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of water</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Other_heavy_forms_of_water-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Other heavy forms of water subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Other_heavy_forms_of_water-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Semiheavy_water" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Semiheavy_water"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Semiheavy water</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Semiheavy_water-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Heavy-oxygen_water" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Heavy-oxygen_water"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Heavy-oxygen water</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Heavy-oxygen_water-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tritiated_water" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tritiated_water"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Tritiated water</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tritiated_water-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Physical_properties" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Physical_properties"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Physical properties</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Physical_properties-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Effect_on_biological_systems" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Effect_on_biological_systems"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Effect on biological systems</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Effect_on_biological_systems-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Effect on biological systems subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Effect_on_biological_systems-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Effect_on_animals" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Effect_on_animals"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Effect on animals</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Effect_on_animals-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Toxicity_in_humans" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Toxicity_in_humans"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Toxicity in humans</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Toxicity_in_humans-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Heavy_water_radiation_contamination_confusion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Heavy_water_radiation_contamination_confusion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>Heavy water radiation contamination confusion</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Heavy_water_radiation_contamination_confusion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Production_methods" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Production_methods"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Production methods</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Production_methods-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Production_by_country" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Production_by_country"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Production by country</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Production_by_country-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Production by country subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Production_by_country-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Argentina" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Argentina"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Argentina</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Argentina-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-United_States" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#United_States"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2</span> <span>United States</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-United_States-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-India" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#India"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.3</span> <span>India</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-India-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Norway" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Norway"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.4</span> <span>Norway</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Norway-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Canada" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Canada"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.5</span> <span>Canada</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Canada-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Iran" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Iran"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.6</span> <span>Iran</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Iran-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pakistan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pakistan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.7</span> <span>Pakistan</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pakistan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_countries" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_countries"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.8</span> <span>Other countries</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_countries-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Applications" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Applications"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Applications</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Applications-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Applications subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Applications-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Nuclear_magnetic_resonance" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nuclear_magnetic_resonance"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1</span> <span>Nuclear magnetic resonance</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nuclear_magnetic_resonance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Organic_chemistry" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Organic_chemistry"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.2</span> <span>Organic chemistry</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Organic_chemistry-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Infrared_spectroscopy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Infrared_spectroscopy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.3</span> <span>Infrared spectroscopy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Infrared_spectroscopy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Neutron_moderator" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Neutron_moderator"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.4</span> <span>Neutron moderator</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Neutron_moderator-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Neutrino_detector" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Neutrino_detector"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.5</span> <span>Neutrino detector</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Neutrino_detector-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Metabolic_rate_and_water_turnover_testing_in_physiology_and_biology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Metabolic_rate_and_water_turnover_testing_in_physiology_and_biology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.6</span> <span>Metabolic rate and water turnover testing in physiology and biology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Metabolic_rate_and_water_turnover_testing_in_physiology_and_biology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tritium_production" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tritium_production"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.7</span> <span>Tritium production</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tritium_production-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_fiction" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_fiction"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>In fiction</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_fiction-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Heavy water</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 65 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-65" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">65 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swaarwater" title="Swaarwater – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Swaarwater" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%A1_%D8%AB%D9%82%D9%8A%D9%84" title="ماء ثقيل – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="ماء ثقيل" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agua_pesao" title="Agua pesao – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Agua pesao" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/A%C4%9F%C4%B1r_su" title="Ağır su – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Ağır su" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%D8%BA%DB%8C%D8%B1_%D8%B3%D9%88" title="آغیر سو – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="آغیر سو" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AD%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%80_%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BF" title="ভারী পানি – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="ভারী পানি" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A6%D1%8F%D0%B6%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B0" title="Цяжкая вада – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Цяжкая вада" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A6%D1%8F%D0%B6%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B0" title="Цяжкая вада – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Цяжкая вада" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B5%D0%B6%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B0" title="Тежка вода – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Тежка вода" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aigua_pesant" title="Aigua pesant – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Aigua pesant" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%99%D1%8B%D0%B2%C4%83%D1%80_%D1%88%D1%8B%D0%B2" title="Йывăр шыв – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Йывăр шыв" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C4%9B%C5%BEk%C3%A1_voda" title="Těžká voda – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Těžká voda" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tungt_vand" title="Tungt vand – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Tungt vand" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schweres_Wasser" title="Schweres Wasser – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Schweres Wasser" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raske_vesi" title="Raske vesi – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Raske vesi" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%92%CE%B1%CF%81%CF%8D_%CF%8D%CE%B4%CF%89%CF%81" title="Βαρύ ύδωρ – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Βαρύ ύδωρ" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agua_pesada" title="Agua pesada – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Agua pesada" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peza_akvo" title="Peza akvo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Peza akvo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ur_astun" title="Ur astun – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Ur astun" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%D8%A8_%D8%B3%D9%86%DA%AF%DB%8C%D9%86" title="آب سنگین – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="آب سنگین" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eau_lourde" title="Eau lourde – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Eau lourde" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auga_pesada" title="Auga pesada – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Auga pesada" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%A4%91%EC%88%98" title="중수 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="중수" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BE%D5%A1%D5%B6%D6%80_%D5%BB%D5%B8%D6%82%D6%80" title="Ծանր ջուր – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ծանր ջուր" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%B2" title="भारी जल – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="भारी जल" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://hsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%86e%C5%BEka_woda" title="Ćežka woda – Upper Sorbian" lang="hsb" hreflang="hsb" data-title="Ćežka woda" data-language-autonym="Hornjoserbsce" data-language-local-name="Upper Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hornjoserbsce</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Te%C5%A1ka_voda" title="Teška voda – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Teška voda" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_berat" title="Air berat – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Air berat" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acqua_pesante" title="Acqua pesante – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Acqua pesante" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%99%D7%9D_%D7%9B%D7%91%D7%93%D7%99%D7%9D" title="מים כבדים – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="מים כבדים" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9B%E1%83%AB%E1%83%98%E1%83%9B%E1%83%94_%E1%83%AC%E1%83%A7%E1%83%90%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98" title="მძიმე წყალი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="მძიმე წყალი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%83%D1%8B%D1%80_%D1%81%D1%83" title="Ауыр су – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Ауыр су" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smagais_%C5%ABdens" title="Smagais ūdens – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Smagais ūdens" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neh%C3%A9zv%C3%ADz" title="Nehézvíz – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Nehézvíz" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B5%D1%88%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B0" title="Тешка вода – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Тешка вода" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%98%E0%B4%A8%E0%B4%9C%E0%B4%B2%E0%B4%82" title="ഘനജലം – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ഘനജലം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%A1_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A3%E0%A5%80" title="जड पाणी – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="जड पाणी" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_berat" title="Air berat – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Air berat" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zwaar_water" title="Zwaar water – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Zwaar water" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%87%8D%E6%B0%B4" title="重水 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="重水" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tungtvann" title="Tungtvann – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Tungtvann" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tungtvatn" title="Tungtvatn – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Tungtvatn" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aiga_pesuga" title="Aiga pesuga – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Aiga pesuga" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Og%CA%BBir_suv" title="Ogʻir suv – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Ogʻir suv" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ci%C4%99%C5%BCka_woda" title="Ciężka woda – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Ciężka woda" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%81gua_pesada" title="Água pesada – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Água pesada" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ap%C4%83_grea" title="Apă grea – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Apă grea" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%8F%D0%B6%D1%91%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B0" title="Тяжёлая вода – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Тяжёлая вода" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%B6%E0%B7%90%E0%B6%BB_%E0%B6%A2%E0%B6%BD%E0%B6%BA" title="බැර ජලය – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="බැර ජලය" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heavy_water" title="Heavy water – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Heavy water" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%A4a%C5%BEk%C3%A1_voda" title="Ťažká voda – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Ťažká voda" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Te%C5%BEka_voda" title="Težka voda – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Težka voda" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B5%D1%88%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B0" title="Тешка вода – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Тешка вода" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Te%C5%A1ka_voda" title="Teška voda – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Teška voda" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raskas_vesi" title="Raskas vesi – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Raskas vesi" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tungt_vatten" title="Tungt vatten – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Tungt vatten" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%A9_%E0%AE%A8%E0%AF%80%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D" title="கன நீர் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="கன நீர்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%AD%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%9C%E0%B0%B2%E0%B0%82" title="భారజలం – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="భారజలం" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/A%C4%9F%C4%B1r_su" title="Ağır su – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Ağır su" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B0%D0%B6%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B0" title="Важка вода – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Важка вода" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%DA%BE%D8%A7%D8%B1%DB%8C_%D9%BE%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C" title="بھاری پانی – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="بھاری پانی" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C6%B0%E1%BB%9Bc_n%E1%BA%B7ng" title="Nước nặng – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Nước nặng" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%87%8D%E6%B0%B4" title="重水 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="重水" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%87%8D%E6%B0%B4" title="重水 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="重水" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%87%8D%E6%B0%B4" title="重水 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="重水" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet 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dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Form of water</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/Hard_water" title="Hard water">Hard water</a> or <a href="/wiki/Tritiated_water" title="Tritiated water">Tritiated water</a>.</div> <p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1268415487">.mw-parser-output .ib-chembox{border-collapse:collapse;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .ib-chembox td,.mw-parser-output .ib-chembox th{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:40%}.mw-parser-output .ib-chembox td+td{width:60%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .ib-chembox figure:not(.skin-invert-image):not(.skin-invert):not(.bg-transparent){background:var(--background-color-inverted,#f8f9fa)}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .ib-chembox figure:not(.skin-invert-image):not(.skin-invert):not(.bg-transparent){background:var(--background-color-inverted,#f8f9fa)}}</style> </p> <table class="infobox ib-chembox"> <caption>Heavy water </caption> <tbody><tr> <td colspan="2" class="borderless" style="text-align:center"> <table border="0" style="width:100%;display:inline-table;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="border-right:1px solid #aaa; width:50%;"><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Heavy-water-3D-vdW.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Spacefill model of heavy water"><img alt="Spacefill model of heavy water" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Heavy-water-3D-vdW.svg/150px-Heavy-water-3D-vdW.svg.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Heavy-water-3D-vdW.svg/225px-Heavy-water-3D-vdW.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Heavy-water-3D-vdW.svg/300px-Heavy-water-3D-vdW.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="449" data-file-height="397" /></a><figcaption>Spacefill model of heavy water</figcaption></figure> </td> <td style="width:50%;"><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Heavy_water.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Heavy_water.svg/120px-Heavy_water.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="58" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Heavy_water.svg/150px-Heavy_water.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Heavy_water.svg/200px-Heavy_water.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="165" data-file-height="95" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="background: #f8eaba;color:inherit; text-align: center;">Names </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Chemical_nomenclature" title="Chemical nomenclature">IUPAC name</a> <div style="max-width:22em; word-wrap:break-word; padding-left:1.7em;">(<sup>2</sup>H<sub>2</sub>)Water<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align:left;">Other names <div style="max-width:22em; word-wrap:break-word; padding-left:1.7em;"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li>Deuterium oxide<sup id="cite_ref-parpart1935_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-parpart1935-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li><li>Water-<i>d</i><sub>2</sub><sup id="cite_ref-svishchev1994_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-svishchev1994-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li><li>Dideuterium monoxide</li><li>Deuterated water<sup id="cite_ref-auto_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul></div></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="background: #f8eaba;color:inherit; text-align: center;">Identifiers </th></tr> <tr> <td><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/CAS_Registry_Number" title="CAS Registry Number">CAS Number</a></div> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span title="commonchemistry.cas.org"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://commonchemistry.cas.org/detail?cas_rn=7789-20-0">7789-20-0</a></span><sup> <span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="check" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/7px-Yes_check.svg.png" decoding="async" width="7" height="7" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/11px-Yes_check.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/14px-Yes_check.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></span></span><span style="display:none">Y</span></sup></li></ul></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">3D model (<a href="/wiki/JSmol" class="mw-redirect" title="JSmol">JSmol</a>)</div> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span title="chemapps.stolaf.edu (3D interactive model)"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://chemapps.stolaf.edu/jmol/jmol.php?model=%5B2H%5DO%5B2H%5D">Interactive image</a></span></li></ul></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/ChEBI" title="ChEBI">ChEBI</a> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span title="www.ebi.ac.uk"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ebi.ac.uk/chebi/searchId.do?chebiId=41981">CHEBI:41981</a></span><sup> <span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="check" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/7px-Yes_check.svg.png" decoding="async" width="7" height="7" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/11px-Yes_check.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/14px-Yes_check.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></span></span><span style="display:none">Y</span></sup></li></ul></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/ChEMBL" title="ChEMBL">ChEMBL</a> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span title="www.ebi.ac.uk"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ebi.ac.uk/chembl/explore/compound/ChEMBL1232306">ChEMBL1232306</a></span><sup> <span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="check" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/7px-Yes_check.svg.png" decoding="async" width="7" height="7" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/11px-Yes_check.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/14px-Yes_check.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></span></span><span style="display:none">Y</span></sup></li></ul></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/ChemSpider" title="ChemSpider">ChemSpider</a> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span title="www.chemspider.com"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.chemspider.com/Chemical-Structure.23004.html">23004</a></span><sup> <span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="check" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/7px-Yes_check.svg.png" decoding="async" width="7" height="7" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/11px-Yes_check.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/14px-Yes_check.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></span></span><span style="display:none">Y</span></sup></li></ul></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/ECHA_InfoCard" class="mw-redirect" title="ECHA InfoCard"><span title="echa.europa.eu">ECHA InfoCard</span></a> </td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://echa.europa.eu/substance-information/-/substanceinfo/100.029.226">100.029.226</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q155890#P2566" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/European_Community_number" title="European Community number"><span title="European Community number (chemical identifier)">EC Number</span></a> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /><div class="plainlist"><ul><li>232-148-9</li></ul></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Gmelin_database" title="Gmelin database">Gmelin Reference</a></div> </td> <td>97 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/KEGG" title="KEGG">KEGG</a> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span title="www.kegg.jp"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.kegg.jp/entry/D03703">D03703</a></span><sup> <span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="check" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/7px-Yes_check.svg.png" decoding="async" width="7" height="7" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/11px-Yes_check.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/14px-Yes_check.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></span></span><span style="display:none">Y</span></sup></li></ul></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Medical_Subject_Headings" title="Medical Subject Headings">MeSH</a> </td> <td><span title="www.nlm.nih.gov"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nlm.nih.gov/cgi/mesh/2014/MB_cgi?mode=&term=Deuterium+Oxide">Deuterium+Oxide</a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/PubChem" title="PubChem">PubChem</a> <abbr title="Compound ID">CID</abbr></div> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span title="pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/24602">24602</a></span></li></ul></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/RTECS" class="mw-redirect" title="RTECS">RTECS number</a> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /><div class="plainlist"><ul><li>ZC0230000</li></ul></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Unique_Ingredient_Identifier" title="Unique Ingredient Identifier">UNII</a> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span title="precision.fda.gov"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://precision.fda.gov/uniisearch/srs/unii/J65BV539M3">J65BV539M3</a></span><sup> <span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="check" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/7px-Yes_check.svg.png" decoding="async" width="7" height="7" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/11px-Yes_check.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/14px-Yes_check.