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<div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Further reading subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-United_States_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#United_States_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>United States</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-United_States_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Upper class</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 35 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-35" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">35 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B7%D8%A8%D9%82%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%A7" title="الطبقة العليا – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="الطبقة العليا" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clas_alta" title="Clas alta – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Clas alta" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%88%D0%B0_%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B0" title="Висша класа – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Висша класа" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classe_alta" title="Classe alta – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Classe alta" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clase_alta" title="Clase alta – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Clase alta" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supra_klaso" title="Supra klaso – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Supra klaso" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goi-klase" title="Goi-klase – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Goi-klase" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B7%D8%A8%D9%82%D9%87_%D9%81%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AF%D8%B3%D8%AA" title="طبقه فرادست – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="طبقه فرادست" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr badge-Q70894304 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classe_sup%C3%A9rieure" title="Classe supérieure – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Classe supérieure" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uasaicme" title="Uasaicme – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Uasaicme" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%83%81%EB%A5%98%EC%B8%B5" title="상류층 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="상류층" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8E%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%AB%D5%B6_%D5%A4%D5%A1%D5%BD" title="Վերին դաս – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Վերին դաս" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kelas_atas" title="Kelas atas – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Kelas atas" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%94%D7%9E%D7%A2%D7%9E%D7%93_%D7%94%D7%A2%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%95%D7%9F" title="המעמד העליון – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="המעמד העליון" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fels%C5%91_oszt%C3%A1ly" title="Felső osztály – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Felső osztály" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bovenklasse" title="Bovenklasse – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Bovenklasse" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%B8%8A%E6%B5%81%E9%9A%8E%E7%B4%9A" title="上流階級 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="上流階級" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Overklasse" title="Overklasse – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Overklasse" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klasa_wy%C5%BCsza" title="Klasa wyższa – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Klasa wyższa" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classe_alta" title="Classe alta – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Classe alta" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clas%C4%83_social%C4%83_superioar%C4%83" title="Clasă socială superioară – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Clasă socială superioară" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D1%8B%D1%81%D1%88%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%81" title="Высший класс – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Высший класс" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klasa_e_lart%C3%AB" title="Klasa e lartë – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Klasa e lartë" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Upper_class" title="Upper class – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Upper class" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B8%D1%88%D0%B0_%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B0" title="Виша класа – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Виша класа" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vi%C5%A1a_klasa" title="Viša klasa – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Viša klasa" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yl%C3%A4luokka" title="Yläluokka – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Yläluokka" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%96verklass_(samh%C3%A4llsklass)" title="Överklass (samhällsklass) – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Överklass (samhällsklass)" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%89%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%81" title="உயர் வகுப்பு – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="உயர் வகுப்பு" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%B1%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B9%E0%B8%87" title="ชนชั้นสูง – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ชนชั้นสูง" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%9Cst_s%C4%B1n%C4%B1f" title="Üst sınıf – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Üst sınıf" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B8%D1%89%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%81" title="Вищий клас – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Вищий клас" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gi%E1%BB%9Bi_th%C6%B0%E1%BB%A3ng_l%C6%B0u" title="Giới thượng lưu – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Giới thượng lưu" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%B8%8A%E5%B1%A4%E9%9A%8E%E7%B4%9A" title="上層階級 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="上層階級" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%B8%8A%E5%B1%82%E9%98%B6%E7%BA%A7" title="上层阶级 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="上层阶级" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a 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title="Upper-class">Upper-class</a>)</span></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Social class</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p><p><b>Upper class</b> in modern societies is the <a href="/wiki/Social_class" title="Social class">social class</a> composed of people who hold the highest social status, usually are the <a href="/wiki/Economic_inequality" title="Economic inequality">wealthiest</a> members of <a href="/wiki/Class_society" class="mw-redirect" title="Class society">class society</a>, and wield the greatest <a href="/wiki/Political_power" class="mw-redirect" title="Political power">political power</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to this view, the upper class is generally distinguished by immense wealth which is passed on from generation to generation.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Prior to the 20th century, the emphasis was on <i><a href="/wiki/Aristocracy" title="Aristocracy">aristocracy</a></i>, which emphasized generations of inherited <a href="/wiki/Nobility" title="Nobility">noble status</a>, not just recent wealth.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Because the upper classes of a society may no longer rule the society in which they are living, they are often referred to as the <a href="/wiki/Old_money" title="Old money">old upper</a> classes, and they are often culturally distinct from the <a href="/wiki/Nouveau_riche" title="Nouveau riche">newly rich</a> middle classes that tend to dominate public life in modern social democracies. According to the latter view held by the traditional upper classes, no amount of individual wealth or fame would make a person from an undistinguished background into a member of the upper class as one must be born into a family of that class and raised in a particular manner to understand and share upper class values, traditions, and cultural norms. The term is often used in conjunction with terms like <a href="/wiki/Upper-middle_class" class="mw-redirect" title="Upper-middle class">upper-middle class</a>, <a href="/wiki/Middle_class" title="Middle class">middle class</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Working_class" title="Working class">working class</a> as part of a model of <a href="/wiki/Social_stratification" title="Social stratification">social stratification</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Historical_meaning">Historical meaning</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Upper_class&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Historical meaning"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Retrato_de_familia_Fagoaga_Arozqueta_-_An%C3%B3nimo_ca.1730.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Retrato_de_familia_Fagoaga_Arozqueta_-_An%C3%B3nimo_ca.1730.jpg/344px-Retrato_de_familia_Fagoaga_Arozqueta_-_An%C3%B3nimo_ca.1730.jpg" decoding="async" width="344" height="251" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Retrato_de_familia_Fagoaga_Arozqueta_-_An%C3%B3nimo_ca.1730.jpg/516px-Retrato_de_familia_Fagoaga_Arozqueta_-_An%C3%B3nimo_ca.1730.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Retrato_de_familia_Fagoaga_Arozqueta_-_An%C3%B3nimo_ca.1730.jpg/688px-Retrato_de_familia_Fagoaga_Arozqueta_-_An%C3%B3nimo_ca.1730.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1166" /></a><figcaption> Portrait of the family Fagoaga Arozqueta, about 1730. Painter unknown. The family was part of the upper class in Mexico City, New Spain. </figcaption></figure> <p>Historically in some cultures, members of an upper class often did not have to work for a living, as they were supported by earned or inherited investments (often <a href="/wiki/Real_estate" title="Real estate">real estate</a>), although members of the upper class may have had less actual money than merchants.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Upper-class status commonly derived from the social position of one's family and not from one's own achievements or wealth. Much of the population that composed the upper class consisted of aristocrats, ruling families, titled people, and <a href="/wiki/Ecclesiastical_polity" title="Ecclesiastical polity">religious hierarchs</a>. These people were usually born into their status and historically there was not much movement across class boundaries. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Baile_del_Santiago_antiguo.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Baile_del_Santiago_antiguo.jpg/220px-Baile_del_Santiago_antiguo.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="205" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Baile_del_Santiago_antiguo.jpg/330px-Baile_del_Santiago_antiguo.