwangju.webm/ROWING_Women%27s_Single_Sculls_Final_-_28th_Summer_Universiade_2015_Gwangju.webm.360p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="360p.vp9.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /></video></span><figcaption>Women's single sculls final at the 28th Summer Universiade 2015</figcaption></figure> <p>The rowing stroke may be characterized by two fundamental reference points: the <i>catch</i>, which is placement of the oar spoon in the water, and the <i>extraction</i>, also known as the <i>finish</i> or <i>release</i>, when the rower removes the oar spoon from the water. </p><p>After the oar is placed in the water at the catch, the rower applies pressure to the oar levering the boat forward which is called the <i>drive</i> phase of the stroke. Once the rower extracts the oar from the water, the <i>recovery</i> phase begins, setting up the rower's body for the next stroke. </p><p>At the catch, the rower places the oar in the water and applies pressure to the oar by pushing the seat toward the bow of the boat by extending the legs, thus pushing the boat through the water. The point of placement of the spoon in the water is a relatively fixed point about which the oar serves as a lever to propel the boat. As the rower's legs approach full extension, the rower pivots the torso toward the bow of the boat and then finally pulls the arms towards his or her chest. The hands meet the chest right above the diaphragm. </p><p>At the end of the stroke, with the oar spoon still in the water, the hands drop slightly to unload the oar so that spring energy stored in the bend of the oar gets transferred to the boat which eases removing the oar from the water and minimizes energy wasted on lifting water above the surface (splashing). </p><p>The recovery phase follows the drive. The recovery starts with the extraction and involves coordinating the body movements with the goal to move the oar back to the catch position. In extraction, the rower pushes down on the oar handle to quickly lift the spoon out of the water and rapidly rotates the oar so that the spoon is parallel to the water. This process is sometimes referred to as <i>feathering the blade</i>. Simultaneously, the rower pushes the oar handle away from the chest. The spoon should emerge from the water perpendicular or <i>square</i> and be feathered immediately once clear of the water. After feathering and extending the arms, the rower pivots the body forward. Once the hands are past the knees, the rower compresses the legs which moves the seat towards the stern of the boat. The leg compression occurs relatively slowly compared to the rest of the stroke, which affords the rower a moment to recover, and allows the boat to glide through the water. The gliding of the boat through the water during recovery is often called <i>run</i>. </p><p>A controlled slide is necessary to maintain momentum and achieve optimal boat run. However, various teaching methods disagree about the optimal relation in timing between drive and recovery. Near the end of the recovery, the rower squares the oar spoon into perpendicular orientation with respect to the water and begins another stroke.<sup id="cite_ref-Speed_Rower,_Competitive_Rowing_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Speed_Rower,_Competitive_Rowing-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Technique_exercises">Technique exercises</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rowing_(sport)&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Technique exercises"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Rowing technique drills are essential components of a rower's training routine, focusing on specific aspects of the rowing stroke to refine skills and enhance overall performance. These structured exercises, whether performed individually (on the <a href="/wiki/Concept2" title="Concept2">erg</a>), in groups, or whole boat provide a targeted approach to improving coordination, body positioning, and teamwork.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-row2k.com_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-row2k.com-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Forward_pick">Forward pick</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rowing_(sport)&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Forward pick"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The forward pick drill, often used as a standard warm-up for rowing crews in groups of 4 or 6, focuses on isolating different components of the recovery and drive sequence. Starting with arms-only strokes and gradually incorporating the back, ½ slide, and full slide, rowers gain a nuanced understanding of the interplay between these elements. The drill aims to enhance body preparation, providing rowers with a tactile sense of how each phase should seamlessly flow into the next.<sup id="cite_ref-MITRowing_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MITRowing-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Reverse_pick_(Korzinowski_drill)"><span id="Reverse_pick_.28Korzinowski_drill.29"></span>Reverse pick (Korzinowski drill)</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rowing_(sport)&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Reverse pick (Korzinowski drill)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The reverse pick drill, executed in groups of 4 or 6, isolates different aspects of the drive sequence. With the boat ‘’checked-down’’ (the boat has no speed), rowers initiate the drill with leg-only strokes, gradually adding the back and arms. The emphasis is on maintaining proper body position and sitting tall throughout the exercise. This drill aids in isolating and understanding the distinct elements of the drive sequence and their interconnectedness.<sup id="cite_ref-MITRowing_41-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MITRowing-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Cut-the-cake">Cut-the-cake</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rowing_(sport)&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Cut-the-cake"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The cut-the-cake drill typically involves the entire boat. Rowers execute the drill collectively, starting with a normal stroke and transitioning into the subsequent recovery. During this process, the entire crew pivots forward with their bodies, swings back to the finish (without letting the oars drop in the water), then swings forward again to reach the catch position. The swinging motion, referred to as "cutting the cake," involves coordinated movements by all rowers, creating a unified and synchronized exercise aimed at improving boat balance, swing, and recovery timing.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Quarter_or_half_slide_rowing">Quarter or half slide rowing</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rowing_(sport)&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Quarter or half slide rowing"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Designed for the entire crew or smaller groups, this drill involves rowing using only a quarter or half of the slide at a high rating with a full press. It sharpens quick catches and emphasizes coordination during the recovery phase.<sup id="cite_ref-MITRowing_41-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MITRowing-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Square-Wide-6">Square-Wide-6</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rowing_(sport)&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Square-Wide-6"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Square-Wide-6 drill, conducted in groups of 6 or 4, requires rowers to take a wide grip on the <a href="/wiki/Oar_(sport_rowing)" title="Oar (sport rowing)">oar</a> handle, emphasizing a specific body position during the recovery. This encourages proper body positioning and enhances body flexibility<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-MITRowing_41-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MITRowing-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Feet-out_rowing">Feet-out rowing</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rowing_(sport)&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Feet-out rowing"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Feet-out rowing, performed either collectively by all rowers or in smaller groups, involves the removal of feet from the shoes and placement of feet on top of the shoes. This drill helps rowers maintain continuous pressure on the footboard, especially during oar release. Despite challenges like early leg finishing or excessive layback, feet-out rowing reinforces improved leg connection and more reasonable layback, translating on-the-water skills to the erg for a more efficient rowing experience.<sup id="cite_ref-row2k.com_40-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-row2k.com-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Eyes-closed_rowing">Eyes-closed rowing</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rowing_(sport)&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Eyes-closed rowing"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the eyes-closed rowing drill, performed by the whole boat, rowers execute the rowing motion with closed eyes and heightened auditory awareness. Rowers row with eyes closed, relying solely on their sense of touch and careful listening to the boat motion and the <a href="#Coxswain">coxswain</a>. This drill is designed to enhance rowers' ability to feel the subtle movements of the boat and synchronize seamlessly with their teammates. By eliminating the visual element, rowers focus on developing a heightened sense of touch and teamwork, fostering a deeper understanding of the rowing experience. This drill enhances the overall coordination and sensitivity to the dynamics of the boat, contributing to improved synchronization and a more nuanced rowing performance.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Boat_classes">Boat classes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rowing_(sport)&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Boat classes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:204px;max-width:204px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:202px;max-width:202px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Luynenburg_en_Stokvis_(1968).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Two rowers with one oar each" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Luynenburg_en_Stokvis_%281968%29.jpg/200px-Luynenburg_en_Stokvis_%281968%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Luynenburg_en_Stokvis_%281968%29.jpg/300px-Luynenburg_en_Stokvis_%281968%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Luynenburg_en_Stokvis_%281968%29.jpg/400px-Luynenburg_en_Stokvis_%281968%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1882" data-file-height="1882" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">A <a href="/wiki/Sweep_(rowing)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sweep (rowing)">sweep</a> boat (<a href="/wiki/Coxless_pair" title="Coxless pair">coxless pair</a>)</div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:202px;max-width:202px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-1982-0824-028,_Joachim_Dreifke,_Klaus_Kr%C3%B6ppelien.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Two rowers with two oars each" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-1982-0824-028%2C_Joachim_Dreifke%2C_Klaus_Kr%C3%B6ppelien.jpg/200px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-1982-0824-028%2C_Joachim_Dreifke%2C_Klaus_Kr%C3%B6ppelien.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="136" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-1982-0824-028%2C_Joachim_Dreifke%2C_Klaus_Kr%C3%B6ppelien.jpg/300px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-1982-0824-028%2C_Joachim_Dreifke%2C_Klaus_Kr%C3%B6ppelien.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-1982-0824-028%2C_Joachim_Dreifke%2C_Klaus_Kr%C3%B6ppelien.jpg/400px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-1982-0824-028%2C_Joachim_Dreifke%2C_Klaus_Kr%C3%B6ppelien.jpg 2x" data-file-width="787" data-file-height="536" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">A <a href="/wiki/Sculling" title="Sculling">sculling</a> boat (<a href="/wiki/Double_sculls" class="mw-redirect" title="Double sculls">double sculls</a>)</div></div></div></div></div> <p>Broadly, there are two ways to row, sometimes called disciplines:<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>In <i><b><a href="/wiki/Sweep_rowing" title="Sweep rowing">sweep rowing</a></b></i>, each rower has one oar, held with both hands.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There are usually an even number of rowers – two, four or eight. Each rower's oar will extend to their <i><a href="/wiki/Port_(nautical)" class="mw-redirect" title="Port (nautical)">port</a></i> or <i><a href="/wiki/Starboard" class="mw-redirect" title="Starboard">starboard</a></i>. In the United Kingdom, the port side is referred to as <a href="/wiki/Stroke_(rowing)" class="mw-redirect" title="Stroke (rowing)">stroke side</a> and the starboard side as <a href="/wiki/Bow_(rowing)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bow (rowing)">bow side</a>; this applies even if the stroke oarsman is rowing on the bow side and/or the bow oarsman on the stroke side.</li> <li>In <i><b><a href="/wiki/Sculling" title="Sculling">sculling</a></b></i> each rower has two oars (or <i>sculls</i>), one in each hand. Sculling is usually done without a <a href="/wiki/Coxswain_(rowing)" title="Coxswain (rowing)">coxswain</a> in <a href="/wiki/Quad_scull" title="Quad scull">quads</a>, <a href="/wiki/Double_scull" title="Double scull">doubles</a> or <a href="/wiki/Single_scull" title="Single scull">singles</a>. The oar in the sculler's right hand extends to port and the oar in the left hand extends to starboard.</li></ul> <p>Within each discipline, there are several boat classes. A single regatta (series of races) will often feature races for many boat classes. They are classified using: </p> <ul><li>Number of rowers: in all forms of modern competition the number is 1, 2, 4, or 8.</li> <li>Whether there is a <a href="/wiki/Coxswain_(rowing)" title="Coxswain (rowing)">coxswain</a> (also referred to as cox). Coxless sweep boats are sometimes called "straight", while sculling boats are assumed to be coxless unless stated otherwise.</li></ul> <p>Although sweep and sculling boats are generally identical to each other (except having different <a href="/wiki/Outrigger" class="mw-redirect" title="Outrigger">riggers</a>), they are referred to using different names: </p><p><b>Sweep boat classes:</b> </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Boat abbreviation </th> <th>Boat class </th></tr> <tr> <td>2- </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Coxless_pair" title="Coxless pair">Coxless pair</a> (or "straight pair" or "pair") </td></tr> <tr> <td>2+ </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Coxed_pair" title="Coxed pair">Coxed pair</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>4- </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Coxless_four" title="Coxless four">Coxless four</a> (or "straight four") </td></tr> <tr> <td>4+ </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Coxed_four" title="Coxed four">Coxed four</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>8+ </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Eight_(rowing)" title="Eight (rowing)">Eight</a> (always coxed) </td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Sculling boat classes:</b> </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Boat abbreviation </th> <th>Boat class </th></tr> <tr> <td>1x </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Single_sculls" class="mw-redirect" title="Single sculls">Single sculls</a> (or "single" or "scull") </td></tr> <tr> <td>2x </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Double_sculls" class="mw-redirect" title="Double sculls">Double sculls</a> (or "double") </td></tr> <tr> <td>4x </td> <td>Coxless <a href="/wiki/Quadruple_sculls" class="mw-redirect" title="Quadruple sculls">quadruple sculls</a> (or "quad") </td></tr> <tr> <td>4x+ </td> <td>Coxed quadruple sculls ("coxed quad", usually for juniors) </td></tr> <tr> <td>8x+ </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Octuple_sculls" class="mw-redirect" title="Octuple sculls">Octuple sculls</a> (always coxed, usually for juniors and exhibition) </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Equipment">Equipment</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rowing_(sport)&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Equipment"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Racing_shell">Racing shell</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rowing_(sport)&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Racing shell"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Israeli_boathouse.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Israeli_boathouse.jpg/310px-Israeli_boathouse.jpg" decoding="async" width="310" height="233" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Israeli_boathouse.jpg/465px-Israeli_boathouse.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Israeli_boathouse.jpg/620px-Israeli_boathouse.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768" /></a><figcaption>Racing shells stored in a <a href="/wiki/Boathouse" title="Boathouse">boathouse</a>.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:DSCN1750-harald-without-nose.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/DSCN1750-harald-without-nose.jpg/310px-DSCN1750-harald-without-nose.jpg" decoding="async" width="310" height="233" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/DSCN1750-harald-without-nose.jpg/465px-DSCN1750-harald-without-nose.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/DSCN1750-harald-without-nose.jpg/620px-DSCN1750-harald-without-nose.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a><figcaption>A damaged 8+, showing cross section near the bows and the skin construction.