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mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>登录</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> 未登录编辑者的页面 <a href="/wiki/Help:%E6%96%B0%E6%89%8B%E5%85%A5%E9%97%A8" aria-label="了解有关编辑的更多信息"><span>了解详情</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E6%88%91%E7%9A%84%E8%B4%A1%E7%8C%AE" title="来自此IP地址的编辑列表[y]" accesskey="y"><span>贡献</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E6%88%91%E7%9A%84%E8%AE%A8%E8%AE%BA%E9%A1%B5" title="对于来自此IP地址编辑的讨论[n]" accesskey="n"><span>讨论</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="站点"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="目录" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">目录</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">移至侧栏</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">隐藏</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">序言</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-背景" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#背景"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>背景</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-背景-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-沿革" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#沿革"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>沿革</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-沿革-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-管轄區域" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#管轄區域"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>管轄區域</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-管轄區域-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-噶廈官制" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#噶廈官制"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>噶廈官制</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-噶廈官制-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>开关噶廈官制子章节</span> </button> <ul id="toc-噶廈官制-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-下屬機構" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#下屬機構"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>下屬機構</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-下屬機構-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-西藏流亡政府的噶廈" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#西藏流亡政府的噶廈"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>西藏流亡政府的噶廈</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-西藏流亡政府的噶廈-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-参考文献" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#参考文献"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>参考文献</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-参考文献-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>开关参考文献子章节</span> </button> <ul id="toc-参考文献-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-引用" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#引用"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>引用</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-引用-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-来源" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#来源"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>来源</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-来源-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-参见" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#参见"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>参见</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-参见-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="目录" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="开关目录" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">开关目录</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">噶廈</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="前往另一种语言写成的文章。11种语言可用" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-11" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">11种语言</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%96%E0%BD%80%E0%BD%A0%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A4%E0%BD%82%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%96%E0%BD%99%E0%BD%B4%E0%BD%82%E0%BD%A6%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%9A%E0%BD%B4%E0%BD%A3%E0%BC%8D" title="བཀའ་ཤག་བཙུགས་ཚུལ། – 藏语" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="བཀའ་ཤག་བཙུགས་ཚུལ།" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="藏语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>བོད་ཡིག</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kashag" title="Kashag – 英语" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Kashag" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="英语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kashag" title="Kashag – 西班牙语" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Kashag" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="西班牙语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kashag" title="Kashag – 法语" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Kashag" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="法语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%97" title="कशाग – 印地语" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="कशाग" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="印地语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kashag" title="Kashag – 印度尼西亚语" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Kashag" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="印度尼西亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kashag" title="Kashag – 荷兰语" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Kashag" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="荷兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaszag" title="Kaszag – 波兰语" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Kaszag" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="波兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kashag" title="Kashag – 葡萄牙语" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Kashag" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="葡萄牙语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%88%D0%B0%D0%B3" title="Кашаг – 俄语" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Кашаг" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="俄语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%99%B6%E5%BB%88" title="噶廈 – 粤语" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="噶廈" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="粤语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q2012533#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="编辑跨语言链接" class="wbc-editpage">编辑链接</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="命名空间"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%E5%99%B6%E5%BB%88" title="浏览条目正文[c]" accesskey="c"><span>条目</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:%E5%99%B6%E5%BB%88" rel="discussion" title="关于此页面的讨论[t]" accesskey="t"><span>讨论</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="更改语言变体" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">不转换</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-varlang-0" class="selected ca-variants-zh mw-list-item"><a href="/zh/%E5%99%B6%E5%BB%88" lang="zh" hreflang="zh"><span>不转换</span></a></li><li id="ca-varlang-1" class="ca-variants-zh-Hans mw-list-item"><a href="/zh-hans/%E5%99%B6%E5%BB%88" lang="zh-Hans" hreflang="zh-Hans"><span>简体</span></a></li><li id="ca-varlang-2" class="ca-variants-zh-Hant mw-list-item"><a href="/zh-hant/%E5%99%B6%E5%BB%88" lang="zh-Hant" hreflang="zh-Hant"><span>繁體</span></a></li><li id="ca-varlang-3" class="ca-variants-zh-Hans-CN mw-list-item"><a href="/zh-cn/%E5%99%B6%E5%BB%88" lang="zh-Hans-CN" hreflang="zh-Hans-CN"><span>大陆简体</span></a></li><li id="ca-varlang-4" class="ca-variants-zh-Hant-HK mw-list-item"><a href="/zh-hk/%E5%99%B6%E5%BB%88" lang="zh-Hant-HK" hreflang="zh-Hant-HK"><span>香港繁體</span></a></li><li id="ca-varlang-5" class="ca-variants-zh-Hant-MO mw-list-item"><a href="/zh-mo/%E5%99%B6%E5%BB%88" lang="zh-Hant-MO" hreflang="zh-Hant-MO"><span>澳門繁體</span></a></li><li id="ca-varlang-6" class="ca-variants-zh-Hans-MY mw-list-item"><a href="/zh-my/%E5%99%B6%E5%BB%88" lang="zh-Hans-MY" hreflang="zh-Hans-MY"><span>大马简体</span></a></li><li id="ca-varlang-7" class="ca-variants-zh-Hans-SG mw-list-item"><a href="/zh-sg/%E5%99%B6%E5%BB%88" lang="zh-Hans-SG" hreflang="zh-Hans-SG"><span>新加坡简体</span></a></li><li id="ca-varlang-8" class="ca-variants-zh-Hant-TW mw-list-item"><a href="/zh-tw/%E5%99%B6%E5%BB%88" lang="zh-Hant-TW" hreflang="zh-Hant-TW"><span>臺灣正體</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="查看"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%E5%99%B6%E5%BB%88"><span>阅读</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%99%B6%E5%BB%88&action=edit" title="编辑该页面[e]" accesskey="e"><span>编辑</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%99%B6%E5%BB%88&action=history" title="本页面的早前版本。[h]" accesskey="h"><span>查看历史</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="页面工具"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="工具" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">工具</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">工具</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">移至侧栏</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" 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data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">移至侧栏</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">隐藏</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">维基百科，自由的百科全书</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="zh" dir="ltr"><figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bundesarchiv_Bild_135-S-12-47-14,_Tibetexpedition,_Lhasa,_Blick_auf_den_Stadttempel.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Bundesarchiv_Bild_135-S-12-47-14%2C_Tibetexpedition%2C_Lhasa%2C_Blick_auf_den_Stadttempel.jpg/200px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_135-S-12-47-14%2C_Tibetexpedition%2C_Lhasa%2C_Blick_auf_den_Stadttempel.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="283" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Bundesarchiv_Bild_135-S-12-47-14%2C_Tibetexpedition%2C_Lhasa%2C_Blick_auf_den_Stadttempel.jpg/300px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_135-S-12-47-14%2C_Tibetexpedition%2C_Lhasa%2C_Blick_auf_den_Stadttempel.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Bundesarchiv_Bild_135-S-12-47-14%2C_Tibetexpedition%2C_Lhasa%2C_Blick_auf_den_Stadttempel.jpg/400px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_135-S-12-47-14%2C_Tibetexpedition%2C_Lhasa%2C_Blick_auf_den_Stadttempel.jpg 2x" data-file-width="566" data-file-height="800" /></a><figcaption>位于<a href="/wiki/%E6%8B%89%E8%90%A8" class="mw-redirect" title="拉萨">拉萨</a>的原噶廈駐地<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E6%98%AD%E5%AF%BA" title="大昭寺">大昭寺</a></figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ekzilita_tibeta_administrejo_pri_internaciaj_aferoj.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Ekzilita_tibeta_administrejo_pri_internaciaj_aferoj.jpg/200px-Ekzilita_tibeta_administrejo_pri_internaciaj_aferoj.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Ekzilita_tibeta_administrejo_pri_internaciaj_aferoj.jpg/300px-Ekzilita_tibeta_administrejo_pri_internaciaj_aferoj.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Ekzilita_tibeta_administrejo_pri_internaciaj_aferoj.jpg/400px-Ekzilita_tibeta_administrejo_pri_internaciaj_aferoj.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="480" /></a><figcaption>位於<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%B0%E5%BA%A6" title="印度">印度</a><a href="/wiki/%E9%81%94%E8%98%AD%E8%96%A9%E6%8B%89" class="mw-redirect" title="達蘭薩拉">達蘭薩拉</a>的<a href="/wiki/%E8%97%8F%E4%BA%BA%E8%A1%8C%E6%94%BF%E4%B8%AD%E5%A4%AE" title="藏人行政中央">流亡噶廈</a></figcaption></figure> <p><b>噶嗄</b><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>（<a href="/wiki/%E8%97%8F%E8%AA%9E" title="藏語">藏語</a>：<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r64579233">.mw-parser-output .uchen{font-family:"Qomolangma-Dunhuang","Qomolangma-Uchen Sarchen","Qomolangma-Uchen Sarchung","Qomolangma-Uchen Suring","Qomolangma-Uchen Sutung","Qomolangma-Title","Qomolangma-Subtitle","Qomolangma-Woodblock","BabelStone Tibetan Slim",Jomolhari,"Yagpo Tibetan Uni","DDC Uchen","DDC Rinzin",Kailash,"TCRC Youtso Unicode","Tibetan Machine Uni",Wangdi29,"Noto Serif Tibetan","Noto Sans Tibetan","Microsoft Himalaya"}.mw-parser-output .ume{font-family:"Qomolangma-Betsu","Qomolangma-Chuyig","Qomolangma-Drutsa","Qomolangma-Edict","Qomolangma-Tsumachu","Qomolangma-Tsuring","Qomolangma-Tsutong","TibetanSambhotaYigchung","TibetanTsugRing","TibetanYigchung"}</style><span lang="bo" class="uchen" style="font-size:1.25em; word-wrap:break-word;">བཀའ་ཤག་</span>，<a href="/wiki/%E5%A8%81%E5%88%A9%E8%BD%AC%E5%86%99" title="威利转写">威利转写</a>：<span class="Unicode">bkaʼ-shag</span>，<a href="/wiki/THL%E8%97%8F%E6%96%87%E8%BD%89%E5%AF%AB" title="THL藏文轉寫">THL</a>：<span class="Unicode">ka-shak</span>，<a href="/wiki/%E8%97%8F%E8%AF%AD%E6%B1%89%E8%AF%AD%E6%8B%BC%E9%9F%B3%E5%AD%97%E6%AF%8D%E9%9F%B3%E8%AF%91%E8%BD%AC%E5%86%99%E6%B3%95" title="藏语汉语拼音字母音译转写法">藏语拼音</a>：<span class="Unicode">Gaxag</span>），一譯“<b>噶沙</b>”，是<a href="/wiki/%E5%99%B6%E5%80%AB" title="噶倫">噶倫</a>辦理政事之所，為舊時<a href="/wiki/%E8%A5%BF%E8%97%8F" class="mw-redirect" title="西藏">西藏</a>的行政中心。