CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-sticky-header-enabled vector-toc-available" lang="fr" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>IIe siècle av. J.-C. — Wikipédia</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-sticky-header-enabled vector-toc-available";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )frwikimwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":[",\t."," \t,"],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""],"wgDefaultDateFormat":"dmy","wgMonthNames":["","janvier","février","mars","avril","mai","juin","juillet","août","septembre","octobre","novembre","décembre"],"wgRequestId":"af4d7fb2-5132-4593-9b34-116ba22351b9","wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"IIe_siècle_av._J.-C.","wgTitle":"IIe siècle av. J.-C.","wgCurRevisionId":222785828,"wgRevisionId":222785828,"wgArticleId":1591,"wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":["Article contenant un appel à traduction en anglais","Portail:Histoire/Articles liés","Portail:Monde antique/Articles liés","Article de qualité en afrikaans","IIe siècle av. J.-C."],"wgPageViewLanguage":"fr","wgPageContentLanguage":"fr","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgRelevantPageName":"IIe_siècle_av._J.-C.","wgRelevantArticleId":1591,"wgIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRestrictionEdit":[],"wgRestrictionMove":[],"wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia","wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive":true,"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgPopupsFlags":0,"wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"fr","pageLanguageDir":"ltr","pageVariantFallbacks":"fr"},"wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true,"watchlist":true,"tagline":true,"nearby":true},"wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false,"wgWMEPageLength":30000,"wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true,"wgULSPosition":"interlanguage","wgULSisCompactLinksEnabled":false,"wgVector2022LanguageInHeader":true,"wgULSisLanguageSelectorEmpty":false,"wgWikibaseItemId":"Q25300","wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":["brands","architecture","bitness","fullVersionList","mobile","model","platform","platformVersion"],"GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics":true,"wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled":false,"wgGELevelingUpEnabledForUser":false}; RLSTATE={"ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready","site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"loading","ext.cite.styles":"ready","skins.vector.search.codex.styles":"ready","skins.vector.styles":"ready","skins.vector.icons":"ready","ext.wikimediamessages.styles":"ready","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript":"ready","ext.uls.interlanguage":"ready","wikibase.client.init":"ready","ext.wikimediaBadges":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=["ext.cite.ux-enhancements","site","mediawiki.page.ready","mediawiki.toc","skins.vector.js","ext.centralNotice.geoIP","ext.centralNotice.startUp","ext.gadget.ArchiveLinks","ext.urlShortener.toolbar","ext.centralauth.centralautologin","mmv.bootstrap","ext.popups","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.init","ext.visualEditor.targetLoader","ext.echo.centralauth","ext.eventLogging","ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming","ext.uls.interface","ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns","ext.cx.uls.quick.actions","wikibase.client.vector-2022","ext.checkUser.clientHints","ext.growthExperiments.SuggestedEditSession"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=fr&modules=ext.cite.styles%7Cext.uls.interlanguage%7Cext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript%7Cext.wikimediaBadges%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cskins.vector.icons%2Cstyles%7Cskins.vector.search.codex.styles%7Cwikibase.client.init&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=fr&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=vector-2022"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=fr&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.22"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=1120"> <meta property="og:title" content="IIe siècle av. J.-C. — Wikipédia"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="alternate" media="only screen and (max-width: 640px)" href="//fr.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/IIe_si%C3%A8cle_av._J.-C."> <link rel="alternate" type="application/x-wiki" title="Modifier" href="/w/index.php?title=IIe_si%C3%A8cle_av._J.-C.&action=edit"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Wikipédia (fr)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//fr.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/IIe_si%C3%A8cle_av._J.-C."> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.fr"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Flux Atom de Wikipédia" href="/w/index.php?title=Sp%C3%A9cial:Modifications_r%C3%A9centes&feed=atom"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="auth.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject mw-editable page-IIe_siècle_av_J_-C rootpage-IIe_siècle_av_J_-C skin-vector-2022 action-view"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">Aller au contenu</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" title="Menu principal" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Menu principal" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-menu mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-menu"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Menu principal</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Menu principal</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">déplacer vers la barre latérale</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">masquer</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Navigation </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage-description" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikip%C3%A9dia:Accueil_principal" title="Accueil général [z]" accesskey="z"><span>Page d’accueil</span></a></li><li id="n-thema" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portail:Accueil" title="Regroupements d'articles par thématiques"><span>Portails thématiques</span></a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Sp%C3%A9cial:Page_au_hasard" title="Affiche un article au hasard [x]" accesskey="x"><span>Article au hasard</span></a></li><li id="n-contact" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikip%C3%A9dia:Contact" title="Qui contacter"><span>Contact</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-Contribuer" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-Contribuer" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Contribuer </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-aboutwp" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Aide:D%C3%A9buter" title="Guide pour apprendre à contribuer à Wikipédia"><span>Débuter sur Wikipédia</span></a></li><li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Aide:Accueil" title="Accès à l’aide"><span>Aide</span></a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikip%C3%A9dia:Accueil_de_la_communaut%C3%A9" title="À propos du projet, ce que vous pouvez faire, où trouver les informations"><span>Communauté</span></a></li><li id="n-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Sp%C3%A9cial:Pages_sp%C3%A9ciales" title="Outils pour contribuer à Wikipédia"><span>Pages spéciales</span></a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Sp%C3%A9cial:Modifications_r%C3%A9centes" title="Liste des modifications récentes sur le wiki [r]" accesskey="r"><span>Modifications récentes</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Wikip%C3%A9dia:Accueil_principal" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <span class="mw-logo-container skin-invert"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipédia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-fr.svg" style="width: 7.4375em; height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="l'encyclopédie libre" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-fr.svg" width="120" height="13" style="width: 7.5em; height: 0.8125em;"> </span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Sp%C3%A9cial:Recherche" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Rechercher sur Wikipédia [f]" accesskey="f"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>Rechercher</span> </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Rechercher sur Wikipédia" aria-label="Rechercher sur Wikipédia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Rechercher sur Wikipédia [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Spécial:Recherche"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Rechercher</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Outils personnels"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Apparence"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Modifier l'apparence de la taille, de la largeur et de la couleur de la police de la page" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Apparence" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-appearance mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-appearance"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Apparence</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/?wmf_source=donate&wmf_medium=sidebar&wmf_campaign=fr.wikipedia.org&uselang=fr" class=""><span>Faire un don</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Sp%C3%A9cial:Cr%C3%A9er_un_compte&returnto=IIe+si%C3%A8cle+av.