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class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Social_status"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Social status</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Social_status-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Income" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Income"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Income</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Income-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Dual_income_controversy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dual_income_controversy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2.1</span> <span>Dual income controversy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dual_income_controversy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Wealth" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Wealth"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Wealth</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Wealth-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Education" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Education"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>Education</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Education-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5</span> <span>Culture</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Studies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Studies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5.1</span> <span>Studies</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Studies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Social_norms" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Social_norms"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5.2</span> <span>Social norms</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Social_norms-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Academic_models" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Academic_models"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Academic models</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Academic_models-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Academic models subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Academic_models-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Gilbert_model_(2018)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gilbert_model_(2018)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Gilbert model (2018)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gilbert_model_(2018)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Capitalist_class_(Top_1%)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Capitalist_class_(Top_1%)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.1</span> <span>Capitalist class (Top 1%)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Capitalist_class_(Top_1%)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Upper_middle_class_(Next_14%)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Upper_middle_class_(Next_14%)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.2</span> <span>Upper middle class (Next 14%)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Upper_middle_class_(Next_14%)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Lower_middle_class_(Next_30%)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lower_middle_class_(Next_30%)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.3</span> <span>Lower middle class (Next 30%)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lower_middle_class_(Next_30%)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Working_class_(Next_25%)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Working_class_(Next_25%)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.4</span> <span>Working class (Next 25%)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Working_class_(Next_25%)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Working-poor_class_(Next_15%)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Working-poor_class_(Next_15%)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.5</span> <span>Working-poor class (Next 15%)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Working-poor_class_(Next_15%)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Underclass_(Bottom_15%)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Underclass_(Bottom_15%)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.6</span> <span>Underclass (Bottom 15%)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Underclass_(Bottom_15%)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Older_models_(2000s)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Older_models_(2000s)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Older models (2000s)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Older_models_(2000s)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Main_classes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Main_classes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Main classes</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Main_classes-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Main classes subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Main_classes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Upper_class" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Upper_class"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Upper class</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Upper_class-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Inherited_wealth" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Inherited_wealth"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.1</span> <span>Inherited wealth</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Inherited_wealth-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Private_companies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Private_companies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.2</span> <span>Private companies</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Private_companies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Corporate_elite" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Corporate_elite"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.3</span> <span>Corporate elite</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Corporate_elite-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Upper_middle_class" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Upper_middle_class"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Upper middle class</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Upper_middle_class-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Middle_class" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Middle_class"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Middle class</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Middle_class-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Traditional_middle_class" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Traditional_middle_class"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3.1</span> <span>Traditional middle class</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Traditional_middle_class-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Lower_middle_class" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lower_middle_class"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3.2</span> <span>Lower middle class</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lower_middle_class-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Working_class_and_lower_class" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Working_class_and_lower_class"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Working class and lower class</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Working_class_and_lower_class-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Occupations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Occupations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Occupations</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Occupations-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Occupations subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Occupations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Examples_of_laborers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Examples_of_laborers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Examples of laborers</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Examples_of_laborers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Examples_of_trades" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Examples_of_trades"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Examples of trades</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Examples_of_trades-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Examples_of_professions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Examples_of_professions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Examples of professions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Examples_of_professions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Class_and_health" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Class_and_health"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Class and health</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Class_and_health-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Class_and_politics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Class_and_politics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Class and politics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Class_and_politics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Existence_of_distinct_class_groupings" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Existence_of_distinct_class_groupings"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Existence of distinct class groupings</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Existence_of_distinct_class_groupings-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_popular_culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_popular_culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>In popular culture</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_popular_culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" 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.sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks vcard hlist"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">This article is part of a series on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="background:lavender"><a href="/wiki/Income_in_the_United_States" title="Income in the United States"><small>Income in the</small><br />United States of America</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:US_50_Cent_Rev.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/US_50_Cent_Rev.png/110px-US_50_Cent_Rev.png" decoding="async" width="110" height="110" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/US_50_Cent_Rev.png/165px-US_50_Cent_Rev.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/US_50_Cent_Rev.png/220px-US_50_Cent_Rev.png 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="2000" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center; background:lavender;;color: var(--color-base)">Topics</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Household_income_in_the_United_States" title="Household income in the United States">Household</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Personal_income_in_the_United_States" title="Personal income in the United States">Personal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Affluence_in_the_United_States" title="Affluence in the United States">Affluence</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Social class</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Income_inequality_in_the_United_States" title="Income inequality in the United States">Income inequality</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gender_pay_gap_in_the_United_States" title="Gender pay gap in the United States">gender pay gap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racial_pay_gap_in_the_United_States" title="Racial pay gap in the United States">racial pay gap</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center; background:lavender;;color: var(--color-base)">Lists by income</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_U.S._states_and_territories_by_income" title="List of U.S. states and territories by income">States</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_U.S._states_and_territories_by_income_inequality" title="List of U.S. states and territories by income inequality">by inequality</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_counties_by_per_capita_income" class="mw-redirect" title="United States counties by per capita income">Counties</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_highest-income_counties_in_the_United_States" title="List of highest-income counties in the United States">highest</a> / <a href="/wiki/List_of_lowest-income_counties_in_the_United_States" title="List of lowest-income counties in the United States">lowest</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:United_States_locations_by_per_capita_income" title="Category:United States locations by per capita income">Locations</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_lowest-income_places_in_the_United_States" title="List of lowest-income places in the United States">lowest</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Highest-income_metropolitan_statistical_areas_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Highest-income metropolitan statistical areas in the United States">Metropolitan statistical areas</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Highest-income_urban_areas_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Highest-income urban areas in the United States">Urban areas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_highest-income_ZIP_Code_Tabulation_Areas_in_the_United_States" title="List of highest-income ZIP Code Tabulation Areas in the United States">ZIP Code Tabulation Areas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ethnic_groups_in_the_United_States_by_household_income" title="List of ethnic groups in the United States by household income">Ethnic groups</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below"> <span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/16px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/24px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/32px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:United_States" title="Portal:United States">United States portal</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:US_income" title="Template:US income"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:US_income" title="Template talk:US income"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:US_income" title="Special:EditPage/Template:US income"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Social class in the United States </b> refers to the idea of grouping Americans by some measure of social status, typically by economic status. However, it could also refer to social status and/or location.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The idea that American society can be divided into social classes is disputed, and there are many competing class systems.<sup id="cite_ref-Occupation_and_Class_Consciousness_in_America_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Occupation_and_Class_Consciousness_in_America-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Many Americans believe in a social class system that has three different groups or classes: the <a href="/wiki/Affluence_in_the_United_States#Extreme_affluence" title="Affluence in the United States">American rich</a> (upper class), the <a href="/wiki/American_middle_class" title="American middle class">American middle class</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Poverty_in_the_United_States" title="Poverty in the United States">American poor</a>. More complex models propose as many as a dozen class levels, including levels such as high upper class, upper class, upper middle class, middle class, lower middle class, working class, and lower class,<sup id="cite_ref-The_American_Class_Structure_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-The_American_Class_Structure-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Middle_class_according_to_The_Drum_Major_Institute_for_public_policy_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Middle_class_according_to_The_Drum_Major_Institute_for_public_policy-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while others disagree with the American construct of <a href="/wiki/Social_class" title="Social class">social class</a> completely.<sup id="cite_ref-What_is_Social_Class_in_America_Lloyd_Warner_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-What_is_Social_Class_in_America_Lloyd_Warner-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Most definitions of a class structure group its members according to <a href="/wiki/Wealth_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Wealth in the United States">wealth</a>, <a href="/wiki/Income_in_the_United_States" title="Income in the United States">income</a>, <a href="/wiki/Educational_attainment_in_the_United_States" title="Educational attainment in the United States">education</a>, type of <a href="/wiki/Employment" title="Employment">occupation</a>, and membership within a hierarchy, specific subculture, or social network. Most concepts of American social class do not focus on race or ethnicity as a characteristic within the stratification system, although these factors are closely related.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Sociologists <a href="/wiki/Dennis_Gilbert_(sociologist)" title="Dennis Gilbert (sociologist)">Dennis Gilbert</a>, William Thompson, Joseph Hickey, and James Henslin have proposed class systems with six distinct social classes. These class models feature an <a href="/wiki/American_upper_class" title="American upper class">upper or capitalist class</a> consisting of the <a href="/wiki/Affluence_in_the_United_States#Extreme_affluence" title="Affluence in the United States">rich</a> and powerful, an <a href="/wiki/Professional%E2%80%93managerial_class" title="Professional–managerial class">upper middle class</a> consisting of highly educated and <a href="/wiki/Affluence_in_the_United_States" title="Affluence in the United States">affluent</a> professionals, a <a href="/wiki/American_middle_class#middle_class" title="American middle class">middle class</a> consisting of college-educated individuals employed in <a href="/wiki/White-collar_worker" title="White-collar worker">white-collar</a> industries, a lower middle class composed of semi-professionals with typically some college education, a working class constituted by <a href="/wiki/Clerk_(position)" class="mw-redirect" title="Clerk (position)">clerical</a> and <a href="/wiki/Blue_collar" class="mw-redirect" title="Blue collar">blue collar</a> workers, whose work is highly routinized, and a lower class, divided between the <a href="/wiki/Working_poor" title="Working poor">working poor</a> and the unemployed underclass.<sup id="cite_ref-The_American_Class_Structure_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-The_American_Class_Structure-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Society_in_Focus_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Society_in_Focus-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Marriages,_Families_&_Intimate_Relationships_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Marriages,_Families_&_Intimate_Relationships-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Markers">Markers</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Social_class_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Markers"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:2021_Household_wealth_by_percentile_-_United_States.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/2021_Household_wealth_by_percentile_-_United_States.svg/300px-2021_Household_wealth_by_percentile_-_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="225" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/2021_Household_wealth_by_percentile_-_United_States.svg/450px-2021_Household_wealth_by_percentile_-_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/2021_Household_wealth_by_percentile_-_United_States.svg/600px-2021_Household_wealth_by_percentile_-_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="750" /></a><figcaption>Though the 10th percentile of American households have zero net worth, the 90th percentile has $1.6 million of household wealth.<sup id="cite_ref-WealthPercentile_2021_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WealthPercentile_2021-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:2021_Median_household_wealth,_by_highest_educational_attainment_-_US.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/2021_Median_household_wealth%2C_by_highest_educational_attainment_-_US.svg/300px-2021_Median_household_wealth%2C_by_highest_educational_attainment_-_US.svg.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="225" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/2021_Median_household_wealth%2C_by_highest_educational_attainment_-_US.svg/450px-2021_Median_household_wealth%2C_by_highest_educational_attainment_-_US.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/2021_Median_household_wealth%2C_by_highest_educational_attainment_-_US.svg/600px-2021_Median_household_wealth%2C_by_highest_educational_attainment_-_US.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="750" /></a><figcaption>Higher educational attainment in the US corresponds with median household wealth.<sup id="cite_ref-WealthEducation_2021_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WealthEducation_2021-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>Some definitions of class look only at numerical measures, such as wealth or income. Others take into account qualitative factors, such as education, culture, and social status. There is no consensus on which of these variables is essential and which are merely common correlates. </p><p>Social class is sometimes presented as a description of how members of the <a href="/wiki/American_society" class="mw-redirect" title="American society">society</a> have sorted themselves along a continuum of positions varying in importance, influence, prestige, and compensation. It is disputed whether sharp lines can be drawn for social classes. One point of view in the debate is: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>A stratified society is one marked by inequality, by differences among people that are regarded as being higher or lower…it is logically possible for a society to be stratified in a continuous gradation between high and low without any sharp lines…in reality…there is only a limited number of types of occupations…People in similar positions…grow similar in their thinking and lifestyle…they form a pattern, and this pattern creates social class.</p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Dennis Gilbert, <i>The American Class Structure</i>, 1998<sup id="cite_ref-The_American_Class_Structure_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-The_American_Class_Structure-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></cite></div></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Social_status">Social status</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Social_class_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Social status"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:2021_Median_wealth_by_marital_status_-_US.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/2021_Median_wealth_by_marital_status_-_US.svg/300px-2021_Median_wealth_by_marital_status_-_US.svg.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="225" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/2021_Median_wealth_by_marital_status_-_US.svg/450px-2021_Median_wealth_by_marital_status_-_US.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/2021_Median_wealth_by_marital_status_-_US.svg/600px-2021_Median_wealth_by_marital_status_-_US.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="750" /></a><figcaption>The median wealth of married couples exceeds that of single individuals, regardless of gender and across all age categories.<sup id="cite_ref-WealthMaritalStatus_2021_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WealthMaritalStatus_2021-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>It is impossible to understand people's behavior…without the concept of social stratification, because class position has a pervasive influence on almost everything…the clothes we wear…the television shows we watch…the colors we paint our homes in and the names we give our pets…Our position in the social hierarchy affects our health, happiness, and even how long we will live.</p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>William Thompson and Joseph Hickey, <i>Society in Focus</i>, 2005<sup id="cite_ref-Society_in_Focus_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Society_in_Focus-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></cite></div></blockquote> <p>In some models, certain occupations are considered to be desirable and influential, while others are considered to be menial, repetitive, and unpleasant. (In some cases, non-occupational roles such as a parent or volunteer mentor, are also considered.<sup id="cite_ref-Society_in_Focus_7-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Society_in_Focus-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) Generally, the higher the ranking on such a scale, the higher the skill and education levels required to perform it. </p><p>Some sociologists consider the higher income and prestige of higher ranked jobs to simply be incentives to encourage members of society to obtain the skills necessary to perform important work.<sup id="cite_ref-Social_Class_and_Stratification_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Social_Class_and_Stratification-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This is an important mechanism in the economic theory of capitalism and is compatible with the notion that class is mutable and determined by a combination of choices and opportunities. </p><p>In other cases, class or status is inherited. For example, being the son or daughter of a <a href="/wiki/Affluence_in_the_United_States" title="Affluence in the United States">wealthy individual</a>, may carry a higher status and different cultural connotations than being a member of <a href="/wiki/Nouveau_riche" title="Nouveau riche">nouveau riche</a> ("new money") or have a planned path of positive freedom.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Those taking the <a href="/wiki/Structural_functionalism" title="Structural functionalism">functionalist</a> approach to sociology and economics view social classes as components essential for the survival of complex societies, such as American society.<sup id="cite_ref-Society_in_Focus_7-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Society_in_Focus-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Assortative_mating" title="Assortative mating">Assortative mating</a> in humans has been widely observed and studied. It includes the tendency of humans to prefer to mate within their socio-economic peers, that is, those with similar social standing, job prestige, educational attainment, or economic background as they themselves. This tendency has always been present in society: there was no historical area when most of the individuals preferred to sort, and had actually sorted, negatively into couples or matched, randomly, along these traits.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This trend is evidenced by the search criteria of <a href="/wiki/Online_dating" title="Online dating">online dating</a> site users.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A 2022 study suggested that factors that contribute to low levels of intergenerational mobility in the United States include a disparity in returns to <a href="/wiki/Human_capital" title="Human capital">human capital</a>, low levels of public investment in the human capital of low-income children, high levels of socioeconomic <a href="/wiki/Residential_segregation_in_the_United_States" title="Residential segregation in the United States">residential segregation</a>, and low levels of progressiveness in the tax-and-transfer system.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Income">Income</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Social_class_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Income"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Personal_income_in_the_United_States" title="Personal income in the United States">Personal income in the United States</a> and <a href="/wiki/Household_income_in_the_United_States" title="Household income in the United States">Household income in the United States</a></div> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:right; width: 100%;"> <caption>Median household income by selected characteristics <sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="3">Type of household </th> <th colspan="4">Race and Hispanic origin </th> <th colspan="4">Region </th></tr> <tr> <th>All households </th> <th>Family<br />households </th> <th>Nonfamily<br />households </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Asian_American" class="mw-redirect" title="Asian American">Asian</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Non-Hispanic_White" class="mw-redirect" title="Non-Hispanic White">Non-Hispanic White</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Hispanic_or_Latino_American" class="mw-redirect" title="Hispanic or Latino American">Hispanic</a><br />(of any race) </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Black_American" class="mw-redirect" title="Black American">Black</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Northeastern_United_States" title="Northeastern United States">Northeast</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Midwestern_United_States" title="Midwestern United States">Midwest</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Southern_United_States" title="Southern United States">South</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Western_United_States" title="Western United States">West</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td>$70,784</td> <td>$91,162</td> <td>$41,797</td> <td>$101,418</td> <td>$77,999</td> <td>$57,981</td> <td>$48,297</td> <td>$77,422</td> <td>$71,129</td> <td>$63,368</td> <td>$79,430 </td></tr></tbody></table> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:right; width: 100%;"> <caption>Median household income by selected characteristics cont. </caption> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2">Age of Householder </th> <th colspan="2">Nativity of Householder </th> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_Statistical_Area" class="mw-redirect" title="Metropolitan Statistical Area">Metropolitan Statistical Area</a> (MSA) Status </th> <th colspan="4">Educational Attainment of Householder* </th></tr> <tr> <th>Under 65 years </th> <th>65 years and older </th> <th>Native-born </th> <th>Foreign-born </th> <th>Inside MSA </th> <th>Outside MSA </th> <th>No high school diploma </th> <th>High school, no college </th> <th>Some college </th> <th>Bachelor's degree or higher </th></tr> <tr> <td>$80,734</td> <td>$47,620</td> <td>$71,522</td> <td>$66,043</td> <td>$73,823</td> <td>$53,750</td> <td>$30,378</td> <td>$50,401</td> <td>$64,378</td> <td>$115,456 </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="10" style="text-align:center;"><small> *Householders aged 25 and older. In 2021, the median household income for this group was $72,046.</small> </td></tr></tbody></table> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:right; width: 100%;"> <caption>Median earnings by work status and sex (Persons, aged 15 years and older with earnings) </caption> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="3">Total workers </th> <th colspan="3">Full-Time, year-round workers </th></tr> <tr> <th>Both sexes </th> <th>Male </th> <th>Female </th> <th>Both sexes </th> <th>Male </th> <th>Female </th></tr> <tr> <td>$45,470</td> <td>$50,983</td> <td>$39,201</td> <td>$56,473</td> <td>$61,180</td> <td>$51,226 </td></tr></tbody></table> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:right; width: 100%;"> <caption>2020 Median earnings & household income by <a href="/wiki/Educational_attainment_in_the_United_States" title="Educational attainment in the United States">educational attainment</a> <sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Measure</th> <th>Overall</th> <th>Less than 9th grade</th> <th>Some High School</th> <th>High school graduate</th> <th>Some college</th> <th><a href="/wiki/Associate%27s_degree" class="mw-redirect" title="Associate's degree">Associate's degree</a></th> <th>Bachelor's degree or higher</th> <th><a href="/wiki/Bachelor%27s_degree" title="Bachelor's degree">Bachelor's degree</a></th> <th><a href="/wiki/Master%27s_degree" title="Master's degree">Master's degree</a></th> <th><a href="/wiki/Professional_degree" title="Professional degree">Professional degree</a></th> <th><a href="/wiki/Doctorate" title="Doctorate">Doctorate degree</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td>Persons, age 25+ w/ earnings*</td> <td>$46,985</td> <td>$25,162</td> <td>$26,092</td> <td>$34,540</td> <td>$39,362</td> <td>$42,391</td> <td>$66,423</td> <td>$60,705</td> <td>$71,851</td> <td>$102,741</td> <td>$101,526 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Male, age 25+ w/ earnings*</td> <td>$52,298</td> <td>$30,089</td> <td>$31,097</td> <td>$40,852</td> <td>$47,706</td> <td>$52,450</td> <td>$80,192</td> <td>$71,666</td> <td>$91,141</td> <td>$126,584</td> <td>$121,956 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Female, age 25+ w/ earnings*</td> <td>$40,392</td> <td>$18,588</td> <td>$19,504</td> <td>$27,320</td> <td>$31,837</td> <td>$36,298</td> <td>$57,355</td> <td>$51,154</td> <td>$62,522</td> <td>$92,780</td> <td>$85,551 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Persons, age 25+, employed full-time</td> <td>$59,371</td> <td>$33,945</td> <td>$34,897</td> <td>$42,417</td> <td>$50,640</td> <td>$52,285</td> <td>$77,105</td> <td>$71,283</td> <td>$82,183</td> <td>$130,466</td> <td>$119,552 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Household</td> <td>$69,228</td> <td>$29,609</td> <td>$29,520</td> <td>$47,405</td> <td>$60,392</td> <td>$68,769</td> <td>$106,936</td> <td>$100,128</td> <td>$114,900</td> <td>$151,560</td> <td>$142,493 </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="10" style="text-align:center;"><small>*Total work experience</small> </td></tr></tbody></table> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:right; width: 100%;"> <caption>Household income distribution </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>10th percentile</th> <th>20th percentile</th> <th>30th percentile</th> <th>40th percentile</th> <th>50th percentile</th> <th>60th percentile</th> <th>70th percentile</th> <th>80th percentile</th> <th>90th percentile</th> <th>95th percentile </th></tr> <tr> <td>≤ $15,700</td> <td>≤ $28,000</td> <td>≤ $40,500</td> <td>≤ $55,000</td> <td>$70,800</td> <td>≤ $89,700</td> <td>≤ $113,200</td> <td>≤ $149,100</td> <td>≤ $212,100</td> <td>≤ $286,300 </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="10" style="text-align:center;"><small>Source: US Census Bureau, 2021; income statistics for the year 2021</small> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p><a href="/wiki/Income_in_the_United_States" title="Income in the United States">Income in the United States</a> is most commonly measured by <a href="/wiki/United_States_Census_Bureau" title="United States Census Bureau">United States Census Bureau</a> in terms of either household or individual and remains one of the most prominent indicators of class status. As 82% of all households, 16% of those in the top <a href="/wiki/Income_quintiles" class="mw-redirect" title="Income quintiles">quintiles</a>, had two income earners the discrepancy between household and personal income is quite considerable.<sup id="cite_ref-United_States_Census_Bureau_household_income_2006_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-United_States_Census_Bureau_household_income_2006-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while the median personal income (including only those above the age of 25) was $32,140.<sup id="cite_ref-United_States_Census_Bureau_median_income_of_persons_age_or_older_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-United_States_Census_Bureau_median_income_of_persons_age_or_older-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Per capita household income, the income a household is able to allocate to each member of the household is also an important variable in determining a given household's <a href="/wiki/Standard_of_living" title="Standard of living">standard of living</a>. A high household income may be offset by a large household size; thus, resulting in a low per capita household income.<sup id="cite_ref-The_American_Class_Structure_3-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-The_American_Class_Structure-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>It should be stressed...that a position does not bring power and prestige <i>because</i> it draws a high income. Rather, it draws a high income because it is functionally important and the available personnel are for one reason or another scarce. It is therefore superficial and erroneous to regard high income as the cause of a man's power and prestige, just as it is erroneous to think that a man's fever is the cause of his disease...The economic source of power and prestige is not income primarily, but the ownership of capital goods (including patents, good will, and professional reputation). Such ownership should be distinguished from the possession of consumers' goods, which is an index rather than a cause of social standing.</p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Kingsley Davis and Wilbert E. Moore, <i>Some Principles of Stratification</i>, 1945<sup id="cite_ref-DavisMoore1945_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DavisMoore1945-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></cite></div></blockquote> <p>In the passage above, Davis and Moore argue that income is one of the most prominent features of social class; it is not one of its causes. In other words, income does not determine the status of an individual or household but rather reflects on that status. Some say that income and prestige are the incentives provided by society in order to fill needed positions with the most qualified and motivated personnel possible.<sup id="cite_ref-Social_Class_and_Stratification_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Social_Class_and_Stratification-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i> has used income quintiles to define class. It has assigned the quintiles from lowest to highest as <a href="/wiki/American_lower_class" title="American lower class">lower class</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lower_middle_class" title="Lower middle class">lower middle class</a>, middle class, <a href="/wiki/Upper_middle_class" title="Upper middle class">upper middle class</a>, and upper class.<sup id="cite_ref-New_York_Times_definition_of_class_according_to_the_quintiles_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-New_York_Times_definition_of_class_according_to_the_quintiles-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These definitions equate class with income, permitting people to move from class to class as their income changes. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Dual_income_controversy">Dual income controversy</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Social_class_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Dual income controversy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Two_or_more_income_earners.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Two_or_more_income_earners.svg/220px-Two_or_more_income_earners.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="275" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Two_or_more_income_earners.svg/330px-Two_or_more_income_earners.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Two_or_more_income_earners.svg/440px-Two_or_more_income_earners.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="200" data-file-height="250" /></a><figcaption>Percentage of 2+ income households in each of the quintiles (1/5 of the population)<sup id="cite_ref-United_States_Census_Bureau_Income_earners_by_quintile_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-United_States_Census_Bureau_Income_earners_by_quintile-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Household_income_in_the_United_States" title="Household income in the United States">Income</a> is one of the most commonly used attributes of a household to determine its class status. The relationship between income, which mostly arises from the scarcity of a certain skill, may however, prove to be more complex than initially perceived.<sup id="cite_ref-Social_Class_and_Stratification_12-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Social_Class_and_Stratification-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While the idea is that income reflects status, household income may just be the product of two or more incomes. </p><p>In 2005, 42% of American households had two or more income earners.<sup id="cite_ref-United_States_Census_Bureau_Income_earners_by_quintile_25-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-United_States_Census_Bureau_Income_earners_by_quintile-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The vast majority (77%) of households in the top <a href="/wiki/Income_quintiles" class="mw-redirect" title="Income quintiles">quintile</a> had two or more income earners. This means that the majority of household income in the top quintile are the result of two income earners pooling their resources, establishing a close link between perceived <a href="/wiki/Affluence_in_the_United_States" title="Affluence in the United States">affluence</a> and the number of income earners in a given household.<sup id="cite_ref-Marriages,_Families_&_Intimate_Relationships_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Marriages,_Families_&_Intimate_Relationships-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-United_States_Census_Bureau_Income_earners_by_quintile_25-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-United_States_Census_Bureau_Income_earners_by_quintile-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This raises the question of whether or not the combination of incomes results in higher social status. Of course, there is no definite answer as class is a vague sociological concept.<sup id="cite_ref-Society_in_Focus_7-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Society_in_Focus-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>The parade of income earners with height representing income suggest that the relationship between the distribution of income and the class structure is...blurred in the middle...we saw dual-income working class marchers looking down on single-income upper-middle class marchers. In sum, the class structure as we have defined it...does not exactly match the distribution of household income.</p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Dennis Gilbert, <i>The American Class Structure</i>, 1998<sup id="cite_ref-The_American_Class_Structure_3-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-The_American_Class_Structure-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></cite></div></blockquote> <p>Sociologist Dennis Gilbert states that it is possible for households to out-earn other households over higher class standing through increasing their number of income earners. He furthermore states that household size also played an essential role, as the standard of living for two persons living off one upper middle class personal income may very well be higher than that of a household with four members living off two working class personal incomes.