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Baile_del_Santiago_antiguo.jpg/440px-Baile_del_Santiago_antiguo.jpg 2x" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="652" /></a><figcaption>Ball in <a href="/wiki/Captaincy_General_of_Chile" title="Captaincy General of Chile">colonial Chile</a> by <a href="/wiki/Pedro_Subercaseaux" title="Pedro Subercaseaux">Pedro Subercaseaux</a>. In <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Empire" title="Spanish Empire">Spain's American colonies</a>, the upper classes were made up of Europeans and <a href="/wiki/Criollo_people" title="Criollo people">American born Spaniards</a> and were heavily influenced by European trends.</figcaption></figure> <p>In many countries, the term "upper class" was intimately associated with hereditary land ownership. Political power was often in the hands of the landowners in many <a href="/wiki/Pre-industrial_society" title="Pre-industrial society">pre-industrial societies</a> despite there being no legal barriers to land ownership for other social classes. Upper-class landowners in Europe were often also members of the titled <a href="/wiki/Nobility" title="Nobility">nobility</a>, though not necessarily: the prevalence of titles of nobility varied widely from country to country. Some upper classes were almost entirely untitled, for example, the <a href="/wiki/Szlachta" title="Szlachta">Szlachta</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Lithuanian_Commonwealth" title="Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth">Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Great_Britain_and_Ireland">Great Britain and Ireland</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Upper_class&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Great Britain and Ireland"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Social_structure_of_the_United_Kingdom#Upper_class" class="mw-redirect" title="Social structure of the United Kingdom">Social structure of the United Kingdom § Upper class</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Harrods_1909.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Harrods_1909.jpg/220px-Harrods_1909.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="162" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Harrods_1909.jpg/330px-Harrods_1909.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Harrods_1909.jpg/440px-Harrods_1909.jpg 2x" data-file-width="450" data-file-height="332" /></a><figcaption>The upmarket <a href="/wiki/Harrods" title="Harrods">Harrods</a> department store in London, 1909</figcaption></figure> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Great_Britain" title="Great Britain">Great Britain</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ireland" title="Ireland">Ireland</a>, the "upper class" traditionally comprised the <a href="/wiki/Landed_gentry" title="Landed gentry">landed gentry</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Aristocracy_(class)" title="Aristocracy (class)">aristocracy</a> of noble families with hereditary titles. The vast majority of post-medieval aristocratic families originated in the merchant class and were ennobled between the 14th and 19th centuries while intermarrying with the old nobility and gentry.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Since the <a href="/wiki/Second_World_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Second World War">Second World War</a>, the term has come to encompass rich and powerful members of the managerial and professional classes as well.<sup id="cite_ref-Krummel2008_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Krummel2008-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the years since Irish independence in 1922 the upper class has all but vanished in the Republic of Ireland. Aristocratic titles within the Peerage of Ireland granted by the British monarch have no recognition in the Irish Constitution. Contemporary Ireland is generally perceived to have a two-tier social class system composed of working class and middle class (with the exception of a small number of wealthy billionaires). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="United_States">United States</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Upper_class&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: United States"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/American_upper_class" title="American upper class">American upper class</a> and <a href="/wiki/African-American_upper_class" title="African-American upper class">African-American upper class</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Age_of_Innocence_(1st_ed_dust_jacket).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Age_of_Innocence_%281st_ed_dust_jacket%29.jpg/220px-Age_of_Innocence_%281st_ed_dust_jacket%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="333" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b0/Age_of_Innocence_%281st_ed_dust_jacket%29.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="242" data-file-height="366" /></a><figcaption>First edition dust cover of <a href="/wiki/Edith_Wharton" title="Edith Wharton">Edith Wharton</a>'s 1920 <a href="/wiki/Pulitzer_Prize" title="Pulitzer Prize">Pulitzer Prize</a>-winning novel <i><a href="/wiki/The_Age_of_Innocence" title="The Age of Innocence">The Age of Innocence</a></i>, a story set in upper-class New York City in the 1870s</figcaption></figure> <p>The American upper class is a <a href="/wiki/Social_group" title="Social group">social group</a> within the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> consisting of people who have the highest <a href="/wiki/Socioeconomic_status" title="Socioeconomic status">social rank</a> primarily due to economic <a href="/wiki/Wealth" title="Wealth">wealth</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-The_Structure_of_Social_Stratification_in_the_United_States_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-The_Structure_of_Social_Stratification_in_the_United_States-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The American upper class is estimated to constitute less than 1% of the population. By self-identification, according to this 2001–2012 Gallup Poll data, 98% of Americans identify with the five other class terms used, 48–50% identifying as "middle class".<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The main distinguishing feature of the upper class is its ability to derive enormous <a href="/wiki/Income_in_the_United_States" title="Income in the United States">incomes</a> from <a href="/wiki/Wealth_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Wealth in the United States">wealth</a> through techniques such as money management and investing, rather than engaging in wage-labor salaried employment, although most upper-class individuals today will still hold some sort of employment, which differs from historical norms.<sup id="cite_ref-The_American_Class_Structure_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-The_American_Class_Structure-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Society_in_Focus_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Society_in_Focus-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Marriages,_Families_&_Intimate_Relationships_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Marriages,_Families_&_Intimate_Relationships-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Successful <a href="/wiki/Entrepreneur" class="mw-redirect" title="Entrepreneur">entrepreneurs</a>, <a href="/wiki/CEO" class="mw-redirect" title="CEO">CEOs</a>, <a href="/wiki/Investment_banker" class="mw-redirect" title="Investment banker">investment bankers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Venture_capitalist" class="mw-redirect" title="Venture capitalist">venture capitalists</a>, heir to fortunes, celebrities, and a few number of <a href="/wiki/Professional" title="Professional">professionals</a>, are considered members of this class by contemporary sociologists, such as <a href="/w/index.php?title=James_Henslin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="James Henslin (page does not exist)">James Henslin</a> or <a href="/wiki/Dennis_Gilbert_(sociologist)" title="Dennis Gilbert (sociologist)">Dennis Gilbert</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-The_American_Class_Structure_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-The_American_Class_Structure-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There may be prestige differences between different upper-class households. An <a href="/wiki/A-list" title="A-list">A-list</a> actor, for example, might not be accorded as much prestige as a former <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_United_States" title="President of the United States">U.S. President</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Society_in_Focus_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Society_in_Focus-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> yet all members of this class are so influential and wealthy as to be considered members of the upper class.<sup id="cite_ref-The_American_Class_Structure_11-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-The_American_Class_Structure-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At the pinnacle of U.S. wealth, 2004 saw a dramatic increase in the numbers of billionaires. According to <i><a href="/wiki/Forbes_Magazine" class="mw-redirect" title="Forbes Magazine">Forbes Magazine</a></i>, there are now 374 U.S. billionaires. The growth in billionaires took a dramatic leap since the early 1980s, when the average net worth of the individuals on the Forbes 400 list was $400 million. Today<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers"><span title="The time period mentioned near this tag is ambiguous. (April 2022)">when?</span></a></i>]</sup>, the average net worth is $2.8 billion. </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Upper-class families... dominate corporate America and have a disproportionate influence over the nation's political, educational, religious, and other institutions. Of all social classes, members of the upper class also have a strong sense of solidarity and 'consciousness of kind' that stretches across the nation and even the globe.</p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>William Thompson & Joseph Hickey, <i>Society in Focus</i>, 2005<sup id="cite_ref-Society_in_Focus_12-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Society_in_Focus-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></cite></div></blockquote> <p>Since the 1970s, <a href="/wiki/Income_inequality_in_the_United_States" title="Income inequality in the United States">income inequality in the United States</a> has been increasing, with the top 1% (largely because of the top 0.1%) experiencing significantly larger gains in income than the rest of society.<sup id="cite_ref-Johnston,_D._(29_March_2007)._Income_Gap_Is_Widening,_Data_Shows._''The_New_York_Times''_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Johnston,_D._(29_March_2007)._Income_Gap_Is_Widening,_Data_Shows._''The_New_York_Times''-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Thomas,_E._&_Gross,_D._(23_July_2007)._Taxing_the_Rich._''Newsweek''._15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Thomas,_E._&_Gross,_D._(23_July_2007)._Taxing_the_Rich._''Newsweek''.-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Alan_Greenspan" title="Alan Greenspan">Alan Greenspan</a>, former chair of the <a href="/wiki/Federal_Reserve_System" class="mw-redirect" title="Federal Reserve System">Federal Reserve</a>, sees it as a problem for society, calling it a "very disturbing trend".<sup id="cite_ref-Pizzigati,_S._(7_November_2005)._Alan_Greenspan,_Egalitarian?._''TomPaine.com''._17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pizzigati,_S._(7_November_2005)._Alan_Greenspan,_Egalitarian?._''TomPaine.com''.