+J.-C." title="Nous vous encourageons à créer un compte utilisateur et vous connecter ; ce n’est cependant pas obligatoire." class=""><span>Créer un compte</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Sp%C3%A9cial:Connexion&returnto=IIe+si%C3%A8cle+av.+J.-C." title="Nous vous encourageons à vous connecter ; ce n’est cependant pas obligatoire. [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>Se connecter</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Plus d’options" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Outils personnels" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Outils personnels</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="Menu utilisateur" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/?wmf_source=donate&wmf_medium=sidebar&wmf_campaign=fr.wikipedia.org&uselang=fr"><span>Faire un don</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sp%C3%A9cial:Cr%C3%A9er_un_compte&returnto=IIe+si%C3%A8cle+av.+J.-C." title="Nous vous encourageons à créer un compte utilisateur et vous connecter ; ce n’est cependant pas obligatoire."><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>Créer un compte</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sp%C3%A9cial:Connexion&returnto=IIe+si%C3%A8cle+av.+J.-C." title="Nous vous encourageons à vous connecter ; ce n’est cependant pas obligatoire. [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Se connecter</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pages pour les contributeurs déconnectés <a href="/wiki/Aide:Premiers_pas" aria-label="En savoir plus sur la contribution"><span>en savoir plus</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Sp%C3%A9cial:Mes_contributions" title="Une liste des modifications effectuées depuis cette adresse IP [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Contributions</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Sp%C3%A9cial:Mes_discussions" title="La page de discussion pour les contributions depuis cette adresse IP [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Discussion</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Sommaire" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Sommaire</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">déplacer vers la barre latérale</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">masquer</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">Début</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Événements" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Événements"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Événements</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Événements-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Afficher / masquer la sous-section Événements</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Événements-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Afrique" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Afrique"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Afrique</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Afrique-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Amérique" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Amérique"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Amérique</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Amérique-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Asie_et_Pacifique" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Asie_et_Pacifique"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Asie et Pacifique</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Asie_et_Pacifique-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Europe" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Europe"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>Europe</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Europe-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Proche-Orient" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Proche-Orient"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5</span> <span>Proche-Orient</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Proche-Orient-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Personnages_significatifs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Personnages_significatifs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Personnages significatifs</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Personnages_significatifs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Chronologies_thématiques" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Chronologies_thématiques"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Chronologies thématiques</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Chronologies_thématiques-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes_et_références" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes_et_références"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Notes et références</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes_et_références-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Sommaire" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table des matières" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Basculer la table des matières" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Basculer la table des matières</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><abbr class="abbr" title="2ᵉ siècle"><span class="romain">II</span><sup style="font-size:72%">e</sup></abbr> siècle <abbr class="abbr nowrap" title="avant Jésus-Christ">av. J.-C.</abbr></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Aller à un article dans une autre langue. Disponible en 100 langues." > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-100" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">100 langues</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="article de qualité"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/2de_eeu_v.C." title="2de eeu v.C. – afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="2de eeu v.C." data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/2._Jahrhundert_v._Chr." title="2. Jahrhundert v. Chr. – alémanique" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="2. Jahrhundert v. Chr." data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="alémanique" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sieglo_II_aC" title="Sieglo II aC – aragonais" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Sieglo II aC" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="aragonais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%82%D8%B1%D9%86_2_%D9%82_%D9%85" title="القرن 2 ق م – arabe" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="القرن 2 ق م" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="arabe" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%82%D8%B1%D9%86_2_%D9%82_%D9%85" title="القرن 2 ق م – arabe égyptien" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="القرن 2 ق م" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="arabe égyptien" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sieglu_II_e.C." title="Sieglu II e.C. – asturien" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Sieglu II e.C." data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="asturien" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/E.%C9%99._II_%C9%99sr" title="E.ə. II əsr – azerbaïdjanais" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="E.ə. II əsr" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="azerbaïdjanais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abad_ka-2_SM" title="Abad ka-2 SM – balinais" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="Abad ka-2 SM" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="balinais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Basa Bali</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/II_om%C5%BEios_pr._Kr." title="II omžios pr. Kr. – samogitien" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="II omžios pr. Kr." data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="samogitien" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Žemaitėška</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ika-2ng_siglo_BC" title="Ika-2ng siglo BC – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Ika-2ng siglo BC" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/II_%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B4%D0%B7%D0%B5_%D0%B4%D0%B0_%D0%BD.%D1%8D." title="II стагоддзе да н.э. – biélorusse" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="II стагоддзе да н.