<sup id="cite_ref-The_American_Class_Structure_3-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-The_American_Class_Structure-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The combination of two or more incomes allows for households to increase their income substantially without moving higher on the occupational ladder or attaining higher <a href="/wiki/Educational_attainment_in_the_United_States" title="Educational attainment in the United States">educational degrees</a>. The favorable economic position of households in the top two quintiles is in some cases the result of combined income, rather than demand for a single worker.<sup id="cite_ref-United_States_Census_Bureau_Income_earners_by_quintile_25-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-United_States_Census_Bureau_Income_earners_by_quintile-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Wealth">Wealth</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Social_class_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Wealth"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:442px;max-width:442px"><div class="trow"><div class="theader">Net personal wealth in the U.S. since 1962</div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:219px;max-width:219px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:162px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:1962-_Net_personal_wealth_-_average_in_percentile_ranges_-_linear_scale_-_US.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/1962-_Net_personal_wealth_-_average_in_percentile_ranges_-_linear_scale_-_US.svg/217px-1962-_Net_personal_wealth_-_average_in_percentile_ranges_-_linear_scale_-_US.svg.png" decoding="async" width="217" height="163" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/1962-_Net_personal_wealth_-_average_in_percentile_ranges_-_linear_scale_-_US.svg/326px-1962-_Net_personal_wealth_-_average_in_percentile_ranges_-_linear_scale_-_US.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/1962-_Net_personal_wealth_-_average_in_percentile_ranges_-_linear_scale_-_US.svg/434px-1962-_Net_personal_wealth_-_average_in_percentile_ranges_-_linear_scale_-_US.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="750" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">The average personal wealth of people in the top 1% is more than a thousand times that of people in bottom 50%.<sup id="cite_ref-WID_through_2021_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WID_through_2021-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:219px;max-width:219px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:162px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:1962-_Net_personal_wealth_-_average_in_percentile_ranges_-_logarithmic_scale_-_US.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/1962-_Net_personal_wealth_-_average_in_percentile_ranges_-_logarithmic_scale_-_US.svg/217px-1962-_Net_personal_wealth_-_average_in_percentile_ranges_-_logarithmic_scale_-_US.svg.png" decoding="async" width="217" height="163" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/1962-_Net_personal_wealth_-_average_in_percentile_ranges_-_logarithmic_scale_-_US.svg/326px-1962-_Net_personal_wealth_-_average_in_percentile_ranges_-_logarithmic_scale_-_US.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/1962-_Net_personal_wealth_-_average_in_percentile_ranges_-_logarithmic_scale_-_US.svg/434px-1962-_Net_personal_wealth_-_average_in_percentile_ranges_-_logarithmic_scale_-_US.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="750" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">The logarithmic scale shows how wealth has increased for all percentile groups, though moreso for wealthier people.<sup id="cite_ref-WID_through_2021_26-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WID_through_2021-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></div></div></div></div> <p>Wealth is commonly measured in terms of <a href="/wiki/Net_worth" title="Net worth">net worth</a>, which is the sum of all <a href="/wiki/Asset" title="Asset">assets</a> minus all <a href="/wiki/Liability_(accounting)" class="mw-redirect" title="Liability (accounting)">liabilities</a>. <a href="/wiki/Homeownership_in_the_United_States" title="Homeownership in the United States">Homeownership</a> can contribute to wealth,<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but high-net worth individuals have their net worth primarily concentrated in <a href="/wiki/Market_liquidity" title="Market liquidity">illiquid</a> assets such as <a href="/wiki/Bond_(finance)" title="Bond (finance)">bonds</a>, <a href="/wiki/Real_estate" title="Real estate">real estate</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Share_(finance)" title="Share (finance)">shares</a> of <a href="/wiki/Corporation" title="Corporation">corporations</a> whose <a href="/wiki/Valuation_(finance)" title="Valuation (finance)">valuations</a> are estimates.<sup id="cite_ref-investopedia.com_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-investopedia.com-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The two charts on the right show the average <a href="/wiki/Net_worth" title="Net worth">net worth</a> of individuals in the top 1%, top 10%, 50th to 90th percentile, and bottom half of the population from 1962 to 2021. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Education">Education</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Social_class_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Education"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Educational_attainment_in_the_United_States" title="Educational attainment in the United States">Educational attainment in the United States</a></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:2021_Median_household_wealth,_by_highest_educational_attainment_-_US.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/2021_Median_household_wealth%2C_by_highest_educational_attainment_-_US.svg/250px-2021_Median_household_wealth%2C_by_highest_educational_attainment_-_US.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="188" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/2021_Median_household_wealth%2C_by_highest_educational_attainment_-_US.svg/375px-2021_Median_household_wealth%2C_by_highest_educational_attainment_-_US.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/2021_Median_household_wealth%2C_by_highest_educational_attainment_-_US.svg/500px-2021_Median_household_wealth%2C_by_highest_educational_attainment_-_US.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="750" /></a><figcaption>Higher educational attainment in the US corresponds with median household wealth.<sup id="cite_ref-WealthEducation_2021_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WealthEducation_2021-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Education-2013.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Education-2013.png/250px-Education-2013.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="139" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Education-2013.png/375px-Education-2013.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Education-2013.png/500px-Education-2013.png 2x" data-file-width="1444" data-file-height="804" /></a><figcaption>Chart of unemployment and salary based on education attainment in 2013. The data is for persons age 25 and over. Earnings are for full-time wage and salary workers.</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Higher_education_in_the_United_States" title="Higher education in the United States">Tertiary education</a> (or "higher education") is required for many middle-class professions, depending on how the term middle class is to be defined. Tertiary education is rarely free, but the costs vary, widely. Tuition at elite private colleges often exceeds $200,000 for a four-year program, although financial aid may be significant. On the other hand, public colleges and universities typically charge much less, particularly for state residents. </p><p>Also, scholarships offered by universities and government do exist, and low-interest loans are available. Still, the average cost of education, by all accounts, is increasing. The <a href="/wiki/Educational_attainment_in_the_United_States" title="Educational attainment in the United States">attainment of post-secondary and graduate degrees</a> is, perhaps, the most important feature of a <a href="/wiki/American_middle_class" title="American middle class">middle and upper middle class</a> person, with the university being regarded as the most essential institution and gatekeeper of the <a href="/wiki/Managerial_Class" class="mw-redirect" title="Managerial Class">professional middle class</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Society_in_Focus_7-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Society_in_Focus-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-The_Inner_Life_of_the_Middle_Class_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-The_Inner_Life_of_the_Middle_Class-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Educational_attainment_in_the_United_States" title="Educational attainment in the United States">Educational attainment</a> is also directly linked to income. Per the table below in this section, as of 2018 less than 40% of American adults over the age of 25 had a Bachelor's degree or higher. </p><p>Although 90% of the population has graduated from high school, the <a href="/wiki/Average_Joe" title="Average Joe">average American</a> does not have a college degree but has likely attended college for some time. Overall, educational attainment serves, perhaps, as the most essential class feature of most Americans, being directly linked to <a href="/wiki/Personal_income_in_the_United_States" title="Personal income in the United States">income</a> and occupation.<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated1_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated1-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Educational attainment in the United States (2018)<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Education </th> <th>Age 25 and over </th> <th>Age 25-30 </th></tr> <tr> <td>High school diploma or <a href="/wiki/General_Educational_Development" title="General Educational Development">GED</a> </td> <td align="right">89.80% </td> <td align="right">92.95% </td></tr> <tr> <td>Some college </td> <td align="right">61.28% </td> <td align="right">66.34% </td></tr> <tr> <td>Associate degree </td> <td align="right">45.16% </td> <td align="right">46.72% </td></tr> <tr> <td>Bachelor's degree </td> <td align="right">34.98% </td> <td align="right">36.98% </td></tr> <tr> <td>Master's degree </td> <td align="right">13.04% </td> <td align="right">9.01% </td></tr> <tr> <td>Professional degree </td> <td align="right">3.47% </td> <td align="right">2.02% </td></tr> <tr> <td>Doctorate </td> <td align="right">2.03% </td> <td align="right">1.12% </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Culture">Culture</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Social_class_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Culture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Socioeconomic_mobility_in_the_United_States" title="Socioeconomic mobility in the United States">Socioeconomic mobility in the United States</a> and <a href="/wiki/Working_class_in_the_United_States" title="Working class in the United States">Working class in the United States</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:20220801_Economic_stratification_-_cross-class_friendships_-_bar_chart.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/20220801_Economic_stratification_-_cross-class_friendships_-_bar_chart.svg/330px-20220801_Economic_stratification_-_cross-class_friendships_-_bar_chart.svg.png" decoding="async" width="330" height="178" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/20220801_Economic_stratification_-_cross-class_friendships_-_bar_chart.svg/495px-20220801_Economic_stratification_-_cross-class_friendships_-_bar_chart.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/20220801_Economic_stratification_-_cross-class_friendships_-_bar_chart.svg/660px-20220801_Economic_stratification_-_cross-class_friendships_-_bar_chart.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1250" data-file-height="675" /></a><figcaption> Social connectedness to people of higher income levels is a strong predictor of upward income mobility.<sup id="cite_ref-EconomicStratification_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EconomicStratification-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, data shows substantial social segregation correlating with economic income groups.<sup id="cite_ref-EconomicStratification_33-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EconomicStratification-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>Broadly speaking, the United States aspires to be an <a href="/wiki/Egalitarian" class="mw-redirect" title="Egalitarian">egalitarian</a> country with <a href="/wiki/Social_mobility" title="Social mobility">social mobility</a>; the <a href="/wiki/American_Dream" title="American Dream">American Dream</a> includes the idea from the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Declaration_of_Independence" title="United States Declaration of Independence">Declaration of Independence</a> that "<a href="/wiki/All_men_are_created_equal" title="All men are created equal">all men are created equal</a>" and have the "<a href="/wiki/Unalienable_right" class="mw-redirect" title="Unalienable right">unalienable right</a>" to "<a href="/wiki/Life,_Liberty_and_the_pursuit_of_Happiness" title="Life, Liberty and the pursuit of Happiness">Life, Liberty and the pursuit of Happiness</a>". The phrase "<a href="/wiki/Second-class_citizen" title="Second-class citizen">second-class citizen</a>" has a strong negative connotation in national politics. </p><p>In practice, <a href="/wiki/Socioeconomic_mobility_in_the_United_States" title="Socioeconomic mobility in the United States">socioeconomic mobility in the United States</a> is relatively low, compared to Nordic countries and Canada, and <a href="/wiki/Income_inequality_in_the_United_States" title="Income inequality in the United States">income inequality in the United States</a> is relatively high. Educational attainment and income are <a href="/wiki/Educational_attainment_in_the_United_States#Income" title="Educational attainment in the United States">strongly correlated</a>, but relatively low funding for <a href="/wiki/K-12" class="mw-redirect" title="K-12">K-12</a> schools in poor neighborhoods raises concerns about a <a href="/wiki/Cycle_of_poverty" title="Cycle of poverty">cycle of poverty</a>. These apparent contradictions lead to divergent views on whether American society is divided into distinct classes or should be analyzed that way.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Explanations for the relatively low level of social mobility in the US include: the better access of <a href="/wiki/Affluence_in_the_United_States" title="Affluence in the United States">affluent</a> children to superior schools and preparation for schools, which is important in an economy where pay is tilted toward educated workers; high levels of <a href="/wiki/Immigration_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Immigration in the United States">immigration</a> of unskilled laborers and low rate of <a href="/wiki/Labor_unions_in_the_United_States" title="Labor unions in the United States">unionization</a>, which leads to lower wages among the least skilled; public health problems, such as <a href="/wiki/Obesity_in_the_United_States" title="Obesity in the United States">obesity</a> and diabetes, which can limit education and employment;<sup id="cite_ref-DeParle_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DeParle-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the sheer size of the income gap between the rich which makes it harder to climb the proverbial income ladder when the rungs are farther apart;<sup id="cite_ref-Noah_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Noah-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and poverty, since those with low income have significantly lower rates of mobility than middle and higher income individuals.<sup id="cite_ref-Drum_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Drum-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Studies">Studies</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Social_class_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Studies"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Top1percentIncomePiketty.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Top1percentIncomePiketty.png/220px-Top1percentIncomePiketty.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Top1percentIncomePiketty.png/330px-Top1percentIncomePiketty.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Top1percentIncomePiketty.png/440px-Top1percentIncomePiketty.png 2x" data-file-width="1056" data-file-height="766" /></a><figcaption>Income inequality as measured by the income of the top 1% in several countries. Inequality tended to drop in the middle of the 20th century but has increased in the past several decades.<sup id="cite_ref-cooper_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cooper-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>In 2012, <a href="/wiki/Charles_Murray_(political_scientist)" title="Charles Murray (political scientist)">Charles Murray</a> described what he saw as the economic divide and social bifurcation of Americans that has occurred since 1960 in his book, <i><a href="/wiki/Coming_Apart_(book)" title="Coming Apart (book)">Coming Apart: The State of White America, 1960–2010</a></i>. Murray described diverging trends between upper and lower class white Americans in the half century, after the death of <a href="/wiki/John_F._Kennedy" title="John F. Kennedy">John F. Kennedy</a>. He focused on white Americans to argue that economic decline in that period was not experienced solely by <a href="/wiki/Race_and_ethnicity_in_the_United_States" title="Race and ethnicity in the United States">minorities</a>, whom he brings into his argument in the last few chapters of the book. He argued that class strain had cleaved white Americans into two distinct, highly segregated strata: "an upper class, defined by educational attainment, and a new lower class, characterized by the lack of it." Much of his argument is centered on a notion of self-selective sorting that began in the 1960s and 1970s, when people overwhelmingly began <a href="/wiki/Homogamy_(sociology)" title="Homogamy (sociology)">marrying</a> and <a href="/wiki/Residential_segregation_in_the_United_States" title="Residential segregation in the United States">living in areas</a> surrounded largely by people of similar socioeconomic characteristics, leading to not only an exacerbation of existing economic divides, but an unprecedented socio-cultural divide that had not existed before in America.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>French economist <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Piketty" title="Thomas Piketty">Thomas Piketty</a> specializes in <a href="/wiki/Economic_inequality" title="Economic inequality">economic inequality</a> by taking a historic and statistical approach. Piketty's book <a href="/wiki/Capital_and_Ideology" title="Capital and Ideology"><i>Capital and Ideology</i> (2019)</a> argues that inequality is a social phenomenon, driven by human institutions. Institutional change, in turn, reflects the ideology that dominates society: "Inequality is neither economic nor technological; it is ideological and political."<sup id="cite_ref-Krugman_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Krugman-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Since 1970, sociologists Paula LeMasters and Melvin Kohl have set out, repeatedly, to research class-based cultures. Class culture has been shown to have a strong influence on the mundane lives of people, affecting everything from the manner in which they raise their children, initiation, and maintenance of romantic relationship to the color in which they paint their houses.<sup id="cite_ref-Society_in_Focus_7-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Society_in_Focus-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The strongest cultural differences seem to run along the <a href="/wiki/Class_conflict" title="Class conflict">professional middle class-working class divide</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A recent increase in residential class segregation and the overall tendency of individual to associate mostly with those of equal standing as themselves has further strengthened class differences.<sup id="cite_ref-The_American_Class_Structure_3-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-The_American_Class_Structure-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-What's_Class_Got_To_Do_With_It,_American_Society_in_the_Twenty-First_Century_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-What's_Class_Got_To_Do_With_It,_American_Society_in_the_Twenty-First_Century-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Social_norms">Social norms</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Social_class_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Social norms"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Once defined, social classes can be considered to feature their own sub-cultures, including different ways of socializing children.<sup id="cite_ref-Society_in_Focus_7-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Society_in_Focus-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Social classes form <a href="/wiki/Social_group" title="Social group">social groups</a> so large that they feature considerable diversity within and any statement regarding a given social class' culture needs to be seen as a broad generalization.Parental views are, perhaps, the most essential factor in determining the socialization process which shapes new members of society.<sup id="cite_ref-Society_in_Focus_7-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Society_in_Focus-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The values and standards used in child rearing are commonly closely related to the parent's occupational status.<sup id="cite_ref-The_American_Class_Structure_3-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-The_American_Class_Structure-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Parents from the <a href="/wiki/Managerial_Class" class="mw-redirect" title="Managerial Class">professional class</a> tend to raise their children to become curious, independent thinkers, while working-class parents raise their children to have a more communal perspective, with a strong respect for authority.<sup id="cite_ref-The_American_Class_Structure_3-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-The_American_Class_Structure-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Middle-class parents tend to emphasize internal standards and values, while working-class parents emphasize external values.<sup id="cite_ref-The_American_Class_Structure_3-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-The_American_Class_Structure-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Sociologist <a href="/wiki/Dennis_Gilbert_(sociologist)" title="Dennis Gilbert (sociologist)">Dennis Gilbert</a> uses a list of values identified by <a href="/wiki/Melvin_L._Kohn" title="Melvin L. Kohn">Melvin Kohn</a> to be typical of the <a href="/wiki/Managerial_Class" class="mw-redirect" title="Managerial Class">professional middle</a> and working class. Middle-class parents' values for their children and themselves included: "Consideration of Others, Self-Control, Curiosity, Happiness, Honesty, Tolerance of <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Special:Search/nonconformity" class="extiw" title="wikt:Special:Search/nonconformity">Nonconformity</a>, Open to Innovation, Self-Direction." This contrasted with surveyed working class individuals, who reported: "Manners, Obedience, Neatness, Cleanliness, Strong Punishment of Deviant Behavior, Stock to Old Ways, People not Trustworthy, Strict Leadership" as values for themselves and their children. There is a strong correlation between these values and the occupational activities of the respondents. The job characteristics of middle class respondents included: <i>"Work Independently, Varied Tasks, Work with People or Data,"</i> versus working-class parents of reported <i>"Close Supervision and Repetitive Work."</i><sup id="cite_ref-The_American_Class_Structure_3-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-The_American_Class_Structure-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Not once in a professional middle-class home did I see a young boy shake his father's hand in a well-taught <i>manly</i> gesture...Not once did I hear a middle-class parent scornfully-or even sympathetically-call a crying boy a sissy or in any way reprimand him for his tears...even as young as six or seven, the working-class boys seemed more emotionally controlled-more like miniature men-than those in the middle-class families.</p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite><a href="/wiki/Lillian_Rubin" class="mw-redirect" title="Lillian Rubin">Lillian Rubin</a>, <i>Worlds of Pain</i>, 1976<sup id="cite_ref-rubin1976_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rubin1976-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></cite></div></blockquote> <p><a href="/wiki/Gender_roles" class="mw-redirect" title="Gender roles">Gender roles</a> are also viewed differently by those in the higher and lower social classes. <a href="/wiki/American_middle_class" title="American middle class">Middle class</a> individuals, who were more open towards "nonconformity" and emphasized individual self-direction as well as critical thinking, were also less stringent in their application of gender roles. Working class individuals, on the other hand, emphasized gender roles. While working-class people have more and more assimilated to middle class culture regarding their view and application of gender roles, differences remain. Professional class people are more likely to have an <a href="/wiki/Egalitarianism" title="Egalitarianism">egalitarian</a> distribution of work in their household with both spouses being equals in heterosexual marriages. According to Dennis Gilbert, "College life, generally a prologue to upper-middle class careers, delays marriage and encourages informal, relatively egalitarian association between men and women."<sup id="cite_ref-The_American_Class_Structure_3-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-The_American_Class_Structure-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Marriages,_Families_&_Intimate_Relationships_8-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Marriages,_Families_&_Intimate_Relationships-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Academic_models">Academic models</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Social_class_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Academic models"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In a 2018 <a href="/wiki/Gallup,_Inc." title="Gallup, Inc.">Gallup</a> poll, 2% of Americans self-identified as upper class, 16% as upper-middle class, 43% as middle class, 30% as working class, and 9% as lower class.<sup id="cite_ref-Gallup_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gallup-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Gilbert_model_(2018)"><span id="Gilbert_model_.282018.29"></span>Gilbert model (2018)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Social_class_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Gilbert model (2018)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Gilbert_model" title="Gilbert model">Gilbert model</a></div> <p>The six <a href="/wiki/Social_classes" class="mw-redirect" title="Social classes">social classes</a> that provide the basis for the <a href="/wiki/Gilbert_model" title="Gilbert model">Gilbert model</a> are determined based on the assumption of how <a href="/wiki/Class_structure" class="mw-redirect" title="Class structure">class structure</a> develops out of the economic system. They are delineated by household income, and characterized by factors such as <a href="/wiki/Job_control_(workplace)" title="Job control (workplace)">workplace autonomy</a> and educational attainment.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although the <a href="/wiki/Social_hierarchy" class="mw-redirect" title="Social hierarchy">social hierarchy</a> is most obvious at the extremes, the differences between classes begin to become blurred when moving away from one of the extremes and towards the centre to where the lower middle and working classes are. Gilbert instead argues that the cleavage of the top two "privileged classes" from the bottom four classes is the most important division. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Capitalist_class_(Top_1%)"><span id="Capitalist_class_.28Top_1.25.29"></span>Capitalist class (Top 1%)</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Social_class_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Capitalist class (Top 1%)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/High-net-worth_individual" title="High-net-worth individual">High-net-worth individual</a></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:1970-_Relative_income_growth_by_percentiles_-_US_logarithmic.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/1970-_Relative_income_growth_by_percentiles_-_US_logarithmic.png/300px-1970-_Relative_income_growth_by_percentiles_-_US_logarithmic.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="208" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/1970-_Relative_income_growth_by_percentiles_-_US_logarithmic.png/450px-1970-_Relative_income_growth_by_percentiles_-_US_logarithmic.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/1970-_Relative_income_growth_by_percentiles_-_US_logarithmic.png/600px-1970-_Relative_income_growth_by_percentiles_-_US_logarithmic.png 2x" data-file-width="1636" data-file-height="1132" /></a><figcaption>Income inequality, by percentile class, logarithmic scale</figcaption></figure> <p><i>(Typical income: $1.5 million, mostly from assets)</i> These include <a href="/wiki/Inheritance" title="Inheritance">heirs</a>, <a href="/wiki/Corporate_title" title="Corporate title">top executives of large corporations</a>, and owners of large, <a href="/wiki/Privately_held_companies" class="mw-redirect" title="Privately held companies">privately held companies</a>. They primarily earn income from <a href="/wiki/Assets" class="mw-redirect" title="Assets">assets</a> that they directly control, such as by being on the <a href="/wiki/Board_of_directors" title="Board of directors">board of directors</a> of their businesses. </p><p>Even though the capitalist class is a very small class of super-rich capitalists at the top of the hierarchy, its impact on the economy and society is far beyond their numbers. These people contribute their money to political parties and are often owners of newspapers or television stations. They have investments that affect millions of people in the <a href="/wiki/Labour_force" class="mw-redirect" title="Labour force">labour force</a>. They tend to only associate with other people from their own class, rarely interacting with people with below-average incomes. Even their children are usually <a href="/wiki/Residential_segregation" title="Residential segregation">segregated</a>, attending only the most elite preparatory schools and universities. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Upper_middle_class_(Next_14%)"><span id="Upper_middle_class_.28Next_14.25.29"></span>Upper middle class (Next 14%)</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Social_class_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Upper middle class (Next 14%)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Upper_middle_class_in_the_United_States" title="Upper middle class in the United States">Upper middle class in the United States</a></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:2021_Median_household_wealth,_by_highest_educational_attainment_-_US.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/2021_Median_household_wealth%2C_by_highest_educational_attainment_-_US.svg/300px-2021_Median_household_wealth%2C_by_highest_educational_attainment_-_US.svg.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="225" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/2021_Median_household_wealth%2C_by_highest_educational_attainment_-_US.svg/450px-2021_Median_household_wealth%2C_by_highest_educational_attainment_-_US.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/2021_Median_household_wealth%2C_by_highest_educational_attainment_-_US.svg/600px-2021_Median_household_wealth%2C_by_highest_educational_attainment_-_US.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="750" /></a><figcaption>Higher educational attainment in the US corresponds with median household wealth.<sup id="cite_ref-WealthEducation_2021_10-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WealthEducation_2021-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p><i>(Typical income $200,000; for Working rich $500,000)</i> Gilbert describes the growing segment of the "<a href="/wiki/Nouveau_riche" title="Nouveau riche">working rich</a>" as still part of the upper middle class, consisting of affluent professionals (i.e. law and medicine) and highly successful <a href="/wiki/Small_business" title="Small business">small business</a> owners. These are the next 4%, and are not considered part of the capitalist class because they still primarily earn income from employment in their jobs, or <a href="/wiki/Partner_(business_rank)" title="Partner (business rank)">partnership</a> and <a href="/wiki/Self-employment" title="Self-employment">self-employment</a> in their businesses, not asset ownership. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Upper_middle_class" title="Upper middle class">upper middle class</a> is the group in society most shaped by <a href="/wiki/Higher_education_in_the_United_States" title="Higher education in the United States">higher education</a>. A <a href="/wiki/Bachelor%27s_degree" title="Bachelor's degree">bachelor's degree</a> is usually required, and <a href="/wiki/Postgraduate_education" title="Postgraduate education">graduate studies</a> and <a href="/wiki/Professional_degree" title="Professional degree">professional degrees</a> are becoming increasingly required. People in this class include <a href="/wiki/Professionals" class="mw-redirect" title="Professionals">professionals</a>, <a href="/wiki/Middle_management" title="Middle management">managers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Officials" class="mw-redirect" title="Officials">officials</a>, and small business owners. Children in high school strive to prepare themselves for upper-middle-class jobs because these types of jobs are symbols of success. Upper-middle-class people are able to purchase status symbols such as spacious homes. They are convinced that they deserve what they have achieved and are mostly satisfied that they have achieved a proper share of the <a href="/wiki/American_Dream" title="American Dream">American dream</a>. </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>The upper middle class has grown... and its composition has changed. Increasingly salaried managers and professionals have replaced individual business owners and independent professionals. The key to the success of the upper-middle-class is the growing importance of educational certification... its lifestyles and opinions are becoming increasingly normative for the whole society. It is in fact a porous class, open to people... who earn the right credentials.</p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Dennis Gilbert, <i>The American Class Structure</i>, 1998.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></cite></div></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Lower_middle_class_(Next_30%)"><span id="Lower_middle_class_.28Next_30.25.29"></span>Lower middle class (Next 30%)</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Social_class_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Lower middle class (Next 30%)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><i>(Typical income $85,000)</i> Almost all in the middle class have attended an institute of <a href="/wiki/Tertiary_education" title="Tertiary education">tertiary education</a>, though some didn't graduate with degrees. The most educated will become semi-professionals (i.e. <a href="/wiki/Teachers" class="mw-redirect" title="Teachers">teachers</a>), or have <a href="/wiki/Supervisor" title="Supervisor">low-level managerial</a> jobs.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Skilled <a href="/wiki/Technician" title="Technician">technicians</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tradesperson" title="Tradesperson">tradespeople</a> are also included in this <a href="/wiki/Social_class" title="Social class">social class</a>. Their jobs require significant skill, are somewhat supervised, and are fairly well paid. Gilbert estimates that about a third of the population is lower middle class. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Working_class_(Next_25%)"><span id="Working_class_.28Next_25.25.29"></span>Working class (Next 25%)</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Social_class_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Working class (Next 25%)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><i>(Typical income $40,000)</i> The core of the <a href="/wiki/Working_class" title="Working class">working class</a> is made up of semi-skilled machine operators, low-paid craftsmen, clerical workers, and retail salespeople. These include both <a href="/wiki/Blue-collar_worker" title="Blue-collar worker">blue-collar</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pink-collar_worker" title="Pink-collar worker">pink-collar</a> jobs. A high school diploma is usually required, and some attended but did not graduate from college. Their tasks are habitual and mechanized, with brief on-the-job training, and are closely supervised. It is estimated that this class includes roughly one-fourth of the population. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Working-poor_class_(Next_15%)"><span id="Working-poor_class_.28Next_15.25.29"></span>Working-poor class (Next 15%)</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Social_class_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Working-poor class (Next 15%)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><i>(Typical Income: $25,000)</i> The <a href="/wiki/Working_poor" title="Working poor">working poor</a> class includes unskilled labourers, many <a href="/wiki/Pink-collar_worker" title="Pink-collar worker">pink-collar jobs</a>, and lower-paid factory workers. Income depends on the number of workers in the family and the number of weeks that they work. Some have not finished high school. Unable to save money and when retired the working poor depend heavily on their <a href="/wiki/Social_security" class="mw-redirect" title="Social security">social security</a> pensions to live. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Underclass_(Bottom_15%)"><span id="Underclass_.28Bottom_15.25.29"></span>Underclass (Bottom 15%)</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Social_class_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Underclass (Bottom 15%)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><i>(Typical Income $15,000)</i> These people are under-employed. They suffer from low education, low <a href="/wiki/Employability" title="Employability">employability</a>, and/or low income. Some can not work because of their age or disability. Hard times might be magnified because they belong to a <a href="/wiki/Minority_group" title="Minority group">minority group</a> who suffers <a href="/wiki/Discrimination" title="Discrimination">discrimination</a> in the workforce. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Older_models_(2000s)"><span id="Older_models_.282000s.29"></span>Older models (2000s)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Social_class_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Older models (2000s)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The following are reported income-, education-, and occupation-based terms for specific classes commonly used by sociologists. Note that income levels are from the 2000s, and not adjusted for inflation. </p> <table class="wikitable" style="width:100%; margin-right:60px;"> <caption>Academic class models </caption> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Dennis_Gilbert_(sociologist)" title="Dennis Gilbert (sociologist)">Dennis Gilbert</a>, 2002 </th> <th colspan="2">William Thompson & Joseph Hickey, 2005 </th> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Leonard_Beeghley" title="Leonard Beeghley">Leonard Beeghley</a>, 2004 </th></tr> <tr> <th>Class </th> <th>Typical characteristics </th> <th>Class </th> <th>Typical characteristics </th> <th>Class </th> <th>Typical characteristics </th></tr> <tr> <th>Capitalist class (1%) </th> <td>Top-level executives, high-rung politicians, heirs. Ivy League education common. </td> <th>Upper class (1%) </th> <td>Top-level executives, celebrities, heirs; income of $500,000+ common. Ivy league education common. </td> <th>The super-rich (0.9%) </th> <td>Multi-millionaires whose incomes commonly exceed $3.5 million or more; includes celebrities and powerful executives/politicians. Ivy League education common. </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2">Upper middle class<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1041539562">.mw-parser-output .citation{word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}</style><sup class="citation nobold" id="ref_Social_class_in_the_US1"><a href="#endnote_Social_class_in_the_US1">[1]</a></sup> (15%) </th> <td rowspan="2">Highly-educated (often with graduate degrees), most commonly salaried, professionals and middle management with large work autonomy. </td> <th rowspan="2">Upper middle class<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><sup class="citation nobold"><a href="#endnote_Social_class_in_the_US1">[1]</a></sup> (15%) </th> <td rowspan="2">Highly-educated (often with graduate degrees) professionals & managers with household incomes varying from the high 5-figure range to commonly above $100,000. </td> <th rowspan="1">The rich (5%) </th> <td rowspan="1">Households with net worth of $1 million or more; largely in the form of home equity. Generally have college degrees. </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="3">Middle class (plurality/<br />majority?; ca. 46%) </th> <td rowspan="3">College-educated workers with considerably higher-than-average incomes and compensation; a man making $57,000 and a woman making $40,000 may be typical. </td></tr> <tr> <th>Lower middle class (30%) </th> <td>Semi-professionals and craftsmen with a roughly average standard of living. Most have some college education and are white-collar. </td> <th rowspan="2">Lower middle class (32%) </th> <td rowspan="2">Semi-professionals and craftsmen with some work autonomy; household incomes commonly range from $35,000 to $75,000. Typically, some college education. </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2">Working class (30%) </th> <td rowspan="2">Clerical and most blue-collar workers whose work is highly routinized. Standard of living varies depending on number of income earners, but is commonly just adequate. High school education. </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2">Working class (32%) </th> <td rowspan="2">Clerical, pink- and blue-collar workers with often low job security; common household incomes range from $16,000 to $30,000. High school education. </td> <th rowspan="3">Working class<br />(ca. 40–45%) </th> <td rowspan="3">Blue-collar workers and those whose jobs are highly routinized with low economic security; a man making $40,000 and a woman making $26,000 may be typical. High school education. </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2">Working poor (13%) </th> <td rowspan="2">Service, low-rung clerical and some blue-collar workers. High economic insecurity and risk of poverty. Some high school education. </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2">Lower class (ca. 14–20%) </th> <td rowspan="2">Those who occupy poorly-paid positions or rely on government transfers. Some high school education. </td></tr> <tr> <th>Underclass (12%) </th> <td>Those with limited or no participation in the labor force. Reliant on government transfers. Some high school education. </td> <th>The poor (ca. 12%) </th> <td>Those living below the poverty line with limited to no participation in the labor force; a household income of $18,000 may be typical. Some high school education. </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="6"> <dl><dd><small>References: Gilbert, D. (2002) <i>The American Class Structure: In An Age of Growing Inequality</i>. Belmont, CA: Wadsworth, <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0534541100" title="Special:BookSources/0534541100">0534541100</a>. (see also <a href="/wiki/Gilbert_Model" class="mw-redirect" title="Gilbert Model">Gilbert Model</a>);</small></dd> <dd><small>Thompson, W. & Hickey, J. (2005). <i>Society in Focus</i>. Boston, MA: Pearson, Allyn & Bacon; Beeghley, L. (2004). <i>The Structure of Social Stratification in the United States</i>. Boston, MA: Pearson, Allyn & Bacon.