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تصوير الجهاز الهضمي العلوي بالباريوم" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%83%81%EB%B6%80%EC%9C%84%EC%9E%A5%EA%B4%80%EC%A1%B0%EC%98%81%EC%88%A0" title="상부위장관조영술 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="상부위장관조영술" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Studio_radiografico_dell%27apparato_digerente_superiore" title="Studio radiografico dell'apparato digerente superiore – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Studio radiografico dell'apparato digerente superiore" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li 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digestive system excluding the colon</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For the barium meal test in espionage, see <a href="/wiki/Canary_trap" title="Canary trap">Canary trap</a>.</div> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Medical diagnostic method </div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="background-color: lightblue">Upper gastrointestinal series</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><span><video id="mwe_player_0" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Fluoroscopy_of_normal_barium_swallow.ogg/290px--Fluoroscopy_of_normal_barium_swallow.ogg.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="290" height="290" data-durationhint="29" data-mwtitle="Fluoroscopy_of_normal_barium_swallow.ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/1/18/Fluoroscopy_of_normal_barium_swallow.ogg/Fluoroscopy_of_normal_barium_swallow.ogg.480p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="480p.vp9.webm" data-width="480" data-height="480" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/1/18/Fluoroscopy_of_normal_barium_swallow.ogg/Fluoroscopy_of_normal_barium_swallow.ogg.720p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="720p.vp9.webm" data-width="720" data-height="720" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/18/Fluoroscopy_of_normal_barium_swallow.ogg" type="video/ogg; codecs="theora"" data-width="1024" data-height="1024" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/1/18/Fluoroscopy_of_normal_barium_swallow.ogg/Fluoroscopy_of_normal_barium_swallow.ogg.144p.mjpeg.mov" type="video/quicktime" data-transcodekey="144p.mjpeg.mov" data-width="144" data-height="144" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/1/18/Fluoroscopy_of_normal_barium_swallow.ogg/Fluoroscopy_of_normal_barium_swallow.ogg.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="240" data-height="240" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/1/18/Fluoroscopy_of_normal_barium_swallow.ogg/Fluoroscopy_of_normal_barium_swallow.ogg.360p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="360p.vp9.webm" data-width="360" data-height="360" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/1/18/Fluoroscopy_of_normal_barium_swallow.ogg/Fluoroscopy_of_normal_barium_swallow.ogg.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="360" data-height="360" /></video></span></span><div class="infobox-caption">Normal <a href="/wiki/Barium" title="Barium">barium</a> swallow fluoroscopic image, showing the ingested <a href="/wiki/Barium_sulfate" title="Barium sulfate">barium sulfate</a> being induced down the <a href="/wiki/Oesophagus" class="mw-redirect" title="Oesophagus">oesophagus</a> by <a href="/wiki/Peristalsis" title="Peristalsis">peristalsis</a>.</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Synonym" title="Synonym">Synonyms</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Upper gastrointestinal study, contrast radiography of the upper gastrointestinal tract, barium swallow, barium meal</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/ICD-10_Procedure_Coding_System" title="ICD-10 Procedure Coding System">ICD-10-PCS</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://icd.who.int/browse10/2019/en#/GroupMajor.minor">GroupMajor.minor</a> <sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged June 2024">dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>An <b>upper gastrointestinal series</b>, also called a <b>barium swallow</b>, <b>barium study</b>, or <b>barium meal</b>, is a series of <a href="/wiki/Medical_radiography" class="mw-redirect" title="Medical radiography">radiographs</a> used to examine the <a href="/wiki/Human_gastrointestinal_tract" class="mw-redirect" title="Human gastrointestinal tract">gastrointestinal tract</a> for abnormalities. A <a href="/wiki/Contrast_medium" class="mw-redirect" title="Contrast medium">contrast medium</a>, usually a <a href="/wiki/Radiocontrast_agent" title="Radiocontrast agent">radiocontrast agent</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Barium_sulfate" title="Barium sulfate">barium sulfate</a> mixed with water, is ingested or instilled into the gastrointestinal tract, and <a href="/wiki/X-ray" title="X-ray">X-rays</a> are used to create radiographs of the regions of interest. The barium enhances the visibility of the relevant parts of the gastrointestinal tract by coating the inside wall of the tract and appearing white on the film. This in combination with other plain radiographs allows for the imaging of parts of the upper gastrointestinal tract such as the <a href="/wiki/Pharynx" title="Pharynx">pharynx</a>, <a href="/wiki/Larynx" title="Larynx">larynx</a>, <a href="/wiki/Esophagus" title="Esophagus">esophagus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Stomach" title="Stomach">stomach</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Small_intestine" title="Small intestine">small intestine</a> such that the inside wall lining, size, shape, contour, and patency are visible to the examiner. With <a href="/wiki/Fluoroscopy" title="Fluoroscopy">fluoroscopy</a>, it is also possible to visualize the functional movement of examined organs such as <a href="/wiki/Swallowing" title="Swallowing">swallowing</a>, <a href="/wiki/Peristalsis" title="Peristalsis">peristalsis</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Sphincter" title="Sphincter">sphincter</a> closure. Depending on the organs to be examined, barium radiographs can be classified into "barium swallow", "barium meal", "barium follow-through", and "enteroclysis" ("small bowel enema"). To further enhance the quality of images, air or gas is sometimes introduced into the gastrointestinal tract in addition to barium, and this procedure is called double-contrast imaging. In this case the gas is referred to as the negative contrast medium. Traditionally the images produced with barium contrast are made with plain-film radiography, but <a href="/wiki/CT_scan" title="CT scan">computed tomography</a> is also used in combination with barium contrast, in which case the procedure is called "<a href="/wiki/Computed_tomography_enterography" title="Computed tomography enterography">CT enterography</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-Murphy-2014_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Murphy-2014-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Types">Types</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Upper_gastrointestinal_series&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Types"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Maag.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Maag.jpg/220px-Maag.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Maag.jpg/330px-Maag.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Maag.jpg/440px-Maag.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1024" /></a><figcaption>Barium meal examination showing the stomach and duodenum in double contrast technique with CO2 as negative contrast medium</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Smallbowel.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Smallbowel.jpg/220px-Smallbowel.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="317" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Smallbowel.jpg/330px-Smallbowel.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Smallbowel.jpg/440px-Smallbowel.jpg 2x" data-file-width="484" data-file-height="698" /></a><figcaption>Barium follow-through showing the small bowel</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Duenndarmstenose_Morbus_Crohn_KM-Passage_004.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Duenndarmstenose_Morbus_Crohn_KM-Passage_004.jpg/220px-Duenndarmstenose_Morbus_Crohn_KM-Passage_004.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="210" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Duenndarmstenose_Morbus_Crohn_KM-Passage_004.jpg/330px-Duenndarmstenose_Morbus_Crohn_KM-Passage_004.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Duenndarmstenose_Morbus_Crohn_KM-Passage_004.jpg/440px-Duenndarmstenose_Morbus_Crohn_KM-Passage_004.jpg 2x" data-file-width="748" data-file-height="714" /></a><figcaption>Enteroclysis in double contrast technique showing stenosis of the small intestine</figcaption></figure> <p>Various types of barium X-ray examinations are used to examine different parts of the gastrointestinal tract. These include barium swallow, barium meal, barium follow-through, and <a href="/wiki/Barium_enema" class="mw-redirect" title="Barium enema">barium enema</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Dorling_Kindersley_-2013_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dorling_Kindersley_-2013-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The barium swallow, barium meal, and barium follow-through are together also called an upper gastrointestinal series (or study), whereas the barium enema is called a <a href="/wiki/Lower_gastrointestinal_series" title="Lower gastrointestinal series">lower gastrointestinal series</a> (or study).<sup id="cite_ref-Daniels-2010_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Daniels-2010-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In upper gastrointestinal series examinations, the barium sulfate is mixed with water and swallowed orally, whereas in the lower gastrointestinal series (barium enema), the barium <a href="/wiki/Contrast_agent" title="Contrast agent">contrast agent</a> is administered as an <a href="/wiki/Enema" title="Enema">enema</a> through a small tube inserted into the <a href="/wiki/Rectum" title="Rectum">rectum</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Dorling_Kindersley_-2013_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dorling_Kindersley_-2013-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>Barium swallow X-ray examinations are used to study the pharynx<sup id="cite_ref-Kuo-2012_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kuo-2012-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and esophagus.<sup id="cite_ref-Dorling_Kindersley_-2013_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dorling_Kindersley_-2013-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Barium meal examinations are used to study the lower esophagus, stomach and <a href="/wiki/Duodenum" title="Duodenum">duodenum</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Dorling_Kindersley_-2013_2-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dorling_Kindersley_-2013-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Barium follow-through examinations are used to study the small intestine.