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></span></span><span style="display:none">Y</span></sup></li></ul></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/CompTox_Chemicals_Dashboard" title="CompTox Chemicals Dashboard">CompTox Dashboard</a> <span style="font-weight:normal">(<abbr title="U.S. Environmental Protection Agency">EPA</abbr>)</span></div> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span title="comptox.epa.gov"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://comptox.epa.gov/dashboard/chemical/details/DTXSID4051243">DTXSID4051243</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q155890#P3117" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></span></li></ul></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"><div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left;"> <div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold; text-align:left; font-weight:normal;"><div><a href="/wiki/International_Chemical_Identifier" title="International Chemical Identifier">InChI</a></div></div> <ul class="mw-collapsible-content" style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit; list-style: none; margin-left: 0; word-break:break-all;"><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><div style="border-top:1px solid #ccc; padding:0.2em 0 0.2em 1.5em; text-align:left;"><div style="word-wrap:break-word; text-indent:-1.5em; font-size:97%; line-height:120%;">InChI=1S/H2O/h1H2/i/hD2<sup> <span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="☒" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/X_mark.svg/7px-X_mark.svg.png" decoding="async" width="7" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/X_mark.svg/11px-X_mark.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/X_mark.svg/14px-X_mark.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="525" data-file-height="600" /></span></span><span style="display:none">N</span></sup></div><div style="word-wrap:break-word; text-indent:-1.5em; font-size:97%; line-height:120%;">Key: XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-ZSJDYOACSA-N<sup> <span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="☒" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/X_mark.svg/7px-X_mark.svg.png" decoding="async" width="7" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/X_mark.svg/11px-X_mark.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/X_mark.svg/14px-X_mark.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="525" data-file-height="600" /></span></span><span style="display:none">N</span></sup></div></div></li></ul> </div> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"><div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left;"> <div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold; text-align:left; font-weight:normal;"><div><a href="/wiki/Simplified_molecular-input_line-entry_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Simplified molecular-input line-entry system">SMILES</a></div></div> <ul class="mw-collapsible-content" style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit; list-style: none; margin-left: 0; word-break:break-all;"><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><div style="border-top:1px solid #ccc; padding:0.2em 0 0.2em 1.6em; word-wrap:break-word; text-indent:-1.5em; text-align:left; font-size:97%; line-height:120%;">[2H]O[2H]</div></li></ul> </div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="background: #f8eaba;color:inherit; text-align: center;">Properties </th></tr> <tr> <td><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Chemical_formula" title="Chemical formula">Chemical formula</a></div> </td> <td><span class="chemf nowrap">D<span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:-0.4em;line-height:1em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">2</sub></span></span>O</span>  </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Molar_mass" title="Molar mass">Molar mass</a> </td> <td>20.0276 g mol<sup>−1</sup>    </td></tr> <tr> <td>Appearance </td> <td>Colorless liquid </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Odor" title="Odor">Odor</a> </td> <td>Odorless </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Density" title="Density">Density</a> </td> <td>1.107 g mL<sup>−1</sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Melting_point" title="Melting point">Melting point</a> </td> <td>3.82 °C; 38.88 °F; 276.97 K </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Boiling_point" title="Boiling point">Boiling point</a> </td> <td>101.4 °C (214.5 °F; 374.5 K) </td></tr> <tr> <td><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Aqueous_solution" title="Aqueous solution">Solubility in water</a></div> </td> <td>Miscible </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Partition_coefficient" title="Partition coefficient">log <i>P</i></a> </td> <td>−1.38 </td></tr> <tr> <td><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Refractive_index" title="Refractive index">Refractive index</a> (<i>n</i><sub>D</sub>)</div> </td> <td>1.328 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Viscosity" title="Viscosity">Viscosity</a> </td> <td>1.25 mPa s (at 20 °C) </td></tr> <tr> <td><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Dipole#Molecular_dipoles" title="Dipole">Dipole moment</a></div> </td> <td>1.87 D </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="background: #f8eaba;color:inherit; text-align: center;">Hazards </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/NFPA_704" title="NFPA 704"><b>NFPA 704</b></a> (fire diamond) </td> <td><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1170367383">.mw-parser-output .nfpa-704-diamond-ref{float:right;padding:1px;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .nfpa-704-diamond-container{width:82px;font-family:sans-serif;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .nfpa-704-diamond-container-ref{float:left;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .nfpa-704-diamond-images{float:left;font-size:20px;text-align:center;position:relative;height:80px;width:80px;padding:1px}.mw-parser-output .nfpa-704-diamond-map{position:absolute;height:80px;width:80px}.mw-parser-output .nfpa-704-diamond .noresize{margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .nfpa-704-diamond-code{line-height:1em;text-align:center;position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .nfpa-704-diamond-code>a{color:black}.mw-parser-output .nfpa-704-diamond-blue{width:13px;top:31px;left:15px}.mw-parser-output .nfpa-704-diamond-red{width:12px;top:12px;left:35px}.mw-parser-output .nfpa-704-diamond-yellow{width:13px;top:31px;left:54px}.mw-parser-output .nfpa-704-diamond-white-image{position:relative;top:51px;left:0}.mw-parser-output .nfpa-704-diamond-white-text{vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;line-height:80%;position:absolute;top:52px}.mw-parser-output .nfpa-704-diamond-white-text a>span{position:absolute;color:black}.mw-parser-output .nfpa-704-diamond-white-wors{font-size:15px;width:23px;left:29px}.mw-parser-output .nfpa-704-diamond-white-wox{font-size:15px;font-stretch:condensed;width:21px;line-height:80%;top:-4px;left:29px}.mw-parser-output .nfpa-704-diamond-white-abcp{font-size:13.5px;font-stretch:condensed;width:28px;left:26px}.mw-parser-output .nfpa-704-diamond-white-ac{font-size:10px;width:30px;left:25px}.mw-parser-output .nfpa-704-diamond-white-strike{text-decoration:line-through}</style><div class="nfpa-704-diamond notheme"><div class="nfpa-704-diamond-container"><div class="nfpa-704-diamond-images nounderlines"> <div class="nfpa-704-diamond-map"><figure class="noresize" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="NFPA 704 four-colored diamond" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/NFPA_704.svg/80px-NFPA_704.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/NFPA_704.svg/120px-NFPA_704.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/NFPA_704.svg/160px-NFPA_704.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" usemap="#ImageMap_e43abf6a22fcb96c" /></span><map name="ImageMap_e43abf6a22fcb96c"><area href="/wiki/NFPA_704#Blue" shape="poly" coords="23,23,47,47,23,70,0,47" alt="Health 1: Exposure would cause irritation but only minor residual injury. E.g. turpentine" title="Health 1: Exposure would cause irritation but only minor residual injury. E.g. turpentine" /><area href="/wiki/NFPA_704#Red" shape="poly" coords="47,0,70,23,47,47,23,23" alt="Flammability 0: Will not burn. E.g. water" title="Flammability 0: Will not burn. E.g. water" /><area href="/wiki/NFPA_704#Yellow" shape="poly" coords="70,23,94,47,70,70,47,47" alt="Instability 0: Normally stable, even under fire exposure conditions, and is not reactive with water. E.g. liquid nitrogen" title="Instability 0: Normally stable, even under fire exposure conditions, and is not reactive with water. E.g. liquid nitrogen" /><area href="/wiki/NFPA_704#White" shape="poly" coords="47,47,70,70,47,94,23,70" alt="Special hazards (white): no code" title="Special hazards (white): no code" /></map><figcaption></figcaption></figure></div><div class="nfpa-704-diamond-code nfpa-704-diamond-blue"> <a href="/wiki/NFPA_704#Blue" title="NFPA 704"><span title="Health 1: Exposure would cause irritation but only minor residual injury. E.g. turpentine" class="notheme mw-no-invert">1</span></a></div><div class="nfpa-704-diamond-code nfpa-704-diamond-red"> <a href="/wiki/NFPA_704#Red" title="NFPA 704"><span title="Flammability 0: Will not burn. E.g. water" class="notheme mw-no-invert">0</span></a></div><div class="nfpa-704-diamond-code nfpa-704-diamond-yellow"> <a href="/wiki/NFPA_704#Yellow" title="NFPA 704"><span title="Instability 0: Normally stable, even under fire exposure conditions, and is not reactive with water. E.g. liquid nitrogen" class="notheme mw-no-invert">0</span></a></div></div></div></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align:left; background:#f8eaba; color:inherit; border:1px solid #a2a9b1;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their <a href="/wiki/Standard_state" title="Standard state">standard state</a> (at 25 °C [77 °F], 100 kPa).</div> <div style="margin-top: 0.3em;"><div style="text-align:center;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="☒" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/X_mark.svg/12px-X_mark.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/X_mark.svg/18px-X_mark.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/X_mark.svg/24px-X_mark.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="525" data-file-height="600" /></span></span><span style="display:none">N</span> (<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Chemicals/Chembox_validation" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Chemicals/Chembox validation">what is</a> <sup><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="check" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/7px-Yes_check.svg.png" decoding="async" width="7" height="7" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/11px-Yes_check.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/14px-Yes_check.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></span></span><span style="display:none">Y</span><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="☒" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/X_mark.svg/7px-X_mark.svg.png" decoding="async" width="7" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/X_mark.svg/11px-X_mark.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/X_mark.svg/14px-X_mark.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="525" data-file-height="600" /></span></span><span style="display:none">N</span></sup> ?) </div></div> <div style="margin-top: 0.3em; text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Chemical_infobox#References" title="Wikipedia:Chemical infobox">Infobox references</a></div> </td></tr> </tbody></table><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Chemical compound</div> <p><b>Heavy water</b> (<b>deuterium oxide</b>, <b><span class="chemf nowrap"><span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:0.5em;line-height:1em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">2</sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sub></span></span>H<span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:-0.4em;line-height:1em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">2</sub></span></span>O</span></b>, <b><span class="chemf nowrap">D<span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:-0.4em;line-height:1em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">2</sub></span></span>O</span></b>) is a form of <a href="/wiki/Water_(molecule)" class="mw-redirect" title="Water (molecule)">water</a> in which hydrogen atoms are all <a href="/wiki/Deuterium" title="Deuterium">deuterium</a> (<span class="chemf nowrap"><span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:0.5em;line-height:1em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">2</sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sub></span></span>H</span> or D, also known as <i>heavy hydrogen</i>) rather than the common hydrogen-1 <a href="/wiki/Isotope" title="Isotope">isotope</a> (<span class="chemf nowrap"><span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:0.5em;line-height:1em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">1</sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sub></span></span>H</span>, also called <i>protium</i>) that makes up most of the hydrogen in normal water.<sup id="cite_ref-auto_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The presence of the heavier isotope gives the water different nuclear properties, and the increase in mass gives it slightly different physical and chemical properties when compared to normal water. </p><p>Deuterium is a heavy <a href="/wiki/Isotopes_of_hydrogen" title="Isotopes of hydrogen">hydrogen isotope</a>. Heavy water contains deuterium atoms and is used in <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_reactor" title="Nuclear reactor">nuclear reactors</a>. <a href="/wiki/Semiheavy_water" title="Semiheavy water">Semiheavy water</a> (HDO) is more common than pure heavy water, while heavy-oxygen water is denser but lacks unique properties. Tritiated water is radioactive due to <a href="/wiki/Tritium" title="Tritium">tritium</a> content. </p><p>Heavy water has different physical properties from regular water, such as being 10.6% denser and having a higher melting point. Heavy water is less <a href="/wiki/Dissociation_(chemistry)" title="Dissociation (chemistry)">dissociated</a> at a given temperature, and it does not have the slightly blue color of regular water. It can taste slightly sweeter than regular water, though not to a significant degree. Heavy water affects biological systems by altering enzymes, hydrogen bonds, and cell division in <a href="/wiki/Eukaryote" title="Eukaryote">eukaryotes</a>. It can be lethal to multicellular organisms at concentrations over 50%. However, some <a href="/wiki/Prokaryotes" class="mw-redirect" title="Prokaryotes">prokaryotes</a> like <a href="/wiki/Bacteria" title="Bacteria">bacteria</a> can survive in a heavy hydrogen environment. Heavy water can be toxic to humans, but a large amount would be needed for poisoning to occur. </p><p>The most cost-effective process for producing heavy water is the <a href="/wiki/Girdler_sulfide_process" title="Girdler sulfide process">Girdler sulfide process</a>. Heavy water is used in various industries and is sold in different grades of purity. Some of its applications include <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_magnetic_resonance" title="Nuclear magnetic resonance">nuclear magnetic resonance</a>, <a href="/wiki/Infrared_spectroscopy" title="Infrared spectroscopy">infrared spectroscopy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Neutron_moderation" class="mw-redirect" title="Neutron moderation">neutron moderation</a>, <a href="/wiki/Neutrino_detection" class="mw-redirect" title="Neutrino detection">neutrino detection</a>, metabolic rate testing, <a href="/wiki/Neutron_capture_therapy" class="mw-redirect" title="Neutron capture therapy">neutron capture therapy</a>, and the production of radioactive materials such as <a href="/wiki/Plutonium" title="Plutonium">plutonium</a> and tritium. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Composition">Composition</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Heavy_water&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Composition"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The deuterium <a href="/wiki/Atomic_nucleus" title="Atomic nucleus">nucleus</a> consists of a <a href="/wiki/Neutron" title="Neutron">neutron</a> and a <a href="/wiki/Proton" title="Proton">proton</a>; the nucleus of a protium (normal hydrogen) atom consists of just a proton. The additional neutron makes a deuterium atom roughly twice as heavy as a protium atom. </p><p>A molecule of heavy water has two deuterium atoms in place of the two protium atoms of ordinary water. The term heavy water as defined by the <a href="/wiki/International_Union_of_Pure_and_Applied_Chemistry" title="International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry">IUPAC</a> Gold Book<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> can also refer to water in which a higher than usual proportion of hydrogen atoms are deuterium. For comparison, <a href="/wiki/Vienna_Standard_Mean_Ocean_Water" title="Vienna Standard Mean Ocean Water">Vienna Standard Mean Ocean Water</a> (the "ordinary water" used for a deuterium standard) contains about 156 deuterium atoms per million hydrogen atoms; that is, 0.0156% of the hydrogen atoms are <sup>2</sup>H. Thus heavy water as defined by the Gold Book includes <a href="/wiki/Semiheavy_water" title="Semiheavy water">semiheavy water</a> (hydrogen-deuterium oxide, HDO) and other mixtures of <span class="chemf nowrap">D<span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:-0.4em;line-height:1em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">2</sub></span></span>O</span>, <span class="chemf nowrap">H<span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:-0.4em;line-height:1em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">2</sub></span></span>O</span>, and HDO in which the proportion of deuterium is greater than usual. For instance, the heavy water used in <a href="/wiki/CANDU_reactor" title="CANDU reactor">CANDU reactors</a> is a highly enriched water mixture that is mostly deuterium oxide <span class="chemf nowrap">D<span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:-0.4em;line-height:1em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">2</sub></span></span>O</span>, but also some hydrogen-deuterium oxide and a smaller amount of ordinary water <span class="chemf nowrap">H<span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:-0.4em;line-height:1em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">2</sub></span></span>O</span>. It is 99.75% enriched by hydrogen atom-fraction; that is, 99.75% of the hydrogen atoms are of the heavy type; however, heavy water in the Gold Book sense need not be so highly enriched. The weight of a heavy water molecule, however, is not very different from that of a normal water molecule, because about 89% of the mass of the molecule comes from the single <a href="/wiki/Oxygen" title="Oxygen">oxygen</a> atom rather than the two hydrogen atoms. </p><p>Heavy water is not <a href="/wiki/Radioactive_decay" title="Radioactive decay">radioactive</a>. In its pure form, it has a density about 11% greater than water but is otherwise physically and chemically similar. Nevertheless, the various differences in deuterium-containing water (especially affecting the biological properties) are larger than in any other commonly occurring <a href="/wiki/Isotopologue" title="Isotopologue">isotope-substituted compound</a> because deuterium is unique among heavy <a href="/wiki/Stable_isotope" class="mw-redirect" title="Stable isotope">stable isotopes</a> in being twice as heavy as the lightest isotope. This difference increases the <a href="/wiki/Bond_energy" title="Bond energy">strength</a> of water's hydrogen–oxygen bonds, and this in turn is enough to cause differences that are important to some biochemical reactions. The human body naturally contains deuterium equivalent to about five grams of heavy water, which is harmless. When a large fraction of water (> 50%) in higher organisms is replaced by heavy water, the result is <a href="/wiki/Cell_(biology)" title="Cell (biology)">cell</a> dysfunction and death.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Heavy water was first produced in 1932, a few months after the discovery of deuterium.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> With the discovery of <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_fission" title="Nuclear fission">nuclear fission</a> in late 1938, and the need for a <a href="/wiki/Neutron_moderator" title="Neutron moderator">neutron moderator</a> that captured few neutrons, heavy water became a component of early <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_power" title="Nuclear power">nuclear energy</a> research. Since then, heavy water has been an essential component in some types of reactors, both those that generate power and those designed to produce isotopes for nuclear weapons. These <a href="/wiki/Pressurized_heavy-water_reactor" title="Pressurized heavy-water reactor">heavy water reactors</a> have the advantage of being able to run on natural <a href="/wiki/Uranium" title="Uranium">uranium</a> without using <a href="/wiki/Graphite" title="Graphite">graphite</a> moderators that pose radiological<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Dust_explosion" title="Dust explosion">dust explosion</a><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> hazards in the decommissioning phase. The graphite moderated Soviet <a href="/wiki/RBMK" title="RBMK">RBMK</a> design tried to avoid using either <a href="/wiki/Enriched_uranium" title="Enriched uranium">enriched uranium</a> or heavy water (being cooled with ordinary water instead) which produced the positive <a href="/wiki/Void_coefficient" title="Void coefficient">void coefficient</a> that was one of a series of flaws in reactor design leading to the <a href="/wiki/Chernobyl_disaster" title="Chernobyl disaster">Chernobyl disaster</a>. Most modern reactors use enriched uranium with ordinary water as the moderator. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Other_heavy_forms_of_water">Other heavy forms of water</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Heavy_water&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Other heavy forms of water"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Semiheavy_water">Semiheavy water</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Heavy_water&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Semiheavy water"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Semiheavy_water.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Semiheavy_water.svg/120px-Semiheavy_water.svg.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="69" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Semiheavy_water.svg/180px-Semiheavy_water.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Semiheavy_water.svg/240px-Semiheavy_water.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="165" data-file-height="95" /></a><figcaption>Structure of semiheavy water</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Semiheavy_water" title="Semiheavy water">Semiheavy water</a>, HDO, exists whenever there is water with light hydrogen (protium, <span class="chemf nowrap"><span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:0.5em;line-height:1em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">1</sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sub></span></span>H</span>) and deuterium (D or <span class="chemf nowrap"><span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:0.5em;line-height:1em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">2</sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sub></span></span>H</span>) in the mix. This is because hydrogen atoms (<sup>1</sup>H and <sup>2</sup>H) are rapidly exchanged between water molecules. Water containing 50% <span class="chemf nowrap"><span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:0.5em;line-height:1em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">1</sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sub></span></span>H</span> and 50% <span class="chemf nowrap"><span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:0.5em;line-height:1em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">2</sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sub></span></span>H</span> in its hydrogen, is actually about 50% HDO and 25% each of <span class="chemf nowrap">H<span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:-0.4em;line-height:1em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">2</sub></span></span>O</span> and <span class="chemf nowrap">D<span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:-0.4em;line-height:1em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">2</sub></span></span>O</span>, in <a href="/wiki/Dynamic_equilibrium" class="mw-redirect" title="Dynamic equilibrium">dynamic equilibrium</a>. In normal water, about 1 molecule in 3,200 is HDO (one hydrogen in 6,400 is <span class="chemf nowrap"><span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:0.5em;line-height:1em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">2</sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sub></span></span>H</span>), and heavy water molecules (<span class="chemf nowrap">D<span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:-0.4em;line-height:1em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">2</sub></span></span>O</span>) only occur in a proportion of about 1 molecule in 41 million (i.e. one in 6,400<sup>2</sup>)<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="the statistical reasoning here is very clear to me. There are three different numbers thrown around, 1/6400,1/20mil,1/41mill. Their statistics aren't cited and their logic isn't foolproof, as can be seen by the fact I'm complaining about it. (August 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup>. Thus semiheavy water molecules are far more common than "pure" (homoisotopic) heavy water molecules. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Heavy-oxygen_water">Heavy-oxygen water</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Heavy_water&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Heavy-oxygen water"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Water enriched in the heavier oxygen isotopes <a href="/wiki/Oxygen-17" title="Oxygen-17"><span class="chemf nowrap"><span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:0.5em;line-height:1em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">17</sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sub></span></span>O</span></a> and <a href="/wiki/Oxygen-18" title="Oxygen-18"><span class="chemf nowrap"><span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:0.5em;line-height:1em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">18</sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sub></span></span>O</span></a> is also commercially available. It is "heavy water" as it is denser than normal water (<span class="chemf nowrap">H<span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:-0.4em;line-height:1em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">2</sub></span></span></span><span class="chemf nowrap"><span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:0.5em;line-height:1em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">18</sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sub></span></span>O</span> is approximately as dense as <span class="chemf nowrap">D<span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:-0.4em;line-height:1em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">2</sub></span></span>O</span>, <span class="chemf nowrap">H<span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:-0.4em;line-height:1em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">2</sub></span></span></span><span class="chemf nowrap"><span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:0.5em;line-height:1em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">17</sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sub></span></span>O</span> is about halfway between <span class="chemf nowrap">H<span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:-0.4em;line-height:1em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">2</sub></span></span>O</span> and <span class="chemf nowrap">D<span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:-0.4em;line-height:1em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">2</sub></span></span>O</span>)—but is rarely called heavy water, since it does not contain the excess deuterium that gives D<sub>2</sub>O its unusual nuclear and biological properties. It is more expensive than D<sub>2</sub>O due to the more difficult separation of <sup>17</sup>O and <sup>18</sup>O.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> H<sub>2</sub><sup>18</sup>O is also used for production of <a href="/wiki/Fluorine-18" title="Fluorine-18">fluorine-18</a> in <a href="/wiki/Radiopharmaceutical" title="Radiopharmaceutical">radiopharmaceuticals</a> and <a href="/wiki/Radiotracer" class="mw-redirect" title="Radiotracer">radiotracers</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Positron_emission_tomography" title="Positron emission tomography">positron emission tomography</a>. Small amounts of <span class="chemf nowrap"><span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:0.5em;line-height:1em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">17</sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sub></span></span>O</span> and <span class="chemf nowrap"><span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:0.5em;line-height:1em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">18</sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sub></span></span>O</span> are naturally present in water, and most processes enriching heavy water also enrich heavier isotopes of oxygen as a side-effect. This is undesirable if the heavy water is to be used as a neutron moderator in nuclear reactors, as <span class="chemf nowrap"><span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:0.5em;line-height:1em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">17</sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sub></span></span>O</span> can undergo neutron capture, followed by emission of an <a href="/wiki/Alpha_particle" title="Alpha particle">alpha particle</a>, producing radioactive <span class="chemf nowrap"><span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:0.5em;line-height:1em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">14</sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sub></span></span>C</span>. However, <a href="/wiki/Doubly_labeled_water" title="Doubly labeled water">doubly labeled water</a>, containing both a heavy oxygen and hydrogen, is useful as a non-radioactive isotopic tracer. </p><p>Compared to the isotopic change of hydrogen atoms, the isotopic change of oxygen has a smaller effect on the physical properties.