<sup id="cite_ref-GoldsteinRimpoche1989_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GoldsteinRimpoche1989-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>藏語又稱<b>第巴雄</b>（<a href="/wiki/%E8%97%8F%E8%AA%9E" title="藏語">藏語</a>：<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r64579233"><span lang="bo" class="uchen" style="font-size:1.25em; word-wrap:break-word;">སྡེ་པ་གཞུང་</span>，<a href="/wiki/%E5%A8%81%E5%88%A9%E8%BD%AC%E5%86%99" title="威利转写">威利转写</a>：<span class="Unicode">sde pa gzhung</span>，「<a href="/wiki/%E7%AC%AC%E5%B7%B4" title="第巴">第巴</a>政府」）、<b>博雄</b>（<a href="/wiki/%E8%97%8F%E8%AA%9E" title="藏語">藏語</a>：<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r64579233"><span lang="bo" class="uchen" style="font-size:1.25em; word-wrap:break-word;">བོད་གཞུང་</span>，<a href="/wiki/%E5%A8%81%E5%88%A9%E8%BD%AC%E5%86%99" title="威利转写">威利转写</a>：<span class="Unicode">bod gzhung</span>，「西藏政府」）。<sup id="cite_ref-ryukoku_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ryukoku-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>此機構於<a href="/wiki/%E6%B8%85%E6%9C%9D%E6%B2%BB%E8%97%8F%E6%AD%B7%E5%8F%B2" title="清朝治藏歷史">清代</a><a href="/wiki/%E4%B9%BE%E9%9A%86" title="乾隆">乾隆</a>十六年（1751年）始置。噶廈駐地在<a href="/wiki/%E6%8B%89%E8%96%A9" class="mw-redirect" title="拉薩">拉薩</a><a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E6%98%AD%E5%AF%BA" title="大昭寺">大昭寺</a>，長官為<a href="/wiki/%E5%99%B6%E5%80%AB" title="噶倫">噶倫</a>，秉承<a href="/wiki/%E9%81%94%E8%B3%B4%E5%96%87%E5%98%9B" class="mw-redirect" title="達賴喇嘛">達賴喇嘛</a>旨意辦事。1912年<a href="/wiki/%E6%B8%85%E6%9C%9D" title="清朝">清朝</a>滅亡後<a href="/wiki/%E9%A7%90%E8%97%8F%E5%A4%A7%E8%87%A3" title="駐藏大臣">駐藏大臣</a>等清朝官員<a href="/wiki/%E7%AC%AC%E4%B8%80%E6%AC%A1%E9%A9%85%E6%BC%A2%E4%BA%8B%E4%BB%B6" title="第一次驅漢事件">被逐出境</a>。<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%81%E4%B8%89%E4%B8%96%E9%81%94%E8%B3%B4%E5%96%87%E5%98%9B" class="mw-redirect" title="十三世達賴喇嘛">十三世達賴喇嘛</a>返藏並掌握軍政實權。此後在1912年至1959年期間，噶廈成為事實上的西藏政府。 </p><p>1959年，<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%81%E5%9B%9B%E4%B8%96%E8%BE%BE%E8%B5%96%E5%96%87%E5%98%9B" class="mw-redirect" title="十四世达赖喇嘛">十四世達賴喇嘛</a>流亡<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%B0%E5%BA%A6" title="印度">印度</a>，<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E8%8F%AF%E4%BA%BA%E6%B0%91%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C%E5%9C%8B" class="mw-redirect" title="中華人民共和國">中華人民共和國</a>政府废除噶厦，籌建<a href="/wiki/%E8%A5%BF%E8%97%8F%E8%87%AA%E6%B2%BB%E5%8D%80" class="mw-redirect" title="西藏自治區">西藏自治區</a>。部分噶廈官員隨達賴喇嘛流亡印度。同年，十四世達賴喇嘛在<a href="/wiki/%E9%81%94%E8%98%AD%E8%96%A9%E6%8B%89" class="mw-redirect" title="達蘭薩拉">達蘭薩拉</a>設立<a href="/wiki/%E8%A5%BF%E8%97%8F%E6%B5%81%E4%BA%A1%E6%94%BF%E5%BA%9C" class="mw-redirect" title="西藏流亡政府">西藏流亡政府</a>，該流亡政府所設的<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%A7%E9%96%A3" title="內閣">內閣</a>被稱為噶廈<sup id="cite_ref-cabinet_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cabinet-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="背景"><span id=".E8.83.8C.E6.99.AF"></span>背景</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%99%B6%E5%BB%88&action=edit&section=1" title="编辑章节：背景"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>西藏<a href="/wiki/%E7%AC%AC%E4%BA%94%E4%B8%96%E8%BE%BE%E8%B5%96%E5%96%87%E5%98%9B" title="第五世达赖喇嘛">第五世達賴喇嘛</a>在位期間，經歷長期內戰後統一西藏，從1642年起實行<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="藏地的政教合一制" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Tibetan dual system of government"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%97%8F%E5%9C%B0%E7%9A%84%E6%94%BF%E6%95%99%E5%90%88%E4%B8%80%E5%88%B6&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="藏地的政教合一制（页面不存在）">政教合一</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tibetan_dual_system_of_government" class="extiw" title="en:Tibetan dual system of government"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Tibetan dual system of government</span></a></span>）</span></span>的<a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%99%E9%A0%AD%E6%94%BF%E6%B2%BB" class="mw-redirect" title="雙頭政治">雙頭政治</a>制度。<sup id="cite_ref-Sinha_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sinha-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/%E5%BA%B7%E7%86%99" title="康熙">康熙</a>末年清廷進入西藏<a href="/wiki/%E6%BA%96%E5%99%B6%E7%88%BE%E4%B9%8B%E5%BD%B9" title="準噶爾之役">驅逐準噶爾入侵</a>後，西藏世俗政事由清廷任命的數名<a href="/wiki/%E5%99%B6%E5%80%AB" title="噶倫">噶倫</a>辦理。雍正年間<a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E5%B0%94%E5%B8%83%E5%B7%B4%E4%B9%8B%E4%B9%B1" class="mw-redirect" title="阿尔布巴之乱">阿爾布巴之亂</a>平定後，清廷令噶倫<a href="/wiki/%E9%A0%97%E7%BE%85%E9%BC%90" class="mw-redirect" title="頗羅鼐">頗羅鼐</a>總理西藏政務，受<a href="/wiki/%E9%A7%90%E8%97%8F%E5%A4%A7%E8%87%A3" title="駐藏大臣">駐藏大臣</a>節制。頗羅鼐執政期間，“克盡忠誠，實心效力”<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>，深得朝廷倚重。乾隆四年（1739年），因招撫<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%B7%B4%E5%8B%92%E5%B8%83&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="巴勒布（页面不存在）">巴勒布</a>三部（在今<a href="/wiki/%E5%B0%BC%E6%B3%8A%E7%88%BE" class="mw-redirect" title="尼泊爾">尼泊爾</a><a href="/wiki/%E5%8A%A0%E5%BE%B7%E6%BB%BF%E9%83%BD" title="加德滿都">加德滿都</a>谷地）罷兵有功，頗羅鼐晉封<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%9A%E7%BD%97%E9%83%A1%E7%8E%8B" title="多罗郡王">多羅郡王</a>，成為清代權勢最重的西藏王公。乾隆十二年（1747年）頗羅鼐病故，朝廷封其次子<a href="/wiki/%E7%8F%A0%E7%88%BE%E9%BB%98%E7%89%B9%E9%82%A3%E6%9C%A8%E6%9C%AD%E5%8B%92" title="珠爾默特那木札勒">珠爾默特那木札勒</a>襲郡王爵，並兼理噶倫事務。<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>珠爾默特那木札勒“素不信奉達賴喇嘛，心懷仇隟”<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>，表面上順從駐藏大臣，暗中聯絡蒙古<a href="/wiki/%E6%BA%96%E5%99%B6%E7%88%BE%E9%83%A8" class="mw-redirect" title="準噶爾部">準噶爾部</a>，伺機起兵反叛。乾隆十四年（1749年），珠爾默特那木札勒殺死其長兄珠爾默特策布登，控制了<a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E9%87%8C%E5%9C%B0%E5%8C%BA" title="阿里地区">阿里</a>。乾隆十五年（1750年），駐藏大臣<a href="/wiki/%E5%82%85%E6%B8%85" title="傅清">傅清</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%8B%89%E5%B8%83%E6%95%A6_(%E6%B8%85%E6%9C%9D)" title="拉布敦 (清朝)">拉布敦</a>迫於情勢，誘殺珠爾默特那木札勒，两人旋即被其余党卓呢爾（官名）羅卜藏札什所杀。隨後，朝廷派<a href="/wiki/%E5%9B%9B%E5%B7%9D%E7%B8%BD%E7%9D%A3" title="四川總督">四川總督</a><a href="/wiki/%E7%AD%96%E6%A5%9E" title="策楞">策楞</a>領兵入藏平叛。<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="沿革"><span id=".E6.B2.BF.E9.9D.A9"></span>沿革</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%99%B6%E5%BB%88&action=edit&section=2" title="编辑章节：沿革"><span>编辑</span></a><span 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.mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-heading,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-above,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-below{background:inherit!important;color:inherit!important;border-color:#54595d!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar a:not(.new):not(.mw-selflink):link{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-subgroup,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-pretitle,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-heading,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-above,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-below{background:inherit!important;color:inherit!important;border-color:#54595d!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar a:not(.new):not(.mw-selflink):link{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile vcard" style="width:230px"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title"><a href="/wiki/%E8%A5%BF%E8%97%8F%E5%8E%86%E5%8F%B2" title="西藏历史">西藏历史</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Lhasa_Potala.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="布達拉宮"><img alt="布達拉宮" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Lhasa_Potala.jpg/150px-Lhasa_Potala.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Lhasa_Potala.jpg/225px-Lhasa_Potala.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Lhasa_Potala.jpg/300px-Lhasa_Potala.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="667" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-above"> <a href="/wiki/%E8%97%8F%E5%8C%BA" title="藏区">藏区</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E8%A5%BF%E8%97%8F%E7%9A%84%E5%90%8D%E7%A7%B0" title="西藏的名称">“西藏”名称</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title"><a href="/wiki/%E8%A5%BF%E8%97%8F%E5%8E%86%E5%8F%B2#上古时期" title="西藏历史">遠古時期</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:left"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E8%B1%A1%E9%9B%84" title="象雄">象雄</a> <span style="color:#aaa"> ？–645</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%94%90%E6%97%84" title="唐旄">唐旄</a> <span style="color:#aaa"> ？–632</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%BC%A2%E7%BE%8C%E6%88%B0%E7%88%AD" title="漢羌戰爭">漢羌戰爭</a> <span style="color:#aaa"> 56–169</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%91%E7%BE%8C%E5%85%A5%E8%97%8F" title="发羌入藏">髮羌</a> <span style="color:#aaa"> ？–633</span></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title"><a href="/wiki/%E5%90%90%E8%95%83" title="吐蕃">吐蕃</a>時期 <span style="color:#aaa"> 633–877</span></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:left"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%94%90%E6%9C%9D%E8%88%87%E5%90%90%E8%95%83%E9%97%9C%E4%BF%82%E5%8F%B2" title="唐朝與吐蕃關係史">唐朝與吐蕃關係史</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%94%90%E6%9C%9D%E4%B8%8E%E5%90%90%E8%95%83%E7%9A%84%E6%88%98%E4%BA%89" title="唐朝与吐蕃的战争">唐朝与吐蕃的战争</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%90%90%E8%95%83%E8%87%A3%E6%B0%91%E5%A4%A7%E5%8F%8D%E5%8F%9B" title="吐蕃臣民大反叛">吐蕃臣民大反叛</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E6%9B%BC%E9%83%BD" title="阿曼都">阿曼都</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title"><a href="/wiki/%E5%90%90%E8%95%83%E5%88%86%E8%A3%82%E6%97%B6%E6%9C%9F" title="吐蕃分裂时期">分裂時期</a> <span style="color:#aaa">877–1264</span></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:left"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%8B%E6%9C%9D%E8%88%87%E5%90%90%E8%95%83%E9%97%9C%E4%BF%82%E5%8F%B2" title="宋朝與吐蕃關係史">宋朝與吐蕃關係史</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E6%A0%BC%E7%8E%8B%E5%9B%BD" title="古格王国">古格王国</a> <span style="color:#aaa"> ?