</small></dd> <dd><small><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><span class="citation wikicite" id="endnote_Social_class_in_the_US1"><a href="#ref_Social_class_in_the_US1"><b><sup>1</sup></b></a></span> The upper middle class may also be referred to as "Professional class" Ehrenreich, B. (1989). <i>The Inner Life of the Middle Class</i>. NY, NY: Harper-Collins.</small></dd></dl> </td></tr></tbody></table> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 335px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 330px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:US_counties_by_percentage_BAs.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Counties in the United States by the percentage of the over 25-year-old population with bachelor's degrees according to the U.S. Census Bureau American Community Survey 2013–2017 5-Year Estimates.[48] Counties with higher percentages of bachelor's degrees than the United States as a whole are in full orange."><img alt="Counties in the United States by the percentage of the over 25-year-old population with bachelor's degrees according to the U.S. Census Bureau American Community Survey 2013–2017 5-Year Estimates.[48] Counties with higher percentages of bachelor's degrees than the United States as a whole are in full orange." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/US_counties_by_percentage_BAs.png/300px-US_counties_by_percentage_BAs.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="195" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/US_counties_by_percentage_BAs.png/450px-US_counties_by_percentage_BAs.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/US_counties_by_percentage_BAs.png/600px-US_counties_by_percentage_BAs.png 2x" data-file-width="1513" data-file-height="983" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Counties in the United States by the percentage of the over 25-year-old population with <a href="/wiki/Bachelor%27s_degree" title="Bachelor's degree">bachelor's degrees</a> according to the U.S. Census Bureau American Community Survey 2013–2017 5-Year Estimates.<sup id="cite_ref-S1501_ACS_2013–17_5Y_Estimate_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-S1501_ACS_2013–17_5Y_Estimate-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Counties with higher percentages of bachelor's degrees than the United States as a whole are in full orange.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 335px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 330px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:US_states_by_percentage_BAs.png" class="mw-file-description" title="States in the United States by the percentage of the over 25-year-old population with bachelor's degrees according to the U.S. Census Bureau American Community Survey 2013–2017 5-Year Estimates.[48] States with higher percentages of bachelor's degrees than the United States as a whole are in full orange."><img alt="States in the United States by the percentage of the over 25-year-old population with bachelor's degrees according to the U.S. Census Bureau American Community Survey 2013–2017 5-Year Estimates.[48] States with higher percentages of bachelor's degrees than the United States as a whole are in full orange." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/US_states_by_percentage_BAs.png/300px-US_states_by_percentage_BAs.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="186" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/US_states_by_percentage_BAs.png/450px-US_states_by_percentage_BAs.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/US_states_by_percentage_BAs.png/600px-US_states_by_percentage_BAs.png 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="1237" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">States in the United States by the percentage of the over 25-year-old population with bachelor's degrees according to the U.S. Census Bureau American Community Survey 2013–2017 5-Year Estimates.<sup id="cite_ref-S1501_ACS_2013–17_5Y_Estimate_48-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-S1501_ACS_2013–17_5Y_Estimate-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> States with higher percentages of bachelor's degrees than the United States as a whole are in full orange.</div> </li> </ul> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 335px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 330px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:US_counties_by_per_capita_income.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Counties in the United States by per capita income according to the U.S. Census Bureau American Community Survey 2013–2017 5-Year Estimates.[49] Counties with per capita incomes higher than the United States as a whole are in full green."><img alt="Counties in the United States by per capita income according to the U.S. Census Bureau American Community Survey 2013–2017 5-Year Estimates.[49] Counties with per capita incomes higher than the United States as a whole are in full green." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/US_counties_by_per_capita_income.png/300px-US_counties_by_per_capita_income.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="195" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/US_counties_by_per_capita_income.png/450px-US_counties_by_per_capita_income.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/US_counties_by_per_capita_income.png/600px-US_counties_by_per_capita_income.png 2x" data-file-width="1513" data-file-height="983" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Counties in the United States by per capita income according to the U.S. Census Bureau American Community Survey 2013–2017 5-Year Estimates.<sup id="cite_ref-DP03_ACS_2013–17_5Y_Estimate_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DP03_ACS_2013–17_5Y_Estimate-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Counties with per capita incomes higher than the United States as a whole are in full green.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 335px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 330px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:US_states_by_per_capita_income.png" class="mw-file-description" title="States in the United States by per capita income according to the U.S. Census Bureau American Community Survey 2013–2017 5-Year Estimates.[49] States with per capita incomes higher than the United States as a whole are in full green."><img alt="States in the United States by per capita income according to the U.S. Census Bureau American Community Survey 2013–2017 5-Year Estimates.[49] States with per capita incomes higher than the United States as a whole are in full green." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/US_states_by_per_capita_income.png/300px-US_states_by_per_capita_income.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="186" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/US_states_by_per_capita_income.png/450px-US_states_by_per_capita_income.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/US_states_by_per_capita_income.png/600px-US_states_by_per_capita_income.png 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="1237" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">States in the United States by per capita income according to the U.S. Census Bureau American Community Survey 2013–2017 5-Year Estimates.<sup id="cite_ref-DP03_ACS_2013–17_5Y_Estimate_49-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DP03_ACS_2013–17_5Y_Estimate-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> States with per capita incomes higher than the United States as a whole are in full green.</div> </li> </ul> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 335px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 330px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:US_counties_by_median_nonfamily_income.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Counties in the United States by median nonfamily household income according to the U.S. Census Bureau American Community Survey 2013–2017 5-Year Estimates.[49] Counties with median nonfamily household incomes higher than the United States as a whole are in full green."><img alt="Counties in the United States by median nonfamily household income according to the U.S. Census Bureau American Community Survey 2013–2017 5-Year Estimates.[49] Counties with median nonfamily household incomes higher than the United States as a whole are in full green." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/US_counties_by_median_nonfamily_income.png/300px-US_counties_by_median_nonfamily_income.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="195" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/US_counties_by_median_nonfamily_income.png/450px-US_counties_by_median_nonfamily_income.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/US_counties_by_median_nonfamily_income.png/600px-US_counties_by_median_nonfamily_income.png 2x" data-file-width="1513" data-file-height="983" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Counties in the United States by median nonfamily household income according to the U.S. Census Bureau American Community Survey 2013–2017 5-Year Estimates.<sup id="cite_ref-DP03_ACS_2013–17_5Y_Estimate_49-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DP03_ACS_2013–17_5Y_Estimate-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Counties with median nonfamily household incomes higher than the United States as a whole are in full green.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 335px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 330px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:US_states_by_median_nonfamily_income.png" class="mw-file-description" title="States in the United States by median nonfamily household income according to the U.S. Census Bureau American Community Survey 2013–2017 5-Year Estimates.[49] States with median nonfamily household incomes higher than the United States as a whole are in full green."><img alt="States in the United States by median nonfamily household income according to the U.S. Census Bureau American Community Survey 2013–2017 5-Year Estimates.[49] States with median nonfamily household incomes higher than the United States as a whole are in full green." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/US_states_by_median_nonfamily_income.png/300px-US_states_by_median_nonfamily_income.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="186" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/US_states_by_median_nonfamily_income.png/450px-US_states_by_median_nonfamily_income.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/US_states_by_median_nonfamily_income.png/600px-US_states_by_median_nonfamily_income.png 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="1237" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">States in the United States by median nonfamily household income according to the U.S. Census Bureau American Community Survey 2013–2017 5-Year Estimates.<sup id="cite_ref-DP03_ACS_2013–17_5Y_Estimate_49-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DP03_ACS_2013–17_5Y_Estimate-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> States with median nonfamily household incomes higher than the United States as a whole are in full green.</div> </li> </ul> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 335px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 330px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:US_counties_by_median_family_income.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Counties in the United States by median family household income according to the U.S. Census Bureau American Community Survey 2013–2017 5-Year Estimates.[49] Counties with median family household incomes higher than the United States as a whole are in full green."><img alt="Counties in the United States by median family household income according to the U.S. Census Bureau American Community Survey 2013–2017 5-Year Estimates.[49] Counties with median family household incomes higher than the United States as a whole are in full green." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/US_counties_by_median_family_income.png/300px-US_counties_by_median_family_income.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="195" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/US_counties_by_median_family_income.png/450px-US_counties_by_median_family_income.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/US_counties_by_median_family_income.png/600px-US_counties_by_median_family_income.png 2x" data-file-width="1513" data-file-height="983" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Counties in the United States by median family household income according to the U.S. Census Bureau American Community Survey 2013–2017 5-Year Estimates.<sup id="cite_ref-DP03_ACS_2013–17_5Y_Estimate_49-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DP03_ACS_2013–17_5Y_Estimate-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Counties with median family household incomes higher than the United States as a whole are in full green.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 335px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 330px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:US_states_by_median_family_income.png" class="mw-file-description" title="States in the United States by median family household income according to the U.S. Census Bureau American Community Survey 2013–2017 5-Year Estimates.[49] States with median family household incomes higher than the United States as a whole are in full green."><img alt="States in the United States by median family household income according to the U.S. Census Bureau American Community Survey 2013–2017 5-Year Estimates.[49] States with median family household incomes higher than the United States as a whole are in full green." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/US_states_by_median_family_income.png/300px-US_states_by_median_family_income.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="186" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/US_states_by_median_family_income.png/450px-US_states_by_median_family_income.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/US_states_by_median_family_income.png/600px-US_states_by_median_family_income.png 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="1237" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">States in the United States by median family household income according to the U.S. Census Bureau American Community Survey 2013–2017 5-Year Estimates.<sup id="cite_ref-DP03_ACS_2013–17_5Y_Estimate_49-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DP03_ACS_2013–17_5Y_Estimate-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> States with median family household incomes higher than the United States as a whole are in full green.</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Main_classes">Main classes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Social_class_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Main classes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Upper_class">Upper class</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Social_class_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Upper class"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/American_upper_class" title="American upper class">American upper class</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:542px;max-width:542px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:269px;max-width:269px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:184px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:1970-_Relative_income_growth_by_percentiles_-_US.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/1970-_Relative_income_growth_by_percentiles_-_US.png/267px-1970-_Relative_income_growth_by_percentiles_-_US.png" decoding="async" width="267" height="185" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/1970-_Relative_income_growth_by_percentiles_-_US.png/401px-1970-_Relative_income_growth_by_percentiles_-_US.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/1970-_Relative_income_growth_by_percentiles_-_US.png/534px-1970-_Relative_income_growth_by_percentiles_-_US.png 2x" data-file-width="1636" data-file-height="1132" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">Both income growth and the decline in the progressivity of the tax code for the wealthy affect income, with the wealthiest earners seeing their <i>effective</i> tax rates decline.<sup id="cite_ref-WashPost_20191209_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WashPost_20191209-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:269px;max-width:269px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:184px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:1970-_Relative_income_growth_by_percentiles_-_US_logarithmic.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/1970-_Relative_income_growth_by_percentiles_-_US_logarithmic.png/267px-1970-_Relative_income_growth_by_percentiles_-_US_logarithmic.png" decoding="async" width="267" height="185" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/1970-_Relative_income_growth_by_percentiles_-_US_logarithmic.png/401px-1970-_Relative_income_growth_by_percentiles_-_US_logarithmic.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/1970-_Relative_income_growth_by_percentiles_-_US_logarithmic.png/534px-1970-_Relative_income_growth_by_percentiles_-_US_logarithmic.png 2x" data-file-width="1636" data-file-height="1132" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">Same data<sup id="cite_ref-WashPost_20191209_50-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WashPost_20191209-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as adjacent chart, but plotted on <a href="/wiki/Logarithmic_scale" title="Logarithmic scale">logarithmic scale</a> to show absolute dollar amounts.</div></div></div></div></div> <p>This term is applied to a wide array of elite groups existing in the United States of America. Because there is no defined lower threshold for the upper class it is difficult, if not outright impossible, to determine the exact number or percentage of American households that could be identified as being members of the upper-class(es). Most sociologists use the richest 1% of the population, but others use different benchmarks and characteristics. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Household_income_in_the_United_States" title="Household income in the United States">Income</a> and <a href="/wiki/Wealth_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Wealth in the United States">wealth</a> statistics may serve as a helpful guideline as they can be measured in a more objective manner. Members of the upper class control and own significant portions of corporate America, and may exercise indirect power through the investment of capital. The high salaries and the potential for amassing great wealth through <a href="/wiki/Stock_options" class="mw-redirect" title="Stock options">stock options</a> have greatly increased the power and visibility of the "corporate elite". </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Inherited_wealth">Inherited wealth</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Social_class_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Inherited wealth"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Affluence_in_the_United_States" title="Affluence in the United States">Affluence in the United States</a></div> <p>Yet another important feature of the upper class is that of inherited privilege. While most Americans, including those in the upper-middle class, need to actively maintain their status, some upper class persons do not need to work in order to maintain their status. Status tends to be passed on from generation to generation without each generation having to re-certify its status.<sup id="cite_ref-The_Inner_Life_of_the_Middle_Class_30-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-The_Inner_Life_of_the_Middle_Class-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Overall, the upper class is financially the best compensated and one of the most influential socio-economic classes in American society. </p><p>This includes the so-called "blue bloods" (multi-generational wealth combined with leadership of high society) such as the <a href="/wiki/Astor_family" title="Astor family">Astor</a> or <a href="/wiki/Roosevelt_family" title="Roosevelt family">Roosevelt families</a>. Twentieth century sociologist <a href="/wiki/W._Lloyd_Warner" title="W. Lloyd Warner">W. Lloyd Warner</a> divided the upper class into two sections: the "upper-upper class" (or <a href="/wiki/Bourgeoisie" title="Bourgeoisie">bourgeoisie</a>) and "lower-upper class" (or "scoobs"). The former includes established upper-class families, while the latter includes the <a href="/wiki/Nouveau_riche" title="Nouveau riche">new rich</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Private_companies">Private companies</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Social_class_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Private companies"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The upper class also includes owners of large <a href="/wiki/Privately_held_company" title="Privately held company">private companies</a>, including <a href="/wiki/Private_equity_firm" title="Private equity firm">private equity</a> companies. Privately held companies generally have fewer or less comprehensive reporting requirements and obligations for <a href="/wiki/Transparency_(humanities)" class="mw-redirect" title="Transparency (humanities)">transparency</a> than publicly traded companies do, thus making information about the income and wealth of their owners less well-known.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Corporate_elite">Corporate elite</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Social_class_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Corporate elite"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The high salaries and, especially, the potential wealth through <a href="/wiki/Stock_option" class="mw-redirect" title="Stock option">stock options</a>, has supported the term <i>corporate elite</i> or corporate class. <a href="/wiki/Executive_pay_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Executive pay in the United States">Top executives</a>, including Chief Executive Officers, are among the financially best compensated occupations in the United States. The top of this class includes many <a href="/wiki/Billionaires" class="mw-redirect" title="Billionaires">billionaires</a>. </p><p>Top corporate executives of publicly traded companies receive most of their compensation by owning <a href="/wiki/Share_(finance)" title="Share (finance)">shares</a> and <a href="/wiki/Option_(finance)" title="Option (finance)">stock options</a> in their companies, on top of their substantial salaries. They are also on the <a href="/wiki/Board_of_directors" title="Board of directors">board of directors</a> with <a href="/wiki/Corporate_governance" title="Corporate governance">direct influence</a> over their companies, not merely <a href="/wiki/Investor" title="Investor">retail investors</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Upper_middle_class">Upper middle class</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Social_class_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Upper middle class"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/American_middle_class#The_Professional/Managerial_middle_class" title="American middle class">American middle class § The Professional/Managerial middle class</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Median_Household_Income_per_County_as_of_2021_according_to_the_USDA_Economic_Research_Service_(3).png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Median_Household_Income_per_County_as_of_2021_according_to_the_USDA_Economic_Research_Service_%283%29.png/310px-Median_Household_Income_per_County_as_of_2021_according_to_the_USDA_Economic_Research_Service_%283%29.png" decoding="async" width="310" height="194" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Median_Household_Income_per_County_as_of_2021_according_to_the_USDA_Economic_Research_Service_%283%29.png/465px-Median_Household_Income_per_County_as_of_2021_according_to_the_USDA_Economic_Research_Service_%283%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Median_Household_Income_per_County_as_of_2021_according_to_the_USDA_Economic_Research_Service_%283%29.png/620px-Median_Household_Income_per_County_as_of_2021_according_to_the_USDA_Economic_Research_Service_%283%29.png 2x" data-file-width="6900" data-file-height="4326" /></a><figcaption>Median U.S. household income per County in 2021, showing the distribution of income geographically in the United States</figcaption></figure> <p>The upper middle class consists of highly educated salaried professionals and small business owners whose work is largely self-directed. Many have advanced graduate degrees, and members of this class commonly value higher education. They are often involved with personal and professional networks, including <a href="/wiki/Professional_organization" class="mw-redirect" title="Professional organization">professional organizations</a>. The upper middle class tends to have great influence over the course of society.<sup id="cite_ref-The_American_Class_Structure_3-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-The_American_Class_Structure-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Occupations which require high educational attainment are usually well compensated and held in high public esteem. Physicians, lawyers, accountants, engineers, scientists and professors are largely considered to be upper middle class.<sup id="cite_ref-The_Inner_Life_of_the_Middle_Class_30-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-The_Inner_Life_of_the_Middle_Class-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The very well educated are seen as trendsetters; the anti-smoking, pro-fitness, and organic food movements, as well as environmentalism, are largely indigenous to this socio-economic grouping. Education serves as perhaps the most important value and also the most dominant entry barrier of the upper middle class.<sup id="cite_ref-Society_in_Focus_7-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Society_in_Focus-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-What's_Class_Got_To_Do_With_It,_American_Society_in_the_Twenty-First_Century_42-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-What's_Class_Got_To_Do_With_It,_American_Society_in_the_Twenty-First_Century-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Sociologists Dennis Gilbert, Willam Thompson, and Joseph Hickey estimate the upper middle class to constitute roughly 15% of the population (or roughly three in every twenty persons). The hallmark of this class is its high educational attainment. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Middle_class">Middle class</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Social_class_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Middle class"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/American_middle_class" title="American middle class">American middle class</a></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Middle_class_shrinkage.png" class="mw-file-description" title="The middle class shrinkage"><img alt="The middle class shrinkage" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Middle_class_shrinkage.png/350px-Middle_class_shrinkage.png" decoding="async" width="350" height="132" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Middle_class_shrinkage.png/525px-Middle_class_shrinkage.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Middle_class_shrinkage.png/700px-Middle_class_shrinkage.png 2x" data-file-width="4814" data-file-height="1812" /></a><figcaption>The middle class shrinkage</figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/American_middle_class" title="American middle class">middle class</a> is perhaps the most vaguely defined of the social classes.<sup id="cite_ref-Middle_class_according_to_The_Drum_Major_Institute_for_public_policy_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Middle_class_according_to_The_Drum_Major_Institute_for_public_policy-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The term can be used either to describe a relative elite of professionals and managers<sup id="cite_ref-The_Inner_Life_of_the_Middle_Class_30-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-The_Inner_Life_of_the_Middle_Class-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> – also called the upper middle class – or it can be used to describe those in-between the extremes of wealth, disregarding considerable differences in income, culture, <a href="/wiki/Educational_attainment_in_the_United_States" title="Educational attainment in the United States">educational attainment</a>, influence, and occupation.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As with all social classes in the United States, there are no definite answers as to what is and what is not middle class. Sociologists such as Dennis Gilbert, James Henslin, William Thompson, and Joseph Hickey have brought forth class models in which the middle class is divided into two sections that combined constitute 47% to 49% of the population.<sup id="cite_ref-The_Structure_of_Social_Stratification_in_the_United_States_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-The_Structure_of_Social_Stratification_in_the_United_States-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Society_in_Focus_7-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Society_in_Focus-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-The_American_Class_Structure_3-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-The_American_Class_Structure-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The upper middle or professional class constitutes the upper end of the middle class which consists of highly educated, well-paid professionals with considerable <a href="/wiki/Work_autonomy" class="mw-redirect" title="Work autonomy">work autonomy</a>. The lower end of the middle class – called either lower middle class or just middle class – consists of semi-professionals, craftsmen, office staff, and sales employees who often have college degrees and are very loosely supervised.<sup id="cite_ref-The_American_Class_Structure_3-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-The_American_Class_Structure-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Society_in_Focus_7-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Society_in_Focus-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Marriages,_Families_&_Intimate_Relationships_8-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Marriages,_Families_&_Intimate_Relationships-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <blockquote> <p>Everyone wants to believe they are middle class. For people on the bottom and the top of the wage scale the phrase connotes a certain Regular Joe cachet. But this eagerness to be part of the group has led the definition to be stretched like a bungee cord. </p><p>— Dante Chinni, the <i><a href="/wiki/Christian_Science_Monitor" class="mw-redirect" title="Christian Science Monitor">Christian Science Monitor</a></i><sup id="cite_ref-The_Christian_Science_Monitor,_What_is_middle_class?_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-The_Christian_Science_Monitor,_What_is_middle_class?-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> </blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Traditional_middle_class">Traditional middle class</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Social_class_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Traditional middle class"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Average_Joe" title="Average Joe">Average Joe</a> and <a href="/wiki/American_middle_class#Statistical_middle_class" title="American middle class">American middle class § Statistical middle class</a></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kindergarten_or_Special_Education_teacher_-_US_Census_Bureau.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Kindergarten_or_Special_Education_teacher_-_US_Census_Bureau.jpg/200px-Kindergarten_or_Special_Education_teacher_-_US_Census_Bureau.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="135" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Kindergarten_or_Special_Education_teacher_-_US_Census_Bureau.jpg/300px-Kindergarten_or_Special_Education_teacher_-_US_Census_Bureau.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Kindergarten_or_Special_Education_teacher_-_US_Census_Bureau.jpg/400px-Kindergarten_or_Special_Education_teacher_-_US_Census_Bureau.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1725" data-file-height="1162" /></a><figcaption>Many primary and secondary level teachers in the United States are in the <a href="/wiki/American_middle_class" title="American middle class">middle class</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>Those households more or less at the center of society may be referred to as being part of the American middle or middle-middle class in vernacular language use. In the academic models featured in this article, however, the middle class does not constitute a strong majority of the population. Those in the middle of the socio-economic strata—the proverbial <a href="/wiki/Average_Joe" title="Average Joe">Average Joe</a>—are commonly in the area where the working and lower middle class overlap. </p><p>The most prominent academic models split the middle class into two sections. Yet, it remains common for the term middle class to be applied for anyone in between either extreme of the socio-economic strata. The middle class is then often sub-divided into an upper-middle, middle-middle, and lower-middle class. In colloquial descriptions of the class system the middle-middle class may be described as consisting of those in the middle of the social strata. </p><p>Politicians and television personalities such as <a href="/wiki/Lou_Dobbs" title="Lou Dobbs">Lou Dobbs</a> have used the term middle class in this manner, especially when discussing the <a href="/wiki/Middle-class_squeeze" title="Middle-class squeeze">middle-class squeeze</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Middle_class_according_to_The_Drum_Major_Institute_for_public_policy_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Middle_class_according_to_The_Drum_Major_Institute_for_public_policy-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Middle_income_can't_buy_Middle_class_lifestyle_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Middle_income_can't_buy_Middle_class_lifestyle-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The wide discrepancy between the academic models and public opinions that lump highly educated professionals together in the same class with secretaries may lead to the conclusion that public opinion on the subject has become largely ambiguous.<sup id="cite_ref-The_American_Class_Structure_3-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-The_American_Class_Structure-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Lower_middle_class">Lower middle class</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Social_class_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Lower middle class"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Tradesperson" title="Tradesperson">Tradesperson</a></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:AlfredPalmerwelder1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/AlfredPalmerwelder1.jpg/250px-AlfredPalmerwelder1.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="190" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/AlfredPalmerwelder1.jpg/375px-AlfredPalmerwelder1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/AlfredPalmerwelder1.jpg/500px-AlfredPalmerwelder1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="1519" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/Welder" title="Welder">welder</a> is a skilled tradesperson.</figcaption></figure> <p>The lower middle class is, as the name implies, generally defined as those who occupy the lower portion of the middle class. People in this class commonly work in supporting occupations that are closely supervised but require significant training, such as <a href="/wiki/Tradesperson" title="Tradesperson">tradespeople</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sales#Sales_agents" title="Sales">sales agents</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Semiprofession" title="Semiprofession">semiprofessionals</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <dl><dd>The terms "skilled worker," "craftsman," "artisan," and "tradesman" were used in senses that overlap. All describe people with specialized training in the skills needed for a particular kind of work. ... Skilled workers in the building trades (e.g. <a href="/wiki/Carpentry" title="Carpentry">carpenters</a>, masons, <a href="/wiki/Plumber" title="Plumber">plumbers</a>, painters, plasterers, glaziers) were also referred to by one or another of these terms.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd></dl> <p>Sociologists Dennis Gilbert, William Thompson, and Joseph Hickey, however, only divide the middle class into two groups. In their class modes the middle class only consists of an upper and lower middle class. The upper middle class, as described above, constitutes roughly 15% of the population with highly educated <a href="/wiki/White-collar_worker" title="White-collar worker">white collar</a> professionals. Semi-professionals and <a href="/wiki/Tradesperson" title="Tradesperson">tradespeople</a> with some college degrees constitute the lower middle class. Their class models show the lower middle class positioned slightly above the middle of the socio-economic strata.<sup id="cite_ref-The_American_Class_Structure_3-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-The_American_Class_Structure-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Society_in_Focus_7-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Society_in_Focus-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Working_class_and_lower_class">Working class and lower class</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Social_class_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Working class and lower class"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Definitions of the term "working class" vary greatly. Michael Zweig, an economist for <a href="/wiki/Stony_Brook_University" title="Stony Brook University">Stony Brook University</a>, argued in 2001 that the working class constitutes the majority of the population.<sup id="cite_ref-The_Working_Class_Majority:_America's_Best_Kept_Secret_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-The_Working_Class_Majority:_America's_Best_Kept_Secret-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Economists and pollsters in the United States generally define working class adults as those lacking <a href="/wiki/Tertiary_education" title="Tertiary education">tertiary education</a> degrees.<sup id="cite_ref-packer-31-10-2016_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-packer-31-10-2016-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This is an <a href="/wiki/Oxymoron" title="Oxymoron">oxymoron</a> when applied to those lacking degrees but are unemployed or retired, and therefore not working. According to Frank Newport, "for some, working class is a more literal label; namely, an indication that one is working."<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Generally, those in <a href="/wiki/Blue-collar" class="mw-redirect" title="Blue-collar">blue-collar</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pink-collar_worker" title="Pink-collar worker">pink-collar</a> occupations are referred to as working class in the class models referred to in this article. </p><p>Dennis Gilbert places 13% of households among the "<a href="/wiki/Working_poor" title="Working poor">working poor</a>" with 12% being in the "underclass". Thompson & Hickey place roughly 17% to 20% of households in the lower classes. The lower classes constituting roughly a fifth to a quarter of American society consists mainly of low-rung retail and service workers as well as the frequently unemployed and those not able to work.<sup id="cite_ref-The_American_Class_Structure_3-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-The_American_Class_Structure-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Society_in_Focus_7-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Society_in_Focus-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Marriages,_Families_&_Intimate_Relationships_8-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Marriages,_Families_&_Intimate_Relationships-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Overall, 13% of the population fall below the <a href="/wiki/Poverty_threshold" title="Poverty threshold">poverty threshold</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hunger_in_the_United_States" title="Hunger in the United States">Hunger and food insecurity</a> were present in the lives of 3.9% of American households, while roughly twenty-five million Americans (ca. 9%) participated in the <a href="/wiki/Supplemental_Nutrition_Assistance_Program" title="Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program">food stamp</a> program.<sup id="cite_ref-Results,_Center_on_Hunger_and_Poverty,_hunger_and_poverty_statistics_for_the_United_States_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Results,_Center_on_Hunger_and_Poverty,_hunger_and_poverty_statistics_for_the_United_States-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Occupations">Occupations</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Social_class_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Occupations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Some sociologists attempt to draw a distinction between <a href="/wiki/Laborer" title="Laborer">laborers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tradesperson" title="Tradesperson">tradespeople</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Professional" title="Professional">professionals</a>, when creating class systems. </p> <ul><li><i>Laborers</i> such as bus drivers, truck drivers, cleaning laborers, and landscapers "rely heavily on physical exertion," while those in the skilled trades rely on and are known for "specific knowledge, skills, and abilities."<sup id="cite_ref-CampbellRamos_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CampbellRamos-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tradespeople" class="mw-redirect" title="Tradespeople">Tradespeople</a></i> usually gain their <a href="/wiki/Skill" title="Skill">skills</a> through <a href="/wiki/Work_experience" class="mw-redirect" title="Work experience">work experience</a>, <a href="/wiki/On-the-job_training" title="On-the-job training">on-the-job training</a>, an <a href="/wiki/Apprenticeship" title="Apprenticeship">apprenticeship</a> program, and <a href="/wiki/Professional_certification" title="Professional certification">certification</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Professional" title="Professional">Professionals</a></i> require substantial education, typically at least a <a href="/wiki/Bachelor%27s_degree" title="Bachelor's degree">bachelor's degree</a> and often <a href="/wiki/Postgraduate_education" title="Postgraduate education">graduate degrees</a>, and have a higher <a href="/wiki/Duty_of_care" title="Duty of care">duty of care</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They routinely make decisions "on the basis of expertise and ability in complex situations, where there may be no, or little, previous history."