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tritiated_water">Tritiated water</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Heavy_water&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Tritiated water"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Tritiated_water" title="Tritiated water">Tritiated water</a> contains <a href="/wiki/Tritium" title="Tritium">tritium</a> (<sup>3</sup>H) in place of protium (<sup>1</sup>H) or deuterium (<sup>2</sup>H). Since tritium is radioactive, tritiated water is also radioactive. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Physical_properties">Physical properties</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Heavy_water&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Physical properties"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Physical properties of isotopologues of water<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Property </th> <th>T<sub>2</sub>O (Tritiated water)</th> <th>D<sub>2</sub>O (Heavy water)</th> <th>HDO (Semiheavy water)</th> <th>H<sub>2</sub>O (Light water) </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Melting_point" title="Melting point">Melting point</a> (<a href="/wiki/Standard_atmosphere_(unit)" title="Standard atmosphere (unit)">standard pressure</a>) </td> <td>4.49 °C (40.08 °F; 277.64 K)</td> <td style="text-align:center;">3.82 °C (38.88 °F; 276.97 K)</td> <td style="text-align:center;">2.04 °C (35.67 °F; 275.19 K)</td> <td style="text-align:center;">0.0 °C (32.0 °F; 273.1 K) </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Boiling_point" title="Boiling point">Boiling point</a> </td> <td>101.5 °C (214.7 °F; 374.6 K)</td> <td style="text-align:center;">101.4 °C (214.5 °F; 374.5 K)</td> <td style="text-align:center;">100.7 °C (213.3 °F; 373.8 K)</td> <td style="text-align:center;">100.0 °C (212.0 °F; 373.1 K) </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Density" title="Density">Density</a> at <a href="/wiki/Standard_temperature_and_pressure" title="Standard temperature and pressure">STP</a> (g/<a href="/wiki/Millilitre" class="mw-redirect" title="Millilitre">mL</a>) </td> <td>1.2133</td> <td style="text-align:center;">1.1056</td> <td style="text-align:center;">1.054</td> <td style="text-align:center;">0.9982 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Temp. of maximum density </td> <td>13.4 °C (56.1 °F)</td> <td style="text-align:center;">11.6 °C (52.9 °F)</td> <td style="text-align:center;">Unverified</td> <td style="text-align:center;">3.98 °C (39.16 °F)<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Dynamic_viscosity" class="mw-redirect" title="Dynamic viscosity">Dynamic viscosity</a> (at 20 °C, <a href="/wiki/Millipascal" class="mw-redirect" title="Millipascal">mPa</a>·<a href="/wiki/Second" title="Second">s</a>) </td> <td>1.40 (estimated)</td> <td style="text-align:center;">1.2467</td> <td style="text-align:center;">1.1248</td> <td style="text-align:center;">1.0016 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Surface_tension" title="Surface tension">Surface tension</a> (at 25 °C, <a href="/wiki/Newton_(unit)" title="Newton (unit)">N</a>/<a href="/wiki/Metre" title="Metre">m</a>) </td> <td>Unverified</td> <td style="text-align:center;">0.07187</td> <td style="text-align:center;">0.07193</td> <td style="text-align:center;">0.07198 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Heat_of_fusion" class="mw-redirect" title="Heat of fusion">Heat of fusion</a> (<a href="/wiki/Joule" title="Joule">kJ</a>/<a href="/wiki/Mole_(unit)" title="Mole (unit)">mol</a>) </td> <td>Unverified</td> <td style="text-align:center;">6.132</td> <td style="text-align:center;">6.227</td> <td style="text-align:center;">6.00678 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Enthalpy_of_vaporization" title="Enthalpy of vaporization">Heat of vaporisation</a> (kJ/mol) </td> <td>Unverified</td> <td style="text-align:center;">41.521</td> <td style="text-align:center;">Unverified </td> <td style="text-align:center;">40.657 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/PH" title="PH">pH</a> (at 25 °C)<sup id="cite_ref-discussion_of_pD_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-discussion_of_pD-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>Unverified</td> <td style="text-align:center;">7.44 ("pD")</td> <td style="text-align:center;">7.266 ("pHD")</td> <td style="text-align:center;">7.0 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Base_dissociation_constant" class="mw-redirect" title="Base dissociation constant">p<i>K</i><sub>b</sub></a> (at 25 °C)<sup id="cite_ref-discussion_of_pD_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-discussion_of_pD-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>Unverified</td> <td style="text-align:center;">7.44 ("p<i>K</i><sub>b</sub> D<sub>2</sub>O")</td> <td style="text-align:center;">Unverified</td> <td style="text-align:center;">7.0 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Refractive_index" title="Refractive index">Refractive index</a> (at 20 °C, 0.5893 <a href="/wiki/Micrometre" title="Micrometre">μm</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>Unverified</td> <td style="text-align:center;">1.32844</td> <td style="text-align:center;">Unverified</td> <td style="text-align:center;">1.33335 </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The physical properties of water and heavy water differ in several respects. Heavy water is less dissociated than light water at given temperature, and the true concentration of D<sup>+</sup> ions is less than <span class="Unicode"> </span><a href="/wiki/Hydron_(chemistry)" title="Hydron (chemistry)">H<sup>+</sup></a> ions would be for light water at the same temperature. The same is true of OD<sup>−</sup> vs. <span class="Unicode"> </span><a href="/wiki/Hydroxide" title="Hydroxide">OH<sup>−</sup></a> ions. For heavy water Kw D<sub>2</sub>O (25.0 °C) = 1.35 × 10<sup>−15</sup>, and [D<sup>+</sup> ] must equal [OD<sup>−</sup> ] for neutral water. Thus pKw D<sub>2</sub>O = p[OD<sup>−</sup>] + p[D<sup>+</sup>] = 7.44 + 7.44 = 14.87 (25.0 °C), and the p[D<sup>+</sup>] of neutral heavy water at 25.0 °C is 7.44. </p><p>The pD of heavy water is generally measured using pH electrodes giving a pH (apparent) value, or pHa, and at various temperatures a true acidic pD can be estimated from the directly pH meter measured pHa, such that pD+ = pHa (apparent reading from pH meter) + 0.41. The electrode correction for alkaline conditions is 0.456 for heavy water. The alkaline correction is then pD+ = pH<sub>a</sub>(apparent reading from pH meter) + 0.456. These corrections are slightly different from the differences in p[D+] and p[OD-] of 0.44 from the corresponding ones in heavy water.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Heavy water is 10.6% denser than ordinary water, and heavy water's physically different properties can be seen without equipment if a frozen sample is dropped into normal water, as it will sink. If the water is ice-cold the higher melting temperature of heavy ice can also be observed: it melts at 3.7 °C, and thus does not melt in ice-cold normal water.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A 1935 experiment reported not the "slightest difference" in taste between ordinary and heavy water.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, a more recent study confirmed anecdotal observation that heavy water tastes slightly sweet to humans, with the effect mediated by the <a href="/wiki/TAS1R2" title="TAS1R2">TAS1R2</a>/<a href="/wiki/TAS1R3" title="TAS1R3">TAS1R3</a> taste receptor.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Rats given a choice between distilled normal water and heavy water were able to avoid the heavy water based on smell, and it may have a different taste.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some people report that minerals in water affect taste, e.g. potassium lending a sweet taste to hard water, but there are many factors of a perceived taste in water besides mineral contents.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Heavy water lacks the <a href="/wiki/Color_of_water" title="Color of water">characteristic blue color</a> of light water; this is because the <a href="/wiki/Molecular_vibration" title="Molecular vibration">molecular vibration</a> harmonics, which in light water cause weak absorption in the red part of the visible spectrum, are shifted into the <a href="/wiki/Infrared" title="Infrared">infrared</a> and thus heavy water does not absorb red light.<sup id="cite_ref-Webexhibits_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Webexhibits-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>No physical properties are listed for "pure" semi-heavy water because it is unstable as a bulk liquid. In the liquid state, a few water molecules are always in an <a href="/wiki/Self-ionization_of_water" title="Self-ionization of water">ionized state</a>, which means the hydrogen atoms can exchange among different oxygen atoms. Semi-heavy water could, in theory, be created via a chemical method,<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="The text near this tag needs further explanation. (June 2021)">further explanation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> but it would rapidly transform into a dynamic mixture of 25% light water, 25% heavy water, and 50% semi-heavy. However, if it were made in the gas phase and directly <a href="/wiki/Deposition_(phase_transition)" title="Deposition (phase transition)">deposited</a> into a solid, semi-heavy water in the form of ice could be stable. This is due to collisions between water vapor molecules being almost completely negligible in the gas phase at standard temperatures, and once crystallized, collisions between the molecules cease altogether due to the rigid lattice structure of solid ice.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2017)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Heavy water exchanges with atmospheric water until it reaches the usual hydrogen-isotopic ratio. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Heavy_water&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The US scientist and <a href="/wiki/Nobel_laureate" class="mw-redirect" title="Nobel laureate">Nobel laureate</a> <a href="/wiki/Harold_Urey" title="Harold Urey">Harold Urey</a> discovered the isotope <a href="/wiki/Deuterium" title="Deuterium">deuterium</a> in 1931 and was later able to concentrate it in water.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Urey's mentor <a href="/wiki/Gilbert_Newton_Lewis" class="mw-redirect" title="Gilbert Newton Lewis">Gilbert Newton Lewis</a> isolated the first sample of pure heavy water by <a href="/wiki/Electrolysis" title="Electrolysis">electrolysis</a> in 1933.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/George_de_Hevesy" title="George de Hevesy">George de Hevesy</a> and Erich Hofer used heavy water in 1934 in one of the first biological tracer experiments, to estimate the rate of turnover of water in the human body.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The history of large-quantity production and use of heavy water, in early nuclear experiments, is described below.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Emilian_Bratu" title="Emilian Bratu">Emilian Bratu</a> and <a href="/wiki/Otto_Redlich" title="Otto Redlich">Otto Redlich</a> studied the autodissociation of heavy water in 1934.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the 1930s, it was suspected by the United States and Soviet Union that Austrian chemist <a href="/wiki/Fritz_Johann_Hansgirg" title="Fritz Johann Hansgirg">Fritz Johann Hansgirg</a> built a pilot plant for the <a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Japan" title="Empire of Japan">Empire of Japan</a> in <a href="/wiki/Korea_under_Japanese_rule" title="Korea under Japanese rule">Japanese ruled northern Korea</a> to produce heavy water by using a new process he had invented.<sup id="cite_ref-FH_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FH-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During the second World War, the company Fosfatbolaget in <a href="/wiki/Ljungaverk" title="Ljungaverk">Ljungaverk</a>, Sweden, produced 2,300 liters per year of heavy water. The heavy water was then sold both to Germany and to the Manhattan Project for the price of 1,40 SEK per gram of heavy water.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In October 1939, <a href="/wiki/Soviet" class="mw-redirect" title="Soviet">Soviet</a> <a href="/wiki/Physicists" class="mw-redirect" title="Physicists">physicists</a> <a href="/wiki/Yakov_Borisovich_Zel%27dovich" class="mw-redirect" title="Yakov Borisovich Zel'dovich">Yakov Borisovich Zel'dovich</a> and <a href="/wiki/Yulii_Borisovich_Khariton" class="mw-redirect" title="Yulii Borisovich Khariton">Yulii Borisovich Khariton</a> concluded that heavy water and carbon were the only feasible moderators for a <a href="/wiki/Natural_uranium" title="Natural uranium">natural uranium</a> reactor, and in August 1940, along with <a href="/wiki/Georgy_Flyorov" title="Georgy Flyorov">Georgy Flyorov</a>, submitted a plan to the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Academy_of_Sciences" title="Russian Academy of Sciences">Russian Academy of Sciences</a> calculating that 15 tons of heavy water were needed for a reactor. With the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a> having no uranium mines at the time, young Academy workers were sent to Leningrad photographic shops to buy uranium nitrate, but the entire heavy water project was halted in 1941 when German forces invaded during <a href="/wiki/Operation_Barbarossa" title="Operation Barbarossa">Operation Barbarossa</a>. </p><p>By 1943, Soviet scientists had discovered that all scientific literature relating to heavy water had disappeared from the West, which Flyorov in a letter warned Soviet leader <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Stalin" title="Joseph Stalin">Joseph Stalin</a> about,<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and at which time there was only 2–3 kg of heavy water in the entire country. In late 1943, the Soviet purchasing commission in the U.S. obtained 1 kg of heavy water and a further 100 kg in February 1945, and upon <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a> ending, the <a href="/wiki/NKVD" title="NKVD">NKVD</a> took over the project. </p><p>In October 1946, as part of the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Alsos" title="Russian Alsos">Russian Alsos</a>, the <a href="/wiki/NKVD" title="NKVD">NKVD</a> deported to the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a> from <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a> the German scientists who had worked on heavy water production during the war, including <a href="/wiki/Karl-Hermann_Geib" title="Karl-Hermann Geib">Karl-Hermann Geib</a>, the inventor of the Girdler sulfide process.<sup id="cite_ref-KG_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-KG-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These German scientists worked under the supervision of <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">German</a> <a href="/wiki/Physical_chemist" class="mw-redirect" title="Physical chemist">physical chemist</a> <a href="/wiki/Max_Volmer" title="Max Volmer">Max Volmer</a> at the Institute of Physical Chemistry in <a href="/wiki/Moscow" title="Moscow">Moscow</a> with the plant they constructed producing large quantities of heavy water by 1948.<sup id="cite_ref-HW_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HW-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Effect_on_biological_systems">Effect on biological systems</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Heavy_water&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Effect on biological systems"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Different isotopes of chemical elements have slightly different chemical behaviors, but for most elements the differences are far too small to have a biological effect. In the case of hydrogen, larger differences in chemical properties among protium, deuterium, and tritium occur because chemical bond energy depends on the <a href="/wiki/Reduced_mass" title="Reduced mass">reduced mass</a> of the nucleus–electron system; this is altered in heavy-hydrogen compounds (hydrogen-deuterium oxide is the most common) more than for heavy-isotope substitution involving other chemical elements. The isotope effects are especially relevant in biological systems, which are very sensitive to even the smaller changes, due to isotopically influenced properties of water when it acts as a <a href="/wiki/Solvent" title="Solvent">solvent</a>. </p><p>To perform their tasks, <a href="/wiki/Enzyme" title="Enzyme">enzymes</a> rely on their finely tuned networks of <a href="/wiki/Hydrogen_bond" title="Hydrogen bond">hydrogen bonds</a>, both in the active center with their substrates and outside the active center, to stabilize their <a href="/wiki/Tertiary_structure" class="mw-redirect" title="Tertiary structure">tertiary structures</a>. As a hydrogen bond with deuterium is slightly stronger<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> than one involving ordinary hydrogen, in a highly deuterated environment, some normal reactions in cells are disrupted. </p><p>Particularly hard-hit by heavy water are the delicate assemblies of <a href="/wiki/Mitotic_spindle" class="mw-redirect" title="Mitotic spindle">mitotic spindle</a> formations necessary for <a href="/wiki/Mitosis" title="Mitosis">cell division</a> in <a href="/wiki/Eukaryote" title="Eukaryote">eukaryotes</a>. Plants stop growing and seeds do not germinate when given only heavy water, because heavy water stops eukaryotic cell division.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Tobacco does not germinate, but wheat does.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The deuterium cell is larger and is a modification of the direction of division.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The cell membrane also changes, and it reacts first to the impact of heavy water. In 1972, it was demonstrated that an increase in the percentage of deuterium in water reduces plant growth.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Research conducted on the growth of <a href="/wiki/Prokaryote" title="Prokaryote">prokaryote</a> microorganisms in artificial conditions of a heavy hydrogen environment showed that in this environment, all the hydrogen atoms of water could be replaced with deuterium.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Experiments showed that bacteria can live in 98% heavy water.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Concentrations over 50% are lethal to multicellular organisms, but a few exceptions are known: plant species such as switchgrass (<i><a href="/wiki/Panicum_virgatum" title="Panicum virgatum">Panicum virgatum</a></i>) which is able to grow on 50% D<sub>2</sub>O;<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i><a href="/wiki/Arabidopsis_thaliana" title="Arabidopsis thaliana">Arabidopsis thaliana</a></i> (70% D<sub>2</sub>O);<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i><a href="/wiki/Vesicularia_dubyana" title="Vesicularia dubyana">Vesicularia dubyana</a></i> (85% D<sub>2</sub>O);<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i><a href="/wiki/Funaria_hygrometrica" title="Funaria hygrometrica">Funaria hygrometrica</a></i> (90% D<sub>2</sub>O);<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the <a href="/wiki/Anhydrobiotic" class="mw-redirect" title="Anhydrobiotic">anhydrobiotic</a> species of <a href="/wiki/Nematode" title="Nematode">nematode</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Panagrolaimus_superbus" title="Panagrolaimus superbus">Panagrolaimus superbus</a></i> (nearly 100% D<sub>2</sub>O).<sup id="cite_ref-An_animal_able_to_tolerate_D_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-An_animal_able_to_tolerate_D-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A comprehensive study of heavy water on the fission yeast <i><a href="/wiki/Schizosaccharomyces_pombe" title="Schizosaccharomyces pombe">Schizosaccharomyces pombe</a></i> showed that the cells displayed an altered glucose metabolism and slow growth at high concentrations of heavy water.<sup id="cite_ref-pubs.acs.org_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pubs.acs.org-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In addition, the cells activated the heat-shock response pathway and the cell integrity pathway, and mutants in the cell integrity pathway displayed increased tolerance to heavy water.<sup id="cite_ref-pubs.acs.org_48-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pubs.acs.org-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Despite its toxicity at high levels, heavy water has been observed to extend lifespan of certain yeasts by up to 85%, with the hypothesized mechanism being the reduction of reactive oxygen species turnover.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Heavy water affects the period of <a href="/wiki/Circadian_rhythm" title="Circadian rhythm">circadian oscillations</a>, consistently increasing the length of each cycle. The effect has been demonstrated in unicellular organisms, green plants, isopods, insects, birds, mice, and hamsters. The mechanism is unknown.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Like ethanol, heavy water temporarily changes the relative density of cupula relative to the endolymph in the vestibular organ, causing <a href="/wiki/Positional_alcohol_nystagmus" title="Positional alcohol nystagmus">positional nystagmus</a>, illusions of bodily rotations, dizziness, and nausea. However, the direction of nystagmus is in the opposite direction of ethanol, since it is denser than water, not lighter.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Effect_on_animals">Effect on animals</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Heavy_water&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Effect on animals"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Experiments with mice, rats, and dogs<sup id="cite_ref-k_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-k-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> have shown that a degree of 25% deuteration prevents <a href="/wiki/Gamete" title="Gamete">gametes</a> or <a href="/wiki/Zygote" title="Zygote">zygotes</a> from developing, causing (sometimes irreversible) sterility. High concentrations of heavy water (90%) rapidly kill fish, <a href="/wiki/Tadpole" title="Tadpole">tadpoles</a>, <a href="/wiki/Flatworm" title="Flatworm">flatworms</a>, and <i><a href="/wiki/Drosophila" title="Drosophila">Drosophila</a></i>. Mice raised from birth with 30% heavy water have 25% deuteration in body fluid and 10% in brains. They are normal except for sterility. Deuteration during pregnancy induces fetal abnormality. Higher deuteration in body fluid causes death.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mammals (for example, rats) given heavy water to drink die after a week, at a time when their body water approaches about 50% deuteration.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The mode of death appears to be the same as that in <a href="/wiki/Cytotoxicity" title="Cytotoxicity">cytotoxic poisoning</a> (such as <a href="/wiki/Chemotherapy" title="Chemotherapy">chemotherapy</a>) or in acute radiation syndrome (though deuterium is not radioactive), and is caused by deuterium's action in generally inhibiting cell division. It is more toxic to malignant cells than normal cells, but the concentrations needed are too high for regular use.<sup id="cite_ref-k_52-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-k-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As may occur in chemotherapy, deuterium-poisoned mammals die of a failure of bone marrow (producing bleeding and infections) and of intestinal-barrier functions (producing <a href="/wiki/Diarrhea" title="Diarrhea">diarrhea</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fluid_loss" class="mw-redirect" title="Fluid loss">loss of fluids</a>). </p><p>Despite the problems of plants and animals in living with too much deuterium, prokaryotic organisms such as bacteria, which do not have the mitotic problems induced by deuterium, may be grown and propagated in fully deuterated conditions, resulting in replacement of all hydrogen atoms in the bacterial proteins and DNA with the deuterium isotope.<sup id="cite_ref-k_52-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-k-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This leads to a process of <a href="/wiki/Bootstrapping" title="Bootstrapping">bootstrapping</a>. With prokaryotes producing fully deuterated glucose, fully deuterated <i><a href="/wiki/Escherichia_coli" title="Escherichia coli">Escherichia coli</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Torula" title="Torula">Torula</a></i> were raised, and they could produce even more complex fully deuterated chemicals. Molds like <i><a href="/wiki/Aspergillus" title="Aspergillus">Aspergillus</a></i> could not replicate under fully deuterated conditions.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_53-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In higher organisms, full replacement with heavy isotopes can be accomplished with other non-radioactive heavy isotopes (such as carbon-13, nitrogen-15, and oxygen-18), but this cannot be done for deuterium. This is a consequence of the ratio of nuclear masses between the isotopes of hydrogen, which is much greater than for any other element.<sup id="cite_ref-isotopegeochem_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-isotopegeochem-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Deuterium oxide is used to enhance <a href="/wiki/Boron_neutron_capture_therapy" class="mw-redirect" title="Boron neutron capture therapy">boron neutron capture therapy</a>, but this effect does not rely on the biological or chemical effects of deuterium, but instead on deuterium's ability to moderate (slow) neutrons without capturing them.<sup id="cite_ref-k_52-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-k-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 2021 experimental evidence indicates that systemic administration of deuterium oxide (30% drinking water supplementation) suppresses <a href="/wiki/Tumor" class="mw-redirect" title="Tumor">tumor</a> growth in a standard mouse model of human <a href="/wiki/Melanoma" title="Melanoma">melanoma</a>, an effect attributed to selective induction of cellular stress signaling and gene expression in tumor cells.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Toxicity_in_humans">Toxicity in humans</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Heavy_water&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Toxicity in humans"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Because it would take a very large amount of heavy water to replace 25% to 50% of a human being's body water (water being in turn 50–75% of body weight<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) with heavy water, accidental or intentional <a href="/wiki/Poison" title="Poison">poisoning</a> with heavy water is unlikely to the point of practical disregard. Poisoning would require that the victim ingest large amounts of heavy water without significant normal water intake for many days to produce any noticeable toxic effects. </p><p>Oral doses of heavy water in the range of several grams, as well as <a href="/wiki/Oxygen-18" title="Oxygen-18">heavy oxygen</a> <sup>18</sup>O, are routinely used in human metabolic experiments. (See <a href="/wiki/Doubly_labeled_water" title="Doubly labeled water">doubly labeled water</a> testing.) Since one in about every 6,400 hydrogen atoms is deuterium, a 50-kilogram (110 lb) human containing 32 kilograms (71 lb) of body water would normally contain enough deuterium (about 1.1 grams or 0.039 ounces) to make 5.5 grams (0.19 oz) of pure heavy water, so roughly this dose is required to double the amount of deuterium in the body. </p><p>A loss of blood pressure may partially explain the reported incidence of dizziness upon ingestion of heavy water. However, it is more likely that this symptom can be attributed to altered <a href="/wiki/Vestibular_system" title="Vestibular system">vestibular function</a>. Heavy water, like ethanol, causes a temporary difference in the density of endolymph within the cupula, which confuses the <a href="/wiki/Vestibulo-ocular_reflex#Nystagmus" title="Vestibulo-ocular reflex">vestibulo-ocular reflex</a> and causes motion sickness symptoms.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Heavy_water_radiation_contamination_confusion">Heavy water radiation contamination confusion</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Heavy_water&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Heavy water radiation contamination confusion"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Although many people associate heavy water primarily with its use in nuclear reactors, pure heavy water is not radioactive. Commercial-grade heavy water is slightly radioactive due to the presence of minute traces of natural tritium, but the same is true of ordinary water. Heavy water that has been used as a coolant in nuclear power plants contains substantially more tritium as a result of neutron bombardment of the deuterium in the heavy water (<a href="/wiki/Tritium#Health_risks" title="Tritium">tritium is a health risk</a> when ingested in large quantities). </p><p>In 1990, a disgruntled employee at the <a href="/wiki/Point_Lepreau_Nuclear_Generating_Station" title="Point Lepreau Nuclear Generating Station">Point Lepreau Nuclear Generating Station</a> in Canada obtained a sample (estimated as about a "half cup") of heavy water from the primary heat transport loop of the <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_reactor" title="Nuclear reactor">nuclear reactor</a>, and loaded it into a cafeteria drink dispenser. Eight employees drank some of the contaminated water. The incident was discovered when employees began leaving <a href="/wiki/Bioassay" title="Bioassay">bioassay</a> urine samples with elevated tritium levels. The quantity of heavy water involved was far below levels that could induce heavy water toxicity, but several employees received elevated radiation doses from tritium and neutron-activated chemicals in the water.