э." data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="biélorusse" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/2_%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BA_%D0%BF%D1%80.%D0%BD.%D0%B5." title="2 век пр.н.е. – bulgare" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="2 век пр.н.е." data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="bulgare" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eil_kantved_kt_JK" title="Eil kantved kt JK – breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Eil kantved kt JK" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/2._vijek_p._n._e." title="2. vijek p. n. e. – bosniaque" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="2. vijek p. n. e." data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="bosniaque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Segle_II_aC" title="Segle II aC – catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Segle II aC" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/2._stolet%C3%AD_p%C5%99._n._l." title="2. století př. n. l. – tchèque" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="2. století př. n. l." data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="tchèque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F._%D1%8D%D1%80%D1%87._II_%C4%95%D0%BC%C4%95%D1%80" title="П. эрч. II ĕмĕр – tchouvache" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="П. эрч. II ĕмĕр" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="tchouvache" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/2il_ganrif_CC" title="2il ganrif CC – gallois" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="2il ganrif CC" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="gallois" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/2._%C3%A5rhundrede_f.Kr." title="2. århundrede f.Kr. – danois" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="2. århundrede f.Kr." data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="danois" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/2._Jahrhundert_v._Chr." title="2. Jahrhundert v. Chr. – allemand" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="2. Jahrhundert v. Chr." data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="allemand" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/2%CE%BF%CF%82_%CE%B1%CE%B9%CF%8E%CE%BD%CE%B1%CF%82_%CF%80.%CE%A7." title="2ος αιώνας π.Χ. – grec" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="2ος αιώνας π.Χ." data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="grec" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2nd_century_BC" title="2nd century BC – anglais" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="2nd century BC" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="anglais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/2-a_jarcento_a.K." title="2-a jarcento a.K. – espéranto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="2-a jarcento a.K." data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="espéranto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siglo_II_a._C." title="Siglo II a. C. – espagnol" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Siglo II a. C." data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="espagnol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/2._sajand_eKr" title="2. sajand eKr – estonien" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="2. sajand eKr" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="estonien" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/K.a._II._mendea" title="K.a. II. mendea – basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="K.a. II. mendea" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ext mw-list-item"><a href="https://ext.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sigru_II_e.C." title="Sigru II e.C. – estrémègne" lang="ext" hreflang="ext" data-title="Sigru II e.C." data-language-autonym="Estremeñu" data-language-local-name="estrémègne" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Estremeñu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D8%AF%D9%87_%DB%B2_(%D9%BE%DB%8C%D8%B4_%D8%A7%D8%B2_%D9%85%DB%8C%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%AF)" title="سده ۲ (پیش از میلاد) – persan" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="سده ۲ (پیش از میلاد)" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="persan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/100-luku_eaa." title="100-luku eaa. – finnois" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="100-luku eaa." data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="finnois" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/2._%C3%B8ld_f.Kr." title="2. øld f.Kr. – féroïen" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="2. øld f.Kr." data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="féroïen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Føroyskt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/2._juarhunert_f.Kr." title="2. juarhunert f.Kr. – frison septentrional" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="2. juarhunert f.Kr." data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="frison septentrional" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/2e_iuw_f.Kr." title="2e iuw f.Kr. – frison occidental" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="2e iuw f.Kr." data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="frison occidental" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/2%C3%BA_haois_RC" title="2ú haois RC – irlandais" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="2ú haois RC" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="irlandais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/2na_linn_RC" title="2na linn RC – gaélique écossais" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="2na linn RC" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="gaélique écossais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%A9culo_-II" title="Século -II – galicien" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Século -II" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="galicien" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%94%D7%9E%D7%90%D7%94_%D7%94-2_%D7%9C%D7%A4%D7%A0%D7%94%22%D7%A1" title="המאה ה-2 לפנה"ס – hébreu" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="המאה ה-2 לפנה"ס" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="hébreu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/2._stolje%C4%87e_pr._Kr." title="2. stoljeće pr. Kr. – croate" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="2. stoljeće pr. Kr." data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="croate" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/I._e._2._sz%C3%A1zad" title="I. e. 2. század – hongrois" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="I. e. 2. század" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="hongrois" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%84.%D5%A9.%D5%A1._2-%D6%80%D5%A4_%D5%A4%D5%A1%D6%80" title="Մ.թ.ա. 2-րդ դար – arménien" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Մ.թ.ա. 2-րդ դար" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="arménien" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seculo_2_aEC" title="Seculo 2 aEC – interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Seculo 2 aEC" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abad_ke-2_SM" title="Abad ke-2 SM – indonésien" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Abad ke-2 SM" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="indonésien" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/2ma_yarcento_aK" title="2ma yarcento aK – ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="2ma yarcento aK" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/2._%C3%B6ldin_f.Kr." title="2. öldin f.Kr. – islandais" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="2. öldin f.Kr." data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="islandais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/II_secolo_a.C." title="II secolo a.C. – italien" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="II secolo a.C." data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="italien" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%B4%80%E5%85%83%E5%89%8D2%E4%B8%96%E7%B4%80" title="紀元前2世紀 – japonais" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="紀元前2世紀" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="japonais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%AB%E1%83%95._%E1%83%AC._II_%E1%83%A1%E1%83%90%E1%83%A3%E1%83%99%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9C%E1%83%94" title="ძვ. წ. II საუკუნე – géorgien" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ძვ. წ. II საუკუნე" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="géorgien" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%B8%B0%EC%9B%90%EC%A0%84_2%EC%84%B8%EA%B8%B0" title="기원전 2세기 – coréen" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="기원전 2세기" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="coréen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sedsala_2an_b.z." title="Sedsala 