–1635</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%94%83%E5%8E%AE%E5%95%B0%E5%9B%BD" title="唃厮啰国">唃厮啰国</a> <span style="color:#aaa"> 1032–1104</span></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title"><a href="/wiki/%E8%A5%BF%E8%97%8F%E5%8E%86%E5%8F%B2#各教派統治時期" title="西藏历史">各教派分治</a> <span style="color:#aaa">1264–1720</span></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:left"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E8%96%A9%E8%BF%A6%E5%B7%B4" title="薩迦巴">薩迦巴</a> <span style="color:#aaa">1253–1358</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%85%83%E6%9C%9D%E6%B2%BB%E8%97%8F%E6%AD%B7%E5%8F%B2" title="元朝治藏歷史">元朝治藏歷史</a> <span style="color:#aaa">1260–1358</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%B8%95%E6%9C%A8%E7%AB%B9%E5%B7%B4" title="帕木竹巴">帕木竹巴</a> <span style="color:#aaa">1358–1618</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%98%8E%E6%9C%9D%E8%88%87%E5%90%90%E8%95%83%E9%97%9C%E4%BF%82%E5%8F%B2" title="明朝與吐蕃關係史">明朝與吐蕃關係史</a> <span style="color:#aaa">1368–1644</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BB%81%E8%9A%8C%E5%B7%B4" title="仁蚌巴">仁蚌巴</a> <span style="color:#aaa">1432–1565</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%97%8F%E5%B7%B4%E6%B1%97" title="藏巴汗">藏巴汗</a> <span style="color:#aaa">1618–1642</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%92%8C%E7%A1%95%E7%89%B9%E6%B1%97%E5%9B%BD" title="和硕特汗国">和硕特汗国</a> <span style="color:#aaa">1642–1717</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%BE%BE%E8%B5%96%E5%96%87%E5%98%9B" title="达赖喇嘛">达赖喇嘛</a>（<a href="/wiki/%E7%94%98%E4%B8%B9%E9%A2%87%E7%AB%A0" title="甘丹颇章">甘丹颇章</a>）</li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title"><a href="/wiki/%E8%A5%BF%E8%97%8F%E5%8E%86%E5%8F%B2#清朝駐藏大臣和噶廈的設立" title="西藏历史">清治时期</a> <span style="color:#aaa">1720–1912</span></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:left"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B8%85%E6%9C%9D%E6%B2%BB%E8%97%8F%E6%AD%B7%E5%8F%B2" title="清朝治藏歷史">清朝治藏歷史</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B8%85%E5%86%9B%E9%A9%B1%E5%87%86%E4%BF%9D%E8%97%8F" class="mw-redirect" title="清军驱准保藏">清軍驅準保藏</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%97%8F%E5%8D%80%E5%88%86%E6%B2%BB" title="藏區分治">藏區分治</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%A7%90%E8%97%8F%E5%A4%A7%E8%87%A3" title="駐藏大臣">駐藏大臣</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%8F%AD%E7%A6%85%E9%A2%9D%E5%B0%94%E5%BE%B7%E5%B0%BC" title="班禅额尔德尼">班禅额尔德尼</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">噶廈</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%A5%BF%E8%97%8F%E5%96%84%E5%BE%8C%E7%AB%A0%E7%A8%8B" title="西藏善後章程">西藏善後章程</a> <span style="color:#aaa">1751</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%87%91%E7%93%B6%E6%8E%A3%E7%B1%A4" title="金瓶掣籤">金瓶掣籤</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%AC%BD%E5%AE%9A%E8%97%8F%E5%85%A7%E5%96%84%E5%BE%8C%E7%AB%A0%E7%A8%8B" title="欽定藏內善後章程">欽定藏內善後章程</a> <span style="color:#aaa">1793</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E8%8B%B1%E8%97%8F%E5%8D%B0%E6%A2%9D%E7%B4%84" title="中英藏印條約">中英藏印條約</a> <span style="color:#aaa">1890</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E8%8B%B1%E8%97%8F%E5%8D%B0%E7%BA%8C%E7%B4%84" title="中英藏印續約">中英藏印續約</a> <span style="color:#aaa">1893</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%8B%89%E8%90%A8%E6%9D%A1%E7%BA%A6" title="拉萨条约">拉萨条约</a> <span style="color:#aaa">1904</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E8%8B%B1%E7%BA%8C%E8%A8%82%E8%97%8F%E5%8D%B0%E6%A2%9D%E7%B4%84" title="中英續訂藏印條約">中英續訂藏印條約</a> <span style="color:#aaa">1906</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E8%8B%B1%E4%BF%AE%E8%A8%82%E8%97%8F%E5%8D%B0%E9%80%9A%E5%95%86%E7%AB%A0%E7%A8%8B" title="中英修訂藏印通商章程">中英修訂藏印通商章程</a> <span style="color:#aaa">1908</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%AC%AC%E4%B8%80%E6%AC%A1%E9%A9%85%E6%BC%A2%E4%BA%8B%E4%BB%B6" title="第一次驅漢事件">第一次驅漢事件</a> <span style="color:#aaa">1911</span></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title"><a href="/wiki/%E8%A5%BF%E8%97%8F%E5%8E%86%E5%8F%B2#宣告独立时期" title="西藏历史">近代</a> <span style="color:#aaa">1912–1951</span></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:left"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E8%A5%BF%E8%97%8F_(1912%E5%B9%B4%E2%80%941951%E5%B9%B4)" title="西藏 (1912年—1951年)">近代 (1912–1951)</a> <span style="color:#aaa">1912–1951</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%91%8A%E6%B0%91%E4%BC%97%E4%B9%A6" title="告民众书">告民众书</a> <span style="color:#aaa">1912</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%81%96%E5%9C%B0%E4%BD%9B%E8%AB%AD" title="聖地佛諭">聖地佛諭</a> <span style="color:#aaa">1913</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%92%99%E8%97%8F%E6%A2%9D%E7%B4%84" title="蒙藏條約">蒙藏條約</a> <span style="color:#aaa">1913</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%A5%BF%E5%A7%86%E6%8B%89%E6%A2%9D%E7%B4%84" title="西姆拉條約">西姆拉條約</a> <span style="color:#aaa">1913–1914</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%BA%A6%E5%85%8B%E9%A9%AC%E6%B4%AA%E7%BA%BF" title="麦克马洪线">麦克马洪线</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%AC%AC%E4%BA%8C%E6%AC%A1%E9%A9%85%E6%BC%A2%E4%BA%8B%E4%BB%B6" title="第二次驅漢事件">第二次驅漢事件</a> <span style="color:#aaa">1949</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E8%8F%AF%E6%B0%91%E5%9C%8B%E8%88%87%E8%A5%BF%E8%97%8F%E9%97%9C%E4%BF%82%E5%8F%B2" title="中華民國與西藏關係史">中華民國與西藏關係史</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%A5%BF%E8%97%8F%E5%9C%B0%E6%96%B9" title="西藏地方">西藏地方</a> <span style="color:#aaa">1928–1965</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%A5%BF%E8%97%8F%E5%86%9C%E5%A5%B4%E5%88%B6%E5%BA%A6" title="西藏农奴制度">西藏农奴制度</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title"><a href="/wiki/%E8%A5%BF%E8%97%8F%E5%8E%86%E5%8F%B2#中華人民共和國時期" title="西藏历史">现代</a> <span style="color:#aaa">1951年至今</span></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:left"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E8%8F%AF%E4%BA%BA%E6%B0%91%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C%E5%9C%8B%E6%B2%BB%E8%97%8F%E6%AD%B7%E5%8F%B2" title="中華人民共和國治藏歷史">现代 (1951年至今)</a> <span style="color:#aaa">1951年至今</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%98%8C%E9%83%BD%E6%88%98%E5%BD%B9" title="昌都战役">昌都战役</a> <span style="color:#aaa">1950</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%A4%AE%E4%BA%BA%E6%B0%91%E6%94%BF%E5%BA%9C%E5%92%8C%E8%A5%BF%E8%97%8F%E5%9C%B0%E6%96%B9%E6%94%BF%E5%BA%9C%E5%85%B3%E4%BA%8E%E5%92%8C%E5%B9%B3%E8%A7%A3%E6%94%BE%E8%A5%BF%E8%97%8F%E5%8A%9E%E6%B3%95%E7%9A%84%E5%8D%8F%E8%AE%AE" title="中央人民政府和西藏地方政府关于和平解放西藏办法的协议">十七條协议</a> <span style="color:#aaa">1951</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%A5%BF%E8%97%8F%E5%92%8C%E5%B9%B3%E8%A7%A3%E6%94%BE" title="西藏和平解放">西藏和平解放</a> <span style="color:#aaa">1951</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%A5%BF%E8%97%8F%E8%87%AA%E6%B2%BB%E5%8C%BA%E7%AD%B9%E5%A4%87%E5%A7%94%E5%91%98%E4%BC%9A" title="西藏自治区筹备委员会">西藏自治区筹备委员会</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1959%E5%B9%B4%E8%97%8F%E5%8C%BA%E9%AA%9A%E4%B9%B1" title="1959年藏区骚乱">1959年藏区骚乱</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%A5%BF%E8%97%8F%E5%9C%9F%E5%9C%B0%E6%94%B9%E9%9D%A9%E8%BF%90%E5%8A%A8" title="西藏土地改革运动">西藏土地改革运动</a> <span style="color:#aaa">1959</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%83%E4%B8%87%E8%A8%80%E4%B9%A6" title="七万言书">七万言书</a> <span style="color:#aaa">1962</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%A5%BF%E8%97%8F%E8%87%AA%E6%B2%BB%E5%8C%BA" title="西藏自治区">西藏自治区</a> <span style="color:#aaa">1965－</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1989%E5%B9%B4%E6%8B%89%E8%90%A8%E9%AA%9A%E4%B9%B1" title="1989年拉萨骚乱">1989年拉萨骚乱</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2008%E5%B9%B4%E8%A5%BF%E8%97%8F%E9%AA%9A%E4%B9%B1" title="2008年西藏骚乱">2008年西藏骚乱</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%97%8F%E5%8D%80%E9%80%A3%E7%92%B0%E8%87%AA%E7%84%9A%E4%BA%8B%E4%BB%B6" title="藏區連環自焚事件">藏區連環自焚事件</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2012%E5%B9%B4%E8%97%8F%E5%8C%BA%E9%AA%9A%E4%B9%B1" title="2012年藏区骚乱">2012年藏区骚乱</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title"><a href="/wiki/%E8%A5%BF%E8%97%8F%E9%97%AE%E9%A2%98" title="西藏问题">西藏问题</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:left"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E8%A5%BF%E8%97%8F%E7%8B%AC%E7%AB%8B%E8%BF%90%E5%8A%A8" title="西藏独立运动">西藏独立运动</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%97%8F%E4%BA%BA%E8%A1%8C%E6%94%BF%E4%B8%AD%E5%A4%AE" title="藏人行政中央">藏人行政中央</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%A5%BF%E8%97%8F%E4%BA%BA%E6%B0%91%E8%AD%B0%E6%9C%83" title="西藏人民議會">西藏人民議會</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%97%8F%E5%8C%BA" title="藏区">大西藏地區</a>（<a href="/wiki/%E8%A1%9B%E8%97%8F" title="衛藏">衛藏</a> <a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%89%E5%A4%9A%E5%9C%B0%E5%8C%BA" title="安多地区">安多</a> <a href="/wiki/%E5%BA%B7%E5%8D%80" title="康區">康巴</a>）</li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below"> <a href="/wiki/%E8%A5%BF%E8%97%8F%E6%AD%B7%E5%8F%B2%E5%B9%B4%E8%A1%A8" title="西藏歷史年表">历史年表</a>（<a href="/wiki/%E5%90%90%E8%95%83%E5%B8%9D%E5%9C%8B%E6%AD%B7%E5%8F%B2%E5%B9%B4%E8%A1%A8" title="吐蕃帝國歷史年表">吐蕃</a>）</td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar" style="line-height:1.6"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84265675"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r84244141">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:110%;margin:0 8em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:110%;margin:0 5em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:%E8%A5%BF%E8%97%8F%E6%AD%B7%E5%8F%B2" title="Template:西藏歷史"><abbr title="查看该模板">查</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:%E8%A5%BF%E8%97%8F%E6%AD%B7%E5%8F%B2" title="Template talk:西藏歷史"><abbr title="讨论该模板">论</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BC%96%E8%BE%91%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2/Template:%E8%A5%BF%E8%97%8F%E6%AD%B7%E5%8F%B2" title="Special:编辑页面/Template:西藏歷史"><abbr title="编辑该模板">编</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>西藏1751年廢除<a href="/wiki/%E8%A5%BF%E8%97%8F%E6%94%9D%E6%94%BF" class="mw-redirect" title="西藏攝政">攝政</a>職位，由噶廈取代。<sup id="cite_ref-Sinha_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sinha-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>根據《清史稿》等漢文史料的記載，<a href="/wiki/%E7%8F%A0%E7%88%BE%E9%BB%98%E7%89%B9%E9%82%A3%E6%9C%A8%E6%9C%AD%E5%8B%92%E4%B9%8B%E4%BA%82" class="mw-redirect" title="珠爾默特那木札勒之亂">珠爾默特那木札勒之亂</a>後，策楞上奏善後事宜十三條，對西藏政治制度進行改革。為避免權力集中於一人之手，朝廷不再授西藏噶倫以<a href="/wiki/%E6%9C%AD%E8%90%A8%E5%85%8B" class="mw-redirect" title="札萨克">札薩克</a>爵位，防止世襲貴族擅權。<sup id="cite_ref-Stein1972_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stein1972-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。<a href="/wiki/%E4%B9%BE%E9%9A%86%E5%B8%9D" title="乾隆帝">乾隆皇帝</a>決定扶植朝廷冊封的第七世達賴喇嘛<a href="/wiki/%E6%A0%BC%E6%A1%91%E5%98%89%E6%8E%AA" class="mw-redirect" title="格桑嘉措">格桑嘉措</a>，削弱西藏噶倫、札薩克台吉等世俗官員的權力。<sup id="cite_ref-Namgyal_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Namgyal-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Samphel_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Samphel-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Shakabpa_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Shakabpa-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。乾隆十六年（1751年），清朝正式頒行《<a href="/wiki/%E8%A5%BF%E8%97%8F%E5%96%84%E5%BE%8C%E7%AB%A0%E7%A8%8B" title="西藏善後章程">西藏善後章程</a>》十三條，規定噶倫員額為四人，且必須于公所（噶廈）辦理政事。“查舊例噶隆會辦事件，原有噶沙之公所衙門。自頗羅鼐後，各噶隆竟不赴公所，俱於私宅辦事。……今噶隆業已照例補放，自應遵照舊例，遇有應辦事件，俱赴公所會辦。”<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>章程擴大了駐藏大臣的職權，並首次正式規定了達賴喇嘛的世俗權力。此後，西藏的政治權力由噶倫俗官系統轉入達賴喇嘛僧官系統之手，噶廈則成為達賴喇嘛屬下的辦事機構。噶倫的權力被大大削減，終清一代噶倫專權的情形不再出現。乾隆五十八年（1793年），清軍在<a href="/wiki/%E5%BB%93%E7%88%BE%E5%96%80%E4%B9%8B%E5%BD%B9" title="廓爾喀之役">廓爾喀之役</a>后，<a href="/wiki/%E7%A6%8F%E5%BA%B7%E5%AE%89" title="福康安">福康安</a>奏請頒行《<a href="/wiki/%E6%AC%BD%E5%AE%9A%E8%97%8F%E5%85%A7%E5%96%84%E5%BE%8C%E7%AB%A0%E7%A8%8B" title="欽定藏內善後章程">欽定藏內善後章程</a>》，更加細化了噶廈的職權。清末宣統年間，駐藏大臣<a href="/wiki/%E8%81%94%E8%B1%AB" title="联豫">聯豫</a>推行新政，<a href="/wiki/%E8%B6%99%E7%88%BE%E8%B1%90" class="mw-redirect" title="趙爾豐">趙爾豐</a>在川邊和康、衛地區主持改土歸流，噶廈權力一度受到削弱。 </p><p><a href="/wiki/%E8%A5%BF%E8%97%8F%E7%8D%A8%E7%AB%8B%E9%81%8B%E5%8B%95" class="mw-redirect" title="西藏獨立運動">西藏獨立運動</a>人士所採納的說法，同漢文史料的說法存在很大出入。<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%8F%E6%A0%BC%E5%B7%B4%C2%B7%E6%97%BA%E7%A7%8B%E5%BE%B7%E4%B8%B9" title="夏格巴·旺秋德丹">夏格巴·旺秋德丹</a>在其《<a href="/wiki/%E8%A5%BF%E8%97%8F%E6%94%BF%E6%B2%BB%E5%8F%B2" title="西藏政治史">西藏政治史</a>》中認為，因為攝政一個人手中權力過大，1751年，時年43歲的<a href="/wiki/%E7%AC%AC%E4%B8%83%E4%B8%96%E8%BE%BE%E8%B5%96%E5%96%87%E5%98%9B" title="第七世达赖喇嘛">第七世達賴喇嘛</a>取消攝政職位，由“噶廈”來管理西藏政府。達賴喇嘛成為西藏的精神和政治領袖<sup id="cite_ref-Namgyal_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Namgyal-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Samphel_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Samphel-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>；1750年後，中國不再任命西藏王，默認達賴喇嘛對西藏（不含<a href="/wiki/%E5%BA%B7%E5%B7%B4" class="mw-redirect" title="康巴">康巴</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%89%E5%A4%9A%E5%9C%B0%E5%8C%BA" title="安多地区">安多</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E6%8B%89%E9%81%94%E5%85%8B" title="拉達克">拉達克</a>）的主權<sup id="cite_ref-Stein1972_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stein1972-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p><p>1911年<a href="/wiki/%E8%BE%9B%E4%BA%A5%E9%9D%A9%E5%91%BD" title="辛亥革命">辛亥革命</a>後，拉薩發生驅逐漢人的<a href="/wiki/%E8%BE%9B%E4%BA%A5%E6%8B%89%E8%96%A9%E5%8B%95%E4%BA%82" class="mw-redirect" title="辛亥拉薩動亂">水鼠年騷亂</a>，駐藏大臣撤離西藏返回漢地。十三世達賴喇嘛自印度返回西藏，發佈<a href="/wiki/%E8%81%96%E5%9C%B0%E4%BD%9B%E8%AB%AD" title="聖地佛諭">水牛年文告</a>，宣佈解除同清朝的關係。