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intendants</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notable_intendants-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-New_France" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#New_France"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>New France</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-New_France-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Spain_and_Spanish_Empire" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Spain_and_Spanish_Empire"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Spain and Spanish Empire</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Spain_and_Spanish_Empire-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Portugal_and_Portuguese_Empire" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Portugal_and_Portuguese_Empire"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Portugal and Portuguese Empire</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Portugal_and_Portuguese_Empire-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Current_use_in_Hispanic_and_Lusophone_countries" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Current_use_in_Hispanic_and_Lusophone_countries"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Current use in Hispanic and Lusophone countries</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Current_use_in_Hispanic_and_Lusophone_countries-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Current use in Hispanic and Lusophone countries subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Current_use_in_Hispanic_and_Lusophone_countries-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Portugal" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Portugal"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Portugal</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Portugal-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Spain" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Spain"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Spain</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Spain-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Argentina" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Argentina"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Argentina</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Argentina-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Chile" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Chile"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>Chile</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Chile-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cuba" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cuba"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.5</span> <span>Cuba</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cuba-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Paraguay" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Paraguay"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.6</span> <span>Paraguay</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Paraguay-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Uruguay" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Uruguay"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.7</span> <span>Uruguay</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Uruguay-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Russia_and_Soviet_Union" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Russia_and_Soviet_Union"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Russia and Soviet Union</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Russia_and_Soviet_Union-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Scotland" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Scotland"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Scotland</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Scotland-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-United_States" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#United_States"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>United States</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-United_States-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_uses" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_uses"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Other uses</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_uses-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" 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class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82" title="Интендант – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Интендант" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intendente" title="Intendente – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Intendente" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intendente" title="Intendente – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Intendente" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intendant" title="Intendant – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Intendant" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intendente" title="Intendente – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Intendente" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intendanto" title="Intendanto – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Intendanto" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intendente" title="Intendente – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Intendente" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%A2%E1%83%94%E1%83%9C%E1%83%93%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%A2%E1%83%98" title="ინტენდანტი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ინტენდანტი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82" title="Интендант – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Интендант" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intend%C3%A1ns" title="Intendáns – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Intendáns" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intendant" title="Intendant – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Intendant" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intendant" title="Intendant – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Intendant" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" 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noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Term for public official in non-English-speaking countries</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about public officials especially in non-English-speaking countries called "intendants" in English. For administrators of theaters, see <a href="/wiki/Theater_manager" title="Theater manager">theater manager</a>. For administrators of opera houses, see <a href="/wiki/Opera_manager" class="mw-redirect" title="Opera manager">opera manager</a>. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Intendant_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Intendant (disambiguation)">intendant (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/40px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/60px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/80px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Look up <i><b><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/intendant" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:intendant"> intendant</a></b></i> in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.</div></div> </div> <p> An <b>intendant</b> (<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">French:</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="fr-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/French" title="Help:IPA/French">[ɛ̃tɑ̃dɑ̃]</a></span> <span class="noprint"><span class="ext-phonos"><span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-1" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/3\/3e\/LL-Q150_%28fra%29-VictorDtmtc-intendant.wav\/LL-Q150_%28fra%29-VictorDtmtc-intendant.wav.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"LL-Q150 (fra)-VictorDtmtc-intendant.wav"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/3/3e/LL-Q150_%28fra%29-VictorDtmtc-intendant.wav/LL-Q150_%28fra%29-VictorDtmtc-intendant.wav.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"><span class="oo-ui-iconElement-icon oo-ui-icon-volumeUp"></span><span class="oo-ui-labelElement-label"></span><span class="oo-ui-indicatorElement-indicator oo-ui-indicatorElement-noIndicator"></span></a></span><sup class="ext-phonos-attribution noexcerpt navigation-not-searchable"><a href="/wiki/File:LL-Q150_(fra)-VictorDtmtc-intendant.wav" title="File:LL-Q150 (fra)-VictorDtmtc-intendant.wav">ⓘ</a></sup></span></span>; <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_language" title="Portuguese language">Portuguese</a>: <i lang="pt">intendente</i> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="pt-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Portuguese" title="Help:IPA/Portuguese">[ĩtẽˈdẽtɨ]</a></span>; <a href="/wiki/Spanish_language" title="Spanish language">Spanish</a>: <i lang="es">intendente</i> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="es-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Spanish" title="Help:IPA/Spanish">[intenˈdente]</a></span>) was, and sometimes still is, a public official, especially in <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a>, <a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a>, <a href="/wiki/Portugal" title="Portugal">Portugal</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Latin_America" title="Latin America">Latin America</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <b>intendancy system</b> was a centralizing administrative system developed in France. In the <a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Spanish_Succession" title="War of the Spanish Succession">War of the Spanish Succession</a> of 1701 to 1714 the French royal <a href="/wiki/House_of_Bourbon" title="House of Bourbon">House of Bourbon</a> secured its hold on the throne of Spain; it extended a French-style intendancy system to Spain and Portugal - and subsequently worldwide through the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Empire" title="Spanish Empire">Spanish Empire</a> and <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Empire" title="Portuguese Empire">Portuguese Empire</a>. Regions were divided into districts, each administered by an intendant.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The title continues in use in Spain and in parts of Spanish America for particular government officials. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Development_of_the_system_in_France">Development of the system in France</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Intendant&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Development of the system in France"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Intendants were <a href="/wiki/Monarchy" title="Monarchy">royal</a> civil servants in France under the <a href="/wiki/Ancien_R%C3%A9gime" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancien Régime">Old Regime</a>. A product of the centralization policies of the French crown, intendants were appointed "commissions," and not purchasable hereditary "offices," which thus prevented the abuse of sales of royal offices and made them more tractable and subservient emissaries of the king. Intendants were sent to supervise and enforce the king's will in the provinces and had jurisdiction over three areas: finances, policing and justice. </p><p>Their missions were always temporary, which helped reduce favorable bias toward a province, and were focused on royal inspection. Article 54 of the <a href="/wiki/Michel_de_Marillac" title="Michel de Marillac">Code Michau</a> described their functions as "to learn about all crimes, misdemeanors and financial misdealings committed by our officials and of other things concerning our service and the tranquility of our people" ("<i>informer de tous crimes, abus et malversations commises par nos officiers et autres choses concernant notre service et le soulagement de notre peuple</i>"). </p><p>In the 17th and 18th centuries, the intendants were chosen from the <i><a href="/wiki/Nobles_of_the_Robe" title="Nobles of the Robe">noblesse de robe</a></i> ("administrative nobility") or the upper-bourgeoisie. Generally, they were <a href="/wiki/Master_of_Requests_(France)" title="Master of Requests (France)">masters of requests</a> in the <i><a href="/wiki/Conseil_d%27%C3%89tat_(France)" class="mw-redirect" title="Conseil d'État (France)">Conseil des parties</a></i>. They were chosen by the <a href="/wiki/Controller-General_of_Finances" title="Controller-General of Finances">Controller-General of Finances</a> who asked the advice of the <a href="/wiki/Secretary_of_State_for_War_(France)" title="Secretary of State for War (France)">Secretary of State for War</a> for those who were to be sent in border provinces. They were often young: <a href="/wiki/Charles_Alexandre_de_Calonne" title="Charles Alexandre de Calonne">Charles Alexandre de Calonne</a> became an intendant at the age of 32, <a href="/wiki/Anne_Robert_Jacques_Turgot,_Baron_de_Laune" class="mw-redirect" title="Anne Robert Jacques Turgot, Baron de Laune">Turgot</a> and <a href="/wiki/Louis_B%C3%A9nigne_Fran%C3%A7ois_Berthier_de_Sauvigny" class="mw-redirect" title="Louis Bénigne François Berthier de Sauvigny">Louis Bénigne François Berthier de Sauvigny</a> at the age of 34, and <a href="/wiki/Louis-Urbain-Aubert_de_Tourny" title="Louis-Urbain-Aubert de Tourny">Louis-Urbain-Aubert de Tourny</a> at the age of 40. </p><p>A symbol of royal centralization and absolutism, the intendant had numerous adversaries. Those nostalgic for an administration based on noble lineage (such as <a href="/wiki/Louis_de_Rouvroy,_duc_de_Saint-Simon" title="Louis de Rouvroy, duc de Saint-Simon">Saint-Simon</a>) saw intendants as parvenus and usurpers of noble power. Partisans of a less absolute monarchy (such as <a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_F%C3%A9nelon" title="François Fénelon">Fénelon</a>) called for them to be abolished. <a href="/wiki/Jacques_Necker" title="Jacques Necker">Jacques Necker</a>, the only Minister of Finances since 1720 who had not himself been an intendant, accused them of incompetence because of their youth and social aspirations. The <i><a href="/wiki/Cahiers_de_dol%C3%A9ances" title="Cahiers de doléances">cahiers de doléances</a></i> of 1789 depicted them as over zealous agents of fiscal policies which weighed heavily on the people. </p><p>The term <i>intendant</i> was also used for certain positions close to the <a href="/wiki/Controller-General_of_Finances" title="Controller-General of Finances">Controller-General</a> (see this term for more information): </p> <ul><li>intendants of finance</li> <li>intendants of commerce</li> <li>intendants of the sovereign council</li></ul> <p>In the same way, the term <i>intendant général</i> was used for certain commissioned positions close to the <a href="/wiki/Secretary_of_State_(Ancien_R%C3%A9gime)" title="Secretary of State (Ancien Régime)">State Secretaries</a> of War and of the Navy. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="History">History</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Intendant&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>As early as the 15th century, the French kings sent commissioners to the <a href="/wiki/Provinces_of_France" title="Provinces of France">provinces</a> to report on royal and administrative issues and to undertake any necessary action. These agents of the king were recruited from among the masters of requests, the <a href="/wiki/Conseiller_d%27%C3%89tat" class="mw-redirect" title="Conseiller d'État">Councillors of State</a> and members of the <a href="/wiki/Parlement" title="Parlement">Parlements</a> or the <a href="/wiki/Chambre_des_comptes" class="mw-redirect" title="Chambre des comptes">Court of Accounts</a>. Their mission was always for a specific mandate and lasted for a limited period. Along with these, there were also commissioners sent to the army, in charge of provisioning the army, policing and finances; they would supervise accountants, providers, merchants, and generals, and attend war councils and tribunals for military crimes. Such commissioners are found in <a href="/wiki/Corsica" title="Corsica">Corsica</a> as early as 1553, in <a href="/wiki/Bourges" title="Bourges">Bourges</a> in 1592, in <a href="/wiki/Troyes" title="Troyes">Troyes</a> in 1594, and in <a href="/wiki/Limoges" title="Limoges">Limoges</a> in 1596. </p><p>When <a href="/wiki/Henry_IV_of_France" title="Henry IV of France">Henry IV</a> ascended the throne in 1589, one of his prime focuses was to reduce the privileges of the provincial governors who, in theory, represented "the presence of the king in his province" but had, during the civil wars of the early modern period, proven themselves to be highly intractable; these positions had long been held by only the highest ranked <a href="/wiki/French_nobility" title="French nobility">noble</a> families in the realm. The Intendants to the provinces —- the term "Intendant" appears around 1620 during the reign of <a href="/wiki/Louis_XIII_of_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Louis XIII of France">Louis XIII</a> – became an effective tool of regional control. </p><p>Under Louis XIII's minister <a href="/wiki/Cardinal_Richelieu" title="Cardinal Richelieu">Cardinal Richelieu</a>, with France's entry into the <a href="/wiki/Thirty_Years%27_War" title="Thirty Years' War">Thirty Years' War</a> in 1635, the Intendants became a permanent institution in France. No longer mere inspectors, their role became one of government administrators. During the <a href="/wiki/Fronde" class="mw-redirect" title="Fronde">Fronde</a> in 1648, the members of Parlement of the <i>Chambre Saint-Louis</i> demanded that the Intendants be suppressed; <a href="/wiki/Cardinal_Mazarin" title="Cardinal Mazarin">Mazarin</a> and <a href="/wiki/Anne_of_Austria" title="Anne of Austria">Anne of Austria</a> gave in to these demands except in the case of border provinces threatened by Spanish or Imperial attack. At the end of the Fronde, the Intendants were reinstated. </p><p>When <a href="/wiki/Louis_XIV_of_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Louis XIV of France">Louis XIV</a> (1643–1715) was in power, the <a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois-Michel_le_Tellier,_Marquis_de_Louvois" title="François-Michel le Tellier, Marquis de Louvois">Marquis of Louvois</a>, <a href="/wiki/Secretary_of_State_for_War_(France)" title="Secretary of State for War (France)">War Secretary</a> between 1677 and 1691, further expanded the power of the provincial intendants. They monitored Louis's refinements of the French military, including the institution of a merit promotion system and a policy of enlistment limited to single men for periods of four years. After 1680, Intendants in France had a permanent position in a fixed region (or "<a href="/wiki/G%C3%A9n%C3%A9ralit%C3%A9" title="Généralité">généralité</a>"); their official titles being <span title="intendant of justice, police and finances, commissioners departed in the generalities of the kingdom for the execution of the orders of the king"><i>intendant de justice, police et finances</i>, <i>commissaires départis dans les généralités du royaume pour l'exécution des ordres du roi</i></span> (or <span title="of his majesty"><i>de Sa Majesté</i></span>).<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The position of Intendant remained in existence until the <a href="/wiki/French_Revolution" title="French Revolution">French Revolution</a>. The title was maintained thereafter for military officers with responsibility for financial auditing at regimental level and above. </p><p>A 2021 study, which used a dataset of 430 intendants from 1640 to 1789, found that less than half of these officials went through the legally-specified training path.