2an b.z. – kurde" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Sedsala 2an b.z." data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="kurde" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saeculum_2_a.C.n." title="Saeculum 2 a.C.n. – latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Saeculum 2 a.C.n." data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/2._Joerhonnert_v._Chr." title="2. Joerhonnert v. Chr. – luxembourgeois" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="2. Joerhonnert v. Chr." data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="luxembourgeois" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sentenio_2_aec" title="Sentenio 2 aec – lingua franca nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Sentenio 2 aec" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="lingua franca nova" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twiede_iew_veur_Christus" title="Twiede iew veur Christus – limbourgeois" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Twiede iew veur Christus" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="limbourgeois" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/II_secolo_a.C." title="II secolo a.C. – ligure" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="II secolo a.C." data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="ligure" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ligure</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/II_am%C5%BEius_pr._m._e." title="II amžius pr. m. e. – lituanien" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="II amžius pr. m. e." data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="lituanien" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/2._gadsimts_p.m.%C4%93." title="2. gadsimts p.m.ē. – letton" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="2. gadsimts p.m.ē." data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="letton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mhr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mhr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C._%D1%8D._%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%87_%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%87%D1%8B%D1%87%D1%81%D0%BE_II_%D0%BA%D1%83%D1%80%D1%8B%D0%BC" title="М. э. деч ончычсо II курым – Eastern Mari" lang="mhr" hreflang="mhr" data-title="М. э. деч ончычсо II курым" data-language-autonym="Олык марий" data-language-local-name="Eastern Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Олык марий</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/2_%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BA_%D0%BF.%D0%BD.%D0%B5." title="2 век п.н.е. – macédonien" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="2 век п.н.е." data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="macédonien" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%87.%E0%A4%B8.%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%82.%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%87_%E0%A5%A8_%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%87_%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%95" title="इ.स.पू.चे २ रे शतक – marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="इ.स.पू.चे २ रे शतक" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abad_ke-2_SM" title="Abad ke-2 SM – malais" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Abad ke-2 SM" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="malais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nap mw-list-item"><a href="https://nap.wikipedia.org/wiki/II_seculo_AC" title="II seculo AC – napolitain" lang="nap" hreflang="nap" data-title="II seculo AC" data-language-autonym="Napulitano" data-language-local-name="napolitain" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Napulitano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/2._Johrhunnert_v._Chr." title="2. Johrhunnert v. Chr. – bas-allemand" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="2. Johrhunnert v. Chr." data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="bas-allemand" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds-nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/2e_eeuw_v._Chr." title="2e eeuw v. Chr. – bas-saxon néerlandais" lang="nds-NL" hreflang="nds-NL" data-title="2e eeuw v. Chr." data-language-autonym="Nedersaksies" data-language-local-name="bas-saxon néerlandais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nedersaksies</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/2e_eeuw_v.Chr." title="2e eeuw v.Chr. – néerlandais" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="2e eeuw v.Chr." data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="néerlandais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/100-talet_fvt." title="100-talet fvt. – norvégien nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="100-talet fvt." data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="norvégien nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/2._%C3%A5rhundre_f.Kr." title="2. århundre f.Kr. – norvégien bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="2. århundre f.Kr." data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="norvégien bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nrm mw-list-item"><a href="https://nrm.wikipedia.org/wiki/-IIe_s." title="-IIe s. – Norman" lang="nrf" hreflang="nrf" data-title="-IIe s." data-language-autonym="Nouormand" data-language-local-name="Norman" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nouormand</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%A8gle_II_abC" title="Sègle II abC – occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Sègle II abC" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/II_wiek_p.n.e." title="II wiek p.n.e. – polonais" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="II wiek p.n.e." data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="polonais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%A9culo_II_a.C." title="Século II a.C. – portugais" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Século II a.C." data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="portugais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/2_%C3%B1iqin_pachakwata_k%C3%B1" title="2 ñiqin pachakwata kñ – quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="2 ñiqin pachakwata kñ" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secolul_al_II-lea_%C3%AE.Hr." title="Secolul al II-lea î.Hr. – roumain" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Secolul al II-lea î.Hr." data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="roumain" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/II_%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BA_%D0%B4%D0%BE_%D0%BD._%D1%8D." title="II век до н. э. – russe" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="II век до н. э." data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="russe" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/II._%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%87%D0%B0_%D0%B4%D0%BE_%D0%BD._%D0%B5." title="II. стороча до н. е. – ruthène" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="II. стороча до н. е." data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="ruthène" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русиньскый</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91._%D1%8D._%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BD._II_%D2%AF%D0%B9%D1%8D" title="Б. э. инн. II үйэ – iakoute" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Б. э. инн. II үйэ" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="iakoute" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%A8culu_II_a.C." title="Sèculu II a.C. – sicilien" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Sèculu II a.C." data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="sicilien" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/2._vijek_pr._n._e." title="2. vijek pr. n. e. – serbo-croate" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="2. vijek pr. n. e." data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="serbo-croate" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/2nd_century_BC" title="2nd century BC – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="2nd century BC" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/2._storo%C4%8Die_pred_Kr." title="2. storočie pred Kr. – slovaque" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="2. storočie pred Kr." data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="slovaque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/2._stoletje_pr._n._%C5%A1t." title="2. stoletje pr. n. št. – slovène" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="2. stoletje pr. n. št." data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="slovène" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shekulli_II_p.e.s." title="Shekulli II p.e.s. – albanais" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Shekulli II