此後，雖然<a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%97%E6%B4%8B%E6%94%BF%E5%BA%9C" title="北洋政府">北洋政府</a>改設<a href="/wiki/%E8%A5%BF%E8%97%8F%E5%8A%9E%E4%BA%8B%E9%95%BF%E5%AE%98" class="mw-redirect" title="西藏办事长官">西藏辦事長官</a>一職，其後的<a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%8B%E6%B0%91%E6%94%BF%E5%BA%9C" title="國民政府">國民政府</a>又設立<a href="/wiki/%E8%92%99%E8%97%8F%E5%A7%94%E5%93%A1%E6%9C%83" title="蒙藏委員會">蒙藏委員會</a>駐拉薩辦事處，但實際上在整個<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E8%8F%AF%E6%B0%91%E5%9C%8B%E5%A4%A7%E9%99%B8%E6%99%82%E6%9C%9F" title="中華民國大陸時期">中華民國大陸時期</a>，中國政府都無力對西藏內部事務施加影響，中国大陆學者亦指出「中央政府與西藏地方的關係極為不正常」。<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>噶廈成為西藏的最高行政機構，直屬於達賴喇嘛。<a href="/wiki/%E7%83%AD%E6%8C%AF%C2%B7%E5%9B%BE%E6%97%A6%E7%BB%9B%E7%99%BD%E7%9B%8A%E8%A5%BF%E4%B8%B9%E5%B7%B4%E5%9D%9A%E8%B5%9E" title="热振·图旦绛白益西丹巴坚赞">第五世熱振呼圖克圖</a>執政及<a href="/wiki/%E8%BE%BE%E6%89%8E%C2%B7%E9%98%BF%E6%97%BA%E6%9D%BE%E7%BB%95%E5%9B%BE%E5%A4%9A%E6%97%A6%E5%B7%B4%E6%9D%B0%E5%A2%9E" title="达扎·阿旺松绕图多旦巴杰增">達札活佛</a>攝政時期，噶廈的權力達到頂點，實際上成為西藏政府。 </p><p>1959年3月<a href="/wiki/1959%E5%B9%B4%E8%A5%BF%E8%97%8F%E9%A8%B7%E4%BA%82" class="mw-redirect" title="1959年西藏騷亂">西藏騷亂</a>後，<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E8%8F%AF%E4%BA%BA%E6%B0%91%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C%E5%9C%8B%E5%9C%8B%E5%8B%99%E9%99%A2" class="mw-redirect" title="中華人民共和國國務院">中華人民共和國國務院</a>廢除噶廈官制，并于1965年成立<a href="/wiki/%E8%A5%BF%E8%97%8F%E8%87%AA%E6%B2%BB%E5%8C%BA" title="西藏自治区">西藏自治区</a>。達賴喇嘛帶領部分噶廈成員逃往<a href="/wiki/%E9%9A%86%E5%AD%90%E5%AE%97" title="隆子宗">隆子宗</a>，最後駐留<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%B0%E5%BA%A6" title="印度">印度</a>北部的<a href="/wiki/%E9%81%94%E8%98%AD%E8%96%A9%E6%8B%89" class="mw-redirect" title="達蘭薩拉">達蘭薩拉</a>，建立<a href="/wiki/%E8%A5%BF%E8%97%8F%E6%B5%81%E4%BA%A1%E6%94%BF%E5%BA%9C" class="mw-redirect" title="西藏流亡政府">西藏流亡政府</a>。西藏流亡政府所設噶廈為其最高行政機關，由一位<a href="/wiki/%E9%A6%96%E5%B8%AD%E5%99%B6%E5%80%AB" class="mw-redirect" title="首席噶倫">首席噶倫</a>和不超過七位的<a href="/wiki/%E5%99%B6%E5%80%AB" title="噶倫">噶倫</a>組成。<sup id="cite_ref-cabinet_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cabinet-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="管轄區域"><span id=".E7.AE.A1.E8.BD.84.E5.8D.80.E5.9F.9F"></span>管轄區域</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%99%B6%E5%BB%88&action=edit&section=3" title="编辑章节：管轄區域"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>清代噶廈的管轄區域並不包括今<a href="/wiki/%E8%A5%BF%E8%97%8F%E8%87%AA%E6%B2%BB%E5%8D%80" class="mw-redirect" title="西藏自治區">西藏自治區</a>的全部。清乾隆後期，噶厦管轄<a href="/wiki/%E5%89%8D%E8%97%8F" class="mw-redirect" title="前藏">前藏</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%8C%E8%97%8F" class="mw-redirect" title="後藏">後藏</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E9%87%8C%E5%9C%B0%E5%8C%BA" title="阿里地区">阿里</a>的大部分<a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%97_(%E8%A1%8C%E6%94%BF%E5%8D%80)" title="宗 (行政區)">宗</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E8%B0%BF%E5%8D%A1" title="谿卡">谿卡</a>，以及<a href="/wiki/%E5%B8%83%E5%99%9C%E5%85%8B%E5%B7%B4" class="mw-redirect" title="布噜克巴">布噜克巴</a>（今<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%8D%E4%B8%B9" title="不丹">不丹</a>）、<a href="/wiki/%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%9F%E9%9B%84" class="mw-redirect" title="哲孟雄">哲孟雄</a>（<a href="/wiki/%E9%94%A1%E9%87%91" class="mw-redirect" title="锡金">锡金</a>）的小部份地區。西藏東北的<a href="/wiki/%E9%9C%8D%E7%88%BE%E4%B8%89%E5%8D%81%E4%B9%9D%E6%97%8F" title="霍爾三十九族">霍爾三十九族</a>隸屬於<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%A4%B7%E6%83%85%E7%AB%A0%E4%BA%AC&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="夷情章京（页面不存在）">夷情章京</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%BD%93%E9%9B%84" class="mw-redirect" title="当雄">當雄</a>的<a href="/wiki/%E9%81%94%E6%9C%A8%E8%92%99%E5%8F%A4" title="達木蒙古">達木蒙古</a>由駐藏大臣衙門直轄。後藏<a href="/wiki/%E6%97%A5%E5%96%80%E5%89%87" class="mw-redirect" title="日喀則">日喀則</a>周邊的十幾個宗及藏內各地的班禪遊牧由<a href="/wiki/%E7%8F%AD%E7%A6%AA%E9%A1%8D%E7%88%BE%E5%BE%B7%E5%B0%BC" class="mw-redirect" title="班禪額爾德尼">班禪額爾德尼</a>商上管轄。前藏東部的<a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%A2%E5%AF%86" class="mw-redirect" title="波密">波密</a>、白马崗（今<a href="/wiki/%E5%A2%A8%E8%84%B1" class="mw-redirect" title="墨脱">墨脫</a>）一帶由<a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%A2%E5%AF%86%E5%9C%9F%E7%8E%8B" title="波密土王">波密土王</a>管轄。<a href="/wiki/%E5%BA%B7%E5%8C%BA" class="mw-redirect" title="康区">喀木</a>地區的察木多（<a href="/wiki/%E6%98%8C%E9%83%BD" class="mw-redirect" title="昌都">昌都</a>）、乍丫（<a href="/wiki/%E5%AF%9F%E9%9B%85" class="mw-redirect" title="察雅">察雅</a>）等地由當地<a href="/wiki/%E5%91%BC%E5%9C%96%E5%85%8B%E5%9C%96" title="呼圖克圖">呼圖克圖</a>各自管轄。阿里以西的<a href="/wiki/%E6%8B%89%E9%81%94%E5%85%8B" title="拉達克">拉達克</a>由拉達克王管轄。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="噶廈官制"><span id=".E5.99.B6.E5.BB.88.E5.AE.98.E5.88.B6"></span>噶廈官制</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%99%B6%E5%BB%88&action=edit&section=4" title="编辑章节：噶廈官制"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%99%B6%E5%80%AB" title="噶倫">噶倫</a>：四人，為噶廈長官，綜理藏務。乾隆十六年定噶倫為三俗一僧，正三品。西藏的日常行政事務，由噶倫擬定後呈送駐藏大臣、達賴喇嘛批准施行。</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%AD%9C%E6%9C%AC&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="孜本（页面不存在）">孜本</a>：四品俗官，主管噶廈财政和人事，地位仅次于噶伦</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%A0%AA%E7%A9%B7&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="堪穷（页面不存在）">堪穷</a>：噶廈僧官衔名，相当四品。</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BB%81%E5%B8%8C&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="仁希（页面不存在）">仁希</a>：四品官</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%95%86%E5%8D%93%E7%89%B9%E5%B7%B4&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="商卓特巴（页面不存在）">商卓特巴</a>（phyag-mdzod-pa）<sup id="cite_ref-office_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-office-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>：三人，四品，掌管庫務。</li> <li>代本（mdav-dpon）<sup id="cite_ref-office_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-office-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>，舊譯“戴琫”：六人，四品，即<a href="/wiki/%E8%97%8F%E5%86%9B" title="藏军">藏军</a>的团长。統領西藏各處藏兵。其下有五品如琫十二人，六品甲琫二十四人，七品定琫一百二十人。</li> <li>堪布：一般为喇嘛教寺院僧职官，是寺院或其下属机构主持人，此处是指参与原噶廈公务的僧官</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%A0%AA%E4%BB%B2&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="堪仲（页面不存在）">堪仲</a>：堪布秘书</li> <li>拉薩尼倉（lha sa gnyer tshang），又稱拉尼（lha gnyer）、業爾倉巴：五品，掌管糧務。</li> <li>協爾幫（bsher-dpang）<sup id="cite_ref-office_17-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-office-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>：二人，五品，掌管刑名。</li> <li>雪德巴（zhol-sde-pa），舊譯碩第巴，簡稱雪尼（zhol gnyer）：二人，五品，管理<a href="/wiki/%E5%B8%83%E9%81%94%E6%8B%89%E5%AE%AE" class="mw-redirect" title="布達拉宮">布達拉宮</a>。</li> <li>達本（rta dpon），舊譯“達琫”：二人，六品，管理馬厰。</li> <li>噶廈辦事大仲譯：二人，六品</li> <li>卓尼爾（mgron gnyer）<sup id="cite_ref-ryukoku_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ryukoku-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>：二人，六品</li> <li>噶廈辦事小仲譯：二人，七品</li> <li>管門<a href="/wiki/%E7%AC%AC%E5%B7%B4" title="第巴">第巴</a>：三人</li> <li>管糍粑第巴：二人</li> <li>管草第巴：一人</li> <li>管柴第巴：二人</li> <li>管帳房第巴：二人</li> <li>管牛羊厰第巴：三人</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="下屬機構"><span id=".E4.B8.8B.E5.B1.AC.E6.A9.9F.E6.A7.8B"></span>下屬機構</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%99%B6%E5%BB%88&action=edit&section=5" title="编辑章节：下屬機構"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%AD%AF%E5%80%89&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="譯倉（页面不存在）">譯倉</a>，<a href="/wiki/%E8%97%8F%E8%AA%9E" title="藏語">藏語</a>稱“仲譯”（<a href="/wiki/%E8%97%8F%E8%AA%9E" title="藏語">藏語</a>：<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r64579233"><span lang="bo" class="uchen" style="font-size:1.25em; word-wrap:break-word;">དྲུང་ཡིག</span>，<a href="/wiki/%E5%A8%81%E5%88%A9%E8%BD%AC%E5%86%99" title="威利转写">威利转写</a>：<span class="Unicode">drung-yig</span>，舊譯“中譯”），即秘書處，設五品僧官“仲譯欽波”四人，實際上直屬于達賴喇嘛，並保管達賴喇嘛之印鑑。噶廈的公文須經譯倉鈐印後方才生效。</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%95%86%E4%B8%8A" class="mw-redirect" title="商上">商上</a>（<a href="/wiki/%E8%97%8F%E8%AA%9E" title="藏語">藏語</a>：<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r64579233"><span lang="bo" class="uchen" style="font-size:1.25em; word-wrap:break-word;">རྩིས་ཁང་</span>，<a href="/wiki/%E5%A8%81%E5%88%A9%E8%BD%AC%E5%86%99" title="威利转写">威利转写</a>：<span class="Unicode">rtsis-khang</span>），藏語稱“孜康”，掌管財政、稅務，為“喇嘛庫藏出納之所”<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。長官為“孜本”（<a href="/wiki/%E8%97%8F%E8%AA%9E" title="藏語">藏語</a>：<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r64579233"><span lang="bo" class="uchen" style="font-size:1.25em; word-wrap:break-word;">རྩིས་དཔོན་</span>，<a href="/wiki/%E5%A8%81%E5%88%A9%E8%BD%AC%E5%86%99" title="威利转写">威利转写</a>：<span class="Unicode">rtsis-dpon</span>，舊譯“仔琫”）三人或四人，四品。</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%88%97%E7%A9%BA&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="列空（页面不存在）">列空</a>（<a href="/wiki/%E8%97%8F%E8%AA%9E" title="藏語">藏語</a>：<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r64579233"><span lang="bo" class="uchen" style="font-size:1.25em; word-wrap:break-word;">ལས་ཁུངས</span>，<a href="/wiki/%E5%A8%81%E5%88%A9%E8%BD%AC%E5%86%99" title="威利转写">威利转写</a>：<span class="Unicode">las-khungs</span>），意為“局”。如<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%9B%AA%E5%B7%B4%E5%88%97%E7%A9%BA&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="雪巴列空（页面不存在）">雪巴列空</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%9D%E8%97%8F%E5%B1%80" title="宝藏局">寳藏局</a>等。</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%9C%97%E5%AD%9C%E5%8E%A6" title="朗孜厦">朗孜廈</a>（舊譯朗仔轄），是拉薩的城市管理機構、司法機構，兼為噶廈監獄，位于大昭寺北。</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="西藏流亡政府的噶廈"><span id=".E8.A5.BF.E8.97.8F.E6.B5.81.E4.BA.A1.E6.94.BF.E5.BA.9C.E7.9A.84.E5.99.B6.E5.BB.88"></span>西藏流亡政府的噶廈</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%99%B6%E5%BB%88&action=edit&section=6" title="编辑章节：西藏流亡政府的噶廈"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="infobox" style="text-align: left; font-size:90%; width:235px"> <tbody><tr> <td style="text-align: center; font-size:95%;"><b><a href="/wiki/%E8%97%8F%E4%BA%BA%E8%A1%8C%E6%94%BF%E4%B8%AD%E5%A4%AE" title="藏人行政中央">藏人行政中央</a></b> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: center; font-size:95%;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Tibet.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="西藏國旗"><img alt="西藏國旗" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Flag_of_Tibet.svg/75px-Flag_of_Tibet.svg.png" decoding="async" width="75" height="47" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Flag_of_Tibet.svg/113px-Flag_of_Tibet.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Flag_of_Tibet.svg/150px-Flag_of_Tibet.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1152" data-file-height="720" /></a></span> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Emblem_of_Tibet.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="西藏國徽"><img alt="西藏國徽" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Emblem_of_Tibet.svg/75px-Emblem_of_Tibet.svg.png" decoding="async" width="75" height="65" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Emblem_of_Tibet.svg/113px-Emblem_of_Tibet.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Emblem_of_Tibet.svg/150px-Emblem_of_Tibet.