<sup id="cite_ref-Dorling_Kindersley_-2013_2-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dorling_Kindersley_-2013-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enteroclysis" class="mw-redirect" title="Enteroclysis">Enteroclysis</a>, also called small bowel enema, is a barium X-ray examination used to display individual loops of the small intestine by intubating the <a href="/wiki/Jejunum" title="Jejunum">jejunum</a> and administering barium sulfate followed by <a href="/wiki/Methylcellulose" class="mw-redirect" title="Methylcellulose">methylcellulose</a> or air.<sup id="cite_ref-Levine-2008_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Levine-2008-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Barium enema examinations are used to study the large intestine and rectum and are classified as <i><a href="/wiki/Lower_gastrointestinal_series" title="Lower gastrointestinal series">lower gastrointestinal series</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Dorling_Kindersley_-2013_2-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dorling_Kindersley_-2013-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Medical_uses">Medical uses</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Upper_gastrointestinal_series&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Medical uses"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Barium X-ray examinations are useful tools for the study of appearance and function of the parts of the gastrointestinal tract. They are used to diagnose and monitor <a href="/wiki/Esophageal_reflux" class="mw-redirect" title="Esophageal reflux">esophageal reflux</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dysphagia" title="Dysphagia">dysphagia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hiatus_hernia" class="mw-redirect" title="Hiatus hernia">hiatus hernia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Stricture_(medicine)" class="mw-redirect" title="Stricture (medicine)">strictures</a>, <a href="/wiki/Diverticulum" title="Diverticulum">diverticula</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pyloric_stenosis" title="Pyloric stenosis">pyloric stenosis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gastritis" title="Gastritis">gastritis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Enteritis" title="Enteritis">enteritis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Volvulus" title="Volvulus">volvulus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Varices" title="Varices">varices</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ulcer" title="Ulcer">ulcers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tumor" class="mw-redirect" title="Tumor">tumors</a>, and gastrointestinal dysmotility, as well as to detect <a href="/wiki/Foreign_body" title="Foreign body">foreign bodies</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Daniels-2010_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Daniels-2010-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although barium X-ray examinations are increasingly being replaced by more modern techniques, such as <a href="/wiki/Computer_tomography" class="mw-redirect" title="Computer tomography">computer tomography</a>, <a href="/wiki/Magnetic_resonance_imaging" title="Magnetic resonance imaging">magnetic resonance imaging</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ultrasound_imaging" class="mw-redirect" title="Ultrasound imaging">ultrasound imaging</a>, <a href="/wiki/Endoscopy" title="Endoscopy">endoscopy</a> and <a href="/wiki/Capsule_endoscopy" title="Capsule endoscopy">capsule endoscopy</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Markova-2010_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Markova-2010-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> barium contrast imaging remains in common use because it offers the advantages of greater affordability, wider availability,<sup id="cite_ref-Murphy-2014_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Murphy-2014-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Levine-2008_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Levine-2008-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and better resolution in assessing superficial mucosal lesions.<sup id="cite_ref-Markova-2010_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Markova-2010-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Mechanism">Mechanism</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Upper_gastrointestinal_series&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Mechanism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Barium sulfate is swallowed and is a <a href="/wiki/Radio_opaque" class="mw-redirect" title="Radio opaque">radio opaque</a> substance that does not allow the passage of X-rays. As a result, areas coated by barium sulfate will appear white on an X-ray film. The passage of barium sulfate through the gastrointestinal tract is observed by a radiologist using a <a href="/wiki/Fluoroscopy" title="Fluoroscopy">fluoroscope</a> attached to a TV monitor. The radiologist takes a series of individual X-ray images at timed intervals depending on the areas to be studied. Sometimes medication which produces gas in the gastrointestinal tract is administered together with the Barium sulfate. This gas distends the gastrointestinal lumen, providing better imaging conditions and in this case the procedure is called double-contrast imaging.<sup id="cite_ref-Peikin-2009_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Peikin-2009-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Procedure">Procedure</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Upper_gastrointestinal_series&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Procedure"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Clinical status and relevant medical history are reviewed prior to the studies.<sup id="cite_ref-Hawkey-2012_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hawkey-2012-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Patient_consent" class="mw-redirect" title="Patient consent">Patient consent</a> is required.<sup id="cite_ref-Daniels-2010_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Daniels-2010-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Barium_swallow">Barium swallow</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Upper_gastrointestinal_series&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Barium swallow"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A barium swallow study is also known as a <b>barium esophagram</b> and needs little if any preparations for the study of the larynx, pharynx, and esophagus when studied alone.<sup id="cite_ref-Chen_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chen-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Nightingale-2012_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nightingale-2012-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Amongst the uses of barium swallow are: persistent <a href="/wiki/Dysphagia" title="Dysphagia">dysphagia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Odynophagia" title="Odynophagia">odynophagia</a> despite negative <a href="/wiki/Esophagogastroduodenoscopy" title="Esophagogastroduodenoscopy">esophagogastroduodenoscopy</a> (OGDS) findings, failed OGDS, <a href="/wiki/Esophageal_motility_disorder" title="Esophageal motility disorder">esophageal motility disorder</a>, <a href="/wiki/Globus_pharyngis" title="Globus pharyngis">globus pharyngis</a>, assessment of <a href="/wiki/Tracheoesophageal_fistula" title="Tracheoesophageal fistula">tracheoesophageal fistula</a>, and timed barium swallow to monitor the progress of <a href="/wiki/Esophageal_achalasia" title="Esophageal achalasia">esophageal achalasia</a> therapy.<sup id="cite_ref-Chapman_2018_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chapman_2018-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Barium_sulfate_suspension" title="Barium sulfate suspension">Barium sulfate suspension</a> such as 100 ml or more of E-Z HD 200 to 250% concentration and Baritop 100% can be used. Water-soluble contrast agent such as Gastrografin (<a href="/wiki/Diatrizoate" title="Diatrizoate">diatrizoate</a>) and Conray (<a href="/wiki/Iotalamic_acid" title="Iotalamic acid">Iotalamic acid</a>) is used instead of barium if oesophageal perforation is suspected. Low osmolar contrast medium with concentration of 300 mg/ml is used instead of gastrografin if there is risk of <a href="/wiki/Pulmonary_aspiration" title="Pulmonary aspiration">aspiration</a> or there is tracheoesophageal fistula.<sup id="cite_ref-Chapman_2018_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chapman_2018-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A thick barium mixture is swallowed in supine position and fluoroscopic images of the swallowing process are made. Then several swallows of a thin barium mixture are taken and the passage is recorded by fluoroscopy and standard radiographs. The procedure is repeated several times with the examination table tilted at various angles. A total of 350–450 mL of barium is swallowed during the process.<sup id="cite_ref-Chernecky-2012_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chernecky-2012-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Mehrjardi_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mehrjardi-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Normally, 90% of ingested fluid should have passed into the stomach after 15 seconds.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Right anterior oblique (RAO) view is to see the oesophagus clearly, away from overlapping spine.<sup id="cite_ref-Chapman_2018_13-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chapman_2018-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> AP (anterior-posterior) view is also done to visualise the <a href="/wiki/Gastroesophageal_junction" class="mw-redirect" title="Gastroesophageal junction">gastroesophageal junction</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Chapman_2018_13-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chapman_2018-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> AP and lateral views are also done to visualise the <a href="/wiki/Hypopharynx" class="mw-redirect" title="Hypopharynx">hypopharynx</a> during swallowing at a frame rate of 3–4 per second. Left posterior oblique (LPO) position is used to identify hernias, mucosal rings, and varices.<sup id="cite_ref-Chapman_2018_13-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chapman_2018-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Barium_meal">Barium meal</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Upper_gastrointestinal_series&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Barium meal"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Intravenous injection of Buscopan (<a href="/wiki/Hyoscine_butylbromide" title="Hyoscine butylbromide">Hyoscine butylbromide</a>) 20 mg or <a href="/wiki/Glucagon" title="Glucagon">glucagon</a> 0.3 mg is used to distend the stomach and slow down the emptying of the contrast into the duodenum.