p.e.s." data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="albanais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/2._%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BA_%D0%BF._%D0%BD._%D0%B5." title="2. век п. н. е. – serbe" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="2. век п. н. е." data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="serbe" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abad_ka-2_SM" title="Abad ka-2 SM – soundanais" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Abad ka-2 SM" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="soundanais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/100-talet_f.Kr." title="100-talet f.Kr. – suédois" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="100-talet f.Kr." data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="suédois" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karne_ya_2_KK" title="Karne ya 2 KK – swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Karne ya 2 KK" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%81_2-%E0%AE%86%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%A8%E0%AF%82%E0%AE%B1%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%B1%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%A3%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%81" title="கிமு 2-ஆம் நூற்றாண்டு – tamoul" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="கிமு 2-ஆம் நூற்றாண்டு" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="tamoul" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%B8_II_%D1%82%D0%BE_%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B4" title="Садаи II то мелод – tadjik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Садаи II то мелод" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="tadjik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A9%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%B5%E0%B9%88_2_%E0%B8%81%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A5" title="ศตวรรษที่ 2 ก่อนคริสตกาล – thaï" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ศตวรรษที่ 2 ก่อนคริสตกาล" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="thaï" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ika-2_dantaon_BC" title="Ika-2 dantaon BC – tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Ika-2 dantaon BC" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%96_2._y%C3%BCzy%C4%B1l" title="MÖ 2. yüzyıl – turc" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="MÖ 2. yüzyıl" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="turc" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/II_%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%8B%D1%80_(%D0%B1._%D1%8D._%D0%BA.)" title="II гасыр (б. э. к.) – tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="II гасыр (б. э. к.)" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/II_%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%96%D1%82%D1%82%D1%8F_%D0%B4%D0%BE_%D0%BD._%D0%B5." title="II століття до н. е. – ukrainien" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="II століття до н. е." data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="ukrainien" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D9%88%D8%B3%D8%B1%DB%8C_%D8%B5%D8%AF%DB%8C_%D9%82_%D9%85" title="دوسری صدی ق م – ourdou" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="دوسری صدی ق م" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="ourdou" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mil._av._II_asr" title="Mil. av. II asr – ouzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Mil. av. II asr" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="ouzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/II_seco%C5%82o_v.C." title="II secoło v.C. – vénitien" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="II secoło v.C." data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="vénitien" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vèneto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Th%E1%BA%BF_k%E1%BB%B7_2_TCN" title="Thế kỷ 2 TCN – vietnamien" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Thế kỷ 2 TCN" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="vietnamien" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ika-2_nga_gatostuig_UC" title="Ika-2 nga gatostuig UC – waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Ika-2 nga gatostuig UC" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%89%8D2%E4%B8%96%E7%BA%AA" title="前2世纪 – wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="前2世纪" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%AF%E1%83%95._%E1%83%AC._II_%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A8%E1%83%AC%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90" title="ჯვ. წ. II ოშწანურა – mingrélien" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ჯვ. წ. II ოშწანურა" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="mingrélien" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%89%8D2%E4%B8%96%E7%BA%AA" title="前2世纪 – chinois" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="前2世纪" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="chinois" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%89%8D2%E4%B8%96%E7%B4%80" title="前2世紀 – cantonais" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="前2世紀" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="cantonais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q25300#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Modifier les liens interlangues" class="wbc-editpage">Modifier les liens</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Espaces de noms"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/IIe_si%C3%A8cle_av._J.-C." title="Voir le contenu de la page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Discussion:IIe_si%C3%A8cle_av._J.-C." rel="discussion" title="Discussion au sujet de cette page de contenu [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Discussion</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Modifier la variante de langue" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">français</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Affichages"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/IIe_si%C3%A8cle_av._J.-C."><span>Lire</span></a></li><li id="ca-ve-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=IIe_si%C3%A8cle_av._J.-C.&veaction=edit" title="Modifier cette page [v]" accesskey="v"><span>Modifier</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="collapsible vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=IIe_si%C3%A8cle_av._J.-C.&action=edit" title="Modifier le wikicode de cette page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Modifier le code</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=IIe_si%C3%A8cle_av._J.-C.&action=history" title="Historique des versions de cette page [h]" accesskey="h"><span>Voir l’historique</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Outils de la page"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Outils" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Outils</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Outils</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">déplacer vers la barre latérale</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">masquer</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="Plus d’options" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Actions </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/IIe_si%C3%A8cle_av._J.-C."><span>Lire</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-ve-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=IIe_si%C3%A8cle_av._J.-C.&veaction=edit" title="Modifier cette page [v]" accesskey="v"><span>Modifier</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="collapsible vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=IIe_si%C3%A8cle_av._J.-C.&action=edit" title="Modifier le wikicode de cette page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Modifier le code</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=IIe_si%C3%A8cle_av._J.-C.&action=history"><span>Voir l’historique</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Général </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Sp%C3%A9cial:Pages_li%C3%A9es/IIe_si%C3%A8cle_av._J.-C." title="Liste des pages liées qui pointent sur celle-ci [j]" accesskey="j"><span>Pages liées</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Sp%C3%A9cial:Suivi_des_liens/IIe_si%C3%A8cle_av._J.-C." rel="nofollow" title="Liste des modifications récentes des pages appelées par celle-ci [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Suivi des pages liées</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aide:Importer_un_fichier" title="Téléverser des fichiers [u]" accesskey="u"><span>Téléverser un fichier</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=IIe_si%C3%A8cle_av._J.-C.&oldid=222785828" title="Adresse permanente de cette version de cette page"><span>Lien permanent</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=IIe_si%C3%A8cle_av._J.-C.