-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Greenspan,_A._(28_August_1998)._Remarks_by_Chairman_Alan_Greenspan._''The_Federal_Reserve_Board.''_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Greenspan,_A._(28_August_1998)._Remarks_by_Chairman_Alan_Greenspan._''The_Federal_Reserve_Board.''-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to the book <i><a href="/wiki/Who_Rules_America%3F" title="Who Rules America?">Who Rules America?</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/William_Domhoff" class="mw-redirect" title="William Domhoff">William Domhoff</a>, the distribution of wealth in America is the primary highlight of the influence of the upper class. The top 1% of Americans own around 34% of the wealth in the U.S. while the bottom 80% own only approximately 16% of the wealth. This large disparity displays the unequal distribution of wealth in America in absolute terms.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1998, <a href="/wiki/Bob_Herbert" title="Bob Herbert">Bob Herbert</a> of <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i> referred to <a href="/wiki/Plutocracy#United_States" title="Plutocracy">modern American plutocrats</a> as "<a href="/wiki/The_Donor_Class" class="mw-redirect" title="The Donor Class">The Donor Class</a>"<sup id="cite_ref-NYT-19980719_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYT-19980719-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-NYT-20151010_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYT-20151010-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (list of top donors)<sup id="cite_ref-NYT-20151010-el_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYT-20151010-el-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and defined the class, for the first time,<sup id="cite_ref-CS-20141226_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CS-20141226-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as "a tiny group – just one-quarter of 1 percent of the population – and it is not representative of the rest of the nation. But its money buys plenty of access."<sup id="cite_ref-NYT-19980719_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYT-19980719-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Upper_class&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aristocracy_(class)" title="Aristocracy (class)">Aristocracy (class)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bildungsb%C3%BCrgertum" title="Bildungsbürgertum">Bildungsbürgertum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_elite" title="Black elite">Black elite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corporate_class" class="mw-redirect" title="Corporate class">Corporate class</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Debutante" title="Debutante">Debutante</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donor_Class" class="mw-redirect" title="Donor Class">Donor Class</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fat_cat_(term)" class="mw-redirect" title="Fat cat (term)">Fat cat (term)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gentry" title="Gentry">Gentry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Burgher" title="Grand Burgher">Grand Burgher</a> (German <i>Großbürger</i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_society_(social_class)" class="mw-redirect" title="High society (social class)">High society (social class)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Debutante_Ball" title="International Debutante Ball">International Debutante Ball</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Landed_gentry" title="Landed gentry">Landed gentry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nobility" title="Nobility">Nobility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nouveau_riche" title="Nouveau riche">Nouveau riche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_money" title="Old money">Old money</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patrician_(post-Roman_Europe)" title="Patrician (post-Roman Europe)">Patrician (post-Roman Europe)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_status" title="Social status">Social status</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialite" title="Socialite">Socialite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High-net-worth_individual" title="High-net-worth individual">High-net-worth individual</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ultra_high-net-worth_individual" class="mw-redirect" title="Ultra high-net-worth individual">Ultra high-net-worth individual</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Upper_class&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFBartels2014" class="citation news cs1">Bartels, Larry (8 April 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/monkey-cage/wp/2014/04/08/rich-people-rule/">"Rich people rule!"</a>. <i>The Washington Post</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160417061617/https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/monkey-cage/wp/2014/04/08/rich-people-rule/">Archived</a> from the original on 17 April 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 July</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=Rich+people+rule%21&rft.date=2014-04-08&rft.aulast=Bartels&rft.aufirst=Larry&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fnews%2Fmonkey-cage%2Fwp%2F2014%2F04%2F08%2Frich-people-rule%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUpper+class" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAkhbar-Williams2010" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tahira_Akhbar-Williams&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tahira Akhbar-Williams (page does not exist)">Akhbar-Williams, Tahira</a> (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=10rEGSIItjgC&pg=PA322">"Class Structure"</a>. In Smith, Jessie C. (ed.). <i>Encyclopedia of African American Popular Culture, Volume 1</i>. ABC-CLIO. p. 322. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-313-35796-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-313-35796-1"><bdi>978-0-313-35796-1</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151121144331/https://books.google.com/books?id=10rEGSIItjgC&pg=PA322">Archived</a> from the original on 21 November 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 October</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Class+Structure&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+African+American+Popular+Culture%2C+Volume+1&rft.pages=322&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-313-35796-1&rft.aulast=Akhbar-Williams&rft.aufirst=Tahira&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D10rEGSIItjgC%26pg%3DPA322&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUpper+class" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGregory_Mantsios2010" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gregory_Mantsios&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gregory Mantsios (page does not exist)">Gregory Mantsios</a> (2010). "Class in America – 2009". In Rothenberg, Paula S. (ed.). <i>Race, class, and gender in the United States: an integrated study</i> (8th ed.). New York: Worth Publishers. p. 179. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4292-1788-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4292-1788-0"><bdi>978-1-4292-1788-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Class+in+America+%E2%80%93+2009&rft.btitle=Race%2C+class%2C+and+gender+in+the+United+States%3A+an+integrated+study&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=179&rft.edition=8th&rft.pub=Worth+Publishers&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-1-4292-1788-0&rft.au=Gregory+Mantsios&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUpper+class" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/notesandqueries/query/0,5753,-1257,00.html">"How should we define working class, middle class and upper class?"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/Guardian_News_and_Media_Limited" class="mw-redirect" title="Guardian News and Media Limited">Guardian News and Media Limited</a>. 2011. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180915121855/https://www.theguardian.com/notesandqueries/query/0,5753,-1257,00.html">Archived</a> from the original on 15 September 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 September</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=How+should+we+define+working+class%2C+middle+class+and+upper+class%3F&rft.date=2011&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fnotesandqueries%2Fquery%2F0%2C5753%2C-1257%2C00.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUpper+class" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSkwarczyński1956" class="citation journal cs1">Skwarczyński, Paweł (June 1956). "The Problem of Feudalism in Poland up to the Beginning of the 16th Century". <i><a href="/wiki/The_Slavonic_and_East_European_Review" title="The Slavonic and East European Review">The Slavonic and East European Review</a></i>. <b>34</b> (83). Salisbury House, Station Road, <a href="/wiki/Cambridge" title="Cambridge">Cambridge</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cambridgeshire" title="Cambridgeshire">Cambridgeshire county</a>, <a href="/wiki/England" title="England">ENGLAND</a>: <a href="/wiki/Modern_Humanities_Research_Association" title="Modern Humanities Research Association">Modern Humanities Research Association</a>: 302. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/4204744">4204744</a>. <q>In 1459 <a href="/wiki/Ostror%C3%B3g_family" title="Ostroróg family">Ostroróg</a> submitted a memorandum to the parliament (sejm), suggesting that the <a href="/wiki/Voivodes_of_the_Polish%E2%80%93Lithuanian_Commonwealth" title="Voivodes of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth">palatines, or provincial governors</a>, should be given the title of prince and their sons the titles of barons and counts. The title of count was suggested by him for a <a href="/wiki/Castellans_of_the_Polish%E2%80%93Lithuanian_Commonwealth" title="Castellans of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth">castellanus</a>. But all these suggestions were not accepted.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Slavonic+and+East+European+Review&rft.atitle=The+Problem+of+Feudalism+in+Poland+up+to+the+Beginning+of+the+16th+Century&rft.volume=34&rft.issue=83&rft.pages=302&rft.date=1956-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F4204744%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Skwarczy%C5%84ski&rft.aufirst=Pawe%C5%82&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUpper+class" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFToynbee1960" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Arnold_J._Toynbee" title="Arnold J. 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Oxford University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Study+of+History%3A+Abridgement+of+Vols+I-X+in+one+volume&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1960&rft.aulast=Toynbee&rft.aufirst=Arnold&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUpper+class" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Krummel2008-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Krummel2008_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKrummel2008" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Victoria_Krummel&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Victoria Krummel (page does not exist)">Krummel, Victoria</a> (2008). <i>The Old Upper Class – Britain's Aristocracy</i>. Akademische Schriftenreihe. GRIN Verlag. p. 5. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-638-74726-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-638-74726-4"><bdi>978-3-638-74726-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Old+Upper+Class+%E2%80%93+Britain%27s+Aristocracy&rft.series=Akademische+Schriftenreihe&rft.pages=5&rft.pub=GRIN+Verlag&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-3-638-74726-4&rft.aulast=Krummel&rft.aufirst=Victoria&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUpper+class" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-The_Structure_of_Social_Stratification_in_the_United_States-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-The_Structure_of_Social_Stratification_in_the_United_States_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBeeghley2004" class="citation book cs1">Beeghley, Leonard (2004). <i>The Structure of Social Stratification in the United States</i>. Boston, MA: Allyn and Bacon. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-205-37558-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-205-37558-8"><bdi>0-205-37558-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Structure+of+Social+Stratification+in+the+United+States&rft.place=Boston%2C+MA&rft.pub=Allyn+and+Bacon&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=0-205-37558-8&rft.aulast=Beeghley&rft.aufirst=Leonard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUpper+class" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/english/upper-class">"Upper class"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Upper+class&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdictionary.cambridge.org%2Fdictionary%2Fenglish%2Fupper-class&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUpper+class" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDugan2012" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Andrew_Dugan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Andrew Dugan (page does not exist)">Dugan, Andrew</a> (30 November 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gallup.com/poll/159029/americans-likely-say-belong-middle-class.aspx">"Americans Most Likely to Say They Belong to the Middle Class"</a>. Gallup. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160311124400/http://www.gallup.com/poll/159029/americans-likely-say-belong-middle-class.aspx">Archived</a> from the original on 11 March 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 March</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Americans+Most+Likely+to+Say+They+Belong+to+the+Middle+Class&rft.pub=Gallup&rft.date=2012-11-30&rft.aulast=Dugan&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gallup.com%2Fpoll%2F159029%2Famericans-likely-say-belong-middle-class.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUpper+class" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-The_American_Class_Structure-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-The_American_Class_Structure_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-The_American_Class_Structure_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-The_American_Class_Structure_11-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGilbert1998" class="citation book cs1">Gilbert, Dennis (1998). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/americanclassstr0000gilb_c7f2"><i>The American Class Structure</i></a></span>. New York: Wadsworth Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-534-50520-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-534-50520-1"><bdi>0-534-50520-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+American+Class+Structure&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Wadsworth+Publishing&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=0-534-50520-1&rft.aulast=Gilbert&rft.aufirst=Dennis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Famericanclassstr0000gilb_c7f2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUpper+class" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Society_in_Focus-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Society_in_Focus_12-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Society_in_Focus_12-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Society_in_Focus_12-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThompsonHickey2005" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/w/index.php?title=William_Thompson_(sociologist)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="William Thompson (sociologist) (page does not exist)">Thompson, William</a>; Hickey, Joseph (2005). <i>Society in Focus</i>. Boston, Mass.: Pearson. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-205-41365-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-205-41365-X"><bdi>0-205-41365-X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Society+in+Focus&rft.place=Boston%2C+Mass.&rft.pub=Pearson&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=0-205-41365-X&rft.aulast=Thompson&rft.aufirst=William&rft.au=Hickey%2C+Joseph&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUpper+class" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Marriages,_Families_&_Intimate_Relationships-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Marriages,_Families_&_Intimate_Relationships_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilliamsSawyerWahlstrom2005" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Brian_Williams" title="Brian Williams">Williams, Brian</a>; <a href="/w/index.php?title=Stacey_C._Sawyer&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Stacey C. Sawyer (page does not exist)">Sawyer, Stacey C.</a>; <a href="/w/index.php?title=Carl_M._Wahlstrom&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Carl M. Wahlstrom (page does not exist)">Wahlstrom, Carl M.</a> (2005). <i>Marriages, Families & Intimate Relationships</i>. Boston, Mass.: Pearson. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-205-36674-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-205-36674-0"><bdi>0-205-36674-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Marriages%2C+Families+%26+Intimate+Relationships&rft.place=Boston%2C+Mass.&rft.pub=Pearson&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=0-205-36674-0&rft.aulast=Williams&rft.aufirst=Brian&rft.au=Sawyer%2C+Stacey+C.&rft.au=Wahlstrom%2C+Carl+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUpper+class" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Johnston,_D._(29_March_2007)._Income_Gap_Is_Widening,_Data_Shows._''The_New_York_Times''-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Johnston,_D._(29_March_2007)._Income_Gap_Is_Widening,_Data_Shows._''The_New_York_Times''_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohnston2007" class="citation news cs1"><a href="/wiki/David_Cay_Johnston" title="David Cay Johnston">Johnston, David Cay</a> (29 March 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2007/03/29/business/29tax.html?ex=1332820800&en=fb472e72466c34c8&ei=5088&partner=rssnyt&emc=rss">"Income Gap is Widening, Data Shows"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071105051201/http://www.nytimes.com/2007/03/29/business/29tax.html?ex=1332820800&en=fb472e72466c34c8&ei=5088&partner=rssnyt&emc=rss">Archived</a> from the original on 5 November 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 June</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Income+Gap+is+Widening%2C+Data+Shows&rft.date=2007-03-29&rft.aulast=Johnston&rft.aufirst=David+Cay&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2007%2F03%2F29%2Fbusiness%2F29tax.html%3Fex%3D1332820800%26en%3Dfb472e72466c34c8%26ei%3D5088%26partner%3Drssnyt%26emc%3Drss&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUpper+class" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Thomas,_E._&_Gross,_D._(23_July_2007)._Taxing_the_Rich._''Newsweek''.-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Thomas,_E._&_Gross,_D._(23_July_2007)._Taxing_the_Rich._''Newsweek''._15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThomasGross2007" class="citation journal cs1">Thomas, E.; Gross, D. (23 July 2007). "Taxing the Rich". <i>Newsweek</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Newsweek&rft.atitle=Taxing+the+Rich&rft.date=2007-07-23&rft.aulast=Thomas&rft.aufirst=E.&rft.au=Gross%2C+D.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUpper+class" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohnston2005" class="citation news cs1">Johnston, David Cay (5 June 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2005/06/05/us/class/richest-are-leaving-even-the-rich-far-behind.html">"Richest Are Leaving Even the Rich Far Behind"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331">0362-4331</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161009151510/http://www.nytimes.com/2005/06/05/us/class/richest-are-leaving-even-the-rich-far-behind.html">Archived</a> from the original on 9 October 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 June</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Richest+Are+Leaving+Even+the+Rich+Far+Behind&rft.date=2005-06-05&rft.issn=0362-4331&rft.aulast=Johnston&rft.aufirst=David+Cay&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2005%2F06%2F05%2Fus%2Fclass%2Frichest-are-leaving-even-the-rich-far-behind.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUpper+class" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Pizzigati,_S._(7_November_2005)._Alan_Greenspan,_Egalitarian?._''TomPaine.com''.-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Pizzigati,_S._(7_November_2005)._Alan_Greenspan,_Egalitarian?._''TomPaine.com''._17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPizzigati2005" class="citation web cs1">Pizzigati, S. (7 November 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070930154749/http://www.tompaine.com/articles/2005/11/07/alan_greenspan_egalitarian.php">"Alan Greenspan, Egalitarian?"</a>. TomPaine.com. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tompaine.com/articles/2005/11/07/alan_greenspan_egalitarian.php">the original</a> on 30 September 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 June</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Alan+Greenspan%2C+Egalitarian%3F&rft.pub=TomPaine.com&rft.date=2005-11-07&rft.aulast=Pizzigati&rft.aufirst=S.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.tompaine.com%2Farticles%2F2005%2F11%2F07%2Falan_greenspan_egalitarian.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUpper+class" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Greenspan,_A._(28_August_1998)._Remarks_by_Chairman_Alan_Greenspan._''The_Federal_Reserve_Board.''-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Greenspan,_A._(28_August_1998)._Remarks_by_Chairman_Alan_Greenspan._''The_Federal_Reserve_Board.''_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGreenspan1998" class="citation web cs1">Greenspan, Alan (28 August 1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.federalreserve.gov/boarddocs/Speeches/1998/19980828.htm">"Remarks by Chairman Alan Greenspan"</a>. The Federal Reserve Board. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070606121611/http://www.federalreserve.gov/boarddocs/speeches/1998/19980828.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 6 June 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 June</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Remarks+by+Chairman+Alan+Greenspan&rft.pub=The+Federal+Reserve+Board&rft.date=1998-08-28&rft.aulast=Greenspan&rft.aufirst=Alan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.federalreserve.gov%2Fboarddocs%2FSpeeches%2F1998%2F19980828.