<sup id="cite_ref-Chapman_2018_13-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chapman_2018-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Right anterior oblique (RAO) view is used to demonstrate antrum and greater curve of stomach. Supine position is to demonstrate antrum and body of stomach. Left anterior oblique (LAO) view is used to see the lesser curve of stomach en face. This position is also used to check for gastroesophageal reflux when patient is asked to cough or swallow (water siphon test). Left lateral tilted with head up 45 degrees is used to demonstrate the fundus of the stomach.<sup id="cite_ref-Chapman_2018_13-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chapman_2018-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> To demonstrate the duodenal loop, the subject can lie down in prone position on a compression pad to prevent excessive barium flowing into the duodenal loop. Anterior view of duodenal loop can be seen at RAO position.<sup id="cite_ref-Chapman_2018_13-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chapman_2018-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Duodenal cap can be visualised by taking images when subject lie down in prone position, RAO, supine, and then LAO positions or it can be seen on erect position with RAO and steep LAO views.<sup id="cite_ref-Chapman_2018_13-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chapman_2018-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Total mucosal coating of the stomach is done by asking the subject to roll to the right side into a complete circle until RAO position. Arae gastriae in the antrum (fine reticular network of grooves) is visible if good coating is achieved.<sup id="cite_ref-Chapman_2018_13-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chapman_2018-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Small_bowel_follow-through">Small bowel follow-through</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Upper_gastrointestinal_series&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Small bowel follow-through"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Indications to do this procedure are: unexplained chronic abdominal pain with weight loss, unexplained diarrhea, anemia which is caused by gastrointestinal bleeding or dependent on <a href="/wiki/Blood_transfusion" title="Blood transfusion">blood transfusion</a> where the cause cannot be explained despite OGDS or colonoscopy investigations, partial obstruction of bowel/small bowel adhesive obstruction suspected, and unexplained <a href="/wiki/Malabsorption" title="Malabsorption">malabsorption</a> of nutrients.<sup id="cite_ref-Chapman_2018_13-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chapman_2018-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For barium follow-through examinations, a 6-hour period of fasting is observed prior to the study.<sup id="cite_ref-Hawkey-2012_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hawkey-2012-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Barium is administered orally, sometimes mixed with <a href="/wiki/Diatrizoic_acid" class="mw-redirect" title="Diatrizoic acid">diatrizoic acid</a> (gastrografin) to reduce transit time in the bowel. Intravenous <a href="/wiki/Metoclopramide" title="Metoclopramide">metoclopramide</a> is sometimes also added to the mixture to enhance gastric emptying.<sup id="cite_ref-Thomas-2014_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Thomas-2014-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 600 ml of 0.5% methylcellulose can be given orally, after barium meal is given, to improve the images of small bowel follow-through by reducing the time taken for barium to pass through the small intestines, and increase the transparency of the contrast-filled small bowels.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other methods to reduce transit time are to add ice cold normal saline after the administration of barium saline mixture<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or to give a dry meal.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>X-ray images are then taken in a supine position at intervals of 20–30 minutes. Real-time fluoroscopy is used to assess bowel motility. The radiologist may press or palpate the abdomen during images to separate intestinal loops. The total time necessary for the test depends on the speed of bowel motility or transit time and may vary between 1 and 3 hours.<sup id="cite_ref-Thomas-2014_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Thomas-2014-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Enteroclysis">Enteroclysis</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Upper_gastrointestinal_series&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Enteroclysis"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Enteroclysis is also known as small bowel enema.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It has been largely replaced by <a href="/wiki/Magnetic_resonance_enterography" title="Magnetic resonance enterography">magnetic resonance enterography/enteroclysis</a><sup id="cite_ref-Chapman_2018_13-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chapman_2018-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Computed_tomography_enterography" title="Computed tomography enterography">computed tomography enterography/enteroclysis</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In addition to fasting for 8 hours prior to examination, a <a href="/wiki/Laxative" title="Laxative">laxative</a> may also be necessary for bowel preparation and cleansing.<sup id="cite_ref-Nightingale-2012_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nightingale-2012-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The main aim of this study is to distend the proximal bowel through infusion of large amount of barium suspension. Otherwise, the distension of distal small bowel is generally similar with small bowel follow-through. Therefore, there is a need to pass a tube through the nose into the <a href="/wiki/Jejunum" title="Jejunum">jejunum</a> (nasojejunal tube) to administer large amount of contrast. This can be unpleasant to the subject, requires more staff, longer procedural time, and higher radiation dose when compared to small bowel follow-through. The indications for enteroclysis are generally similar to small bowel follow-through. Barium suspensions such as diluted E-Z Paque 70% and Baritop 100% can be used. After that, 600 ml of 0.5% methylcellulose is administered after 500 ml of 70% barium suspension is given. Bilbao-Dotter tube and Silk tube can be used to administer barium suspension. The subject should be fasted overnight, any <a href="/wiki/Antispasmodic" title="Antispasmodic">antispasmodic</a> drugs should be stopped one day before the examination, and <a href="/wiki/Tetracaine" title="Tetracaine">Tetracaine</a> lozenges can be used 30 minutes before the procedure to numb the throat for nasojejunal tube insertion.<sup id="cite_ref-Chapman_2018_13-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chapman_2018-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The filling of the small intestines can be viewed continuously using <a href="/wiki/Fluoroscopy" title="Fluoroscopy">fluoroscopy</a>, or viewed as standard radiographs taken at frequent intervals. The technique is a double-contrast procedure that allows detailed imaging of the entire small intestine. However, the procedure may take 6 hours or longer to complete and is quite uncomfortable to undergo.<sup id="cite_ref-Rene-2009_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rene-2009-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Interpretation_of_results">Interpretation of results</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Upper_gastrointestinal_series&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Interpretation of results"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:ZenkerSchraeg.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/ZenkerSchraeg.gif/220px-ZenkerSchraeg.gif" decoding="async" width="220" height="564" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cf/ZenkerSchraeg.gif 1.5x" data-file-width="234" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Zenker%27s_diverticulum" title="Zenker's diverticulum">Zenker's diverticulum</a> as seen in a barium swallow examination</figcaption></figure> <ul><li>Enteroclysis has shown to be very accurate in diagnosing small bowel diseases, with a sensitivity of 93.1% and specificity of 96.9%. It permits detection of lesion which may not be seen with other imaging techniques.<sup id="cite_ref-Markova-2010_7-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Markova-2010-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There is no significant difference in terms of detection of clinically significant findings, sensitivity or specificity between enteroclysis and CT enterography.<sup id="cite_ref-Murphy-2014_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Murphy-2014-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Enteroclysis compares favorably with wireless capsule endoscopy and double-balloon endoscopy in the diagnosis of mucosal abnormalities of the small bowel.<sup id="cite_ref-Maglinte-2009_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Maglinte-2009-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The interpretation of standard barium swallow examinations for assessing dysphagia is operator and interpreter dependent. It has poor sensitivity for subtle abnormalities but is more sensitive in detecting esophageal webs and rings than <a href="/wiki/Gastroscopy" class="mw-redirect" title="Gastroscopy">gastroscopy</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Kuo-2012_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kuo-2012-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The best initial evaluation of suspected oropharyngeal dysphagia is a barium study.<sup id="cite_ref-Grant-2009_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Grant-2009-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Barium swallow studies remain the main investigation of <a href="/wiki/Dysphagia" title="Dysphagia">dysphagia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Robinson-2009_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Robinson-2009-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Barium studies may detect pharyngeal tumors that are difficult to visualize endoscopically.<sup id="cite_ref-Brant-2007_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brant-2007-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Barium follow-through examinations are the most commonly used imaging technique in assessing patients with <a href="/wiki/Crohn%27s_disease" title="Crohn's disease">Crohn's disease</a>, although CT and <a href="/wiki/Magnetic_resonance_imaging" title="Magnetic resonance imaging">magnetic resonance imaging</a> are widely accepted as being superior.