&action=info" title="Davantage d’informations sur cette page"><span>Informations sur la page</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sp%C3%A9cial:Citer&page=IIe_si%C3%A8cle_av._J.-C.&id=222785828&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Informations sur la manière de citer cette page"><span>Citer cette page</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sp%C3%A9cial:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FIIe_si%25C3%25A8cle_av._J.-C."><span>Obtenir l'URL raccourcie</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sp%C3%A9cial:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FIIe_si%25C3%25A8cle_av._J.-C."><span>Télécharger le code QR</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Imprimer / exporter </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-create_a_book" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sp%C3%A9cial:Livre&bookcmd=book_creator&referer=IIe+si%C3%A8cle+av.+J.-C."><span>Créer un livre</span></a></li><li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sp%C3%A9cial:DownloadAsPdf&page=IIe_si%C3%A8cle_av._J.-C.&action=show-download-screen"><span>Télécharger comme PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=IIe_si%C3%A8cle_av._J.-C.&printable=yes" title="Version imprimable de cette page [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Version imprimable</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Dans d’autres projets </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:2nd_century_BC" hreflang="en"><span>Wikimedia Commons</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q25300" title="Lien vers l’élément dans le dépôt de données connecté [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Élément Wikidata</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Outils de la page"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Apparence"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Apparence</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">déplacer vers la barre latérale</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">masquer</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">Un article de Wikipédia, l'encyclopédie libre.</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="fr" dir="ltr"><p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <table class="toc" align="right" style="margin:4px;"> <tbody><tr align="center"> <td><small>Millénaires :</small><br /> <p><a href="/wiki/IIe_mill%C3%A9naire_av._J.-C." title="IIe millénaire av. J.-C."><abbr class="abbr" title="2ᵉ millénaire">II<sup>e</sup></abbr> millénaire <abbr class="abbr nowrap" title="avant Jésus-Christ">av. J.-C.</abbr></a> • <b><a href="/wiki/Ier_mill%C3%A9naire_av._J.-C." title="Ier millénaire av. J.-C."><abbr class="abbr" title="1ᵉʳ millénaire">I<sup>er</sup></abbr> millénaire <abbr class="abbr nowrap" title="avant Jésus-Christ">av. J.-C.</abbr></a></b> • <a href="/wiki/Ier_mill%C3%A9naire" title="Ier millénaire"><abbr class="abbr" title="1ᵉʳ millénaire">I<sup>er</sup></abbr> millénaire</a><br /> </p> <hr /> <p><small>Siècles :</small><br /> <a href="/wiki/IIIe_si%C3%A8cle_av._J.-C." title="IIIe siècle av. J.-C."><abbr class="abbr" title="3ᵉ siècle"><span class="romain">III</span><sup style="font-size:72%">e</sup></abbr> siècle <abbr class="abbr nowrap" title="avant Jésus-Christ">av. J.-C.</abbr></a> • <b><a class="mw-selflink selflink"><abbr class="abbr" title="2ᵉ siècle"><span class="romain">II</span><sup style="font-size:72%">e</sup></abbr> siècle <abbr class="abbr nowrap" title="avant Jésus-Christ">av. J.-C.</abbr></a></b> • <a href="/wiki/Ier_si%C3%A8cle_av._J.-C." title="Ier siècle av. J.-C."><abbr class="abbr" title="1ᵉʳ siècle"><span class="romain">I</span><sup style="font-size:72%">er</sup></abbr> siècle <abbr class="abbr nowrap" title="avant Jésus-Christ">av. J.-C.</abbr></a><br /> </p> <hr /> </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <td><small>Décennies :</small><br /> <p><a href="/wiki/Ann%C3%A9es_-190" class="mw-redirect" title="Années -190">-190</a> • <a href="/wiki/Ann%C3%A9es_-180" class="mw-redirect" title="Années -180">-180</a> • <a href="/wiki/Ann%C3%A9es_-170" class="mw-redirect" title="Années -170">-170</a> • <a href="/wiki/Ann%C3%A9es_-160" class="mw-redirect" title="Années -160">-160</a> • <a href="/wiki/Ann%C3%A9es_-150" class="mw-redirect" title="Années -150">-150</a><br /> <a href="/wiki/Ann%C3%A9es_-140" class="mw-redirect" title="Années -140">-140</a> • <a href="/wiki/Ann%C3%A9es_-130" class="mw-redirect" title="Années -130">-130</a> • <a href="/wiki/Ann%C3%A9es_-120" class="mw-redirect" title="Années -120">-120</a> • <a href="/wiki/Ann%C3%A9es_-110" class="mw-redirect" title="Années -110">-110</a> • <a href="/wiki/Ann%C3%A9es_-100" class="mw-redirect" title="Années -100">-100</a> </p> <hr /> </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <td><small>Années :</small><br /> <p><a href="/wiki/-200" class="mw-redirect" title="-200">-200</a> • <a href="/wiki/-199" class="mw-redirect" title="-199">-199</a> • <a href="/wiki/-198" class="mw-redirect" title="-198">-198</a> • <a href="/wiki/-197" class="mw-redirect" title="-197">-197</a> • <a href="/wiki/-196" class="mw-redirect" title="-196">-196</a><br /><a href="/wiki/-195" class="mw-redirect" title="-195">-195</a> • <a href="/wiki/-194" class="mw-redirect" title="-194">-194</a> • <a href="/wiki/-193" class="mw-redirect" title="-193">-193</a> • <a href="/wiki/-192" class="mw-redirect" title="-192">-192</a> • <a href="/wiki/-191" class="mw-redirect" title="-191">-191</a> </p><p><a href="/wiki/-190" class="mw-redirect" title="-190">-190</a> • <a href="/wiki/-189" class="mw-redirect" title="-189">-189</a> • <a href="/wiki/-188" class="mw-redirect" title="-188">-188</a> • <a href="/wiki/-187" class="mw-redirect" title="-187">-187</a> • <a href="/wiki/-186" class="mw-redirect" title="-186">-186</a><br /><a href="/wiki/-185" class="mw-redirect" title="-185">-185</a> • <a href="/wiki/-184" class="mw-redirect" title="-184">-184</a> • <a href="/wiki/-183" class="mw-redirect" title="-183">-183</a> • <a href="/wiki/-182" class="mw-redirect" title="-182">-182</a> • <a href="/wiki/-181" class="mw-redirect" title="-181">-181</a> </p><p><a href="/wiki/-180" class="mw-redirect" title="-180">-180</a> • <a href="/wiki/-179" class="mw-redirect" title="-179">-179</a> • <a href="/wiki/-178" class="mw-redirect" title="-178">-178</a> • <a href="/wiki/-177" class="mw-redirect" title="-177">-177</a> • <a href="/wiki/-176" class="mw-redirect" title="-176">-176</a><br /><a href="/wiki/-175" class="mw-redirect" title="-175">-175</a> • <a href="/wiki/-174" class="mw-redirect" title="-174">-174</a> • <a href="/wiki/-173" class="mw-redirect" title="-173">-173</a> • <a href="/wiki/-172" class="mw-redirect" title="-172">-172</a> • <a href="/wiki/-171" class="mw-redirect" title="-171">-171</a> </p><p><a href="/wiki/-170" class="mw-redirect" title="-170">-170</a> • <a href="/wiki/-169" class="mw-redirect" title="-169">-169</a> • <a href="/wiki/-168" class="mw-redirect" title="-168">-168</a> • <a href="/wiki/-167" class="mw-redirect" title="-167">-167</a> • <a href="/wiki/-166" class="mw-redirect" title="-166">-166</a><br /><a href="/wiki/-165" class="mw-redirect" title="-165">-165</a> • <a href="/wiki/-164" class="mw-redirect" title="-164">-164</a> • <a href="/wiki/-163" class="mw-redirect" title="-163">-163</a> • <a href="/wiki/-162" class="mw-redirect" title="-162">-162</a> • <a href="/wiki/-161" class="mw-redirect" title="-161">-161</a> </p><p><a href="/wiki/-160" class="mw-redirect" title="-160">-160</a> • <a href="/wiki/-159" class="mw-redirect" title="-159">-159</a> • <a href="/wiki/-158" class="mw-redirect" title="-158">-158</a> • <a href="/wiki/-157" class="mw-redirect" title="-157">-157</a> • <a href="/wiki/-156" class="mw-redirect" title="-156">-156</a><br /><a href="/wiki/-155" class="mw-redirect" title="-155">-155</a> • <a href="/wiki/-154" class="mw-redirect" title="-154">-154</a> • <a href="/wiki/-153" class="mw-redirect" title="-153">-153</a> • <a href="/wiki/-152" class="mw-redirect" title="-152">-152</a> • <a href="/wiki/-151" class="mw-redirect" title="-151">-151</a> </p><p><a href="/wiki/-150" class="mw-redirect" title="-150">-150</a> • <a href="/wiki/-149" class="mw-redirect" title="-149">-149</a> • <a href="/wiki/-148" class="mw-redirect" title="-148">-148</a> • <a href="/wiki/-147" class="mw-redirect" title="-147">-147</a> • <a href="/wiki/-146" class="mw-redirect" title="-146">-146</a><br /><a href="/wiki/-145" class="mw-redirect" title="-145">-145</a> • <a href="/wiki/-144" class="mw-redirect" title="-144">-144</a> • <a href="/wiki/-143" class="mw-redirect" title="-143">-143</a> • <a href="/wiki/-142" class="mw-redirect" title="-142">-142</a> • <a href="/wiki/-141" class="mw-redirect" title="-141">-141</a> </p><p><a href="/wiki/-140" class="mw-redirect" title="-140">-140</a> • <a href="/wiki/-139" class="mw-redirect" title="-139">-139</a> • <a href="/wiki/-138" class="mw-redirect" title="-138">-138</a> • <a href="/wiki/-137" class="mw-redirect" title="-137">-137</a> • <a href="/wiki/-136" class="mw-redirect" title="-136">-136</a><br /><a href="/wiki/-135" class="mw-redirect" title="-135">-135</a> • <a