</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Racing_shell" title="Racing shell">Racing shell</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Racing_shell" title="Racing shell">Racing boats</a> (often called <i>shells</i>) are long, narrow, and broadly semi-circular in cross-section in order to reduce drag in the water. There is some trade off between boat speed and stability in choice of hull shape. They usually have a fin towards the rear, to help prevent roll and yaw and to increase the effectiveness of the rudder. </p><p>Originally made from <a href="/wiki/Wood" title="Wood">wood</a>, shells are now almost always made from a <a href="/wiki/Composite_material" title="Composite material">composite material</a> (usually a double skin of <a href="/wiki/Carbon-fiber_reinforced_plastic" class="mw-redirect" title="Carbon-fiber reinforced plastic">carbon-fiber reinforced plastic</a> with a sandwich of honeycomb material) for strength and weight advantages. World Rowing rules specify minimum weights for each class of boat so that no individual team will gain a great advantage from the use of expensive materials or technology. </p><p>Smaller sculling boats are usually steered by the scullers pulling harder on one side or the other while larger boats often have a <a href="/wiki/Rudder" title="Rudder">rudder</a>, controlled by the coxswain, if present, or by one of the crew using a cable attached to one of the shoes. </p><p>With the smaller boats, specialist versions of the shells for sculling can be made lighter. The riggers in sculling apply the forces symmetrically to each side of the boat, whereas in sweep oared racing these forces are staggered alternately along the boat. The sweep oared boat has to be stiffer to handle these unmatched forces, so consequently requires more bracing and is usually heavier – a pair (2-) is usually a more robust boat than a double scull (2x) for example, and being heavier is also slower when used as a double scull. In theory, this could also apply to the 4x and 8x, but most rowing clubs cannot afford to have a dedicated large hull which might be rarely used and instead generally opt for versatility in their fleet by using stronger shells which can be rigged for either sweep rowing or sculling. The symmetrical forces also make sculling more efficient than sweep rowing: the double scull is faster than the coxless pair, and the quadruple scull is faster than the coxless four. </p><p>Many adjustments can be made to the equipment to accommodate the physiques of the crew. Collectively these adjustments are known as the boat's <a href="/wiki/Boat_rigging_(sport_rowing)" class="mw-redirect" title="Boat rigging (sport rowing)">rigging</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Oar">Oar</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rowing_(sport)&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Oar"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Oar_(sport_rowing)" title="Oar (sport rowing)">Oar (sport rowing)</a></div> <p>Oars, sometimes referred to as blades, are used to propel the boat. They are long (sculling: 250–300 cm; sweep oar: 340–360 cm) poles with one flat end about 50 cm long and 25 cm wide, called the spoon. Classic blades were made out of <a href="/wiki/Wood" title="Wood">wood</a>, but modern blades are made from more expensive and durable <a href="/wiki/Synthetic_fiber" title="Synthetic fiber">synthetic</a> material, the most common being <a href="/wiki/Carbon_fiber" class="mw-redirect" title="Carbon fiber">carbon fiber</a>. </p><p>An 'oar' is often referred to as a <i>blade</i> in the case of sweep oar rowing and as a <i>scull</i> in the case of sculling. A sculling oar is shorter and has a smaller spoon area than the equivalent sweep oar. The combined spoon area of a pair of sculls is however greater than that of a single sweep oar, so the oarsman when sculling is working against more water than when rowing sweep-oared. They are able to do this because the body action in sculling is more anatomically efficient (due to the symmetry). </p><p>The <i>spoon</i> of oars is normally painted with the colours of the club to which they belong. This greatly simplifies identification of boats at a distance. As many sports teams have logos printed on their jerseys, rowing clubs have specifically painted blades that each team is associated with. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Training_equipment">Training equipment</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rowing_(sport)&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Training equipment"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Rowing_tank" title="Rowing tank">Rowing tank</a> and <a href="/wiki/Indoor_rower" title="Indoor rower">Indoor rower</a></div> <p>Indoor rowing (on <a href="/wiki/Indoor_rower" title="Indoor rower">indoor rower</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Rowing_tank" title="Rowing tank">rowing tank</a>) is a way to train technique and strength by going through the same motions as rowing, with resistance(usually a large tank of water). Indoor rowing is helpful when there are no rowable bodies of water near by, or weather conditions don't permit rowing. </p><p>A rowing tank is an indoor facility which attempts to mimic the conditions rowers face on open water. Rowing tanks are used primarily for off-season rowing, muscle-specific conditioning and technique training, or simply when bad weather prevents open-water training. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Concept2_Indoor_Rowers.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Concept2_Indoor_Rowers.JPG/310px-Concept2_Indoor_Rowers.JPG" decoding="async" width="310" height="233" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Concept2_Indoor_Rowers.JPG/465px-Concept2_Indoor_Rowers.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Concept2_Indoor_Rowers.JPG/620px-Concept2_Indoor_Rowers.JPG 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>A row of <a href="/wiki/Concept2" title="Concept2">Concept2</a> "Model C" ergometers</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Indoor_rower" title="Indoor rower">Ergometer</a> rowing machines (colloquially <i>ergs</i> or <i>ergo</i>) simulate the rowing action and provide a means of training on land when waterborne training is restricted, and of measuring rowing fitness. Ergometers do not simulate the lateral balance challenges, the exact resistance of water, or the exact motions of true rowing including the sweep of the oar handles. For that reason ergometer scores are generally not used as the sole selection criterion for crews (colloquially <i>"ergs don't float"</i>), and technique training is limited to the basic body position and movements. However, this action can still allow a workout comparable to those experienced on the water. Indoor rowing has become popular as a sport in its own right with numerous indoor competitions (and the annual World Championship <a href="/wiki/CRASH-B_Sprints" title="CRASH-B Sprints">CRASH-B Sprints</a> in Boston) during the winter off-season.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Race_formats">Race formats</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rowing_(sport)&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Race formats"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Regatta#Rowing_regattas" class="mw-redirect" title="Regatta">Regatta § Rowing regattas</a></div> <p>There are several formats for rowing races, often called "<a href="/wiki/Regattas" class="mw-redirect" title="Regattas">regattas</a>". The two most common are side by side and <a href="/wiki/Head_race" title="Head race">head races</a>. </p><p><span class="anchor" id="Side_by_side"></span> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Side_by_side">Side by side</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rowing_(sport)&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Side by side"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Most races that are held in the spring and summer feature side-by-side,<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or sprint<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>c<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> racing; all the boats start at the same time from a stationary position, and the winner is the boat that crosses the finish line first. The number of boats in a race typically varies between two (which is sometimes referred to as a <i>dual race</i>) to eight, but any number of boats can start together if the course is wide enough. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Rowing_at_the_2012_Summer_Olympics_9240_Mens_lightweight_coxless_four_-_Heat_2_-_GBR_CZE.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Rowing_at_the_2012_Summer_Olympics_9240_Mens_lightweight_coxless_four_-_Heat_2_-_GBR_CZE.jpg/310px-Rowing_at_the_2012_Summer_Olympics_9240_Mens_lightweight_coxless_four_-_Heat_2_-_GBR_CZE.jpg" decoding="async" width="310" height="173" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Rowing_at_the_2012_Summer_Olympics_9240_Mens_lightweight_coxless_four_-_Heat_2_-_GBR_CZE.jpg/465px-Rowing_at_the_2012_Summer_Olympics_9240_Mens_lightweight_coxless_four_-_Heat_2_-_GBR_CZE.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Rowing_at_the_2012_Summer_Olympics_9240_Mens_lightweight_coxless_four_-_Heat_2_-_GBR_CZE.jpg/620px-Rowing_at_the_2012_Summer_Olympics_9240_Mens_lightweight_coxless_four_-_Heat_2_-_GBR_CZE.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4069" data-file-height="2269" /></a><figcaption>A side by side race at the 2012 Olympic Games – <a href="/wiki/Rowing_at_the_2012_Summer_Olympics_%E2%80%93_Men%27s_lightweight_coxless_four" title="Rowing at the 2012 Summer Olympics – Men's lightweight coxless four">Men's lightweight coxless four</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The standard length races for the Olympics and the <a href="/wiki/World_Rowing_Championships" title="World Rowing Championships">World Rowing Championships</a> is 2 kilometres (1.24 mi) long. In the United States, some scholastic (high school) races are 1.5 kilometres (0.93 mi), while many youth races are the standard 2 kilometres. <i>Masters</i> rowers (rowers older than 27) often race 1,000m. However the race distance can and does vary from <i>dashes</i> or sprints, which may be 500 metres (1,640 ft) long, to longer dual races like the 6.8 kilometres (4.2 mi) <a href="/wiki/The_Boat_Race" title="The Boat Race">Boat Race</a>. </p><p>Two traditional non-standard distance shell races are the annual <a href="/wiki/Boat_Race" class="mw-redirect" title="Boat Race">Boat Race</a> between <a href="/wiki/Oxford" title="Oxford">Oxford</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cambridge" title="Cambridge">Cambridge</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Harvard-Yale_Boat_Race" class="mw-redirect" title="Harvard-Yale Boat Race">Harvard-Yale Boat Race</a> which cover courses of approximately 4 miles (6.44 km). The <a href="/wiki/Henley_Royal_Regatta" title="Henley Royal Regatta">Henley Royal Regatta</a> is also raced upon a non-standard distance at 2,112 meters (1 mile, 550 yards). </p><p>In general, multi-boat competitions are organized in a series of rounds, with the fastest boats in each heat qualifying for the next round. The losing boats from each heat may be given a second chance to qualify through a <a href="/wiki/Repechage" title="Repechage">repechage</a>. The World Rowing Championships offers multi-lane racing in heats, finals and repechages. At Henley Royal Regatta two crews compete side by side in each round, in a straightforward <a href="/wiki/Single-elimination_tournament" title="Single-elimination tournament">knock-out format</a>, with no repechages. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Laganhead.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Laganhead.jpg/310px-Laganhead.jpg" decoding="async" width="310" height="233" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Laganhead.jpg/465px-Laganhead.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/26/Laganhead.jpg 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="376" /></a><figcaption>Two crews racing in the annual <a href="/wiki/River_Lagan" title="River Lagan">Lagan</a> Head of the River, Belfast. The closer boat is being overtaken by the boat on the far side.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Head_races">Head races</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rowing_(sport)&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Head races"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Head_race" title="Head race">Head race</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Head_race" title="Head race">Head races</a> are <a href="/wiki/Time_trial" title="Time trial">time trial</a> / processional races that take place from autumn (fall) to early spring (depending on local conditions). Boats begin with a rolling start at <a href="/wiki/Interval_(time)" class="mw-redirect" title="Interval (time)">intervals</a> of 10 – 20 seconds, and are timed over a set distance. Head courses usually vary in length from 2,000 metres (1.24 mi) to 12,000 metres (7.46 mi), though there are longer races such as the <a href="/wiki/Boston_Rowing_Marathon" title="Boston Rowing Marathon">Boston Rowing Marathon</a> and shorter such as <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pairs_Head&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pairs Head (page does not exist)">Pairs Head</a>. </p><p>The oldest, and arguably most famous, head race is the <a href="/wiki/Head_of_the_River_Race" title="Head of the River Race">Head of the River Race</a>, founded by <a href="/wiki/Steve_Fairbairn" title="Steve Fairbairn">Steve Fairbairn</a> in 1926 which takes place each March on the river <a href="/wiki/Thames" class="mw-redirect" title="Thames">Thames</a> in <a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a>, United Kingdom. Head racing was exported to the United States in the 1950s, and the <a href="/wiki/Head_of_the_Charles" class="mw-redirect" title="Head of the Charles">Head of the Charles Regatta</a> held each October on the <a href="/wiki/Charles_River" title="Charles River">Charles River</a> in <a href="/wiki/Boston" title="Boston">Boston</a>, <a href="/wiki/Massachusetts" title="Massachusetts">Massachusetts</a>, United States is now the largest rowing event in the world. </p><p>These processional races are known as <i>Head Races</i>, because, as with bumps racing, the fastest crew is awarded the title <i>Head of the River</i> (as in "head of the class"). It was not deemed feasible to run bumps racing on the Tideway, so a timed format was adopted and soon caught on. </p><p>Time trials are sometimes used to determine who competes in an event where there is a limited number of entries, for example, the qualifying races for Henley Royal Regatta, and <i>rowing on</i> and <i>getting on</i> for the Oxford and Cambridge <a href="/wiki/Bumps_race" title="Bumps race">Bumps races</a> respectively. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_race_formats">Other race formats</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rowing_(sport)&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Other race formats"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Bumps_race" title="Bumps race">Bumps race</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><span><video id="mwe_player_1" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Bumps_race_Oxford_1999.ogv/220px--Bumps_race_Oxford_1999.ogv.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" height="176" data-durationhint="38" data-mwtitle="Bumps_race_Oxford_1999.ogv" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/File:Bumps_race_Oxford_1999.ogv"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/1/11/Bumps_race_Oxford_1999.ogv/Bumps_race_Oxford_1999.ogv.480p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="480p.vp9.webm" data-width="600" data-height="480" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/11/Bumps_race_Oxford_1999.ogv" type="video/ogg; codecs="theora, vorbis"" data-width="720" data-height="576" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/1/11/Bumps_race_Oxford_1999.ogv/Bumps_race_Oxford_1999.ogv.144p.mjpeg.mov" type="video/quicktime" data-transcodekey="144p.mjpeg.mov" data-width="180" data-height="144" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/1/11/Bumps_race_Oxford_1999.ogv/Bumps_race_Oxford_1999.ogv.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="300" data-height="240" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/1/11/Bumps_race_Oxford_1999.ogv/Bumps_race_Oxford_1999.ogv.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="450" data-height="360" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/1/11/Bumps_race_Oxford_1999.ogv/Bumps_race_Oxford_1999.ogv.360p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="360p.vp9.webm" data-width="450" data-height="360" /></video></span><figcaption>A "bump" during <a href="/wiki/Torpids" title="Torpids">Torpids</a> at the University of Oxford, 1999: <a href="/wiki/Jesus_College_Boat_Club_(Oxford)" title="Jesus College Boat Club (Oxford)">Jesus College Men's 1st VIII</a> catch <a href="/wiki/Hertford_College,_Oxford" title="Hertford College, Oxford">Hertford College</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>A <a href="/wiki/Bumps_race" title="Bumps race">bumps race</a> is a multi-day race beginning with crews lined up along the river at set intervals. They start simultaneously and all pursue the boat ahead while avoiding being bumped by a boat from behind. If a crew overtakes or makes physical contact with the crew ahead, a <i>bump</i> is awarded. As a result, damage to boats and equipment is common during bumps racing. To avoid damage the cox of the crew being bumped may concede the bump before contact is actually made. The next day, the bumping crew will start ahead of any crews that have been bumped. The positions at the end of the last race are used to set the positions on the first day of the races the next year. Oxford and Cambridge Universities hold bumps races for their respective colleges twice a year, and there are also <i>Town Bumps</i> races in both cities, open to non-university crews. Oxford's races are organised by City of Oxford Rowing Club<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and Cambridge's are organised by the <a href="/wiki/Cambridgeshire_Rowing_Association" title="Cambridgeshire Rowing Association">Cambridgeshire Rowing Association</a>. </p><p>The stake format was often used in early American races. Competitors line up at the start, race to a stake, moored boat, or buoy some distance away, and return. The 180° turn requires mastery of steering. These races are popular with spectators because one may watch both the start and finish. Usually only two boats would race at once to avoid collision. The Green Mountain Head Regatta continues to use the stake format, but it is run as a head race with an interval start.