<sup id="cite_ref-Murphy-2014_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Murphy-2014-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However Barium examinations remain superior in the depiction of mucosal abnormalities.<sup id="cite_ref-Maglinte-2009_24-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Maglinte-2009-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The features of <a href="/wiki/Crohn%27s_disease" title="Crohn's disease">Crohn's disease</a> are well described by barium follow-through examinations, appearing as a typical "cobblestone pattern", but no information is obtained regarding extraluminal disease.<sup id="cite_ref-Dambha-2014_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dambha-2014-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Radiographic imaging in Crohn's disease provides clinicians with objective evaluations of small bowel regions that are not accessible to standard endoscopic techniques.<sup id="cite_ref-Deepak-2014_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Deepak-2014-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Because of its length and complex loops, the small intestine is the most difficult part of the gastrointestinal tract to evaluate. Most endoscopic techniques are limited to the examination of proximal or distal segments, hence Barium follow-through remains in most centres the test of choice for the investigation of abdominal pain, diarrhoea and in particular diseases manifesting mucosal abnormalities such as coeliac and Crohn's disease.<sup id="cite_ref-Robinson-2009_26-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Robinson-2009-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Barium swallow studies are better than endoscopy at demonstrating the anatomic findings in <a href="/wiki/Gastroesophageal_reflux_disease" title="Gastroesophageal reflux disease">gastroesophageal reflux disease</a> after anti-reflux surgery.<sup id="cite_ref-Baker-2014_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Baker-2014-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Barium fluoroscopic examinations have some advantages over computed tomography and magnetic resonance techniques, such as higher spatial resolution and the ability to examine bowel peristalsis and distension in real time.<sup id="cite_ref-Fidler-2013_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fidler-2013-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Many infections and parasitic infestations produce patterns of the luminal surface, which are best seen on Barium examinations. Certain parasites are seen as filling defects outlined by Barium and Barium examinations play an important role in the diagnosis of intestinal infections and infestations as compared to other techniques.<sup id="cite_ref-Sinha-2012_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sinha-2012-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Barium studies show <a href="/wiki/Tapeworms" class="mw-redirect" title="Tapeworms">tapeworms</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ascaris" title="Ascaris">roundworms</a> as thin, linear filling defects of the bowel.<sup id="cite_ref-Sinha-2-2012_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sinha-2-2012-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Because roundworms have a developed alimentary tract, barium may outline the parasites' intestinal tracts on delayed images. In <a href="/wiki/Strongyloidiasis" title="Strongyloidiasis">Strongyloidiasis</a> barium studies show intestinal wall oedema, thickening of intestinal folds with flattening, and atrophy of the overlying mucosa.<sup id="cite_ref-Sinha-2-2012_33-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sinha-2-2012-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Schistosomiasis" title="Schistosomiasis">Schistosomiasis</a> caused by infection with <a href="/wiki/Flatworms" class="mw-redirect" title="Flatworms">flatworms</a> have an appearance resembling <a href="/wiki/Colitis_ulcerosa" class="mw-redirect" title="Colitis ulcerosa">colitis ulcerosa</a>, with inflammatory polyps, ulcers, fibrosis, wall thickening, loss of haustration, and stenosis in Barium X-rays.<sup id="cite_ref-Sinha-2-2012_33-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sinha-2-2012-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Anisakiasis" class="mw-redirect" title="Anisakiasis">Anisakiasis</a> is demonstrated by Barium X-rays as bowel wall oedema, thickening, ulceration, or stricture due to inflammation. Sometimes worms are seen as long, thread-like, linear filling defects up to 30 cm long.<sup id="cite_ref-Sinha-2-2012_33-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sinha-2-2012-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In <a href="/wiki/Typhlitis" class="mw-redirect" title="Typhlitis">Typhlitis</a> Barium studies show oedema, ulceration, and inflammation of bowel wall resulting in wall thickening.<sup id="cite_ref-Sinha-2-2012_33-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sinha-2-2012-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In <a href="/wiki/Pseudomembranous_colitis" class="mw-redirect" title="Pseudomembranous colitis">pseudomembranous colitis</a>, barium studies show <a href="/wiki/Pancolitis" title="Pancolitis">pancolitis</a> with thumb printing and shaggy margins as well as plaque-like eccentric, nodular or <a href="/wiki/Polyp_(medicine)" title="Polyp (medicine)">polypoid</a> appearance.<sup id="cite_ref-Sinha-2-2012_33-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sinha-2-2012-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Barium studies and computer tomography are the most common tools used to diagnose gastrointestinal <a href="/wiki/Lymphoma" title="Lymphoma">lymphoma</a>. Barium contrast is more sensitive in the demonstration of subtle mucosa and sub-mucosa abnormalities but computer tomography is the method of choice for determining the extent of disease and <a href="/wiki/Staging_(pathology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Staging (pathology)">staging</a> as well as related complications such as <a href="/wiki/Fistulation" class="mw-redirect" title="Fistulation">fistulation</a> and <a href="/wiki/Perforation_of_intestine" class="mw-redirect" title="Perforation of intestine">perforation</a>. Submucosal nodules or masses form a bull's-eye or target appearance on barium studies.<sup id="cite_ref-Engin-2011_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Engin-2011-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Adverse_effects">Adverse effects</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Upper_gastrointestinal_series&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Adverse effects"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bariumlungfloro.PNG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Bariumlungfloro.PNG/220px-Bariumlungfloro.PNG" decoding="async" width="220" height="258" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Bariumlungfloro.PNG/330px-Bariumlungfloro.PNG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Bariumlungfloro.PNG/440px-Bariumlungfloro.PNG 2x" data-file-width="938" data-file-height="1099" /></a><figcaption>Barium in the lungs resulting from aspiration during a barium swallow</figcaption></figure> <ul><li>Radiographic examinations involve <a href="/wiki/Radiation_exposure" title="Radiation exposure">radiation exposure</a> in the form of X-rays.<sup id="cite_ref-Dambha-2014_28-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dambha-2014-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Although barium ions are toxic, their use is generally regarded as safe because the small amounts of barium ions available in solution and absorbed by the gastrointestinal tract are deemed to be negligible; however, isolated cases of barium <a href="/wiki/Encephalopathy" title="Encephalopathy">encephalopathy</a> have been described following absorption of barium from the intestinal tract.<sup id="cite_ref-Baert-2009_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Baert-2009-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constipation" title="Constipation">Constipation</a> and abdominal pain may occur after barium meals.<sup id="cite_ref-Baert-2009_35-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Baert-2009-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The formation of <a href="/w/index.php?title=Barolith&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Barolith (page does not exist)">baroliths</a>, which may need to be removed surgically, is a complication of the use of barium sulfate.<sup id="cite_ref-Baert-2009_35-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Baert-2009-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Barium sulfate may cause serious <a href="/wiki/Peritoneal" class="mw-redirect" title="Peritoneal">peritoneal</a> irritation.</li> <li>Leakage of barium sulfate into the abdominal cavity may occur in people with duodenal ulcers or other perforations and may lead to <a href="/wiki/Peritonitis" title="Peritonitis">peritonitis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Adhesion_(medicine)" title="Adhesion (medicine)">adhesion</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Granulomas" class="mw-redirect" title="Granulomas">granulomas</a>; it is associated with a high mortality rate.<sup id="cite_ref-Nightingale-2012_12-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nightingale-2012-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Leakage of barium into the <a href="/wiki/Mediastinum" title="Mediastinum">mediastinum</a> or <a href="/wiki/Peritoneal_cavity" title="Peritoneal cavity">peritoneal cavity</a> may lead to <a href="/wiki/Lipopolysaccharide#Endotoxemia" title="Lipopolysaccharide">endotoxic shock</a>, which is often fatal; as a result, the use of barium as a contrast agent is contraindicated when there is a suspicion or possibility of compromise of bowel wall integrity.<sup id="cite_ref-Baert-2009_35-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Baert-2009-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Aspiration or inhalation of barium sulfate into the lungs during oral application can lead to serious respiratory complications leading to fatal <a href="/wiki/Aspiration_pneumonia" title="Aspiration pneumonia">aspiration pneumonia</a> or <a href="/wiki/Asphyxiation" class="mw-redirect" title="Asphyxiation">asphyxiation</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Baert-2009_35-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Baert-2009-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Hypersensitivity and <a href="/wiki/Allergic_reactions" class="mw-redirect" title="Allergic reactions">allergic reactions</a> are rare but some additives contained in barium preparations may induce immune reactions.<sup id="cite_ref-Baert-2009_35-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Baert-2009-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>Complete <a href="/wiki/Intestinal_obstruction" class="mw-redirect" title="Intestinal obstruction">gastrointestinal obstruction</a> is a contraindication for barium studies.