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The study raised questions about the impersonal nature of these bureaucrats, with evidence indicating that familial and marital ties were factors in appointments, and that appointment duration had wide variability.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Functions">Functions</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Intendant&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Functions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Appointed and revoked by the king and reporting to the <a href="/wiki/Controller-General_of_Finances" title="Controller-General of Finances">Controller-General of Finances</a>, the Intendant in his "généralité" had at his service a small team of secretaries. In the 18th century, the "généralité" was subdivided into "subdelegations" at the head of which was placed a "subdelegate" (having also a team of secretaries) chosen by the Intendant. In this way, the Intendant was relatively understaffed given his large jurisdiction. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Notable_intendants">Notable intendants</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Intendant&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Notable intendants"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Claude-Fran%C3%A7ois_Bertrand_de_Boucheporn" title="Claude-François Bertrand de Boucheporn">Claude-François Bertrand de Boucheporn</a>, in <a href="/wiki/Corsica" title="Corsica">Corsica</a> then <a href="/wiki/Pau,_Pyr%C3%A9n%C3%A9es-Atlantiques" title="Pau, Pyrénées-Atlantiques">Pau</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bayonne" title="Bayonne">Bayonne</a> and <a href="/wiki/Auch" title="Auch">Auch</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Paul_Esprit_Marie_de_la_Bourdonnaye&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Paul Esprit Marie de la Bourdonnaye (page does not exist)">Paul Esprit Marie de la Bourdonnaye</a> in <a href="/wiki/Poitiers" title="Poitiers">Poitiers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Alexandre_de_Calonne" title="Charles Alexandre de Calonne">Charles Alexandre de Calonne</a> in <a href="/wiki/Metz" title="Metz">Metz</a>, then in <a href="/wiki/Lille" title="Lille">Lille</a>, future <a href="/wiki/Controller-General_of_Finances" title="Controller-General of Finances">Controller-General of Finances</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicolas-Fran%C3%A7ois_Dupr%C3%A9_de_Saint-Maur" title="Nicolas-François Dupré de Saint-Maur">Nicolas-François Dupré de Saint-Maur</a> in <a href="/wiki/Bordeaux" title="Bordeaux">Bordeaux</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antoine-Martin_Chaumont_de_La_Galaizi%C3%A8re" title="Antoine-Martin Chaumont de La Galaizière">Antoine-Martin Chaumont de La Galaizière</a> in <a href="/wiki/Soissons" title="Soissons">Soissons</a> then in <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Lorraine" title="Duchy of Lorraine">Lorraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Baptiste_Antoine_Auget_de_Montyon" title="Jean Baptiste Antoine Auget de Montyon">Jean-Baptiste Antoine Auget de Montyon</a> in <a href="/wiki/Poitiers" title="Poitiers">Poitiers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis-Urbain-Aubert_de_Tourny" title="Louis-Urbain-Aubert de Tourny">Louis-Urbain-Aubert de Tourny</a> in <a href="/wiki/Limoges" title="Limoges">Limoges</a>, then in <a href="/wiki/Bordeaux" title="Bordeaux">Bordeaux</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anne_Robert_Jacques_Turgot,_Baron_de_Laune" class="mw-redirect" title="Anne Robert Jacques Turgot, Baron de Laune">Anne-Robert-Jacques Turgot</a> in <a href="/wiki/Limoges" title="Limoges">Limoges</a>, future <a href="/wiki/Controller-General_of_Finances" title="Controller-General of Finances">Controller-General of Finances</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="New_France">New France</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Intendant&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: New France"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The French North American colony of <a href="/wiki/New_France" title="New France">New France</a>, which later became the Canadian province of <a href="/wiki/Quebec" title="Quebec">Quebec</a>, also had a senior official called an <a href="/wiki/Intendant_of_New_France" title="Intendant of New France">intendant</a>, who was responsible to the French King. New France's first intendant was <a href="/wiki/Jean_Talon" title="Jean Talon">Jean Talon</a>, comte d'Orsainville in 1665, and the last one, at the time of the <a href="/wiki/French_and_Indian_War" title="French and Indian War">British conquest of Quebec</a> was <a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Bigot" title="François Bigot">François Bigot</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Spain_and_Spanish_Empire">Spain and Spanish Empire</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Intendant&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Spain and Spanish Empire"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Intendants were introduced into Spain and the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Empire" title="Spanish Empire">Spanish Empire</a> during the eighteenth-century <a href="/wiki/Bourbon_Reforms" title="Bourbon Reforms">Bourbon Reforms</a>. The reforms were designed by the new dynasty to make political administration more efficient and to promote economic, commercial, and fiscal development of their new realms.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An <i>intendente</i> was in charge of a Spanish administrative unit, called an <i><b>intendencia</b></i>, which could include one or more provinces. The <i>intendente</i> was appointed directly by the Crown and had responsibility to oversee the treasury, the collection of taxes, and corruption practices and to promote agriculture and economic growth in general. With fiscal powers that gave them a say in almost all administrative, ecclesiastical and military matters, <i>intendentes</i> were conceived by the Bourbon kings to be a check on other local officials (who in the past couple of centuries had come to gain their position through the sale of offices or inheritance), just as the <i>intendants</i> had been in France a century earlier. Throughout the 18th century the Bourbons experimented with the powers and duties of the intendants, both in Spain and overseas, so what follows is only a general description of the Spanish intendancy. In any given area at any given time, the duties of the intendant would have been specified by the laws that established that