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="520" /></a></span><br /> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text align: left; font-size:90%;"> <hr /> <p><a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%AA%E6%B3%95" title="宪法">憲章</a>：《<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%B5%81%E4%BA%A1%E8%97%8F%E4%BA%BA%E6%86%B2%E7%AB%A0&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="流亡藏人憲章（页面不存在）">流亡藏人憲章</a>》 </p> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E9%81%94%E8%B3%B4%E5%96%87%E5%98%9B" class="mw-redirect" title="達賴喇嘛">達賴喇嘛</a>：<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%B9%E5%A2%9E%E5%98%89%E6%8E%AA" class="mw-redirect" title="丹增嘉措">丹增嘉措</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%97%8F%E4%BA%BA%E8%A1%8C%E6%94%BF%E4%B8%AD%E5%A4%AE" title="藏人行政中央">藏人行政中央</a></li> <li>行政：<a class="mw-selflink selflink">噶廈</a>（<a href="/wiki/%E8%97%8F%E4%BA%BA%E8%A1%8C%E6%94%BF%E4%B8%AD%E5%A4%AE%E5%99%B6%E5%8E%A6%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8" title="藏人行政中央噶厦列表">历届噶厦</a>） <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E8%A5%BF%E8%97%8F%E5%8F%B8%E6%94%BF" title="西藏司政">司政</a>（原<a href="/wiki/%E5%99%B6%E5%80%AB%E8%B5%A4%E5%B7%B4" title="噶倫赤巴">噶倫赤巴</a>）：<a href="/wiki/%E8%BE%B9%E5%B7%B4%E6%AC%A1%E4%BB%81" title="边巴次仁">边巴次仁</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%99%B6%E5%80%AB" title="噶倫">噶倫</a></li></ul></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li>議會：<a href="/wiki/%E8%A5%BF%E8%97%8F%E4%BA%BA%E6%B0%91%E8%AD%B0%E6%9C%83" title="西藏人民議會">西藏人民議會</a></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li>司法：<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%9C%80%E9%AB%98%E5%8F%B8%E6%B3%95%E5%A7%94%E5%93%A1%E6%9C%83&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="最高司法委員會（页面不存在）">最高司法委員會</a></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li>選舉 <ul><li><span class="nowrap">噶倫赤巴選舉：2011 ·</span> <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2016%E5%B9%B4%E8%A5%BF%E8%97%8F%E5%8F%B8%E6%94%BF%E9%80%89%E4%B8%BE" title="2016年西藏司政选举">2016</a> ·</span> <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2021%E5%B9%B4%E8%A5%BF%E8%97%8F%E5%8F%B8%E6%94%BF%E9%80%89%E4%B8%BE" title="2021年西藏司政选举">2021</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">議會選舉：2011 ·</span> <span class="nowrap"><a href="/w/index.php?title=2016%E5%B9%B4%E8%A5%BF%E8%97%8F%E4%BA%BA%E6%B0%91%E8%AE%AE%E4%BC%9A%E9%80%89%E4%B8%BE&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="2016年西藏人民议会选举（页面不存在）">2016</a> ·</span> <span class="nowrap"><a href="/w/index.php?title=2021%E5%B9%B4%E8%A5%BF%E8%97%8F%E4%BA%BA%E6%B0%91%E8%AE%AE%E4%BC%9A%E9%80%89%E4%B8%BE&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="2021年西藏人民议会选举（页面不存在）">2021</a></span></li></ul></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E8%A5%BF%E8%97%8F%E7%8D%A8%E7%AB%8B%E9%81%8B%E5%8B%95" class="mw-redirect" title="西藏獨立運動">西藏獨立運動</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%85%A8%E7%90%83%E8%97%8F%E4%BA%BA%E7%89%B9%E5%88%AB%E5%A4%A7%E4%BC%9A" title="全球藏人特别大会">全球藏人特别大会</a></li></ul> </td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r85099211">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-size:small}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:2em;margin-bottom:0.8em;margin-top:0.8em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote-notice-img::after{content:"\202f \202f \202f \202f "}.mw-parser-output .hatnote-notice-img-small::after{content:"\202f \202f "}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .hatnote-notice-img,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .hatnote-notice-img-small{display:none}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">主条目：<a href="/wiki/%E8%A5%BF%E8%97%8F%E6%B5%81%E4%BA%A1%E6%94%BF%E5%BA%9C%E5%8E%86%E5%B1%8A%E5%99%B6%E5%8E%A6%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8" class="mw-redirect" title="西藏流亡政府历届噶厦列表">西藏流亡政府历届噶厦列表</a></div> <p>1959年，<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%81%E5%9B%9B%E4%B8%96%E8%BE%BE%E8%B5%96%E5%96%87%E5%98%9B" class="mw-redirect" title="十四世达赖喇嘛">十四世達賴喇嘛</a>流亡<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%B0%E5%BA%A6" title="印度">印度</a><a href="/wiki/%E9%81%94%E8%98%AD%E8%96%A9%E6%8B%89" class="mw-redirect" title="達蘭薩拉">達蘭薩拉</a>之後設立<a href="/wiki/%E8%A5%BF%E8%97%8F%E6%B5%81%E4%BA%A1%E6%94%BF%E5%BA%9C" class="mw-redirect" title="西藏流亡政府">西藏流亡政府</a>。在達蘭薩拉，達賴喇嘛重新設立了噶廈這個機構，相當於西方國家的內閣。噶廈曾直屬於<a href="/wiki/%E9%81%94%E8%B3%B4%E5%96%87%E5%98%9B" class="mw-redirect" title="達賴喇嘛">達賴喇嘛</a>領導之下，直到2011年才結束這個局面。<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>西藏流亡政府的噶廈與<a href="/wiki/%E8%A5%BF%E8%97%8F%E6%B5%81%E4%BA%A1%E8%AD%B0%E6%9C%83" class="mw-redirect" title="西藏流亡議會">西藏流亡議會</a>、<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%9C%80%E9%AB%98%E5%8F%B8%E6%B3%95%E5%A7%94%E5%93%A1%E6%9C%83&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="最高司法委員會（页面不存在）">最高司法委員會</a>分別為行政、立法、司法的機構，實行<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%89%E6%AC%8A%E5%88%86%E7%AB%8B" class="mw-redirect" title="三權分立">三權分立</a>。 </p><p>自1960年起至今，該流亡政府十四屆噶廈。噶廈由一名<a href="/wiki/%E5%99%B6%E5%80%AB%E8%B5%A4%E5%B7%B4" title="噶倫赤巴">噶倫赤巴</a>與數名<a href="/wiki/%E5%99%B6%E5%80%AB" title="噶倫">噶倫</a>組成，這兩個職位分別相當於總理和部長。2012年9月，噶倫赤巴改名為<a href="/wiki/%E8%A5%BF%E8%97%8F%E5%8F%B8%E6%94%BF" title="西藏司政">司政</a>。<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="参考文献"><span id=".E5.8F.82.E8.80.83.E6.96.87.E7.8C.AE"></span>参考文献</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%99%B6%E5%BB%88&action=edit&section=7" title="编辑章节：参考文献"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="引用"><span id=".E5.BC.95.E7.94.A8"></span>引用</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%99%B6%E5%BB%88&action=edit&section=8" title="编辑章节：引用"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="reflist columns references-column-width" style="-moz-column-width: 30em; -webkit-column-width: 30em; column-width: 30em; list-style-type: decimal;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">廈音霎，<a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%A8%E9%9F%B3" class="mw-disambig" title="注音">注音</a>：ㄍㄚˊ ㄕㄚˋ，<a href="/wiki/%E6%BC%A2%E8%AA%9E%E6%8B%BC%E9%9F%B3" class="mw-redirect" title="漢語拼音">漢語拼音</a>：gá shà</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-GoldsteinRimpoche1989-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-GoldsteinRimpoche1989_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Melvyn C. Goldstein; <a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E6%97%BA%E6%9D%B0%E4%B8%B9%E6%A0%BC%E5%88%97%E6%9C%97%E6%9D%B0" title="阿旺杰丹格列朗杰">Gelek Rimpoche</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.com/books?id=k3BijVR0dVcC&pg=PA14"><span></span><i>A History of Modern Tibet, 1913-1951: The Demise of the Lamaist State</i><span></span></a>. University of California Press. January 1989: 14. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/978-0-520-06140-8" title="Special:网络书源/978-0-520-06140-8"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span> 978-0-520-06140-8</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%99%B6%E5%BB%88&rft.au=Gelek+Rimpoche&rft.au=Melvyn+C.+Goldstein&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Modern+Tibet%2C+1913-1951%3A+The+Demise+of+the+Lamaist+State&rft.date=1989-01&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-0-520-06140-8&rft.pages=14&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dk3BijVR0dVcC%26pg%3DPA14&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: sans-serif; cursor: default; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); font-size: 0.8em; bottom: 0.1em; font-weight: bold;" title="英語">（英文）</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ryukoku-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ryukoku_3-0"><sup><b>3.0</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ryukoku_3-1"><sup><b>3.1</b></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://rcwbc.ryukoku.ac.jp/publications/data/j-wbc2019_05.pdf">蔵文『パンチェ五世伝』の史料価値について</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span>. <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2019-04-18</span>]</span>. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210110054845/https://rcwbc.ryukoku.ac.jp/publications/data/j-wbc2019_05.pdf">存档</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span>于2021-01-10）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%99%B6%E5%BB%88&rft.btitle=%E8%94%B5%E6%96%87%E3%80%8E%E3%83%91%E3%83%B3%E3%83%81%E3%82%A7%E4%BA%94%E4%B8%96%E4%BC%9D%E3%80%8F%E3%81%AE%E5%8F%B2%E6%96%99%E4%BE%A1%E5%80%A4%E3%81%AB%E3%81%A4%E3%81%84%E3%81%A6&rft.genre=unknown&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Frcwbc.ryukoku.ac.jp%2Fpublications%2Fdata%2Fj-wbc2019_05.pdf&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-cabinet-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-cabinet_4-0"><sup><b>4.0</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-cabinet_4-1"><sup><b>4.1</b></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tibet.org.tw/tibet_cabinet.php">內閣--噶廈</a> （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20120911005022/http://www.tibet.org.tw/tibet_cabinet.php">页面存档备份</a>，存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>）財團法人達賴喇嘛西藏宗教基金會</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sinha-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Sinha_5-0"><sup><b>5.0</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sinha_5-1"><sup><b>5.1</b></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Sinha, Nirmal C. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://himalaya.socanth.cam.ac.uk/collections/journals/bot/pdf/bot_05_03_02.pdf">Chhos Srid Gnyis Ldan</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span>. Bulletin of Tibetology. 1968-11-12, <b>V</b> (3): 13–27 <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2010-10-18</span>]</span>. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111007095017/http://himalaya.socanth.cam.ac.uk/collections/journals/bot/pdf/bot_05_03_02.pdf">存档</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span>于2011-10-07）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%99%B6%E5%BB%88&rft.atitle=Chhos+Srid+Gnyis+Ldan&rft.aufirst=Nirmal+C.&rft.aulast=Sinha&rft.date=1968-11-12&rft.genre=article&rft.issue=3&rft.jtitle=Bulletin+of+Tibetology&rft.pages=13-27&rft.volume=V&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhimalaya.socanth.cam.ac.uk%2Fcollections%2Fjournals%2Fbot%2Fpdf%2Fbot_05_03_02.pdf&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: sans-serif; cursor: default; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); font-size: 0.8em; bottom: 0.1em; font-weight: bold;" title="英語">（英文）</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">《清高宗實錄》卷二八六</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">《外藩蒙古回部王公表傳》卷九十西藏總傳</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">《高宗實錄》三七七</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation book"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="维基文库"><img alt="链接至维基文库" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/12px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/18px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/24px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></span></span> <a href="https://zh.wikisource.org/wiki/%E6%B8%85%E5%8F%B2%E7%A8%BF/%E5%8D%B7312" class="extiw" title="s:清史稿/卷312">清史稿·卷312</a>. <a href="/wiki/%E7%BB%B4%E5%9F%BA%E6%96%87%E5%BA%93" title="维基文库">维基文库</a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=%5B%5BFile%3AWikisource-logo.svg%7C12px%7Clink%3D%7Calt%3D%E9%93%BE%E6%8E%A5%E8%87%B3%E7%BB%B4%E5%9F%BA%E6%96%87%E5%BA%93%7C%E7%BB%B4%E5%9F%BA%E6%96%87%E5%BA%93%5D%5D%26nbsp%3B%5B%5Bs%3A%E6%B8%85%E5%8F%B2%E7%A8%BF%2F%E5%8D%B7312%7C-%7BR%7C%E6%B8%85%E5%8F%B2%E7%A8%BF%C2%B7%E5%8D%B7312%7D-%5D%5D&rft.jtitle=%5B%5B%E7%BB%B4%E5%9F%BA%E6%96%87%E5%BA%93%5D%5D&rfr_id=info:sid/zh.wikipedia.org:%E5%99%B6%E5%BB%88"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Stein1972-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Stein1972_10-0"><sup><b>10.0</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Stein1972_10-1"><sup><b>10.1</b></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book"><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="Rolf Alfred Stein" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Rolf Stein"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rolf_Alfred_Stein&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rolf Alfred Stein（页面不存在）">Rolf Alfred Stein</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rolf_Stein" class="extiw" title="en:Rolf Stein"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Rolf Stein</span></a></span>）</span></span>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.com/books?id=U7j758TsI8IC&pg=PA85"><span></span><i>Tibetan Civilization</i><span></span></a>. <a href="/wiki/Stanford_University_Press" class="mw-redirect" title="Stanford University Press">Stanford University Press</a>. 1972年: 85–88. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/978-0-8047-0901-9" title="Special:网络书源/978-0-8047-0901-9"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span> 978-0-8047-0901-9</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%99%B6%E5%BB%88&rft.au=%3Cspan+class%3D%22ilh-all+%22+data-orig-title%3D%22Rolf+Alfred+Stein%22+data-lang-code%3D%22en%22+data-lang-name%3D%22%E8%8B%B1%E8%AF%AD%22+data-foreign-title%3D%22Rolf+Stein%22%3E%3Cspan+class%3D%22ilh-page%22%3ERolf+Alfred+Stein%3C%2Fspan%3E%3Cspan+class%3D%22noprint+ilh-comment%22%3E%EF%BC%88%3Cspan+class%3D%22ilh-lang%22%3E%E8%8B%B1%E8%AF%AD%3C%2Fspan%3E%3Cspan+class%3D%22ilh-colon%22%3E%EF%BC%9A%3C%2Fspan%3E%3Cspan+class%3D%22ilh-link%22%3E-%7B%3Cspan+lang%3D%22en%22+dir%3D%22auto%22%3ERolf+Stein%3C%2Fspan%3E%7D-%3C%2Fspan%3E%EF%BC%89%3C%2Fspan%3E%3C%2Fspan%3E&rft.btitle=Tibetan+Civilization&rft.date=1972&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-0-8047-0901-9&rft.pages=85-88&rft.pub=Stanford+University+Press&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DU7j758TsI8IC%26pg%3DPA85&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: sans-serif; cursor: default; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); font-size: 0.8em; bottom: 0.1em; font-weight: bold;" title="英語">（英文）</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Namgyal-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Namgyal_11-0"><sup><b>11.0</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Namgyal_11-1"><sup><b>11.1</b></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110714150509/http://namgyalmonastery.namgyalarchive.com/dala-lama/7th-dalai-lama/his-holiness-the-seventh-dalai-lama-kelsang-gyatso/"><i>His Holiness the Seventh Dalai Lama, Kelsang Gyatso</i></a>. Namgyal Monastery: Personal Monastery of 14th Dalai Lama. 2009-12-18 <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2010-10-18</span>]</span>. （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://namgyalmonastery.namgyalarchive.com/dala-lama/7th-dalai-lama/his-holiness-the-seventh-dalai-lama-kelsang-gyatso/">原始内容</a>存档于2011-07-14）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%99%B6%E5%BB%88&rft.atitle=His+Holiness+the+Seventh+Dalai+Lama%2C+Kelsang+Gyatso&rft.date=2009-12-18&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Namgyal+Monastery%3A+Personal+Monastery+of+14th+Dalai+Lama&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnamgyalmonastery.namgyalarchive.com%2Fdala-lama%2F7th-dalai-lama%2Fhis-holiness-the-seventh-dalai-lama-kelsang-gyatso%2F&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: sans-serif; cursor: default; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); font-size: 0.8em; bottom: 0.1em; font-weight: bold;" title="英語">（英文）</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Samphel-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Samphel_12-0"><sup><b>12.0</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Samphel_12-1"><sup><b>12.1</b></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Thubten Samphel-Tendar. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/dalailamasoftibe0000thub_r4m6"><span></span><i>The Dalai Lamas of Tibet</i><span></span></a>. 達賴喇嘛序. New Delhi: Roli & Janssen. 2004年: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/dalailamasoftibe0000thub_r4m6/page/101">101</a>. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/978-0893469184" title="Special:网络书源/978-0893469184"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span> 978-0893469184</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%99%B6%E5%BB%88&rft.au=Thubten+Samphel-Tendar&rft.btitle=The+Dalai+Lamas+of+Tibet&rft.date=2004&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-0893469184&rft.pages=101&rft.place=New+Delhi&rft.pub=Roli+%26+Janssen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fdalailamasoftibe0000thub_r4m6&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: sans-serif; cursor: default; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); font-size: 0.8em; bottom: 0.1em; font-weight: bold;" title="英語">（英文）</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Shakabpa-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Shakabpa_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book"><a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%8F%E6%A0%BC%E5%B7%B4%C2%B7%E6%97%BA%E7%A7%8B%E5%BE%B7%E4%B8%B9" title="夏格巴·旺秋德丹">Shakabpa, Tsepon W. D.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=iKziAAAAMAAJ&focus=searchwithinvolume&q=1751"><span></span><i>Tibet, a Political History</i><span></span></a>. New Haven: <a href="/wiki/Yale_University_Press" class="mw-redirect" title="Yale University Press">Yale University Press</a>. 1967年: 150 <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2014-12-28</span>]</span>. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/978-0961147419" title="Special:网络书源/978-0961147419"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span> 978-0961147419</a>. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150516220147/https://books.google.com/books?id=iKziAAAAMAAJ&focus=searchwithinvolume&q=1751">存档</a>于2015-05-16）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%99%B6%E5%BB%88&rft.aufirst=Tsepon+W.+D.&rft.aulast=Shakabpa&rft.btitle=Tibet%2C+a+Political+History&rft.date=1967&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-0961147419&rft.pages=150&rft.place=New+Haven&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DiKziAAAAMAAJ%26focus%3Dsearchwithinvolume%26q%3D1751&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: sans-serif; cursor: default; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); font-size: 0.8em; bottom: 0.1em; font-weight: bold;" title="英語">（英文）</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">《藏事輯要》卷六</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book"><a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%8F%E6%A0%BC%E5%B7%B4%C2%B7%E6%97%BA%E7%A7%8B%E5%BE%B7%E4%B8%B9" title="夏格巴·旺秋德丹">Shakabpa, Tsepon W. D.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=iKziAAAAMAAJ&focus=searchwithinvolume&q=1751"><span></span><i>Tibet, a Political History</i><span></span></a>. New Haven: <a href="/wiki/Yale_University_Press" class="mw-redirect" title="Yale University Press">Yale University Press</a>. 1967年: 150 <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2014-12-28</span>]</span>. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/978-0961147419" title="Special:网络书源/978-0961147419"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span> 978-0961147419</a>. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150516220147/https://books.google.com/books?id=iKziAAAAMAAJ&focus=searchwithinvolume&q=1751">存档</a>于2015-05-16）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%99%B6%E5%BB%88&rft.aufirst=Tsepon+W.+D.&rft.aulast=Shakabpa&rft.btitle=Tibet%2C+a+Political+History&rft.date=1967&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-0961147419&rft.pages=150&rft.place=New+Haven&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DiKziAAAAMAAJ%26focus%3Dsearchwithinvolume%26q%3D1751&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: sans-serif; cursor: default; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); font-size: 0.8em; bottom: 0.1em; font-weight: bold;" title="英語">（英文）</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">中国边疆通史丛书，《西藏通史》，中州古籍出版社，561页</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-office-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-office_17-0"><sup><b>17.0</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-office_17-1"><sup><b>17.1</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-office_17-2"><sup><b>17.2</b></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190502175801/http://210.77.86.51/refbook/ShowDetail.aspx?Table=CRFDOTHERINFO&ShowField=Content&TitleField=Title-ShowTitle&Field=OTHERID&Value=R20060628600A000059">西藏历史文化辞典，十五、噶厦政府职官名称术语表</a>. <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2019-04-18</span>]</span>. （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://210.77.86.51/refbook/ShowDetail.aspx?Table=CRFDOTHERINFO&ShowField=Content&TitleField=Title-ShowTitle&Field=OTHERID&Value=R20060628600A000059">原始内容</a>存档于2019-05-02）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%99%B6%E5%BB%88&rft.btitle=%E8%A5%BF%E8%97%8F%E5%8E%86%E5%8F%B2%E6%96%87%E5%8C%96%E8%BE%9E%E5%85%B8%EF%BC%8C%E5%8D%81%E4%BA%94%E3%80%81%E5%99%B6%E5%8E%A6%E6%94%BF%E5%BA%9C%E8%81%8C%E5%AE%98%E5%90%8D%E7%A7%B0%E6%9C%AF%E8%AF%AD%E8%A1%A8&rft.genre=unknown&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2F210.77.86.51%2Frefbook%2FShowDetail.aspx%3FTable%3DCRFDOTHERINFO%26ShowField%3DContent%26TitleField%3DTitle-ShowTitle%26Field%3DOTHERID%26Value%3DR20060628600A000059&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">《清史稿》卷一百一十七職官志</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.servat.unibe.ch/icl/t100000_.html">The Charter of Tibetans in-Exile</a> （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20210110054857/http://www.servat.unibe.ch/icl/t100000_.html">页面存档备份</a>，存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>）, Article 20 of the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Constitution_of_Tibet&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Constitution of Tibet（页面不存在）">Constitution of Tibet</a>, retrieved 2010-03-19.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.phayul.com/news/article.aspx?id=32159&t=1">Tibetan Parliament changes 'Kalon Tripa' to 'Sikyong<span style="padding-right:0.2em;">'</span></a>. <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2019-04-12</span>]</span>. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190502163748/http://www.phayul.com/news/article.aspx?id=32159&t=1">存档</a>于2019-05-02）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%99%B6%E5%BB%88&rft.btitle=Tibetan+Parliament+changes+%27Kalon+Tripa%27+to+%27Sikyong%27&rft.genre=unknown&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.phayul.com%2Fnews%2Farticle.aspx%3Fid%3D32159%26t%3D1&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="来源"><span id=".E6.9D.A5.E6.BA.90"></span>来源</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%99%B6%E5%BB%88&action=edit&section=9" title="编辑章节：来源"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r80540462">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-100{font-size:100%}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <dl><dt>书籍</dt></dl> <ul><li>《<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%AB%E8%97%8F%E9%80%9A%E5%BF%97" title="卫藏通志">衛藏通志</a>》，<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%8A%E6%B5%B7%E5%8F%A4%E7%B1%8D%E5%87%BA%E7%89%88%E7%A4%BE" title="上海古籍出版社">上海古籍出版社</a>《<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%BA%8C%E4%BF%AE%E5%9B%9B%E5%BA%AB%E5%8F%A2%E6%9B%B8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="續修四庫叢書（页面不存在）">續修四庫叢書</a>》影印光緒二十二年漸西村舍刻本</li> <li>《<a href="/wiki/%E6%B8%85%E5%8F%B2%E7%A8%BF" title="清史稿">清史稿</a>》，<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%8D%8E%E4%B9%A6%E5%B1%80%E6%9C%89%E9%99%90%E5%85%AC%E5%8F%B8" title="中华书局有限公司">中華書局</a>點校本</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%97%E4%BA%AC%E5%A4%A7%E5%AD%A6%E5%8E%86%E5%8F%B2%E7%B3%BB" class="mw-redirect" title="北京大学历史系">北京大學歷史系</a>等，1963，《西藏地方歷史資料選輯》，北京：<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%89%E8%81%AF%E6%9B%B8%E5%BA%97" class="mw-disambig" title="三聯書店">三聯書店</a></li> <li>《<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%A5%BF%E8%97%8F%E7%A0%94%E7%A9%B6&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="西藏研究（页面不存在）">西藏研究</a>》編輯部輯，1982，《<a href="/wiki/%E6%B8%85%E5%AF%A6%E9%8C%84" class="mw-redirect" title="清實錄">清實錄</a>藏族史料》，拉薩：<a href="/wiki/%E8%A5%BF%E8%97%8F%E4%BA%BA%E6%B0%91%E5%87%BA%E7%89%88%E7%A4%BE" title="西藏人民出版社">西藏人民出版社</a></li> <li>《<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%97%8F%E6%97%8F%E7%B0%A1%E5%8F%B2&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="藏族簡史（页面不存在）">藏族簡史</a>》，本書編寫組，1985，拉薩：西藏人民出版社</li> <li>中国边疆通史丛书，《西藏通史》，中州古籍出版社</li> <li><cite class="citation book">朱麗雙. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=eOoqDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA463">〈附錄二：西藏職官、機構名稱術語表〉</a>. 《民國政府的西藏專使(1912–1949)》. 香港中文大學出版社. 2016-06-01: 463–466 <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2017-09-19</span>]</span>. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/978-962-996-711-6" title="Special:网络书源/978-962-996-711-6"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span> 978-962-996-711-6</a>. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210110054828/https://books.google.com/books?id=eOoqDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA463">存档</a>于2021-01-10）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%99%B6%E5%BB%88&rft.atitle=%E3%80%88%E9%99%84%E9%8C%84%E4%BA%8C%EF%BC%9A%E8%A5%BF%E8%97%8F%E8%81%B7%E5%AE%98%E3%80%81%E6%A9%9F%E6%A7%8B%E5%90%8D%E7%A8%B1%E8%A1%93%E8%AA%9E%E8%A1%A8%E3%80%89&rft.au=%E6%9C%B1%E9%BA%97%E9%9B%99&rft.btitle=%E3%80%8A%E6%B0%91%E5%9C%8B%E6%94%BF%E5%BA%9C%E7%9A%84%E8%A5%BF%E8%97%8F%E5%B0%88%E4%BD%BF%281912%E2%80%931949%29%E3%80%8B&rft.date=2016-06-01&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.isbn=978-962-996-711-6&rft.pages=463-466&rft.pub=%E9%A6%99%E6%B8%AF%E4%B8%AD%E6%96%87%E5%A4%A7%E5%AD%B8%E5%87%BA%E7%89%88%E7%A4%BE&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DeOoqDwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA463&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="参见"><span id=".E5.8F.82.E8.A7.81"></span>参见</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%99%B6%E5%BB%88&action=edit&section=10" title="编辑章节：参见"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E8%A5%BF%E8%97%8F%E6%B5%81%E4%BA%A1%E6%94%BF%E5%BA%9C%E5%8E%86%E5%B1%8A%E5%99%B6%E5%8E%A6%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8" class="mw-redirect" title="西藏流亡政府历届噶厦列表">西藏流亡政府歷屆噶廈列表</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%99%B6%E5%80%AB" title="噶倫">噶倫</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%94%BF%E5%8A%A1%E4%B9%9D%E5%A4%A7%E8%87%A3" title="政务九大臣">政務九大臣</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%94%98%E4%B8%B9%E9%A2%87%E7%AB%A0" title="甘丹颇章">甘丹頗章</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84265675"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r84261037">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{text-align:center;padding-left:1em;padding-right:1em}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf;position:relative}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup 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title="Special:编辑页面/Template:清代西藏"><abbr title="编辑该模板">编</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="清代西藏" style="font-size:110%;margin:0 5em"><a href="/wiki/%E6%B8%85%E6%9C%9D%E6%B2%BB%E8%97%8F%E6%AD%B7%E5%8F%B2" title="清朝治藏歷史">清代西藏</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">區域</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%89%8D%E8%97%8F" class="mw-redirect" title="前藏">衛</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%A1%9B%E8%97%8F" title="衛藏">藏</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E9%87%8C%E5%9C%B0%E5%8C%BA" title="阿里地区">阿里</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%BA%B7%E5%8D%80" title="康區">喀木</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%9C%8D%E7%88%BE%E4%B8%89%E5%8D%81%E4%B9%9D%E6%97%8F" title="霍爾三十九族">霍爾三十九族</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%81%94%E6%9C%A8%E8%92%99%E5%8F%A4" title="達木蒙古">達木蒙古</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">官制</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E9%A7%90%E8%97%8F%E5%A4%A7%E8%87%A3" title="駐藏大臣">駐藏大臣</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E9%A7%90%E8%97%8F%E5%A4%A7%E8%87%A3" title="駐藏大臣">駐藏辦事大臣 * 幫辦大臣</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%A4%B7%E6%83%85%E7%AB%A0%E4%BA%AC&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="夷情章京（页面不存在）">夷情章京</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E5%96%87%E5%98%9B" title="喇嘛">喇嘛</a>僧官</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E8%BE%BE%E8%B5%96%E5%96%87%E5%98%9B" title="达赖喇嘛">达赖喇嘛</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%8F%AD%E7%A6%85%E9%A2%9D%E5%B0%94%E5%BE%B7%E5%B0%BC" title="班禅额尔德尼">班禅额尔德尼</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E8%A5%BF%E8%97%8F%E6%91%84%E6%94%BF%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8" title="西藏摄政列表">掌辦商上事務</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%B7%E6%9C%A8%E6%B4%BB%E4%BD%9B" title="德木活佛">第穆呼圖克圖</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%AD%96%E5%A2%A8%E6%9E%97%E6%B4%BB%E4%BD%9B" title="策墨林活佛">卓尼諾門罕</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%BE%BE%E5%AF%9F%E6%B4%BB%E4%BD%9B" title="达察活佛">濟嚨呼圖克圖</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%86%B1%E6%8C%AF%E6%B4%BB%E4%BD%9B" title="熱振活佛">哷徵呼圖克圖</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">噶廈</a>俗官</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E8%A5%BF%E8%97%8F%E9%83%A1%E7%8E%8B" title="西藏郡王">西藏郡王</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%99%B6%E5%80%AB" title="噶倫">噶倫</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BB%94%E7%90%AB&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="仔琫（页面不存在）">仔琫</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%95%86%E5%8D%93%E7%89%B9%E5%B7%B4&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="商卓特巴（页面不存在）">商卓特巴</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%A5%AD%E7%88%BE%E5%80%89%E5%B7%B4&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="業爾倉巴（页面不存在）">業爾倉巴</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8D%94%E7%88%BE%E5%B9%AB&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="協爾幫（页面不存在）">協爾幫</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%81%94%E7%90%AB&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="達琫（页面不存在）">達琫</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%B8%AD%E8%AD%AF&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="中譯（页面不存在）">中譯</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8D%93%E5%B0%BC%E7%88%BE&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="卓尼爾（页面不存在）">卓尼爾</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%88%B4%E7%90%AB" class="mw-redirect" title="戴琫">戴琫</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">喇嘛封号</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">职衔</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%91%BC%E5%9C%96%E5%85%8B%E5%9C%96" title="呼圖克圖">呼圖克圖</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%AB%BE%E9%96%80%E7%BD%95_(%E7%A8%B1%E8%99%9F)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="諾門罕 (稱號)（页面不存在）">诺门罕</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%8F%AD%E7%AC%AC%E8%BE%BE&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="班第达（页面不存在）">班第达</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A0%AA%E5%B8%83" title="堪布">堪布</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BB%B0%E5%B0%94%E6%B5%8E" class="mw-disambig" title="绰尔济">绰尔济</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">名号</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%8B%E5%B8%AB" title="國師">國師</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%A6%AA%E5%B8%AB" title="禪師">禪師</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">法令</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li>《<a href="/wiki/%E8%A5%BF%E8%97%8F%E5%96%84%E5%BE%8C%E7%AB%A0%E7%A8%8B" title="西藏善後章程">西藏善後章程</a>》</li> <li>《<a href="/wiki/%E6%AC%BD%E5%AE%9A%E8%97%8F%E5%85%A7%E5%96%84%E5%BE%8C%E7%AB%A0%E7%A8%8B" title="欽定藏內善後章程">欽定藏內善後章程</a>》</li> <li>《<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%A3%81%E7%A6%81%E5%95%86%E4%B8%8A%E7%A7%AF%E5%BC%8A%E7%AB%A0%E7%A8%8B&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="裁禁商上积弊章程（页面不存在）">裁禁商上积弊章程</a>》</li> <li>《<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%96%B0%E6%B2%BB%E8%97%8F%E6%94%BF%E7%AD%96%E5%A4%A7%E7%BA%B2&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="新治藏政策大纲（页面不存在）">新治藏政策大纲</a>》</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">事件</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E6%8B%89%E8%BE%BE%E5%85%8B%E6%88%98%E4%BA%89" title="拉达克战争">拉达克战争</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B8%85%E6%9C%9D%E5%BE%81%E6%9C%8D%E8%A5%BF%E8%97%8F" title="清朝征服西藏">準噶爾入藏</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E5%B0%94%E5%B8%83%E5%B7%B4" title="阿尔布巴">阿爾布巴之亂</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%8F%A0%E7%88%BE%E9%BB%98%E7%89%B9%E9%82%A3%E6%9C%A8%E6%9C%AD%E5%8B%92" title="珠爾默特那木札勒">珠爾默特那木札勒之亂</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%BB%93%E7%88%BE%E5%96%80%E4%B9%8B%E5%BD%B9" title="廓爾喀之役">廓爾喀侵藏戰爭</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%A3%AE%E5%B7%B4%E6%88%B0%E7%88%AD" title="森巴戰爭">森巴戰爭</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%BB%93%E8%97%8F%E6%88%B0%E7%88%AD_(1855%E5%B9%B4%E2%80%941856%E5%B9%B4)" title="廓藏戰爭 (1855年—1856年)">廓藏戰爭</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%8B%B1%E5%9C%8B%E4%BE%B5%E8%97%8F%E6%88%B0%E7%88%AD" title="英國侵藏戰爭">木龍年戰爭</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">條約</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li>《<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E8%8B%B1%E8%97%8F%E5%8D%B0%E6%A2%9D%E7%B4%84" title="中英藏印條約">中英藏印條約</a>》</li> <li>《<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E8%8B%B1%E8%97%8F%E5%8D%B0%E7%BA%8C%E7%B4%84" title="中英藏印續約">中英藏印續約</a>》</li> <li>《<a href="/wiki/%E6%8B%89%E8%90%A8%E6%9D%A1%E7%BA%A6" title="拉萨条约">拉萨条约</a>》</li> <li>《<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E8%8B%B1%E7%BA%8C%E8%A8%82%E8%97%8F%E5%8D%B0%E6%A2%9D%E7%B4%84" title="中英續訂藏印條約">中英續訂藏印條約</a>》</li> <li>《<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E8%8B%B1%E4%BF%AE%E8%A8%82%E8%97%8F%E5%8D%B0%E9%80%9A%E5%95%86%E7%AB%A0%E7%A8%8B" title="中英修訂藏印通商章程">中英修訂藏印通商章程</a>》</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84265675"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84261037"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="中華民國大陸時期相關割據政權" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="collapsible-title navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84265675"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84244141"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:%E4%B8%AD%E5%8D%8E%E6%B0%91%E5%9B%BD%E5%89%B2%E6%8D%AE%E6%94%BF%E6%9D%83" title="Template:中华民国割据政权"><abbr title="查看该模板">查</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:%E4%B8%AD%E5%8D%8E%E6%B0%91%E5%9B%BD%E5%89%B2%E6%8D%AE%E6%94%BF%E6%9D%83" title="Template talk:中华民国割据政权"><abbr title="讨论该模板">论</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BC%96%E8%BE%91%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2/Template:%E4%B8%AD%E5%8D%8E%E6%B0%91%E5%9B%BD%E5%89%B2%E6%8D%AE%E6%94%BF%E6%9D%83" title="Special:编辑页面/Template:中华民国割据政权"><abbr title="编辑该模板">编</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="中華民國大陸時期相關割據政權" style="font-size:110%;margin:0 5em"><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E8%8F%AF%E6%B0%91%E5%9C%8B%E5%A4%A7%E9%99%B8%E6%99%82%E6%9C%9F" title="中華民國大陸時期">中華民國大陸時期</a>相關割據政權</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">全國</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B8%85%E6%9C%9D" title="清朝">大清</a><small>（—1912年）</small> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E9%81%9C%E6%B8%85%E7%9A%87%E5%AE%A4%E5%B0%8F%E6%9C%9D%E5%BB%B7" title="遜清皇室小朝廷">遜清皇室小朝廷</a><small>［1912年—1924年］</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%81%9C%E6%B8%85%E7%9A%87%E5%AE%A4%E6%B5%81%E4%BA%A1%E5%B0%8F%E6%9C%9D%E5%BB%B7" title="遜清皇室流亡小朝廷">遜清皇室流亡小朝廷</a><small>［1924年—1932年］</small></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%8D%8E%E8%8B%8F%E7%BB%B4%E5%9F%83%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C%E5%9B%BD" title="中华苏维埃共和国">中華蘇維埃共和國／中華蘇維埃人民共和國</a><small>（1931年—1937年）</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%8D%8E%E4%BA%BA%E6%B0%91%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C%E5%9B%BD" title="中华人民共和国">中华人民共和国</a><small>（1949年—）</small></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%8E%E4%B8%AD%E5%9C%B0%E5%8C%BA" title="华中地区">華中</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%8E%E5%8D%97%E5%9C%B0%E5%8C%BA" title="华南地区">华南地区</a></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E8%8F%AF%E6%B0%91%E5%9C%8B%E6%B9%96%E5%8D%97%E7%9C%81%E8%BB%8D%E6%94%BF%E5%BA%9C" title="中華民國湖南省軍政府">中華民國湖南省軍政府</a><small>（—1912年）</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E8%8F%AF%E6%B0%91%E5%9C%8B%E6%B1%9F%E8%A5%BF%E7%9C%81%E8%BB%8D%E6%94%BF%E5%BA%9C" title="中華民國江西省軍政府">中華民國江西省軍政府</a><small>（—1912年）</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%8D%8E%E6%B0%91%E5%9B%BD%E5%86%9B%E6%94%BF%E5%BA%9C%E8%8B%8F%E5%86%9B%E9%83%BD%E7%9D%A3%E5%BA%9C" class="mw-redirect" title="中华民国军政府苏军都督府">中华民国军政府苏军都督府／中华民国江苏都督府</a><small>（—1912年）</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B2%AA%E5%86%9B%E9%83%BD%E7%9D%A3%E5%BA%9C" title="沪军都督府">沪军都督府</a><small>（—1912年）</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E8%8F%AF%E6%B0%91%E5%9C%8B%E7%B2%B5%E7%9C%81%E8%BB%8D%E6%94%BF%E5%BA%9C" title="中華民國粵省軍政府">中華民國粵省軍政府</a><small>（—1912年）</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%8D%8E%E6%B0%91%E5%9B%BD%E5%86%9B%E6%94%BF%E5%BA%9C%E9%97%BD%E9%83%BD%E7%9D%A3%E5%BA%9C" title="中华民国军政府闽都督府">中华民国军政府闽都督府</a><small>（—1912年）</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%A4%E5%B9%BF%E6%8A%A4%E5%9B%BD%E5%86%9B%E9%83%BD%E5%8F%B8%E4%BB%A4%E9%83%A8" title="两广护国军都司令部">两广护国军都司令部</a><small>（1916年）</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%97%BD%E5%