<sup id="cite_ref-Thomas-2014_17-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Thomas-2014-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Upper_gastrointestinal_series&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Barium sulfate as a contrast medium was evolved from the prior use of bismuth preparations which were too toxic. The use of bismuth preparations had been described as early as 1898. Barium sulfate as a contrast medium in medical practice was introduced largely as a result of the works of Krause a director of the Bonn Polyclinic, now the medical faculty of the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Bonn" title="University of Bonn">University of Bonn</a> and his colleagues Bachem and Gunther. In a paper read in 1910 at the radiological congress they advocated for the use of barium sulfate as an opaque contrast medium in medicine.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Upper_gastrointestinal_series&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 32em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Murphy-2014-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Murphy-2014_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Murphy-2014_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Murphy-2014_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Murphy-2014_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFMurphyMcLaughlinO'ConnorMaher2014" class="citation journal cs1">Murphy, KP; McLaughlin, PD; O'Connor, OJ; Maher, MM (Mar 2014). "Imaging the small bowel". <i>Current Opinion in Gastroenterology</i>. <b>30</b> (2): 134–40. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1097%2Fmog.0000000000000038">10.1097/mog.0000000000000038</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24419291">24419291</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:41111179">41111179</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Current+Opinion+in+Gastroenterology&rft.atitle=Imaging+the+small+bowel&rft.volume=30&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=134-40&rft.date=2014-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A41111179%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F24419291&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1097%2Fmog.0000000000000038&rft.aulast=Murphy&rft.aufirst=KP&rft.au=McLaughlin%2C+PD&rft.au=O%27Connor%2C+OJ&rft.au=Maher%2C+MM&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUpper+gastrointestinal+series" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Dorling_Kindersley_-2013-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Dorling_Kindersley_-2013_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dorling_Kindersley_-2013_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dorling_Kindersley_-2013_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dorling_Kindersley_-2013_2-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dorling_Kindersley_-2013_2-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dorling_Kindersley_-2013_2-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBritish_Medical_Association2013" class="citation book cs1">British Medical Association (2013). <i>BMA Illustrated Medical Dictionary</i>. Dorling Kindersley Ltd. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4093-4966-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4093-4966-2"><bdi>978-1-4093-4966-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=BMA+Illustrated+Medical+Dictionary&rft.pub=Dorling+Kindersley+Ltd&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1-4093-4966-2&rft.au=British+Medical+Association&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUpper+gastrointestinal+series" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Daniels-2010-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Daniels-2010_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Daniels-2010_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Daniels-2010_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDaniels2010" class="citation book cs1">Daniels, Rick (2010). <i>Delmar's guide to laboratory and diagnostic tests</i> (2nd ed.). Clifton Park, NY: Delmar/Cengage Learning. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4180-2067-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4180-2067-5"><bdi>978-1-4180-2067-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Delmar%27s+guide+to+laboratory+and+diagnostic+tests&rft.place=Clifton+Park%2C+NY&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Delmar%2FCengage+Learning&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-1-4180-2067-5&rft.aulast=Daniels&rft.aufirst=Rick&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUpper+gastrointestinal+series" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kuo-2012-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Kuo-2012_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kuo-2012_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKuoHollowayNguyen2012" class="citation journal cs1">Kuo, P; Holloway, RH; Nguyen, NQ (May 2012). "Current and future techniques in the evaluation of dysphagia". <i>Journal of Gastroenterology and Hepatology</i>. <b>27</b> (5): 873–81. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1440-1746.2012.07097.x">10.1111/j.1440-1746.2012.07097.x</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22369033">22369033</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:5409505">5409505</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Gastroenterology+and+Hepatology&rft.atitle=Current+and+future+techniques+in+the+evaluation+of+dysphagia&rft.volume=27&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=873-81&rft.date=2012-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A5409505%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F22369033&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1440-1746.2012.07097.x&rft.aulast=Kuo&rft.aufirst=P&rft.au=Holloway%2C+RH&rft.au=Nguyen%2C+NQ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUpper+gastrointestinal+series" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Levine-2008-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Levine-2008_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Levine-2008_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLevineRubesinLaufer2008" class="citation journal cs1">Levine, MS; Rubesin, SE; Laufer, I (Nov 2008). "Pattern approach for diseases of mesenteric small bowel on barium studies". <i>Radiology</i>. <b>249</b> (2): 445–60. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1148%2Fradiol.2491071336">10.1148/radiol.2491071336</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18812557">18812557</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:15473369">15473369</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Radiology&rft.atitle=Pattern+approach+for+diseases+of+mesenteric+small+bowel+on+barium+studies&rft.volume=249&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=445-60&rft.date=2008-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A15473369%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F18812557&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1148%2Fradiol.2491071336&rft.aulast=Levine&rft.aufirst=MS&rft.au=Rubesin%2C+SE&rft.au=Laufer%2C+I&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUpper+gastrointestinal+series" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBoland2013" class="citation book cs1">Boland, Giles W (2013). <i>Gastrointestinal imaging: the requisites</i> (4th ed.). 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Part 2: parasitic and other infections". <i>Clinical Radiology</i>. <b>67</b> (5): 495–504. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.crad.2011.10.022">10.1016/j.crad.2011.10.022</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22169349">22169349</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Clinical+Radiology&rft.atitle=Infections+and+infestations+of+the+gastrointestinal+tract.+Part+2%3A+parasitic+and+other+infections&rft.volume=67&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=495-504&rft.date=2012-05&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.crad.2011.10.022&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F22169349&rft.aulast=Sinha&rft.aufirst=R&rft.au=Rajesh%2C+A&rft.au=Rawat%2C+S&rft.au=Rajiah%2C+P&rft.au=Ramachandran%2C+I&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUpper+gastrointestinal+series" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Engin-2011-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Engin-2011_34-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEnginKorman2011" class="citation journal cs1">Engin, G; Korman, U (Sep 2011). 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(16 August 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1081520">"Some Observations on the History of the Use of Barium Salts in Medicine"</a>. <i>Medical History</i>. <b>18</b> (1): 9–21. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0025727300019190">10.1017/S0025727300019190</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1081520">1081520</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/4618587">4618587</a>.</cite><span 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href="/wiki/Template:Medical_imaging" title="Template:Medical imaging"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Medical_imaging" title="Template talk:Medical imaging"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Medical_imaging" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Medical imaging"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Medical_imaging" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Medical_imaging" title="Medical imaging">Medical imaging</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/X-ray" title="X-ray">X-ray</a>/<br /><a href="/wiki/Radiography" title="Radiography">radiography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Projectional_radiography" title="Projectional radiography">2D</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pneumoencephalography" title="Pneumoencephalography">Pneumoencephalography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dental_radiography" title="Dental radiography">Dental radiography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sialography" title="Sialography">Sialography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Myelography" title="Myelography">Myelography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chest_radiograph" title="Chest radiograph">CXR</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bronchography" title="Bronchography">Bronchography</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdominal_x-ray" title="Abdominal x-ray">AXR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdominal_x-ray" title="Abdominal x-ray">KUB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dual-energy_X-ray_absorptiometry" title="Dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry">DXA</a>/<a href="/wiki/Digital_X-ray_radiogrammetry" title="Digital X-ray radiogrammetry">DXR</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Upper gastrointestinal series</a>/<a href="/wiki/Small-bowel_follow-through" class="mw-redirect" title="Small-bowel follow-through">Small-bowel follow-through</a>/<a