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUpper+class" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDomhoff2005" class="citation book cs1">Domhoff, G. William (2005). <i>Who Rules America: Power, Politics, & Social Change</i> (5th ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-07-287625-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-07-287625-5"><bdi>0-07-287625-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Who+Rules+America%3A+Power%2C+Politics%2C+%26+Social+Change&rft.place=New+York&rft.edition=5th&rft.pub=McGraw-Hill&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=0-07-287625-5&rft.aulast=Domhoff&rft.aufirst=G.+William&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUpper+class" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-NYT-19980719-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-NYT-19980719_20-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NYT-19980719_20-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHerbert1998" class="citation news cs1">Herbert, Bob (19 July 1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1998/07/19/opinion/in-america-the-donor-class.html">"The Donor Class"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160311035419/http://www.nytimes.com/1998/07/19/opinion/in-america-the-donor-class.html">Archived</a> from the original on 11 March 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 March</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=The+Donor+Class&rft.date=1998-07-19&rft.aulast=Herbert&rft.aufirst=Bob&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1998%2F07%2F19%2Fopinion%2Fin-america-the-donor-class.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUpper+class" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-NYT-20151010-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-NYT-20151010_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFConfessoreCohenYourish2015" class="citation news cs1">Confessore, Nicholas; Cohen, Sarah; Yourish, Karen (10 October 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2015/10/11/us/politics/2016-presidential-election-super-pac-donors.html">"The Families Funding the 2016 Presidential Election"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160310084809/http://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2015/10/11/us/politics/2016-presidential-election-super-pac-donors.html">Archived</a> from the original on 10 March 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 March</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=The+Families+Funding+the+2016+Presidential+Election&rft.date=2015-10-10&rft.aulast=Confessore&rft.aufirst=Nicholas&rft.au=Cohen%2C+Sarah&rft.au=Yourish%2C+Karen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2Finteractive%2F2015%2F10%2F11%2Fus%2Fpolitics%2F2016-presidential-election-super-pac-donors.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUpper+class" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-NYT-20151010-el-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-NYT-20151010-el_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLichtblauConfessore2015" class="citation news cs1">Lichtblau, Eric; Confessore, Nicholas (10 October 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2015/10/11/us/politics/wealthy-families-presidential-candidates.html#donors-list">"From Fracking to Finance, a Torrent of Campaign Cash - Top Donors List"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160310115335/http://www.nytimes.com/2015/10/11/us/politics/wealthy-families-presidential-candidates.html#donors-list">Archived</a> from the original on 10 March 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 March</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=From+Fracking+to+Finance%2C+a+Torrent+of+Campaign+Cash+-+Top+Donors+List&rft.date=2015-10-10&rft.aulast=Lichtblau&rft.aufirst=Eric&rft.au=Confessore%2C+Nicholas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2015%2F10%2F11%2Fus%2Fpolitics%2Fwealthy-families-presidential-candidates.html%23donors-list&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUpper+class" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-CS-20141226-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-CS-20141226_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcCutcheon2014" class="citation news cs1">McCutcheon, Chuck (26 December 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.csmonitor.com/USA/Politics/Politics-Voices/2014/1226/Why-the-donor-class-matters-especially-in-the-GOP-presidential-scrum">"Why the 'donor class' matters, especially in the GOP presidential scrum"</a>. <i>"<a href="/wiki/The_Christian_Science_Monitor" title="The Christian Science Monitor">The Christian Science Monitor</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160311022143/http://www.csmonitor.com/USA/Politics/Politics-Voices/2014/1226/Why-the-donor-class-matters-especially-in-the-GOP-presidential-scrum">Archived</a> from the original on 11 March 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 March</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=%22The+Christian+Science+Monitor&rft.atitle=Why+the+%27donor+class%27+matters%2C+especially+in+the+GOP+presidential+scrum&rft.date=2014-12-26&rft.aulast=McCutcheon&rft.aufirst=Chuck&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.csmonitor.com%2FUSA%2FPolitics%2FPolitics-Voices%2F2014%2F1226%2FWhy-the-donor-class-matters-especially-in-the-GOP-presidential-scrum&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUpper+class" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Upper_class&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Cousin, Bruno and Sébastien Chauvin (2021). "Is there a global super-bourgeoisie?" <i>Sociology Compass</i>, vol. 15, issue 6, pp. 1–15. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/soc4.12883">online</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAllan_G._Johnson2000" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Allan_G._Johnson" title="Allan G. Johnson">Allan G. Johnson</a>, ed. (2000). "Upper class". <i>The Blackwell Dictionary of Sociology: A User's Guide to Sociological Language</i> (2nd ed.). Wiley-Blackwell. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-631-21681-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-631-21681-0"><bdi>978-0-631-21681-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Upper+class&rft.btitle=The+Blackwell+Dictionary+of+Sociology%3A+A+User%27s+Guide+to+Sociological+Language&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Wiley-Blackwell&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-631-21681-0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUpper+class" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHartmann2007" class="citation book cs1">Hartmann, Michael (2007). <i>The Sociology of Elites</i>. Routledge Studies in Social and Political Thought. Vol. 50. Taylor & Francis. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-41197-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-41197-4"><bdi>978-0-415-41197-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Sociology+of+Elites&rft.series=Routledge+Studies+in+Social+and+Political+Thought&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-415-41197-4&rft.aulast=Hartmann&rft.aufirst=Michael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUpper+class" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKing2008" class="citation book cs1">King, Victor T. (2008). <i>The Sociology of Southeast Asia: Transformations in a Developing Region</i>. NIAS Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-87-91114-60-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-87-91114-60-1"><bdi>978-87-91114-60-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Sociology+of+Southeast+Asia%3A+Transformations+in+a+Developing+Region&rft.pub=NIAS+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-87-91114-60-1&rft.aulast=King&rft.aufirst=Victor+T.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUpper+class" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>McKibbin, Ross.(2000) <i>Classes and Cultures: England 1918-1951</i> (2000) pp 1–43.</li> <li>Baraka, Magda. (1998). <i>The Egyptian upper class between revolutions, 1919-1952</i>. ISBS.</li> <li>Scott, John. (1982). <i>The upper classes: Property and privilege in Britain</i> Macmillan Pub Ltd.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="United_States_2">United States</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Upper_class&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: United States"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 40em"> <ul><li>Baltzell, E. Digby. <i>Philadelphia Gentlemen: The Making of a New Upper Class</i> (1958).</li> <li>Brooks, David. <i>Bobos in paradise: The new upper class and how they got there</i> (2010)</li> <li>Burt, Nathaniel. <i>The Perennial Philadelphians: The Anatomy of an American Aristocracy</i> (1999).</li> <li>Davis, Donald F. "The Price of Conspicious [sic] Production: The Detroit Elite and the Automobile Industry, 1900-1933." <i>Journal of Social History</i> 16.1 (1982): 21–46. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3786880">online</a></li> <li>Farnum, Richard. "Prestige in the Ivy League: Democratization and discrimination at Penn and Columbia, 1890-1970." in Paul W. Kingston and Lionel S. Lewis, eds. <i>The high-status track: Studies of elite schools and stratification</i> (1990).</li> <li>Ghent, Jocelyn Maynard, and Frederic Cople Jaher. "The Chicago Business Elite: 1830–1930. A Collective Biography." <i>Business History Review</i> 50.3 (1976): 288–328. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3112998">online</a></li> <li>Hood. Clifton. <i>In Pursuit of Privilege: A History of New York City's Upper Class and the Making of a Metropolis</i> (2016). Covers 1760–1970.</li> <li>Jaher, Frederic Cople, ed. <i>The Rich, the Well Born, and the Powerful: Elites and Upper Classes in History</i> (1973), essays by scholars</li> <li>Jaher, Frederick Cople. <i>The Urban Establishment: Upper Strata in Boston, New York, Chicago, Charleston, and Los Angeles</i> (1982).</li> <li>Jensen, Richard. "Family, Career, and Reform: Women Leaders of the Progressive Era." in Michael Gordon, ed., <i>The American Family in Social-Historical Perspective,</i>(1973): 267–80.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLehmann2011" class="citation book cs1">Lehmann, Chris (2011). <i>Rich People Things: Real-Life Secrets of the Predator Class</i>. <a href="/wiki/Haymarket_Books" title="Haymarket Books">Haymarket Books</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781608461523" title="Special:BookSources/9781608461523"><bdi>9781608461523</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Rich+People+Things%3A+Real-Life+Secrets+of+the+Predator+Class&rft.pub=Haymarket+Books&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=9781608461523&rft.aulast=Lehmann&rft.aufirst=Chris&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUpper+class" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>McConachie, Bruce A. "New York operagoing, 1825-50: creating an elite social ritual." <i>American Music</i> (1988): 181–192. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3051548">online</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOstrander1986" class="citation book cs1">Ostrander, Susan A. (1986). <i>Women of the Upper Class</i>. <a href="/wiki/Temple_University_Press" title="Temple University Press">Temple University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87722-475-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-87722-475-4"><bdi>978-0-87722-475-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Women+of+the+Upper+Class&rft.pub=Temple+University+Press&rft.date=1986&rft.isbn=978-0-87722-475-4&rft.aulast=Ostrander&rft.aufirst=Susan+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUpper+class" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Story, Ronald. (1980) <i>The forging of an aristocracy: Harvard & the Boston upper class, 1800-1870</i></li> <li>Synnott, Marcia. <i>The half-opened door: Discrimination and admissions at Harvard, Yale, and Princeton, 1900-1970</i> (2010).