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.mw-parser-output .wpbs .wpb .wpb-main,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .wpbs .wpb-header{background-color:#302f2d}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .wpbs .banner-shell-inner{background-color:#2e2505}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .wpb-category-box{background-color:#0a0a0a}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .wpbs .wpb .wpb-main,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .wpbs .wpb-header{background-color:#302f2d}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .wpbs .banner-shell-inner{background-color:#2e2505}}</style><table class="tmbox tmbox-notice mw-collapsible innercollapse wpb wpb-table"><tbody><tr class="wpb-header"><td class="wpb-header-icon"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Crystal_personal.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="WikiProject icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/2/24/Crystal_personal.svg/25px-Crystal_personal.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="25" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/2/24/Crystal_personal.svg/38px-Crystal_personal.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/2/24/Crystal_personal.svg/50px-Crystal_personal.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="70" data-file-height="70"/></a></span></td><td class="wpb-header-combined"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Biography" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Biography">Biography</a><span class="wpb-nested-task-force">: <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Biography/Science_and_academia" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Biography/Science and academia">Science and Academia</a></span> </td></tr><tr><td class="mbox-text wpb-main" colspan="2"><table><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image wpb-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Crystal_personal.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="WikiProject icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/2/24/Crystal_personal.svg/60px-Crystal_personal.svg.png" decoding="async" width="60" height="60" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/2/24/Crystal_personal.svg/90px-Crystal_personal.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/2/24/Crystal_personal.svg/120px-Crystal_personal.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="70" data-file-height="70"/></a></span></td><td class="mbox-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1259569809">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/69/P_vip.svg/28px-P_vip.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/69/P_vip.svg/41px-P_vip.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/69/P_vip.svg/55px-P_vip.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1911" data-file-height="1944"/></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Biography" title="Portal:Biography">Biography portal</a></span></li></ul>This article is within the scope of <b><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Biography" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Biography">WikiProject Biography</a></b>, a collaborative effort to create, develop and organize Wikipedia's articles about people. All interested editors are invited to <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Biography/Members" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Biography/Members">join the project</a> and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia_talk:WikiProject_Biography" title="Wikipedia talk:WikiProject Biography">contribute to the discussion</a>. For instructions on how to use this banner, please refer to the <a href="/wiki/Template:WikiProject_Biography/doc" title="Template:WikiProject Biography/doc">documentation</a>.<span class="metadata wpb-metadata"><span class="wpb-project">Biography</span><span class="wpb-project_link">Wikipedia:WikiProject Biography</span><span class="wpb-banner_name">Template:WikiProject Biography</span><span class="wpb-assessment_cat">biography</span></span></td><td class="mbox-empty-cell"></td></tr><tr><td><figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Nuvola_apps_edu_mathematics-p.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Taskforce icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Nuvola_apps_edu_mathematics-p.svg/25px-Nuvola_apps_edu_mathematics-p.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="25" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Nuvola_apps_edu_mathematics-p.svg/38px-Nuvola_apps_edu_mathematics-p.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Nuvola_apps_edu_mathematics-p.svg/50px-Nuvola_apps_edu_mathematics-p.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128"/></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure></td><td class="mbox-text" colspan="2">This article is supported by <b><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Biography/Science_and_academia" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Biography/Science and academia">the science and academia work group</a></b> (assessed as <a href="/wiki/Category:Mid-importance_biography_(science_and_academia)_articles" title="Category:Mid-importance biography (science and academia) articles">Mid-importance</a>).