href="/wiki/Lower_gastrointestinal_series" title="Lower gastrointestinal series">Lower gastrointestinal series</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cholangiography" title="Cholangiography">Cholangiography</a>/<a href="/wiki/Cholecystography" title="Cholecystography">Cholecystography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mammography" title="Mammography">Mammography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyelogram" title="Pyelogram">Pyelogram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cystography" title="Cystography">Cystography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthrogram" title="Arthrogram">Arthrogram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hysterosalpingography" title="Hysterosalpingography">Hysterosalpingography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skeletal_survey" title="Skeletal survey">Skeletal survey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angiography" title="Angiography">Angiography</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Angiocardiography" class="mw-redirect" title="Angiocardiography">Angiocardiography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aortography" title="Aortography">Aortography</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venography" title="Venography">Venography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lymphogram" title="Lymphogram">Lymphogram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orbital_x-ray" title="Orbital x-ray">Orbital x-ray</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/CT_scan" title="CT scan">CT scan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Techniques:</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Operation_of_computed_tomography" title="Operation of computed tomography">General operation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quantitative_computed_tomography" title="Quantitative computed tomography">Quantitative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High-resolution_computed_tomography" title="High-resolution computed tomography">High-resolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/X-ray_microtomography" title="X-ray microtomography">X-ray microtomography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electron_beam_computed_tomography" title="Electron beam computed tomography">Electron beam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cone_beam_computed_tomography" title="Cone beam computed tomography">Cone beam</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Targets</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Heart <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coronary_CT_calcium_scan" title="Coronary CT calcium scan">calcium scan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coronary_CT_angiography" title="Coronary CT angiography">angiography</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computed_tomography_of_the_abdomen_and_pelvis" title="Computed tomography of the abdomen and pelvis">Abdominal and pelvis</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Virtual_colonoscopy" title="Virtual colonoscopy">Virtual colonoscopy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computed_tomography_angiography" title="Computed tomography angiography">Angiography</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coronary_CT_angiography" title="Coronary CT angiography">Coronary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CT_pulmonary_angiogram" title="CT pulmonary angiogram">Pulmonary</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computed_tomography_of_the_head" title="Computed tomography of the head">Head</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computed_tomography_of_the_thyroid" title="Computed tomography of the thyroid">Thyroid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whole_body_imaging" title="Whole body imaging">Whole body imaging</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Full-body_CT_scan" title="Full-body CT scan">Full-body CT scan</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fluoroscopy" title="Fluoroscopy">Fluoroscopy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panoramic_radiograph" title="Panoramic radiograph">Dental panoramic radiography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/X-ray_motion_analysis" title="X-ray motion analysis">X-ray motion analysis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hounsfield_scale" title="Hounsfield scale">Hounsfield scale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radiodensity" title="Radiodensity">Radiodensity</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Magnetic_resonance_imaging" title="Magnetic resonance imaging">MRI</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Magnetic_resonance_imaging_of_the_brain" title="Magnetic resonance imaging of the brain">Brain</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Functional_magnetic_resonance_imaging" title="Functional magnetic resonance imaging">functional</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnetic_resonance_neurography" title="Magnetic resonance neurography">Neurography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cardiac_magnetic_resonance_imaging" title="Cardiac magnetic resonance imaging">Cardiac</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cardiac_magnetic_resonance_imaging_perfusion" title="Cardiac magnetic resonance imaging perfusion">perfusion</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnetic_resonance_angiography" title="Magnetic resonance angiography">Angiography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnetic_resonance_cholangiopancreatography" title="Magnetic resonance cholangiopancreatography">Cholangiopancreatography (MRCP)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Breast_MRI" title="Breast MRI">Breast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MRI_sequence" class="mw-redirect" title="MRI sequence">Sequences</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Diffusion_MRI" class="mw-redirect" title="Diffusion MRI">diffusion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perfusion_MRI" title="Perfusion MRI">restriction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tractography" title="Tractography">Tractography</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Synthetic_MRI" title="Synthetic MRI">Synthetic MRI</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Medical_ultrasound" title="Medical ultrasound">Ultrasound</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Techniques <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Doppler_ultrasonography" title="Doppler ultrasonography">doppler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contrast-enhanced_ultrasound" title="Contrast-enhanced ultrasound">contrast-enhanced</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/3D_ultrasound" title="3D ultrasound">3D</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Endoscopic_ultrasound" title="Endoscopic ultrasound">endoscopic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duplex_ultrasonography" class="mw-redirect" title="Duplex ultrasonography">duplex</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Echocardiography" title="Echocardiography">Echocardiography</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Doppler_echocardiography" title="Doppler echocardiography">Doppler echocardiography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transthoracic_echocardiogram" title="Transthoracic echocardiogram">TTE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transesophageal_echocardiogram" title="Transesophageal echocardiogram">TEE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intracardiac_echocardiogram" title="Intracardiac echocardiogram">ICE</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transcranial_Doppler" title="Transcranial Doppler">Transcranial Doppler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intravascular_ultrasound" title="Intravascular ultrasound">Intravascular</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gynecologic_ultrasonography" title="Gynecologic ultrasonography">Gynecologic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Obstetric_ultrasonography" title="Obstetric ultrasonography">Obstetric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Echoencephalography" title="Echoencephalography">Echoencephalography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdominal_ultrasonography" title="Abdominal ultrasonography">Abdominal ultrasonography</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Renal_ultrasonography" title="Renal ultrasonography">renal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renal_tract_ultrasound" class="mw-redirect" title="Renal tract ultrasound">renal tract</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transrectal_ultrasonography" title="Transrectal ultrasonography">Rectal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Breast_ultrasound" title="Breast ultrasound">Breast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scrotal_ultrasound" title="Scrotal ultrasound">Scrotal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carotid_ultrasonography" title="Carotid ultrasonography">Carotid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emergency_ultrasound" title="Emergency ultrasound">Emergency ultrasound</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Focused_assessment_with_sonography_for_trauma" title="Focused assessment with sonography for trauma">FAST</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pre-hospital_ultrasound" title="Pre-hospital ultrasound">pre-hospital</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_medicine#Diagnostic_medical_imaging" title="Nuclear medicine">Radionuclide</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2D/<a href="/wiki/Scintigraphy" title="Scintigraphy">scintigraphy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cholescintigraphy" title="Cholescintigraphy">Cholescintigraphy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scintimammography" class="mw-redirect" title="Scintimammography">Scintimammography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ventilation/perfusion_scan" title="Ventilation/perfusion scan">Ventilation/perfusion scan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radionuclide_ventriculography" class="mw-redirect" title="Radionuclide ventriculography">Radionuclide ventriculography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radionuclide_angiography" title="Radionuclide angiography">Radionuclide angiography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radioisotope_renography" title="Radioisotope renography">Radioisotope renography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sestamibi_parathyroid_scintigraphy" class="mw-redirect" title="Sestamibi parathyroid scintigraphy">Sestamibi parathyroid scintigraphy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radioactive_iodine_uptake_test" title="Radioactive iodine uptake test">Radioactive iodine uptake test</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bone_scintigraphy" title="Bone scintigraphy">Bone