<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Examples_of_laborers">Examples of laborers</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Social_class_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Examples of laborers"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Unskilled blue-collar labor includes <a href="/wiki/Warehouse" title="Warehouse">warehousing</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mining" title="Mining">mining</a>, <a href="/wiki/Digging" title="Digging">excavation</a>, <a href="/wiki/Janitor" class="mw-redirect" title="Janitor">custodial work</a>, <a href="/wiki/Agriculture" title="Agriculture">farming</a>, <a href="/wiki/Commercial_fishing" title="Commercial fishing">fishing</a>, <a href="/wiki/Logging" title="Logging">logging</a>, <a href="/wiki/Landscaping" title="Landscaping">landscaping</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pest_control" title="Pest control">pest control</a>, <a href="/wiki/Food_processing" title="Food processing">food processing</a>, <a href="/wiki/Roughneck" title="Roughneck">oil field</a> work, <a href="/wiki/Sanitation_worker" title="Sanitation worker">waste collection and disposal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Recycling" title="Recycling">recycling</a>, <a href="/wiki/Construction_worker" title="Construction worker">construction</a>, <a href="/wiki/Maintenance_(technical)" class="mw-redirect" title="Maintenance (technical)">maintenance</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shipping" class="mw-redirect" title="Shipping">shipping</a>, <a href="/wiki/Driving" title="Driving">driving</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Truck_driver" title="Truck driver">trucking</a>. </p><p>Unskilled pink-collar labor includes the <a href="/wiki/Hairstylist" class="mw-redirect" title="Hairstylist">hairstylists</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cosmetology" title="Cosmetology">cosmetology</a>, <a href="/wiki/Waiting_staff" title="Waiting staff">waiting staff</a>, <a href="/wiki/Domestic_workers" class="mw-redirect" title="Domestic workers">domestic workers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Receptionist" title="Receptionist">receptionist</a>, <a href="/wiki/Social_work" title="Social work">social work</a>, <a href="/wiki/Secretarial_work" class="mw-redirect" title="Secretarial work">secretarial work</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Child_care" title="Child care">child care</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Examples_of_trades">Examples of trades</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Social_class_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Examples of trades"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Technician" title="Technician">Technician</a></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carpentry" title="Carpentry">Carpentry</a> - <a href="/wiki/Woodworking" title="Woodworking">woodworking</a>, <a href="/wiki/Framing_(construction)" title="Framing (construction)">framing</a>, <a href="/wiki/Door" title="Door">doors</a>/<a href="/wiki/Window" title="Window">windows</a>, <a href="/wiki/Drywall" title="Drywall">drywall</a>, <a href="/wiki/Building_insulation" title="Building insulation">insulation</a>, <a href="/wiki/Flooring" title="Flooring">flooring</a>, <a href="/wiki/Siding_(construction)" title="Siding (construction)">siding</a>, finishing work, <a href="/wiki/Cabinetry" title="Cabinetry">cabinetry</a>, <a href="/wiki/Furniture" title="Furniture">furniture</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plumbing" title="Plumbing">Plumbing</a> - <a href="/wiki/Plumbing_fixture" title="Plumbing fixture">plumbing fixtures</a>, <a href="/wiki/Piping_and_plumbing_fitting" title="Piping and plumbing fitting">piping and plumbing fitting</a>, <a href="/wiki/Water_heating" title="Water heating">water heater</a>, <a href="/wiki/Steamfitter" class="mw-redirect" title="Steamfitter">steamfitter</a>, <a href="/wiki/GreenPlumbers" title="GreenPlumbers">GreenPlumbers</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Drain_cleaner" title="Drain cleaner">drain cleaner</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electrician" title="Electrician">Electrician</a> - <a href="/wiki/Wiring" class="mw-redirect" title="Wiring">wiring</a>, <a href="/wiki/Light_fixture" title="Light fixture">light fixture</a>/<a href="/wiki/Major_appliance" title="Major appliance">major appliance</a>, <a href="/wiki/Solar_power" title="Solar power">solar power</a> installation, <a href="/wiki/Electric_motor" title="Electric motor">electric motor</a>/<a href="/wiki/Electric_generator" title="Electric generator">generator</a> technician, <a href="/wiki/Electronics_technician" title="Electronics technician">electronics technician</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welding" title="Welding">Welding</a> - <a href="/wiki/Gas_metal_arc_welding" title="Gas metal arc welding">MIG</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gas_tungsten_arc_welding" title="Gas tungsten arc welding">TIG</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shielded_metal_arc_welding" title="Shielded metal arc welding">stick</a>, <a href="/wiki/Welding_joint" title="Welding joint">welding joints</a>, <a href="/wiki/Symbols_and_conventions_used_in_welding_documentation" title="Symbols and conventions used in welding documentation">welding symbols</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Metalworking" title="Metalworking">metalworking</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Masonry" title="Masonry">Masonry</a> - <a href="/wiki/Concrete" title="Concrete">concrete</a> work, <a href="/wiki/Brick" title="Brick">bricks</a>/<a href="/wiki/Concrete_block" title="Concrete block">blocks</a>/<a href="/wiki/Stonemasonry" title="Stonemasonry">stones</a>, <a href="/wiki/Power_trowel" title="Power trowel">troweling</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Tile" title="Tile">tiling</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heating,_ventilation,_and_air_conditioning" title="Heating, ventilation, and air conditioning">HVAC</a> - <a href="/wiki/Central_heating" title="Central heating">heating</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ventilation_(architecture)#Mechanical_ventilation" title="Ventilation (architecture)">ventilation</a>, <a href="/wiki/Air_conditioning" title="Air conditioning">air conditioning</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Duct_(flow)" title="Duct (flow)">duct work</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Painting" title="Painting">Painting</a> - <a href="/wiki/Staining" title="Staining">staining</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wallpaper" title="Wallpaper">wallpaper</a>, <a href="/wiki/Paint_mixing" title="Paint mixing">paint mixing</a>, <a href="/wiki/Plasterwork" title="Plasterwork">plasterwork</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Spackling_paste" title="Spackling paste">spackling paste</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_commercially_available_roofing_materials" title="List of commercially available roofing materials">Roofing</a> - <a href="/wiki/Roof_shingle" title="Roof shingle">shingles</a>, <a href="/wiki/Metal_roof#Standing_seam_metal_roof" title="Metal roof">standing seam metal roof</a>, <a href="/wiki/Metal_roof#Corrugated_metal_roof" title="Metal roof">corrugated metal roof</a>, <a href="/wiki/Metal_roof#Thin-film_solar_on_metal_roofs" title="Metal roof">solar roofs</a>, <a href="/wiki/Roof_shingle#Rubber_shingles" title="Roof shingle">rubber shingles</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rain_gutter" title="Rain gutter">rain gutters</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mechanic" title="Mechanic">Mechanic</a> - <a href="/wiki/Auto_mechanic" title="Auto mechanic">auto mechanic</a>/<a href="/wiki/Conservation_and_restoration_of_road_vehicles" title="Conservation and restoration of road vehicles">restoration</a>/<a href="/wiki/Vehicle_recycling" title="Vehicle recycling">scrapping</a>, <a href="/wiki/Refrigerator" title="Refrigerator">refrigeration</a>/<a href="/wiki/Air_conditioning" title="Air conditioning">air conditioning</a>, <a href="/wiki/Boiler" title="Boiler">boiler</a>, <a href="/wiki/Millwright" title="Millwright">millwright/industrial mechanic</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metal_fabrication" title="Metal fabrication">Metal fabrication</a> - <a href="/wiki/Machinist" title="Machinist">machinist</a>, <a href="/wiki/Metal_lathe" title="Metal lathe">lathes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Milling_(machining)" title="Milling (machining)">milling</a>, <a href="/wiki/Drill" title="Drill">drilling</a>, <a href="/wiki/Grinding_machine" title="Grinding machine">grinding</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Numerical_control" title="Numerical control">CNC machining</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sewing" title="Sewing">Sewing</a> - <a href="/wiki/Sewing_machine" title="Sewing machine">machine sewing</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_sewing_stitches#Types_of_hand_stitches" title="List of sewing stitches">hand stitching</a>, <a href="/wiki/Embroidery" title="Embroidery">embroidery</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tailor" title="Tailor">tailor</a>, <a href="/wiki/Quilting" title="Quilting">quilting</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fashion_design" title="Fashion design">fashion design</a>, <a href="/wiki/Costume_designer" title="Costume designer">costume design</a>, <a href="/wiki/3D_modeling#3D_clothing" title="3D modeling">3D clothes modeling</a>, <a href="/wiki/Upholstery" title="Upholstery">upholstery</a>, <a href="/wiki/Knitting" title="Knitting">knitting</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tapestry" title="Tapestry">tapestry</a>, <a href="/wiki/Crochet" title="Crochet">crochet</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culinary_arts" title="Culinary arts">Culinary</a> <a href="/wiki/Chef" title="Chef">chef</a> - <a href="/wiki/Baker" title="Baker">baker</a>, <a href="/wiki/Meat_market" title="Meat market">meat cutter</a>\<a href="/wiki/Fishmonger" title="Fishmonger">fishmonger</a>, <a href="/wiki/Delicatessen#United_States" title="Delicatessen">deli</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cheesemonger" class="mw-redirect" title="Cheesemonger">cheesemonger</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sushi" title="Sushi">sushi</a> <a href="/wiki/Itamae" title="Itamae">itamae</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Cook_(profession)#United_States" title="Cook (profession)">cook</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Examples_of_professions">Examples of professions</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Social_class_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Examples of professions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Highly educated white collar <a href="/wiki/Professional_class" class="mw-redirect" title="Professional class">professionals</a> include <a href="/wiki/Physicians" class="mw-redirect" title="Physicians">physicians</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dentists" class="mw-redirect" title="Dentists">dentists</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lawyers" class="mw-redirect" title="Lawyers">lawyers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Accountants" class="mw-redirect" title="Accountants">accountants</a>, <a href="/wiki/Engineers" class="mw-redirect" title="Engineers">engineers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Military_officers" class="mw-redirect" title="Military officers">military officers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Economists" class="mw-redirect" title="Economists">economists</a>, <a href="/wiki/Business_analysis" title="Business analysis">business analysis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Urban_planners" class="mw-redirect" title="Urban planners">urban planners</a>, <a href="/wiki/University_professor" class="mw-redirect" title="University professor">university professors</a>, <a href="/wiki/Architects" class="mw-redirect" title="Architects">architects</a>, <a href="/wiki/Stockbrokers" class="mw-redirect" title="Stockbrokers">stockbrokers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Psychologists" class="mw-redirect" title="Psychologists">psychologists</a>, <a href="/wiki/Scientists" class="mw-redirect" title="Scientists">scientists</a>, <a href="/wiki/Actuaries" class="mw-redirect" title="Actuaries">actuaries</a>, <a href="/wiki/Optometrists" class="mw-redirect" title="Optometrists">optometrists</a>, <a href="/wiki/Statistician" title="Statistician">statistician</a>, <a href="/wiki/Speech-language_pathologist" class="mw-redirect" title="Speech-language pathologist">speech-language pathologist</a>, <a href="/wiki/Occupational_therapist" title="Occupational therapist">occupational therapist</a>, <a href="/wiki/Physical_therapists" class="mw-redirect" title="Physical therapists">physical therapists</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pharmacists" class="mw-redirect" title="Pharmacists">pharmacists</a>, <a href="/wiki/Veterinarians" class="mw-redirect" title="Veterinarians">veterinarians</a>, high-level <a href="/wiki/Civil_servants" class="mw-redirect" title="Civil servants">civil servants</a>, architects, and the <a href="/wiki/Intelligentsia" title="Intelligentsia">intelligentsia</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Class_and_health">Class and health</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Social_class_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Class and health"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Rural_health" title="Rural health">Rural health</a> and <a href="/wiki/Poverty_and_health_in_the_United_States" title="Poverty and health in the United States">Poverty and health in the United States</a></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Homeless_-_American_Flag.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Homeless_-_American_Flag.jpg/250px-Homeless_-_American_Flag.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="348" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Homeless_-_American_Flag.jpg/375px-Homeless_-_American_Flag.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Homeless_-_American_Flag.jpg/500px-Homeless_-_American_Flag.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1451" data-file-height="2021" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/Poverty_in_the_United_States" title="Poverty in the United States">homeless</a> American citizen (August 4, 2005)</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Income_in_the_United_States" title="Income in the United States">Income</a> also has a significant impact on health as those with higher <a href="/wiki/Income_in_the_United_States" title="Income in the United States">incomes</a> have better access to healthcare facilities, higher <a href="/wiki/Life_expectancy" title="Life expectancy">life expectancy</a>, lower <a href="/wiki/Infant_mortality_rate" class="mw-redirect" title="Infant mortality rate">infant mortality rate</a> and increased health consciousness. In 2006, Harvard researchers divided the United States into "eight Americas."<sup id="cite_ref-8Americas_69-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8Americas-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Life_expectancy" title="Life expectancy">Life expectancy</a> ranges from 84.9 years for Asian Americans who had an average per capita income of $21,566, to 71.1 years for urban African-Americans with an average per capita income of $14,800.<sup id="cite_ref-8Americas_69-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8Americas-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Furthermore, like other <a href="/wiki/Post-industrial_society" title="Post-industrial society">post-industrial nations</a>, the United States saw increased health consciousness among persons of higher social status. Persons of higher status are less likely to smoke, more likely to exercise regularly, and be more conscious of their diet.<sup id="cite_ref-Health_and_social_class_70-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Health_and_social_class-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Additionally, poorer Americans are <a href="/wiki/Food_desert" title="Food desert">more likely to consume lower quality, processed foods</a>. One can therefore conclude that low socio-economic status contributes to a person's likelihood of being obese.<sup id="cite_ref-Bad_diet_and_income_71-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bad_diet_and_income-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Socioeconomic_status_and_obesity_72-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Socioeconomic_status_and_obesity-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Class_and_politics">Class and politics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Social_class_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Class and politics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Household_income_in_the_United_States" title="Household income in the United States">Household income in the United States</a>, <a href="/wiki/Personal_income_in_the_United_States" title="Personal income in the United States">Personal income in the United States</a>, <a href="/wiki/Educational_attainment_in_the_United_States" title="Educational attainment in the United States">Educational attainment in the United States</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Investment_theory_of_politics" class="mw-redirect" title="Investment theory of politics">Investment theory of politics</a></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Senate_Income_Votes.SVG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Senate_Income_Votes.SVG/280px-Senate_Income_Votes.SVG.png" decoding="async" width="280" height="230" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Senate_Income_Votes.SVG/420px-Senate_Income_Votes.SVG.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Senate_Income_Votes.SVG/560px-Senate_Income_Votes.SVG.png 2x" data-file-width="701" data-file-height="575" /></a><figcaption>A study by <a href="/wiki/Larry_Bartels" title="Larry Bartels">Larry Bartels</a> found a positive correlation between Senate votes and opinions of high income people, conversely, low income people had a negative correlation with Senate votes.<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>Many politically powerful people make money before coming to office, but in general the political power elite have official incomes in the $150,000 to $185,000 range; members of Congress are paid $174,000, and are effectively required to have a residence in their district as well as one in Washington.<sup id="cite_ref-Economic_statutes_pertaining_to_congressmen_74-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Economic_statutes_pertaining_to_congressmen-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Income remains one of the main indicators of class, as it commonly reflects educational attainment as well as occupation.<sup id="cite_ref-Social_Class_and_Stratification_12-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Social_Class_and_Stratification-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A frequent distinction in political attitudes can be found among individuals residing in households with differing incomes.<sup id="cite_ref-Society_in_Focus_7-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Society_in_Focus-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The relationship between class and politics is less about partisan affiliation and more about the level of political influence. Those in the upper class and upper middle class have the greatest influence.<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to Pew Research, nearly all members of the <a href="/wiki/118th_Congress" class="mw-redirect" title="118th Congress">118th Congress</a> had a Bachelor's degree, specifically 94% in the <a href="/wiki/United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="United States House of Representatives">House</a> and 99% in the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate" title="United States Senate">Senate</a>. This was far higher than the 38% of American adults age 25+ with a Bachelor's degree in 2023. Using the Gilbert Model described earlier, as well as the fact the <a href="/wiki/Salaries_of_members_of_the_United_States_Congress" title="Salaries of members of the United States Congress">congressional salary</a> is $174,000 a year, members of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Congress" title="United States Congress">United States Congress</a> can classified as members of the upper middle class and upper class.<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Existence_of_distinct_class_groupings">Existence of distinct class groupings</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Social_class_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: Existence of distinct class groupings"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Some academics consider American society sociologically and economically fragmented in such a manner that no clear class distinctions can be made. This means that there are no pronounced breaks in socioeconomic strata, which makes <a href="/wiki/Class_division" class="mw-redirect" title="Class division">class division</a> highly subjective and disputable.<sup id="cite_ref-Occupation_and_Class_Consciousness_in_America_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Occupation_and_Class_Consciousness_in_America-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Others, such as sociologist Dennis Gilbert, dispute the concept of a well-mixed society, and claim that distinct social networks can be identified for each class. W. Lloyd Warner also asserts the existence of class markers: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>We are proud of those facts of American life that fit the pattern we are taught but somehow we are often ashamed of those equally important social facts which demonstrate the presence of social class. Consequently, we tend to deny them, or worse, denounce them and by doing so we tend to deny their existence and magically make them disappear from consciousness.</p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite><a href="/wiki/W._Lloyd_Warner" title="W. Lloyd Warner">W. Lloyd Warner</a>, <i>What is Social Class in America</i>, 1949<sup id="cite_ref-What_is_Social_Class_in_America_Lloyd_Warner_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-What_is_Social_Class_in_America_Lloyd_Warner-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></cite></div></blockquote> <p>Warner asserts that social class is as old as civilization itself and has been present in nearly every society from before the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman Empire</a>, through medieval times, and to the modern-day United States. He believes that complex societies such as the United States need an equally complex social hierarchy.<sup id="cite_ref-What_is_Social_Class_in_America_Lloyd_Warner_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-What_is_Social_Class_in_America_Lloyd_Warner-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_popular_culture">In popular culture</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Social_class_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: In popular culture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The existence of class differences in American society has long been the focus of popular culture, whether in the form of books, films, or plays. Social class, for example, is a theme used in the 1948 production <i><a href="/wiki/Mister_Roberts_(play)" title="Mister Roberts (play)">Mister Roberts</a></i>, in a scene where the ship's captain displays resentment toward the title character, contrasting his own impoverished background to that of Roberts himself: </p> <dl><dd>I think you're a pretty smart boy. I may not talk very good, Mister, but I know how to take care of smart boys. Let me tell you something. Let me tell you a little secret. I hate your guts, you college son-of-a-****! You think you're better than I am! You think you're better because you've had everything handed to you. Let me tell you something, Mister – I've worked since I was ten years old, and all my life I've known you superior bastards. I knew you people when I was a kid in <a href="/wiki/Boston" title="Boston">Boston</a> and I worked in eating-places and you ordered me around ... "Oh bus-boy! My friend here seems to have thrown up on the table. Clean it up, please!" I started going to sea as a steward and I worked for you then ... "Steward, take my magazine out to the deck chair!" ... "Steward, I don't like your looks. Please keep out of my way as much as possible!" Well, I took that crap! I took that for years from pimple-faced bastards who weren't good enough to wipe my nose! And now I don't have to take it any more! There's a war on, by God, and I'm the Captain and you can wipe my nose! The worst thing I can do to you is to keep you on this ship! And that's where you're going to stay! Now get out of here.<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Social_class_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output 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.div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_gentry" title="American gentry">American gentry</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Class:_A_Guide_Through_the_American_Status_System" title="Class: A Guide Through the American Status System">Class: A Guide Through the American Status System</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caste_system_in_India" title="Caste system in India">Caste system in India</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Caste-related_violence_in_India" title="Caste-related violence in India">Caste-related violence in India</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_elite" class="mw-redirect" title="Global elite">Global elite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Income_inequality_in_the_United_States" title="Income inequality in the United States">Income inequality in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racial_inequality_in_the_United_States" title="Racial inequality in the United States">Racial inequality in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_class_in_American_history" title="Social class in American history">Social class in American history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_stratification" title="Social stratification">Social stratification</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Social_class_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://udel.edu/~cmarks/What%20is%20social%20class.htm">"What is social class?"</a>. <a href="/wiki/University_of_Delaware" title="University of Delaware">University of Delaware</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 June</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=What+is+social+class%3F&rft.pub=University+of+Delaware&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fudel.edu%2F~cmarks%2FWhat%2520is%2520social%2520class.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASocial+class+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Occupation_and_Class_Consciousness_in_America-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Occupation_and_Class_Consciousness_in_America_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Occupation_and_Class_Consciousness_in_America_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEichar1989" class="citation book cs1">Eichar, Douglas (1989). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/occupationclassc00eich"><i>Occupation and Class Consciousness in America</i></a>. Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-313-26111-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-313-26111-3"><bdi>0-313-26111-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Occupation+and+Class+Consciousness+in+America&rft.place=Westport%2C+Connecticut&rft.pub=Greenwood+Press&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=0-313-26111-3&rft.aulast=Eichar&rft.aufirst=Douglas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Foccupationclassc00eich&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASocial+class+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-The_American_Class_Structure-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-The_American_Class_Structure_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-The_American_Class_Structure_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-The_American_Class_Structure_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-The_American_Class_Structure_3-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-The_American_Class_Structure_3-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-The_American_Class_Structure_3-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-The_American_Class_Structure_3-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-The_American_Class_Structure_3-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-The_American_Class_Structure_3-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-The_American_Class_Structure_3-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-The_American_Class_Structure_3-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-The_American_Class_Structure_3-11"><sup><i><b>l</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-The_American_Class_Structure_3-12"><sup><i><b>m</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-The_American_Class_Structure_3-13"><sup><i><b>n</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-The_American_Class_Structure_3-14"><sup><i><b>o</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-The_American_Class_Structure_3-15"><sup><i><b>p</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-The_American_Class_Structure_3-16"><sup><i><b>q</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-The_American_Class_Structure_3-17"><sup><i><b>r</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGilbert1998" class="citation book cs1">Gilbert, Dennis (1998). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/americanclassstr0000gilb_c7f2"><i>The American Class Structure</i></a></span>. New York, NY: Wadsworth Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-534-50520-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-534-50520-1"><bdi>0-534-50520-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+American+Class+Structure&rft.place=New+York%2C+NY&rft.pub=Wadsworth+Publishing&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=0-534-50520-1&rft.aulast=Gilbert&rft.aufirst=Dennis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Famericanclassstr0000gilb_c7f2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASocial+class+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Middle_class_according_to_The_Drum_Major_Institute_for_public_policy-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Middle_class_according_to_The_Drum_Major_Institute_for_public_policy_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Middle_class_according_to_The_Drum_Major_Institute_for_public_policy_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Middle_class_according_to_The_Drum_Major_Institute_for_public_policy_4-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pbs.org/now/politics/middleclassoverview.html">"Middle class according to The Drum Major Institute for public policy"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/PBS" title="PBS">PBS</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 25,</span> 2006</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=PBS&rft.atitle=Middle+class+according+to+The+Drum+Major+Institute+for+public+policy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pbs.org%2Fnow%2Fpolitics%2Fmiddleclassoverview.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASocial+class+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-What_is_Social_Class_in_America_Lloyd_Warner-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-What_is_Social_Class_in_America_Lloyd_Warner_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-What_is_Social_Class_in_America_Lloyd_Warner_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-What_is_Social_Class_in_America_Lloyd_Warner_5-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWarnerMarchia_MeekerKenneth_Eells1949" class="citation book cs1">Warner, Lloyd; Marchia Meeker; Kenneth Eells (1949). <i>What is Social Class in America, Lloyd Warner</i>. New York, NY: Irvington Publishers.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=What+is+Social+Class+in+America%2C+Lloyd+Warner&rft.place=New+York%2C+NY&rft.pub=Irvington+Publishers&rft.date=1949&rft.aulast=Warner&rft.aufirst=Lloyd&rft.au=Marchia+Meeker&rft.au=Kenneth+Eells&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASocial+class+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNoeel2018" class="citation web cs1">Noeel, Reginald (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bls.gov/spotlight/2018/race-economics-and-social-status/pdf/race-economics-and-social-status.pdf">"Race, Economics, and Social Status"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>BLS</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=BLS&rft.atitle=Race%2C+Economics%2C+and+Social+Status&rft.date=2018&rft.aulast=Noeel&rft.aufirst=Reginald&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bls.gov%2Fspotlight%2F2018%2Frace-economics-and-social-status%2Fpdf%2Frace-economics-and-social-status.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASocial+class+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Society_in_Focus-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Society_in_Focus_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Society_in_Focus_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Society_in_Focus_7-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Society_in_Focus_7-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Society_in_Focus_7-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Society_in_Focus_7-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Society_in_Focus_7-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Society_in_Focus_7-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Society_in_Focus_7-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Society_in_Focus_7-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Society_in_Focus_7-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Society_in_Focus_7-11"><sup><i><b>l</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Society_in_Focus_7-12"><sup><i><b>m</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Society_in_Focus_7-13"><sup><i><b>n</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Society_in_Focus_7-14"><sup><i><b>o</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="pearson2005" class="citation book cs1">Thompson, William (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/56200299"><i>Society in Focus : An Introduction to Sociology</i></a>. Hickey, Joseph V. (5th ed.). Boston [Mass.]: Pearson/Allyn and Bacon. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-205-41365-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-205-41365-X"><bdi>0-205-41365-X</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/56200299">56200299</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Society+in+Focus+%3A+An+Introduction+to+Sociology&rft.place=Boston+%5BMass.%5D&rft.edition=5th&rft.pub=Pearson%2FAllyn+and+Bacon&rft.date=2005&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F56200299&rft.isbn=0-205-41365-X&rft.aulast=Thompson&rft.aufirst=William&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F56200299&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASocial+class+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Marriages,_Families_&_Intimate_Relationships-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Marriages,_Families_&_Intimate_Relationships_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Marriages,_Families_&_Intimate_Relationships_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Marriages,_Families_&_Intimate_Relationships_8-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Marriages,_Families_&_Intimate_Relationships_8-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Marriages,_Families_&_Intimate_Relationships_8-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilliamsStacey_C._SawyerCarl_M._Wahlstrom2005" class="citation book cs1">Williams, Brian; Stacey C. Sawyer; Carl M. Wahlstrom (2005). <i>Marriages, Families & Intimate Relationships</i>. Boston, MA: Pearson. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-205-36674-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-205-36674-0"><bdi>0-205-36674-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Marriages%2C+Families+%26+Intimate+Relationships&rft.place=Boston%2C+MA&rft.pub=Pearson&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=0-205-36674-0&rft.aulast=Williams&rft.aufirst=Brian&rft.au=Stacey+C.+Sawyer&rft.au=Carl+M.+Wahlstrom&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASocial+class+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-WealthPercentile_2021-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-WealthPercentile_2021_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSullivanHaysBennett2023" class="citation web cs1">Sullivan, Brianna; Hays, Donald; Bennett, Neil (June 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.census.gov/content/dam/Census/library/publications/2023/demo/p70br-183.pdf">"The Wealth of Households: 2021 / Current Population Reports / P70BR-183"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. United States Census Bureau. p. 2 (Table 1). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240524023705/https://www.census.gov/content/dam/Census/library/publications/2023/demo/p70br-183.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on May 24, 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Wealth+of+Households%3A+2021+%2F+Current+Population+Reports+%2F+P70BR-183&rft.pages=2+%28Table+1%29&rft.pub=United+States+Census+Bureau&rft.date=2023-06&rft.aulast=Sullivan&rft.aufirst=Brianna&rft.au=Hays%2C+Donald&rft.au=Bennett%2C+Neil&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.census.gov%2Fcontent%2Fdam%2FCensus%2Flibrary%2Fpublications%2F2023%2Fdemo%2Fp70br-183.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASocial+class+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-WealthEducation_2021-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-WealthEducation_2021_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-WealthEducation_2021_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-WealthEducation_2021_10-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSullivanHaysBennett2023" class="citation web cs1">Sullivan, Brianna; Hays, Donald; Bennett, Neil (June 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.census.gov/content/dam/Census/library/publications/2023/demo/p70br-183.pdf">"The Wealth of Households: 2021 / Current Population Reports / P70BR-183"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. United States Census Bureau. p. 5 (Figure 2). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240524023705/https://www.census.gov/content/dam/Census/library/publications/2023/demo/p70br-183.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on May 24, 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Wealth+of+Households%3A+2021+%2F+Current+Population+Reports+%2F+P70BR-183&rft.pages=5+%28Figure+2%29&rft.pub=United+States+Census+Bureau&rft.date=2023-06&rft.aulast=Sullivan&rft.aufirst=Brianna&rft.au=Hays%2C+Donald&rft.au=Bennett%2C+Neil&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.census.gov%2Fcontent%2Fdam%2FCensus%2Flibrary%2Fpublications%2F2023%2Fdemo%2Fp70br-183.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASocial+class+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-WealthMaritalStatus_2021-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-WealthMaritalStatus_2021_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSullivanHaysBennett2023" class="citation web cs1">Sullivan, Brianna; Hays, Donald; Bennett, Neil (June 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.census.gov/content/dam/Census/library/publications/2023/demo/p70br-183.pdf">"The Wealth of Households: 2021 / Current Population Reports / P70BR-183"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. United States Census Bureau. p. 5 (Figure 2). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240524023705/https://www.census.gov/content/dam/Census/library/publications/2023/demo/p70br-183.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on May 24, 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Wealth+of+Households%3A+2021+%2F+Current+Population+Reports+%2F+P70BR-183&rft.pages=5+%28Figure+2%29&rft.pub=United+States+Census+Bureau&rft.date=2023-06&rft.aulast=Sullivan&rft.aufirst=Brianna&rft.au=Hays%2C+Donald&rft.au=Bennett%2C+Neil&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.census.gov%2Fcontent%2Fdam%2FCensus%2Flibrary%2Fpublications%2F2023%2Fdemo%2Fp70br-183.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASocial+class+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Social_Class_and_Stratification-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Social_Class_and_Stratification_12-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Social_Class_and_Stratification_12-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Social_Class_and_Stratification_12-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Social_Class_and_Stratification_12-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLevine1998" class="citation book cs1">Levine, Rhonda (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/socialclassstrat00levi"><i>Social Class and Stratification</i></a>. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://pubdb3.census.gov/macro/032005/hhinc/new05_000.htm">the original</a> on July 20, 2006<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 25,</span> 2006</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=United+States+Census+Bureau%2C+Income+earners+by+quintile&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpubdb3.census.gov%2Fmacro%2F032005%2Fhhinc%2Fnew05_000.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASocial+class+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-WID_through_2021-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-WID_through_2021_26-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-WID_through_2021_26-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wid.world/country/usa/">"Evolution of wealth indicators, USA, 1913-2019"</a>. <i>WID.world</i>. World Inequality Database. 2022. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230705011218/https://wid.world/country/usa/">Archived</a> from the original on July 5, 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 6,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=WID.world&rft.atitle=Evolution+of+wealth+indicators%2C+USA%2C+1913-2019&rft.date=2022&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwid.world%2Fcountry%2Fusa%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASocial+class+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.chicagofed.org/digital_assets/publications/working_papers/1999/wp99_23.pdf">"<i>A Note on the Benefits of Homeownership</i>, Federal Reserve Bank of Chicago"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Chicagofed.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 October</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Chicagofed.org&rft.atitle=A+Note+on+the+Benefits+of+Homeownership%2C+Federal+Reserve+Bank+of+Chicago&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.chicagofed.org%2Fdigital_assets%2Fpublications%2Fworking_papers%2F1999%2Fwp99_23.