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A similar type of racing is found in UK and Irish <a href="/wiki/Coastal_and_offshore_rowing" title="Coastal and offshore rowing">coastal rowing</a>, where a number of boats race out to a given point from the coast and then return fighting rough water all the way. In Irish coastal rowing the boats are in individual lanes with the races consisting of up to 3 turns to make the race distance 2.3 km. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Boat_positions">Boat positions</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rowing_(sport)&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Boat positions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Boat_positions" title="Boat positions">Boat positions</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:BoatPositions.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/BoatPositions.png/390px-BoatPositions.png" decoding="async" width="390" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/BoatPositions.png/585px-BoatPositions.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/BoatPositions.png/780px-BoatPositions.png 2x" data-file-width="1059" data-file-height="435" /></a><figcaption>The boat positions within an 8+ rowing shell</figcaption></figure> <p>Rowers in multi-rower boats are numbered sequentially from the bow aft. The number-one rower is called the <a href="/wiki/Bow_(position)" title="Bow (position)">bowman</a>, or just 'bow', whilst the rower closest to the stern is called the '<a href="/wiki/Strokeman" class="mw-redirect" title="Strokeman">strokeman</a>' or just 'stroke'. There are some exceptions to this – some UK coastal rowers, and in France, Spain, and Italy rowers number from stern to bow. </p><p>In addition to this, certain crew members have other titles and roles. In an 8+ the stern pair are responsible for setting the stroke rate and rhythm for the rest of the boat to follow. The middle four (sometimes called the "engine room" or "power house") are usually the less technical, but more powerful rowers in the crew, whilst the bow pair are the more technical and generally regarded as the pair to set up the balance of the boat. They also have most influence on the line the boat steers. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Coxswain">Coxswain</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rowing_(sport)&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Coxswain"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Coxswain_(rowing)" title="Coxswain (rowing)">Coxswain (rowing)</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Coxswain_HOC_1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Coxswain_HOC_1.jpg/250px-Coxswain_HOC_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="208" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Coxswain_HOC_1.jpg/375px-Coxswain_HOC_1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Coxswain_HOC_1.jpg/500px-Coxswain_HOC_1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="1665" /></a><figcaption>A coxswain (far right) sitting in the <a href="/wiki/Stern" title="Stern">stern</a> of the boat, facing the rowers, at the <a href="/wiki/Head_of_the_Charles_Regatta" title="Head of the Charles Regatta">Head of the Charles Regatta</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Coxswain_(rowing)" title="Coxswain (rowing)">coxswain</a> (or simply the cox) is the member who steers the boat using rudder strings, and coordinates the power and rhythm of the rowers, by communicating to the crew, often through a device called a <a href="/wiki/Cox_box" title="Cox box">cox box</a> and speakers. The cox usually sits in the stern of the boat facing the rowers but in <a href="/wiki/Bowloader" title="Bowloader">bowloaders</a>, usually seen in the <a href="/wiki/Coxed_four" title="Coxed four">coxed four</a> and <a href="/wiki/Coxed_pair" title="Coxed pair">coxed pair</a> types of boat, the coxswain lies in the bow. The cox is usually the smallest and lightest out of all the crew. </p><p>It is an advantage for the coxswain to be light as this requires less effort for the crew to propel the boat. In many competitive events there is a minimum weight, 55 kilograms (121 lb) under World Rowing rules, set for the coxswain to prevent unfair advantage. If a coxswain is under the minimum weight allowance (underweight), they may have to carry weights in the boat such as sandbags.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Athlete_categories">Athlete categories</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rowing_(sport)&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Athlete categories"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Age">Age</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rowing_(sport)&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Age"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>At the elite level, the World Rowing Federation recognizes an under 19 category for athletes who are age 18 or less by the end of the calendar year for a given event. The <a href="/wiki/World_Rowing_Junior_Championships" title="World Rowing Junior Championships">World Rowing Junior Championships</a> is the <a href="/wiki/World_championship" title="World championship">world championship</a> event for this category. Athletes under 23 years of age by the end of the calendar year may compete in the under 23 category, and the <a href="/wiki/World_Rowing_U23_Championships" title="World Rowing U23 Championships">World Rowing U23 Championships</a> is held for these athletes. World Rowing uses the term "Senior" for events open to any age.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Under World Rowing rules, athletes may compete in "<a href="/wiki/Senior_sport" title="Senior sport">Masters</a>" categories when they reach age 27. World Rowing holds the <a href="/w/index.php?title=World_Rowing_Masters_Regatta&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="World Rowing Masters Regatta (page does not exist)">World Rowing Masters Regatta</a> for these athletes, at which there are several age subcategories.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_55-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Weight">Weight</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rowing_(sport)&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Weight"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Lightweight_rowing" title="Lightweight rowing">Lightweight boat classes</a> are restricted by the rowers' weight. According to the World Rowing Federation, this weight category was introduced "to encourage more universality in the sport especially among nations with less statuesque people". The first lightweight events were held at the World Championships in <a href="/wiki/1974_World_Rowing_Championships" title="1974 World Rowing Championships">1974</a> for men and <a href="/wiki/1985_World_Rowing_Championships" title="1985 World Rowing Championships">1985</a> for women. Lightweight rowing was added to the Olympics in <a href="/wiki/1996_Summer_Olympics" title="1996 Summer Olympics">1996</a>. As of 2021, the only Olympic lightweight boat classes are the men's and women's double sculls. Starting with the 2028 Olympic games, lightweight rowing will no longer have any events in the Olympics.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The World Rowing Federation lightweight standards are: </p> <ul><li>Men: Crew average 70 kilograms (150 lb) – no rower over 72.5 kilograms (160 lb)</li> <li>Women: Crew average 57 kilograms (126 lb) – no rower over 59 kilograms (130 lb)</li></ul> <p>At the <a href="/wiki/College_rowing_in_the_United_States" title="College rowing in the United States">collegiate level in the United States</a>, the lightweight weight requirements can be different depending on competitive season. For fall regattas (typically head races), the lightweight cutoff for men is 165 lb and 135 lb for women. In the spring season (typically sprint races), the lightweight cutoff for men is 160 lb, with a boat average of 155 lb for the crew; for women, the lightweight cutoff is 130 lb.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>For juniors in the United States, the lightweight cutoff for men is 150 lb; for women, it is 130 lb. In the fall the weight limits are increased for women, with the cutoff being 135 lb. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pararowing">Pararowing</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rowing_(sport)&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Pararowing"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Pararowing" title="Pararowing">Pararowing</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Oksana_Masters_Rob_Jones_mixed_sculls_final_2012.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Oksana_Masters_Rob_Jones_mixed_sculls_final_2012.jpg/280px-Oksana_Masters_Rob_Jones_mixed_sculls_final_2012.jpg" decoding="async" width="280" height="185" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Oksana_Masters_Rob_Jones_mixed_sculls_final_2012.jpg/420px-Oksana_Masters_Rob_Jones_mixed_sculls_final_2012.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Oksana_Masters_Rob_Jones_mixed_sculls_final_2012.jpg/560px-Oksana_Masters_Rob_Jones_mixed_sculls_final_2012.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3995" data-file-height="2646" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Oksana_Masters" title="Oksana Masters">Oksana Masters</a> & <a href="/wiki/Rob_Jones_(rower)" title="Rob Jones (rower)">Rob Jones</a> of the US in the mixed sculls (TA 2x) final at the Paralympics, London 2012. The rowers are fixed to the seat.</figcaption></figure> <p>Adaptive rowing is a special category of races for those with physical disabilities. Under World Rowing rules there are 5 boat classes for adaptive rowers; mixed (2 men and 2 women plus cox) LTA (Legs, Trunk, Arms), mixed intellectual disability (2 men and 2 women plus cox) LTA (Legs, Trunk, Arms), mixed (1 man and 1 woman) TA (Trunk and Arms), and men's and women's AS (Arms and Shoulders). Events are held at the World Rowing Championships and were also held at the <a href="/wiki/2008_Summer_Paralympics" title="2008 Summer Paralympics">2008 Summer Paralympics</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Governing_bodies">Governing bodies</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rowing_(sport)&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Governing bodies"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/World_Rowing_Federation" class="mw-redirect" title="World Rowing Federation">World Rowing Federation</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable selfref">See also: <a href="/wiki/Category:National_members_of_World_Rowing" title="Category:National members of World Rowing">Category:National members of World Rowing</a></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/World_Rowing_Federation" class="mw-redirect" title="World Rowing Federation">World Rowing Federation</a>, known as FISA until recently, is the sport's international governing body. World Rowing runs the <a href="/wiki/World_Rowing_Championships" title="World Rowing Championships">World Rowing Championships</a>, as well as several other international elite competitions including the <a href="/wiki/World_Rowing_Cup" title="World Rowing Cup">World Rowing Cup</a> and <a href="/wiki/World_Rowing_Junior_Championships" title="World Rowing Junior Championships">World Rowing Junior Championships</a>. World Rowing also sponsors <a href="/wiki/Rowing_at_the_Summer_Olympics" title="Rowing at the Summer Olympics">rowing at the Olympics</a>. </p><p>World Rowing has over 155 <a href="/wiki/Category:National_members_of_World_Rowing" title="Category:National members of World Rowing">national member federations</a> who govern the sport in their respective nations.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="International_competitions">International competitions</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rowing_(sport)&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: International competitions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:DBP_1976_889_Olympia_Rudern.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/DBP_1976_889_Olympia_Rudern.jpg/200px-DBP_1976_889_Olympia_Rudern.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="125" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/DBP_1976_889_Olympia_Rudern.jpg/300px-DBP_1976_889_Olympia_Rudern.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/DBP_1976_889_Olympia_Rudern.jpg/400px-DBP_1976_889_Olympia_Rudern.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1150" data-file-height="720" /></a><figcaption>Rowing at the <a href="/wiki/Olympic_Games" title="Olympic Games">Olympic Games</a> on a German Stamp for the 1976 Olympic Games</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/World_Rowing_Championships" title="World Rowing Championships">World Rowing Championships</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rowing_at_the_Summer_Olympics" title="Rowing at the Summer Olympics">Rowing at the Summer Olympics</a></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Olympic_Games" title="Olympic Games">Olympic Games</a> are held every four years, where only select boat classes are raced (14 in total): </p> <ul><li>Men: <a href="/wiki/Quad_scull" title="Quad scull">quad scull</a>, <a href="/wiki/Double_scull" title="Double scull">double scull</a>, <a href="/wiki/Single_scull" title="Single scull">single scull</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eight_(rowing)" title="Eight (rowing)">eight</a>, <a href="/wiki/Coxless_four" title="Coxless four">coxless four</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Coxless_pair" title="Coxless pair">coxless pair</a></li> <li>Lightweight Men: <a href="/wiki/Double_scull" title="Double scull">double scull</a> (discontinued after 2024 games)</li> <li>Women: <a href="/wiki/Quad_scull" title="Quad scull">quad scull</a>, <a href="/wiki/Double_scull" title="Double scull">double scull</a>, <a href="/wiki/Single_scull" title="Single scull">single scull</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eight_(rowing)" title="Eight (rowing)">eight</a>, <a href="/wiki/Coxless_four" title="Coxless four">coxless four</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Coxless_pair" title="Coxless pair">coxless pair</a></li> <li>Lightweight Women: <a href="/wiki/Double_scull" title="Double scull">double scull</a> (discontinued after 2024 games)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coastal_and_offshore_rowing" title="Coastal and offshore rowing">Coastal rowing</a> (from 2028)</li></ul> <p>At the end of each year, the <a href="/wiki/World_Rowing_Federation" class="mw-redirect" title="World Rowing Federation">World Rowing Federation</a> holds the World Rowing Championships with events in 22 different boat classes. Athletes generally consider the Olympic classes to be premier events.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2017 FISA (now the World Rowing Federation) voted to adopt a new Olympic programme for 2020, whereby the lightweight men's coxless four event was replaced by the women's heavyweight coxless four. This was done to ensure that rowing had a gender equal Olympic programme.<sup id="cite_ref-Tokyo_2020_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tokyo_2020-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During Olympic years only non-Olympic boats compete at the World Championships. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Fitness_and_health">Fitness and health</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rowing_(sport)&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Fitness and health"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Original_research plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Original_research" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/40px-Ambox_important.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/60px-Ambox_important.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/80px-Ambox_important.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="40" data-file-height="40" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>possibly contains <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:No_original_research" title="Wikipedia:No original research">original research</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rowing_(sport)&action=edit">improve it</a> by <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verifying</a> the claims made and adding <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#Inline_citations" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">inline citations</a>. Statements consisting only of original research should be removed.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">March 2018</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Rowing is one of the few bearing sports that <a href="/wiki/Exercise" title="Exercise">exercises</a> all the major muscle groups, including <a href="/wiki/Quadriceps_femoris_muscle" class="mw-redirect" title="Quadriceps femoris muscle">quads</a>, <a href="/wiki/Biceps" title="Biceps">biceps</a>, <a href="/wiki/Triceps" title="Triceps">triceps</a>, <a href="/wiki/Latissimus_dorsi_muscle" title="Latissimus dorsi muscle">lats</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gluteal_muscles" title="Gluteal muscles">glutes</a> and <a href="/wiki/Human_abdomen" class="mw-redirect" title="Human abdomen">abdominal</a> muscles.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The sport also improves <a href="/wiki/Cardiovascular" class="mw-redirect" title="Cardiovascular">cardiovascular</a> endurance and <a href="/wiki/Muscular_strength" class="mw-redirect" title="Muscular strength">muscular strength</a>. High-performance rowers tend to be tall and muscular:<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> although extra weight does increase the drag on the boat, the larger athletes' increased power tends to compensate. The increased power is achieved through the increased leverage on the oar provided by the longer limbs of the athlete. In multi-person boats (2,4, or 8), the lightest person typically rows in the bow seat at the front of the boat. </p><p>Rowing is a low-impact sport with movement only in defined ranges, so that twist and sprain injuries are rare. However, the repetitive rowing action can put strain on <a href="/wiki/Knee_joint" class="mw-redirect" title="Knee joint">knee joints</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Human_vertebral_column" class="mw-redirect" title="Human vertebral column">spine</a> and the tendons of the forearm, and <a href="/wiki/Inflammation" title="Inflammation">inflammation</a> of these are the most common rowing injuries.