particular intendancy. </p><p>The first <i>intendencias</i> were established in Spain after 1711, during the <a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Spanish_Succession" title="War of the Spanish Succession">War of the Spanish Succession</a> on the advice of <a href="/wiki/Jean_Orry" title="Jean Orry">Jean Orry</a>, who had been sent by <a href="/wiki/Louis_XIV_of_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Louis XIV of France">Louis XIV of France</a> to help his young grandson <a href="/wiki/Philip_V_of_Spain" title="Philip V of Spain">Philip V</a> set up his new government. The first intendants (<i>superintendentes generales del ejército</i>) oversaw the finances of the army and of the territories conquered by the Bourbons, and after the war, they were made permanent (<i>intendentes de ejército y provincia</i>). (After 1724, most intendancies lost their military character except in areas with a <a href="/wiki/Captaincy" title="Captaincy">captaincy general</a> and in <a href="/wiki/Navarre" title="Navarre">Navarre</a>.) In 1749 an intendancy was established in every province, with the intendant also holding the office of <a href="/wiki/Corregidor_(position)" title="Corregidor (position)">corregidor</a> of the capital city. (The offices were separated again in 1766). District <i>alcaldes mayores</i> or <i>coregidores</i> were subordinated to the provincial <i>intendente-corregidor</i> and assisted him in managing the province and implementing reforms.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As a result of the <a href="/wiki/Seven_Years%27_War" title="Seven Years' War">Seven Years' War</a> an intendancy was set up in <a href="/wiki/Cuba" title="Cuba">Cuba</a> in 1764.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Cuban intendant had oversight of the army's and the royal treasury's finances. (Two new intendancies with oversight only over the treasury were established in 1786 in <a href="/wiki/Camag%C3%BCey" title="Camagüey">Camagüey</a> and <a href="/wiki/Santiago_de_Cuba" title="Santiago de Cuba">Santiago de Cuba</a>.) After a two years of experimentation with the new office, an intendancy was introduced in <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Louisiana" class="mw-redirect" title="Spanish Louisiana">Louisiana</a> (1764). </p><p>That same year <i>Visitador General</i> <a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_de_G%C3%A1lvez" class="mw-redirect" title="José de Gálvez">José de Gálvez</a> created a plan to set up intendancies in <a href="/wiki/New_Spain" title="New Spain">New Spain</a> (Mexico). The first one was set up in central Mexico in 1786, followed in 1787 by <a href="/wiki/Veracruz" title="Veracruz">Veracruz</a>, <a href="/wiki/Puebla" title="Puebla">Puebla</a>, <a href="/wiki/Valladolid" title="Valladolid">Valladolid</a> in Michoacan, <a href="/wiki/Guadalajara" title="Guadalajara">Guadalajara</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oaxaca" title="Oaxaca">Oaxaca</a>, <a href="/wiki/Guanajuato" title="Guanajuato">Guanajuato</a>, <a href="/wiki/Zacatecas" title="Zacatecas">Zacatecas</a>, <a href="/wiki/San_Luis_Potos%C3%AD" title="San Luis Potosí">San Luis Potosí</a>, <a href="/wiki/Durango" title="Durango">Durango</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sonora" title="Sonora">Sonora</a>, and in 1789 <a href="/wiki/M%C3%A9rida,_Yucat%C3%A1n" title="Mérida, Yucatán">Mérida</a>, the main city in Yucatán. These administrative changes codified existing regional divisions of Center (Mexico, Veracruz, Puebla, Michoacan), South (Oaxaca, Mérida), and North (Zacatecas, Guanajuato, San Luis Potosí, Durango, and Sonora). </p><p>In 1776 Gálvez, now Minister of the Indies, established an intendancy (<i>superintendencia</i>) for all of <a href="/wiki/Captaincy_General_of_Venezuela" title="Captaincy General of Venezuela">Venezuela</a> in 1776, and several in the <a href="/wiki/Viceroyalty_of_the_R%C3%ADo_de_la_Plata" title="Viceroyalty of the Río de la Plata">Río de la Plata</a> in 1783. Most of the overseas intendants were assisted by officials (<i>subdelegados</i>) who replaced the old <i>corregidores</i> or <i>alcaldes mayores</i>. Initially intendancies were held by a separate person from the <a href="/wiki/Viceroy" title="Viceroy">viceroy</a> or the governor, but eventually in many places the offices were granted to one person due to conflicts that emerged between these two. </p><p>More intendancies were established in <a href="/wiki/Royal_Audience_of_Quito" class="mw-redirect" title="Royal Audience of Quito">Quito</a>, <a href="/wiki/Viceroyalty_of_Peru" title="Viceroyalty of Peru">Peru</a>, <a href="/wiki/Spanish_East_Indies" title="Spanish East Indies">Philippines</a>, <a href="/wiki/Captaincy_General_of_Puerto_Rico" title="Captaincy General of Puerto Rico">Puerto Rico</a> (1784), <a href="/wiki/Captaincy_General_of_Guatemala" title="Captaincy General of Guatemala">Guatemala</a>, more areas of <a href="/wiki/Viceroyalty_of_New_Spain" class="mw-redirect" title="Viceroyalty of New Spain">New Spain</a>, <a href="/wiki/Captaincy_General_of_Chile" title="Captaincy General of Chile">Chile</a> (1786) and <a href="/wiki/Cuenca,_Ecuador" title="Cuenca, Ecuador">Cuenca</a> (1786). The <a href="/wiki/Revolt_of_the_Comuneros_(New_Granada)" title="Revolt of the Comuneros (New Granada)">Revolt of the Comuneros</a> prevented their installation in <a href="/wiki/New_Kingdom_of_Granada" title="New Kingdom of Granada">New Granada</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Portugal_and_Portuguese_Empire">Portugal and Portuguese Empire</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Intendant&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Portugal and Portuguese Empire"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In Portugal, historically, the title "intendant" (<i>intendente</i> in Portuguese) has been mainly associated with police roles. </p><p>From 1760 to 1832, the head of the Police of the Kingdom of Portugal had the title of "Intendant General of the Police of the Court and of the Kingdom". A similar title - that of "Intendant General of the Public Security" - was used from 1928 to 1932 to designate the head of the Portuguese Civil Police. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Current_use_in_Hispanic_and_Lusophone_countries">Current use in Hispanic and Lusophone countries</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Intendant&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Current use in Hispanic and Lusophone countries"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Portugal">Portugal</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Intendant&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Portugal"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Distintivo_Intendente_PSP.