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASocial+class+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-investopedia.com-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-investopedia.com_28-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStaff2020" class="citation web cs1">Staff, Investopedia (19 April 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.investopedia.com/terms/h/hnwi.asp">"High-Net-Worth Individual (HNWI)"</a>. <i>Investopedia</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-11-10</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Investopedia&rft.atitle=High-Net-Worth+Individual+%28HNWI%29&rft.date=2020-04-19&rft.aulast=Staff&rft.aufirst=Investopedia&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.investopedia.com%2Fterms%2Fh%2Fhnwi.asp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASocial+class+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDesjardins2018" class="citation web cs1">Desjardins, Jeff (January 19, 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.visualcapitalist.com/chart-assets-make-wealth/">"What Assets Make Up Wealth?"</a>. <i>Visual Capitalist</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 7,</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Visual+Capitalist&rft.atitle=What+Assets+Make+Up+Wealth%3F&rft.date=2018-01-19&rft.aulast=Desjardins&rft.aufirst=Jeff&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.visualcapitalist.com%2Fchart-assets-make-wealth%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASocial+class+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-The_Inner_Life_of_the_Middle_Class-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-The_Inner_Life_of_the_Middle_Class_30-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-The_Inner_Life_of_the_Middle_Class_30-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-The_Inner_Life_of_the_Middle_Class_30-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-The_Inner_Life_of_the_Middle_Class_30-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEhrenreich1989" class="citation book cs1">Ehrenreich, Barbara (1989). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/fearoffallinginn00ehre"><i>Fear of Falling, The Inner Life of the Middle Class</i></a>. New York, NY: Harper Collins. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-06-097333-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-06-097333-1"><bdi>0-06-097333-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Fear+of+Falling%2C+The+Inner+Life+of+the+Middle+Class&rft.place=New+York%2C+NY&rft.pub=Harper+Collins&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=0-06-097333-1&rft.aulast=Ehrenreich&rft.aufirst=Barbara&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ffearoffallinginn00ehre&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASocial+class+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-autogenerated1-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated1_31-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.census.gov/prod/2004pubs/p20-550.pdf">"United States Census Bureau report on educational attainment in the United States, 2003"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 12,</span> 2006</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=United+States+Census+Bureau+report+on+educational+attainment+in+the+United+States%2C+2003&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.census.gov%2Fprod%2F2004pubs%2Fp20-550.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASocial+class+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Note that these add up to more than 100% because they are cumulative; e.g. it is assumed that all people with doctorates also have undergraduate and high school degrees, and are thus counted twice in the "lower" categories. Age 25 is used rather than age 18 because there are few people aged 18 or over with advanced degrees. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.census.gov/data/tables/2018/demo/education-attainment/cps-detailed-tables.html">"Educational Attainment in the United States: 2018"</a>. U.S. Census Bureau<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 23,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Educational+Attainment+in+the+United+States%3A+2018&rft.pub=U.S.+Census+Bureau&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.census.gov%2Fdata%2Ftables%2F2018%2Fdemo%2Feducation-attainment%2Fcps-detailed-tables.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASocial+class+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"></span> Percentages are calculated based on census data by counting people that had attained that level or higher.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-EconomicStratification-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-EconomicStratification_33-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EconomicStratification_33-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Data from <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChettyJacksonKuchlerStroebel2022" class="citation journal cs1">Chetty, Raj; Jackson, Matthew O.; Kuchler, Theresa; Stroebel, Johannes; et al. (August 1, 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9352590">"Social capital I: measurement and associations with economic mobility"</a>. <i>Nature</i>. <b>608</b> (7921): 108–121. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2022Natur.608..108C">2022Natur.608..108C</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fs41586-022-04996-4">10.1038/s41586-022-04996-4</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9352590">9352590</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35915342">35915342</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature&rft.atitle=Social+capital+I%3A+measurement+and+associations+with+economic+mobility&rft.volume=608&rft.issue=7921&rft.pages=108-121&rft.date=2022-08-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC9352590%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F35915342&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fs41586-022-04996-4&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2022Natur.608..108C&rft.aulast=Chetty&rft.aufirst=Raj&rft.au=Jackson%2C+Matthew+O.&rft.au=Kuchler%2C+Theresa&rft.au=Stroebel%2C+Johannes&rft.au=Hendren%2C+Nathaniel&rft.au=Fluegge%2C+Robert+B.&rft.au=Gong%2C+Sara&rft.au=Gonzalez%2C+Frederico&rft.au=Grondin%2C+Armelle&rft.au=Jacob%2C+Matthew&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC9352590&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASocial+class+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"></span> Charted in <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLeonhardt2022" class="citation news cs1">Leonhardt, David (August 1, 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2022/08/01/briefing/economic-ladder-rich-poor-americans.html">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'Friending Bias' / A large new study offers clues about how lower-income children can rise up the economic ladder"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220801104004/https://www.nytimes.com/2022/08/01/briefing/economic-ladder-rich-poor-americans.html">Archived</a> from the original on August 1, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=%27Friending+Bias%27+%2F+A+large+new+study+offers+clues+about+how+lower-income+children+can+rise+up+the+economic+ladder.&rft.date=2022-08-01&rft.aulast=Leonhardt&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2022%2F08%2F01%2Fbriefing%2Feconomic-ladder-rich-poor-americans.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASocial+class+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCorak2016" class="citation web cs1">Corak, Miles (May 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://docs.iza.org/dp9929.pdf">"Inequality from Generation to Generation: The United States in Comparison"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i><a href="/wiki/IZA_Institute_of_Labor_Economics" title="IZA Institute of Labor Economics">IZA Institute of Labor Economics</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=IZA+Institute+of+Labor+Economics&rft.atitle=Inequality+from+Generation+to+Generation%3A+The+United+States+in+Comparison&rft.date=2016-05&rft.aulast=Corak&rft.aufirst=Miles&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdocs.iza.org%2Fdp9929.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASocial+class+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-DeParle-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-DeParle_35-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2012/01/05/us/harder-for-americans-to-rise-from-lower-rungs.html?sq=mobility&st=cse&scp=1&pagewanted=all">Harder for Americans to Rise From Lower Rungs</a> | By JASON DePARLE | January 4, 2012]</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Noah-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Noah_36-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Timothy_Noah" title="Timothy Noah">Noah, Timothy</a> (January 13, 2012) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tnr.com/blog/timothy-noah/99651/white-house-heres-why-you-have-care-about-inequality">"White House: Here's Why You Have To Care About Inequality"</a> <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_Republic" title="The New Republic">The New Republic</a></i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Drum-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Drum_37-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kevin Drum (January 5, 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://motherjones.com/kevin-drum/2012/01/social-mobility-america">"Social Mobility in America: It's All About the Poor"</a> motherjones.com</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-cooper-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-cooper_38-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRyan_Cooper2014" class="citation news cs1">Ryan Cooper (March 25, 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://theweek.com/article/index/258666/why-everyone-is-talking-about-thomas-pikettys-capital-in-the-twenty-first-century">"Why everyone is talking about Thomas Piketty's Capital in the Twenty-First Century"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Week" title="The Week">The Week</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Week&rft.atitle=Why+everyone+is+talking+about+Thomas+Piketty%27s+Capital+in+the+Twenty-First+Century&rft.date=2014-03-25&rft.au=Ryan+Cooper&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftheweek.com%2Farticle%2Findex%2F258666%2Fwhy-everyone-is-talking-about-thomas-pikettys-capital-in-the-twenty-first-century&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASocial+class+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.npr.org/2012/02/06/146463384/is-white-working-class-america-coming-apart">"Is White, Working Class America 'Coming Apart'?"</a>. <i>NPR.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2019-11-13</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=NPR.org&rft.atitle=Is+White%2C+Working+Class+America+%27Coming+Apart%27%3F&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.npr.org%2F2012%2F02%2F06%2F146463384%2Fis-white-working-class-america-coming-apart&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASocial+class+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Krugman-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Krugman_40-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKrugman2020" class="citation news cs1">Krugman, Paul (2020-03-08). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2020/03/08/books/review/capital-and-ideology-thomas-piketty.html">"Thomas Piketty Turns Marx on His Head"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331">0362-4331</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-07-29</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Thomas+Piketty+Turns+Marx+on+His+Head&rft.date=2020-03-08&rft.issn=0362-4331&rft.aulast=Krugman&rft.aufirst=Paul&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2020%2F03%2F08%2Fbooks%2Freview%2Fcapital-and-ideology-thomas-piketty.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASocial+class+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLeondar-Wright2005" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Betsy_Leondar-Wright" title="Betsy Leondar-Wright">Leondar-Wright, Betsy</a> (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.classmatters.org/2005_07/class-cultures.php">"Are There Class Cultures?"</a>. <i>ClassMatters</i>. §Differences between activists steadily employed and not. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20051216092641/http://www.classmatters.org:80/2005_07/class-cultures.php">Archived</a> from the original on December 16, 2005<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 21,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ClassMatters&rft.atitle=Are+There+Class+Cultures%3F&rft.pages=%C2%A7Differences+between+activists+steadily+employed+and+not&rft.date=2005&rft.aulast=Leondar-Wright&rft.aufirst=Betsy&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.classmatters.org%2F2005_07%2Fclass-cultures.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASocial+class+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"></span> → Clearest examples of a <b>Class Culture: Families w/ 3 or more generations in the same class in the U.S.</b> → Recent class mobility, recent immigration, & living in the "gray area" between 2 classes all muddy the waters. <b>Many people's experience is of a mixed class culture</b>. Differences of experience socialize most American people. Make visible some class-culture-based coalition behaviours & dynamics that are too often invisible. <b>Steady Work for Low-Income</b>: Impossible &/or Not Expected. <b>Steady Work for Working-Class & Middle-Class</b>: Inevitable & Necessary. <b>Steady Work for Owning-Class</b>: Optional <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://classmatters.org/materials/class-matters-workshops.pdf">"Class Matters Workshops"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>ClassMatters</i> (Brochure).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ClassMatters&rft.atitle=Class+Matters+Workshops&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fclassmatters.org%2Fmaterials%2Fclass-matters-workshops.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASocial+class+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </span></li> <li id="cite_note-What's_Class_Got_To_Do_With_It,_American_Society_in_the_Twenty-First_Century-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-What's_Class_Got_To_Do_With_It,_American_Society_in_the_Twenty-First_Century_42-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-What's_Class_Got_To_Do_With_It,_American_Society_in_the_Twenty-First_Century_42-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZweig2004" class="citation book cs1">Zweig, Michael (2004). <i>What's Class Got To Do With It, American Society in the Twenty-First Century</i>. New York, NY: Cornell University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8014-8899-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-8014-8899-0"><bdi>0-8014-8899-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=What%27s+Class+Got+To+Do+With+It%2C+American+Society+in+the+Twenty-First+Century&rft.place=New+York%2C+NY&rft.pub=Cornell+University+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=0-8014-8899-0&rft.aulast=Zweig&rft.aufirst=Michael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASocial+class+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-rubin1976-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-rubin1976_43-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRubin1976" class="citation book cs1">Rubin, Lillian (1976). <i>Worlds of pain : life in the working-class family</i>. New York: Basic Books. p. 126. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-465-09245-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-465-09245-4"><bdi>0-465-09245-4</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/2332040">2332040</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Worlds+of+pain+%3A+life+in+the+working-class+family&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=126&rft.pub=Basic+Books&rft.date=1976&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F2332040&rft.isbn=0-465-09245-4&rft.aulast=Rubin&rft.aufirst=Lillian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASocial+class+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Gallup-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Gallup_44-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNewport2018" class="citation web cs1">Newport, Frank (3 August 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news.gallup.com/opinion/polling-matters/239195/looking-americans-mean-working-class.aspx">"Looking Into What Americans Mean by "Working Class"<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i>Gallup.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2019-03-18</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Gallup.com&rft.atitle=Looking+Into+What+Americans+Mean+by+%22Working+Class%22&rft.date=2018-08-03&rft.aulast=Newport&rft.aufirst=Frank&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnews.gallup.com%2Fopinion%2Fpolling-matters%2F239195%2Flooking-americans-mean-working-class.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASocial+class+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDennis_Gilbert2018" class="citation book cs1">Dennis Gilbert (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=UaCmHfXfABMC&q=The+American+Class+Structure:+In+An+Age+of+Growing+Inequality&pg=PA228"><i>The American Class Structure: In An Age of Growing Inequality</i></a>. Sage Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-5063-4596-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-5063-4596-3"><bdi>978-1-5063-4596-3</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 October</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+American+Class+Structure%3A+In+An+Age+of+Growing+Inequality&rft.pub=Sage+Press&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-1-5063-4596-3&rft.au=Dennis+Gilbert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DUaCmHfXfABMC%26q%3DThe%2BAmerican%2BClass%2BStructure%3A%2BIn%2BAn%2BAge%2Bof%2BGrowing%2BInequality%26pg%3DPA228&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASocial+class+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGilbert1998" class="citation book cs1">Gilbert, Dennis (1998). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/americanclassstr0000gilb_c7f2"><i>The American Class Structure</i></a></span>. New York: Wadsworth Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-534-50520-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-534-50520-1"><bdi>0-534-50520-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+American+Class+Structure&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Wadsworth+Publishing&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=0-534-50520-1&rft.aulast=Gilbert&rft.aufirst=Dennis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Famericanclassstr0000gilb_c7f2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASocial+class+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFuhrmansEllis2024" class="citation web cs1">Fuhrmans, Vanessa; Ellis, Lindsay (February 22, 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wsj.com/lifestyle/careers/college-degree-jobs-unused-440b2abd?mod=hp_featst_pos4">"Half of College Grads Are Working Jobs That Don't Use Their Degrees"</a>. <i>The Wall Street Journal</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Wall+Street+Journal&rft.atitle=Half+of+College+Grads+Are+Working+Jobs+That+Don%27t+Use+Their+Degrees&rft.date=2024-02-22&rft.aulast=Fuhrmans&rft.aufirst=Vanessa&rft.au=Ellis%2C+Lindsay&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wsj.com%2Flifestyle%2Fcareers%2Fcollege-degree-jobs-unused-440b2abd%3Fmod%3Dhp_featst_pos4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASocial+class+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-S1501_ACS_2013–17_5Y_Estimate-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-S1501_ACS_2013–17_5Y_Estimate_48-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-S1501_ACS_2013–17_5Y_Estimate_48-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20190122055625/https://factfinder.census.gov/faces/tableservices/jsf/pages/productview.xhtml?pid=ACS_17_5YR_S1501&prodType=table">"S1501 – Educational Attainment"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/United_States_Census_Bureau" title="United States Census Bureau">U.S. Census Bureau</a></i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://factfinder.census.gov/faces/tableservices/jsf/pages/productview.xhtml?pid=ACS_17_5YR_S1501&prodType=table">the original</a> on January 22, 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 17,</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=U.S.+Census+Bureau&rft.atitle=S1501+%E2%80%93+Educational+Attainment&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffactfinder.census.gov%2Ffaces%2Ftableservices%2Fjsf%2Fpages%2Fproductview.xhtml%3Fpid%3DACS_17_5YR_S1501%26prodType%3Dtable&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASocial+class+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-DP03_ACS_2013–17_5Y_Estimate-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-DP03_ACS_2013–17_5Y_Estimate_49-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-DP03_ACS_2013–17_5Y_Estimate_49-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-DP03_ACS_2013–17_5Y_Estimate_49-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-DP03_ACS_2013–17_5Y_Estimate_49-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-DP03_ACS_2013–17_5Y_Estimate_49-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-DP03_ACS_2013–17_5Y_Estimate_49-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20200214010758/https://factfinder.census.gov/faces/tableservices/jsf/pages/productview.xhtml?pid=ACS_17_5YR_DP03&prodType=table">"DP03 – Selected Economic Characteristics"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/United_States_Census_Bureau" title="United States Census Bureau">U.S. Census Bureau</a></i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://factfinder.census.gov/faces/tableservices/jsf/pages/productview.xhtml?pid=ACS_17_5YR_DP03&prodType=table">the original</a> on February 14, 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 17,</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=U.S.+Census+Bureau&rft.atitle=DP03+%E2%80%93+Selected+Economic+Characteristics&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffactfinder.census.gov%2Ffaces%2Ftableservices%2Fjsf%2Fpages%2Fproductview.xhtml%3Fpid%3DACS_17_5YR_DP03%26prodType%3Dtable&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASocial+class+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-WashPost_20191209-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-WashPost_20191209_50-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-WashPost_20191209_50-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSargent2019" class="citation news cs1">Sargent, Greg (December 9, 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/opinions/2019/12/09/massive-triumph-rich-illustrated-by-stunning-new-data/">"The massive triumph of the rich, illustrated by stunning new data"</a>. <i>The Washington Post</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191209180702/https://www.washingtonpost.com/opinions/2019/12/09/massive-triumph-rich-illustrated-by-stunning-new-data/">Archived</a> from the original on December 9, 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=The+massive+triumph+of+the+rich%2C+illustrated+by+stunning+new+data&rft.date=2019-12-09&rft.aulast=Sargent&rft.aufirst=Greg&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fopinions%2F2019%2F12%2F09%2Fmassive-triumph-rich-illustrated-by-stunning-new-data%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASocial+class+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"></span> — Original data and analysis: Zucman, Gabriel and Saez, Emmanuel, <i>The Triumph of Injustice: How the Rich Dodge Taxes and How to Make Them Pay,</i> W. W. Norton & Company. October 15, 2019.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcclure" class="citation web cs1">Mcclure, Ben. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.investopedia.com/managing-wealth/guide-ceo-compensation/">"A Guide to CEO Compensation"</a>. <i>Investopedia</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 February</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%22Pink+collar%22+jobs+are+disproportionately+underpaid&rft.pub=Indiana+University+Sourh+Bend+Student+Newspaper&rft.date=2023-03-02&rft.aulast=Rose&rft.aufirst=Ashley&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fiusbpreface.net%2F2023%2F03%2F02%2Fpink-collar-jobs-are-disproportionately-underpaid%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASocial+class+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.indeed.com/career-advice/career-development/learn-trades">"72 Trades To Learn for a Successful Trade Career | Indeed.com"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=72+Trades+To+Learn+for+a+Successful+Trade+Career+%26%23124%3B+Indeed.com&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.indeed.com%2Fcareer-advice%2Fcareer-development%2Flearn-trades&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASocial+class+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://seamwhisperer.com/sewing-a-trade/">"Is Sewing a Trade? + Sewing Jobs & Titles"</a>. 15 August 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Is+Sewing+a+Trade%3F+%2B+Sewing+Jobs+%26+Titles&rft.date=2022-08-15&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fseamwhisperer.com%2Fsewing-a-trade%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASocial+class+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8Americas-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-8Americas_69-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-8Americas_69-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMurrayKulkarniMichaud2006" class="citation journal cs1">Murray CJ, Kulkarni SC, Michaud C, et al. (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1564165">"Eight Americas: investigating mortality disparities across races, counties, and race-counties in the United States"</a>. <i>PLOS Medicine</i>. <b>3</b> (9): e260. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1371%2Fjournal.pmed.0030260">10.1371/journal.pmed.0030260</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1564165">1564165</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16968116">16968116</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=PLOS+Medicine&rft.atitle=Eight+Americas%3A+investigating+mortality+disparities+across+races%2C+counties%2C+and+race-counties+in+the+United+States&rft.volume=3&rft.issue=9&rft.pages=e260&rft.date=2006&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC1564165%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F16968116&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pmed.0030260&rft.aulast=Murray&rft.aufirst=CJ&rft.au=Kulkarni%2C+SC&rft.au=Michaud%2C+C&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC1564165&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASocial+class+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"></span> Lay summary in: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation magazine cs1">Linda Keslar (Spring 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090212174112/http://protomag.com/assets/the-eight-americas">"The Eight Americas: Universal medical insurance isn't the golden ticket to universally improved health, warn researchers at the Harvard School of Public Health"</a>. <i>Proto</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://protomag.com/assets/the-eight-americas">the original</a> on 2009-02-12.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Proto&rft.atitle=The+Eight+Americas%3A+Universal+medical+insurance+isn%27t+the+golden+ticket+to+universally+improved+health%2C+warn+researchers+at+the+Harvard+School+of+Public+Health&rft.ssn=spring&rft.date=2008&rft.au=Linda+Keslar&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fprotomag.com%2Fassets%2Fthe-eight-americas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASocial+class+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Health_and_social_class-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Health_and_social_class_70-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWardleSteptoe2003" class="citation journal cs1">Wardle, J.; Steptoe, A. (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://jech.bmj.com/cgi/content/full/57/6/440">"Health and social class"</a>. <i>Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health</i>. <b>57</b> (6): 440–443. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1136%2Fjech.57.6.440">10.1136/jech.57.6.440</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1732468">1732468</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12775791">12775791</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 13,</span> 2006</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Epidemiology+and+Community+Health&rft.atitle=Health+and+social+class&rft.volume=57&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=440-443&rft.date=2003&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC1732468%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F12775791&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1136%2Fjech.57.6.440&rft.aulast=Wardle&rft.aufirst=J.&rft.au=Steptoe%2C+A.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fjech.bmj.com%2Fcgi%2Fcontent%2Ffull%2F57%2F6%2F440&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASocial+class+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bad_diet_and_income-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Bad_diet_and_income_71-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20061129201734/http://www.frac.org/html/hunger_in_the_us/hunger%26obesity.htm">"Bad diet and income"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.frac.org/html/hunger_in_the_us/hunger&obesity.htm">the original</a> on November 29, 2006<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 14,</span> 2006</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Bad+diet+and+income&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.frac.org%2Fhtml%2Fhunger_in_the_us%2Fhunger%26obesity.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASocial+class+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Socioeconomic_status_and_obesity-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Socioeconomic_status_and_obesity_72-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060923152603/http://www.cherp.research.med.va.gov/cherpdocs/issuebriefs/Policy%20Brief_Fall2005.pdf">"Socioeconomic status and obesity"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cherp.research.med.va.gov/cherpdocs/issuebriefs/Policy%20Brief_Fall2005.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on September 23, 2006<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 14,</span> 2006</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Socioeconomic+status+and+obesity&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cherp.research.med.va.gov%2Fcherpdocs%2Fissuebriefs%2FPolicy%2520Brief_Fall2005.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASocial+class+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Based on <a href="/wiki/Larry_Bartels" title="Larry Bartels">Larry Bartels</a>'s study <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.princeton.edu/~bartels/economic.pdf">Economic Inequality and Political Representation</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110915194622/http://www.princeton.edu/~bartels/economic.pdf">Archived</a> September 15, 2011, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></i>, Table 1: Differential Responsiveness of Senators to Constituency Opinion.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Economic_statutes_pertaining_to_congressmen-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Economic_statutes_pertaining_to_congressmen_74-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.umsl.edu/services/govdocs/ooh9899/116.htm">"Economic statutes pertaining to congressmen"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 15,</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Economic+statutes+pertaining+to+congressmen&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.umsl.edu%2Fservices%2Fgovdocs%2Fooh9899%2F116.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASocial+class+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDennis_Gilbert2018" class="citation book cs1">Dennis Gilbert (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=UaCmHfXfABMC&q=The+American+Class+Structure:+In+An+Age+of+Growing+Inequality&pg=PA228"><i>The American Class Structure: In An Age of Growing Inequality</i></a>. Sage Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-5063-4596-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-5063-4596-3"><bdi>978-1-5063-4596-3</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 October</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+American+Class+Structure%3A+In+An+Age+of+Growing+Inequality&rft.pub=Sage+Press&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-1-5063-4596-3&rft.au=Dennis+Gilbert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DUaCmHfXfABMC%26q%3DThe%2BAmerican%2BClass%2BStructure%3A%2BIn%2BAn%2BAge%2Bof%2BGrowing%2BInequality%26pg%3DPA228&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASocial+class+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchaeffer2024" class="citation web cs1">Schaeffer, Katherine (May 28, 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pewresearch.org/short-reads/2023/02/02/nearly-all-members-of-the-118th-congress-have-a-bachelors-degree-and-most-have-a-graduate-degree-too/">"Nearly all members of the 118th Congress have a bachelor's degree – and most have a graduate degree, too"</a>. <i>Pew Research Center</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Pew+Research+Center&rft.atitle=Nearly+all+members+of+the+118th+Congress+have+a+bachelor%27s+degree+%E2%80%93+and+most+have+a+graduate+degree%2C+too&rft.date=2024-05-28&rft.aulast=Schaeffer&rft.aufirst=Katherine&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pewresearch.org%2Fshort-reads%2F2023%2F02%2F02%2Fnearly-all-members-of-the-118th-congress-have-a-bachelors-degree-and-most-have-a-graduate-degree-too%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASocial+class+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sociology: Third Edition by Paul B. Horton and Chester L. Hunt</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Social_class_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Leonard Beeghley; <i>The Structure of Social Stratification in the United States</i> Pearson, 2004</li> <li>Dennis Gilbert; <i>The American Class Structure</i> Wadsworth, 2002</li> <li>Rhonda Levine; <i>Social Class and Stratification</i> Rowman & Littlefield, 1998</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Fussell" title="Paul Fussell">Paul Fussell</a> <i>Class: A Guide Through the American Status System</i> <a href="/wiki/Simon_%26_Schuster" title="Simon & Schuster">Simon & Schuster</a>, 1992</li> <li>Michael Zweig; <i>What's Class Got To Do With It?</i> Cornell University Press, 2003</li> <li>Christopher Beach; <i>Class, Language, and American Film Comedy</i> Cambridge University Press, 2002</li> <li>Harold J. Bershady ed; <i>Social Class and Democratic Leadership: Essays in Honor of E. Digby Baltzell</i> 1989</li> <li>Daniel Bertaux, and Paul Thompson; <i>Pathways to Social Class: A Qualitative Approach to Social Mobility</i> Clarendon Press, 1997</li> <li>Barbara Ehrenreich. <i>Nickel and Dimed: On (Not) Getting By in America</i> (2002), author disguises herself as working class</li> <li>David B. Grusky (Editor) <i>Social Stratification: Class, Race, and Gender in Sociological Perspective</i> (2000)</li> <li>Alan C. Kerckhoff; <i>Socialization and Social Class</i> 1972, textbook</li> <li>Jim Lardner, James Lardner, David A. Smith, editors, <i>Inequality Matters: The Growing Economic Divide In America And Its Poisonous Consequences</i>, WW Norton (January 2006), hardcover, 224 pages, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-56584-995-7" title="Special:BookSources/1-56584-995-7">1-56584-995-7</a></li> <li>Erik Olin Wright. <i>Classe</i> (1997) – a detailed Marxian guide to define working class/middle class etc.</li> <li>David Popenoe, <i>Sociology</i>, (ninth edition, Prentice Hall, 1993 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-13-819798-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-13-819798-9">0-13-819798-9</a> ) pb. pp. 232–236,</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://sociology.ucsc.edu/whorulesamerica/power/wealth.html">Wealth, Income, and Power</a> – wealth distribution in the United States from a Power Structure Research perspective</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20001030115540/http://www.korpios.org/resurgent/L-mobility.htm">Myth: Income mobility makes up for income inequality</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> (archived 2000-10-30) – analysis from Liberal point of view</li> <li>Kalra, Paul (1996). <i>The American Class System: Divide and Rule</i>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-9647173-5-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-9647173-5-2">0-9647173-5-2</a>.</li> <li>Kay Hymowitz / <i>Marriage and Caste in America: Separate and Unequal Families in a Post-Marital Age</i> (2006) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-56663-709-0" title="Special:BookSources/1-56663-709-0">1-56663-709-0</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G._William_Domhoff" title="G. William Domhoff">G. William Domhoff</a> (1967). <i>Who Rules America?