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> If one rows with poor technique, especially rowing with a curved rather than straight back, other injuries may surface, including back pains and wrist injuries. Blisters occur for almost all rowers, especially in the beginning of one's rowing career, as every stroke puts pressure on the hands, though rowing frequently tends to harden hands and generate protective calluses. Holding the oars too tightly or making adjustments to technique may cause recurring or new blisters, as it is common to feather the blade. Another common injury is getting "track bites", thin cuts on the back of one's calf or thigh caused by contact with the seat tracks at either end of the stroke.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rowing_(sport)&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1216972533">.mw-parser-output .col-begin{border-collapse:collapse;padding:0;color:inherit;width:100%;border:0;margin:0}.mw-parser-output .col-begin-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .col-break{vertical-align:top;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .col-break-2{width:50%}.mw-parser-output .col-break-3{width:33.3%}.mw-parser-output .col-break-4{width:25%}.mw-parser-output .col-break-5{width:20%}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .col-begin,.mw-parser-output .col-begin>tbody,.mw-parser-output .col-begin>tbody>tr,.mw-parser-output .col-begin>tbody>tr>td{display:block!important;width:100%!important}.mw-parser-output .col-break{padding-left:0!important}}</style><div> <table class="col-begin" role="presentation"> <tbody><tr> <td class="col-break"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_rowing_terms" title="Glossary of rowing terms">Glossary of rowing terms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rowing_at_the_Summer_Olympics" title="Rowing at the Summer Olympics">Rowing at the Summer Olympics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Championship_Course" title="The Championship Course">The Championship Course</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Sculling_Championship_(Professional)" class="mw-redirect" title="World Sculling Championship (Professional)">World Sculling Championship (Professional)</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>International Rowing Federation events</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rowing_World_Cup" class="mw-redirect" title="Rowing World Cup">Rowing World Cup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Rowing_Championships" title="World Rowing Championships">World Rowing Championships</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Rowing_Junior_Championships" title="World Rowing Junior Championships">World Rowing Junior Championships</a></li></ul> <p><br /> </p> </td> <td class="col-break"> <dl><dt>College/university rowing</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/College_rowing_(United_States)" class="mw-redirect" title="College rowing (United States)">College rowing (United States)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harvard%E2%80%93Yale_Regatta" title="Harvard–Yale Regatta">Harvard–Yale Regatta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Boat_Race" title="The Boat Race">The Boat Race</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Great_Race_(rowing)" title="The Great Race (rowing)">The Great Race (rowing)</a> (New Zealand)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_rowing_(UK)" class="mw-redirect" title="University rowing (UK)">University rowing (UK)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intercollegiate_sports_team_champions#Rowing" title="Intercollegiate sports team champions">U.S. intercollegiate rowing champions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Varsity_(rowing_regatta)" title="Varsity (rowing regatta)">Varsity (rowing regatta)</a> (Netherlands)</li></ul> <p>  </p> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rowing_(sport)&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Notes">Notes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rowing_(sport)&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Doggett%27s_Coat_and_Badge" title="Doggett's Coat and Badge">Doggett's Coat and Badge</a> was first contested in 1715, rowing as a sport has recorded references back to Ancient Egyptian times.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Side-by-side" is the term used in the <a href="/wiki/British_Rowing" title="British Rowing">British Rowing</a> Rules of Racing.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Sprint race" is the term used in the <a href="/wiki/USRowing" title="USRowing">USRowing</a> Rules of Rowing.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Footnotes">Footnotes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rowing_(sport)&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Footnotes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.olympic.org/Assets/OSC%20Section/pdf/QR_sports_summer/Sports_olympiques_aviron%20_eng.pdf">"International Olympic Committee – History of rowing at the Olympic games"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150908122504/http://www.olympic.org/Assets/OSC%20Section/pdf/QR_sports_summer/Sports_olympiques_aviron%20_eng.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on September 8, 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 6,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=International+Olympic+Committee+%E2%80%93+History+of+rowing+at+the+Olympic+games&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.olympic.org%2FAssets%2FOSC%2520Section%2Fpdf%2FQR_sports_summer%2FSports_olympiques_aviron%2520_eng.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARowing+%28sport%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Tokyo_2020-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Tokyo_2020_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Tokyo_2020_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://worldrowing.com/news/the-tokyo-2020-olympic-games-rowing-programme-announced">"The Tokyo 2020 Olympic Games rowing programme announced"</a>. <i>worldrowing.com</i>. June 12, 2017. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190911225819/http://www.worldrowing.com/news/the-tokyo-2020-olympic-games-rowing-programme-announced">Archived</a> from the original on September 11, 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 11,</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=worldrowing.com&rft.atitle=The+Tokyo+2020+Olympic+Games+rowing+programme+announced&rft.date=2017-06-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fworldrowing.com%2Fnews%2Fthe-tokyo-2020-olympic-games-rowing-programme-announced&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARowing+%28sport%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.worldrowing.com/fisa/">"FISA - worldrowing.com"</a>. <i>www.worldrowing.com</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170623010548/http://www.worldrowing.com/fisa/">Archived</a> from the original on June 23, 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 6,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.worldrowing.com&rft.atitle=FISA+-+worldrowing.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldrowing.com%2Ffisa%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARowing+%28sport%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://heartheboatsing.com/2018/03/02/the-ancient-egyptian-rowing-stroke-propelling-the-boats-of-gods-and-men/">"The Ancient Egyptian Rowing Stroke: Propelling the Boats of Gods and Men"</a>. <i>Hear The Boat Sing</i>. March 2, 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 8,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Hear+The+Boat+Sing&rft.atitle=The+Ancient+Egyptian+Rowing+Stroke%3A+Propelling+the+Boats+of+Gods+and+Men&rft.date=2018-03-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fheartheboatsing.com%2F2018%2F03%2F02%2Fthe-ancient-egyptian-rowing-stroke-propelling-the-boats-of-gods-and-men%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARowing+%28sport%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Burnell,_Richard_1997-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Burnell,_Richard_1997_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Burnell,_Richard_1997_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBurnell,_RichardPage,_Geoffrey1997" class="citation book cs1">Burnell, Richard; Page, Geoffrey (1997). <i>The Brilliants: A History of the Leander Club</i>. Leander Club. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-9500061-1-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-9500061-1-6"><bdi>978-0-9500061-1-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Brilliants%3A+A+History+of+the+Leander+Club&rft.pub=Leander+Club&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-0-9500061-1-6&rft.au=Burnell%2C+Richard&rft.au=Page%2C+Geoffrey&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARowing+%28sport%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?search=regatta&searchmode=none">"Online Etymology Dictionary"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071015214835/http://etymonline.com/index.php?search=regatta&searchmode=none">Archived</a> from the original on October 15, 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 23,</span> 2006</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Online+Etymology+Dictionary&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.etymonline.com%2Findex.php%3Fsearch%3Dregatta%26searchmode%3Dnone&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARowing+%28sport%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.history.ac.uk/gh/doggett.htm">"Doggett's Coat & Badge Race"</a>. <i>Guildhall Library Manuscripts Section</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060928180204/http://www.history.ac.uk/gh/doggett.htm">Archived</a> from the original on September 28, 2006<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 23,</span> 2006</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Guildhall+Library+Manuscripts+Section&rft.atitle=Doggett%27s+Coat+%26+Badge+Race&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.history.ac.uk%2Fgh%2Fdoggett.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARowing+%28sport%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080808134443/http://www.archives.upenn.edu/histy/features/sports/crew/1800s/histy_early.html">"Historical context of the beginnings of rowing at Penn"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.archives.upenn.edu/histy/features/sports/crew/1800s/histy_early.html">the original</a> on August 8, 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 25,</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Historical+context+of+the+beginnings+of+rowing+at+Penn&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.archives.upenn.edu%2Fhisty%2Ffeatures%2Fsports%2Fcrew%2F1800s%2Fhisty_early.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARowing+%28sport%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Oxford_rowing_history-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Oxford_rowing_history_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.atm.ox.ac.uk/rowing/history.html">"A History of Oxford College Rowing"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070410061129/http://www.atm.ox.ac.uk/rowing/history.html">Archived</a> from the original on April 10, 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 17,</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Oxford+College+Rowing&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.atm.ox.ac.uk%2Frowing%2Fhistory.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARowing+%28sport%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Penn_Rowing_History-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Penn_Rowing_History_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100620205959/http://boathouserow.org/pac/pachist2.html">"The History of the Penn Athletic Club Rowing Association"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.boathouserow.org/pac/pachist2.html">the original</a> on June 20, 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 17,</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+History+of+the+Penn+Athletic+Club+Rowing+Association&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.boathouserow.org%2Fpac%2Fpachist2.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARowing+%28sport%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBurnell,_Richard1989" class="citation book cs1">Burnell, Richard (1989). <i>Henley Royal Regatta: A celebration of 150 years</i>. William Heinemann. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-434-98134-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-434-98134-2"><bdi>978-0-434-98134-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Henley+Royal+Regatta%3A+A+celebration+of+150+years&rft.pub=William+Heinemann&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=978-0-434-98134-2&rft.au=Burnell%2C+Richard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARowing+%28sport%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.leander.co.uk/about-leander-club/history/">"History - Leander Club"</a>. Leander Club. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130323235242/http://www.leander.co.uk/about-leander-club/history/">Archived</a> from the original on March 23, 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 20,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=History+-+Leander+Club&rft.pub=Leander+Club&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.leander.co.uk%2Fabout-leander-club%2Fhistory%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARowing+%28sport%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.der-club.de/">"Der Hamburger und Germania Ruder Club"</a> (in German). Der Hamburger und Germania Ruder Club. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130512002650/http://www.der-club.de/">Archived</a> from the original on May 12, 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 20,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Der+Hamburger+und+Germania+Ruder+Club&rft.pub=Der+Hamburger+und+Germania+Ruder+Club&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.der-club.de%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARowing+%28sport%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Narragansett Boat Club: <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.rownbc.org/?id=club-info/index">http://www.rownbc.org/?id=club-info/index</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180916082420/http://www.rownbc.org/?id=club-info%2Findex">Archived</a> 2018-09-16 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://rowinghistory.net/Time%20Line/TL%20-1849images.htm">"Begin-1849images"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130320061158/http://www.rowinghistory.net/Time%20Line/TL%20-1849images.htm">Archived</a> from the original on March 20, 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 12,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Begin-1849images&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Frowinghistory.net%2FTime%2520Line%2FTL%2520-1849images.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARowing+%28sport%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130320061158/http://www.rowinghistory.net/Time%20Line/TL%20-1849images.htm">"Begin-1849images"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://rowinghistory.net/Time%20Line/TL%20-1849images.htm">the original</a> on March 20, 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 12,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Begin-1849images&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Frowinghistory.net%2FTime%2520Line%2FTL%2520-1849images.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARowing+%28sport%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Harvard-yale_reggata-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Harvard-yale_reggata_18-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Harvard-yale_reggata_18-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVeneziano" class="citation web cs1">Veneziano, John. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110719210557/http://www.hcs.harvard.edu/~harvcrew/Website/History/HY/">"America's Oldest Intercollegiate Athletic Event"</a>. Harvard University Boat Club. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hcs.harvard.edu/~harvcrew/Website/History/HY/">the original</a> on July 19, 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 17,</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=America%27s+Oldest+Intercollegiate+Athletic+Event&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Boat+Club&rft.aulast=Veneziano&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hcs.harvard.edu%2F~harvcrew%2FWebsite%2FHistory%2FHY%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARowing+%28sport%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Boathouse_Row-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Boathouse_Row_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.livingplaces.com/PA/Philadelphia_County/Philadelphia_City/Boathouse_Row.html">"Boathouse Row"</a>. Living Places. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110717112330/http://www.livingplaces.com/PA/Philadelphia_County/Philadelphia_City/Boathouse_Row.html">Archived</a> from the original on July 17, 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 30,</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Boathouse+Row&rft.pub=Living+Places&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.livingplaces.com%2FPA%2FPhiladelphia_County%2FPhiladelphia_City%2FBoathouse_Row.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARowing+%28sport%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Jefferson_1983-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Jefferson_1983_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMoak1983" class="citation web cs1">Moak, Jefferson (November 27, 1983). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://image1.nps.gov:9001/StyleServer/calcrgn?cat=NHLS&item=Text/87000821.djvu&style=nps/FOCUS-DJview.xsl&wid=640&hei=480&oif=jpeg&props=item(SUMMARY,COPYRIGHT),cat(Name)&page=18">"National Register of Historic Places Inventory—Nomination Form"</a>. NPS Focus, National Register of Historic Places, National Park Service, US Department of the Interior. p. 669. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140227233931/http://image1.nps.gov:9001/StyleServer/calcrgn?cat=NHLS&item=Text%2F87000821.djvu&style=nps%2FFOCUS-DJview.xsl&wid=640&hei=480&oif=jpeg&props=item%28SUMMARY%2CCOPYRIGHT%29%2Ccat%28Name%29&page=18">Archived</a> from the original on February 27, 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 7,</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=National+Register+of+Historic+Places+Inventory%E2%80%94Nomination+Form&rft.pages=669&rft.pub=NPS+Focus%2C+National+Register+of+Historic+Places%2C+National+Park+Service%2C+US+Department+of+the+Interior&rft.date=1983-11-27&rft.aulast=Moak&rft.aufirst=Jefferson&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fimage1.nps.gov%3A9001%2FStyleServer%2Fcalcrgn%3Fcat%3DNHLS%26item%3DText%2F87000821.djvu%26style%3Dnps%2FFOCUS-DJview.xsl%26wid%3D640%26hei%3D480%26oif%3Djpeg%26props%3Ditem%28SUMMARY%2CCOPYRIGHT%29%2Ccat%28Name%29%26page%3D18&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARowing+%28sport%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Schuylkill_Navy_Records-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Schuylkill_Navy_Records_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGood" class="citation web cs1">Good, Megan. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.phillyseaport.org/images/schuylkill%20navy%20records.pdf">"Schuylkill Navy Records, 1859–2009"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Independence Seaport Museum, J. Welles Henderson Archives and Library. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150610224600/http://www.phillyseaport.org/images/schuylkill%20navy%20records.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on June 10, 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 7,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Schuylkill+Navy+Records%2C+1859%E2%80%932009&rft.pub=Independence+Seaport+Museum%2C+J.+Welles+Henderson+Archives+and+Library&rft.aulast=Good&rft.aufirst=Megan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.phillyseaport.org%2Fimages%2Fschuylkill%2520navy%2520records.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARowing+%28sport%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.boathouserow.org/index.php/clubs/boathouse-row-clubs">"Boathouse Row Clubs"</a>. Schuylkill Navy & Boathouse Row. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150626152303/http://www.boathouserow.org/index.php/clubs/boathouse-row-clubs">Archived</a> from the original on June 26, 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 26,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Boathouse+Row+Clubs&rft.pub=Schuylkill+Navy+%26+Boathouse+Row&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.boathouserow.org%2Findex.php%2Fclubs%2Fboathouse-row-clubs&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARowing+%28sport%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Virtual_Library_Rowing-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Virtual_Library_Rowing_23-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Virtual_Library_Rowing_23-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sportsvl.com/water/rowinghome.htm">"Virtual Library of Sports: Rowing"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070223233437/http://sportsvl.com/water/rowinghome.htm">Archived</a> from the original on February 23, 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 17,</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Virtual+Library+of+Sports%3A+Rowing&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sportsvl.com%2Fwater%2Frowinghome.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARowing+%28sport%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070102225407/http://www.worldrowing.com/index.php?pageid=12">"World Rowing"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.worldrowing.com/index.php?pageid=12">the original</a> on January 2, 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 31,</span> 2006</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=World+Rowing&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldrowing.com%2Findex.php%3Fpageid%3D12&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARowing+%28sport%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-AUS_Rowing_History-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-AUS_Rowing_History_25-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130614154407/http://www.rowinghistory-aus.info/world-championships/">"Australian Rowing at the World Senior Championships"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rowinghistory-aus.info/world-championships/">the original</a> on June 14, 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 17,</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Australian+Rowing+at+the+World+Senior+Championships&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.rowinghistory-aus.info%2Fworld-championships%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARowing+%28sport%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Olympic.org-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Olympic.org_26-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.olympic.org/rowing-equipment-and-history?tab=1">"Rowing Equipment and History"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111102162939/http://www.olympic.org/rowing-equipment-and-history?tab=1">Archived</a> from the original on November 2, 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 10,</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Rowing+Equipment+and+History&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.olympic.org%2Frowing-equipment-and-history%3Ftab%3D1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARowing+%28sport%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.worldrowing.com/rowing">"Rowing"</a>. World Rowing. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150410094659/http://www.worldrowing.com/rowing/">Archived</a> from the original on April 10, 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 19,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Rowing&rft.pub=World+Rowing&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldrowing.com%2Frowing&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARowing+%28sport%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.worldrowing.com/events/2015-world-rowing-championships/event-information">"2015 World Rowing Championships"</a>. World Rowing. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150430063223/http://www.worldrowing.com/events/2015-world-rowing-championships/event-information">Archived</a> from the original on April 30, 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 19,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=2015+World+Rowing+Championships&rft.pub=World+Rowing&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldrowing.com%2Fevents%2F2015-world-rowing-championships%2Fevent-information&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARowing+%28sport%29" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.worldrowing.com/events/2014-world-rowing-championships/">"2014 World Rowing Championships"</a>. World Rowing. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150413115628/http://www.worldrowing.com/events/2014-world-rowing-championships/">Archived</a> from the original on April 13, 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 19,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=2014+World+Rowing+Championships&rft.pub=World+Rowing&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldrowing.com%2Fevents%2F2014-world-rowing-championships%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARowing+%28sport%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See for example, <a href="/wiki/International_Rowing_Federation" class="mw-redirect" title="International Rowing Federation">International Rowing Federation</a> sections on World Rowing Masters Regatta and World Rowing Sprints</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.worldrowing.com/news/what-makes-successful-women-coach">"What makes a successful women's coach?"</a>. World Rowing. December 8, 2014. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150423023328/http://www.worldrowing.com/news/what-makes-successful-women-coach">Archived</a> from the original on April 23, 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 19,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=What+makes+a+successful+women%27s+coach%3F&rft.pub=World+Rowing&rft.date=2014-12-08&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldrowing.com%2Fnews%2Fwhat-makes-successful-women-coach&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARowing+%28sport%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_31-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_31-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOgilvie2012" class="citation book cs1">Ogilvie, Sarah (November 1, 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=FgIgAwAAQBAJ"><i>Words of the World: A Global History of the Oxford English Dictionary</i></a>. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781139789530" title="Special:BookSources/9781139789530"><bdi>9781139789530</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Words+of+the+World%3A+A+Global+History+of+the+Oxford+English+Dictionary&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2012-11-01&rft.isbn=9781139789530&rft.aulast=Ogilvie&rft.aufirst=Sarah&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DFgIgAwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARowing+%28sport%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-WR2-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-WR2_32-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.worldrowing.com/news/click-women-rowing-photo-contest">"Women in rowing"</a>. World Rowing. February 23, 2015. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150427111328/http://www.worldrowing.com/news/click-women-rowing-photo-contest">Archived</a> from the original on April 27, 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 19,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Women+in+rowing&rft.pub=World+Rowing&rft.date=2015-02-23&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldrowing.com%2Fnews%2Fclick-women-rowing-photo-contest&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARowing+%28sport%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-WRfeature1-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-WRfeature1_33-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-WRfeature1_33-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://worldrowing.com/news/feature-the-impact-of-olympic-inclusion-on-womens-rowing-">"Feature: the impact of Olympic inclusion on women's rowing"</a>. World Rowing. June 12, 2013. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130718195438/https://worldrowing.com/news/feature-the-impact-of-olympic-inclusion-on-womens-rowing-">Archived</a> from the original on July 18, 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 19,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Feature%3A+the+impact+of+Olympic+inclusion+on+women%27s+rowing&rft.pub=World+Rowing&rft.date=2013-06-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fworldrowing.com%2Fnews%2Ffeature-the-impact-of-olympic-inclusion-on-womens-rowing-&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARowing+%28sport%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncaa.com/sports/rowing">"College DI Rowing - Home - NCAA.com"</a>. <i>NCAA.com</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160514062834/http://www.ncaa.com/sports/rowing">Archived</a> from the original on May 14, 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 6,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=NCAA.com&rft.atitle=College+DI+Rowing+-+Home+-+NCAA.com&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncaa.com%2Fsports%2Frowing&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARowing+%28sport%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bostonglobe.com/sports/2012/10/20/for-olympic-women-rowing-eight-golden-road-begins-college/RpV8vwxFSZ34lv5Yed4m2H/story.html">"For US women's eight, golden road begins in college"</a>. <i>The Boston Globe</i>. October 21, 2012. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150427143244/http://www.bostonglobe.com/sports/2012/10/20/for-olympic-women-rowing-eight-golden-road-begins-college/RpV8vwxFSZ34lv5Yed4m2H/story.html">Archived</a> from the original on April 27, 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 19,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Boston+Globe&rft.atitle=For+US+women%27s+eight%2C+golden+road+begins+in+college&rft.date=2012-10-21&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bostonglobe.com%2Fsports%2F2012%2F10%2F20%2Ffor-olympic-women-rowing-eight-golden-road-begins-college%2FRpV8vwxFSZ34lv5Yed4m2H%2Fstory.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARowing+%28sport%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Speed_Rower,_Competitive_Rowing-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Speed_Rower,_Competitive_Rowing_36-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090609130144/http://www.speedrower.com/index.htm">"Speed Rower, Competitive Rowing"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.speedrower.com/index.htm">the original</a> on June 9, 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 5,</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Speed+Rower%2C+Competitive+Rowing&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.speedrower.com%2Findex.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARowing+%28sport%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070219134446/http://www.ara-rowing.org/render.aspx?siteID=1&navIDs=1,42,64">"British Rowing Technique"</a>. <i>The Amateur Rowing Association</i>. Archived from the original on February 19, 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 23,</span> 2006</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Amateur+Rowing+Association&rft.atitle=British+Rowing+Technique&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ara-rowing.org%2Frender.aspx%3FsiteID%3D1%26navIDs%3D1%2C42%2C64&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARowing+%28sport%29" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: unfit URL (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_unfit_URL" title="Category:CS1 maint: unfit URL">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britishrowing.org/knowledge/rower-development/british-rowing-technique/rowing-exercises/">"British Rowing - Rowing Exercises"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240221175635/https://www.britishrowing.org/knowledge/rower-development/british-rowing-technique/rowing-exercises/">Archived</a> from the original on February 21, 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 21,</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=British+Rowing+-+Rowing+Exercises&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britishrowing.org%2Fknowledge%2Frower-development%2Fbritish-rowing-technique%2Frowing-exercises%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARowing+%28sport%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.concept2.com/indoor-rowers/training/technique-videos/rowing-drills">"Concept2 - Rowing Drills"</a>. December 16, 2020. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240728075808/https://www.concept2.com/training/rowing-drills">Archived</a> from the original on July 28, 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 21,</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Concept2+-+Rowing+Drills&rft.date=2020-12-16&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.concept2.com%2Findoor-rowers%2Ftraining%2Ftechnique-videos%2Frowing-drills&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARowing+%28sport%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-row2k.com-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-row2k.com_40-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-row2k.com_40-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.row2k.com/features/2861/erg-drills--feet-out-rowing/">"row2k - Erg Drills - Feet-out Rowing"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240728075809/https://www.row2k.com/features/2861/erg-drills--feet-out-rowing/">Archived</a> from the original on July 28, 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 21,</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=row2k+-+Erg+Drills+-+Feet-out+Rowing&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.row2k.com%2Ffeatures%2F2861%2Ferg-drills--feet-out-rowing%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARowing+%28sport%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-MITRowing-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-MITRowing_41-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-MITRowing_41-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-MITRowing_41-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-MITRowing_41-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://web.mit.edu/rowingclub/www/rowDrills.html">"MIT Rowing Club - Rowing Drills"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240221175635/http://web.mit.edu/rowingclub/www/rowDrills.html">Archived</a> from the original on February 21, 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 21,</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=MIT+Rowing+Club+-+Rowing+Drills&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fweb.mit.edu%2Frowingclub%2Fwww%2FrowDrills.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARowing+%28sport%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://readyallrow.org/top-20-terms-coxswains-should-know-cut-the-cake/">"Top 20 Terms Coxswains Should Know: Cut the Cake"</a>. <i>ReadyAllRow</i>. Unknown. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240221180843/https://readyallrow.org/top-20-terms-coxswains-should-know-cut-the-cake/">Archived</a> from the original on February 21, 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 21,</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ReadyAllRow&rft.atitle=Top+20+Terms+Coxswains+Should+Know%3A+Cut+the+Cake&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Freadyallrow.org%2Ftop-20-terms-coxswains-should-know-cut-the-cake%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARowing+%28sport%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://static1.squarespace.com/static/53cc791ae4b0847eddfba0e2/t/5483c400e4b0195c0da1121b/1417921536876/Water+Drills.pdf">"Water Drills PDF"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Squarespace</i>. Unknown. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240728075810/https://static1.squarespace.com/static/53cc791ae4b0847eddfba0e2/t/5483c400e4b0195c0da1121b/1417921536876/Water+Drills.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on July 28, 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 21,</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Squarespace&rft.atitle=Water+Drills+PDF&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fstatic1.squarespace.com%2Fstatic%2F53cc791ae4b0847eddfba0e2%2Ft%2F5483c400e4b0195c0da1121b%2F1417921536876%2FWater%2BDrills.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARowing+%28sport%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://static1.squarespace.com/static/53cc791ae4b0847eddfba0e2/t/5483c400e4b0195c0da1121b/1417921536876/Water+Drills.pdf">"Water Drills PDF"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Squarespace</i>. Unknown. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240708002200/https://static1.squarespace.com/static/53cc791ae4b0847eddfba0e2/t/5483c400e4b0195c0da1121b/1417921536876/Water+Drills.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on July 8, 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 21,</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Squarespace&rft.atitle=Water+Drills+PDF&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fstatic1.squarespace.com%2Fstatic%2F53cc791ae4b0847eddfba0e2%2Ft%2F5483c400e4b0195c0da1121b%2F1417921536876%2FWater%2BDrills.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARowing+%28sport%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBritish_Rowing2021" class="citation book cs1">British Rowing (2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britishrowing.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/03/2021-RoR-210310.pdf"><i>2021 Rules of Racing</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. p. 10. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210410060305/https://www.britishrowing.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/03/2021-RoR-210310.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on April 10, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=2021+Rules+of+Racing&rft.pages=10&rft.date=2021&rft.au=British+Rowing&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britishrowing.org%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2021%2F03%2F2021-RoR-210310.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARowing+%28sport%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGarrettKirkendall2000" class="citation book cs1">Garrett, William E.; Kirkendall, Donald T. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 20,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Exercise+and+Sport+Science&rft.pub=Lippincott+Williams+%26+Wilkins&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-683-03421-9&rft.aulast=Garrett&rft.aufirst=William+E.&rft.au=Kirkendall%2C+Donald+T.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DCx22TcXodrwC%26q%3Dtypes%2Bof%2Browing%2Bcompetition%26pg%3DPA844&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARowing+%28sport%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.concept2.co.uk/racing/">"Racing"</a>. <i>Concept2.co.uk</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20061230150753/http://www.concept2.co.uk/racing/">Archived</a> from the original on December 30, 2006<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 2,</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Concept2.co.uk&rft.atitle=Racing&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.concept2.co.uk%2Fracing%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARowing+%28sport%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBritish_Rowing2021" class="citation book cs1">British Rowing (2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britishrowing.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/03/2021-RoR-210310.pdf"><i>2021 Rules of Racing</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210410060305/https://www.britishrowing.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/03/2021-RoR-210310.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on April 10, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=2021+Rules+of+Racing&rft.date=2021&rft.au=British+Rowing&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britishrowing.org%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2021%2F03%2F2021-RoR-210310.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARowing+%28sport%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUnited_States_Rowing_Association" class="citation web cs1">United States Rowing Association. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://s3.amazonaws.com/sidearm.sites/usarowing.sidearmsports.com/documents/2020/2/20/Rules_Of_Rowing_2020.pdf">"The Rules of Rowing - 2020 Edition"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210417031015/https://s3.amazonaws.com/sidearm.sites/usarowing.sidearmsports.com/documents/2020/2/20/Rules_Of_Rowing_2020.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on April 17, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Rules+of+Rowing+-+2020+Edition&rft.au=United+States+Rowing+Association&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fs3.amazonaws.com%2Fsidearm.sites%2Fusarowing.sidearmsports.com%2Fdocuments%2F2020%2F2%2F20%2FRules_Of_Rowing_2020.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARowing+%28sport%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101024002849/http://www.oxfordrowingclub.org.uk/bumps.html">"Bumps"</a>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 20,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Women%27s+Rowing+101+%E2%80%93+PatriotLeague.org+%E2%80%93+Patriot+League+Official+Athletic+Site&rft.pub=PatriotLeague.org&rft.date=2008-04-18&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.patriotleague.org%2Fsports%2Fw-rowing%2Fspec-rel%2F041808aad.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARowing+%28sport%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.worldrowing.com/index.php?pageid=17">"Paralympic/Adaptive"</a>. <i>WorldRowing.com</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060714120104/http://www.worldrowing.com/index.php?pageid=17">Archived</a> from the original on July 14, 2006<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 23,</span> 2006</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=WorldRowing.com&rft.atitle=Paralympic%2FAdaptive&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldrowing.com%2Findex.php%3Fpageid%3D17&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARowing+%28sport%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://worldrowing.com/about/organisation/member-federations/">"World Rowing - Member Federations"</a>. <i>World Rowing</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210516215329/https://www.worldrowing.com/about/organisation/member-federations/">Archived</a> from the original on May 16, 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 8,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=World+Rowing&rft.atitle=World+Rowing+-+Member+Federations&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fworldrowing.com%2Fabout%2Forganisation%2Fmember-federations%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARowing+%28sport%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://worldrowing.com/events/rowing-and-para-rowing/">"World Rowing - Rowing and Para Rowing"</a>. <i>World Rowing</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211022000449/https://worldrowing.com/events/rowing-and-para-rowing/">Archived</a> from the original on October 22, 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 22,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=World+Rowing&rft.atitle=World+Rowing+-+Rowing+and+Para+Rowing&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fworldrowing.com%2Fevents%2Frowing-and-para-rowing%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARowing+%28sport%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.concept2.com/indoor-rowers/training/muscles-used">"Muscles Used"</a>. <i>Concept2</i>. May 9, 2012. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200521185655/https://www.concept2.com/indoor-rowers/training/muscles-used">Archived</a> from the original on May 21, 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 24,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Concept2&rft.atitle=Muscles+Used&rft.date=2012-05-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.concept2.com%2Findoor-rowers%2Ftraining%2Fmuscles-used&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARowing+%28sport%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.setantacollege.com/physical-characteristics-rower-blog/">"The Physical Characteristics of an Elite Rower"</a>. <i>Setanta College</i>. September 21, 2018. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200724152156/https://www.setantacollege.com/physical-characteristics-rower-blog/">Archived</a> from the original on July 24, 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 24,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Setanta+College&rft.atitle=The+Physical+Characteristics+of+an+Elite+Rower&rft.date=2018-09-21&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.setantacollege.com%2Fphysical-characteristics-rower-blog%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARowing+%28sport%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHoseaHannafin2012" class="citation journal cs1">Hosea, Timothy M.; Hannafin, Jo A. (April 26, 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3435926">"Rowing Injuries"</a>. <i>Sports Health: A Multidisciplinary Approach</i>. <b>4</b> (3): 236–245. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F1941738112442484">10.1177/1941738112442484</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3435926">3435926</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23016093">23016093</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Sports+Health%3A+A+Multidisciplinary+Approach&rft.atitle=Rowing+Injuries&rft.volume=4&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=236-245&rft.date=2012-04-26&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3435926%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F23016093&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F1941738112442484&rft.aulast=Hosea&rft.aufirst=Timothy+M.&rft.au=Hannafin%2C+Jo+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3435926&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARowing+%28sport%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFInc1997" class="citation book cs1">Inc, The Independent Rowing News (June 8, 1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=A0cEAAAAMBAJ&dq=track+bites+rowing&pg=PT20"><i>Rowing News</i></a>. The Independent Rowing News Inc. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220509020435/https://books.google.com/books?id=A0cEAAAAMBAJ&dq=track%20bites%20rowing&pg=PT20">Archived</a> from the original on May 9, 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 9,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Rowing+News&rft.pub=The+Independent+Rowing+News+Inc.&rft.date=1997-06-08&rft.aulast=Inc&rft.aufirst=The+Independent+Rowing+News&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DA0cEAAAAMBAJ%26dq%3Dtrack%2Bbites%2Browing%26pg%3DPT20&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARowing+%28sport%29" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">|last=</code> has generic name (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#generic_name" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rowing_(sport)&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHalberstam,_David1985" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/David_Halberstam" title="David Halberstam">Halberstam, David</a> (1985). <i>The Amateurs: The Story of Four Young Men and Their Quest for an Olympic Gold Medal</i>. <a href="/wiki/Ballantine_Books" title="Ballantine Books">Ballantine Books</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-449-91003-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-449-91003-0"><bdi>978-0-449-91003-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Amateurs%3A+The+Story+of+Four+Young+Men+and+Their+Quest+for+an+Olympic+Gold+Medal&rft.pub=Ballantine+Books&rft.date=1985&rft.isbn=978-0-449-91003-0&rft.au=Halberstam%2C+David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARowing+%28sport%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Eakins#Early_career" title="Thomas Eakins">Paintings of Thomas Eakins, a group of rowing scenes, first and most famous</a> is <a href="/wiki/Max_Schmitt_in_a_Single_Scull" title="Max Schmitt in a Single Scull">Max Schmitt in a Single Scull</a> (1871)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_James_Brown" title="Daniel James Brown">Brown, Daniel James</a> (2013). <a href="/wiki/The_Boys_in_the_Boat" title="The Boys in the Boat">The Boys in the Boat: Nine Americans and Their Epic Quest for Gold at the 1936 Berlin Olympics</a>. <a href="/wiki/Penguin_Books" title="Penguin Books">Penguin Books</a>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-101-62274-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-101-62274-2">978-1-101-62274-2</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBoyne,_Daniel_J.2000" class="citation book cs1">Boyne, Daniel J. (2000). <i>The Red Rose Crew: A True Story of Women, Winning, and the Water</i>. <a href="/wiki/Ballantine_Books" title="Ballantine Books">Ballantine Books</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1592287581" title="Special:BookSources/978-1592287581"><bdi>978-1592287581</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Red+Rose+Crew%3A+A+True+Story+of+Women%2C+Winning%2C+and+the+Water&rft.pub=Ballantine+Books&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-1592287581&rft.au=Boyne%2C+Daniel+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARowing+%28sport%29" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rowing_(sport)&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media 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srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Rowing" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Rowing">Rowing</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://worldrowing.com/">World Rowing</a> – website of the <a href="/wiki/World_Rowing_Federation" class="mw-redirect" title="World Rowing Federation">World Rowing Federation</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rrm.co.uk/">River & Rowing Museum</a> – Rowing Museum in Henley on Thames</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.atkinsopht.com/row/rowrpage.htm">How Rowing Really Works</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.atm.ox.ac.uk/rowing/physics/index.html">The Physics of Rowing</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sciencebits.com/rowers">The maximum speed of rowing boats</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul 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.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Rowing" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Rowing_(sport)" title="Template:Rowing (sport)"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Rowing_(sport)" title="Template talk:Rowing (sport)"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Rowing_(sport)" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Rowing (sport)"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Rowing" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Rowing</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Australian rowing</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rowing_Australia" title="Rowing Australia">Rowing Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_Rowing_Championships" title="Australian Rowing Championships">Rowing Championships</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Head_of_the_River_(Australia)" title="Head of the River (Australia)">Head of the River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Head_of_the_Schoolgirls_(Victoria)" title="Head of the Schoolgirls (Victoria)">Head of the Schoolgirls (Victoria)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/King%27s_Cup_(rowing)" title="King's Cup (rowing)">King's Cup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Head_of_the_River_(New_South_Wales)" title="Head of the River (New South Wales)">Head of the River (New South Wales)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Head_of_the_River_(Victoria)" title="Head of the River (Victoria)">Head of the River (Victoria)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Head_of_the_River_(Western_Australia)" title="Head of the River (Western Australia)">Head of the River (Western Australia)</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="9" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:GB_Pair_at_Henley_2004.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/GB_Pair_at_Henley_2004.JPG/200px-GB_Pair_at_Henley_2004.JPG" decoding="async" width="200" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/GB_Pair_at_Henley_2004.JPG/300px-GB_Pair_at_Henley_2004.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/GB_Pair_at_Henley_2004.JPG/400px-GB_Pair_at_Henley_2004.