</li> <li>Williams, Peter W. <i>Religion, Art, and Money: Episcopalians and American Culture from the Civil War to the Great Depression</i> (2016), especially in New York City</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Upper_class&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid 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"}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Social_class" title="Template:Social class"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Social_class" title="Template talk:Social class"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Social_class" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Social class"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Social_class" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Social_class" title="Social class">Social class</a></li></ul></div></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Social_status" title="Social status">Status</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Social_stratification" title="Social stratification">Stratum</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Economic_classes" class="mw-redirect" title="Economic classes">Economic classes</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em">Theories</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Elite_theory" title="Elite theory">Elite theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gilbert_model" title="Gilbert model">Gilbert model</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marxian_class_theory" title="Marxian class theory">Marxian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mudsill_theory" title="Mudsill theory">Mudsill theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_class" title="New class">New class</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spoon_class_theory" title="Spoon class theory">Spoon class theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Three-component_theory_of_stratification" title="Three-component theory of stratification">Weberian (three-component)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em">Related<wbr /> topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Caste" title="Caste">Caste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chattering_classes" title="Chattering classes">Chattering classes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Class_conflict" title="Class conflict">Class conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Class_discrimination" title="Class discrimination">Class discrimination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Class_society" class="mw-redirect" title="Class society">Class society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Class_traitor" title="Class traitor">Class traitor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classicide" title="Classicide">Classicide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classless_society" title="Classless society">Classless society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euthenics" title="Euthenics">Euthenics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_society" title="High society">High society</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Nouveau_riche" title="Nouveau riche">Nouveau riche</a></i> / <i><a href="/wiki/Parvenu" title="Parvenu">Parvenu</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poverty" title="Poverty">Poverty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ranked_society" title="Ranked society">Ranked society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Snob" title="Snob">Snobbery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_cleansing" title="Social cleansing">Social cleansing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_exclusion" title="Social exclusion">Social exclusion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_mobility" title="Social mobility">Social mobility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_orphan" title="Social orphan">Social orphan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_position" title="Social position">Social position</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_stigma" title="Social stigma">Social stigma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subaltern_(postcolonialism)" title="Subaltern (postcolonialism)">Subaltern</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Status_Anxiety" title="Status Anxiety">Status Anxiety</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="By_demographic" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><div title="demographic">By demographic</div></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em">By status</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Administrative_detention" title="Administrative detention">Administrative detainee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alien_(law)" title="Alien (law)">Alien</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_immigration" title="Illegal immigration">illegal immigrant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Refugee" title="Refugee">refugee</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Citizenship" title="Citizenship">Citizen</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Multiple_citizenship" title="Multiple citizenship">dual or multiple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jus_soli" title="Jus soli">native-born</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naturalization" title="Naturalization">naturalized</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second-class_citizen" title="Second-class citizen">second-class</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clique" title="Clique">Clique</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adolescent_clique" title="Adolescent clique">adolescent</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loss_of_rights_due_to_conviction_for_criminal_offense" class="mw-redirect" title="Loss of rights due to conviction for criminal offense">Convicted</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Migrant_worker" title="Migrant worker">Migrant worker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_prisoner" title="Political prisoner">Political prisoner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socioeconomic_status" title="Socioeconomic status">Socioeconomic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statelessness" title="Statelessness">Stateless</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em">By "<a href="/wiki/Designation_of_workers_by_collar_color" title="Designation of workers by collar color">collar</a>"</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blue-collar_worker" title="Blue-collar worker">Blue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green-collar_worker" title="Green-collar worker">Green</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grey-collar" title="Grey-collar">Grey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New-collar_worker" title="New-collar worker">New</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pink-collar_worker" title="Pink-collar worker">Pink</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White-collar_worker" title="White-collar worker">White</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em">By type</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Ruling_class" title="Ruling class">Ruling</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aristocracy_(class)" title="Aristocracy (class)">Aristocracy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aristoi" title="Aristoi">Aristoi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hanseaten_(class)" title="Hanseaten (class)">Hanseaten</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnate" title="Magnate">Magnate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oligarchy" title="Oligarchy">Oligarchy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Russian_oligarch" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian oligarch">Russian</a></li></ul></li> <li>Patrician <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Patrician_(ancient_Rome)" title="Patrician (ancient Rome)">Ancient Rome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patrician_(post-Roman_Europe)" title="Patrician (post-Roman Europe)">Post-Roman</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_class" title="Political class">Political</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Political_family" title="Political family">Family</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_families" title="List of political families">List</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hereditary_politicians" title="Hereditary politicians">Hereditary</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_family" title="Royal family">Royal family</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Intellectual" title="Intellectual">Intellectual</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Clergy" title="Clergy">Clergy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Priest" title="Priest">Priest</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knowledge_worker" title="Knowledge worker">Knowledge worker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Professor" title="Professor">Professor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scholar" title="Scholar">Scholar</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Warrior" title="Warrior">Warrior</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chhetri" title="Chhetri">Chhetri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cossacks" title="Cossacks">Cossacks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eagle_warrior" title="Eagle warrior">Cuāuh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harii" title="Harii">Harii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Order_of_Assassins" title="Order of Assassins">Hashashin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knight" title="Knight">Knight</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kshatriya" title="Kshatriya">Kshatriya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nair_castes" class="mw-redirect" title="Nair castes">Nair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jaguar_warrior" title="Jaguar warrior">Ocēlōtl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pendekar" title="Pendekar">Pendekar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samurai" title="Samurai">Samurai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spartiate" title="Spartiate">Spartiate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vanniyar" title="Vanniyar">Vanniyar</a>/<a href="/wiki/Vanniar_(Chieftain)" title="Vanniar (Chieftain)">Vanniar (Chieftain)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Upper</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Business_magnate" title="Business magnate">Business magnate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elite" title="Elite">Elite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gentry" title="Gentry">Gentry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lord" title="Lord">Lord</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nobility" title="Nobility">Nobility</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Landed_nobility" title="Landed