</i>, Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice-Hall</li> <li>Lee D. Baker (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=--9FhG69PP0C"><i>Life in America: Identity and Everyday Experience</i></a>, Blackwell Publishing, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-4051-0564-X" title="Special:BookSources/1-4051-0564-X">1-4051-0564-X</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Social_class_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=40" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20050604235235/http://www.census.gov/hhes/www/income/incomestats.html">United States Census Bureau's official online income statistics forum</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> (archived 2005-06-04)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070104041530/http://pubdb3.census.gov/macro/032006/hhinc/new06_000.htm">Income distribution and income by race, United States Census Bureau 2005</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> (archived 2007-01-04)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://webarchive.loc.gov/all/20011118150952/http://www.census.gov/hhes/income/histinc/h13.html">Household income by educational attainment, United States Census Bureau</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Library_of_Congress" title="Library of Congress">Library of Congress</a> Web Archives (archived 2001-11-18)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://webarchive.loc.gov/all/20011118164230/http://www.census.gov/hhes/income/histinc/p16.html">Personal income in 2004, United States Census Bureau</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Library_of_Congress" title="Library of Congress">Library of Congress</a> Web Archives (archived 2001-11-18)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://arquivo.pt/wayback/20090710063839/http://www.census.gov/hhes/www/income/medincsizeandstate.html">Median Family Income by Family Size (in 2004 inflation-adjusted dollars) from Census.gov</a> at the Portuguese Web Archive (archived 2009-07-10)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20051031054255/http://www.census.gov/hhes/www/income/medincearnersandstate.html">Median Family Income by Number of Earners in Family (in 2004 inflation-adjusted dollars) from Census.gov</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> (archived 2005-10-31)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.classmatters.org/working_definitions.php">Working Definitions</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210414211854/http://www.classmatters.org/working_definitions.php">Archived</a> 2021-04-14 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> ClassMatters.com</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/packages/html/national/20050515_CLASS_GRAPHIC/index_01.html">How Class Works</a>, The New York Times</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output 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.navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Social_class" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Social_class" title="Template:Social class"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Social_class" title="Template talk:Social class"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Social_class" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Social class"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Social_class" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Social_class" title="Social class">Social class</a></li></ul></div></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Social_status" title="Social status">Status</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Social_stratification" title="Social stratification">Stratum</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Economic_classes" class="mw-redirect" title="Economic classes">Economic classes</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em">Theories</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Elite_theory" title="Elite theory">Elite theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gilbert_model" title="Gilbert model">Gilbert model</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marxian_class_theory" title="Marxian class theory">Marxian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mudsill_theory" title="Mudsill theory">Mudsill theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_class" title="New class">New class</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spoon_class_theory" title="Spoon class theory">Spoon class theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Three-component_theory_of_stratification" title="Three-component theory of stratification">Weberian (three-component)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em">Related<wbr /> topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Caste" title="Caste">Caste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chattering_classes" title="Chattering classes">Chattering classes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Class_conflict" title="Class conflict">Class conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Class_discrimination" title="Class discrimination">Class discrimination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Class_society" class="mw-redirect" title="Class society">Class society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Class_traitor" title="Class traitor">Class traitor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classicide" title="Classicide">Classicide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classless_society" title="Classless society">Classless society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euthenics" title="Euthenics">Euthenics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_society" title="High society">High society</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Nouveau_riche" title="Nouveau riche">Nouveau riche</a></i> / <i><a href="/wiki/Parvenu" title="Parvenu">Parvenu</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poverty" title="Poverty">Poverty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ranked_society" title="Ranked society">Ranked society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Snob" title="Snob">Snobbery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_cleansing" title="Social cleansing">Social cleansing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_exclusion" title="Social exclusion">Social exclusion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_mobility" title="Social mobility">Social mobility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_orphan" title="Social orphan">Social orphan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_position" title="Social position">Social position</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_stigma" title="Social stigma">Social stigma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subaltern_(postcolonialism)" title="Subaltern (postcolonialism)">Subaltern</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Status_Anxiety" title="Status Anxiety">Status Anxiety</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="By_demographic" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><div title="demographic">By demographic</div></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em">By status</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Administrative_detention" title="Administrative detention">Administrative detainee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alien_(law)" title="Alien (law)">Alien</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_immigration" title="Illegal immigration">illegal immigrant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Refugee" title="Refugee">refugee</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Citizenship" title="Citizenship">Citizen</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Multiple_citizenship" title="Multiple citizenship">dual or multiple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jus_soli" title="Jus soli">native-born</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naturalization" title="Naturalization">naturalized</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second-class_citizen" title="Second-class citizen">second-class</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clique" title="Clique">Clique</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adolescent_clique" title="Adolescent clique">adolescent</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loss_of_rights_due_to_conviction_for_criminal_offense" class="mw-redirect" title="Loss of rights due to conviction for criminal offense">Convicted</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Migrant_worker" title="Migrant worker">Migrant worker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_prisoner" title="Political prisoner">Political prisoner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socioeconomic_status" title="Socioeconomic status">Socioeconomic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statelessness" title="Statelessness">Stateless</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em">By "<a href="/wiki/Designation_of_workers_by_collar_color" title="Designation of workers by collar color">collar</a>"</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blue-collar_worker" title="Blue-collar worker">Blue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green-collar_worker" title="Green-collar worker">Green</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grey-collar" title="Grey-collar">Grey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New-collar_worker" title="New-collar worker">New</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pink-collar_worker" title="Pink-collar worker">Pink</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White-collar_worker" title="White-collar worker">White</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em">By type</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Ruling_class" title="Ruling class">Ruling</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aristocracy_(class)" title="Aristocracy (class)">Aristocracy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aristoi" title="Aristoi">Aristoi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hanseaten_(class)" title="Hanseaten (class)">Hanseaten</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnate" title="Magnate">Magnate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oligarchy" title="Oligarchy">Oligarchy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Russian_oligarch" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian oligarch">Russian</a></li></ul></li> <li>Patrician <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Patrician_(ancient_Rome)" title="Patrician (ancient Rome)">Ancient Rome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patrician_(post-Roman_Europe)" title="Patrician (post-Roman Europe)">Post-Roman</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_class" title="Political class">Political</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Political_family" title="Political family">Family</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_families" title="List of political families">List</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hereditary_politicians" title="Hereditary politicians">Hereditary</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_family" title="Royal family">Royal family</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Intellectual" title="Intellectual">Intellectual</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Clergy" title="Clergy">Clergy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Priest" title="Priest">Priest</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knowledge_worker" title="Knowledge worker">Knowledge worker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Professor" title="Professor">Professor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scholar" title="Scholar">Scholar</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Warrior" title="Warrior">Warrior</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chhetri" title="Chhetri">Chhetri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cossacks" title="Cossacks">Cossacks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eagle_warrior" title="Eagle warrior">Cuāuh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harii" title="Harii">Harii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Order_of_Assassins" title="Order of Assassins">Hashashin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knight" title="Knight">Knight</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kshatriya" title="Kshatriya">Kshatriya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nair_castes" class="mw-redirect" title="Nair castes">Nair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jaguar_warrior" title="Jaguar warrior">Ocēlōtl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pendekar" title="Pendekar">Pendekar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samurai" title="Samurai">Samurai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spartiate" title="Spartiate">Spartiate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vanniyar" title="Vanniyar">Vanniyar</a>/<a href="/wiki/Vanniar_(Chieftain)" title="Vanniar (Chieftain)">Vanniar (Chieftain)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Upper_class" title="Upper class">Upper</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Business_magnate" title="Business magnate">Business magnate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elite" title="Elite">Elite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gentry" title="Gentry">Gentry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lord" title="Lord">Lord</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nobility" title="Nobility">Nobility</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Landed_nobility" title="Landed nobility">Landed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petty_nobility" title="Petty nobility">Petty</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_money" title="Old money">Old money</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Overclass" title="Overclass">Overclass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robber_baron_(industrialist)" title="Robber baron (industrialist)">Robber baron</a></li> <li><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="/wiki/Seigneur" title="Seigneur">Seigneur</a></i></span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Superclass_(book)" title="Superclass (book)">Superclass</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Creative_class" title="Creative class">Creative</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bohemianism" title="Bohemianism">Bohemians</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Middle_class" title="Middle class">Middle</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bourgeoisie" title="Bourgeoisie">Bourgeoisie</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Petite_bourgeoisie" title="Petite bourgeoisie">Petite</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burgher_(social_class)" title="Burgher (social class)">Burgher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lower_middle_class" title="Lower middle class">Lower middle class</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upper_middle_class" title="Upper middle class">Upper middle class</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Working_class" title="Working class">Working</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Commoner" title="Commoner">Commoner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lazzaroni_(Naples)" title="Lazzaroni (Naples)">Lazzaroni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lumpenproletariat" title="Lumpenproletariat">Lumpenproletariat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pea-pickers" title="Pea-pickers">Pea-pickers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peasant" title="Peasant">Peasant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Precariat" title="Precariat">Precariat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proletariat" title="Proletariat">Proletariat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Working_poor" title="Working poor">Working poor</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Underclass" title="Underclass">Under</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ant_tribe" title="Ant tribe">Ant tribe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outcast_(person)" title="Outcast (person)">Outcast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outlaw" title="Outlaw">Outlaw</a> / <a href="/wiki/Prisoner" title="Prisoner">Prisoner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serfdom" title="Serfdom">Serf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plebeians" title="Plebeians">Plebeian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rat_tribe" title="Rat tribe">Rat tribe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery" title="Slavery">Slave</a> / <a href="/wiki/Freedman" title="Freedman">Freedman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Untouchability" title="Untouchability">Untouchable</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="By_country_or_region" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><div title="country">By country or region</div></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="United_States" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">United States</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Affluence_in_the_United_States" title="Affluence in the United States">Affluence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Dream" title="American Dream">American Dream</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_class_in_American_history" title="Social class in American history">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socioeconomic_mobility_in_the_United_States" title="Socioeconomic mobility in the United States">Mobility</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Category:Social_class_in_the_United_States" title="Category:Social class in the United States">Classes</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_upper_class" title="American upper class">Upper</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African-American_upper_class" title="African-American upper class">Black</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donor_Class" class="mw-redirect" title="Donor Class">Donor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_gentry" title="American gentry">Gentry</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_middle_class" title="American middle class">Middle</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African-American_middle_class" title="African-American middle class">Black</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexican-American_middle_class" title="Mexican-American middle class">Mexican-American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upper_middle_class_in_the_United_States" title="Upper middle class in the United States">Upper Middle</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_privilege" title="Social privilege">Underprivileged</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_lower_class" title="American lower class">Lower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_the_United_States" title="Slavery in the United States">Under</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Income_in_the_United_States" title="Income in the United States">Income</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Household_income_in_the_United_States" title="Household income in the United States">Household</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Income_inequality_in_the_United_States" title="Income inequality in the United States">Inequality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Personal_income_in_the_United_States" title="Personal income in the United States">Personal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poverty_in_the_United_States" title="Poverty in the United States">Poverty</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Standard_of_living_in_the_United_States" title="Standard of living in the United States">Standard of living</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Educational_attainment_in_the_United_States" title="Educational attainment in the United States">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homelessness_in_the_United_States" title="Homelessness in the United States">Homelessness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Home-ownership_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Home-ownership in the United States">Home-ownership</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em">Other regions<wbr /> or countries</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Caste_systems_in_Africa" title="Caste systems in Africa">Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belizean_society" title="Belizean society">Belize</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_class_in_Cambodia" title="Social class in Cambodia">Cambodia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_structure_of_China" title="Social structure of China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_class_in_Colombia" title="Social class in Colombia">Colombia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_class_in_France" title="Social class in France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_class_in_Haiti" title="Social class in Haiti">Haiti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caste_system_in_India" title="Caste system in India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_class_in_Iran" title="Social class in Iran">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_class_in_Italy" title="Social class in Italy">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_class_in_Luxembourg" title="Social class in Luxembourg">Luxembourg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caste_system_in_Nepal" title="Caste system in Nepal">Nepal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_class_in_New_Zealand" title="Social class in New Zealand">New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_class_in_Nigeria" title="Social class in Nigeria">Nigeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_structure_of_Romania" title="Social structure of Romania">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_class_in_Sri_Lanka" title="Social class in Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_class_in_Tibet" title="Social class in Tibet">Tibet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_class_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Social class in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">United States</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em">Historic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Social_class_in_18th-century_Spain" title="Social class in 18th-century Spain">18th-century Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Social_classes_in_ancient_Greece" title="Category:Social classes in ancient Greece">Ancient Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_class_in_ancient_Rome" title="Social class in ancient Rome">Ancient Rome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_class_in_Aztec_society" title="Social class in Aztec society">Aztec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_class_in_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="Social class in the Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Four_occupations" title="Four occupations">Pre-industrial East Asia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estates_of_the_realm" title="Estates of the realm">Pre-industrial Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_working_class" title="Soviet working class">Soviet Union</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-weight:normal;"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Social_classes" title="Category:Social classes">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Demographics_of_the_United_States" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Demography_of_the_United_States" title="Template:Demography of the United States"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Demography_of_the_United_States" title="Template talk:Demography of the United States"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Demography_of_the_United_States" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Demography of the United States"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Demographics_of_the_United_States" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_the_United_States" title="Demographics of the United States">Demographics of the United States</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><a href="/wiki/Demographic_history_of_the_United_States" title="Demographic history of the United States">Demographic history</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By economic<br />and social</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Affluence_in_the_United_States" title="Affluence in the United States">Affluence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_inequality_in_the_United_States" title="Gender inequality in the United States">Gender inequality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Educational_attainment_in_the_United_States" title="Educational attainment in the United States">Educational attainment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emigration_from_the_United_States" title="Emigration from the United States">Emigration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homeownership_in_the_United_States" title="Homeownership in the United States">Home-ownership</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Household_income_in_the_United_States" title="Household income in the United States">Household income</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Housing_segregation_in_the_United_States" title="Housing segregation in the United States">Housing segregation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immigration_to_the_United_States" title="Immigration to the United States">Immigration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Income_inequality_in_the_United_States" title="Income inequality in the United States">Income inequality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Language_Spoken_at_Home_in_the_United_States_of_America" class="mw-redirect" title="Language Spoken at Home in the United States of America">Language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_demographics_of_the_United_States" title="LGBT demographics of the United States">LGBT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_middle_class" title="American middle class">Middle classes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Personal_income_in_the_United_States" title="Personal income in the United States">Personal income</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poverty_in_the_United_States" title="Poverty in the United States">Poverty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racial_inequality_in_the_United_States" title="Racial inequality in the United States">Racial inequality</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Race_and_health_in_the_United_States" title="Race and health in the United States">Race and health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racial_achievement_gap_in_the_United_States" title="Racial achievement gap in the United States">Racial achievement gap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racial_pay_gap_in_the_United_States" title="Racial pay gap in the United States">Racial wage gap</a></li></ul></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Social class</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Standard_of_living_in_the_United_States" title="Standard of living in the United States">Standard of living</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_U.S._states_and_territories_by_unemployment_rate" title="List of U.S. states and territories by unemployment rate">Unemployment by state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Affluence_in_the_United_States" title="Affluence in the United States">Wealth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnocultural_politics_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethnocultural politics in the United States">Ethnocultural politics</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_United_States" title="Religion in the United States">By religion</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bah%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%AD_Faith_in_the_United_States" title="Baháʼí Faith in the United States">Baha'is</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_the_United_States" title="Buddhism in the United States">Buddhists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_United_States" title="Christianity in the United States">Christians</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_the_United_States" title="Catholic Church in the United States">Catholics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coptic_Americans" title="Coptic Americans">Coptics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mormons" title="Mormons">Mormons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protestantism_in_the_United_States" title="Protestantism in the United States">Protestants</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hinduism_in_the_United_States" title="Hinduism in the United States">Hindus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jainism_in_the_United_States" title="Jainism in the United States">Jains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Jews" title="American Jews">Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_the_United_States" title="Islam in the United States">Muslims</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ahmadiyya_in_the_United_States" title="Ahmadiyya in the United States">Ahmadiyyas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Five-Percent_Nation" title="Five-Percent Nation">Five Percenters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moorish_Science_Temple_of_America" title="Moorish Science Temple of America">Moorish Scientists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nation_of_Islam" title="Nation of Islam">Nation of Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nation_of_Islam" title="United Nation of Islam">Value Creators</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Native_American_religion" class="mw-redirect" title="Native American religion">Native American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neopaganism_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Neopaganism in the United States">Neopagans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irreligion_in_the_United_States" title="Irreligion in the United States">Non-religious</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rastafari_movement_in_the_United_States" title="Rastafari movement in the United States">Rastafaris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scientology_in_the_United_States" title="Scientology in the United States">Scientologists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikhism_in_the_United_States" title="Sikhism in the United States">Sikhs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zoroastrianism_in_the_United_States" title="Zoroastrianism in the United States">Zoroastrians</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Race_and_ethnicity_in_the_United_States" title="Race and ethnicity in the United States">By continent and<br />ethnic ancestry</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Africa</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans" title="African Americans">African Americans</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African_diaspora_in_the_Americas" title="African diaspora in the Americas">African diaspora in the Americas</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/West_Indian_Americans" title="West Indian Americans">Afro-Caribbean/West Indian Americans</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antiguan_and_Barbudan_Americans" title="Antiguan and Barbudan Americans">Antiguan and Barbudan Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahamian_Americans" title="Bahamian Americans">Bahamian Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbadian_Americans" title="Barbadian Americans">Barbadian Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bermudian_Americans" title="Bermudian Americans">Bermudian Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominican_Americans_(Dominica)" title="Dominican Americans (Dominica)">Dominican Americans (Dominica)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_West_Indian_Americans" title="Dutch West Indian Americans">Dutch West Indian Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grenadian_Americans" title="Grenadian Americans">Grenadian Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haitian_Americans" title="Haitian Americans">Haitian Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jamaican_Americans" title="Jamaican Americans">Jamaican Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kittian_and_Nevisian_Americans" title="Kittian and Nevisian Americans">Kittian and Nevisian Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Lucian_Americans" title="Saint Lucian Americans">Saint Lucian Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stateside_Virgin_Islands_Americans" class="mw-redirect" title="Stateside Virgin Islands Americans">Stateside Virgin Islands Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trinidadian_and_Tobagonian_Americans" title="Trinidadian and Tobagonian Americans">Trinidadian and Tobagonian Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vincentian_Americans" title="Vincentian Americans">Vincentian Americans</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Hispanic_and_Latino_Americans" title="Black Hispanic and Latino Americans">Black Hispanic and Latino Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Indians_in_the_United_States" title="Black Indians in the United States">Black Indians</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_immigration_to_the_United_States" title="African immigration to the United States">African immigrants to the United States</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Central_Africans_in_the_United_States" title="Central Africans in the United States">Central Africans in the United States</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cameroonian_Americans" title="Cameroonian Americans">Cameroonian Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congolese_Americans" title="Congolese Americans">Congolese Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Equatoguinean_Americans" title="Equatoguinean Americans">Equatoguinean Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gabonese_Americans" title="Gabonese Americans">Gabonese Americans</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fula_Americans" title="Fula Americans">Fula Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Igbo_Americans" title="Igbo Americans">Igbo Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Africans_in_the_United_States" title="East Africans in the United States">East Africans in the United States</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eritrean_Americans" title="Eritrean Americans">Eritrean Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_Americans" title="Ethiopian Americans">Ethiopian Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenyan_Americans" title="Kenyan Americans">Kenyan Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somali_Americans" title="Somali Americans">Somali Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Sudanese_Americans" title="South Sudanese Americans">South Sudanese Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sudanese_Americans" title="Sudanese Americans">Sudanese Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanzanian_Americans" title="Tanzanian Americans">Tanzanian Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ugandan_Americans" title="Ugandan Americans">Ugandan Americans</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Africans_in_the_United_States" title="Southern Africans in the United States">Southern Africans in the United States</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Angolan_Americans" title="Angolan Americans">Angolan Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malawian_Americans" title="Malawian Americans">Malawian Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_African_Americans" title="South African Americans">South African Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zimbabwean_Americans" title="Zimbabwean Americans">Zimbabwean Americans</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Africans_in_the_United_States" title="West Africans in the United States">West Africans in the United States</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beninese_Americans" title="Beninese Americans">Beninese Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bissau-Guinean_Americans" title="Bissau-Guinean Americans">Bissau-Guinean Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cape_Verdean_Americans" title="Cape Verdean Americans">Cape Verdean Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gambian_Americans" title="Gambian Americans">Gambian Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghanaian_Americans" title="Ghanaian Americans">Ghanaian Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guinean_Americans" title="Guinean Americans">Guinean Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ivorian_Americans" title="Ivorian Americans">Ivorian Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberian_Americans" title="Liberian Americans">Liberian Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malian_Americans" title="Malian Americans">Malian Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nigerian_Americans" title="Nigerian Americans">Nigerian Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senegalese_Americans" title="Senegalese Americans">Senegalese Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sierra_Leonean_Americans" title="Sierra Leonean Americans">Sierra Leonean Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Togolese_Americans" title="Togolese Americans">Togolese Americans</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoruba_Americans" title="Yoruba Americans">Yoruba Americans</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/North_Africans_in_the_United_States" title="North Africans in the United States">North Africans in the United States</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Berber_Americans" title="Berber Americans">Berber Americans</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Algerian_Americans" title="Algerian Americans">Algerian Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libyan_Americans" title="Libyan Americans">Libyan Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moroccan_American" class="mw-redirect" title="Moroccan American">Moroccan American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tunisian_Americans" title="Tunisian Americans">Tunisian Americans</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coptic_Americans" title="Coptic Americans">Coptic Americans</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Egyptian_Americans" title="Egyptian Americans">Egyptian Americans</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Asia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Asian_Americans" title="Asian Americans">Asian Americans</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Asian_Hispanic_and_Latino_Americans" title="Asian Hispanic and Latino Americans">Asian Hispanic and Latino Americans</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Asians_in_the_United_States" title="Central Asians in the United States">Central Asia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afghan_Americans" title="Afghan Americans">Afghan Americans</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pashtun_Americans" title="Pashtun Americans">Pashtun Americans</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baloch_Americans" title="Baloch Americans">Baloch Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kazakh_Americans" title="Kazakh Americans">Kazakh Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kyrgyz_Americans" title="Kyrgyz Americans">Kyrgyz Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tajik_Americans" title="Tajik Americans">Tajik Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkmen_Americans" class="mw-redirect" title="Turkmen Americans">Turkmen Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uyghur_Americans" title="Uyghur Americans">Uyghur Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uzbek_Americans" title="Uzbek Americans">Uzbek Americans</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Asian_Americans" title="East Asian Americans">East Asia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Americans" title="Chinese Americans">Chinese Americans</a> <ul><li><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fuzhounese_Americans" title="Fuzhounese Americans">Fuzhounese Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hakka_Americans" title="Hakka Americans">Hakka Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hoklo_Americans" title="Hoklo Americans">Hoklo Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_Americans" title="Hong Kong Americans">Hong Kong Americans</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_Americans" title="Japanese Americans">Japanese Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_Americans" title="Korean Americans">Korean Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongolian_Americans" title="Mongolian Americans">Mongolian Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ryukyuan_Americans" title="Ryukyuan Americans">Ryukyuan Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taiwanese_Americans" title="Taiwanese Americans">Taiwanese Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_Americans" title="Tibetan Americans">Tibetan Americans</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Asian_Americans" title="South Asian Americans">South Asia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bangladeshi_Americans" title="Bangladeshi Americans">Bangladeshi Americans</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bengali_Americans" title="Bengali Americans">Bengali Americans</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhutanese_Americans" title="Bhutanese Americans">Bhutanese Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Americans" title="Indian Americans">Indian Americans</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bengali_Americans" title="Bengali Americans">Bengali Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gujarati_Americans" title="Gujarati Americans">Gujarati Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Caribbean_Americans" title="Indo-Caribbean Americans">Indo-Caribbean Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punjabi_Americans" title="Punjabi Americans">Punjabi Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sindhi_Americans" title="Sindhi Americans">Sindhi Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamil_Americans" title="Tamil Americans">Tamil Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telugu_Americans" title="Telugu Americans">Telugu Americans</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maldivian_Americans" title="Maldivian Americans">Maldivian Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nepalese_Americans" title="Nepalese Americans">Nepalese Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakistani_Americans" title="Pakistani Americans">Pakistani Americans</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Punjabi_Americans" title="Punjabi Americans">Punjabi Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sindhi_Americans" title="Sindhi Americans">Sindhi Americans</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sri_Lankan_Americans" title="Sri Lankan Americans">Sri Lankan Americans</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tamil_Americans" title="Tamil Americans">Tamil Americans</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southeast_Asian_Americans" title="Southeast Asian Americans">Southeast Asia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Burmese_Americans" title="Burmese Americans">Burmese Americans</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Karen_Americans" title="Karen Americans">Karen Americans</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cambodian_Americans" title="Cambodian Americans">Cambodian Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Filipino_Americans" title="Filipino Americans">Filipino Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hmong_Americans" title="Hmong Americans">Hmong Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indonesian_Americans" title="Indonesian Americans">Indonesian Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iu_Mien_Americans" title="Iu Mien Americans">Iu Mien Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laotian_Americans" title="Laotian Americans">Laotian Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malaysian_Americans" title="Malaysian Americans">Malaysian Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Singaporean_Americans" title="Singaporean Americans">Singaporean Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thai_Americans" title="Thai Americans">Thai Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_Americans" title="Vietnamese Americans">Vietnamese Americans</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Romani_Americans" title="Romani Americans">Romani Americans</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_Slovak_Gypsies_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Hungarian Slovak Gypsies in the United States">Hungarian Slovak Gypsies</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Middle_Eastern_Americans" title="Middle Eastern Americans">West Asia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arab_Americans" title="Arab Americans">Arab Americans</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bahraini_Americans" class="mw-redirect" title="Bahraini Americans">Bahraini Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emirati_Americans" title="Emirati Americans">Emirati Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraqi_Americans" title="Iraqi Americans">Iraqi Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jordanian_Americans" title="Jordanian Americans">Jordanian Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuwaiti_Americans" title="Kuwaiti Americans">Kuwaiti Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lebanese_Americans" title="Lebanese Americans">Lebanese Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Omani_Americans" class="mw-redirect" title="Omani Americans">Omani Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palestinian_Americans" title="Palestinian Americans">Palestinian Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qatari_Americans" class="mw-redirect" title="Qatari Americans">Qatari Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saudi_Americans" title="Saudi Americans">Saudi Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_Americans" title="Syrian Americans">Syrian Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yemeni_Americans" title="Yemeni Americans">Yemeni Americans</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_Americans" title="Armenian Americans">Armenian Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assyrian_Americans" title="Assyrian Americans">Assyrian Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijani_Americans" title="Azerbaijani Americans">Azerbaijani Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Circassian_Americans" title="Circassian Americans">Circassian Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chechen_Americans" title="Chechen Americans">Chechen Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgian_Americans" title="Georgian Americans">Georgian Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_Americans" title="Iranian Americans">Iranian Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Jews" title="American Jews">Jewish Americans</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Israeli_Americans" title="Israeli Americans">Israeli Americans</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lezgin_Americans" title="Lezgin Americans">Lezgin Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurdish_Americans" title="Kurdish Americans">Kurdish Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_Americans" title="Turkish Americans">Turkish Americans</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/European_Americans" title="European Americans">Europe</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/White_Americans" title="White Americans">White Americans</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albanian_Americans" title="Albanian Americans">Albanian Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asturian_Americans" title="Asturian Americans">Asturian Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austrian_Americans" title="Austrian Americans">Austrian Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basque_Americans" title="Basque Americans">Basque Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belarusian_Americans" title="Belarusian Americans">Belarusian Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belgian_Americans" title="Belgian Americans">Belgian Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bosnian_Americans" title="Bosnian Americans">Bosnian Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Americans" title="British Americans">British Americans</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cornish_Americans" title="Cornish Americans">Cornish Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_Americans" title="English Americans">English Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manx_Americans" title="Manx Americans">Manx Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_Americans" title="Scottish Americans">Scottish Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welsh_Americans" title="Welsh Americans">Welsh Americans</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_Americans" title="Bulgarian Americans">Bulgarian Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catalan_Americans" title="Catalan