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1809" data-file-height="1206" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Canadian rowing</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Canadian_Henley_Regatta" title="Royal Canadian Henley Regatta">Canadian Henley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rowing_Canada_Aviron" title="Rowing Canada Aviron">Rowing Canada Aviron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_Secondary_School_Rowing_Association" title="Canadian Secondary School Rowing Association">Secondary School Rowing Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_University_Rowing_Association" title="Canadian University Rowing Association">University Rowing Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Head_of_the_Trent" title="Head of the Trent">Head of the Trent</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">New Zealand rowing</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_New_Zealand_rowers_at_the_Summer_Olympics" title="List of New Zealand rowers at the Summer Olympics">List of New Zealand rowers at the Summer Olympics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maadi_Cup" title="Maadi Cup">Maadi Cup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rowing_New_Zealand" title="Rowing New Zealand">Rowing New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Great_Race_(rowing)" title="The Great Race (rowing)">The Great Race</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">UK rowing</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Boston_Rowing_Marathon" title="Boston Rowing Marathon">Boston Marathon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Rowing" title="British Rowing">British Rowing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Rowing_Championships" title="British Rowing Championships">British Rowing Championships</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Head_of_the_River_Race" title="Head of the River Race">Head of the River Race</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henley_Boat_Races" title="Henley Boat Races">Henley Boat Races</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henley_Women%27s_Regatta" title="Henley Women's Regatta">Henley Women's Regatta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Schools%27_Regatta" title="National Schools' Regatta">National Schools' Regatta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schools%27_Head_of_the_River_Race" title="Schools' Head of the River Race">Schools' Head of the River Race</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_Boat_Race" title="Scottish Boat Race">Scottish Boat Race</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_Rowing" title="Scottish Rowing">Scottish Rowing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Boat_Race" title="The Boat Race">The Boat Race</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_rowing_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="University rowing in the United Kingdom">University rowing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welsh_Rowing" title="Welsh Rowing">Welsh Rowing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wingfield_Sculls" title="Wingfield Sculls">Wingfield Sculls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_Boat_Race" title="Women's Boat Race">Women's Boat Race</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_Eights_Head_of_the_River_Race" title="Women's Eights Head of the River Race">Women's Eights Head of the River Race</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Henley_Royal_Regatta" title="Henley Royal Regatta">Henley Royal Regatta</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Challenge_Cup" title="Grand Challenge Cup">Grand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stewards%27_Challenge_Cup" title="Stewards' Challenge Cup">Stewards'</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queen_Mother_Challenge_Cup" title="Queen Mother Challenge Cup">Queen Mother</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silver_Goblets_%26_Nickalls%27_Challenge_Cup" title="Silver Goblets & Nickalls' Challenge Cup">Silver Goblets & Nickalls'</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Double_Sculls_Challenge_Cup" title="Double Sculls Challenge Cup">Double Sculls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diamond_Challenge_Sculls" title="Diamond Challenge Sculls">Diamond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ladies%27_Challenge_Plate" title="Ladies' Challenge Plate">Ladies'</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visitors%27_Challenge_Cup" title="Visitors' Challenge Cup">Visitors'</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince_of_Wales_Challenge_Cup" title="Prince of Wales Challenge Cup">Prince of Wales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thames_Challenge_Cup" title="Thames Challenge Cup">Thames</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wyfold_Challenge_Cup" title="Wyfold Challenge Cup">Wyfold</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Britannia_Challenge_Cup" title="Britannia Challenge Cup">Britannia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temple_Challenge_Cup" title="Temple Challenge Cup">Temple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince_Albert_Challenge_Cup" title="Prince Albert Challenge Cup">Prince Albert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Princess_Elizabeth_Challenge_Cup" title="Princess Elizabeth Challenge Cup">Princess Elizabeth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fawley_Challenge_Cup" title="Fawley Challenge Cup">Fawley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Remenham_Challenge_Cup" title="Remenham Challenge Cup">Remenham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Princess_Grace_Challenge_Cup" title="Princess Grace Challenge Cup">Princess Grace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Princess_Royal_Challenge_Cup" title="Princess Royal Challenge Cup">Princess Royal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">US rowing</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/College_rowing_in_the_United_States" title="College rowing in the United States">College rowing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CRASH-B_Sprints" title="CRASH-B Sprints">CRASH-B</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dad_Vail_Regatta" title="Dad Vail Regatta">Dad Vail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Sprints" title="Eastern Sprints">Eastern Sprints</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harvard%E2%80%93Yale_Regatta" title="Harvard–Yale Regatta">Harvard–Yale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Head_of_the_Charles_Regatta" title="Head of the Charles Regatta">HOCR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Head_of_the_Fish" title="Head of the Fish">Head of the Fish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Head_of_the_Hooch" title="Head of the Hooch">Head of the Hooch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Head_of_the_Ohio" title="Head of the Ohio">Head of the Ohio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Head_of_the_Schuylkill_Regatta" title="Head of the Schuylkill Regatta">Head of the Schuylkill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poughkeepsie_Regatta" title="Poughkeepsie Regatta">Poughkeepsie Regatta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scholastic_Rowing_Association_of_America" title="Scholastic Rowing Association of America">SRAAA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stotesbury_Cup" title="Stotesbury Cup">Stotesbury Cup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NCAA_Division_I_Rowing_Championship" class="mw-redirect" title="NCAA Division I Rowing Championship">NCAA D1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intercollegiate_Rowing_Association" title="Intercollegiate Rowing Association">IRA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Collegiate_Rowing_Association" title="American Collegiate Rowing Association">ACRA</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/World_Rowing" title="World Rowing">World Rowing</a> events</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rowing_at_the_Summer_Olympics" title="Rowing at the Summer Olympics">Olympic Games</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rowing_at_the_Summer_Paralympics" title="Rowing at the Summer Paralympics">Paralympic Games</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Rowing_Championship" class="mw-redirect" title="World Rowing Championship">World Championships</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Rowing_Cup" title="World Rowing Cup">World Rowing Cup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Rowing_Junior_Championships" title="World Rowing Junior Championships">World Junior Championships</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Rowing_U23_Championships" title="World Rowing U23 Championships">World U23 Championships</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Rowing_Championships" title="European Rowing Championships">European Championships</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asian_Rowing_Championships" title="Asian Rowing Championships">Asian Championships</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rowing_at_the_Summer_Universiade" class="mw-redirect" title="Rowing at the Summer Universiade">Universiade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rowing_at_the_Pan_American_Games" title="Rowing at the Pan American Games">Pan American Games</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rowing_at_the_African_Games" title="Rowing at the African Games">African Games</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rowing_at_the_Commonwealth_Games" title="Rowing at the Commonwealth Games">Commonwealth Games</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Types of rowing</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bumps_race" title="Bumps race">Bumps race</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coastal_and_offshore_rowing" title="Coastal and offshore rowing">Coastal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indoor_rower" title="Indoor rower">Indoor rower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lightweight_rowing" title="Lightweight rowing">Lightweight</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pararowing" title="Pararowing">Para</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racing_shell" title="Racing shell">Racing shell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sculling" title="Sculling">Sculling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stern_sculling" title="Stern sculling">Stern sculling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sweep_rowing" title="Sweep rowing">Sweep</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rowing_tank" title="Rowing tank">Rowing tank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_women%27s_rowing" title="History of women's rowing">Women's</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_rowing_terms" title="Glossary of rowing terms">Glossary of rowing terms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rowing_blades_%E2%80%93_Club_oars" class="mw-redirect" title="List of rowing blades – Club oars"> Club oars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rowing_blades_%E2%80%93_National_team_oars" title="List of rowing blades – National team oars"> National oars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rowing_boat_manufacturers" title="List of rowing boat manufacturers">Rowing boat manufacturers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rowing_venues" title="List of rowing venues"> Rowing venues</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rowing_blades_used_by_schools_and_universities" title="List of rowing blades used by schools and universities"> School and university oars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_world_best_times_in_rowing" title="List of world best times in rowing">World best times</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Category:Rowing" title="Category:Rowing">Category</a></b></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Commons page"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span> <b><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Rowing" class="extiw" title="commons:Rowing">Commons</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="International_rowing_competitions" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Rowing_competitions" title="Template:Rowing competitions"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Rowing_competitions" title="Template talk:Rowing competitions"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Rowing_competitions" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Rowing competitions"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="International_rowing_competitions" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">International <a class="mw-selflink selflink">rowing</a> competitions</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">World</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/World_Rowing_Championships" title="World Rowing Championships">World Championships</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Rowing_U23_Championships" title="World Rowing U23 Championships">World U23 Championships</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Rowing_Junior_Championships" title="World Rowing Junior Championships">World Junior Championships</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Rowing_Cup" title="World Rowing Cup">World Cup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_University_Rowing_Championships" title="World University Rowing Championships">World University Championships</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=World_Rowing_Indoor_Championships&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="World Rowing Indoor Championships (page does not exist)">World Indoor Championships</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Rowing_Coastal_Championships" title="World Rowing Coastal Championships">World Coastal Championships</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Continental</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African_Rowing_Championships" title="African Rowing Championships">African Championships</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=African_Rowing_Junior_Championships&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="African Rowing Junior Championships (page does not exist)">African Junior Championships</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asian_Rowing_Championships" title="Asian Rowing Championships">Asian Championships</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Asian_Rowing_Junior_Championships&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Asian Rowing Junior Championships (page does not exist)">Asian Junior Championships</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Rowing_Championships" title="European Rowing Championships">European Championships</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Rowing_U23_Championships" title="European Rowing U23 Championships">European U23 Championships</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Rowing_U19_Championships" title="European Rowing U19 Championships">European U19 Championships</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=European_University_Rowing_Championships&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="European University Rowing Championships (page does not exist)">European University Championships</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Multi-sport</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rowing_at_the_African_Games" title="Rowing at the African Games">African Games</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rowing_at_the_Arab_Games&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rowing at the Arab Games (page does not exist)">Arab Games</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rowing_at_the_Asian_Games" title="Rowing at the Asian Games">Asian Games</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rowing_at_the_Asian_Para_Games&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rowing at the Asian Para Games (page does not exist)">Asian Para Games</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rowing_at_the_Bolivarian_Games&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rowing at the Bolivarian Games (page does not exist)">Bolivarian Games</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rowing_at_the_Central_American_Games&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rowing at the Central American Games (page does not exist)">Central American Games</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rowing_at_the_Central_American_and_Caribbean_Games&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rowing at the Central American and Caribbean Games (page does not exist)">Central American and Caribbean Games</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rowing_at_the_Commonwealth_Games" title="Rowing at the Commonwealth Games">Commonwealth Games</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rowing_at_the_East_Asian_Games&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rowing at the East Asian Games (page does not exist)">East Asian Games</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rowing_at_the_Friendship_Games" title="Rowing at the Friendship Games">Friendship Games</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rowing_at_the_Goodwill_Games&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rowing at the Goodwill Games (page does not exist)">Goodwill Games</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rowing_at_the_Mediterranean_Games&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rowing at the Mediterranean Games (page does not exist)">Mediterranean Games</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rowing_at_the_Military_World_Games&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rowing at the Military World Games (page does not exist)">Military World Games</a> (demo only)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rowing_at_the_Summer_Olympics" title="Rowing at the Summer Olympics">Olympics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rowing_at_the_Pan_American_Games" title="Rowing at the Pan American Games">Pan American Games</a> (<a href="/wiki/Rowing_at_the_Junior_Pan_American_Games" class="mw-redirect" title="Rowing at the Junior Pan American Games">Junior</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rowing_at_the_Summer_Paralympics" title="Rowing at the Summer Paralympics">Paralympic Games</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rowing_at_the_South_American_Games&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rowing at the South American Games (page does not exist)">South American Games</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rowing_at_the_South_East_Asian_Games&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rowing