scintigraphy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immunoscintigraphy" title="Immunoscintigraphy">Immunoscintigraphy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dacryoscintigraphy" title="Dacryoscintigraphy">Dacryoscintigraphy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DMSA_scan" title="DMSA scan">DMSA scan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gastric_emptying_study" title="Gastric emptying study">Gastric emptying study</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Full body:</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Octreotide_scan" title="Octreotide scan">Octreotide scan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gallium_scan" title="Gallium scan">Gallium-67 scan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gallium_scan" title="Gallium scan">Ga-68-DOTATOC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indium-111_WBC_scan" title="Indium-111 WBC scan">Indium-111 WBC scan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">3D/<a href="/wiki/Emission_computed_tomography" title="Emission computed tomography">ECT</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Single-photon_emission_computed_tomography" title="Single-photon emission computed tomography">SPECT</a> (<a href="/wiki/Gamma_ray" title="Gamma ray">gamma ray</a>):</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Myocardial_perfusion_imaging" title="Myocardial perfusion imaging">Myocardial perfusion imaging</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Positron_emission_tomography" title="Positron emission tomography">PET</a> (<a href="/wiki/Positron" title="Positron">positron</a>):</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brain_positron_emission_tomography" title="Brain positron emission tomography">Brain PET</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cardiac_PET" title="Cardiac PET">Cardiac PET</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Positron_emission_mammography" title="Positron emission mammography">PET mammography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PET-CT" title="PET-CT">PET-CT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PET-MRI" title="PET-MRI">PET-MRI</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Medical_optical_imaging" title="Medical optical imaging">Optical</a>/<a href="/wiki/Laser" title="Laser">Laser</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Optical_tomography" title="Optical tomography">Optical tomography</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Optical_coherence_tomography" title="Optical coherence tomography">Optical coherence tomography</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confocal_microscopy" title="Confocal microscopy">Confocal microscopy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Endomicroscopy" title="Endomicroscopy">Endomicroscopy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orthogonal_polarization_spectral_imaging" title="Orthogonal polarization spectral imaging">Orthogonal polarization spectral imaging</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Thermography" title="Thermography">Thermography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Non-contact_thermography" title="Non-contact thermography">Non-contact thermography</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Contact_thermography&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Contact thermography (page does not exist)">Contact thermography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dynamic_angiothermography" title="Dynamic angiothermography">Dynamic angiothermography</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Target conditions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acute_stroke_imaging" class="mw-redirect" title="Acute stroke imaging">Acute stroke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medical_imaging_in_pregnancy" title="Medical imaging in pregnancy">Pregnancy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Medical_imaging" title="Category:Medical imaging">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Tests_and_procedures_involving_the_human_digestive_system" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Digestive_system_procedures" title="Template:Digestive system procedures"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Digestive_system_procedures" title="Template talk:Digestive system procedures"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Digestive_system_procedures" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Digestive system procedures"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Tests_and_procedures_involving_the_human_digestive_system" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Tests and procedures involving the <a href="/wiki/Human_digestive_system" title="Human digestive system">human digestive system</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><a href="/wiki/Digestive_system_surgery" title="Digestive system surgery">Digestive system surgery</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Human_gastrointestinal_tract" class="mw-redirect" title="Human gastrointestinal tract">Digestive tract</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Upper_GI_tract" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Human_gastrointestinal_tract#Upper_gastrointestinal_tract" class="mw-redirect" title="Human gastrointestinal tract">Upper GI tract</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Salivary_gland" title="Salivary gland">SGs</a> / <a href="/wiki/Esophagus" title="Esophagus">Esophagus</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Esophagectomy" title="Esophagectomy">Esophagectomy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heller_myotomy" title="Heller myotomy">Heller myotomy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sialography" title="Sialography">Sialography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Impedance%E2%80%93pH_monitoring" title="Impedance–pH monitoring">Impedance–pH monitoring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Esophageal_pH_monitoring" title="Esophageal pH monitoring">Esophageal pH monitoring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Esophageal_motility_study" title="Esophageal motility study">Esophageal motility study</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Functional_Lumen_Imaging_Probe" title="Functional Lumen Imaging Probe">Functional Lumen Imaging Probe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_resolution_manometry" class="mw-redirect" title="High resolution manometry">High resolution manometry</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Stomach" title="Stomach">Stomach</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sengstaken%E2%80%93Blakemore_tube" title="Sengstaken–Blakemore tube">Sengstaken–Blakemore tube</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nasogastric_tube" class="mw-redirect" title="Nasogastric tube">Nasogastric tube</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gastric_lavage" title="Gastric lavage">Gastric lavage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bariatric_surgery" title="Bariatric surgery">Bariatric surgery</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adjustable_gastric_band" title="Adjustable gastric band">Adjustable gastric band</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Endoscopic_sleeve_gastroplasty" title="Endoscopic sleeve gastroplasty">Endoscopic sleeve gastroplasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gastric_bypass_surgery" title="Gastric bypass surgery">Gastric bypass surgery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sleeve_gastrectomy" title="Sleeve gastrectomy">Sleeve gastrectomy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vertical_banded_gastroplasty_surgery" title="Vertical banded gastroplasty surgery">Vertical banded gastroplasty surgery</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collis_gastroplasty" title="Collis gastroplasty">Collis gastroplasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gastrectomy" title="Gastrectomy">Gastrectomy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Billroth_I" title="Billroth I">Billroth I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Billroth_II" title="Billroth II">Billroth II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roux-en-Y_anastomosis" title="Roux-en-Y anastomosis">Roux-en-Y</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gastroenterostomy" title="Gastroenterostomy">Gastroenterostomy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gastropexy" title="Gastropexy">Gastropexy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gastrostomy" title="Gastrostomy">Gastrostomy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Percutaneous_endoscopic_gastrostomy" title="Percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy">Percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Esophagogastric_dissociation" title="Esophagogastric dissociation">Esophagogastric dissociation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hill_repair" title="Hill repair">Hill repair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nissen_fundoplication" title="Nissen fundoplication">Nissen fundoplication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyloromyotomy" title="Pyloromyotomy">Pyloromyotomy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schilling_test" title="Schilling test">Schilling test</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Medical_imaging" title="Medical imaging">Medical imaging</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Endoscopy" title="Endoscopy">Endoscopy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Esophagogastroduodenoscopy" title="Esophagogastroduodenoscopy">Esophagogastroduodenoscopy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barium_swallow" class="mw-redirect" title="Barium swallow">Barium swallow</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Upper gastrointestinal series</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Human_gastrointestinal_tract#Lower_gastrointestinal_tract" class="mw-redirect" title="Human gastrointestinal tract">Lower GI tract</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Small_bowel" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Small_intestine" title="Small intestine">Small bowel</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bariatric_surgery" title="Bariatric surgery">Bariatric surgery</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Duodenal_switch" title="Duodenal switch">Duodenal switch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jejunoileal_bypass" title="Jejunoileal bypass">Jejunoileal bypass</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bowel_resection" title="Bowel resection">Bowel resection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ileostomy" title="Ileostomy">Ileostomy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intestine_transplantation" title="Intestine transplantation">Intestine transplantation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jejunostomy" title="Jejunostomy">Jejunostomy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Partial_ileal_bypass_surgery" title="Partial