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This was not an incident of heavy water poisoning, but rather radiation poisoning from other isotopes in the heavy water. </p><p>Some news services were not careful to distinguish these points, and some of the public were left with the impression that heavy water is normally radioactive and more severely toxic than it actually is. Even if pure heavy water had been used in the <a href="/wiki/Water_dispenser" title="Water dispenser">water dispenser</a> indefinitely, it is not likely the incident would have been detected or caused harm, since no employee would be expected to get much more than 25% of their daily drinking water from such a source.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Production_methods">Production methods</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Heavy_water&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Production methods"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The most cost-effective process for producing heavy water is the dual temperature exchange sulfide process (known as the Girdler sulfide process) developed in parallel by <a href="/wiki/Karl-Hermann_Geib" title="Karl-Hermann Geib">Karl-Hermann Geib</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jerome_S._Spevack" title="Jerome S. Spevack">Jerome S. Spevack</a> in 1943.<sup id="cite_ref-HW_32-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HW-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An alternative process,<sup id="cite_ref-:2_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> patented by Graham M. Keyser, uses <a href="/wiki/Lasers" class="mw-redirect" title="Lasers">lasers</a> to selectively dissociate deuterated <a href="/wiki/Hydrofluorocarbons" class="mw-redirect" title="Hydrofluorocarbons">hydrofluorocarbons</a> to form deuterium <a href="/wiki/Fluoride" title="Fluoride">fluoride</a>, which can then be separated by physical means. Although the energy consumption for this process is much less than for the Girdler sulfide process, this method is currently uneconomical due to the expense of procuring the necessary hydrofluorocarbons. </p><p>As noted, modern commercial heavy water is almost universally referred to, and sold as, deuterium oxide. It is most often sold in various grades of purity, from 98% enrichment to 99.75–99.98% deuterium enrichment (nuclear reactor grade) and occasionally even higher isotopic purity. </p> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Methods of heavy water production<sup id="cite_ref-w2152_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-w2152-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Method type </th> <th>First plant </th> <th>Date </th> <th>Feedstock </th> <th>Dual temperature </th> <th>Temperature (K) </th> <th>Separation coefficienct </th> <th>Energy consumption (MWh/kg) </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Electrolysis_of_water" title="Electrolysis of water">Electrolysis</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Vemork" title="Vemork">Vemork</a>, Norway </td> <td>1934 </td> <td colspan="2"><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\ce {H2O}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <msubsup> <mtext>H</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mspace width="0pt" height="0pt" depth=".2em"></mspace> </mrow> </msubsup> <mtext>O</mtext> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\ce {H2O}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/373648858d1d59d300f88386b46dd95e01f04c5a" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.005ex; width:4.605ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\ce {H2O}}}" /></span> </td> <td>360–370 </td> <td>5–7 </td> <td>120–150 </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="3"><a href="/wiki/Rectification_(chemical/process_engineering)" class="mw-redirect" title="Rectification (chemical/process engineering)">Rectification</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/P-9_Project#Morgantown" title="P-9 Project">Morgantown Ordnance Works</a>, United States </td> <td>1943 </td> <td colspan="2"><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\ce {H2O}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <msubsup> <mtext>H</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mspace width="0pt" height="0pt" depth=".2em"></mspace> </mrow> </msubsup> <mtext>O</mtext> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\ce {H2O}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/373648858d1d59d300f88386b46dd95e01f04c5a" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.005ex; width:4.605ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\ce {H2O}}}" /></span> </td> <td>353–373 </td> <td>1.043–1.026 </td> <td>40 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Norilsk" title="Norilsk">Norilsk</a>, Soviet Union </td> <td>1955 </td> <td colspan="2"><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\ce {NH3}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <msubsup> <mtext>NH</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>3</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mspace width="0pt" height="0pt" depth=".2em"></mspace> </mrow> </msubsup> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\ce {NH3}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/824a27d82d3d59e63f6dd1f4140d5adc396347dc" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.005ex; width:4.54ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\ce {NH3}}}" /></span> </td> <td>283–293 </td> <td>1.024–1.020 </td> <td>8 </td></tr> <tr> <td>?, Soviet Union </td> <td>1958 </td> <td colspan="2"><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\ce {H2}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <msubsup> <mtext>H</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mspace width="0pt" height="0pt" depth=".2em"></mspace> </mrow> </msubsup> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\ce {H2}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/ee7e7591b2638f6cb36846024e6d017e48c4c973" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.005ex; width:2.797ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\ce {H2}}}" /></span> </td> <td>22–23 </td> <td>1.47–1.52 </td> <td>4–5 </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="8">Chemical isotope exchange </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td colspan="2"><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\ce {H2-NH3}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <msubsup> <mtext>H</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mspace width="0pt" height="0pt" depth=".2em"></mspace> </mrow> </msubsup> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>−</mo> </mrow> <msubsup> <mtext>NH</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>3</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mspace width="0pt" height="0pt" depth=".2em"></mspace> </mrow> </msubsup> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\ce {H2-NH3}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/bcf651a26cd644034c95df5351a66d38e1f97d2a" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.005ex; width:9.146ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\ce {H2-NH3}}}" /></span> </td> <td>248 </td> <td>5.3 </td> <td>3.0 </td></tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td colspan="2"><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\ce {H2 -H2O}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <msubsup> <mtext>H</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mspace width="0pt" height="0pt" depth=".2em"></mspace> </mrow> </msubsup> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>−</mo> </mrow> <msubsup> <mtext>H</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mspace width="0pt" height="0pt" depth=".2em"></mspace> </mrow> </msubsup> <mtext>O</mtext> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\ce {H2 -H2O}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/29e077c2ad8d259f6756d2e4594a1625d66f9c9a" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.005ex; width:9.211ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\ce {H2 -H2O}}}" /></span> </td> <td>333 </td> <td>3.14 </td> <td>65–70 </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Aleksin" title="Aleksin">Aleksin</a>, Soviet Union </td> <td rowspan="2">1947 </td> <td rowspan="2"><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\ce {H2S-H2O}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <msubsup> <mtext>H</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mspace width="0pt" height="0pt" depth=".2em"></mspace> </mrow> </msubsup> <mtext>S</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>−</mo> </mrow> <msubsup> <mtext>H</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mspace width="0pt" height="0pt" depth=".2em"></mspace> </mrow> </msubsup> <mtext>O</mtext> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\ce {H2S-H2O}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/212f222dddcc0bee30b50c46f0fc6ef3c6b656a4" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.005ex; width:10.503ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\ce {H2S-H2O}}}" /></span> </td> <td>T<sub>1</sub> </td> <td>303 </td> <td>2.34 </td> <td rowspan="2">2.8 </td></tr> <tr> <td>T<sub>2</sub> </td> <td>403 </td> <td>1.82 </td></tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td rowspan="2"><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\ce {H2 -H2O}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <msubsup> <mtext>H</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mspace width="0pt" height="0pt" depth=".2em"></mspace> </mrow> </msubsup> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>−</mo> </mrow> <msubsup> <mtext>H</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mspace width="0pt" height="0pt" depth=".2em"></mspace> </mrow> </msubsup> <mtext>O</mtext> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\ce {H2 -H2O}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/29e077c2ad8d259f6756d2e4594a1625d66f9c9a" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.005ex; width:9.211ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\ce {H2 -H2O}}}" /></span> </td> <td>T<sub>1</sub> </td> <td>223 </td> <td>7.9 </td> <td rowspan="2">1.0 </td></tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>T<sub>2</sub> </td> <td>313 </td> <td>3.6 </td></tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td rowspan="2"><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\ce {H2-NH3}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <msubsup> <mtext>H</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mspace width="0pt" height="0pt" depth=".2em"></mspace> </mrow> </msubsup> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>−</mo> </mrow> <msubsup> <mtext>NH</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>3</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mspace width="0pt" height="0pt" depth=".2em"></mspace> </mrow> </msubsup> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\ce {H2-NH3}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/bcf651a26cd644034c95df5351a66d38e1f97d2a" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.005ex; width:9.146ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\ce {H2-NH3}}}" /></span> </td> <td>T<sub>1</sub> </td> <td>248 </td> <td>5.3 </td> <td rowspan="2">1.0 </td></tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>T<sub>2</sub> </td> <td>333 </td> <td>2.9 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Laser dissociation<sup id="cite_ref-:2_62-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>None </td> <td> </td> <td colspan="2"><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\ce {CHF3}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <msubsup> <mtext>CHF</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>3</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mspace width="0pt" height="0pt" depth=".2em"></mspace> </mrow> </msubsup> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\ce {CHF3}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/37f35b337bc9d493deeee284bd14d61be2dee5d2" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.005ex; width:5.993ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\ce {CHF3}}}" /></span> </td> <td>323–353 </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Production_by_country">Production by country</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Heavy_water&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Production by country"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Argentina">Argentina</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Heavy_water&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Argentina"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Argentina" title="Argentina">Argentina</a> was the main producer of heavy water, using an ammonia/hydrogen exchange based plant supplied by Switzerland's <a href="/wiki/Sulzer_(manufacturer)" title="Sulzer (manufacturer)">Sulzer</a> company. It was also a major exporter to Canada, Germany, the US and other countries. The heavy water production facility located in <a href="/wiki/Arroyito,_Neuqu%C3%A9n" title="Arroyito, Neuquén">Arroyito</a> was the world's largest heavy water production facility. Argentina produced 200 short tons (180 tonnes) of heavy water per year in 2015 using the <i>monothermal ammonia-hydrogen isotopic exchange</i> method.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Since 2017, the Arroyito plant has not been operational.<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="United_States">United States</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Heavy_water&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: United States"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>During the <a href="/wiki/Manhattan_Project" title="Manhattan Project">Manhattan Project</a> the United States constructed three heavy water production plants as part of the <a href="/wiki/P-9_Project" title="P-9 Project">P-9 Project</a> at Morgantown Ordnance Works, near <a href="/wiki/Morgantown,_West_Virginia" title="Morgantown, West Virginia">Morgantown, West Virginia</a>; at the Wabash River Ordnance Works, near Dana and <a href="/wiki/Newport,_Indiana" title="Newport, Indiana">Newport, Indiana</a>; and at the Alabama Ordnance Works, near <a href="/wiki/Childersburg,_Alabama" title="Childersburg, Alabama">Childersburg</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sylacauga,_Alabama" title="Sylacauga, Alabama">Sylacauga, Alabama</a>. Heavy water was also acquired from the Cominco plant in <a href="/wiki/Trail,_British_Columbia" title="Trail, British Columbia">Trail, British Columbia</a>, Canada. The <a href="/wiki/Chicago_Pile-3" title="Chicago Pile-3">Chicago Pile-3</a> experimental reactor used heavy water as a moderator and went critical in 1944.<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The three domestic production plants were shut down in 1945 after producing around 81,470 lb (36,950 kg) of product.<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Wabash plant resumed heavy water production in 1952. </p><p>In 1953, the United States began using heavy water in <a href="/wiki/Plutonium" title="Plutonium">plutonium</a> production reactors at the <a href="/wiki/Savannah_River_Site" title="Savannah River Site">Savannah River Site</a>. The first of the five <a href="/wiki/Pressurized_heavy-water_reactor" title="Pressurized heavy-water reactor">heavy water reactors</a> came online in 1953, and the last was placed in cold shutdown in 1996. The reactors were heavy water reactors so that they could produce both plutonium and tritium for the US nuclear weapons program. </p><p>The U.S. developed the <a href="/wiki/Girdler_sulfide_process" title="Girdler sulfide process">Girdler sulfide</a> chemical exchange production process—which was first demonstrated on a large scale at the <a href="/wiki/Dana,_Indiana" title="Dana, Indiana">Dana, Indiana</a> plant in 1945 and at the Savannah River Site in 1952. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="India">India</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Heavy_water&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: India"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>India is the world's largest producer of heavy water through its <a href="/wiki/Heavy_Water_Board" title="Heavy Water Board">Heavy Water Board</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It exports heavy water to countries including the Republic of Korea, China, and the United States.<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Norway">Norway</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Heavy_water&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Norway"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Norwegian_heavy_water_sabotage" title="Norwegian heavy water sabotage">Norwegian heavy water sabotage</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Deuterium_oxide_Norsk.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Deuterium_oxide_Norsk.jpg/250px-Deuterium_oxide_Norsk.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Deuterium_oxide_Norsk.jpg/330px-Deuterium_oxide_Norsk.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Deuterium_oxide_Norsk.jpg/500px-Deuterium_oxide_Norsk.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="680" /></a><figcaption>"Heavy water" made by Norsk Hydro</figcaption></figure> <p>In 1934, <a href="/wiki/Norsk_Hydro" title="Norsk Hydro">Norsk Hydro</a> built the first commercial heavy water plant at <a href="/wiki/Vemork" title="Vemork">Vemork</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tinn" title="Tinn">Tinn</a>, eventually producing 4 kilograms (8.8 lb) per day.<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> From 1940 and throughout <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>, the plant was under <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">German</a> control, and the <a href="/wiki/Allies_of_World_War_II" title="Allies of World War II">Allies</a> decided to destroy the plant and its heavy water to inhibit German development of nuclear weapons. In late 1942, a planned raid called <a href="/wiki/Operation_Freshman" title="Operation Freshman">Operation Freshman</a> by British airborne troops failed, both gliders crashing. The raiders were killed in the crash or subsequently executed by the Germans. </p><p>On the night of 27 February 1943 <a href="/wiki/Operation_Gunnerside" class="mw-redirect" title="Operation Gunnerside">Operation Gunnerside</a> succeeded. Norwegian commandos and local resistance managed to demolish small, but key parts of the electrolytic cells, dumping the accumulated heavy water down the factory drains.<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 16 November 1943, the Allied air forces dropped more than 400 bombs on the site. The Allied air raid prompted the Nazi government to move all available heavy water to Germany for safekeeping. On 20 February 1944, a Norwegian partisan sank the ferry <a href="/wiki/SF_Hydro" title="SF Hydro">M/F <i>Hydro</i></a> carrying heavy water across <a href="/wiki/Lake_Tinn" class="mw-redirect" title="Lake Tinn">Lake Tinn</a>, at the cost of 14 Norwegian civilian lives, and most of the heavy water was presumably lost. A few of the barrels were only half full, hence buoyant, and may have been salvaged and transported to Germany. </p><p>Recent investigation of production records at Norsk Hydro and analysis of an intact barrel that was salvaged in 2004 revealed that although the barrels in this shipment contained water of <a href="/wiki/PH" title="PH">pH</a> 14—indicative of the alkaline electrolytic refinement process—they did not contain high concentrations of D<sub>2</sub>O.<sup id="cite_ref-NOVA_77-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NOVA-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Despite the apparent size of the shipment, the total quantity of pure heavy water was quite small, most barrels only containing 0.5–1% pure heavy water. The Germans would have needed about 5 tons of heavy water to get a nuclear reactor running. The manifest clearly indicated that there was only half a ton of heavy water being transported to Germany. <i>Hydro</i> was carrying far too little heavy water for one reactor, let alone the 10 or more tons needed to make enough plutonium for a nuclear weapon.<sup id="cite_ref-NOVA_77-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NOVA-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/German_nuclear_weapons_program" class="mw-redirect" title="German nuclear weapons program">German nuclear weapons program</a> was much less advanced than the Manhattan Project, and no reactor constructed in Nazi Germany came close to reaching <a href="/wiki/Criticality_(status)" title="Criticality (status)">criticality</a>. No amount of heavy water would have changed that. </p><p>Israel admitted running the <a href="/wiki/Negev_Nuclear_Research_Center" class="mw-redirect" title="Negev Nuclear Research Center">Dimona reactor</a> with Norwegian heavy water sold to it in 1959. Through re-export using Romania and Germany, India probably also used Norwegian heavy water.<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Milhollin1987_79-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Milhollin1987-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Canada">Canada</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Heavy_water&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Canada"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>As part of its contribution to the Manhattan Project, Canada built and operated a 1,000 to 1,200 pounds (450 to 540 kg) per month (design capacity) electrolytic heavy water plant at <a href="/wiki/Trail,_British_Columbia" title="Trail, British Columbia">Trail, British Columbia</a>, which started operation in 1943.<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Atomic_Energy_of_Canada_Limited" title="Atomic Energy of Canada Limited">Atomic Energy of Canada Limited</a> (AECL) design of power reactor requires large quantities of heavy water to act as a <a href="/wiki/Neutron_moderator" title="Neutron moderator">neutron moderator</a> and coolant. AECL ordered two heavy water plants, which were built and operated in <a href="/wiki/Atlantic_Canada" title="Atlantic Canada">Atlantic Canada</a> at <a href="/wiki/Glace_Bay" title="Glace Bay">Glace Bay</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nova_Scotia" title="Nova Scotia">Nova Scotia</a> (by Deuterium of Canada Limited) and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Point_Tupper,_Richmond_County&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Point Tupper, Richmond County (page does not exist)">Point Tupper, Richmond County</a>, Nova Scotia (by Canadian General Electric). These plants proved to have significant design, construction and production problems. The Glace Bay plant reached full production in 1984 after being taken over by AECL in 1971.<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Point Tupper plant reached full production in 1974 and AECL purchased the plant in 1975.<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Design changes from the Point Tupper plant were carried through as AECL built the Bruce Heavy Water Plant (<span class="geo-inline"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Heavy_water&params=44.1854_N_81.3618_W_type:landmark_region:CA&title=Bruce+Heavy+Water+Plant"><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">44°11′07″N</span> <span class="longitude">81°21′42″W</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-default"><span class="vcard"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">44.1854°N 81.3618°W</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">44.1854; -81.3618</span></span><span style="display:none"> (<span class="fn org">Bruce Heavy Water Plant</span>)</span></span></span></a></span></span>),<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which it later sold to <a href="/wiki/Ontario_Hydro" title="Ontario Hydro">Ontario Hydro</a>, to ensure a reliable supply of heavy water for future power plants. The two Nova Scotia plants were shut down in 1985 when their production proved unnecessary. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Bruce_Nuclear_Generating_Station" title="Bruce Nuclear Generating Station">Bruce Heavy Water Plant</a> (BHWP) in <a href="/wiki/Ontario" title="Ontario">Ontario</a> was the world's largest heavy water production plant with a capacity of 1600 tonnes per year at its peak (800 tonnes per year per full plant, two fully operational plants at its peak). It used the <a href="/wiki/Girdler_sulfide_process" title="Girdler sulfide process">Girdler sulfide process</a> to produce heavy water, and required 340,000 tonnes of feed water to produce one tonne of heavy water. It was part of a complex that included eight <a href="/wiki/CANDU_reactor" title="CANDU reactor">CANDU reactors</a>, which provided heat and power for the heavy water plant. The site was located at <a href="/wiki/Douglas_Point" class="mw-redirect" title="Douglas Point">Douglas Point</a>/<a href="/wiki/Bruce_Nuclear_Generating_Station" title="Bruce Nuclear Generating Station">Bruce Nuclear Generating Station</a> near Tiverton, Ontario, on <a href="/wiki/Lake_Huron" title="Lake Huron">Lake Huron</a> where it had access to the waters of the <a href="/wiki/Great_Lakes_(North_America)" class="mw-redirect" title="Great Lakes (North America)">Great Lakes</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-CSR_on_BHWP_decommissioning_84-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CSR_on_BHWP_decommissioning-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>AECL issued the construction contract in 1969 for the first BHWP unit (BHWP A). Commissioning of BHWP A was done by Ontario Hydro from 1971 through 1973, with the plant entering service on 28 June 1973, and design production capacity being achieved in April 1974. Due to the success of BHWP A and the large amount of heavy water that would be required for the large numbers of upcoming planned CANDU nuclear power plant construction projects, Ontario Hydro commissioned three additional heavy water production plants for the <a href="/wiki/Bruce_Nuclear_Generating_Station" title="Bruce Nuclear Generating Station">Bruce site</a> (BHWP B, C, and D). BHWP B was placed into service in 1979. These first two plants were significantly more efficient than planned, and the number of CANDU construction projects ended up being significantly lower than originally planned, which led to the cancellation of construction on BHWP C & D. In 1984, BHWP A was shut down. By 1993 Ontario Hydro had produced enough heavy water to meet all of its anticipated domestic needs (which were lower than expected due to improved efficiency in the use and recycling of heavy water), so they shut down and demolished half of the capacity of BHWP B. The remaining capacity continued to operate in order to fulfil demand for heavy water exports until it was permanently shut down in 1997, after which the plant was gradually dismantled and the site cleared.<sup id="cite_ref-BHWP_performance_85-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BHWP_performance-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-CHWP_1970–1980_86-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CHWP_1970–1980-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>AECL is currently researching other more efficient and environmentally benign processes for creating heavy water. This is relevant for CANDU reactors since heavy water represented about 15–20% of the total capital cost of each CANDU plant in the 1970s and 1980s.<sup id="cite_ref-CHWP_1970–1980_86-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CHWP_1970–1980-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Iran">Iran</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Heavy_water&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Iran"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Since 1996 <a href="/wiki/IR-40" title="IR-40">a plant</a> for production of heavy water was being constructed at Khondab near <a href="/wiki/Arak,_Iran" title="Arak, Iran">Arak</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> On 26 August 2006, Iranian President <a href="/wiki/Ahmadinejad" class="mw-redirect" title="Ahmadinejad">Ahmadinejad</a> inaugurated the expansion of the country's heavy-water plant. Iran has indicated that the heavy-water production facility will operate in tandem with a 40 MW research reactor that had a scheduled completion date in 2009.<sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Iran produced <a href="/wiki/Deuterated_solvents" class="mw-redirect" title="Deuterated solvents">deuterated solvents</a> in early 2011 for the first time.<sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The core of the IR-40 is supposed to be re-designed based on the <a href="/wiki/Joint_Comprehensive_Plan_of_Action" title="Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action">nuclear agreement</a> in July 2015. </p><p>Under the <a href="/wiki/Joint_Comprehensive_Plan_of_Action" title="Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action">Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action</a>, Iran is permitted to store only 130 <a href="/wiki/Tonne" title="Tonne">tonnes</a> (140 <a href="/wiki/Short_ton" title="Short ton">short tons</a>) of heavy water.<sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Iran exports excess production, making Iran the world's third largest exporter of heavy water.<sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2023, Iran sells heavy water; customers have proposed a price over 1,000 dollars per liter.<sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pakistan">Pakistan</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Heavy_water&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Pakistan"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In Pakistan, there are two heavy water production sites that are based in <a href="/wiki/Punjab,_Pakistan" title="Punjab, Pakistan">Punjab</a>. Commissioned in 1995–96, the <a href="/wiki/Khushab_Nuclear_Complex" title="Khushab Nuclear Complex">Khushab Nuclear Complex</a> is a central element of Pakistan's stockpile program for production of weapon-grade plutonium, deuterium, and tritium for advanced compact warheads (i.e. <a href="/wiki/Thermonuclear_weapons" class="mw-redirect" title="Thermonuclear weapons">thermonuclear weapons</a>). Another <a href="/wiki/Multan_Heavy_Water_Production_Facility" title="Multan Heavy Water Production Facility">heavy water facility</a> for producing the heavy water is located in Multan, that it sells to nuclear power plants in <a href="/wiki/Karachi_Nuclear_Power_Complex" title="Karachi Nuclear Power Complex">Karachi</a> and <a href="/wiki/Chashma_Nuclear_Power_Complex" title="Chashma Nuclear Power Complex">Chashma</a>. </p><p>In early 1980s, Pakistan succeeded in acquiring a tritium purification and storage plant and deuterium and tritium precursor materials from two former East German firms.<sup id="cite_ref-93" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Unlike India and Iran, the heavy water produced by Pakistan is not exported nor available for purchase to any nation and is solely used for its weapons complex and energy generation at its local nuclear power plants. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_countries">Other countries</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Heavy_water&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Other countries"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Romania produced heavy water at the now-decommissioned <a href="/wiki/Drobeta-Turnu_Severin" title="Drobeta-Turnu Severin">Drobeta</a> Girdler sulfide plant for domestic and export purposes.<sup id="cite_ref-94" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> France operated a small plant during the 1950s and 1960s.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2016)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Applications">Applications</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Heavy_water&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Applications"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Nuclear_magnetic_resonance">Nuclear magnetic resonance</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Heavy_water&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Nuclear magnetic resonance"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Deuterium oxide is used in <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_magnetic_resonance_spectroscopy" title="Nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy">nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy</a> when using water as a solvent if the <a href="/wiki/Nuclide" title="Nuclide">nuclide</a> of interest is hydrogen. This is because the signal from light-water (<sup>1</sup>H<sub>2</sub>O) solvent molecules would overwhelm the signal from the molecule of interest dissolved in it. Deuterium has a different <a href="/wiki/Magnetic_moment" title="Magnetic moment">magnetic moment</a> and therefore does not contribute to the <a href="/wiki/H-1_NMR" class="mw-redirect" title="H-1 NMR"><sup>1</sup>H-NMR</a> signal at the hydrogen-1 resonance frequency. </p><p>For some experiments, it may be desirable to identify the labile hydrogens on a compound, that is hydrogens that can easily exchange away as H<sup>+</sup> ions on some positions in a molecule. With addition of D<sub>2</sub>O, sometimes referred to as a <i>D<sub>2</sub>O shake</i>,<sup id="cite_ref-95" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> labile hydrogens exchange between the compound of interest and the solvent, leading to replacement of those specific <sup>1</sup>H atoms in the compound with <sup>2</sup>H. These positions in the molecule then do not appear in the <sup>1</sup>H-NMR spectrum. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Organic_chemistry">Organic chemistry</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Heavy_water&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Organic chemistry"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Deuterium oxide is often used as the source of deuterium for preparing specifically labelled <a href="/wiki/Isotopologue" title="Isotopologue">isotopologues</a> of organic compounds. For example, C-H bonds adjacent to ketonic carbonyl groups can be replaced by C-D bonds, using acid or base catalysis. <a href="/wiki/Trimethylsulfoxonium_iodide" title="Trimethylsulfoxonium iodide">Trimethylsulfoxonium iodide</a>, made from <a href="/wiki/Dimethyl_sulfoxide" title="Dimethyl sulfoxide">dimethyl sulfoxide</a> and <a href="/wiki/Methyl_iodide" class="mw-redirect" title="Methyl iodide">methyl iodide</a> can be recrystallized from deuterium oxide, and then dissociated to regenerate methyl iodide and dimethyl sulfoxide, both deuterium labelled. In cases where specific double labelling by deuterium and tritium is contemplated, the researcher must be aware that deuterium oxide, depending upon age and origin, can contain some tritium. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Infrared_spectroscopy">Infrared spectroscopy</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Heavy_water&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Infrared spectroscopy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Deuterium oxide is often used instead of water when collecting <a href="/wiki/Fourier_transform_spectroscopy" class="mw-redirect" title="Fourier transform spectroscopy">FTIR</a> spectra of proteins in solution. H<sub>2</sub>O creates a strong band that overlaps with the <a href="/wiki/Amide" title="Amide">amide</a> I region of proteins. The band from D<sub>2</sub>O is shifted away from the amide I region. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Neutron_moderator">Neutron moderator</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Heavy_water&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Neutron moderator"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Heavy water is used in certain types of <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_reactors" class="mw-redirect" title="Nuclear reactors">nuclear reactors</a>, where it acts as a <a href="/wiki/Neutron_moderator" title="Neutron moderator">neutron moderator</a> to slow down neutrons so that they are more likely to react with the <a href="/wiki/Fissile" class="mw-redirect" title="Fissile">fissile</a> <a href="/wiki/Uranium-235" title="Uranium-235">uranium-235</a> than with <a href="/wiki/Uranium-238" title="Uranium-238">uranium-238</a>, which captures neutrons without fissioning. The CANDU reactor uses this design. Light water also acts as a moderator, but because light water absorbs more <a href="/wiki/Neutron" title="Neutron">neutrons</a> than heavy water, reactors using light water for a reactor moderator must use <a href="/wiki/Enriched_uranium" title="Enriched uranium">enriched uranium</a> rather than natural uranium, otherwise <a href="/wiki/Critical_mass" title="Critical mass">criticality</a> is impossible. A significant fraction of outdated power reactors, such as the <a href="/wiki/RBMK" title="RBMK">RBMK</a> reactors in the USSR, were constructed using normal water for cooling but <a href="/wiki/Graphite-moderated_reactor" title="Graphite-moderated reactor">graphite as a moderator</a>. However, the danger of graphite in power reactors (graphite fires in part led to the <a href="/wiki/Chernobyl_disaster" title="Chernobyl disaster">Chernobyl disaster</a>) has led to the discontinuation of graphite in standard reactor designs. </p><p>The breeding and extraction of plutonium can be a relatively rapid and cheap route to building a <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_weapon" title="Nuclear weapon">nuclear weapon</a>, as chemical separation of plutonium from fuel is easier than <a href="/wiki/Isotopic_separation" class="mw-redirect" title="Isotopic separation">isotopic separation</a> of U-235 from natural uranium. Among current and past <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_weapons_states" class="mw-redirect" title="Nuclear weapons states">nuclear weapons states</a>, Israel, India, and North Korea<sup id="cite_ref-96" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> first used plutonium from heavy water moderated reactors burning <a href="/wiki/Natural_uranium" title="Natural uranium">natural uranium</a>, while China, South Africa and Pakistan first built weapons using <a href="/wiki/Highly_enriched_uranium" class="mw-redirect" title="Highly enriched uranium">highly enriched uranium</a>. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Uranverein" class="mw-redirect" title="Uranverein">Nazi nuclear program</a>, operating with more modest means than the contemporary Manhattan Project and hampered by many leading scientists having been driven into exile (many of them ending up working for the Manhattan Project), as well as continuous infighting, wrongly dismissed graphite as a moderator due to not recognizing the effect of impurities. Given that <a href="/wiki/Isotope_separation" title="Isotope separation">isotope separation</a> of uranium was deemed too big a hurdle, this left heavy water as a potential moderator. Other problems were the ideological aversion regarding what propaganda dismissed as "<a href="/wiki/Jewish_physics" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish physics">Jewish physics</a>" and the mistrust between those who had been enthusiastic Nazis even before 1933 and those who were <i><a href="/wiki/Mitl%C3%A4ufer" title="Mitläufer">Mitläufer</a></i> or trying to keep a low profile. In part due to allied sabotage and commando raids on <a href="/wiki/Norsk_Hydro" title="Norsk Hydro">Norsk Hydro</a> (then the world's largest producer of heavy water) as well as the aforementioned infighting, the German nuclear program never managed to assemble enough uranium and heavy water in one place to achieve <a href="/wiki/Critical_mass" title="Critical mass">criticality</a> despite possessing enough of both by the end of the war. </p><p>In the U.S., however, the first experimental atomic reactor (1942), as well as the <a href="/wiki/Manhattan_Project" title="Manhattan Project">Manhattan Project</a> Hanford production reactors that produced the plutonium for the <a href="/wiki/Trinity_test" class="mw-redirect" title="Trinity test">Trinity test</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fat_Man" title="Fat Man">Fat Man</a> bombs, all used pure carbon (graphite) neutron moderators combined with normal water cooling pipes. They functioned with neither enriched uranium nor heavy water. Russian and British plutonium production also used graphite-moderated reactors. </p><p>There is no evidence that civilian heavy water power reactors—such as the CANDU or <a href="/wiki/Atucha_I_nuclear_power_plant" class="mw-redirect" title="Atucha I nuclear power plant">Atucha</a> designs—have been used to produce military fissile materials. In nations that do not already possess nuclear weapons, nuclear material at these facilities is under <a href="/wiki/IAEA" class="mw-redirect" title="IAEA">IAEA</a> safeguards to discourage any diversion. </p><p>Due to its potential for use in <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_weapon" title="Nuclear weapon">nuclear weapons</a> programs, the possession or import/export of large industrial quantities of heavy water are subject to government control in several countries. Suppliers of heavy water and heavy water production technology typically apply <a href="/wiki/IAEA" class="mw-redirect" title="IAEA">IAEA</a> (International Atomic Energy Agency) administered safeguards and material accounting to heavy water. (In Australia, the <i>Nuclear Non-Proliferation (Safeguards) Act 1987</i>.) In the U.S. and Canada, non-industrial quantities of heavy water (i.e., in the gram to kg range) are routinely available without special license through chemical supply dealers and commercial companies such as the world's former major producer <a href="/wiki/Ontario_Hydro" title="Ontario Hydro">Ontario Hydro</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Neutrino_detector">Neutrino detector</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Heavy_water&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Neutrino detector"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Sudbury_Neutrino_Observatory" title="Sudbury Neutrino Observatory">Sudbury Neutrino Observatory</a> (SNO) in <a href="/wiki/Greater_Sudbury" title="Greater Sudbury">Sudbury</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ontario" title="Ontario">Ontario</a> uses 1,000 tonnes of heavy water on loan from <a href="/wiki/Atomic_Energy_of_Canada_Limited" title="Atomic Energy of Canada Limited">Atomic Energy of Canada Limited</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Neutrino_detector" title="Neutrino detector">neutrino detector</a> is 6,800 feet (2,100 m) underground in a mine, to shield it from <a href="/wiki/Muon" title="Muon">muons</a> produced by <a href="/wiki/Cosmic_ray" title="Cosmic ray">cosmic rays</a>. SNO was built to answer the question of whether or not electron-type <a href="/wiki/Neutrino" title="Neutrino">neutrinos</a> produced by fusion in the <a href="/wiki/Sun" title="Sun">Sun</a> (the only type the Sun should be producing directly, according to theory) might be able to turn into other types of neutrinos on the way to Earth. SNO detects the <a href="/wiki/Cherenkov_radiation" title="Cherenkov radiation">Cherenkov radiation</a> in the water from high-energy electrons produced from <a href="/wiki/Electron_neutrino" title="Electron neutrino">electron-type neutrinos</a> as they undergo charged current (CC) interactions with <a href="/wiki/Neutron" title="Neutron">neutrons</a> in <a href="/wiki/Deuterium" title="Deuterium">deuterium</a>, turning them into protons and electrons (however, only the electrons are fast enough to produce Cherenkov radiation for detection). </p><p>SNO also detects neutrino electron scattering (ES) events, where the neutrino transfers energy to the electron, which then proceeds to generate Cherenkov radiation distinguishable from that produced by CC events. The first of these two reactions is produced only by electron-type neutrinos, while the second can be caused by all of the neutrino flavors. The use of deuterium is critical to the SNO function, because all three "flavours" (types) of neutrinos<sup id="cite_ref-97" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> may be detected in a third type of reaction as well, neutrino-disintegration, in which a neutrino of any type (electron, <a href="/wiki/Muon_neutrino" title="Muon neutrino">muon</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Tau_neutrino" title="Tau neutrino">tau</a>) scatters from a deuterium nucleus (<a href="/wiki/Deuteron" class="mw-redirect" title="Deuteron">deuteron</a>), transferring enough energy to break up the loosely bound deuteron into a free <a href="/wiki/Neutron" title="Neutron">neutron</a> and <a href="/wiki/Proton" title="Proton">proton</a> via a neutral current (NC) interaction. </p><p>This event is detected when the free neutron is absorbed by <a href="/wiki/Chlorine-35" class="mw-redirect" title="Chlorine-35"><sup>35</sup>Cl</a><sup>−</sup> present from <a href="/wiki/NaCl" class="mw-redirect" title="NaCl">NaCl</a> deliberately dissolved in the heavy water, causing emission of characteristic capture gamma rays. Thus, in this experiment, heavy water not only provides the transparent medium necessary to produce and visualize Cherenkov radiation, but it also provides deuterium to detect exotic mu type (μ) and tau (τ) neutrinos, as well as a non-absorbent moderator medium to preserve free neutrons from this reaction, until they can be absorbed by an easily detected neutron-activated isotope. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Metabolic_rate_and_water_turnover_testing_in_physiology_and_biology">Metabolic rate and water turnover testing in physiology and biology</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Heavy_water&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Metabolic rate and water turnover testing in physiology and biology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Doubly_labeled_water_test" class="mw-redirect" title="Doubly labeled water test">Doubly labeled water test</a></div> <p>Heavy water is employed as part of a mixture with H<sub>2</sub><sup>18</sup>O for a common and safe test of mean metabolic rate in humans and animals undergoing their normal activities.The elimination rate of deuterium alone is a measure of body water turnover. This is highly variable between individuals and depends on environmental conditions as well as subject size, sex, age and physical activity.<sup id="cite_ref-98" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tritium_production">Tritium production</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Heavy_water&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Tritium production"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Tritium#Deuterium" title="Tritium">Tritium § Deuterium</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Tritium" title="Tritium">Tritium</a> is the active substance in <a href="/wiki/Tritium_illumination" class="mw-redirect" title="Tritium illumination">self-powered lighting</a> and controlled nuclear fusion, its other uses including <a href="/wiki/Autoradiography" class="mw-redirect" title="Autoradiography">autoradiography</a> and <a href="/wiki/Radioactive_label" class="mw-redirect" title="Radioactive label">radioactive labeling</a>. It is also used in <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_weapon_design" title="Nuclear weapon design">nuclear weapon design</a> for <a href="/wiki/Boosted_fission_weapon" title="Boosted fission weapon">boosted fission weapons</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tritium#Neutron_initiator" title="Tritium">initiators</a>. Tritium undergoes <a href="/wiki/Beta_decay" title="Beta decay">beta decay</a> into <a href="/wiki/Helium-3" title="Helium-3">helium-3</a>, which is a stable, but rare, isotope of helium that is itself highly sought after. Some tritium is created in <a href="/wiki/Heavy_water_moderated_reactor" class="mw-redirect" title="Heavy water moderated reactor">heavy water moderated reactors</a> when deuterium captures a neutron. This reaction has a small <a href="/wiki/Neutron_cross-section" class="mw-redirect" title="Neutron cross-section">cross-section</a> (probability of a single neutron-capture event) and produces only small amounts of tritium, although enough to justify cleaning tritium from the moderator every few years to reduce the environmental risk of tritium escape. Given that helium-3 is a <a href="/wiki/Neutron_poison" title="Neutron poison">neutron poison</a> with orders of magnitude higher capture cross section than any component of heavy or tritiated water, its accumulation in a heavy water neutron moderator or <a href="/w/index.php?title=Target_(Physics)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Target (Physics) (page does not exist)">target</a> for tritium production must be kept to a minimum. </p><p>Producing a lot of tritium in this way would require reactors with very high neutron fluxes, or with a very high proportion of heavy water to <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_fuel" title="Nuclear fuel">nuclear fuel</a> and very low <a href="/wiki/Neutron_absorption" class="mw-redirect" title="Neutron absorption">neutron absorption</a> by other reactor material. The tritium would then have to be recovered by <a href="/wiki/Isotope_separation" title="Isotope separation">isotope separation</a> from a much larger quantity of deuterium, unlike production from <a href="/wiki/Lithium-6" class="mw-redirect" title="Lithium-6">lithium-6</a> (the present method), where only chemical separation is needed. </p><p>Deuterium's absorption cross section for <a href="/wiki/Thermal_neutron" class="mw-redirect" title="Thermal neutron">thermal neutrons</a> is 0.52 milli<a href="/wiki/Barn_(unit)" title="Barn (unit)">barn</a> (5.2 × 10<sup>−32</sup> m<sup>2</sup>; 1 barn = 10<sup>−28</sup> m<sup>2</sup>), while those of <a href="/wiki/Oxygen-16" title="Oxygen-16">oxygen-16</a> and <a href="/wiki/Oxygen-17" title="Oxygen-17">oxygen-17</a> are 0.19 and 0.24 millibarn, respectively. <sup>17</sup>O makes up 0.038% of natural <a href="/wiki/Oxygen" title="Oxygen">oxygen</a>, making the overall cross section 0.28 millibarns. Therefore, in D<sub>2</sub>O with natural oxygen, 21% of <a href="/wiki/Neutron_capture" title="Neutron capture">neutron captures</a> are on oxygen, rising higher as <sup>17</sup>O builds up from neutron capture on <sup>16</sup>O. Also, <sup>17</sup>O may emit an <a href="/wiki/Alpha_particle" title="Alpha particle">alpha particle</a> on neutron capture, producing radioactive <a href="/wiki/Carbon-14" title="Carbon-14">carbon-14</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_fiction">In fiction</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Heavy_water&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: In fiction"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The 1960s version of the superhero <a href="/wiki/The_Flash" title="The Flash">The Flash</a> gained his powers through exposure to heavy water. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Heavy_water&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1266661725">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Drinking_water.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Drinking_water.jpg/18px-Drinking_water.jpg" decoding="async" width="18" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Drinking_water.jpg/28px-Drinking_water.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Drinking_water.jpg/37px-Drinking_water.jpg 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="450" /></a></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Water" title="Portal:Water">Water portal</a></span></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cold_fusion" title="Cold fusion">Cold fusion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deuterium-depleted_water" title="Deuterium-depleted water">Deuterium-depleted water</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interstellar_ice" title="Interstellar ice">Interstellar ice</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Heavy_water&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-parpart1935-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-parpart1935_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFParpart1935" class="citation journal cs1">Parpart, Arthur K. (December 1935). "The permeability of the mammalian erythrocyte to deuterium oxide (heavy water)". <i>Journal of Cellular and Comparative Physiology</i>. <b>7</b> (2): <span class="nowrap">153–</span>162. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fjcp.1030070202">10.1002/jcp.1030070202</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Cellular+and+Comparative+Physiology&rft.atitle=The+permeability+of+the+mammalian+erythrocyte+to+deuterium+oxide+%28heavy+water%29&rft.volume=7&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E153-%3C%2Fspan%3E162&rft.date=1935-12&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2Fjcp.1030070202&rft.aulast=Parpart&rft.aufirst=Arthur+K.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHeavy+water" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-svishchev1994-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-svishchev1994_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSvishchevKusalik1994" class="citation journal cs1">Svishchev, I. M.; Kusalik, P. G. (January 1994). 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cigr.ageng2012.org/images/fotosg/tabla_137_C0371.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 22 April 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 August</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Archived+copy&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcigr.ageng2012.org%2Fimages%2Ffotosg%2Ftabla_137_C0371.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHeavy+water" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_archived_copy_as_title" title="Category:CS1 maint: archived copy as title">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Mosin, O. V, Ignatov, I. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 December</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=lsbu.ac.uk&rft.atitle=Water+Properties+%28including+isotopologues%29&rft.au=Martin+Chaplin&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww1.lsbu.ac.uk%2Fwater%2Fwater_properties.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHeavy+water" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKotzTeichelTownsend2008" class="citation book cs1">Kotz, John; Teichel, Paul; Townsend, John (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=a9emw3FvCrAC"><i>Chemistry and Chemical Reactivity, Volume 1</i></a> (7th ed.). 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The Sudbury Neutrino Observatory Institute, Queen's University at Kingston. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sno.phy.queensu.ca/sno/sno2.html">the original</a> on 7 May 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 September</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+SNO+Detector&rft.pub=The+Sudbury+Neutrino+Observatory+Institute%2C+Queen%27s+University+at+Kingston&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sno.phy.queensu.ca%2Fsno%2Fsno2.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHeavy+water" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-98"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-98">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFYamadaZhangHendersonSagayama2022" class="citation journal cs1">Yamada, Yosuke; Zhang, Xueying; Henderson, Mary E. T.; Sagayama, Hiroyuki; Pontzer, Herman; Speakman, John R. (2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9764345">"Variation in human water turnover associated with environmental and lifestyle factors"</a>. <i>Science</i>. <b>378</b> (6622): <span class="nowrap">909–</span>915. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2022Sci...378..909I">2022Sci...378..909I</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.abm8668">10.1126/science.abm8668</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9764345">9764345</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36423296">36423296</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Science&rft.atitle=Variation+in+human+water+turnover+associated+with+environmental+and+lifestyle+factors&rft.volume=378&rft.issue=6622&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E909-%3C%2Fspan%3E915&rft.date=2022&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC9764345%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F36423296&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1126%2Fscience.abm8668&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2022Sci...378..909I&rft.aulast=Yamada&rft.aufirst=Yosuke&rft.au=Zhang%2C+Xueying&rft.au=Henderson%2C+Mary+E.+T.&rft.au=Sagayama%2C+Hiroyuki&rft.au=Pontzer%2C+Herman&rft.au=Speakman%2C+John+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC9764345&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHeavy+water" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Heavy_water&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.periodicvideos.com/videos/mv_heavywater.htm">Heavy Water</a> and <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.periodicvideos.com/videos/mv_heavywater_part2.htm">Heavy Water – Part II</a> at <i><a href="/wiki/The_Periodic_Table_of_Videos" class="mw-redirect" title="The Periodic Table of Videos">The Periodic Table of Videos</a></i> (University of Nottingham)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160227012413/http://fas.org/nuke/intro/nuke/heavy.htm">Heavy Water Production</a>, Federation of American Scientists</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20040721172828/http://www.cns-snc.ca/Bulletin/A_Miller_Heavy_Water.pdf">Heavy Water: A Manufacturer's Guide for the Hydrogen Century</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.straightdope.com/mailbag/mheavywater.html">Is "heavy water" dangerous?</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20050204232753/http://www.straightdope.com/mailbag/mheavywater.html">Archived</a> 4 February 2005 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Straight Dope Staff Report. 9 December 2003</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20051210084630/http://alsos.wlu.edu/qsearch.aspx?browse=science%2FHeavy+Water">Annotated bibliography for heavy water from the Alsos Digital Library for Nuclear Issues</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071216010940/http://www.popsci.com/popsci/how20/a07160a72252c010vgnvcm1000004eecbccdrcrd.html">Ice is supposed to float, but with a little heavy water, you can make cubes that sink</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.o8ode.ru/article/eng/Isotopic_effects_of_heavy_water_in_biological_objects">Isotopic Effects of Heavy Water in Biological Objects</a> Oleg Mosin, Ignat Ignatov</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://scitation.aip.org/content/aip/journal/jcp/41/3/10.1063/1.1725946">J. Chem. Phys. 41, 1964</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hwb.gov.in/mou-between-hwb-and-ms-clearsynth-mumbai-sale-20-tonnes-heavy-water-year-its-non-nuclear-0">MOU between HWB and M/s Clearsynth</a> MOU between HWB and M/s Clearsynth, Mumbai for sale of 20 tonnes of Heavy Water in a year for its non-nuclear applications.