8D%97%E6%8A%A4%E6%B3%95%E5%8C%BA" title="闽南护法区">福建護法區／閩南護法區</a><small>（1918年—1920年）</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%BB%BA%E5%9B%BD%E5%86%9B%E6%94%BF%E5%88%B6%E7%BD%AE%E5%BA%9C" title="建国军政制置府">建国军政制置府</a><small>（1922年）</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%81%94%E5%86%9B%E5%8A%9E%E4%BA%8B%E5%A4%84" title="联军办事处">联军办事处</a><small>（1923年—1924年）</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%9C%E5%8D%97%E4%BA%94%E7%9C%81%E8%81%94%E5%86%9B%E6%80%BB%E5%8F%B8%E4%BB%A4%E9%83%A8" class="mw-redirect" title="东南五省联军总司令部">东南五省联军总司令部</a><small>（1924年—1926年）</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E8%8F%AF%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C%E5%9C%8B" title="中華共和國">中華共和國</a><small>（1933年—1934年）</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%8A%E6%B5%B7%E5%B8%82%E5%A4%A7%E9%81%93%E6%94%BF%E5%BA%9C" title="上海市大道政府">上海市大道政府</a><small>（1937年—1938年）</small></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%8E%E5%8C%97%E5%9C%B0%E5%8C%BA" title="华北地区">華北</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%A1%9E%E5%8C%97" title="塞北">塞北地區</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%B1%B1%E8%A5%BF%E7%9C%81%E5%86%9B%E6%94%BF%E5%BA%9C" title="山西省军政府">山西省军政府</a><small>（—1912年）</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%97%E6%96%B9%E9%9D%A9%E5%91%BD%E5%86%9B%E6%94%BF%E5%BA%9C" class="mw-redirect" title="北方革命军政府">北方革命军政府</a><small>（1912年）</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%94%98%E8%82%83%E4%B8%B4%E6%97%B6%E5%86%9B%E6%94%BF%E5%BA%9C" class="mw-redirect" title="甘肃临时军政府">甘肃临时军政府</a><small>（1912年）</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%86%80%E6%9D%B1%E9%98%B2%E5%85%B1%E8%87%AA%E6%B2%BB%E6%94%BF%E5%BA%9C" title="冀東防共自治政府">冀東防共自治政府</a><small>（1935年—1938年）</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%99%95%E7%94%98%E5%AE%81%E8%BE%B9%E5%8C%BA" title="陕甘宁边区">陕甘宁边区</a><small>（1937年—）</small></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E5%86%85%E8%92%99%E5%8F%A4%E8%87%AA%E6%B2%BB%E5%8C%BA" title="内蒙古自治区">內蒙古</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%AF%9F%E4%B8%9C%E7%89%B9%E5%88%AB%E8%87%AA%E6%B2%BB%E5%8C%BA" title="察东特别自治区">察东特别自治区</a><small>（1933年—1936年）</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%92%99%E5%8F%A4%E5%86%9B%E6%94%BF%E5%BA%9C" title="蒙古军政府">蒙古军政府</a><small>（1936年—1937年）</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%92%99%E7%96%86%E8%81%94%E5%90%88%E5%A7%94%E5%91%98%E4%BC%9A" title="蒙疆联合委员会">蒙疆联合委员会</a><small>（1937年—1939年）</small> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%AF%9F%E5%8D%97%E8%87%AA%E6%B2%BB%E6%94%BF%E5%BA%9C" title="察南自治政府">察南自治政府</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%99%8B%E5%8C%97%E8%87%AA%E6%B2%BB%E6%94%BF%E5%BA%9C" title="晋北自治政府">晋北自治政府</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%92%99%E5%8F%A4%E8%81%94%E7%9B%9F%E8%87%AA%E6%B2%BB%E6%94%BF%E5%BA%9C" title="蒙古联盟自治政府">蒙古联盟自治政府</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%92%99%E7%96%86%E8%81%AF%E5%90%88%E8%87%AA%E6%B2%BB%E6%94%BF%E5%BA%9C" title="蒙疆聯合自治政府">蒙疆聯合自治政府／蒙古自治邦</a><small>（1939年—1945年）</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%86%85%E8%92%99%E5%8F%A4%E4%BA%BA%E6%B0%91%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C%E5%9B%BD" title="内蒙古人民共和国">内蒙古人民共和国／蒙古自治政府</a><small>（1945年）</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%86%85%E8%92%99%E5%8F%A4%E8%87%AA%E6%B2%BB%E8%BF%90%E5%8A%A8%E8%81%94%E5%90%88%E4%BC%9A" title="内蒙古自治运动联合会">内蒙古自治运动联合会</a><small>（1945年—1947年）</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%9C%E8%92%99%E5%8F%A4%E4%BA%BA%E6%B0%91%E8%87%AA%E6%B2%BB%E6%94%BF%E5%BA%9C" title="东蒙古人民自治政府">东蒙古人民自治政府</a><small>（1946年）</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%86%85%E8%92%99%E5%8F%A4%E8%87%AA%E6%B2%BB%E6%94%BF%E5%BA%9C" title="内蒙古自治政府">内蒙古自治政府</a><small>（1947年—1949年）</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%92%99%E5%8F%A4%E8%87%AA%E6%B2%BB%E6%94%BF%E5%BA%9C" title="蒙古自治政府">蒙古自治政府</a><small>（1949年）</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%A5%BF%E8%92%99%E8%87%AA%E6%B2%BB%E6%94%BF%E5%BA%9C" title="西蒙自治政府">西蒙自治政府</a><small>（1949年）</small></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E8%92%99%E5%8F%A4%E5%9C%B0%E6%96%B9" title="蒙古地方">外蒙古</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%9A%E5%85%8B%E5%A4%9A%E6%B1%97%E5%9B%BD" title="博克多汗国">大蒙古國</a><small>（—1915年；1921年—1924年）</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%92%99%E5%8F%A4%E4%BA%BA%E6%B0%91%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C%E5%9B%BD" title="蒙古人民共和国">蒙古人民共和国</a><small>（<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%96%E8%92%99%E5%8F%A4%E7%8B%AC%E7%AB%8B" title="外蒙古独立">1924年</a>—）</small></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="唐努乌梁海" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E5%94%90%E5%8A%AA%E4%B9%8C%E6%A2%81%E6%B5%B7" title="唐努乌梁海">唐努乌梁海</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B9%8C%E6%A2%81%E6%B5%B7%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C%E5%9B%BD" title="乌梁海共和国">乌梁海共和国</a><small>（—1914年）</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%83%8F%E6%A2%81%E6%B5%B7%E9%82%8A%E7%96%86%E5%8D%80" title="烏梁海邊疆區">烏梁海邊疆區</a><small>（1914年—1921年）</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%96%E7%93%A6%E4%BA%BA%E6%B0%91%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C%E5%9C%8B" title="圖瓦人民共和國">唐努圖瓦人民共和國／圖瓦人民共和國</a><small>（1921年—1944年）</small></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E4%B8%9C%E5%8C%97%E5%9C%B0%E5%8C%BA" title="中国东北地区">東北地區</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%93%88%E5%B0%94%E6%BB%A8%E5%B7%A5%E5%85%B5%E4%BB%A3%E8%A1%A8%E8%8B%8F%E7%BB%B4%E5%9F%83" title="哈尔滨工兵代表苏维埃">哈尔滨工兵代表苏维埃</a><small>（1917年）</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E9%9F%A9%E7%BB%9F%E4%B9%89%E5%BA%9C" title="大韩统义府">大韩统义府</a><small>（1922年—1924年）</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B9%89%E5%86%9B%E5%BA%9C" title="义军府">义军府</a><small>（1923年—1924年）</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%82%E8%AE%AE%E5%BA%9C" title="参议府">大韓民國臨時政府陸軍駐滿參議府</a><small>（1924年—1929年）</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%AD%A3%E4%B9%89%E5%BA%9C" title="正义府">正义府</a><small>（1924年—1929年）</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%A8%E6%BB%A1%E9%9F%A9%E6%97%8F%E6%80%BB%E8%81%94%E5%90%88%E4%BC%9A" title="在满韩族总联合会">新民府</a><small>（1925年—1929年）</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9B%BD%E6%B0%91%E5%BA%9C" title="国民府">国民府</a><small>（1929年—1934年）</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%A8%E6%BB%A1%E9%9F%A9%E6%97%8F%E6%80%BB%E8%81%94%E5%90%88%E4%BC%9A" title="在满韩族总联合会">在满韩族总联合会</a><small>（1929年—1931年）</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%9C%E5%8C%97%E6%9C%80%E9%AB%98%E8%A1%8C%E6%94%BF%E5%A7%94%E5%91%98%E4%BC%9A" title="东北最高行政委员会">东北最高行政委员会</a><small>（1932年）</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%BB%A1%E6%B4%B2%E5%9B%BD" title="满洲国">滿洲國／（大）滿洲帝國</a><small>（1932年—1945年）</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%9C%9D%E9%B2%9C%E9%9D%A9%E5%91%BD%E5%86%9B%E6%94%BF%E5%BA%9C" title="朝鲜革命军政府">朝鲜革命军政府</a><small>（1934年—1937年）</small></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E8%A5%BF%E9%83%A8%E5%9C%B0%E5%8C%BA" title="中国西部地区">西部地區</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E6%99%AF%E9%99%87%E9%87%91%E6%AE%BF%E5%9B%BD" title="景陇金殿国">车里宣慰使司</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E8%8F%AF%E6%B0%91%E5%9C%8B%E7%A7%A6%E8%BB%8D%E6%94%BF%E5%BA%9C" title="中華民國秦軍政府">秦陇复汉军总司令部／秦陇复汉军政府／中華民國秦軍政府</a><small>（—1912年）</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%BB%87%E8%A5%BF%E5%86%9B%E9%83%BD%E7%9D%A3%E5%BA%9C" class="mw-redirect" title="滇西军都督府">滇西军都督府</a><small>（—1912年）</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E4%B8%AD%E5%8D%8E%E5%9B%BD%E4%BA%91%E5%8D%97%E5%86%9B%E9%83%BD%E7%9D%A3%E5%BA%9C" title="大中华国云南军都督府">大中华国云南军都督府</a><small>（—1912年）</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E6%BC%A2%E5%9B%9B%E5%B7%9D%E8%BB%8D%E6%94%BF%E5%BA%9C" title="大漢四川軍政府">蜀军政府</a><small>（—1912年）</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E6%BC%A2%E5%9B%9B%E5%B7%9D%E8%BB%8D%E6%94%BF%E5%BA%9C" title="大漢四川軍政府">大漢四川軍政府／四川軍政府</a><small>（—1912年）</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%91%E5%8D%97%E5%86%9B%E9%83%BD%E7%9D%A3%E5%BA%9C" title="云南军都督府">云南军都督府</a><small>（1915年—1916年）</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%8D%8E%E8%8B%8F%E7%BB%B4%E5%9F%83%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C%E5%9B%BD%E8%A5%BF%E5%8C%97%E8%81%94%E9%82%A6" title="中华苏维埃共和国西北联邦">中华苏维埃共和国西北联邦</a><small>（1935年—1936年）</small> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E6%A0%BC%E5%8B%92%E5%BE%97%E6%B2%99%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C%E5%9B%BD%E4%B8%AD%E5%A4%AE%E9%9D%A9%E5%91%BD%E6%94%BF%E5%BA%9C" title="格勒得沙共和国中央革命政府">格勒得沙共和国中央革命政府</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%8D%8E%E8%8B%8F%E7%BB%B4%E5%9F%83%E4%B8%AD%E5%A4%AE%E5%8D%9A%E5%B7%B4%E8%87%AA%E6%B2%BB%E6%94%BF%E5%BA%9C" title="中华苏维埃中央博巴自治政府">中华苏维埃中央博巴自治政府／博巴人民共和国</a><small>［1936年］</small></li></ul></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E6%96%B0%E7%96%86%E7%9C%81_(%E4%B8%AD%E8%8F%AF%E6%B0%91%E5%9C%8B)" title="新疆省 (中華民國)">新疆</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%92%8C%E9%98%97%E4%BC%8A%E6%96%AF%E5%85%B0%E7%8E%8B%E5%9B%BD" title="和阗伊斯兰王国">和闐臨時政府／和闐伊斯蘭政府／和闐伊斯蘭王國</a><small>（1933年—1934年）</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%96%B0%E7%96%86%E7%9C%81_(%E7%9B%9B%E4%B8%96%E6%89%8D)" title="新疆省 (盛世才)">新疆省</a><small>［<a href="/wiki/%E7%9B%9B%E4%B8%96%E6%89%8D" title="盛世才">盛</a>］（1933年—1944年）</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%9C%E7%AA%81%E5%8E%A5%E6%96%AF%E5%9D%A6%E4%BC%8A%E6%96%AF%E5%85%B0%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C%E5%9B%BD" title="东突厥斯坦伊斯兰共和国">东突厥斯坦伊斯兰共和国</a><small>（1933年—1934年）</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%9D%B1%E5%B9%B2%E6%96%AF%E5%9D%A6" title="東干斯坦">東干斯坦</a><small>（1934年—1937年）</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E5%8B%92%E6%B3%B0%E9%9D%A9%E5%91%BD%E8%87%A8%E6%99%82%E6%94%BF%E5%BA%9C" title="阿勒泰革命臨時政府">阿勒泰革命臨時政府</a><small>（1944年—1945年）</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%9D%B1%E7%AA%81%E5%8E%A5%E6%96%AF%E5%9D%A6%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C%E5%9C%8B" title="東突厥斯坦共和國">東突厥斯坦共和國</a><small>（1944年—1946年）</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%9D%B1%E7%AA%81%E5%8E%A5%E6%96%AF%E5%9D%A6%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C%E5%9C%8B" title="東突厥斯坦共和國">伊犁专区</a>／<a href="/wiki/%E6%96%B0%E7%96%86%E4%BF%9D%E5%8D%AB%E5%92%8C%E5%B9%B3%E6%B0%91%E4%B8%BB%E5%90%8C%E7%9B%9F" title="新疆保卫和平民主同盟">新疆保卫和平民主同盟</a><small>（1946年—）</small></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E8%A5%BF%E8%97%8F%E5%9C%B0%E6%96%B9" title="西藏地方">西藏</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%A2%E5%AF%86%E5%9C%9F%E7%8E%8B" title="波密土王">波密王国</a><small>（—1928年）</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%A5%BF%E8%97%8F_(1912%E5%B9%B4%E2%80%941951%E5%B9%B4)" title="西藏 (1912年—1951年)">西藏</a>／<a class="mw-selflink selflink">噶廈</a><small>（1912年—）</small></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>關於中華民國之國家政權，參見：{{<a href="/wiki/Template:%E4%B8%AD%E5%8D%8E%E6%B0%91%E5%9B%BD%E5%9B%BD%E5%AE%B6%E6%94%BF%E6%9D%83" title="Template:中华民国国家政权">中华民国国家政权</a>}}</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">检索自“<a dir="ltr" href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=噶廈&oldid=84481774">https://zh.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=噶廈&oldid=84481774</a>”</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2%E5%88%86%E7%B1%BB" title="Special:页面分类">分类</a>：<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:%E5%99%B6%E5%8E%A6" title="Category:噶厦">噶厦</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:%E8%A5%BF%E8%97%8F%E6%94%BF%E5%BA%9C" title="Category:西藏政府">西藏政府</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:%E8%97%8F%E4%BA%BA%E8%A1%8C%E6%94%BF%E4%B8%AD%E5%A4%AE" title="Category:藏人行政中央">藏人行政中央</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:%E6%B8%85%E6%9C%9D%E5%AE%98%E5%88%B6" title="Category:清朝官制">清朝官制</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:%E6%B8%85%E6%9C%9D%E8%A5%BF%E8%97%8F" title="Category:清朝西藏">清朝西藏</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:%E4%B8%AD%E5%8D%8E%E6%B0%91%E5%9B%BD%E5%89%B2%E6%8D%AE%E6%94%BF%E6%9D%83" 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