</td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237879475"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1259570071"><table class="tmbox tmbox-notice mw-collapsible innercollapse wpb wpb-table"><tbody><tr class="wpb-header"><td class="wpb-header-icon"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:WikiProject_Business_briefcase.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="WikiProject icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/WikiProject_Business_briefcase.svg/35px-WikiProject_Business_briefcase.svg.png" decoding="async" width="35" height="25" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/WikiProject_Business_briefcase.svg/53px-WikiProject_Business_briefcase.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/WikiProject_Business_briefcase.svg/70px-WikiProject_Business_briefcase.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="458" data-file-height="330"/></a></span></td><td class="wpb-header-combined"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Business" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Business">Business</a> <span class="wpb-header-bubbles import-low">Low‑importance</span></td></tr><tr><td class="mbox-text wpb-main" colspan="2"><table><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image wpb-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:WikiProject_Business_briefcase.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="WikiProject icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/WikiProject_Business_briefcase.svg/80px-WikiProject_Business_briefcase.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="58" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/WikiProject_Business_briefcase.svg/120px-WikiProject_Business_briefcase.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/WikiProject_Business_briefcase.svg/160px-WikiProject_Business_briefcase.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="458" data-file-height="330"/></a></span></td><td class="mbox-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1259569809"><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Emblem-money.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Emblem-money.svg/28px-Emblem-money.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Emblem-money.svg/42px-Emblem-money.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Emblem-money.svg/56px-Emblem-money.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48"/></a></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Business" title="Portal:Business">Business portal</a></span></li></ul>This article is within the scope of <b><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Business" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Business">WikiProject Business</a></b>, a collaborative effort to improve the coverage of <a href="/wiki/Business" title="Business">business</a> articles on Wikipedia. If you would like to participate, please visit the project page, where you can join <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia_talk:WikiProject_Business" title="Wikipedia talk:WikiProject Business">the discussion</a> and see a list of open tasks.<span class="metadata wpb-metadata"><span class="wpb-project">Business</span><span class="wpb-project_link">Wikipedia:WikiProject Business</span><span class="wpb-banner_name">Template:WikiProject Business</span><span class="wpb-assessment_cat">WikiProject Business</span></span></td><td class="mbox-empty-cell"></td></tr><tr><td class="assess import-low"><a href="/wiki/Category:Low-importance_WikiProject_Business_articles" title="Category:Low-importance WikiProject Business articles">Low</a></td><td class="mbox-text" colspan="2">This article has been rated as <b>Low-importance</b> on the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Business/Assessment#Importance_scale" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Business/Assessment">project's importance scale</a>.</td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237879475"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1259570071"><table class="tmbox tmbox-notice mw-collapsible innercollapse wpb wpb-table"><tbody><tr class="wpb-header"><td class="wpb-header-icon"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Germany.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="WikiProject icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/35px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png" decoding="async" width="35" height="21" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/53px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/70px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600"/></a></span></td><td class="wpb-header-combined"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Germany" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Germany">Germany</a> <span class="wpb-header-bubbles import-high">High‑importance</span></td></tr><tr><td class="mbox-text wpb-main" colspan="2"><table><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image wpb-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Germany.