</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output 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template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Water533" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Water" title="Water">Water</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Overviews</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_water" title="Outline of water">Outline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_(data_page)" title="Water (data page)">Data</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_model" title="Water model">Model</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Properties_of_water" title="Properties of water">Properties</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="6" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Water_drop_001.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Water droplet"><img alt="Water droplet" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Water_drop_001.jpg/120px-Water_drop_001.jpg" decoding="async" width="70" height="47" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Water_drop_001.jpg/250px-Water_drop_001.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3714" data-file-height="2475" /></a><figcaption>Water droplet</figcaption></figure></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/State_of_matter" title="State of matter">States</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Water" title="Water">Liquid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ice" title="Ice">Ice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_vapor" title="Water vapor">Vapor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steam" title="Steam">Steam</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Superheated_steam" title="Superheated steam">superheated</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Forms</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Deuterium-depleted_water" title="Deuterium-depleted water">Deuterium-depleted</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semiheavy_water" title="Semiheavy water">Semiheavy</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Heavy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tritiated_water" title="Tritiated water">Tritiated</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doubly_labeled_water" title="Doubly labeled water">Doubly labeled water</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydronium" title="Hydronium">Hydronium</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">On <a href="/wiki/Earth" title="Earth">Earth</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Water_cycle" title="Water cycle">Cycle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_distribution_on_Earth" title="Water distribution on Earth">Distribution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydrosphere" title="Hydrosphere">Hydrosphere</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hydrology" title="Hydrology">Hydrology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydrobiology" title="Hydrobiology">Hydrobiology</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Origin_of_water_on_Earth" title="Origin of water on Earth">Origin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_pollution" title="Water pollution">Pollution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_resources" title="Water resources">Resources</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Water_resource_management" class="mw-redirect" title="Water resource management">management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_resource_policy" title="Water resource policy">policy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_supply" title="Water supply">Supply</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Extraterrestrial</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Extraterrestrial_liquid_water" title="Extraterrestrial liquid water">Extraterrestrial liquid water</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Asteroidal_water" title="Asteroidal water">Asteroidal water</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Planetary_oceanography" title="Planetary oceanography">Planetary oceanography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ocean_world" title="Ocean world">Ocean world</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hycean_planet" title="Hycean planet">Hycean planet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_extrasolar_candidates_for_liquid_water" title="List of extrasolar candidates for liquid water">List of Candidates</a></li></ul></li> <li>Specific <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Europa_(moon)#Subsurface_ocean" title="Europa (moon)">Europa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_on_Mars" title="Water on Mars">Mars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lunar_water" title="Lunar water">Moon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enceladus#Subsurface_water_ocean" title="Enceladus">Enceladus</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Physical parameters</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stratification_(water)" title="Stratification (water)">Stratification</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ocean_stratification" title="Ocean stratification">Ocean stratification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lake_stratification" title="Lake stratification">Lake stratification</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ocean_temperature" title="Ocean temperature">Ocean temperature</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3" style="font-weight: bold;"><div> <ul><li> <span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" 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srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Wiktionary-logo.svg/24px-Wiktionary-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Wiktionary-logo.svg/32px-Wiktionary-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="370" data-file-height="350" /></a></span> <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/water" class="extiw" title="wikt:water">Wiktionary</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Molecules_detected_in_outer_space800" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" 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detected in outer space</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Molecule" title="Molecule">Molecules</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Diatomic_molecule" title="Diatomic molecule">Diatomic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aluminium_monochloride" title="Aluminium monochloride">Aluminium monochloride</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aluminium_monofluoride" title="Aluminium monofluoride">Aluminium monofluoride</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aluminium(II)_oxide" title="Aluminium(II) oxide">Aluminium(II) oxide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Argonium" title="Argonium">Argonium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbon_cation" class="mw-redirect" title="Carbon cation">Carbon cation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbon_monophosphide" title="Carbon monophosphide">Carbon monophosphide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbon_monosulfide" title="Carbon monosulfide">Carbon monosulfide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbon_monoxide" title="Carbon monoxide">Carbon monoxide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyano_radical" title="Cyano radical">Cyano radical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diatomic_carbon" title="Diatomic carbon">Diatomic carbon</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fluoromethylidynium&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fluoromethylidynium (page does not exist)">Fluoromethylidynium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helium_hydride_ion" title="Helium hydride ion">Helium hydride ion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydrogen_chloride" title="Hydrogen chloride">Hydrogen chloride</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydrogen_fluoride" title="Hydrogen fluoride">Hydrogen fluoride</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydrogen" title="Hydrogen">Hydrogen</a> (molecular)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydroxyl_radical" title="Hydroxyl radical">Hydroxyl radical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imidogen" title="Imidogen">Imidogen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iron(II)_oxide" title="Iron(II) oxide">Iron(II) oxide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnesium_monohydride" title="Magnesium monohydride">Magnesium monohydride</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methylidyne_radical" title="Methylidyne radical">Methylidyne radical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nitric_oxide" title="Nitric oxide">Nitric oxide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nitrogen" title="Nitrogen">Nitrogen</a> (molecular)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oxygen" title="Oxygen">Oxygen</a> (molecular)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phosphorus_monoxide" title="Phosphorus monoxide">Phosphorus monoxide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phosphorus_mononitride" title="Phosphorus mononitride">Phosphorus mononitride</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Potassium_chloride" title="Potassium chloride">Potassium chloride</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silicon_carbide" title="Silicon carbide">Silicon carbide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silicon_monoxide" title="Silicon monoxide">Silicon monoxide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silicon_monosulfide" title="Silicon monosulfide">Silicon monosulfide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sodium_chloride" title="Sodium chloride">Sodium chloride</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sodium_iodide" title="Sodium iodide">Sodium iodide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sulfanyl" title="Sulfanyl">Sulfanyl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sulfur_mononitride" title="Sulfur mononitride">Sulfur mononitride</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sulfur_monoxide" title="Sulfur monoxide">Sulfur monoxide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Titanium(II)_oxide" title="Titanium(II) oxide">Titanium(II) oxide</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="9" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Nitrous_oxide" title="Nitrous oxide"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Nitrous-oxide-3D-balls.png/60px-Nitrous-oxide-3D-balls.png" decoding="async" width="60" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Nitrous-oxide-3D-balls.png/90px-Nitrous-oxide-3D-balls.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Nitrous-oxide-3D-balls.png/120px-Nitrous-oxide-3D-balls.png 2x" data-file-width="1100" data-file-height="441" /></a></span> <br /><br /><br /><br /> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Ethanol" title="Ethanol"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Ethanol-3D-balls.png/60px-Ethanol-3D-balls.png" decoding="async" width="60" height="41" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Ethanol-3D-balls.png/120px-Ethanol-3D-balls.png 1.5x" data-file-width="1100" data-file-height="754" /></a></span> <br /><br /><br /><br /> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Buckminsterfullerene" title="Buckminsterfullerene"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Buckminsterfullerene-perspective-3D-balls.png/60px-Buckminsterfullerene-perspective-3D-balls.png" decoding="async" width="60" height="63" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Buckminsterfullerene-perspective-3D-balls.png/120px-Buckminsterfullerene-perspective-3D-balls.png 1.5x" data-file-width="1056" data-file-height="1100" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Triatomic_molecule" title="Triatomic molecule">Triatomic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aluminium(I)_hydroxide" class="mw-redirect" title="Aluminium(I) hydroxide">Aluminium(I) hydroxide</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aluminium_isocyanide&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Aluminium isocyanide (page does not exist)">Aluminium isocyanide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amino_radical" title="Amino radical">Amino radical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbon_dioxide" title="Carbon dioxide">Carbon dioxide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbonyl_sulfide" title="Carbonyl sulfide">Carbonyl sulfide</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=CCP_radical&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="CCP radical (page does not exist)">CCP radical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Halonium_ion" title="Halonium ion">Chloronium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diazenylium" title="Diazenylium">Diazenylium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dicarbon_monoxide" title="Dicarbon monoxide">Dicarbon monoxide</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Disilicon_carbide&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Disilicon carbide (page does not exist)">Disilicon carbide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethynyl_radical" title="Ethynyl radical">Ethynyl radical</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Formyl_radical&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Formyl radical (page does not exist)">Formyl radical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydrogen_cyanide" title="Hydrogen cyanide">Hydrogen cyanide</a> (HCN)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydrogen_isocyanide" title="Hydrogen isocyanide">Hydrogen isocyanide</a> (HNC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydrogen_sulfide" title="Hydrogen sulfide">Hydrogen sulfide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydroperoxyl" title="Hydroperoxyl">Hydroperoxyl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iron(II)_cyanide" title="Iron(II) cyanide">Iron cyanide</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Isoformyl&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Isoformyl (page does not exist)">Isoformyl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnesium_cyanide" title="Magnesium cyanide">Magnesium cyanide</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Magnesium_isocyanide&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Magnesium isocyanide (page does not exist)">Magnesium isocyanide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methylene_(compound)" title="Methylene (compound)">Methylene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methylidynephosphane" title="Methylidynephosphane">Methylidynephosphane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diazenylium" title="Diazenylium">N<sub>2</sub>H<sup>+</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nitrous_oxide" title="Nitrous oxide">Nitrous oxide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nitroxyl" title="Nitroxyl">Nitroxyl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ozone" title="Ozone">Ozone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Potassium_cyanide" title="Potassium cyanide">Potassium cyanide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sodium_cyanide" title="Sodium cyanide">Sodium cyanide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sodium_hydroxide" title="Sodium hydroxide">Sodium hydroxide</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Silicon_carbonitride&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Silicon carbonitride (page does not exist)">Silicon carbonitride</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=C-Silicon_dicarbide&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="C-Silicon dicarbide (page does not exist)">c-Silicon dicarbide</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=SiNC&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="SiNC (page does not exist)">SiNC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sulfur_dioxide" title="Sulfur dioxide">Sulfur dioxide</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thioformyl&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Thioformyl (page does not exist)">Thioformyl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thioxoethenylidene" title="Thioxoethenylidene">Thioxoethenylidene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Titanium_dioxide" title="Titanium dioxide">Titanium dioxide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tricarbon" title="Tricarbon">Tricarbon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trihydrogen_cation" title="Trihydrogen cation">Trihydrogen cation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water" title="Water">Water</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_interstellar_and_circumstellar_molecules#Molecules" title="List of interstellar and circumstellar molecules">Four<br />atoms</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acetylene" title="Acetylene">Acetylene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ammonia" title="Ammonia">Ammonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polyyne" title="Polyyne">Cyanoethynyl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interstellar_formaldehyde" title="Interstellar formaldehyde">Formaldehyde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fulminic_acid" title="Fulminic acid">Fulminic acid</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=HCCN&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="HCCN (page does not exist)">HCCN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydrogen_peroxide" title="Hydrogen peroxide">Hydrogen peroxide</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hydromagnesium_isocyanide&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hydromagnesium isocyanide (page does not exist)">Hydromagnesium isocyanide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isocyanic_acid" title="Isocyanic acid">Isocyanic acid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thiocyanic_acid" title="Thiocyanic acid">Isothiocyanic acid</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ketenyl&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ketenyl (page does not exist)">Ketenyl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methyl_cation" class="mw-redirect" title="Methyl cation">Methyl cation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methyl_radical" title="Methyl radical">Methyl radical</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Methylene_amidogen&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Methylene amidogen (page does not exist)">Methylene amidogen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Propynylidyne" title="Propynylidyne">Propynylidyne</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Protonated_carbon_dioxide&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Protonated carbon dioxide (page does not exist)">Protonated carbon dioxide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protonated_hydrogen_cyanide" title="Protonated hydrogen cyanide">Protonated hydrogen cyanide</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Silicon_tricarbide&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Silicon tricarbide (page does not exist)">Silicon tricarbide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thiocyanic_acid" title="Thiocyanic acid">Thiocyanic acid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thioformaldehyde" title="Thioformaldehyde">Thioformaldehyde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tricarbon_monosulfide" title="Tricarbon monosulfide">Tricarbon monosulfide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tricarbon_monoxide" title="Tricarbon monoxide">Tricarbon monoxide</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_interstellar_and_circumstellar_molecules#Molecules" title="List of interstellar and circumstellar molecules">Five<br />atoms</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ammonium" title="Ammonium">Ammonium</a> ion</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polyyne" title="Polyyne">Butadiynyl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbodiimide" title="Carbodiimide">Carbodiimide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyanamide" title="Cyanamide">Cyanamide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyanoacetylene" title="Cyanoacetylene">Cyanoacetylene</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cyanoformaldehyde&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cyanoformaldehyde (page does not exist)">Cyanoformaldehyde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyanomethyl" title="Cyanomethyl">Cyanomethyl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyclopropenylidene" title="Cyclopropenylidene">Cyclopropenylidene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Formic_acid" title="Formic acid">Formic acid</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Isocyanoacetylene&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Isocyanoacetylene (page does not exist)">Isocyanoacetylene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ketene" title="Ketene">Ketene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methane" title="Methane">Methane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methoxy" class="mw-redirect" title="Methoxy">Methoxy radical</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Methylenimine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Methylenimine (page does not exist)">Methylenimine</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Propadienylidene&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Propadienylidene (page does not exist)">Propadienylidene</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Protonated_formaldehyde&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Protonated formaldehyde (page does not exist)">Protonated formaldehyde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silane" title="Silane">Silane</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Silicon-carbide_cluster&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Silicon-carbide cluster (page does not exist)">Silicon-carbide cluster</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_interstellar_and_circumstellar_molecules#Molecules" title="List of interstellar and circumstellar molecules">Six<br />atoms</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acetonitrile" title="Acetonitrile">Acetonitrile</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cyanobutadiynyl_radical&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cyanobutadiynyl radical (page does not exist)">Cyanobutadiynyl radical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyclopropenone" title="Cyclopropenone">Cyclopropenone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diacetylene" title="Diacetylene">Diacetylene</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=E-Cyanomethanimine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="E-Cyanomethanimine (page does not exist)">E-Cyanomethanimine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethylene" title="Ethylene">Ethylene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Formamide" title="Formamide">Formamide</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=HC4N&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="HC4N (page does not exist)">HC<sub>4</sub>N</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ketenimine" class="mw-redirect" title="Ketenimine">Ketenimine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methanethiol" title="Methanethiol">Methanethiol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methanol" title="Methanol">Methanol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methyl_isocyanide" title="Methyl isocyanide">Methyl isocyanide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polyyne" title="Polyyne">Pentynylidyne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Propynal" class="mw-redirect" title="Propynal">Propynal</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Protonated_cyanoacetylene&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Protonated cyanoacetylene (page does not exist)">Protonated cyanoacetylene</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_interstellar_and_circumstellar_molecules#Molecules" title="List of interstellar and circumstellar molecules">Seven<br />atoms</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acetaldehyde" title="Acetaldehyde">Acetaldehyde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acrylonitrile" title="Acrylonitrile">Acrylonitrile</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vinyl_cyanide" class="mw-redirect" title="Vinyl cyanide">Vinyl cyanide</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyanopolyyne" title="Cyanopolyyne">Cyanodiacetylene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethylene_oxide" title="Ethylene oxide">Ethylene oxide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glycolonitrile" title="Glycolonitrile">Glycolonitrile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hexatriynyl_radical" title="Hexatriynyl radical">Hexatriynyl radical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methyl_isocyanate" title="Methyl isocyanate">Methyl isocyanate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methylamine" title="Methylamine">Methylamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Propyne" title="Propyne">Propyne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vinyl_alcohol" title="Vinyl alcohol">Vinyl alcohol</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_interstellar_and_circumstellar_molecules#Molecules" title="List of interstellar and circumstellar molecules">Eight<br />atoms</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acetic_acid" title="Acetic acid">Acetic acid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acrolein" title="Acrolein">Acrolein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aminoacetonitrile" title="Aminoacetonitrile">Aminoacetonitrile</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cyanoallene&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cyanoallene (page does not exist)">Cyanoallene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethanimine" title="Ethanimine">Ethanimine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glycolaldehyde" title="Glycolaldehyde">Glycolaldehyde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polyyne" title="Polyyne">Hexapentaenylidene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methyl_formate" title="Methyl formate">Methyl formate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polyyne" title="Polyyne">Methylcyanoacetylene</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_interstellar_and_circumstellar_molecules#Molecules" title="List of interstellar and circumstellar molecules">Nine<br />atoms</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acetamide" title="Acetamide">Acetamide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyanopolyyne" title="Cyanopolyyne">Cyanohexatriyne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dimethyl_ether" title="Dimethyl ether">Dimethyl ether</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethanethiol" title="Ethanethiol">Ethanethiol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethanol" title="Ethanol">Ethanol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polyyne" title="Polyyne">Methyldiacetylene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N-Methylformamide" title="N-Methylformamide">N-Methylformamide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Octatetraynyl_radical" title="Octatetraynyl radical">Octatetraynyl radical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Propene" class="mw-redirect" title="Propene">Propene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Propionitrile" title="Propionitrile">Propionitrile</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_interstellar_and_circumstellar_molecules#Molecules" title="List of interstellar and circumstellar molecules">Ten<br />atoms<br />or more</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acetone" title="Acetone">Acetone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benzene" title="Benzene">Benzene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benzonitrile" title="Benzonitrile">Benzonitrile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buckminsterfullerene" title="Buckminsterfullerene">Buckminsterfullerene</a> (C<sub>60</sub>, C<sub>60</sub><sup>+</sup>, fullerene, buckyball)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Butyronitrile" title="Butyronitrile">Butyronitrile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C70_fullerene" title="C70 fullerene">C<sub>70</sub> fullerene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyanopolyyne" title="Cyanopolyyne">Cyanodecapentayne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethyl_formate" title="Ethyl formate">Ethyl formate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethylene_glycol" title="Ethylene glycol">Ethylene glycol</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Heptatrienyl_radical&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Heptatrienyl radical (page does not exist)">Heptatrienyl radical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methyl_acetate" title="Methyl acetate">Methyl acetate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyanopolyyne" title="Cyanopolyyne">Methyl-cyano-diacetylene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polyyne" title="Polyyne">Methyltriacetylene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Propionaldehyde" title="Propionaldehyde">Propionaldehyde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyrimidine" title="Pyrimidine">Pyrimidine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Deuterium" title="Deuterium">Deuterated</a><br />molecules</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ammonia" title="Ammonia">Ammonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ammonium" title="Ammonium">Ammonium</a> ion</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Formaldehyde" title="Formaldehyde">Formaldehyde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interstellar_formaldehyde#Interstellar_reactions" title="Interstellar formaldehyde">Formyl radical</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Heavy water</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydrogen_cyanide" title="Hydrogen cyanide">Hydrogen cyanide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydrogen_deuteride" title="Hydrogen deuteride">Hydrogen deuteride</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydrogen_isocyanide" title="Hydrogen isocyanide">Hydrogen isocyanide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diazenylium" title="Diazenylium">N<sub>2</sub>D<sup>+</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Propyne" title="Propyne">Propyne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trihydrogen_cation" title="Trihydrogen cation">Trihydrogen cation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_interstellar_and_circumstellar_molecules#Molecules" title="List of interstellar and circumstellar molecules">Unconfirmed</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anthracene" title="Anthracene">Anthracene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dihydroxyacetone" title="Dihydroxyacetone">Dihydroxyacetone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glycine" title="Glycine">Glycine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Graphene" title="Graphene">Graphene</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=H2NCO%2B&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="H2NCO+ (page does not exist)">H<sub>2</sub>NCO<sup>+</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hemolithin" title="Hemolithin">Hemolithin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbon" title="Carbon">Linear C<sub>5</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methoxyethane" title="Methoxyethane">Methoxyethane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naphthalene" title="Naphthalene">Naphthalene cation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phosphine" title="Phosphine">Phosphine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyrene" title="Pyrene">Pyrene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silylidyne" title="Silylidyne">Silylidyne</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_interstellar_and_circumstellar_molecules#See_also" title="List of interstellar and circumstellar molecules">Related</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abiogenesis" title="Abiogenesis">Abiogenesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Astrobiology" title="Astrobiology">Astrobiology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Astrochemistry" title="Astrochemistry">Astrochemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atomic_and_molecular_astrophysics" title="Atomic and molecular astrophysics">Atomic and molecular astrophysics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chemical_formula" title="Chemical formula">Chemical formula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Circumstellar_dust" title="Circumstellar dust">Circumstellar dust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Circumstellar_envelope" title="Circumstellar envelope">Circumstellar envelope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cosmic_dust" title="Cosmic dust">Cosmic dust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cosmic_ray" title="Cosmic ray">Cosmic ray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cosmochemistry" title="Cosmochemistry">Cosmochemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diffuse_interstellar_band" class="mw-redirect" title="Diffuse interstellar band">Diffuse interstellar band</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Earliest_known_life_forms" title="Earliest known life forms">Earliest known life forms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extraterrestrial_life" title="Extraterrestrial life">Extraterrestrial life</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extraterrestrial_liquid_water" title="Extraterrestrial liquid water">Extraterrestrial liquid water</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forbidden_mechanism" title="Forbidden mechanism">Forbidden mechanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homochirality" title="Homochirality">Homochirality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intergalactic_dust" title="Intergalactic dust">Intergalactic dust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interplanetary_medium" title="Interplanetary medium">Interplanetary medium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interstellar_medium" title="Interstellar medium">Interstellar medium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iron%E2%80%93sulfur_world_theory" class="mw-redirect" title="Iron–sulfur world theory">Iron–sulfur world theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kerogen" title="Kerogen">Kerogen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Molecules_in_stars" title="Molecules in stars">Molecules in stars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nexus_for_Exoplanet_System_Science" title="Nexus for Exoplanet System Science">Nexus for Exoplanet System Science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organic_compound" title="Organic compound">Organic compound</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outer_space" title="Outer space">Outer space</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PAH_world_hypothesis" title="PAH world hypothesis">PAH world hypothesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photodissociation_region" title="Photodissociation region">Photodissociation region</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polycyclic_aromatic_hydrocarbon" title="Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon">Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon</a> (PAH)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pseudo-panspermia" title="Pseudo-panspermia">Pseudo-panspermia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RNA_world_hypothesis" class="mw-redirect" title="RNA world hypothesis">RNA world hypothesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spectroscopy" title="Spectroscopy">Spectroscopy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tholin" title="Tholin">Tholin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-weight: bold;"><div> <ul><li><b><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Astrochemistry" title="Category:Astrochemistry">Category:Astrochemistry</a></b></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Earth-moon.jpg/17px-Earth-moon.jpg" 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.template-chem2-su>span{display:block;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output sub.template-chem2-sub{font-size:80%;vertical-align:-0.35em}.mw-parser-output sup.template-chem2-sup{font-size:80%;vertical-align:0.65em}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Oxygen_compounds20" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Oxygen_compounds" title="Template:Oxygen compounds"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Oxygen_compounds" title="Template talk:Oxygen compounds"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Oxygen_compounds" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Oxygen compounds"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Oxygen_compounds20" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Oxygen_compounds" title="Oxygen compounds">Oxygen compounds</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Silver(I,III)_oxide" title="Silver(I,III) oxide">Ag<sub>4</sub>O<sub>4</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aluminium_oxide" title="Aluminium oxide">Al<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Americium_dioxide" title="Americium dioxide">AmO<sub>2</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Americium(III)_oxide" title="Americium(III) oxide">Am<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arsenic_trioxide" title="Arsenic trioxide">As<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arsenic_pentoxide" title="Arsenic pentoxide">As<sub>2</sub>O<sub>5</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gold(III)_oxide" title="Gold(III) oxide">Au<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boron_trioxide" title="Boron trioxide">B<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barium_oxide" title="Barium oxide">BaO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beryllium_oxide" title="Beryllium oxide">BeO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bismuth(III)_oxide" title="Bismuth(III) oxide">Bi<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bismuth_tetroxide&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bismuth tetroxide (page does not exist)">BiO<sub>2</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bismuth_pentoxide" title="Bismuth pentoxide">Bi<sub>2</sub>O<sub>5</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bromine_dioxide" title="Bromine dioxide">BrO<sub>2</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dibromine_trioxide" title="Dibromine trioxide">Br<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dibromine_pentoxide" title="Dibromine pentoxide">Br<sub>2</sub>O<sub>5</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tribromine_octoxide" title="Tribromine octoxide"><span class="chemf nowrap">Br<span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:-0.4em;line-height:1em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">3</sub></span></span>O<span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:-0.4em;line-height:1em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">8</sub></span></span></span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbon_monoxide" title="Carbon monoxide">CO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbon_dioxide" title="Carbon dioxide">CO<sub>2</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbon_suboxide" title="Carbon suboxide">C<sub>3</sub>O<sub>2</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calcium_oxide" title="Calcium oxide">CaO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calcium_peroxide" title="Calcium peroxide">CaO<sub>2</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cadmium_oxide" title="Cadmium oxide">CdO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cerium(IV)_oxide" title="Cerium(IV) oxide">CeO<sub>2</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cerium(III,IV)_oxide&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cerium(III,IV) oxide (page does not exist)">Ce<sub>3</sub>O<sub>4</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cerium(III)_oxide" title="Cerium(III) oxide">Ce<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chlorine_dioxide" title="Chlorine dioxide">ClO<sub>2</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dichlorine_monoxide" title="Dichlorine monoxide">Cl<sub>2</sub>O</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chlorine_peroxide" title="Chlorine peroxide">Cl<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dichlorine_trioxide" title="Dichlorine trioxide">Cl<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chlorine_perchlorate" title="Chlorine perchlorate">Cl<sub>2</sub>O<sub>4</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dichlorine_hexoxide" title="Dichlorine hexoxide">Cl<sub>2</sub>O<sub>6</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dichlorine_heptoxide" title="Dichlorine heptoxide">Cl<sub>2</sub>O<sub>7</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cobalt(II)_oxide" title="Cobalt(II) oxide">CoO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cobalt(III)_oxide" title="Cobalt(III) oxide">Co<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cobalt(II,III)_oxide" title="Cobalt(II,III) oxide">Co<sub>3</sub>O<sub>4</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chromium_trioxide" title="Chromium trioxide">CrO<sub>3</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chromium(III)_oxide" title="Chromium(III) oxide">Cr<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chromium(IV)_oxide" title="Chromium(IV) oxide">Cr<sub>2</sub>O<sub>5</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chromic_chromate&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Chromic chromate (page does not exist)">Cr<sub>5</sub>O<sub>12</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cesium_superoxide" class="mw-redirect" title="Cesium superoxide">CsO<sub>2</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caesium_sesquioxide" title="Caesium sesquioxide">Cs<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copper(II)_oxide" title="Copper(II) oxide">CuO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dysprosium(III)_oxide" title="Dysprosium(III) oxide">Dy<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erbium(III)_oxide" title="Erbium(III) oxide">Er<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Europium(III)_oxide" title="Europium(III) oxide">Eu<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iron(II)_oxide" title="Iron(II) oxide">FeO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iron(III)_oxide" title="Iron(III) oxide">Fe<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iron(II,III)_oxide" title="Iron(II,III) oxide">Fe<sub>3</sub>O<sub>4</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gallium(I)_oxide" title="Gallium(I) oxide">Ga<sub>2</sub>O</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gallium(III)_oxide" title="Gallium(III) oxide">Ga<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germanium_monoxide" title="Germanium monoxide">GeO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germanium_dioxide" title="Germanium dioxide">GeO<sub>2</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Properties_of_water" title="Properties of water">H<sub>2</sub>O</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink"><sup>2</sup>H<sub>2</sub>O</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tritiated_water" title="Tritiated water"><sup>3</sup>H<sub>2</sub>O</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">H<sub>2</sub><sup>18</sup>O</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydrogen_peroxide" title="Hydrogen peroxide">H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hafnium(IV)_oxide" title="Hafnium(IV) oxide">HfO<sub>2</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mercury(II)_oxide" title="Mercury(II) oxide">HgO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mercury(I)_oxide" title="Mercury(I) oxide">Hg<sub>2</sub>O</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holmium(III)_oxide" title="Holmium(III) oxide">Ho<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iodine_monoxide" title="Iodine monoxide">IO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iodine_tetroxide" class="mw-redirect" title="Iodine tetroxide">I<sub>2</sub>O<sub>4</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iodine_pentoxide" title="Iodine pentoxide">I<sub>2</sub>O<sub>5</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iodine_hexoxide&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Iodine hexoxide (page does not exist)">I<sub>2</sub>O<sub>6</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tetraiodine_nonoxide" title="Tetraiodine nonoxide">I<sub>4</sub>O<sub>9</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indium(III)_oxide" title="Indium(III) oxide">In<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iridium(IV)_oxide" title="Iridium(IV) oxide">IrO<sub>2</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Potassium_superoxide" title="Potassium superoxide">KO<sub>2</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Potassium_peroxide" title="Potassium peroxide">K<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lanthanum_oxide" title="Lanthanum oxide">La<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithium_oxide" title="Lithium oxide">Li<sub>2</sub>O</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithium_peroxide" title="Lithium peroxide">Li<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lutetium(III)_oxide" title="Lutetium(III) oxide">Lu<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnesium_oxide" title="Magnesium oxide">MgO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnesium_peroxide" title="Magnesium peroxide">Mg<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manganese(II)_oxide" title="Manganese(II) oxide">MnO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manganese_dioxide" title="Manganese dioxide">MnO<sub>2</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manganese(III)_oxide" title="Manganese(III) oxide">Mn<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manganese_heptoxide" title="Manganese heptoxide">Mn<sub>2</sub>O<sub>7</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Molybdenum_dioxide" title="Molybdenum dioxide">MoO<sub>2</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Molybdenum_trioxide" title="Molybdenum trioxide">MoO<sub>3</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Molybdenum(III)_oxide&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Molybdenum(III) oxide (page does not exist)">Mo<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nitric_oxide" title="Nitric oxide">NO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nitrogen_dioxide" title="Nitrogen dioxide">NO<sub>2</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nitrous_oxide" title="Nitrous oxide">N<sub>2</sub>O</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nitrogen_trioxide" class="mw-redirect" title="Nitrogen trioxide">N<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dinitrogen_tetroxide" title="Dinitrogen tetroxide">N<sub>2</sub>O<sub>4</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dinitrogen_pentoxide" title="Dinitrogen pentoxide">N<sub>2</sub>O<sub>5</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sodium_superoxide" title="Sodium superoxide">NaO<sub>2</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sodium_oxide" title="Sodium oxide">Na<sub>2</sub>O</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sodium_peroxide" title="Sodium peroxide">Na<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niobium_monoxide" title="Niobium monoxide">NbO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niobium_dioxide" title="Niobium dioxide">NbO<sub>2</sub></a></li> <li><span class="chemf nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Neodymium(III)_oxide" title="Neodymium(III) oxide">Nd<sub class="template-chem2-sub">2</sub>O<sub class="template-chem2-sub">3</sub></a></span></li> <li><span class="chemf nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Dioxygen_monofluoride" title="Dioxygen monofluoride">O<sub class="template-chem2-sub">2</sub>F</a></span></li> <li><span class="chemf nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Oxygen_monofluoride" title="Oxygen monofluoride">OF</a></span></li> <li><span class="chemf nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Oxygen_difluoride" title="Oxygen difluoride">OF<sub class="template-chem2-sub">2</sub></a></span></li> <li><span class="chemf nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Dioxygen_difluoride" title="Dioxygen difluoride">O<sub class="template-chem2-sub">2</sub>F<sub class="template-chem2-sub">2</sub></a></span></li> <li><span class="chemf nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Trioxygen_difluoride" class="mw-redirect" title="Trioxygen difluoride">O<sub class="template-chem2-sub">3</sub>F<sub class="template-chem2-sub">2</sub></a></span></li> <li><span class="chemf nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Tetraoxygen_difluoride" title="Tetraoxygen difluoride">O<sub class="template-chem2-sub">4</sub>F<sub class="template-chem2-sub">2</sub></a></span></li> <li><span class="chemf nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Pentaoxygen_difluoride" title="Pentaoxygen difluoride">O<sub class="template-chem2-sub">5</sub>F<sub class="template-chem2-sub">2</sub></a></span></li> <li><span class="chemf nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Hexaoxygen_difluoride" title="Hexaoxygen difluoride">O<sub class="template-chem2-sub">6</sub>F<sub class="template-chem2-sub">2</sub></a></span></li> <li><span class="chemf nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Dioxygenyl_hexafluoroplatinate" title="Dioxygenyl hexafluoroplatinate">O<sub class="template-chem2-sub">2</sub>PtF<sub class="template-chem2-sub">6</sub></a></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Oxides" title="Template:Oxides">more...</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Binary_compounds_of_hydrogen571" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Hydrides_by_group" title="Template:Hydrides by group"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Hydrides_by_group" title="Template talk:Hydrides by group"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Hydrides_by_group" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Hydrides by group"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Binary_compounds_of_hydrogen571" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Binary_compounds_of_hydrogen" title="Binary compounds of hydrogen">Binary compounds of hydrogen</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hydride#Ionic_hydrides" title="Hydride">Alkali metal <br />(Group 1) hydrides</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lithium_hydride" title="Lithium hydride">LiH</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sodium_hydride" title="Sodium hydride">NaH</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Potassium_hydride" title="Potassium hydride">KH</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rubidium_hydride" title="Rubidium hydride">RbH</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caesium_hydride" title="Caesium hydride">CsH</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hydride#Ionic_hydrides" title="Hydride">Alkaline (Group 2) <br />earth hydrides</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Monohydrides12" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Monohydrides</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beryllium_monohydride" title="Beryllium monohydride">BeH</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnesium_monohydride" title="Magnesium monohydride">MgH</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calcium_monohydride" title="Calcium monohydride">CaH</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Strontium_monohydride&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Strontium monohydride (page does not exist)">SrH</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Barium_monohydride&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Barium monohydride (page does not exist)">BaH</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Dihydrides10" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Dihydrides</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beryllium_hydride" title="Beryllium hydride">BeH<sub>2</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnesium_hydride" title="Magnesium hydride">MgH<sub>2</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calcium_hydride" title="Calcium hydride">CaH<sub>2</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strontium_hydride" title="Strontium hydride">SrH<sub>2</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barium_hydride" title="Barium hydride">BaH<sub>2</sub></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Group_13_hydride" title="Group 13 hydride">Group 13 <br />hydrides</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Boranes11" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Boranes" title="Boranes">Boranes</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Borane" title="Borane">BH<sub>3</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boron_monohydride" title="Boron monohydride">BH</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diborane" title="Diborane">B<sub>2</sub>H<sub>6</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diborane(2)" title="Diborane(2)">B<sub>2</sub>H<sub>2</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diborane(4)" title="Diborane(4)">B<sub>2</sub>H<sub>4</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tetraborane" title="Tetraborane">B<sub>4</sub>H<sub>10</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pentaborane(9)" title="Pentaborane(9)">B<sub>5</sub>H<sub>9</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pentaborane(11)" title="Pentaborane(11)">B<sub>5</sub>H<sub>11</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hexaborane(10)" title="Hexaborane(10)">B<sub>6</sub>H<sub>10</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hexaborane(12)" title="Hexaborane(12)">B<sub>6</sub>H<sub>12</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decaborane" title="Decaborane">B<sub>10</sub>H<sub>14</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Octadecaborane" title="Octadecaborane">B<sub>18</sub>H<sub>22</sub></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Alanes6" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Alanes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aluminium_hydride" title="Aluminium hydride">AlH<sub>3</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dialane" title="Dialane">Al<sub>2</sub>H<sub>6</sub></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Gallanes8" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Gallanes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gallane" title="Gallane">GaH<sub>3</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digallane" title="Digallane">Ga<sub>2</sub>H<sub>6</sub></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Indiganes9" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Indiganes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indium_trihydride" title="Indium trihydride">InH<sub>3</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Diindigane&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Diindigane (page does not exist)">In<sub>2</sub>H<sub>6</sub></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Thallanes9" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Thallanes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thallane" title="Thallane">TlH<sub>3</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dithallane&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dithallane (page does not exist)">Tl<sub>2</sub>H<sub>6</sub></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Nihonanes_(predicted)38" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nihonium" title="Nihonium">Nihonanes</a> (<i>predicted</i>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i>NhH</i></li> <li><i>NhH<sub>3</sub></i></li> <li><i>Nh<sub>2</sub>H<sub>6</sub></i></li> <li><i>NhH<sub>5</sub></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Group_14_hydride" title="Group 14 hydride">Group 14 hydrides</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Hydrocarbons28" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hydrocarbon" title="Hydrocarbon">Hydrocarbons</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alkane" title="Alkane">alkanes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alkene" title="Alkene">alkenes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alkyne" title="Alkyne">alkynes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cycloalkane" title="Cycloalkane">Cycloalkanes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cycloalkene" title="Cycloalkene">Cycloalkenes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cycloalkyne" title="Cycloalkyne">Cycloalkynes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annulenes" class="mw-redirect" title="Annulenes">Annulenes</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Methylidyne_radical" title="Methylidyne radical">CH</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methylene_(compound)" title="Methylene (compound)">CH<sub>2</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methyl_radical" title="Methyl radical">CH<sub>3</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethynyl_radical" title="Ethynyl radical">C<sub>2</sub>H</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Silanes11" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Silanes" title="Silanes">Silanes</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Silane" title="Silane">SiH<sub>4</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disilane" title="Disilane">Si<sub>2</sub>H<sub>6</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trisilane" title="Trisilane">Si<sub>3</sub>H<sub>8</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tetrasilane" title="Tetrasilane">Si<sub>4</sub>H<sub>10</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pentasilane" class="mw-redirect" title="Pentasilane">Si<sub>5</sub>H<sub>12</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hexasilane" class="mw-redirect" title="Hexasilane">Si<sub>6</sub>H<sub>14</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Heptasilane&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Heptasilane (page does not exist)">Si<sub>7</sub>H<sub>16</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Octasilane&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Octasilane (page does not exist)">Si<sub>8</sub>H<sub>18</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nonasilane&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nonasilane (page does not exist)">Si<sub>9</sub>H<sub>20</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Decasilane&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Decasilane (page does not exist)">Si<sub>10</sub>H<sub>22</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silanes" title="Silanes">more...