href="/wiki/-134" class="mw-redirect" title="-134">-134</a> • <a href="/wiki/-133" class="mw-redirect" title="-133">-133</a> • <a href="/wiki/-132" class="mw-redirect" title="-132">-132</a> • <a href="/wiki/-131" class="mw-redirect" title="-131">-131</a> </p><p><a href="/wiki/-130" class="mw-redirect" title="-130">-130</a> • <a href="/wiki/-129" class="mw-redirect" title="-129">-129</a> • <a href="/wiki/-128" class="mw-redirect" title="-128">-128</a> • <a href="/wiki/-127" class="mw-redirect" title="-127">-127</a> • <a href="/wiki/-126" class="mw-redirect" title="-126">-126</a><br /><a href="/wiki/-125" class="mw-redirect" title="-125">-125</a> • <a href="/wiki/-124" class="mw-redirect" title="-124">-124</a> • <a href="/wiki/-123" class="mw-redirect" title="-123">-123</a> • <a href="/wiki/-122" class="mw-redirect" title="-122">-122</a> • <a href="/wiki/-121" class="mw-redirect" title="-121">-121</a> </p><p><a href="/wiki/-120" class="mw-redirect" title="-120">-120</a> • <a href="/wiki/-119" class="mw-redirect" title="-119">-119</a> • <a href="/wiki/-118" class="mw-redirect" title="-118">-118</a> • <a href="/wiki/-117" class="mw-redirect" title="-117">-117</a> • <a href="/wiki/-116" class="mw-redirect" title="-116">-116</a><br /><a href="/wiki/-115" class="mw-redirect" title="-115">-115</a> • <a href="/wiki/-114" class="mw-redirect" title="-114">-114</a> • <a href="/wiki/-113" class="mw-redirect" title="-113">-113</a> • <a href="/wiki/-112" class="mw-redirect" title="-112">-112</a> • <a href="/wiki/-111" class="mw-redirect" title="-111">-111</a> </p><p><a href="/wiki/-110" class="mw-redirect" title="-110">-110</a> • <a href="/wiki/-109" class="mw-redirect" title="-109">-109</a> • <a href="/wiki/-108" class="mw-redirect" title="-108">-108</a> • <a href="/wiki/-107" class="mw-redirect" title="-107">-107</a> • <a href="/wiki/-106" class="mw-redirect" title="-106">-106</a><br /><a href="/wiki/-105" class="mw-redirect" title="-105">-105</a> • <a href="/wiki/-104" class="mw-redirect" title="-104">-104</a> • <a href="/wiki/-103" class="mw-redirect" title="-103">-103</a> • <a href="/wiki/-102" class="mw-redirect" title="-102">-102</a> • <a href="/wiki/-101" class="mw-redirect" title="-101">-101</a> </p> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Voir aussi : <a href="/wiki/Liste_des_si%C3%A8cles" title="Liste des siècles">Liste des siècles</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chiffres_romains" class="mw-redirect" title="Chiffres romains">Chiffres romains</a> </p> <hr /> <p>Le <b><abbr class="abbr" title="2ᵉ siècle"><span class="romain">II</span><sup style="font-size:72%">e</sup></abbr> siècle <abbr class="abbr nowrap" title="avant Jésus-Christ">av. J.-C.</abbr></b> commence le <time class="nowrap" datetime="U-0200-12-29" data-sort-value="U-0200-12-29"><abbr class="abbr" title="premier">1<sup>er</sup></abbr> janvier 200 <abbr class="abbr" title="avant Jésus-Christ">av. J.-C.</abbr></time> et finit le <time class="nowrap" datetime="U-0100-12-29" data-sort-value="U-0100-12-29">31 décembre 101 <abbr class="abbr" title="avant Jésus-Christ">av. J.-C.</abbr></time> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Événements"><span id=".C3.89v.C3.A9nements"></span>Événements</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=IIe_si%C3%A8cle_av._J.-C.&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Modifier la section : Événements" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifier</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=IIe_si%C3%A8cle_av._J.-C.&action=edit&section=1" title="Modifier le code source de la section : Événements"><span>modifier le code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Afrique">Afrique</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=IIe_si%C3%A8cle_av._J.-C.&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Modifier la section : Afrique" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifier</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=IIe_si%C3%A8cle_av._J.-C.&action=edit&section=2" title="Modifier le code source de la section : Afrique"><span>modifier le code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><b>305-30 <abbr class="abbr nowrap" title="avant Jésus-Christ">av. J.-C.</abbr></b> : <a href="/wiki/Dynastie_lagide" title="Dynastie lagide">dynastie des Lagides</a> en <a href="/wiki/%C3%89gypte_antique" title="Égypte antique">Égypte</a>.</li> <li><b>202-148 <abbr class="abbr nowrap" title="avant Jésus-Christ">av. J.-C.</abbr></b> : règne de <a href="/wiki/Massinissa" title="Massinissa">Massinissa</a> en <a href="/wiki/Numidie" class="mw-redirect" title="Numidie">Numidie</a>, sur un territoire comprenant l’<a href="/wiki/Alg%C3%A9rie" title="Algérie">Algérie</a> et le <a href="/wiki/Maroc" title="Maroc">Maroc</a> oriental actuel<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Son puissant royaume vend à Rome du blé, des éléphants, des <a href="/wiki/Lion" title="Lion">lions</a> et des panthères. Les villes numides s’agrandissent et s’ornent de monuments, les bourgs fortifiés contre les nomades se multiplient. Massinissa possède une flotte et fait battre des monnaies de bronze. Il encourage la sédentarisation des nomades et l’urbanisation. Il diffuse la <a href="/wiki/Civilisation_punique" class="mw-redirect" title="Civilisation punique">civilisation punique</a> et les cultes agraires helléniques dans les campagnes. Sa capitale est Cirta (<a href="/wiki/Constantine_(Alg%C3%A9rie)" title="Constantine (Algérie)">Constantine</a>). Il envoie son blé à <a href="/wiki/D%C3%A9los" title="Délos">Délos</a> et à <a href="/wiki/Ath%C3%A8nes" title="Athènes">Athènes</a> (un de ses fils, <a href="/wiki/Mastanabal" title="Mastanabal">Mastanabal</a>, triomphe aux <a href="/wiki/Panath%C3%A9n%C3%A9es" title="Panathénées">Panathénées</a> en <a href="/wiki/158_av._J.-C." title="158 av. J.-C.">158 av. J.-C.</a>).</li></ul> <ul><li>Les scribes de <a href="/wiki/M%C3%A9ro%C3%A9" title="Méroé">Méroé</a> abandonnent les hiéroglyphes et la langue égyptienne pour inventer un <a href="/wiki/Alphabet_m%C3%A9ro%C3%AFtique" title="Alphabet méroïtique">alphabet de vingt-trois signes</a> et écrire dans leur propre langue, qui nous est inconnue<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>.</li> <li>À partir du <abbr class="abbr" title="2ᵉ siècle"><span class="romain">II</span><sup style="font-size:72%">e</sup></abbr> siècle <abbr class="abbr nowrap" title="avant Jésus-Christ">av. J.-C.</abbr>, la culture de la <a href="/wiki/Vigne" title="Vigne">vigne</a> et de l’<a href="/wiki/Olivier_(arbre)" class="mw-redirect" title="Olivier (arbre)">olivier</a> se développe en Afrique du Nord parallèlement à celle du <a href="/wiki/Bl%C3%A9" title="Blé">blé</a><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. L’élevage des chevaux s’intensifie, mais aussi celui des bovins et des ovins. Le pays fournit un grand nombre de bêtes sauvages pour les jeux du cirque.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Amérique"><span id="Am.C3.A9rique"></span>Amérique</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=IIe_si%C3%A8cle_av._J.-C.&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Modifier la section : Amérique" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifier</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=IIe_si%C3%A8cle_av._J.-C.&action=edit&section=3" title="Modifier le code source de la section : Amérique"><span>modifier le code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><b>Vers 200 <abbr class="abbr nowrap" title="avant Jésus-Christ">av. J.-C.</abbr></b> : développement de <a href="/wiki/Teotihuacan" title="Teotihuacan">Teotihuacan</a> au <a href="/wiki/Mexique" title="Mexique">Mexique</a>. La ville compte 80000 habitant au <a href="/wiki/Ier_si%C3%A8cle" title="Ier siècle"><abbr class="abbr" title="1ᵉʳ siècle"><span class="romain">I</span><sup style="font-size:72%">er</sup></abbr> siècle</a><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>.</li> <li><b>200 <abbr class="abbr nowrap" title="avant Jésus-Christ">av. J.-C.</abbr>-<a href="/wiki/700" title="700">700</a></b> : dans les zones forestières d’Amérique du Nord, développement de la <a href="/wiki/Culture_Hopewell" title="Culture Hopewell">culture Hopewell</a>, caractérisée par de grandes sépultures, par l’organisation en chefferie et par le développement d’un réseau de communication à longue distance<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>.</li> <li><b>200 <abbr class="abbr nowrap" title="avant Jésus-Christ">av. J.-C.