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="WikiProject icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/80px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="48" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/120px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/160px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600"/></a></span></td><td class="mbox-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1259569809"><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/32px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/48px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/64px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600"/></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Germany" title="Portal:Germany">Germany portal</a></span></li></ul>This article is within the scope of <b><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Germany" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Germany">WikiProject Germany</a></b>, a collaborative effort to improve the coverage of <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a> on Wikipedia. If you would like to participate, please visit the project page, where you can join <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia_talk:WikiProject_Germany" title="Wikipedia talk:WikiProject Germany">the discussion</a> and see a list of open tasks.<span class="metadata wpb-metadata"><span class="wpb-project">Germany</span><span class="wpb-project_link">Wikipedia:WikiProject Germany</span><span class="wpb-banner_name">Template:WikiProject Germany</span><span class="wpb-assessment_cat">Germany</span></span></td><td class="mbox-empty-cell"></td></tr><tr><td class="assess import-high"><a href="/wiki/Category:High-importance_Germany_articles" title="Category:High-importance Germany articles">High</a></td><td class="mbox-text" colspan="2">This article has been rated as <b>High-importance</b> on the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Germany/Assessment#Importance_scale" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Germany/Assessment">project's importance scale</a>.</td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237879475"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1259570071"><table class="tmbox tmbox-notice mw-collapsible innercollapse wpb wpb-table"><tbody><tr class="wpb-header"><td class="wpb-header-icon"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Libyan_Desert_Glass.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="WikiProject icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Libyan_Desert_Glass.jpg/33px-Libyan_Desert_Glass.jpg" decoding="async" width="33" height="25" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Libyan_Desert_Glass.jpg/51px-Libyan_Desert_Glass.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Libyan_Desert_Glass.jpg/67px-Libyan_Desert_Glass.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768"/></a></span></td><td class="wpb-header-combined"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Physics/Taskforces/Glass" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Physics/Taskforces/Glass">Glass</a> <span class="wpb-header-bubbles import-high">High‑importance</span></td></tr><tr><td class="mbox-text wpb-main" colspan="2"><table><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image wpb-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Libyan_Desert_Glass.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="WikiProject icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Libyan_Desert_Glass.jpg/60px-Libyan_Desert_Glass.jpg" decoding="async" width="60" height="45" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Libyan_Desert_Glass.jpg/90px-Libyan_Desert_Glass.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Libyan_Desert_Glass.jpg/120px-Libyan_Desert_Glass.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768"/></a></span></td><td class="mbox-text">This article is within the scope of <b><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Physics/Taskforces/Glass" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Physics/Taskforces/Glass">WikiProject Glass</a></b>, a collaborative effort to improve the coverage of <a href="/wiki/Glass" title="Glass">glass</a> on Wikipedia. If you would like to participate, please visit the project page, where you can join <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia_talk:WikiProject_Physics/Taskforces/Glass" title="Wikipedia talk:WikiProject Physics/Taskforces/Glass">the discussion</a> and see a list of open tasks.