nobility">Landed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petty_nobility" title="Petty nobility">Petty</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_money" title="Old money">Old money</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Overclass" title="Overclass">Overclass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robber_baron_(industrialist)" title="Robber baron (industrialist)">Robber baron</a></li> <li><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="/wiki/Seigneur" title="Seigneur">Seigneur</a></i></span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Superclass_(book)" title="Superclass (book)">Superclass</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Creative_class" title="Creative class">Creative</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bohemianism" title="Bohemianism">Bohemians</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Middle_class" title="Middle class">Middle</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bourgeoisie" title="Bourgeoisie">Bourgeoisie</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Petite_bourgeoisie" title="Petite bourgeoisie">Petite</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burgher_(social_class)" title="Burgher (social class)">Burgher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lower_middle_class" title="Lower middle class">Lower middle class</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upper_middle_class" title="Upper middle class">Upper middle class</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Working_class" title="Working class">Working</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Commoner" title="Commoner">Commoner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lazzaroni_(Naples)" title="Lazzaroni (Naples)">Lazzaroni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lumpenproletariat" title="Lumpenproletariat">Lumpenproletariat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pea-pickers" title="Pea-pickers">Pea-pickers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peasant" title="Peasant">Peasant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Precariat" title="Precariat">Precariat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proletariat" title="Proletariat">Proletariat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Working_poor" title="Working poor">Working poor</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Underclass" title="Underclass">Under</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ant_tribe" title="Ant tribe">Ant tribe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outcast_(person)" title="Outcast (person)">Outcast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outlaw" title="Outlaw">Outlaw</a> / <a href="/wiki/Prisoner" title="Prisoner">Prisoner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serfdom" title="Serfdom">Serf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plebeians" title="Plebeians">Plebeian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rat_tribe" title="Rat tribe">Rat tribe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery" title="Slavery">Slave</a> / <a href="/wiki/Freedman" title="Freedman">Freedman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Untouchability" title="Untouchability">Untouchable</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="By_country_or_region" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><div title="country">By country or region</div></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="United_States" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em"><a href="/wiki/Social_class_in_the_United_States" title="Social class in the United States">United States</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Affluence_in_the_United_States" title="Affluence in the United States">Affluence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Dream" title="American Dream">American Dream</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_class_in_American_history" title="Social class in American history">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socioeconomic_mobility_in_the_United_States" title="Socioeconomic mobility in the United States">Mobility</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Category:Social_class_in_the_United_States" title="Category:Social class in the United States">Classes</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_upper_class" title="American upper class">Upper</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African-American_upper_class" title="African-American upper class">Black</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donor_Class" class="mw-redirect" title="Donor Class">Donor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_gentry" title="American gentry">Gentry</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_middle_class" title="American middle class">Middle</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African-American_middle_class" title="African-American middle class">Black</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexican-American_middle_class" title="Mexican-American middle class">Mexican-American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upper_middle_class_in_the_United_States" title="Upper middle class in the United States">Upper Middle</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_privilege" title="Social privilege">Underprivileged</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_lower_class" title="American lower class">Lower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_the_United_States" title="Slavery in the United States">Under</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Income_in_the_United_States" title="Income in the United States">Income</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Household_income_in_the_United_States" title="Household income in the United States">Household</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Income_inequality_in_the_United_States" title="Income inequality in the United States">Inequality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Personal_income_in_the_United_States" title="Personal income in the United States">Personal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poverty_in_the_United_States" title="Poverty in the United States">Poverty</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Standard_of_living_in_the_United_States" title="Standard of living in the United States">Standard of living</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Educational_attainment_in_the_United_States" title="Educational attainment in the United States">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homelessness_in_the_United_States" title="Homelessness in the United States">Homelessness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Home-ownership_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Home-ownership in the United States">Home-ownership</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em">Other regions<wbr /> or countries</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Caste_systems_in_Africa" title="Caste systems in Africa">Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belizean_society" title="Belizean society">Belize</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_class_in_Cambodia" title="Social class in Cambodia">Cambodia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_structure_of_China" title="Social structure of China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_class_in_Colombia" title="Social class in Colombia">Colombia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_class_in_France" title="Social class in France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_class_in_Haiti" title="Social class in Haiti">Haiti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caste_system_in_India" title="Caste system in India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_class_in_Iran" title="Social class in Iran">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_class_in_Italy" title="Social class in Italy">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_class_in_Luxembourg" title="Social class in Luxembourg">Luxembourg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caste_system_in_Nepal" title="Caste system in Nepal">Nepal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_class_in_New_Zealand" title="Social class in New Zealand">New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_class_in_Nigeria" title="Social class in Nigeria">Nigeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_structure_of_Romania" title="Social structure of Romania">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_class_in_Sri_Lanka" title="Social class in Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_class_in_Tibet" title="Social class in Tibet">Tibet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_class_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Social class in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_class_in_the_United_States" title="Social class in the United States">United States</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em">Historic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Social_class_in_18th-century_Spain" title="Social class in 18th-century Spain">18th-century Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Social_classes_in_ancient_Greece" title="Category:Social classes in ancient Greece">Ancient Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_class_in_ancient_Rome" title="Social class in ancient Rome">Ancient Rome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_class_in_Aztec_society" title="Social class in Aztec society">Aztec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_class_in_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="Social class in the Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Four_occupations" title="Four occupations">Pre-industrial East Asia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estates_of_the_realm" title="Estates of the realm">Pre-industrial Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_working_class" title="Soviet working class">Soviet Union</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-weight:normal;"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Social_classes" title="Category:Social classes">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div><div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Extreme_wealth" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Wealth" title="Template:Wealth"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Wealth" title="Template talk:Wealth"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Wealth" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Wealth"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Extreme_wealth" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Extreme <a href="/wiki/Wealth" title="Wealth">wealth</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Capital_accumulation" title="Capital accumulation">Capital accumulation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Overaccumulation" title="Overaccumulation">Overaccumulation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_inequality" title="Economic inequality">Economic inequality</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wealth_distribution" class="mw-redirect" title="Wealth distribution">Wealth distribution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Income_distribution" title="Income distribution">Income distribution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consumption_distribution" title="Consumption distribution">Consumption