Americans">Catalan Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Croatian_Americans" title="Croatian Americans">Croatian Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cypriot_Americans" title="Cypriot Americans">Cypriot Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Czech_Americans" title="Czech Americans">Czech Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_Americans" title="Dutch Americans">Dutch Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estonian_Americans" title="Estonian Americans">Estonian Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finnish_Americans" title="Finnish Americans">Finnish Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Americans" title="French Americans">French Americans</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cajuns" title="Cajuns">Cajuns</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galician_Americans" title="Galician Americans">Galician Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_Americans" title="German Americans">German Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_Americans" title="Greek Americans">Greek Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_Americans" title="Hungarian Americans">Hungarian Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_Americans" title="Irish Americans">Irish Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Americans" title="Italian Americans">Italian Americans</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Italians_in_the_United_States_before_1880" title="Italians in the United States before 1880">before 1880</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latvian_Americans" title="Latvian Americans">Latvian Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liechtensteiner_Americans" title="Liechtensteiner Americans">Liechtensteiner Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithuanian_Americans" title="Lithuanian Americans">Lithuanian Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luxembourgish_Americans" title="Luxembourgish Americans">Luxembourgish Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macedonian_Americans" title="Macedonian Americans">Macedonian Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maltese_Americans" title="Maltese Americans">Maltese Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moldovan_Americans" title="Moldovan Americans">Moldovan Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montenegrin_Americans" title="Montenegrin Americans">Montenegrin Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish_Americans" title="Polish Americans">Polish Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Americans" title="Portuguese Americans">Portuguese Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanian_Americans" title="Romanian Americans">Romanian Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Americans" title="Russian Americans">Russian Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sammarinese_Americans" title="Sammarinese Americans">Sammarinese Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nordic_and_Scandinavian_Americans" title="Nordic and Scandinavian Americans">Nordic and Scandinavian Americans</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Danish_Americans" title="Danish Americans">Danish Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Icelandic_Americans" title="Icelandic Americans">Icelandic Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norwegian_Americans" title="Norwegian Americans">Norwegian Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swedish_Americans" title="Swedish Americans">Swedish Americans</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serbian_Americans" title="Serbian Americans">Serbian Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovak_Americans" title="Slovak Americans">Slovak Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovenian_Americans" class="mw-redirect" title="Slovenian Americans">Slovenian Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Americans" title="Spanish Americans">Spanish Americans</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Californios" title="Californios">Californios</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swiss_Americans" title="Swiss Americans">Swiss Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_Americans" title="Ukrainian Americans">Ukrainian Americans</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-Hispanic_whites" title="Non-Hispanic whites">Non-Hispanic whites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_Hispanic_and_Latino_Americans" title="White Hispanic and Latino Americans">White Hispanic and Latino Americans</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">North America</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Native_Americans_in_the_United_States" title="Native Americans in the United States">Native Americans</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abenaki" title="Abenaki">Abenaki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apache" title="Apache">Apache</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piegan_Blackfeet" title="Piegan Blackfeet">Blackfeet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cherokee" title="Cherokee">Cherokee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cheyenne" title="Cheyenne">Cheyenne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chickasaw" title="Chickasaw">Chickasaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Choctaw" title="Choctaw">Choctaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colville_people" title="Colville people">Colville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comanche" title="Comanche">Comanche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cree" title="Cree">Cree</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crow_people" title="Crow people">Crow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Houma_people" title="Houma people">Houma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iroquois" title="Iroquois">Iroquois</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cayuga_people" title="Cayuga people">Cayuga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohawk_people" title="Mohawk people">Mohawk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oneida_people" title="Oneida people">Oneida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Onondaga_people" title="Onondaga people">Onondaga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seneca_people" title="Seneca people">Seneca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuscarora_people" title="Tuscarora people">Tuscarora</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kiowa" title="Kiowa">Kiowa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lenape" title="Lenape">Lenape</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Menominee" title="Menominee">Menominee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohave_people" title="Mohave people">Mohave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mission_Indians" title="Mission Indians">Mission Indians</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cahuilla" title="Cahuilla">Cahuilla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chemehuevi" title="Chemehuevi">Chemehuevi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chumash_people" title="Chumash people">Chumash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cupe%C3%B1o" title="Cupeño">Cupeño</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kumeyaay" title="Kumeyaay">Diegueño</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Esselen_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Esselen people">Esselen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juane%C3%B1o" class="mw-redirect" title="Juaneño">Juaneño</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kitanemuk" title="Kitanemuk">Kitanemuk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luise%C3%B1o_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Luiseño people">Luiseño</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miwok" title="Miwok">Miwok</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patwin" title="Patwin">Patwin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pomo_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Pomo people">Pomo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salinan_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Salinan people">Salinan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serrano_people" title="Serrano people">Serrano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suisun_people" title="Suisun people">Suisunes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ohlone_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Ohlone people">Ohlone</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Awaswas" title="Awaswas">Awaswas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chalon_people" title="Chalon people">Chalon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chochenyo_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Chochenyo people">Chochenyo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karkin_people" title="Karkin people">Karkin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamyen_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Tamyen people">Tamyen</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tataviam" title="Tataviam">Tataviam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tongva_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Tongva people">Tongva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wappo" title="Wappo">Wappo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wintun" title="Wintun">Wintun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yokuts" title="Yokuts">Yokuts</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muscogee" title="Muscogee">Muscogee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Navajo" title="Navajo">Navajo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ojibwe" title="Ojibwe">Ojibwe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osage_Nation" title="Osage Nation">Osage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Odawa" title="Odawa">Odawa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paiute" title="Paiute">Paiute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pawnee_people" title="Pawnee people">Pawnee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pima_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Pima people">Pima</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Potawatomi" title="Potawatomi">Potawatomi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puebloans" title="Puebloans">Pueblo</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zia_people_(New_Mexico)" title="Zia people (New Mexico)">Zia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zuni_people" title="Zuni people">Zuni</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quechan" title="Quechan">Quechan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salish_peoples" title="Salish peoples">Salish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seminole" title="Seminole">Seminole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shawnee" title="Shawnee">Shawnee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shoshone" title="Shoshone">Shoshone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sioux" title="Sioux">Sioux</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tohono_O%CA%BCodham" title="Tohono Oʼodham">Tohono Oʼodham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ute_people" title="Ute people">Ute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yakama_Indian_Reservation" title="Yakama Indian Reservation">Yakama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yaqui" title="Yaqui">Yaqui</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alaska_Natives" title="Alaska Natives">Alaska Natives</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alaskan_Athabaskans" title="Alaskan Athabaskans">Alaskan Athabaskans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aleut" class="mw-redirect" title="Aleut">Aleut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alutiiq" title="Alutiiq">Alutiiq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gwich%27in" class="mw-redirect" title="Gwich'in">Gwich'in</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haida_people" title="Haida people">Haida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/I%C3%B1upiat" title="Iñupiat">Iñupiat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tsimshian" title="Tsimshian">Tsimshian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tlingit" title="Tlingit">Tlingit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yupik_peoples" title="Yupik peoples">Yupik</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_Americans" title="Canadian Americans">Canadian Americans</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hispanic_and_Latino_Americans" title="Hispanic and Latino Americans">Hispanic and Latino Americans</a> <ul><li>Central America <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Belizean_Americans" title="Belizean Americans">Belizean Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Costa_Rican_Americans" title="Costa Rican Americans">Costa Rican Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guatemalan_Americans" title="Guatemalan Americans">Guatemalan Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Honduran_Americans" title="Honduran Americans">Honduran Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicaraguan_Americans" title="Nicaraguan Americans">Nicaraguan Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panamanian_Americans" title="Panamanian Americans">Panamanian Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salvadoran_Americans" title="Salvadoran Americans">Salvadoran Americans</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuban_Americans" title="Cuban Americans">Cuban Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominican_Americans" title="Dominican Americans">Dominican Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puerto_Rican_Americans" class="mw-redirect" title="Puerto Rican Americans">Puerto Rican Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexican_Americans" title="Mexican Americans">Mexican Americans</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chicano" title="Chicano">Chicanos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_Mexican_Americans" title="Indigenous Mexican Americans">Indigenous Mexican Americans</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Oceanian_Americans" title="Oceanian Americans">Oceania</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pacific_Islander_Americans" title="Pacific Islander Americans">Pacific Islander Americans</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chamorro_people" title="Chamorro people">Chamorro Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fijian_Americans" title="Fijian Americans">Fijian Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Polynesian_Americans" title="French Polynesian Americans">French Polynesian Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marshallese_Americans" title="Marshallese Americans">Marshallese Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Micronesian_Americans" title="Micronesian Americans">Micronesian Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Native_Hawaiians" title="Native Hawaiians">Native Hawaiians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palauan_Americans" title="Palauan Americans">Palauan Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samoan_Americans" title="Samoan Americans">Samoan Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tongan_Americans" title="Tongan Americans">Tongan Americans</a></li></ul></li> <li>Americans of Euro Oceanic origin <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Australian_Americans" title="Australian Americans">Australian Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_Americans" title="New Zealand Americans">New Zealand Americans</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">South America</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Argentine_Americans" title="Argentine Americans">Argentine Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bolivian_Americans" title="Bolivian Americans">Bolivian Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brazilian_Americans" title="Brazilian Americans">Brazilian Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chilean_Americans" title="Chilean Americans">Chilean Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colombian_Americans" title="Colombian Americans">Colombian Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecuadorian_Americans" title="Ecuadorian Americans">Ecuadorian Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guyanese_Americans" title="Guyanese Americans">Guyanese Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paraguayan_Americans" title="Paraguayan Americans">Paraguayan Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peruvian_Americans" title="Peruvian Americans">Peruvian Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surinamese_Americans" title="Surinamese Americans">Surinamese Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uruguayan_Americans" title="Uruguayan Americans">Uruguayan Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venezuelan_Americans" title="Venezuelan Americans">Venezuelan Americans</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Multiracial_Americans" title="Multiracial Americans">Multiethnic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afro-Asians#United_States" title="Afro-Asians">Afro-Asian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amerasian" title="Amerasian">Amerasian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blaxican" title="Blaxican">Blaxican</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cajuns" title="Cajuns">Cajuns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hapa" title="Hapa">Hapa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louisiana_Creole_people" title="Louisiana Creole people">Louisiana Creole people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melungeon" title="Melungeon">Melungeon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mulatto#United_States" title="Mulatto">Mulatto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punjabi_Mexican_Americans" title="Punjabi Mexican Americans">Punjabi Mexican Americans</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Americans" title="Americans">People of the United States / Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_ancestry" title="American ancestry">American ancestry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Native_American_ancestry" class="mw-redirect" title="Native American ancestry">Native American ancestry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maps_of_American_ancestries" class="mw-redirect" title="Maps of American ancestries">Maps of American ancestries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2010_United_States_census" title="2010 United States census">2010 census</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Race_and_ethnicity_in_the_United_States_census" title="Race and ethnicity in the United States census">Race and ethnicity in the census</a></li></ul></li> <li>Births of U.S. states and territories by race/ethnicity</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Race_and_ethnicity_(EEO)" class="mw-redirect" title="Race and ethnicity (EEO)">Race and ethnicity in the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_the_United_States" title="Racism in the United States">Racism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="United_States_articles" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:United_States_topics" title="Template:United States topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:United_States_topics" title="Template talk:United States topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:United_States_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:United States topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="United_States_articles" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> articles</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States" title="History of the United States">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">By period</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_(1776%E2%80%931789)" title="History of the United States (1776–1789)">1776–1789</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_(1789%E2%80%931815)" title="History of the United States (1789–1815)">1789–1815</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_(1815%E2%80%931849)" title="History of the United States (1815–1849)">1815–1849</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_(1849%E2%80%931865)" title="History of the United States (1849–1865)">1849–1865</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_(1865%E2%80%931917)" title="History of the United States (1865–1917)">1865–1917</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_(1917%E2%80%931945)" title="History of the United States (1917–1945)">1917–1945</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_(1945%E2%80%931964)" title="History of the United States (1945–1964)">1945–1964</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_(1964%E2%80%931980)" title="History of the United States (1964–1980)">1964–1980</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_(1980%E2%80%931991)" title="History of the United States (1980–1991)">1980–1991</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_(1991%E2%80%932008)" title="History of the United States (1991–2008)">1991–2008</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_(2008%E2%80%93present)" title="History of the United States (2008–present)">2008–present</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">By event</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pre-Columbian_era" title="Pre-Columbian era">Pre-colonial era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colonial_history_of_the_United_States" title="Colonial history of the United States">Colonial era</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stamp_Act_Congress" title="Stamp Act Congress">Stamp Act Congress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thirteen_Colonies" title="Thirteen Colonies">Thirteen Colonies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Continental_Congress" title="Continental Congress">Continental Congress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Continental_Association" title="Continental Association">Continental Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Colonies" title="United Colonies">United Colonies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colonial_American_military_history" title="Colonial American military history">military history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Founding_Fathers_of_the_United_States" title="Founding Fathers of the United States">Founding Fathers</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Halifax_Resolves" title="Halifax Resolves">Halifax Resolves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lee_Resolution" title="Lee Resolution">Lee Resolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Declaration_of_Independence" title="United States Declaration of Independence">Declaration of Independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Revolution" title="American Revolution">American Revolution</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Revolutionary_War" title="American Revolutionary War">War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Paris_(1783)" title="Treaty of Paris (1783)">Treaty of Paris</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Articles_of_Confederation" title="Articles of Confederation">Articles of Confederation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Perpetual_Union" title="Perpetual Union">Perpetual Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confederation_period" title="Confederation period">Confederation period</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_frontier" title="American frontier">American frontier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_the_United_States" title="Constitution of the United States">Constitution</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_drafting_and_ratification_of_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Timeline of drafting and ratification of the United States Constitution">drafting and ratification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Bill_of_Rights" title="United States Bill of Rights">Bill of Rights</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federalist_Era" title="Federalist Era">Federalist Era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_of_1812" title="War of 1812">War of 1812</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Territorial_evolution_of_the_United_States" title="Territorial evolution of the United States">Territorial evolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexican%E2%80%93American_War" title="Mexican–American War">Mexican–American War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War" title="American Civil War">Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reconstruction_era" title="Reconstruction era">Reconstruction era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Indian_Wars" title="American Indian Wars">Indian Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Native_American_genocide_in_the_United_States" title="Native American genocide in the United States">Native genocide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gilded_Age" title="Gilded Age">Gilded Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressive_Era" title="Progressive Era">Progressive Era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage_in_the_United_States" title="Women's suffrage in the United States">Women's suffrage</a></li> <li>Civil rights movement <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Civil_rights_movement_(1865%E2%80%931896)" title="Civil rights movement (1865–1896)">1865–1896</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_rights_movement_(1896%E2%80%931954)" title="Civil rights movement (1896–1954)">1896–1954</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_rights_movement" title="Civil rights movement">1954–1968</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish%E2%80%93American_War" title="Spanish–American War">Spanish–American War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_imperialism" title="American imperialism">Imperialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_in_World_War_I" title="United States in World War I">World War I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roaring_Twenties" title="Roaring Twenties">Roaring Twenties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Depression" title="Great Depression">Great Depression</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_the_United_States_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of the United States during World War II">World War II</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_home_front_during_World_War_II" title="United States home front during World War II">home front</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Century" title="American Century">American Century</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_War" title="Korean War">Korean War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_Race" title="Space Race">Space Race</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second-wave_feminism" title="Second-wave feminism">Feminist Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gay_liberation" title="Gay liberation">LGBT Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vietnam_War" title="Vietnam War">Vietnam War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_(1991%E2%80%932008)" title="History of the United States (1991–2008)">Post-Cold War (1991–2008)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/September_11_attacks" title="September 11 attacks">September 11 attacks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_on_terror" title="War on terror">War on Terror</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_(2001%E2%80%932021)" title="War in Afghanistan (2001–2021)">War in Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraq_War" title="Iraq War">Iraq War</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Recession_in_the_United_States" title="Great Recession in the United States">Great Recession</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_United_States" title="COVID-19 pandemic in the United States">COVID-19 pandemic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">By topic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_the_history_of_the_United_States" title="Outline of the history of the United States">Outline of U.S. history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographic_history_of_the_United_States" title="Demographic history of the United States">Demographic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_United_States_discoveries" title="Timeline of United States discoveries">Discoveries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_the_United_States" title="Economic history of the United States">Economic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_United_States_inventions" title="Timeline of United States inventions">Inventions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_the_United_States" title="Military history of the United States">Military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postage_stamps_and_postal_history_of_the_United_States" title="Postage stamps and postal history of the United States">Postal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Technological_and_industrial_history_of_the_United_States" title="Technological and industrial history of the United States">Technological and industrial</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_the_United_States" title="Geography of the United States">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/U.S._territorial_sovereignty" title="U.S. territorial sovereignty">Territory</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Contiguous_United_States" title="Contiguous United States">Contiguous United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/County_(United_States)" title="County (United States)">counties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Washington,_D.C." title="Washington, D.C.">federal district</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_enclave" title="Federal enclave">federal enclaves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_reservation" title="Indian reservation">Indian reservations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Territories_of_the_United_States" title="Territories of the United States">insular zones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Minor_Outlying_Islands" title="United States Minor Outlying Islands">minor outlying islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_populated_places_in_the_United_States" title="Lists of populated places in the United States">populated places</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/U.S._state" title="U.S. state">states</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_earthquakes_in_the_United_States" title="List of earthquakes in the United States">Earthquakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_extreme_points_of_the_United_States" title="List of extreme points of the United States">Extreme points</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_the_United_States" title="List of islands of the United States">Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mountains_of_the_United_States" title="List of mountains of the United States">Mountains</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mountain_peaks_of_the_United_States" title="List of mountain peaks of the United States">peaks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mountain_ranges#United_States" title="List of mountain ranges">ranges</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Appalachian_Mountains" title="Appalachian Mountains">Appalachian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rocky_Mountains" title="Rocky Mountains">Rocky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sierra_Nevada" title="Sierra Nevada">Sierra Nevada</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Park_Service" title="National Park Service">National Park Service</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_areas_in_the_United_States_National_Park_System" title="List of areas in the United States National Park System">National Parks</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_regions_of_the_United_States" title="List of regions of the United States">Regions</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/East_Coast_of_the_United_States" title="East Coast of the United States">East Coast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Coast_of_the_United_States" title="West Coast of the United States">West Coast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Plains" title="Great Plains">Great Plains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulf_Coast_of_the_United_States" title="Gulf Coast of the United States">Gulf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mid-Atlantic_(United_States)" title="Mid-Atlantic (United States)">Mid-Atlantic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Midwestern_United_States" title="Midwestern United States">Midwestern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_England" title="New England">New England</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Coast_of_the_United_States" title="West Coast of the United States">Pacific</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_United_States" title="Central United States">Central</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_United_States" title="Eastern United States">Eastern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_United_States" title="Northern United States">Northern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northeastern_United_States" title="Northeastern United States">Northeastern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northwestern_United_States" title="Northwestern United States">Northwestern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_United_States" title="Southern United States">Southern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southeastern_United_States" title="Southeastern United States">Southeastern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southwestern_United_States" title="Southwestern United States">Southwestern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_United_States" title="Western United States">Western</a></li></ul></li> <li>Longest <a href="/wiki/List_of_rivers_of_the_United_States" title="List of rivers of the United States">rivers</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arkansas_River" title="Arkansas River">Arkansas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colorado_River" title="Colorado River">Colorado</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Columbia_River" title="Columbia River">Columbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mississippi_River" title="Mississippi River">Mississippi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Missouri_River" title="Missouri River">Missouri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_River_of_the_South" title="Red River of the South">Red (South)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rio_Grande" title="Rio Grande">Rio Grande</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yukon_River" title="Yukon River">Yukon</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Time_in_the_United_States" title="Time in the United States">Time</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_the_United_States" title="Water supply and sanitation in the United States">Water supply and sanitation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_the_United_States" title="List of World Heritage Sites in the United States">World Heritage Sites</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_the_United_States" title="Politics of the United States">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Federal_government_of_the_United_States" title="Federal government of the United States">Federal</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Executive</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/President_of_the_United_States" title="President of the United States">President of the United States</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Powers_of_the_president_of_the_United_States" title="Powers of the president of the United States">powers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Executive_Office_of_the_President_of_the_United_States" title="Executive Office of the President of the United States">Executive Office</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vice_President_of_the_United_States" title="Vice President of the United States">Vice President</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cabinet_of_the_United_States" title="Cabinet of the United States">Cabinet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_federal_executive_departments" title="United States federal executive departments">Executive departments</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independent_agencies_of_the_United_States_government" title="Independent agencies of the United States government">Independent agencies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Intelligence_Community" title="United States Intelligence Community">Intelligence Community</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Director_of_National_Intelligence" title="Director of National Intelligence">Director of National Intelligence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Intelligence_Agency" title="Central Intelligence Agency">Central Intelligence Agency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Security_Agency" title="National Security Agency">National Security Agency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Reconnaissance_Office" title="National Reconnaissance Office">National Reconnaissance Office</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_law_enforcement_in_the_United_States" title="Federal law enforcement in the United States">Law enforcement</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bureau_of_Alcohol,_Tobacco,_Firearms_and_Explosives" title="Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and Explosives">ATF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/U.S._Customs_and_Border_Protection" title="U.S. Customs and Border Protection">CBP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bureau_of_Diplomatic_Security" title="Bureau of Diplomatic Security">Diplomatic Security</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drug_Enforcement_Administration" title="Drug Enforcement Administration">DEA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_Bureau_of_Investigation" title="Federal Bureau of Investigation">FBI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/U.S._Immigration_and_Customs_Enforcement" title="U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement">ICE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Marshals_Service" title="United States Marshals Service">Marshals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secret_Service" title="United States Secret Service">Secret Service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transportation_Security_Administration" title="Transportation Security Administration">TSA</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Office_of_Inspector_General_(United_States)" title="Office of Inspector General (United States)">Inspector generals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_federal_civil_service" title="United States federal civil service">Civil service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_policy_of_the_United_States" title="Public policy of the United States">Public policy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Congress" title="United States Congress">Legislative</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="United States House of Representatives">House of Representatives</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_current_members_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="List of current members of the United States House of Representatives">current members</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Speaker_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="Speaker of the United States House of Representatives">Speaker</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate" title="United States Senate">Senate</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_current_United_States_senators" title="List of current United States senators">current members</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_pro_tempore_of_the_United_States_Senate" title="President pro tempore of the United States Senate">President pro tempore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vice_President_of_the_United_States#President_of_the_United_States_Senate" title="Vice President of the United States">President</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Capitol_Police" title="United States Capitol Police">Capitol Police</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Library_of_Congress" title="Library of Congress">Library of Congress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congressional_Budget_Office" title="Congressional Budget Office">Congressional Budget Office</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_Accountability_Office" title="Government Accountability Office">Government Accountability Office</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Government_Publishing_Office" title="United States Government Publishing Office">Government Publishing Office</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Federal_judiciary_of_the_United_States" title="Federal judiciary of the United States">Judicial</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States" title="Supreme Court of the United States">Supreme Court</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chief_Justice_of_the_United_States" title="Chief Justice of the United States">Chief Justice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Associate_Justice_of_the_Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States" title="Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States">Associate Justices</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_justices_of_the_Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States" title="List of justices of the Supreme Court of the United States">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_courts_of_appeals" title="United States courts of appeals">Courts of appeals</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_current_United_States_circuit_judges" title="List of current United States circuit judges">list of judges</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_district_court" title="United States district court">District courts</a>/<a href="/wiki/United_States_territorial_court" title="United States territorial court">Territorial courts</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_district_and_territorial_courts" title="List of United States district and territorial courts">list of courts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_current_United_States_district_judges" title="List of current United States district judges">list of judges</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_tribunals_in_the_United_States" title="Federal tribunals in the United States">Other tribunals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Attorney" title="United States Attorney">U.S. attorney</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Law_of_the_United_States" title="Law of the United States">Law</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Bill_of_Rights" title="United States Bill of Rights">Bill of Rights</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Civil_liberties_in_the_United_States" title="Civil liberties in the United States">civil liberties</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Code_of_Federal_Regulations" title="Code