<span class="metadata wpb-metadata"><span class="wpb-project">Glass</span><span class="wpb-project_link">Wikipedia:WikiProject Physics/Taskforces/Glass</span><span class="wpb-banner_name">Template:WikiProject Glass</span><span class="wpb-assessment_cat">glass</span></span></td><td class="mbox-empty-cell"></td></tr><tr><td class="assess import-high"><a href="/wiki/Category:High-importance_glass_articles" title="Category:High-importance glass articles">High</a></td><td class="mbox-text" colspan="2">This article has been rated as <b>High-importance</b> on the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Version_1.0_Editorial_Team/Release_Version_Criteria#Importance_of_topic" title="Wikipedia:Version 1.0 Editorial Team/Release Version Criteria">importance scale</a>.</td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237879475"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1259570071"><table class="tmbox tmbox-notice mw-collapsible innercollapse wpb wpb-table"><tbody><tr class="wpb-header"><td class="wpb-header-icon"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Large_format_camera_lens.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="WikiProject icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Large_format_camera_lens.jpg/20px-Large_format_camera_lens.jpg" decoding="async" width="20" height="25" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Large_format_camera_lens.jpg/30px-Large_format_camera_lens.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Large_format_camera_lens.jpg/40px-Large_format_camera_lens.jpg 2x" data-file-width="218" data-file-height="271"/></a></span></td><td class="wpb-header-combined"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Photography" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Photography">Photography</a> <span class="wpb-header-bubbles import-high">High‑importance</span></td></tr><tr><td class="mbox-text wpb-main" colspan="2"><table><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image wpb-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Large_format_camera_lens.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="WikiProject icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Large_format_camera_lens.jpg/80px-Large_format_camera_lens.jpg" decoding="async" width="80" height="99" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Large_format_camera_lens.jpg/120px-Large_format_camera_lens.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Large_format_camera_lens.jpg/160px-Large_format_camera_lens.jpg 2x" data-file-width="218" data-file-height="271"/></a></span></td><td class="mbox-text">This article is within the scope of <b><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Photography" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Photography">WikiProject Photography</a></b>, a collaborative effort to improve the coverage of <a href="/wiki/Photography" title="Photography">photography</a> on Wikipedia. If you would like to participate, please visit the project page, where you can join <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia_talk:WikiProject_Photography" title="Wikipedia talk:WikiProject Photography">the discussion</a> and see a list of open tasks.<span class="metadata wpb-metadata"><span class="wpb-project">Photography</span><span class="wpb-project_link">Wikipedia:WikiProject Photography</span><span class="wpb-banner_name">Template:WikiProject Photography</span><span class="wpb-assessment_cat">Photography</span></span></td><td class="mbox-empty-cell"></td></tr><tr><td class="assess import-high"><a href="/wiki/Category:High-importance_Photography_articles" title="Category:High-importance Photography articles">High</a></td><td class="mbox-text" colspan="2">This article has been rated as <b>High-importance</b> on the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Photography/Assessment#Importance_scale" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Photography/Assessment">project's importance scale</a>.</td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237879475"><table class="box-translated-page plainlinks tmbox mbox-small tmbox-notice" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:WP-TranslationProject_TwoFlags.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/WP-TranslationProject_TwoFlags.svg/30px-WP-TranslationProject_TwoFlags.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="30" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/WP-TranslationProject_TwoFlags.svg/45px-WP-TranslationProject_TwoFlags.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/WP-TranslationProject_TwoFlags.svg/60px-WP-TranslationProject_TwoFlags.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="250" data-file-height="250"/></a></span></td><td class="mbox-text">This article contains a <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Translation" title="Wikipedia:Translation">translation</a> of <a class="external text" href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_Zei%C3%9F">Carl_Zeiß</a> from <a class="external text" href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/">de.wikipedia</a>.