distribution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_economic_inequality" title="History of economic inequality">History of economic inequality</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_inequality" title="International inequality">International inequality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elite" title="Elite">Elite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oligarchy" title="Oligarchy">Oligarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Overclass" title="Overclass">Overclass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plutocracy" title="Plutocracy">Plutocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plutonomy" title="Plutonomy">Plutonomy</a> <ul><li><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Primitive_accumulation_of_capital" title="Primitive accumulation of capital">Primitive accumulation of capital</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Upper class</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nouveau_riche" title="Nouveau riche"><i>Nouveau riche</i> <wbr />(new money)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_money" title="Old money"><i>Vieux riche</i> <wbr />(old money)</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luxury_goods" title="Luxury goods">Luxury goods</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Veblen_good" title="Veblen good">Veblen goods</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Conspicuous_consumption" title="Conspicuous consumption">Conspicuous consumption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conspicuous_leisure" title="Conspicuous leisure">Conspicuous leisure</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Billionaire" title="Billionaire">Billionaire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Captain_of_industry" title="Captain of industry">Captain of industry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High-net-worth_individual" title="High-net-worth individual">High-net-worth individual</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ultra_high-net-worth_individual" class="mw-redirect" title="Ultra high-net-worth individual">UHNWI</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnate" title="Magnate">Magnate</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Business_magnate" title="Business magnate">Business</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Millionaire" title="Millionaire">Millionaire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oligarchy" title="Oligarchy">Oligarch</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Business_oligarch" title="Business oligarch">Business</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_oligarchs" title="Russian oligarchs">Russian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_oligarchs" title="Ukrainian oligarchs">Ukrainian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robber_baron_(industrialist)" title="Robber baron (industrialist)">Robber baron</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Wealth" title="Wealth">Wealth</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wealth_concentration" class="mw-redirect" title="Wealth concentration">Concentration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Distribution_of_wealth" title="Distribution of wealth">Distribution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dynastic_wealth" class="mw-redirect" title="Dynastic wealth">Dynastic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wealth_effect" title="Wealth effect">Effect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_and_wealth" title="Geography and wealth">Geography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inheritance" title="Inheritance">Inherited</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wealth_management" title="Wealth management">Management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_wealth" class="mw-redirect" title="National wealth">National</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paper_wealth" title="Paper wealth">Paper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wealth_and_religion" title="Wealth and religion">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wealth_tax" title="Wealth tax">Tax</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_people_by_net_worth" title="Lists of people by net worth">People</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_World%27s_Billionaires" title="The World's Billionaires"><i>Forbes</i> list of billionaires</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_centibillionaires" title="List of centibillionaires">List of centibillionaires</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_female_billionaires" title="List of female billionaires">Female billionaires</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_royalty_by_net_worth" title="List of royalty by net worth">Richest royals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_richest_Americans_in_history" title="List of richest Americans in history">Wealthiest Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_wealthiest_families" title="List of wealthiest families">Wealthiest families</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_wealthiest_organizations" class="mw-redirect" title="List of wealthiest organizations">Organizations</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_largest_companies_by_revenue" title="List of largest companies by revenue">Largest companies by revenue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_largest_corporate_profits_and_losses" title="List of largest corporate profits and losses">Largest corporate profits and losses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_public_corporations_by_market_capitalization" title="List of public corporations by market capitalization">Largest corporations by market capitalization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_largest_financial_services_companies_by_revenue" title="List of largest financial services companies by revenue">Largest financial services companies by revenue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_largest_manufacturing_companies_by_revenue" title="List of largest manufacturing companies by revenue">Largest manufacturing companies by revenue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_the_largest_software_companies" title="List of the largest software companies">Largest software companies by revenue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_largest_technology_companies_by_revenue" title="List of largest technology companies by revenue">Largest technology companies by revenue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_wealthiest_charitable_foundations" title="List of wealthiest charitable foundations">Charities</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_philanthropists" title="List of philanthropists">Philanthropists</a></li></ul></li> <li>Universities <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_institutions_of_higher_education_by_endowment_size" title="Lists of institutions of higher education by endowment size">Endowment size</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_universities_by_number_of_billionaire_alumni" title="List of universities by number of billionaire alumni">Number of billionaire alumni</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_by_number_of_billionaires" title="List of cities by number of billionaires">Cities by number of billionaires</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_the_number_of_billionaires" class="mw-redirect" title="List of countries by the number of billionaires">Countries by number of billionaires</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_total_wealth" title="List of countries by total wealth">Countries by total wealth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_sovereign_states_by_wealth_inequality" title="List of sovereign states by wealth inequality">Countries by wealth inequality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wealth_inequality_in_the_United_States" title="Wealth inequality in the United States">Wealth inequality in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Income_inequality_in_the_United_States" title="Income inequality in the United States">Income inequality in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_most_expensive_items_by_category" title="Lists of most expensive items by category">Most expensive items</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Lists_of_most_expensive_things" title="Category:Lists of most expensive things">by category</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_wealthiest_animals" title="List of wealthiest animals">Wealthiest animals</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Diseases_of_affluence" title="Diseases of affluence">Diseases of affluence</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Affluenza" title="Affluenza">Affluenza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narcissism#Celebrity_narcissism" title="Narcissism">Acquired situational narcissism</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Argumentum_ad_crumenam" title="Argumentum ad crumenam">Argumentum ad crumenam</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prosperity_theology" title="Prosperity theology">Prosperity theology</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Philanthropy" title="Philanthropy">Philanthropy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Gospel_of_Wealth" title="The Gospel of Wealth">Gospel of Wealth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Giving_Pledge" title="The Giving Pledge">The Giving Pledge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philanthrocapitalism" title="Philanthrocapitalism">Philanthrocapitalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venture_philanthropy" title="Venture philanthropy">Venture philanthropy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sayings</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_rich_get_richer_and_the_poor_get_poorer" title="The rich get richer and the poor get poorer">The rich get richer and the poor get poorer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialism_for_the_rich_and_capitalism_for_the_poor" title="Socialism for the rich and capitalism for the poor">Socialism for the rich and capitalism for the poor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Too_big_to_fail" title="Too big to fail">Too big to fail</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Media</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Das_Kapital" title="Das Kapital">Das Kapital</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plutus_(play)" title="Plutus (play)"><i>Plutus</i></a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Plutus" title="Plutus">Greek god of wealth</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Superclass_(book)" title="Superclass (book)"><i>Superclass</i></a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Superclass_List" title="The Superclass List">List</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Theory_of_the_Leisure_Class" title="The Theory of the Leisure Class">The Theory of the Leisure Class</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wealth_(film)" title="Wealth (film)"><i>Wealth</i></a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Wealth_of_Nations" title="The Wealth of Nations">The Wealth of Nations</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wealth" title="Category:Wealth">Category</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wealth_by_country" title="Category:Wealth by country">by country</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"></div><div 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