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Distintivo_Intendente_PSP.png/150px-Distintivo_Intendente_PSP.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="63" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Distintivo_Intendente_PSP.png/225px-Distintivo_Intendente_PSP.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Distintivo_Intendente_PSP.png/300px-Distintivo_Intendente_PSP.png 2x" data-file-width="569" data-file-height="240" /></a><figcaption>Rank insignia of an intendant of the Portuguese Public Security Police.</figcaption></figure> <p>Presently, intendant is a rank of officer in the <a href="/wiki/Pol%C3%ADcia_de_Seguran%C3%A7a_P%C3%BAblica" title="Polícia de Segurança Pública">Public Security Police</a>, roughly equivalent to the military rank of <a href="/wiki/Lieutenant-colonel" class="mw-redirect" title="Lieutenant-colonel">lieutenant-colonel</a>. Analogously, the police rank of sub-intendant corresponds to the rank of <a href="/wiki/Major_(rank)" title="Major (rank)">major</a>, while the police rank of superintendent corresponds to the rank of <a href="/wiki/Colonel" title="Colonel">colonel</a>. </p><p>The rank insignia of an intendant consists of a dark blue <a href="/wiki/Epaulette" title="Epaulette">epaulet</a> with two crossed <a href="/wiki/Crop_(implement)" title="Crop (implement)">horsewhips</a> inside a <a href="/wiki/Laurel_wreath" title="Laurel wreath">laurel wreath</a> and two PSP stars. Each PSP star consists in a six points silver star with the "SP" <a href="/wiki/Monogram" title="Monogram">monogram</a> in the center. The rank insignia of a sub-intendant is similar but with only a single PSP star. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Spain">Spain</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Intendant&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Spain"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Nowadays in the Spanish armed forces, the title Intendant refers to a Colonel in the Supply Branch either in the Navy, Army or Air Force. It is also used in some branches of the administration such as the Catalan Police, (<i><a href="/wiki/Mossos_d%27Esquadra" title="Mossos d'Esquadra">Mossos d'Esquadra</a></i> in Catalan) or in some Autonomous Communities (<i>Comunidades Autónomas</i> in Spanish). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Argentina">Argentina</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Intendant&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Argentina"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Argentina" title="Argentina">Argentina</a>, <i>intendente</i> (m) or <i>intendenta</i> (f) refers to <a href="/wiki/Mayor" title="Mayor">city mayors</a> – heads of government of <a href="/wiki/Municipalities_of_Argentina" title="Municipalities of Argentina">municipalities</a> (or <i><a href="/wiki/Partidos_of_Buenos_Aires" title="Partidos of Buenos Aires">partidos</a></i> in <a href="/wiki/Buenos_Aires_Province" title="Buenos Aires Province">Buenos Aires Province</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This meaning is not at all connected to the usage in other countries. <a href="/wiki/Spanish-language" class="mw-redirect" title="Spanish-language">Spanish-language</a> media in countries other than Argentina tend to refer to Argentine city mayors as <i><a href="/wiki/Alcalde" title="Alcalde">alcaldes</a></i>, which is the most common Spanish word for mayor. In the <a href="/wiki/Argentine_Army" title="Argentine Army">Argentine Army</a>, "Intendencia" is the Spanish name of the Quartermaster Corps, and its members are informally called "intendentes". In some organizations, such as clubs, gated communities, large companies, etc., "intendente" is the name given to the person in charge of general maintenance of common spaces. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Chile">Chile</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Intendant&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Chile"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Chile" title="Chile">Chile</a> is <a href="/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_Chile" title="Administrative divisions of Chile">administratively divided</a> in 16 <a href="/wiki/Regions_of_Chile" title="Regions of Chile">regions</a>. Between 1976 (1974 in some regions) and 2021, each region was headed by an intendant, appointed by the <a href="/wiki/President_of_Chile" title="President of Chile">president</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cuba">Cuba</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Intendant&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Cuba"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Cuba" title="Cuba">Cuba</a>, the intendant was introduced by the Constitution of the Republic (2019) to head the Administrative Councils - subordinate to the Municipal Assemblies of People's Power (town halls) - and with strictly executive-administrative functions. As the highest local authority is the President of the Municipal Assembly (mayor), it is up to him to designate and remove the intendant, after agreement with the majority of the Delegates of People's Power (councilors). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Paraguay">Paraguay</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Intendant&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Paraguay"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Paraguay" class="mw-redirect" title="Republic of Paraguay">Republic of Paraguay</a> is administratively divided into 17 <i><a href="/wiki/Departments_of_Paraguay" title="Departments of Paraguay">departamentos</a></i> (departments), each of which is headed by an <i>gobernador departamental</i> (departmental governor). These <i>departamentos</i> are divided into 261<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i><a href="/wiki/Districts_of_Paraguay" title="Districts of Paraguay">distritos</a></i> (districts) (plus the <a href="/wiki/Asunci%C3%B3n" title="Asunción">capital district</a>), districts are headed by an <i>intendente municipal</i> (municipal intendant), these intendants are popularly elected, and serve a term of five years. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Uruguay">Uruguay</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Intendant&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Uruguay"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Uruguay" title="Uruguay">Uruguay</a> is divided administratively into 19 <i><a href="/wiki/Departments_of_Uruguay" title="Departments of Uruguay">departamentos</a></i> (departments). The executive power of each department is the <i>intendencia</i> (intendancy), headed by an <i>intendente departamental</i> (departmental intendant). The intendants are popularly elected, and serve a term of five years. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Russia_and_Soviet_Union">Russia and Soviet Union</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Intendant&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Russia and Soviet Union"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The position of intendant was part of the tsarist Russian army from 1812 to 1868; intendants were responsible for supplies, finances, etc. in the field. After the 1935 rank reform that established 'personal ranks' in the Soviet military, it was reintroduced as the rank title for administrative and supply officers. The specific ranks, their collar insignia, and their line equivalents were: </p> <ul><li><i>technician-intendant second class</i>, two rectangles, lieutenant</li> <li><i>technician-intendant first class</i>, three rectangles, senior lieutenant</li> <li><i>intendant third class</i>, one rectangle, captain</li> <li><i>intendant second class</i>, two rectangles, major</li> <li><i>intendant first class</i>, three rectangles, colonel.</li> <li><i>brigindendant</i> (i.e., brigade intendant), one diamond, kombrig (brigade commander)</li> <li><i>divintendant</i> (i.e., division intendant), two diamonds, komdiv (division commander)</li> <li><i>korindendant</i> (i.e., corps intendant), three diamonds, komkor (corps commander)</li> <li><i>armintendant</i> (i.e., army intendant), four diamonds, komandarm (army commander) second class.</li></ul> <p>On 7 May 1940, the rank title system for all Soviet Army senior officers was changed to bring it closer in line with standard European practice, and the ranks of major general of the intendant service, lieutenant general of the intendant service, and colonel general of the intendant service were introduced. Senior officers from brigintendant to armintendant rank underwent a re-attestation process and were given a general rank. </p><p>On 30 March 1942, the 'intendant' ranks equivalent to those between lieutenant and colonel were abolished, and officers holding those ranks also underwent a re-attestation process and received ranks ranging from lieutenant of the intendant service to colonel of the administrative service. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Scotland">Scotland</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Intendant&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Scotland"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Scotland" title="Scotland">Scotland</a> intendant is an archaic title meaning "supervisor" or "curator". The senior officer of the <a href="/wiki/City_of_Glasgow_Police" title="City of Glasgow Police">City of Glasgow Police</a> was called an Intendant in the document establishing the force in 1800. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="United_States">United States</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Intendant&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: United States"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>For much of its history, the chief magistrate of the city of <a href="/wiki/Charleston,_South_Carolina" title="Charleston, South Carolina">Charleston, South Carolina</a> was the Intendant of the City, roughly corresponding to a mayor. The title Intendant was also used in other Lowcountry towns, where the office was assisted by "wardens," a system which may have derived from earlier ecclesiastical administration under colonial rule. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Other_uses">Other uses</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Intendant&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Other uses"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>It is also commonly found today in many theaters and <a href="/wiki/Opera_house" title="Opera house">opera houses</a> in Europe, where it is the equivalent to the title of <a href="/wiki/General_director" class="mw-redirect" title="General director">general director</a>, given to an individual in a managerial position, generally having control over all aspects of the company. </p><p>In <i><a href="/wiki/Star_Trek:_Deep_Space_Nine" title="Star Trek: Deep Space Nine">Star Trek: Deep Space Nine</a></i>, Intendant was a title in the <a href="/wiki/Mirror_Universe_(Star_Trek)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mirror Universe (Star Trek)">mirror universe</a>. The mirror universe version of <a href="/wiki/Kira_Nerys" title="Kira Nerys">Kira Nerys</a> held the position of <i>Intendant of <a href="/wiki/Bajor" class="mw-redirect" title="Bajor">Bajor</a></i>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Intendant&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bourbon_reforms" class="mw-redirect" title="Bourbon reforms">Bourbon reforms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_governors_in_the_Viceroyalty_of_New_Spain" title="List of governors in the Viceroyalty of New Spain">List of governors and intendants in the Viceroyalty of New Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Governors_in_the_Viceroyalty_of_the_R%C3%ADo_de_la_Plata" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Governors in the Viceroyalty of the Río de la Plata">List of intendants in the Viceroyalty of the Río de la Plata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quartermaster" title="Quartermaster">Quartermaster</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Intendant&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><i>Portions of the section on France are a translation of the article <a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intendant_(Ancien_R%C3%A9gime)" class="extiw" title="fr:Intendant (Ancien Régime)">Intendant (Ancien Régime)</a> from the <a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Accueil" class="extiw" title="fr:Accueil">French Wikipedia</a>, accessed on 13 August 2006.</i></li></ul> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ahdictionary.com/word/search.html?q=intendant"><i>American Heritage Dictionary</i> definition of "intendant"</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/intendant">"Definition of INTENDANT"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Definition+of+INTENDANT&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.merriam-webster.com%2Fdictionary%2Fintendant&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIntendant" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160925035254/https://en.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/us/intendant">"Oxford Languages | the Home of Language Data"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://en.