</td></tr></tbody></table> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc"/> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 ext-discussiontools-init-section"><h2 id="Edited_for_Clairity" data-mw-thread-id="h-Edited_for_Clairity-2009-02-15T20:11:00.000Z"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Edited_for_Clairity-2009-02-15T20:11:00.000Z"></span>Edited for Clairity<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Edited_for_Clairity-2009-02-15T20:11:00.000Z"></span></h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Talk:Carl_Zeiss&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Edited for Clairity"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span><div class="ext-discussiontools-init-section-bar"><div class="ext-discussiontools-init-section-metadata"></div><div class="ext-discussiontools-init-section-actions"></div></div></div> <p><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="c-Digitalsmear-2009-02-15T20:11:00.000Z-Edited_for_Clairity"></span>In the intro the line: "...large aperture range that allowed for very clear images" allows for confusion because a large aperture range allows for brighter images, where a small aperture range lends itself to sharper images. <a href="/w/index.php?title=User:Digitalsmear&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="User:Digitalsmear (page does not exist)">Digitalsmear</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=User_talk:Digitalsmear&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="User talk:Digitalsmear (page does not exist)">talk</a>) <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talk:Carl_Zeiss#c-Digitalsmear-2009-02-15T20:11:00.000Z-Edited_for_Clairity" class="ext-discussiontools-init-timestamplink">20:11, 15 February 2009 (UTC)</a><span class="ext-discussiontools-init-replylink-buttons" data-mw-thread-id="c-Digitalsmear-2009-02-15T20:11:00.000Z-Edited_for_Clairity"><span class="ext-discussiontools-init-replylink-bracket">[</span><a class="ext-discussiontools-init-replylink-reply" role="button" tabindex="0" href="">reply</a><span class="ext-discussiontools-init-replylink-bracket">]</span></span><span data-mw-comment-end="c-Digitalsmear-2009-02-15T20:11:00.000Z-Edited_for_Clairity"></span> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 ext-discussiontools-init-section"><h2 id="'Collaborated_together'" data-mw-thread-id="h-'Collaborated_together'"><span id=".27Collaborated_together.27"></span><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-'Collaborated_together'"></span>'Collaborated together'<span data-mw-comment-end="h-'Collaborated_together'"></span></h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Talk:Carl_Zeiss&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: 'Collaborated together'"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>I'm going to remove the word 'together', since it's redundant. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 ext-discussiontools-init-section"><h2 id="Removed_two_404_links." data-mw-thread-id="h-Removed_two_404_links.-2007-10-17T13:41:00.000Z"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Removed_two_404_links.-2007-10-17T13:41:00.000Z"></span>Removed two 404 links.<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Removed_two_404_links.-2007-10-17T13:41:00.000Z"></span></h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Talk:Carl_Zeiss&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Removed two 404 links."><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span><div class="ext-discussiontools-init-section-bar"><div class="ext-discussiontools-init-section-metadata"></div><div class="ext-discussiontools-init-section-actions"></div></div></div> <p><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="c-GavinTing-2007-10-17T13:41:00.000Z-Removed_two_404_links."></span>As above. Links are here if anyone wants them: </p> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mflenses.com/content/view/129/29/">Carl Zeiss Jena Lenses</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mflenses.com/gallery/v/german/carl_zeiss/">Sample photos taken with Carl Zeiss Lenses</a></li></ul> <p><a href="/wiki/User:GavinTing" title="User:GavinTing"><span style="color:blue;">Ğavin</span></a><a href="/wiki/User_talk:GavinTing" title="User talk:GavinTing"><span style="color:Green;">Ťing</span></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talk:Carl_Zeiss#c-GavinTing-2007-10-17T13:41:00.000Z-Removed_two_404_links." class="ext-discussiontools-init-timestamplink">13:41, 17 October 2007 (UTC)</a><span class="ext-discussiontools-init-replylink-buttons" data-mw-thread-id="c-GavinTing-2007-10-17T13:41:00.000Z-Removed_two_404_links."><span class="ext-discussiontools-init-replylink-bracket">[</span><a class="ext-discussiontools-init-replylink-reply" role="button" tabindex="0" href="">reply</a><span class="ext-discussiontools-init-replylink-bracket">]</span></span><span data-mw-comment-end="c-GavinTing-2007-10-17T13:41:00.000Z-Removed_two_404_links."></span> </p><p><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="c-Occamsrazorwit-2010-07-13T18:08:00.000Z-Removed_two_404_links."></span>They're not 404 anymore so we might need to put them back. Does anyone remember where they were? <a href="/wiki/User:Occamsrazorwit" title="User:Occamsrazorwit">Occamsrazorwit</a> (<a href="/wiki/User_talk:Occamsrazorwit" title="User talk:Occamsrazorwit">talk</a>) <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talk:Carl_Zeiss#c-Occamsrazorwit-2010-07-13T18:08:00.000Z-Removed_two_404_links." class="ext-discussiontools-init-timestamplink">18:08, 13 July 2010 (UTC)</a><span class="ext-discussiontools-init-replylink-buttons" data-mw-thread-id="c-Occamsrazorwit-2010-07-13T18:08:00.000Z-Removed_two_404_links."