at the South East Asian Games (page does not exist)">South East Asian Games</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rowing_at_the_Summer_Universiade" class="mw-redirect" title="Rowing at the Summer Universiade">Universiade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rowing_at_the_Youth_Olympic_Games" class="mw-redirect" title="Rowing at the Youth Olympic Games">Youth Olympic Games</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=World_Rowing_Masters_Regatta&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="World Rowing Masters Regatta (page does not exist)">World Masters Regatta</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=World_Rowing_Sprints&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="World Rowing Sprints (page does not exist)">World Sprints</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coupe_de_la_Jeunesse" title="Coupe de la Jeunesse">Coupe de la Jeunesse</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Oared_racing_boats" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Oared_racing_boats" title="Template:Oared racing boats"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Oared_racing_boats" title="Template talk:Oared racing boats"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Oared_racing_boats" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Oared racing boats"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Oared_racing_boats" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Oared racing boats</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Racing_shell" title="Racing shell">Fine boats</a> – <a href="/wiki/Sweep_(rowing)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sweep (rowing)">Sweep</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coxless_pair" title="Coxless pair">Coxless pair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coxed_pair" title="Coxed pair">Coxed pair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coxless_four" title="Coxless four">Coxless four</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coxed_four" title="Coxed four">Coxed four</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eight_(rowing)" title="Eight (rowing)">Eight</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Racing_shell" title="Racing shell">Fine boats</a> – <a href="/wiki/Sculling" title="Sculling">Sculling</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Single_scull" title="Single scull">Single scull</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Double_scull" title="Double scull">Double scull</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quad_scull" title="Quad scull">Quad scull</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Octuple_scull" title="Octuple scull">Octuple scull</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Traditional boats</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cutter_(boat)" title="Cutter (boat)">Cutter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dg%C4%A7ajsa" title="Dgħajsa">Dgħajsa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frejgatina" title="Frejgatina">Frejgatina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gondola" title="Gondola">Gondola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kajjik" title="Kajjik">Kajjik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sampan_panjang" title="Sampan panjang">Sampan panjang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sandolo" title="Sandolo">Sandolo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thames_skiff" title="Thames skiff">Thames racing skiff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wherry" title="Wherry">Wherry</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Coastal and ocean</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cornish_pilot_gig" title="Cornish pilot gig">Cornish pilot gig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Currach" title="Currach">Currach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surfboat" title="Surfboat">Surfboat</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Trainera" title="Trainera">Trainera</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_longboat" title="Celtic longboat">Celtic longboat</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ocean_rowing" title="Ocean rowing">Ocean rowing</a> boats - Classic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Solo</li> <li>Pair</li> <li>Four</li> <li>Six</li> <li>Eight</li> <li>Sixteen</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ocean_rowing" title="Ocean rowing">Ocean rowing</a> boats - Open</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Solo</li> <li>Pair</li> <li>Four</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="30px_Summer_Olympic_sports" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Summer_Olympic_sports" title="Template:Summer Olympic sports"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Summer_Olympic_sports" title="Template talk:Summer Olympic sports"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Summer_Olympic_sports" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Summer Olympic sports"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="30px_Summer_Olympic_sports" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Olympic_rings_without_rims.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Olympic_rings_without_rims.svg/30px-Olympic_rings_without_rims.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Olympic_rings_without_rims.svg/45px-Olympic_rings_without_rims.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Olympic_rings_without_rims.svg/60px-Olympic_rings_without_rims.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="342" data-file-height="158" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Olympic_sports" title="Olympic sports">Summer Olympic sports</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Mandatory sports</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aquatic_sports" class="mw-redirect" title="Aquatic sports">Aquatics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Synchronized_swimming" title="Synchronized swimming">Artistic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diving_(sport)" title="Diving (sport)">Diving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_water_swimming" title="Open water swimming">Marathon Swimming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swimming_(sport)" title="Swimming (sport)">Swimming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_polo" title="Water polo">Water polo</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archery" title="Archery">Archery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sport_of_athletics" title="Sport of athletics">Athletics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Badminton" title="Badminton">Badminton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basketball" title="Basketball">Basketball</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/3x3_basketball" title="3x3 basketball">3x3</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boxing" title="Boxing">Boxing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canoeing" title="Canoeing">Canoeing</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Canoe_slalom" title="Canoe slalom">Canoe slalom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canoe_sprint" title="Canoe sprint">Canoe sprint</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cycle_sport" title="Cycle sport">Cycling</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/BMX_racing" title="BMX racing">BMX racing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freestyle_BMX" title="Freestyle BMX">Freestyle BMX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mountain_bike_racing" title="Mountain bike racing">Mountain biking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Road_bicycle_racing" title="Road bicycle racing">Road cycling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Track_cycling" title="Track cycling">Track cycling</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Equestrianism" title="Equestrianism">Equestrian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dressage" title="Dressage">Dressage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eventing" title="Eventing">Eventing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Show_jumping" title="Show jumping">Show jumping</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fencing" title="Fencing">Fencing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Field_hockey" title="Field hockey">Field hockey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Association_football" title="Association football">Football</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Golf" title="Golf">Golf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gymnastics" title="Gymnastics">Gymnastics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Artistic_gymnastics" title="Artistic gymnastics">Artistic gymnastics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhythmic_gymnastics" title="Rhythmic gymnastics">Rhythmic gymnastics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trampolining" title="Trampolining">Trampolining</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Handball" title="Handball">Handball</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judo" title="Judo">Judo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_pentathlon" title="Modern pentathlon">Modern pentathlon</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Rowing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rugby_sevens" title="Rugby sevens">Rugby sevens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sailing_(sport)" title="Sailing (sport)">Sailing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shooting_sports" title="Shooting sports">Shooting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skateboarding" title="Skateboarding">Skateboarding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Competition_climbing" title="Competition climbing">Sport climbing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surfing" title="Surfing">Surfing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Table_tennis" title="Table tennis">Table tennis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taekwondo" title="Taekwondo">Taekwondo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tennis" title="Tennis">Tennis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Triathlon" title="Triathlon">Triathlon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volleyball" title="Volleyball">Volleyball</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beach_volleyball" title="Beach volleyball">Beach volleyball</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olympic_weightlifting" title="Olympic weightlifting">Weightlifting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wrestling" title="Wrestling">Wrestling</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Freestyle_wrestling" title="Freestyle wrestling">Freestyle wrestling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greco-Roman_wrestling" title="Greco-Roman wrestling">Greco-Roman wrestling</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Discretionary sports</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baseball" title="Baseball">Baseball</a> / <a href="/wiki/Softball" title="Softball">Softball</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Twenty20" title="Twenty20">Cricket</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_football" title="Flag football">Flag football</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lacrosse_sixes" title="Lacrosse sixes">Lacrosse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Squash_(sport)" title="Squash (sport)">Squash</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><i>See also:</i> <a href="/wiki/Paralympic_sports" title="Paralympic sports">Paralympic sports</a> and <a href="/wiki/Winter_Olympic_sports" class="mw-redirect" title="Winter Olympic sports">Winter Olympic sports</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Water_sports_and_activities" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Water_sports" title="Template:Water sports"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Water_sports" title="Template talk:Water sports"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Water_sports" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Water sports"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Water_sports_and_activities" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_water_sports" title="List of water sports">Water sports and activities</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_water_sports" title="List of water sports">Activities in water</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aquajogging" title="Aquajogging">Aquajogging</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diving_(sport)" title="Diving (sport)">Diving</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Synchronized_diving" class="mw-redirect" title="Synchronized diving">synchronized</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scuba_diving" title="Scuba diving">Scuba diving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Snorkeling" title="Snorkeling">Snorkeling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swimming_(sport)" title="Swimming (sport)">Swimming</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Synchronized_swimming" title="Synchronized swimming">synchronized</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_aerobics" title="Water aerobics">Water aerobics</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_surface_water_sports" title="List of surface water sports">Activities on water</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Boating" title="Boating">Boating</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bodyboarding" title="Bodyboarding">Bodyboarding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bodysurfing" title="Bodysurfing">Bodysurfing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cable_skiing" title="Cable skiing">Cable skiing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canoe" title="Canoe">Canoeing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fishing" title="Fishing">Fishing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kayaking" title="Kayaking">Kayaking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kiteboarding" title="Kiteboarding">Kiteboarding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kiteboating" title="Kiteboating">Kiteboating</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kneeboarding_(towsport)" title="Kneeboarding (towsport)">Kneeboarding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paddleboarding" title="Paddleboarding">Paddleboarding</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Standup_paddleboarding" title="Standup paddleboarding">standup</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parasailing" title="Parasailing">Parasailing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rafting" title="Rafting">Rafting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Riverboarding" title="Riverboarding">Riverboarding</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Rowing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sailing" title="Sailing">Sailing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skimboarding" title="Skimboarding">Skimboarding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skurfing_(sport)" class="mw-redirect" title="Skurfing (sport)">Skurfing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stone_skipping" title="Stone skipping">Stone skipping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surfing" title="Surfing">Surfing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tubing_(recreation)" title="Tubing (recreation)">Tubing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wakeboarding" title="Wakeboarding">Wakeboarding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wakeskating" title="Wakeskating">Wakeskating</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wakesurfing" title="Wakesurfing">Wakesurfing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_skiing" title="Water skiing">Water skiing</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Barefoot_skiing" title="Barefoot skiing">barefoot</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windsurfing" title="Windsurfing">Windsurfing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yachting" title="Yachting">Yachting</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_water_sports" title="List of water sports">Team sports</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Canoe_polo" title="Canoe polo">Canoe polo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dinghy_racing" title="Dinghy racing">Dinghy racing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dragon_boat" title="Dragon boat">Dragon boat racing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outrigger_boat#Racing" title="Outrigger boat">Outrigger canoe racing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Synchronized_diving" class="mw-redirect" title="Synchronized diving">Synchronized diving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Synchronized_swimming" title="Synchronized swimming">Synchronized swimming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waboba" title="Waboba">Waboba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_basketball" title="Water basketball">Water basketball</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_polo" title="Water polo">Water polo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_volleyball" title="Water volleyball">Water volleyball</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Competitions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Boat_racing" title="Boat racing">Boat racing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_pentathlon" title="Modern pentathlon">Modern pentathlon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sailing_(sport)" title="Sailing (sport)">Sailing races</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Triathlon" title="Triathlon">Triathlon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yacht_racing" title="Yacht racing">Yacht racing</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-weight:bold;"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" 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