of Federal Regulations">Code of Federal Regulations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_the_United_States" title="Constitution of the United States">Constitution</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Federalism_in_the_United_States" title="Federalism in the United States">federalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_preemption" title="Federal preemption">preemption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Separation_of_powers_under_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Separation of powers under the United States Constitution">separation of powers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_rights_movement" title="Civil rights movement">civil rights</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Code" title="United States Code">United States Code</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Uniformed_services_of_the_United_States" title="Uniformed services of the United States">Uniformed</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Armed_Forces" title="United States Armed Forces">Armed Forces</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Army" title="United States Army">Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Marine_Corps" title="United States Marine Corps">Marine Corps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Navy" title="United States Navy">Navy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Air_Force" title="United States Air Force">Air Force</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Space_Force" title="United States Space Force">Space Force</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Coast_Guard" title="United States Coast Guard">Coast Guard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Guard_(United_States)" title="National Guard (United States)">National Guard</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NOAA_Commissioned_Officer_Corps" title="NOAA Commissioned Officer Corps">NOAA Corps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Public_Health_Service_Commissioned_Corps" title="United States Public Health Service Commissioned Corps">Public Health Service Corps</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/State_governments_of_the_United_States" title="State governments of the United States">State</a>,<br /><a href="/wiki/Government_of_the_District_of_Columbia" title="Government of the District of Columbia">Federal District</a>,<br />and <a href="/wiki/Territories_of_the_United_States" title="Territories of the United States">Territorial</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/State_constitutional_officer" title="State constitutional officer">Executive</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Governor_(United_States)" title="Governor (United States)">Governor</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_current_United_States_governors" title="List of current United States governors">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lieutenant_governor_(United_States)" title="Lieutenant governor (United States)">Lieutenant governor</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_current_United_States_lieutenant_governors" title="List of current United States lieutenant governors">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secretary_of_state_(U.S._state_government)" title="Secretary of state (U.S. state government)">Secretary of state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_attorney_general" title="State attorney general">Attorney general</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_treasurer" title="State treasurer">Treasurer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_auditor" title="State auditor">Auditor/Comptroller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_commissioner" title="Agriculture commissioner">Agriculture commissioner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insurance_commissioner" title="Insurance commissioner">Insurance commissioner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_utilities_commission" title="Public utilities commission">Public utilities commission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_police_(United_States)" title="State police (United States)">State police</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_state_and_local_law_enforcement_agencies" title="List of United States state and local law enforcement agencies">list</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/State_legislature_(United_States)" title="State legislature (United States)">Legislative</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_state_legislatures" title="List of United States state legislatures">List of legislatures</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_U.S._state_legislators" title="List of U.S. state legislators">List of legislators</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/State_court_(United_States)" title="State court (United States)">Judicial</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/State_supreme_court" title="State supreme court">Supreme courts</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_state_chief_justices" title="List of state chief justices">Chief justices</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/District_attorney" title="District attorney">District attorney</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_district_attorneys_by_county" class="mw-redirect" title="List of district attorneys by county">list</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/State_law_(United_States)" title="State law (United States)">Law</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/State_constitutions_in_the_United_States" title="State constitutions in the United States">State constitutions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_U.S._state_statutory_codes" title="List of U.S. state statutory codes">Statutory codes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uniform_act" title="Uniform act">Uniform act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_U.S._state_and_territory_governments" title="Comparison of U.S. state and territory governments">Comparison of governments</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Tribe_(Native_American)" title="Tribe (Native American)">Tribal</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tribal_sovereignty_in_the_United_States" title="Tribal sovereignty in the United States">Tribal sovereignty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Native_American_recognition_in_the_United_States" title="Native American recognition in the United States">Native American recognition in the United States</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_federally_recognized_tribes_in_the_contiguous_United_States" title="List of federally recognized tribes in the contiguous United States">Federally recognized tribes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Alaska_Native_tribal_entities" title="List of Alaska Native tribal entities">Federally recognized Alaska Native tribes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State-recognized_tribes_in_the_United_States" title="State-recognized tribes in the United States">State-recognized tribes</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_reservation" title="Indian reservation">Indian reservation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Indian_reservations_in_the_United_States" title="List of Indian reservations in the United States">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hawaiian_home_land" title="Hawaiian home land">Hawaiian home land</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Local_government_in_the_United_States" title="Local government in the United States">Local</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/County_(United_States)" title="County (United States)">County</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_counties_and_county_equivalents" title="List of United States counties and county equivalents">List of counties and county equivalents</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/County_executive" title="County executive">County executive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sheriffs_in_the_United_States" title="Sheriffs in the United States">Sheriff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Municipal_clerk" title="Municipal clerk">Clerk</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Cities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Consolidated_city-county" title="Consolidated city-county">Consolidated city-county</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independent_city_(United_States)" title="Independent city (United States)">Independent city</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coterminous_municipality" title="Coterminous municipality">Coterminous municipality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Municipal_charter#United_States" title="Municipal charter">Charter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mayor%E2%80%93council_government" title="Mayor–council government">Mayor–council government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council%E2%80%93manager_government" title="Council–manager government">Council–manager government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/City_commission_government" title="City commission government">City commission government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mayoralty_in_the_United_States" title="Mayoralty in the United States">Mayor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/City_manager" title="City manager">City manager</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Municipal_council#United_States" title="Municipal council">City council</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Minor_civil_division" title="Minor civil division">Minor divisions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Civil_township" title="Civil township">Township</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Town_meeting" title="Town meeting">Town meeting</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Special_district_(United_States)" title="Special district (United States)">Special district</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/School_district" title="School district">School district</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_school_districts_in_the_United_States" title="Lists of school districts in the United States">list</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_the_United_States" title="Corruption in the United States">Corruption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_the_United_States" title="Elections in the United States">Elections</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Electoral_College" title="United States Electoral College">Electoral College</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_states_and_blue_states" title="Red states and blue states">Red states and blue states</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_the_United_States" title="Foreign relations of the United States">Foreign relations</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_policy_of_the_United_States" title="Foreign policy of the United States">foreign policy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperial_presidency" title="Imperial presidency">Imperial presidency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_ideologies_in_the_United_States" title="Political ideologies in the United States">Ideologies</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Americanism" title="Anti-Americanism">Anti-Americanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_exceptionalism" title="American exceptionalism">exceptionalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_nationalism" title="American nationalism">nationalism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_parties_in_the_United_States" title="Political parties in the United States">Parties</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">Democratic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)">Republican</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_party_(U.S._politics)" title="Third party (U.S. politics)">Third parties</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_federal_political_scandals_in_the_United_States" title="List of federal political scandals in the United States">Scandals</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_the_United_States" title="Economy of the United States">Economy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_the_United_States_by_sector" title="Economy of the United States by sector">By sector</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_the_United_States" title="Agriculture in the United States">Agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banking_in_the_United_States" title="Banking in the United States">Banking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communications_in_the_United_States" title="Communications in the United States">Communications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_companies_of_the_United_States_by_state" title="List of companies of the United States by state">Companies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_the_United_States" title="Energy in the United States">Energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insurance_in_the_United_States" title="Insurance in the United States">Insurance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manufacturing_in_the_United_States" title="Manufacturing in the United States">Manufacturing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mining_in_the_United_States" title="Mining in the United States">Mining</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_and_technology_in_the_United_States" title="Science and technology in the United States">Science and technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_the_United_States" title="Tourism in the United States">Tourism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_trade_of_the_United_States" title="Foreign trade of the United States">Trade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_companies_of_the_United_States_by_state" title="List of companies of the United States by state">by state</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_dollar" title="United States dollar">Currency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_exports_of_the_United_States" title="List of exports of the United States">Exports</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_federal_budget" title="United States federal budget">Federal budget</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greenhouse_gas_emissions_by_the_United_States" title="Greenhouse gas emissions by the United States">Greenhouse gas emissions by the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_Reserve" title="Federal Reserve">Federal Reserve System</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Financial_position_of_the_United_States" title="Financial position of the United States">Financial position</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labor_unions_in_the_United_States" title="Labor unions in the United States">Labor unions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_debt_of_the_United_States" title="National debt of the United States">Public debt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_programs_in_the_United_States" title="Social programs in the United States">Social welfare programs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taxation_in_the_United_States" title="Taxation in the United States">Taxation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unemployment_in_the_United_States" title="Unemployment in the United States">Unemployment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wall_Street" title="Wall Street">Wall Street</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Transport in the United States">Transport</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aviation_in_the_United_States" title="Aviation in the United States">Aviation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Driving_in_the_United_States" title="Driving in the United States">Driving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_transportation_in_the_United_States" title="Public transportation in the United States">Public transportation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rail_transportation_in_the_United_States" title="Rail transportation in the United States">Rail transportation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transportation_policy_of_the_United_States" title="Transportation policy of the United States">Transportation policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transportation_safety_in_the_United_States" title="Transportation safety in the United States">Transportation safety</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trucking_industry_in_the_United_States" title="Trucking industry in the United States">Trucking industry</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Society_of_the_United_States" title="Category:Society of the United States">Society</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_the_United_States" title="Culture of the United States">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Americana_(culture)" title="Americana (culture)">Americana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_in_the_United_States" title="Architecture in the United States">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_the_United_States" title="Cinema of the United States">Cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crime_in_the_United_States" title="Crime in the United States">Crime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_cuisine" title="American cuisine">Cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dance_in_the_United_States" title="Dance in the United States">Dance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_the_United_States" title="Demographics of the United States">Demographics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_the_United_States" title="Economy of the United States">Economic issues</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Affluence_in_the_United_States" title="Affluence in the United States">affluence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eviction_in_the_United_States" title="Eviction in the United States">eviction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homeownership_in_the_United_States" title="Homeownership in the United States">homeownership</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Household_income_in_the_United_States" title="Household income in the United States">household income</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Income_inequality_in_the_United_States" title="Income inequality in the United States">income inequality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_middle_class" title="American middle class">middle class</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Personal_income_in_the_United_States" title="Personal income in the United States">personal income</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poverty_in_the_United_States" title="Poverty in the United States">poverty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Standard_of_living_in_the_United_States" title="Standard of living in the United States">standard of living</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Affluence_in_the_United_States" title="Affluence in the United States">wealth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Working_class_in_the_United_States" title="Working class in the United States">working class</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_the_United_States" title="Education in the United States">Education</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Educational_attainment_in_the_United_States" title="Educational attainment in the United States">attainment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Literacy_in_the_United_States" title="Literacy in the United States">literacy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Family_in_the_United_States" title="Family in the United States">Family</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fashion_in_the_United_States" title="Fashion in the United States">Fashion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_the_United_States" title="Flag of the United States">Flag</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_flags_of_the_United_States" title="List of flags of the United States">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folklore_of_the_United_States" title="Folklore of the United States">Folklore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_holidays_in_the_United_States" title="Public holidays in the United States">Holidays</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Federal_holidays_in_the_United_States" title="Federal holidays in the United States">Federal holidays</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homelessness_in_the_United_States" title="Homelessness in the United States">Homelessness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Housing_in_the_United_States" title="Housing in the United States">Housing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_the_United_States" title="Human rights in the United States">Human rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_the_United_States" title="Languages of the United States">Languages</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_English" title="American English">American English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_languages_of_the_Americas" title="Indigenous languages of the Americas">Indigenous languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Sign_Language" title="American Sign Language">ASL</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_literature" title="American literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_media_in_the_United_States" title="Mass media in the United States">Media</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_American_journalism" title="History of American journalism">journalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet_in_the_United_States" title="Internet in the United States">internet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_American_newspapers" title="History of American newspapers">newspapers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radio_in_the_United_States" title="Radio in the United States">radio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Television_in_the_United_States" title="Television in the United States">television</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_the_United_States" title="Music of the United States">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naming_in_the_United_States" title="Naming in the United States">Names</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Star-Spangled_Banner" title="The Star-Spangled Banner">National anthem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_symbols_of_the_United_States" title="National symbols of the United States">National symbols</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Columbia_(personification)" title="Columbia (personification)">Columbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Rushmore" title="Mount Rushmore">Mount Rushmore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statue_of_Liberty" title="Statue of Liberty">Statue of Liberty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uncle_Sam" title="Uncle Sam">Uncle Sam</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Americans" title="Americans">People</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_philosophy" title="American philosophy">Philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_ideologies_in_the_United_States" title="Political ideologies in the United States">Political ideologies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Race_and_ethnicity_in_the_United_States" title="Race and ethnicity in the United States">Race</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_United_States" title="Religion in the United States">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexuality_in_the_United_States" title="Sexuality in the United States">Sexuality</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Social class</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Society_of_the_United_States" title="Society of the United States">Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sports_in_the_United_States" title="Sports in the United States">Sports</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theater_in_the_United_States" title="Theater in the United States">Theater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transportation_in_the_United_States" title="Transportation in the United States">Transportation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Video_games_in_the_United_States" title="Video games in the United States">Video games</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visual_art_of_the_United_States" title="Visual art of the United States">Visual art</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Social class</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Affluence_in_the_United_States" title="Affluence in the United States">Affluence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Dream" title="American Dream">American Dream</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Educational_attainment_in_the_United_States" title="Educational attainment in the United States">Educational attainment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homelessness_in_the_United_States" title="Homelessness in the United States">Homelessness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homeownership_in_the_United_States" title="Homeownership in the United States">Homeownership</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Household_income_in_the_United_States" title="Household income in the United States">Household income</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Income_inequality_in_the_United_States" title="Income inequality in the United States">Income inequality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_middle_class" title="American middle class">Middle class</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Personal_income_in_the_United_States" title="Personal income in the United States">Personal income</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poverty_in_the_United_States" title="Poverty in the United States">Poverty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Standard_of_living_in_the_United_States" title="Standard of living in the United States">Standard of living</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Health_in_the_United_States" title="Health in the United States">Health</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aging_of_the_United_States" title="Aging of the United States">Aging</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Healthcare_in_the_United_States" title="Healthcare in the United States">Healthcare</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_the_United_States" title="Abortion in the United States">Abortion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Birth_control_in_the_United_States" title="Birth control in the United States">Birth control</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prenatal_care_in_the_United_States" title="Prenatal care in the United States">Prenatal care</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hospice_care_in_the_United_States" title="Hospice care in the United States">Hospice care</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immigrant_health_care_in_the_United_States" title="Immigrant health care in the United States">Immigrant health care</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Healthcare_rationing_in_the_United_States" title="Healthcare rationing in the United States">Rationing</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_care_finance_in_the_United_States" title="Health care finance in the United States">Health care finance</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Health_insurance_costs_in_the_United_States" title="Health insurance costs in the United States">Health insurance costs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_care_prices_in_the_United_States" title="Health care prices in the United States">Health care prices</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prescription_drug_prices_in_the_United_States" title="Prescription drug prices in the United States">Prescription drug prices</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disability_in_the_United_States" title="Disability in the United States">Disability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_insurance_in_the_United_States" title="Health insurance in the United States">Health insurance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Food_safety_in_the_United_States" title="Food safety in the United States">Food safety</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Physician_shortage_in_the_United_States" title="Physician shortage in the United States">Physician shortage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poverty_and_health_in_the_United_States" title="Poverty and health in the United States">Poverty and health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Race_and_health_in_the_United_States" title="Race and health in the United States">Race and health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Obesity_in_the_United_States" title="Obesity in the United States">Obesity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medical_deserts_in_the_United_States" title="Medical deserts in the United States">Medical deserts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_reproductive_health_in_the_United_States" title="Women's reproductive health in the United States">Women's reproductive health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_U.S._states_and_territories_by_life_expectancy" title="List of U.S. states and territories by life expectancy">Life expectancy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Issues</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_the_United_States" title="Capital punishment in the United States">Capital punishment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crime_in_the_United_States" title="Crime in the United States">Crime</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Incarceration_in_the_United_States" title="Incarceration in the United States">incarceration</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_the_United_States_government" title="Criticism of the United States government">Criticism of government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discrimination_in_the_United_States" title="Discrimination in the United States">Discrimination</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Affirmative_action_in_the_United_States" title="Affirmative action in the United States">affirmative action</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_the_United_States" title="Antisemitism in the United States">antisemitism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intersex_rights_in_the_United_States" title="Intersex rights in the United States">intersex rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamophobia_in_the_United_States" title="Islamophobia in the United States">Islamophobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in the United States">LGBT rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_the_United_States" title="Racism in the United States">racism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_against_Native_Americans_in_the_United_States" title="Racism against Native Americans in the United States">Native American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_against_African_Americans" title="Racism against African Americans">African American</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_policy_of_the_United_States" title="Energy policy of the United States">Energy policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_issues_in_the_United_States" title="Environmental issues in the United States">Environmental issues</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_movement_in_the_United_States" title="Environmental movement in the United States">Environmental movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_the_United_States" title="Climate change in the United States">Climate change</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gun_politics_in_the_United_States" title="Gun politics in the United States">Gun politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_shootings_in_the_United_States" title="Mass shootings in the United States">Mass shootings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hunger_in_the_United_States" title="Hunger in the United States">Hunger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tobacco_in_the_United_States" title="Tobacco in the United States">Smoking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_the_United_States" title="Human rights in the United States">Human rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immigration_to_the_United_States" title="Immigration to the United States">Immigration</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_immigration_to_the_United_States" title="Illegal immigration to the United States">illegal</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_security_of_the_United_States" title="National security of the United States">National security</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Terrorism_in_the_United_States" title="Terrorism in the United States">Terrorism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opioid_epidemic_in_the_United_States" title="Opioid epidemic in the United States">Opioid epidemic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Separation_of_church_and_state_in_the_United_States" title="Separation of church and state in the United States">Separation of church and state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xenophobia_in_the_United_States" title="Xenophobia in the United States">Xenophobia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="text-align:center;;font-weight:bold;"><div><div style="margin-bottom:-0.4em;"><ul><li><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_the_United_States" title="Outline of the United States">Outline</a></span></li><li><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_the_United_States" title="Outline of the United States">Index</a></span></li></ul></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:United_States" title="Category:United States">Category</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:United_States" title="Portal:United States">Portal</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Social_class_in_North_America" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:North_America_topic" title="Template:North America topic"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:North_America_topic" title="Template talk:North America topic"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:North_America_topic" title="Special:EditPage/Template:North America topic"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Social_class_in_North_America" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Social class in North America</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sovereign states</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Social_class_in_Antigua_and_Barbuda&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Social class in Antigua and Barbuda (page does not exist)">Antigua and Barbuda</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Social_class_in_the_Bahamas&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Social class in the Bahamas (page does not exist)">Bahamas</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Social_class_in_Barbados&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Social class in Barbados (page does not exist)">Barbados</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Social_class_in_Belize&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Social class in Belize (page does not exist)">Belize</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Social_class_in_Canada&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Social class in Canada (page does not exist)">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Social_class_in_Costa_Rica&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Social class in Costa Rica (page does not exist)">Costa Rica</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Social_class_in_Cuba&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Social class in Cuba (page does not exist)">Cuba</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Social_class_in_Dominica&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Social class in Dominica (page does not exist)">Dominica</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Social_class_in_the_Dominican_Republic&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Social class in the Dominican Republic (page does not exist)">Dominican Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Social_class_in_El_Salvador&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Social class in El Salvador (page does not exist)">El Salvador</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Social_class_in_Grenada&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Social class in Grenada (page does not exist)">Grenada</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Social_class_in_Guatemala&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Social class in Guatemala (page does not exist)">Guatemala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_class_in_Haiti" title="Social class in Haiti">Haiti</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Social_class_in_Honduras&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Social class in Honduras (page does not exist)">Honduras</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Social_class_in_Jamaica&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Social class in Jamaica (page does not exist)">Jamaica</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Social_class_in_Mexico&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Social class in Mexico (page does not exist)">Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Social_class_in_Nicaragua&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Social class in Nicaragua (page does not exist)">Nicaragua</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Social_class_in_Panama&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Social class in Panama (page does not exist)">Panama</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Social_class_in_Saint_Kitts_and_Nevis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Social class in Saint Kitts and Nevis (page does not exist)">Saint Kitts and Nevis</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Social_class_in_Saint_Lucia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Social class in Saint Lucia (page does not exist)">Saint Lucia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Social_class_in_Saint_Vincent_and_the_Grenadines&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Social class in Saint Vincent and the Grenadines (page does not exist)">Saint Vincent and the Grenadines</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Social_class_in_Trinidad_and_Tobago&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Social class in Trinidad and Tobago (page does not exist)">Trinidad and Tobago</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">United States</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Dependencies and<br />other territories</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Social_class_in_Anguilla&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Social class in Anguilla (page does not exist)">Anguilla</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Social_class_in_Aruba&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Social class in Aruba (page does not exist)">Aruba</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Social_class_in_Bermuda&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Social class in Bermuda (page does not exist)">Bermuda</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Social_class_in_Bonaire&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Social class in Bonaire (page does not exist)">Bonaire</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Social_class_in_the_British_Virgin_Islands&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Social class in the British Virgin Islands (page does not exist)">British Virgin Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Social_class_in_the_Cayman_Islands&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Social class in the Cayman Islands (page does not exist)">Cayman Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Social_class_in_Cura%C3%A7ao&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Social class in Curaçao (page does not exist)">Curaçao</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Social_class_in_Greenland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Social class in Greenland (page does not exist)">Greenland</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Social_class_in_Guadeloupe&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Social class in Guadeloupe (page does not exist)">Guadeloupe</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Social_class_in_Martinique&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Social class in Martinique (page does not exist)">Martinique</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Social_class_in_Montserrat&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Social class in Montserrat (page does not exist)">Montserrat</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Social_class_in_Puerto_Rico&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Social class in Puerto Rico (page does not exist)">Puerto Rico</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Social_class_in_Saint_Barth%C3%A9lemy&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Social class in Saint Barthélemy (page does not exist)">Saint Barthélemy</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Social_class_in_the_Collectivity_of_Saint_Martin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Social class in the Collectivity of Saint Martin (page does not exist)">Saint Martin</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Social_class_in_Saint_Pierre_and_Miquelon&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Social class in Saint Pierre and Miquelon (page does not exist)">Saint Pierre and Miquelon</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Social_class_in_Saba_(island)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Social class in Saba (island) (page does not exist)">Saba</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Social_class_in_Sint_Eustatius&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Social class in Sint Eustatius (page does not exist)">Sint Eustatius</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Social_class_in_Sint_Maarten&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Social class in Sint Maarten (page does not exist)">Sint Maarten</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Social_class_in_the_Turks_and_Caicos_Islands&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Social class in the Turks and Caicos Islands (page does not exist)">Turks and Caicos Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Social_class_in_the_United_States_Virgin_Islands&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Social class in the United States Virgin Islands (page does not exist)">United States Virgin Islands</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Social_class_in_the_United_States&oldid=1259201937">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Social_class_in_the_United_States&oldid=1259201937</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" 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