><span class="ext-discussiontools-init-replylink-bracket">[</span><a class="ext-discussiontools-init-replylink-reply" role="button" tabindex="0" href="">reply</a><span class="ext-discussiontools-init-replylink-bracket">]</span></span><span data-mw-comment-end="c-Occamsrazorwit-2010-07-13T18:08:00.000Z-Removed_two_404_links."></span> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 ext-discussiontools-init-section"><h2 id="k_for_karl" data-mw-thread-id="h-k_for_karl-2012-08-22T05:59:00.000Z"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-k_for_karl-2012-08-22T05:59:00.000Z"></span>k for karl<span data-mw-comment-end="h-k_for_karl-2012-08-22T05:59:00.000Z"></span></h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Talk:Carl_Zeiss&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: k for karl"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span><div class="ext-discussiontools-init-section-bar"><div class="ext-discussiontools-init-section-metadata"></div><div class="ext-discussiontools-init-section-actions"></div></div></div> <p><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="c-114.76.228.109-2012-08-22T05:59:00.000Z-k_for_karl"></span>did he ever spell his name with a k or do i have a cheap chinese rip off telescope could someone help with this ty <span style="font-size: smaller;" class="autosigned">— Preceding <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Signatures" title="Wikipedia:Signatures">unsigned</a> comment added by <a href="/wiki/Special:Contributions/114.76.228.109" title="Special:Contributions/114.76.228.109">114.76.228.109</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=User_talk:114.76.228.109&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="User talk:114.76.228.109 (page does not exist)">talk</a>) <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talk:Carl_Zeiss#c-114.76.228.109-2012-08-22T05:59:00.000Z-k_for_karl" class="ext-discussiontools-init-timestamplink">05:59, 22 August 2012 (UTC)</a></span><span class="ext-discussiontools-init-replylink-buttons" data-mw-thread-id="c-114.76.228.109-2012-08-22T05:59:00.000Z-k_for_karl"><span class="ext-discussiontools-init-replylink-bracket">[</span><a class="ext-discussiontools-init-replylink-reply" role="button" tabindex="0" href="">reply</a><span class="ext-discussiontools-init-replylink-bracket">]</span></span><span data-mw-comment-end="c-114.76.228.109-2012-08-22T05:59:00.000Z-k_for_karl"></span> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 ext-discussiontools-init-section"><h2 id="External_links_modified" data-mw-thread-id="h-External_links_modified-2016-11-15T10:37:00.000Z"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-External_links_modified-2016-11-15T10:37:00.000Z"></span>External links modified<span data-mw-comment-end="h-External_links_modified-2016-11-15T10:37:00.000Z"></span></h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Talk:Carl_Zeiss&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: External links modified"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span><div class="ext-discussiontools-init-section-bar"><div class="ext-discussiontools-init-section-metadata"></div><div class="ext-discussiontools-init-section-actions"></div></div></div> <p><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="c-InternetArchiveBot-2016-11-15T10:37:00.000Z-External_links_modified"></span>Hello fellow Wikipedians, </p><p>I have just modified one external link on <a href="/wiki/Carl_Zeiss" title="Carl Zeiss">Carl Zeiss</a>. 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I have read the German entry and most of the sources cited there and it looks like a very good entry. Are there any objections before I start translation work? Thanks <a href="/wiki/User:MikroSammler" title="User:MikroSammler">MikroSammler</a> (<a href="/wiki/User_talk:MikroSammler" title="User talk:MikroSammler">talk</a>) <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talk:Carl_Zeiss#c-MikroSammler-2017-04-24T22:05:00.000Z-Translating_the_German_article" class="ext-discussiontools-init-timestamplink">22:05, 24 April 2017 (UTC)</a><span class="ext-discussiontools-init-replylink-buttons" data-mw-thread-id="c-MikroSammler-2017-04-24T22:05:00.000Z-Translating_the_German_article"><span class="ext-discussiontools-init-replylink-bracket">[</span><a class="ext-discussiontools-init-replylink-reply" role="button" tabindex="0" href="">reply</a><span class="ext-discussiontools-init-replylink-bracket">]</span></span><span data-mw-comment-end="c-MikroSammler-2017-04-24T22:05:00.000Z-Translating_the_German_article"></span> </p> <span data-mw-comment-start="" id="c-MikroSammler-2017-05-22T19:58:00.000Z-Translating_the_German_article"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237879475"><table class="box-translated-page plainlinks tmbox mbox-small tmbox-notice" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:WP-TranslationProject_TwoFlags.