</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Silenes11" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Silenes" title="Silenes">Silenes</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Disilene" title="Disilene">Si<sub>2</sub>H<sub>4</sub></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Silynes11" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Silynes&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Silynes (page does not exist)">Silynes</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Disilyne" title="Disilyne">Si<sub>2</sub>H<sub>2</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silicon_monohydride" class="mw-redirect" title="Silicon monohydride">SiH</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Germanes12" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Germanes&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Germanes (page does not exist)">Germanes</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Germane" title="Germane">GeH<sub>4</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digermane" title="Digermane">Ge<sub>2</sub>H<sub>6</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Trigermane&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Trigermane (page does not exist)">Ge<sub>3</sub>H<sub>8</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tetragermane&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tetragermane (page does not exist)">Ge<sub>4</sub>H<sub>10</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pentagermane&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pentagermane (page does not exist)">Ge<sub>5</sub>H<sub>12</sub></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Stannanes13" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Stannanes" class="mw-redirect" title="Stannanes">Stannanes</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stannane" title="Stannane">SnH<sub>4</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Distannane&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Distannane (page does not exist)">Sn<sub>2</sub>H<sub>6</sub></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Plumbanes9" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Plumbanes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Plumbane" title="Plumbane">PbH<sub>4</sub></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Flerovanes_(predicted)40" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Flerovium" title="Flerovium">Flerovanes</a> (<i>predicted</i>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i>FlH</i></li> <li><i>FlH<sub>2</sub></i></li> <li><i>FlH<sub>4</sub></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Pnictogen_hydride" title="Pnictogen hydride">Pnictogen <br />(Group 15) hydrides</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Azanes16" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Azane" title="Azane">Azanes</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ammonia" title="Ammonia">NH<sub>3</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydrazine" title="Hydrazine">N<sub>2</sub>H<sub>4</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Triazane" title="Triazane">N<sub>3</sub>H<sub>5</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tetrazane&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tetrazane (page does not exist)">N<sub>4</sub>H<sub>6</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pentazane&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pentazane (page does not exist)">N<sub>5</sub>H<sub>7</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hexazane&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hexazane (page does not exist)">N<sub>6</sub>H<sub>8</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Heptazane&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Heptazane (page does not exist)">N<sub>7</sub>H<sub>9</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Octazane&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Octazane (page does not exist)">N<sub>8</sub>H<sub>10</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nonazane&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nonazane (page does not exist)">N<sub>9</sub>H<sub>11</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Decazane&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Decazane (page does not exist)">N<sub>10</sub>H<sub>12</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azane" title="Azane">more...</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Azenes23" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Azo_compound" title="Azo compound">Azenes</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Diazene" class="mw-redirect" title="Diazene">N<sub>2</sub>H<sub>2</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Triazene" title="Triazene">N<sub>3</sub>H<sub>3</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tetrazene" title="Tetrazene">N<sub>4</sub>H<sub>4</sub></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Phosphanes14" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Phosphanes&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Phosphanes (page does not exist)">Phosphanes</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Phosphine" title="Phosphine">PH<sub>3</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diphosphane" title="Diphosphane">P<sub>2</sub>H<sub>4</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Triphosphane" title="Triphosphane">P<sub>3</sub>H<sub>5</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tetraphosphane&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tetraphosphane (page does not exist)">P<sub>4</sub>H<sub>6</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pentaphosphane&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pentaphosphane (page does not exist)">P<sub>5</sub>H<sub>7</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hexaphosphane&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hexaphosphane (page does not exist)">P<sub>6</sub>H<sub>8</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Heptaphosphane&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Heptaphosphane (page does not exist)">P<sub>7</sub>H<sub>9</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Octaphosphane&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Octaphosphane (page does not exist)">P<sub>8</sub>H<sub>10</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nonaphosphane&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nonaphosphane (page does not exist)">P<sub>9</sub>H<sub>11</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Decaphosphane&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Decaphosphane (page does not exist)">P<sub>10</sub>H<sub>12</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Phosphanes&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Phosphanes (page does not exist)">more...</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Phosphenes27" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Diphosphenes" title="Diphosphenes">Phosphenes</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Diphosphene" title="Diphosphene">P<sub>2</sub>H<sub>2</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Triphosphene&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Triphosphene (page does not exist)">P<sub>3</sub>H<sub>3</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tetraphosphene&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tetraphosphene (page does not exist)">P<sub>4</sub>H<sub>4</sub></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Arsanes11" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Arsane" class="mw-redirect" title="Arsane">Arsanes</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arsine" title="Arsine">AsH<sub>3</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diarsine" class="mw-redirect" title="Diarsine">As<sub>2</sub>H<sub>4</sub></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Stibanes8" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Stibanes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stibine" title="Stibine">SbH<sub>3</sub></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Bismuthanes11" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Bismuthanes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bismuthine" title="Bismuthine">BiH<sub>3</sub></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Moscovanes10" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Moscovanes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Moscovium" title="Moscovium">McH<sub>3</sub></a></i> (<i>predicted</i>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hydrazoic_acid" title="Hydrazoic acid">HN<sub>3</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imidogen" title="Imidogen">NH</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pentazole" title="Pentazole">HN<sub>5</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nitrogen_pentahydride" title="Nitrogen pentahydride">NH<sub>5</sub></a> <i>(hypothetical)</i></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hydrogen_chalcogenide" title="Hydrogen chalcogenide">Hydrogen <br />chalcogenides <br />(Group 16 hydrides)</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Polyoxidanes35" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hydrogen_polyoxide" title="Hydrogen polyoxide">Polyoxidanes</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <li><a href="/wiki/Properties_of_water" title="Properties of water">H<sub>2</sub>O</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydrogen_peroxide" title="Hydrogen peroxide">H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trioxidane" title="Trioxidane">H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tetraoxidane" title="Tetraoxidane">H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>4</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pentaoxidane" title="Pentaoxidane">H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>5</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydrogen_polyoxide" title="Hydrogen polyoxide">more...</a></li> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Polysulfanes28" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Polysulfane" title="Polysulfane">Polysulfanes</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hydrogen_sulfide" title="Hydrogen sulfide">H<sub>2</sub>S</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydrogen_disulfide" title="Hydrogen disulfide">H<sub>2</sub>S<sub>2</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trisulfane" title="Trisulfane">H<sub>2</sub>S<sub>3</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hydrogen_tetrasulfide&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hydrogen tetrasulfide (page does not exist)">H<sub>2</sub>S<sub>4</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hydrogen_pentasulfide&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hydrogen pentasulfide (page does not exist)">H<sub>2</sub>S<sub>5</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hydrogen_hexasulfide&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hydrogen hexasulfide (page does not exist)">H<sub>2</sub>S<sub>6</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hydrogen_heptasulfide&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hydrogen heptasulfide (page does not exist)">H<sub>2</sub>S<sub>7</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hydrogen_octasulfide&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hydrogen octasulfide (page does not exist)">H<sub>2</sub>S<sub>8</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hydrogen_nonasulfide&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hydrogen nonasulfide (page does not exist)">H<sub>2</sub>S<sub>9</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hydrogen_decasulfide&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hydrogen decasulfide (page does not exist)">H<sub>2</sub>S<sub>10</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polysulfane" title="Polysulfane">more...</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Selanes11" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Selanes" class="mw-redirect" title="Selanes">Selanes</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hydrogen_selenide" title="Hydrogen selenide">H<sub>2</sub>Se</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydrogen_diselenide" title="Hydrogen diselenide">H<sub>2</sub>Se<sub>2</sub></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Tellanes8" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Tellanes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hydrogen_telluride" title="Hydrogen telluride">H<sub>2</sub>Te</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydrogen_ditelluride" title="Hydrogen ditelluride">H<sub>2</sub>Te<sub>2</sub></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Polanes7" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Polanes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Polonium_hydride" title="Polonium hydride">PoH<sub>2</sub></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Livermoranes12" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Livermoranes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Livermorium" title="Livermorium">LvH<sub>2</sub></a></i> (<i>predicted</i>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hydroxyl_radical" title="Hydroxyl radical">HO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydroperoxyl" title="Hydroperoxyl">HO<sub>2</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydrogen_ozonide" title="Hydrogen ozonide">HO<sub>3</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oxywater&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Oxywater (page does not exist)">H<sub>2</sub>O<sup>+</sup>–O<sup>–</sup></a> <i>(hypothetical)</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sulfanyl" title="Sulfanyl">HS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semiheavy_water" title="Semiheavy water">HDO</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">D<sub>2</sub>O</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tritiated_water" title="Tritiated water">T<sub>2</sub>O</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hydrogen_halide" title="Hydrogen halide">Hydrogen halides <br />(Group 17 hydrides)</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydrogen_fluoride" title="Hydrogen fluoride">HF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydrogen_chloride" title="Hydrogen chloride">HCl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydrogen_bromide" title="Hydrogen bromide">HBr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydrogen_iodide" title="Hydrogen iodide">HI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydrogen_astatide" title="Hydrogen astatide">HAt</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tennessine" title="Tennessine">HTs</a></i> (<i>predicted</i>)</li> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Transition_metal_hydrides" class="mw-redirect" title="Transition metal hydrides">Transition <br />metal hydrides</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Scandium_hydride" title="Scandium hydride">ScH<sub>2</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yttrium_hydride" title="Yttrium hydride">YH<sub>2</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yttrium_trihydride&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Yttrium trihydride (page does not exist)">YH<sub>3</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yttrium_hexahydride&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Yttrium hexahydride (page does not exist)">YH<sub>6</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yttrium_nonahydride&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Yttrium nonahydride (page does not exist)">YH<sub>9</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lutetium_dihydride&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lutetium dihydride (page does not exist)">LuH<sub>2</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lutetium_trihydride&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lutetium trihydride (page does not exist)">LuH<sub>3</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Titanium_hydride" title="Titanium hydride">TiH<sub>2</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Titanium(IV)_hydride" title="Titanium(IV) hydride">TiH<sub>4</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zirconium(II)_hydride" title="Zirconium(II) hydride">ZrH<sub>2</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zirconium_hydride" title="Zirconium hydride">ZrH<sub>4</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hafnium(II)_hydride&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hafnium(II) hydride (page does not exist)">HfH<sub>2</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hafnium_hydride&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hafnium hydride (page does not exist)">HfH<sub>4</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vanadium(I)_hydride&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Vanadium(I) hydride (page does not exist)">VH</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vanadium(II)_hydride&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Vanadium(II) hydride (page does not exist)">VH<sub>2</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Niobium_monohydride&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Niobium monohydride (page does not exist)">NbH</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Niobium_dihydride&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Niobium dihydride (page does not exist)">NbH<sub>2</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tantalum_monohydride&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tantalum monohydride (page does not exist)">TaH</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tantalum_dihydride&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tantalum dihydride (page does not exist)">TaH<sub>2</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chromium(I)_hydride" title="Chromium(I) hydride">CrH</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chromium(II)_hydride" title="Chromium(II) hydride">CrH<sub>2</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chromium_hydride" title="Chromium hydride">CrH<sub>x</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iron(I)_hydride" title="Iron(I) hydride">FeH</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iron(II)_hydride" title="Iron(II) hydride">FeH<sub>2</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iron_pentahydride" title="Iron pentahydride">FeH<sub>5</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cobalt(II)_hydride" title="Cobalt(II) hydride">CoH<sub>2</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rhodium_hydride&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rhodium hydride (page does not exist)">RhH<sub>2</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iridium_trihydride" title="Iridium trihydride">IrH<sub>3</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nickel_hydride" title="Nickel hydride">NiH</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palladium_hydride" title="Palladium hydride">PdH<sub><i>x</i></sub> (<i>x</i> < 1)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Platinum_hydride&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Platinum hydride (page does not exist)">PtH<sub><i>x</i></sub> (<i>x</i>< 1) </a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Darmstadtium" title="Darmstadtium">DsH<sub>2</sub></a></i> (<i>predicted</i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copper_hydride" title="Copper hydride">CuH</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Roentgenium" title="Roentgenium">RgH</a></i> (<i>predicted</i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zinc_hydride" title="Zinc hydride">ZnH<sub>2</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cadmium_hydride" title="Cadmium hydride">CdH<sub>2</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mercury(I)_hydride" title="Mercury(I) hydride">HgH</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mercury(I)_hydride" title="Mercury(I) hydride">Hg<sub>2</sub>H<sub>2</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mercury(II)_hydride" title="Mercury(II) hydride">HgH<sub>2</sub></a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Copernicium" title="Copernicium">CnH<sub>2</sub></a></i> (<i>predicted</i>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lanthanide_hydrides&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lanthanide hydrides (page does not exist)">Lanthanide hydrides</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lanthanum_dihydride&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lanthanum dihydride (page does not exist)">LaH<sub>2</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lanthanum_trihydride&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lanthanum trihydride (page does not exist)">LaH<sub>3</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lanthanum_decahydride" title="Lanthanum decahydride">LaH<sub>10</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cerium_dihydride&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cerium dihydride (page does not exist)">CeH<sub>2</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cerium_trihydride&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cerium trihydride (page does not exist)">CeH<sub>3</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Praseodymium_dihydride&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Praseodymium dihydride (page does not exist)">PrH<sub>2</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Praseodymium_hydride&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Praseodymium hydride (page does not exist)">PrH<sub>3</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neodymium(II)_hydride" title="Neodymium(II) hydride">NdH<sub>2</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neodymium(III)_hydride" title="Neodymium(III) hydride">NdH<sub>3</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Samarium_dihydride&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Samarium dihydride (page does not exist)">SmH<sub>2</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Samarium_trihydride&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Samarium trihydride (page does not exist)">SmH<sub>3</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Europium_hydride" title="Europium hydride">EuH<sub>2</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gadolinium_dihydride&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gadolinium dihydride (page does not exist)">GdH<sub>2</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gadolinium_trihydride&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gadolinium trihydride (page does not exist)">GdH<sub>3</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Terbium_dihydride&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Terbium dihydride (page does not exist)">TbH<sub>2</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Terbium_trihydride&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Terbium trihydride (page does not exist)">TbH<sub>3</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dysprosium_dihydride&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dysprosium dihydride (page does not exist)">DyH<sub>2</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dysprosium_trihydride&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dysprosium trihydride (page does not exist)">DyH<sub>3</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Holmium_dihydride&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Holmium dihydride (page does not exist)">HoH<sub>2</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Holmium_trihydride&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Holmium trihydride (page does not exist)">HoH<sub>3</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Erbium_dihydride&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Erbium dihydride (page does not exist)">ErH<sub>2</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Erbium_trihydride&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Erbium trihydride (page does not exist)">ErH<sub>3</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thulium_dihydride&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Thulium dihydride (page does not exist)">TmH<sub>2</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thulium_trihydride&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Thulium trihydride (page does not exist)">TmH<sub>3</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ytterbium(II)_hydride" title="Ytterbium(II) hydride">YbH<sub>2</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lutetium_dihydride&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lutetium dihydride (page does not exist)">LuH<sub>2</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lutetium_trihydride&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lutetium trihydride (page does not exist)">LuH<sub>3</sub></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Actinide_hydrides&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Actinide hydrides (page does not exist)">Actinide hydrides</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Actinium_dihydride&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Actinium dihydride (page does not exist)">AcH<sub>2</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thorium_hydride&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Thorium hydride (page does not exist)">ThH<sub>2</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thorium(IV)_hydride&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Thorium(IV) hydride (page does not exist)">ThH<sub>4</sub></a></li> <li>Th<sub>4</sub>H<sub>15</sub></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protactinium_trihydride" title="Protactinium trihydride">PaH<sub>3</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uranium(III)_hydride" title="Uranium(III) hydride">UH<sub>3</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uranium(IV)_hydride" title="Uranium(IV) hydride">UH<sub>4</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Neptunium_dihydride&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Neptunium dihydride (page does not exist)">NpH<sub>2</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Neptunium_trihydride&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Neptunium trihydride (page does not exist)">NpH<sub>3</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plutonium_hydride" title="Plutonium hydride">PuH<sub>2</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plutonium_hydride" title="Plutonium hydride">PuH<sub>3</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Americium_dihydride&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Americium dihydride (page does not exist)">AmH<sub>2</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Americium_trihydride" title="Americium trihydride">AmH<sub>3</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Curium_hydride&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Curium hydride (page does not exist)">CmH<sub>2</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Berkelium_dihydride&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Berkelium dihydride (page does not exist)">BkH<sub>2</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Berkelium_trihydride&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Berkelium trihydride (page does not exist)">BkH<sub>3</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Californium_dihydride&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Californium dihydride (page does not exist)">CfH<sub>2</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Californium_trihydride&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Californium trihydride (page does not exist)">CfH<sub>3</sub></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Exotic_atoms" class="mw-redirect" title="Exotic atoms">Exotic matter hydrides</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Positronium_hydride" title="Positronium hydride">PsH</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Deuterated_NMR_solvents156" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:NMR_solvents" title="Template:NMR solvents"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:NMR_solvents" title="Template talk:NMR solvents"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:NMR_solvents" title="Special:EditPage/Template:NMR solvents"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Deuterated_NMR_solvents156" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Deuterated_solvent" title="Deuterated solvent">Deuterated NMR solvents</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Deuterated_acetone" title="Deuterated acetone">Deuterated acetone</a> - (CD<sub>3</sub>)<sub>2</sub>C=O</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deuterated_benzene" title="Deuterated benzene">Deuterated benzene</a> - C<sub>6</sub>D<sub>6</sub></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deuterated_chloroform" title="Deuterated chloroform">Deuterated chloroform</a> - CDCl<sub>3</sub></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deuterated_dichloromethane" title="Deuterated dichloromethane">Deuterated dichloromethane</a> - CD<sub>2</sub>Cl<sub>2</sub></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deuterated_DMF" title="Deuterated DMF">Deuterated DMF</a> - (CD<sub>3</sub>)<sub>2</sub>NCOD</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deuterated_DMSO" title="Deuterated DMSO">Deuterated DMSO</a> - (CD<sub>3</sub>)<sub>2</sub>S=O</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deuterated_ethanol" title="Deuterated ethanol">Deuterated ethanol</a> - C<sub>2</sub>D<sub>5</sub>OD</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deuterated_methanol" title="Deuterated methanol">Deuterated methanol</a> - CD<sub>3</sub>OD</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deuterated_THF" title="Deuterated THF">Deuterated THF</a> - (C<sub>4</sub>D<sub>8</sub>)O</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Deuterated water</a> - D<sub>2</sub>O</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <dl><dt>Reference</dt> <dd></dd> <dd><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.chem.wisc.edu/areas/reich/Handouts/nmr/NMR-Solvents.htm">1H and 13C chemical shifts</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-label="Navbox1284" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority 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