ileal bypass surgery">Partial ileal bypass surgery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strictureplasty" title="Strictureplasty">Strictureplasty</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Colon_(anatomy)" class="mw-redirect" title="Colon (anatomy)">Large bowel</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Appendectomy" title="Appendectomy">Appendectomy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colectomy" title="Colectomy">Colectomy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colonic_polypectomy" title="Colonic polypectomy">Colonic polypectomy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colostomy" title="Colostomy">Colostomy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hartmann%27s_operation" title="Hartmann's operation">Hartmann's operation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Rectum" title="Rectum">Rectum</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abdominoperineal_resection" title="Abdominoperineal resection">Abdominoperineal resection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lower_anterior_resection" title="Lower anterior resection">Lower anterior resection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Total_mesorectal_excision" title="Total mesorectal excision">Total mesorectal excision</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ventral_rectopexy" title="Ventral rectopexy">Ventral rectopexy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Anal_canal" title="Anal canal">Anal canal</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anal_sphincterotomy" title="Anal sphincterotomy">Anal sphincterotomy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anorectal_manometry" title="Anorectal manometry">Anorectal manometry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lateral_internal_sphincterotomy" title="Lateral internal sphincterotomy">Lateral internal sphincterotomy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rubber_band_ligation" title="Rubber band ligation">Rubber band ligation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transanal_hemorrhoidal_dearterialization" title="Transanal hemorrhoidal dearterialization">Transanal hemorrhoidal dearterialization</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Medical_imaging" title="Medical imaging">Medical imaging</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Endoscopy" title="Endoscopy">Endoscopy</a>: <a href="/wiki/Colonoscopy" title="Colonoscopy">Colonoscopy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anoscopy" title="Anoscopy">Anoscopy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capsule_endoscopy" title="Capsule endoscopy">Capsule endoscopy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enteroscopy" title="Enteroscopy">Enteroscopy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proctoscopy" title="Proctoscopy">Proctoscopy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sigmoidoscopy" title="Sigmoidoscopy">Sigmoidoscopy</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abdominal_ultrasonography" title="Abdominal ultrasonography">Abdominal ultrasonography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Defecography" title="Defecography">Defecography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Double-contrast_barium_enema" title="Double-contrast barium enema">Double-contrast barium enema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Endoanal_ultrasound" title="Endoanal ultrasound">Endoanal ultrasound</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enteroclysis" class="mw-redirect" title="Enteroclysis">Enteroclysis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lower_gastrointestinal_series" title="Lower gastrointestinal series">Lower gastrointestinal series</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Small-bowel_follow-through" class="mw-redirect" title="Small-bowel follow-through">Small-bowel follow-through</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transrectal_ultrasonography" title="Transrectal ultrasonography">Transrectal ultrasonography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virtual_colonoscopy" title="Virtual colonoscopy">Virtual colonoscopy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Stool_test" title="Stool test">Stool tests</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fecal_fat_test" title="Fecal fat test">Fecal fat test</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fecal_pH_test" title="Fecal pH test">Fecal pH test</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stool_guaiac_test" title="Stool guaiac test">Stool guaiac test</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Accessory_digestive_gland" class="mw-redirect" title="Accessory digestive gland">Accessory</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Liver" title="Liver">Liver</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Artificial_extracorporeal_liver_support" class="mw-redirect" title="Artificial extracorporeal liver support">Artificial extracorporeal liver support</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bioartificial_liver_device" class="mw-redirect" title="Bioartificial liver device">Bioartificial liver devices</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liver_dialysis" class="mw-redirect" title="Liver dialysis">Liver dialysis</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hepatectomy" title="Hepatectomy">Hepatectomy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liver_biopsy" title="Liver biopsy">Liver biopsy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liver_transplantation" title="Liver transplantation">Liver transplantation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal_hypertension" title="Portal hypertension">Portal hypertension</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Transjugular_intrahepatic_portosystemic_shunt" title="Transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt">Transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt</a> [TIPS]</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Distal_splenorenal_shunt_procedure" title="Distal splenorenal shunt procedure">Distal splenorenal shunt procedure</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Gallbladder" title="Gallbladder">Gallbladder</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bile_duct" title="Bile duct">bile duct</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cholecystectomy" title="Cholecystectomy">Cholecystectomy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cholecystostomy" title="Cholecystostomy">Cholecystostomy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Endoscopic_retrograde_cholangiopancreatography" title="Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography">ERCP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hepatoportoenterostomy" title="Hepatoportoenterostomy">Hepatoportoenterostomy</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Medical_imaging" title="Medical imaging">Medical imaging</a>: <a href="/wiki/Cholangiography" title="Cholangiography">Cholangiography</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Intravenous_cholangiography" title="Intravenous cholangiography">IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnetic_resonance_cholangiopancreatography" title="Magnetic resonance cholangiopancreatography">MRCP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Percutaneous_transhepatic_cholangiography" title="Percutaneous transhepatic cholangiography">PTC</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cholecystography" title="Cholecystography">Cholecystography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cholescintigraphy" title="Cholescintigraphy">Cholescintigraphy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Pancreas" title="Pancreas">Pancreas</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Frey%27s_procedure" title="Frey's procedure">Frey's procedure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pancreas_transplantation" title="Pancreas transplantation">Pancreas transplantation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pancreatectomy" title="Pancreatectomy">Pancreatectomy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pancreaticoduodenectomy" title="Pancreaticoduodenectomy">Pancreaticoduodenectomy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puestow_procedure" title="Puestow procedure">Puestow procedure</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Abdominopelvic_cavity" title="Abdominopelvic cavity">Abdominopelvic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Peritoneum" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Peritoneum" title="Peritoneum">Peritoneum</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Diagnostic_peritoneal_lavage" title="Diagnostic peritoneal lavage">Diagnostic peritoneal lavage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intraperitoneal_injection" title="Intraperitoneal injection">Intraperitoneal injection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laparoscopy" title="Laparoscopy">Laparoscopy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Omentopexy" title="Omentopexy">Omentopexy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paracentesis" title="Paracentesis">Paracentesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peritoneal_dialysis" title="Peritoneal dialysis">Peritoneal dialysis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hernia" title="Hernia">Hernia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hernia_repair" title="Hernia repair">Hernia repair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inguinal_hernia_surgery" title="Inguinal hernia surgery">Inguinal hernia surgery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Femoral_hernia_repair" class="mw-redirect" title="Femoral hernia repair">Femoral hernia repair</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Laparotomy" title="Laparotomy">Laparotomy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Exploratory_laparotomy" title="Exploratory laparotomy">Exploratory laparotomy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rapid_urease_test" title="Rapid urease test">Rapid urease test</a> / <a href="/wiki/Urea_breath_test" title="Urea breath test">Urea breath test</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Clinical_prediction_rule" title="Clinical prediction rule">Clinical prediction rules</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Model_for_End-Stage_Liver_Disease" title="Model for End-Stage Liver Disease">MELD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pediatric_end-stage_liver_disease" title="Pediatric end-stage liver disease">PELD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_Model_for_End-Stage_Liver_Disease" title="United Kingdom Model for End-Stage Liver Disease">UKELD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Child%E2%80%93Pugh_score" title="Child–Pugh score">Child–Pugh score</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ranson_criteria" title="Ranson criteria">Ranson criteria</a></li> <li><a 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