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/WP-TranslationProject_TwoFlags.svg/30px-WP-TranslationProject_TwoFlags.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="30" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/WP-TranslationProject_TwoFlags.svg/45px-WP-TranslationProject_TwoFlags.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/WP-TranslationProject_TwoFlags.svg/60px-WP-TranslationProject_TwoFlags.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="250" data-file-height="250"/></a></span></td><td class="mbox-text">This article contains a <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Translation" title="Wikipedia:Translation">translation</a> of <a class="external text" href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_Zei%C3%9F">Carl_Zeiß</a> from <a class="external text" href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/">de.wikipedia</a>.</td></tr></tbody></table><p> Translated with additions and edits from the German. Additional work needed: Specific references. I will prefer references to the two English sources first, then to the German if necessary. This is a first effort, so please be patient. <a href="/wiki/User:MikroSammler" title="User:MikroSammler">MikroSammler</a> (<a href="/wiki/User_talk:MikroSammler" title="User talk:MikroSammler">talk</a>) <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talk:Carl_Zeiss#c-MikroSammler-2017-05-22T19:58:00.000Z-Translating_the_German_article" class="ext-discussiontools-init-timestamplink">19:58, 22 May 2017 (UTC)</a><span class="ext-discussiontools-init-replylink-buttons" data-mw-thread-id="c-MikroSammler-2017-05-22T19:58:00.000Z-Translating_the_German_article"><span class="ext-discussiontools-init-replylink-bracket">[</span><a class="ext-discussiontools-init-replylink-reply" role="button" tabindex="0" href="">reply</a><span class="ext-discussiontools-init-replylink-bracket">]</span></span><span data-mw-comment-end="c-MikroSammler-2017-05-22T19:58:00.000Z-Translating_the_German_article"></span> </p><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 ext-discussiontools-init-section"><h2 id="Article_issues" data-mw-thread-id="h-Article_issues-2018-09-29T10:37:00.000Z"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Article_issues-2018-09-29T10:37:00.000Z"></span>Article issues<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Article_issues-2018-09-29T10:37:00.000Z"></span></h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Talk:Carl_Zeiss&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Article issues"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span><div class="ext-discussiontools-init-section-bar"><div class="ext-discussiontools-init-section-metadata"></div><div class="ext-discussiontools-init-section-actions"></div></div></div> <p><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="c-Otr500-2018-09-29T10:37:00.000Z-Article_issues"></span>This article is associated with five projects, and has been prematurely elevated to B-class. It has a lack of inline citations, one maintenance tag, and a "may be expanded" tag. I notice the "Translating the German article" above and the "please be patient" request but the fundamentals of <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Sourcing" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:Sourcing">sourcing</a> and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_source_integrity" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:Text source integrity">text source integrity</a>, as well as other <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Policies_and_guidelines" title="Wikipedia:Policies and guidelines">policies and guidelines</a>, lay the foundation for the criteria for article classification. As presented, it would be argumentative to raise above "Start-class", certainly not above C-class (which may have been bot assisted), with such issues. I am going to try to look at the sourcing to see if I can integrate any but someone more able to work with the language (translation) would be more suitable for the task. IF not this article needs to be demoted, and tagged, until such issues are resolved. Thank you, <a href="/wiki/User:Otr500" title="User:Otr500">Otr500</a> (<a href="/wiki/User_talk:Otr500" title="User talk:Otr500">talk</a>) <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talk:Carl_Zeiss#c-Otr500-2018-09-29T10:37:00.000Z-Article_issues" class="ext-discussiontools-init-timestamplink">10:37, 29 September 2018 (UTC)</a><span class="ext-discussiontools-init-replylink-buttons" data-mw-thread-id="c-Otr500-2018-09-29T10:37:00.000Z-Article_issues"><span class="ext-discussiontools-init-replylink-bracket">[</span><a class="ext-discussiontools-init-replylink-reply" role="button" tabindex="0" href="">reply</a><span class="ext-discussiontools-init-replylink-bracket">]</span></span><span data-mw-comment-end="c-Otr500-2018-09-29T10:37:00.000Z-Article_issues"></span> </p>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div 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