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/us/intendant">the original</a> on September 25, 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Oxford+Languages+%26%23124%3B+the+Home+of+Language+Data&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fen.oxforddictionaries.com%2Fdefinition%2Fus%2Fintendant&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIntendant" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.infoplease.com/dictionary/intendant">"Intendant: Meaning and Definition of | Infoplease"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Intendant%3A+Meaning+and+Definition+of+%26%23124%3B+Infoplease&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.infoplease.com%2Fdictionary%2Fintendant&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIntendant" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> Jacquelyn Briggs Kent, "Intendancy System" in <i>Encyclopedia of Latin American History and Culture</i>, vol. 3, pp. 286-87. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons 1996.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEsmein1911" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Adh%C3%A9mar_Esmein" title="Adhémar Esmein">Esmein, Adhémar</a> (1911). <span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Intendant"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Intendant">"Intendant" </a></span>. In <a href="/wiki/Hugh_Chisholm" title="Hugh Chisholm">Chisholm, Hugh</a> (ed.). <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>. Vol. 14 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 683.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Intendant&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pages=683&rft.edition=11th&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1911&rft.aulast=Esmein&rft.aufirst=Adh%C3%A9mar&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIntendant" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSasaki2021" class="citation journal cs1">Sasaki, Yu (2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nowpublishers.com/article/Details/HPE-0008">"The Royal Consultants: The Intendants of France and the Bureaucratic Transition in Pre-modern Europe"</a>. <i>Journal of Historical Political Economy</i>. <b>1</b> (2): 259–289. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1561%2F115.00000008">10.1561/115.00000008</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/2065%2F00073286">2065/00073286</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2693-9290">2693-9290</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:238784308">238784308</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Historical+Political+Economy&rft.atitle=The+Royal+Consultants%3A+The+Intendants+of+France+and+the+Bureaucratic+Transition+in+Pre-modern+Europe&rft.volume=1&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=259-289&rft.date=2021&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F2065%2F00073286&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A238784308%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=2693-9290&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1561%2F115.00000008&rft.aulast=Sasaki&rft.aufirst=Yu&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nowpublishers.com%2Farticle%2FDetails%2FHPE-0008&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIntendant" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">James Lockhart and Stuart Schwartz, <i>Early Latin America</i>, New York: Cambridge University Press 1983, pp. 352.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Artola, Miguel. <i>Enciclopedia de Historia de España</i>, Tomo V. Madrid: Alianza Editorial, 1991. Pgs. 678–679. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/84-206-5294-6" title="Special:BookSources/84-206-5294-6">84-206-5294-6</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Excerpts of the Cuban intendancy regulations can be found at "Establishment of the Intendancy in Cuba" in Charles Gibson, ed. <i>The Spanish Tradition in America</i> (Columbia, University of South Carolina Press, 1968), 223–228.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMensa2007" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Mensa, Andrea (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://biblioteca.municipios.unq.edu.ar/modules/mislibros/archivos/elestadomunicipalmensaandrea.PDF">"El Estado municipal en Argentina"</a> [Municipal State in Argentina] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Provincia</i> (in Spanish). <b>17</b>. <a href="/wiki/University_of_the_Andes_(Venezuela)" title="University of the Andes (Venezuela)">Universidad de Los Andes</a>: 43. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1317-9535">1317-9535</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Provincia&rft.atitle=El+Estado+municipal+en+Argentina&rft.volume=17&rft.pages=43&rft.date=2007&rft.issn=1317-9535&rft.aulast=Mensa&rft.aufirst=Andrea&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbiblioteca.municipios.unq.edu.ar%2Fmodules%2Fmislibros%2Farchivos%2Felestadomunicipalmensaandrea.PDF&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIntendant" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.lanacion.com.py/politica_edicion_impresa/2020/12/20/siete-nuevos-municipios-elegiran-por-primera-vez-a-sus-autoridades/">Siete nuevos municipios elegirán por primera vez a sus autoridades</a></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Intendant&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Barbier, Jacques. <i>Reform and Politics in Bourbon Chile, 1755-1796</i>. Ottawa, University of Ottawa Press, 1980. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-7603-5010-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-2-7603-5010-6">978-2-7603-5010-6</a> (1980)</li> <li>Fisher, John R. <i>Government and Society in Colonial Peru: The Intendant System, 1784-1814</i>. (1970)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lillian_Estelle_Fisher" title="Lillian Estelle Fisher">Fisher, Lillian Estelle</a>. <i>The Intendant System in Spanish America</i>. Berkeley, University of California Press, 1929.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clarence_Haring" class="mw-redirect" title="Clarence Haring">Haring, Clarence H.</a>, <i>The Spanish Empire in America</i>. New York: Oxford University Press, 1947.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Lynch_(historian)" title="John Lynch (historian)">Lynch, John</a>. <i>Spanish Colonial Administration, 1782–1818: the Intendant System in the Viceroyalty of Rio de la Plata</i> (1958)</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul 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