</abbr>-<a href="/wiki/600" title="600">600</a></b> : période horizon moyen au Pérou<sup id="cite_ref-Malpass_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Malpass-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. <a href="/wiki/Moche_(culture)" title="Moche (culture)">Culture Moche</a>. Essor de la <a href="/wiki/Civilisation_nazca" class="mw-redirect" title="Civilisation nazca">civilisation Nazca</a> sur la côte méridionale du <a href="/wiki/P%C3%A9rou" title="Pérou">Pérou</a>, avec d’immenses <a href="/wiki/G%C3%A9oglyphes_de_Nazca" title="Géoglyphes de Nazca">géoglyphes</a> dessinant des motifs géométriques et animaliers dans les plaines désertiques<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Elle continue les traditions locales de céramiques et de tissus fins. Les céramiques, peintes avant cuisson, montrent des animaux, des oiseaux, des plantes mais aussi des têtes humaines coupées et des corps décapités, motifs que l’on retrouve sur les mystérieux <a href="/wiki/G%C3%A9oglyphes_de_Nazca" title="Géoglyphes de Nazca">alignements de Nazca</a>. La culture <a href="/wiki/Vir%C3%BA" title="Virú">Virú</a>, également appelée Gallinazo, se développe sur la côte nord péruvienne entre l'an 200 av. J.-C. et l'an <a href="/wiki/300" title="300">300</a><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. <a href="/wiki/Tiwanaku" title="Tiwanaku">Tiwanaku</a> et Pucara, occupé par les <a href="/wiki/Aymara_(peuple)" class="mw-redirect" title="Aymara (peuple)">aymaras</a>, sont les plus puissants États de la région du <a href="/wiki/Lac_Titicaca" title="Lac Titicaca">lac Titicaca</a> entre 200 <abbr class="abbr nowrap" title="avant Jésus-Christ">av. J.-C.</abbr> et <a href="/wiki/200" title="200">200</a><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>.</li> <li><b>Vers 150-50 <abbr class="abbr nowrap" title="avant Jésus-Christ">av. J.-C.</abbr>-700</b> : la culture <a href="/wiki/Inuit" class="mw-redirect" title="Inuit">inuit</a> <a href="/wiki/Culture_de_Thul%C3%A9" title="Culture de Thulé">okvik</a> se développe en <a href="/wiki/Alaska" title="Alaska">Alaska</a><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Asie_et_Pacifique">Asie et Pacifique</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=IIe_si%C3%A8cle_av._J.-C.&veaction=edit&section=4" title="Modifier la section : Asie et Pacifique" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifier</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=IIe_si%C3%A8cle_av._J.-C.&action=edit&section=4" title="Modifier le code source de la section : Asie et Pacifique"><span>modifier le code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><b>206 <abbr class="abbr nowrap" title="avant Jésus-Christ">av. J.-C.</abbr>-<a href="/wiki/220" title="220">220</a></b> : <a href="/wiki/Dynastie_Han" title="Dynastie Han">dynastie Han</a> en Chine.</li> <li><b>Vers 200 av. J.-C.</b> : essor des royaumes grecs (<a href="/wiki/Royaume_gr%C3%A9co-bactrien" title="Royaume gréco-bactrien">royaume gréco-bactrien</a> et <a href="/wiki/Royaumes_indo-grecs" title="Royaumes indo-grecs">royaumes indo-grecs</a>) du <a href="/wiki/Pendjab" title="Pendjab">Pendjab</a> et de <a href="/wiki/Bactriane" title="Bactriane">Bactriane</a><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>.</li> <li><b>Vers 185-73 av. J.-C.</b> : <a href="/wiki/Dynastie_Shunga" title="Dynastie Shunga">dynastie Shunga</a> en <a href="/wiki/Inde" title="Inde">Inde</a><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Construction des <a href="/wiki/St%C3%BBpa" class="mw-redirect" title="Stûpa">Stûpas</a> de <a href="/wiki/Bharhut" title="Bharhut">Bhârhut</a> et de <a href="/wiki/Sanchi" title="Sanchi">Sânchî</a><sup id="cite_ref-Astier_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Astier-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>.</li> <li><b>Vers 150 <abbr class="abbr nowrap" title="avant Jésus-Christ">av. J.-C.</abbr></b> : les <a href="/wiki/%C3%8Eles_Marquises" title="Îles Marquises">îles Marquises</a> sont occupées par des colons <a href="/wiki/Lapita" title="Lapita">Lapita</a><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>.</li> <li><b>139-126 <abbr class="abbr nowrap" title="avant Jésus-Christ">av. J.-C.</abbr></b> : mission du général <a href="/wiki/Chine" title="Chine">chinois</a> <a href="/wiki/Zhang_Qian" title="Zhang Qian">Zhang Qian</a> en <a href="/wiki/Asie_centrale" title="Asie centrale">Asie centrale</a>, qui atteste l'ouverture de la <a href="/wiki/Route_de_la_soie" title="Route de la soie">route de la soie</a> qui relie la Chine à la <a href="/wiki/M%C3%A9diterran%C3%A9e" class="mw-redirect" title="Méditerranée">Méditerranée</a>. Le commerce des soieries chinoises atteint Rome à partir du <a href="/wiki/Ier_si%C3%A8cle_av._J.-C." title="Ier siècle av. J.-C."><abbr class="abbr" title="1ᵉʳ siècle"><span class="romain">I</span><sup style="font-size:72%">er</sup></abbr> siècle <abbr class="abbr nowrap" title="avant Jésus-Christ">av. J.-C.</abbr></a><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>.</li> <li><b>133 <abbr class="abbr nowrap" title="avant Jésus-Christ">av. J.-C.</abbr>-89</b> : <a href="/wiki/Guerre_Han%E2%80%93Xiongnu" class="mw-redirect" title="Guerre Han–Xiongnu">guerre Han–Xiongnu</a>, série de conflits qui opposent la <a href="/wiki/Dynastie_Han" title="Dynastie Han">dynastie chinoise des Han</a> et la confédération nomade des <a href="/wiki/Xiongnu" title="Xiongnu">Xiongnu</a><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>.</li> <li><b>118-116 <abbr class="abbr nowrap" title="avant Jésus-Christ">av. J.-C.</abbr></b> : le navigateur <a href="/wiki/Eudoxe_de_Cyzique" title="Eudoxe de Cyzique">Eudoxe de Cyzique</a> se rend deux fois en <a href="/wiki/Inde" title="Inde">Inde</a>. Il aurait fait le <a href="/wiki/Circumnavigation" title="Circumnavigation">tour</a> de l’<a href="/wiki/Afrique" title="Afrique">Afrique</a>, du golfe persique à <a href="/wiki/Gad%C3%A8s" title="Gadès">Gadès</a><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>.</li></ul> <ul><li>La dernière vague d’<a href="/wiki/Peuplement_de_l%27Asie_du_Sud-Est" title="Peuplement de l'Asie du Sud-Est">émigration malaise</a> en <a href="/wiki/Indon%C3%A9sie" title="Indonésie">Indonésie</a> introduit des outils et des armes de fer. Les <a href="/wiki/Malais_(ethnie)" class="mw-redirect" title="Malais (ethnie)">Malais</a> pratiquent la navigation d’îles en îles, et se mêlent à des peuples plus anciens (Négritos, Veddas). Les populations indonésiennes qui résultent du métissage entre les <a href="/wiki/Malais_(ethnie)" class="mw-redirect" title="Malais (ethnie)">Malais</a> et les peuples plus anciens sont diverses par les types physiques et les langues mais possèdent une entité de civilisation et de religion. Elles travaillent les métaux (or, cuivre, bronze et fer), connaissent l’art du tissage et de la poterie, pratiquent l’irrigation et la riziculture. Elles vivent dans des maisons de bois bien construites, parfois richement sculptées. Cette civilisation pré-hindoue se développe à <a href="/wiki/Sumatra" title="Sumatra">Sumatra</a>, à <a href="/wiki/Java_(%C3%AEle)" title="Java (île)">Java</a>, à <a href="/wiki/Bali" title="Bali">Bali</a> et sur le littoral et les plaines accessibles par les cours d’eau de <a href="/wiki/Kalimantan" title="Kalimantan">Kalimantan</a><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Europe">Europe</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=IIe_si%C3%A8cle_av._J.-C.&veaction=edit&section=5" title="Modifier la section : Europe" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifier</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=IIe_si%C3%A8cle_av._J.-C.&action=edit&section=5" title="Modifier le code source de la section : Europe"><span>modifier le code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><abbr class="abbr" title="3ᵉ siècle avant Jésus-Christ"><span class="romain">III</span><sup style="font-size:72%">e</sup></abbr> / <abbr class="abbr" title="2ᵉ siècle"><span class="romain">II</span><sup style="font-size:72%">e</sup></abbr> siècle <abbr class="abbr nowrap" title="avant Jésus-Christ">av. J.-C.</abbr> : <a href="/wiki/Civilisation_des_oppida" title="Civilisation des oppida">civilisation des oppida</a> définie par <a href="/wiki/Joseph_D%C3%A9chelette" title="Joseph Déchelette">Joseph Déchelette</a>, du sud de l'Angleterre jusqu'à l'Europe centrale<sup id="cite_ref-Buchsenschutz_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Buchsenschutz-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Apogée des <a href="/wiki/Oppida" class="mw-redirect" title="Oppida">oppida</a> de <a href="/wiki/Provence" title="Provence">Provence</a> et du <a href="/wiki/Languedoc" title="Languedoc">Languedoc</a>. Remparts de <a href="/wiki/Glanum" title="Glanum">Glanum</a> (<a href="/wiki/Saint-R%C3%A9my-de-Provence" title="Saint-Rémy-de-Provence">Saint-Rémy-de-Provence</a>). Sous l’impulsion de <a href="/wiki/Marseille_antique" title="Marseille antique">Marseille</a>, une belle cité se développe sur un site indigène groupé autour d’un sanctuaire des eaux (maisons de style délien, temple, nymphée monumental élevé autour de la fontaine miraculeuse, reliefs de marbre). Oppidum de <a href="/w/index.php?title=Heidengraben&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Heidengraben (page inexistante)">Heidengraben</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heidengraben" class="extiw" title="en:Heidengraben"><span class="indicateur-langue" title="Article en anglais : « Heidengraben »">(en)</span></a>, près d'Ulm, le plus grand d'Europe avec 1662 ha.</li> <li><abbr class="abbr" title="2ᵉ siècle"><span class="romain">II</span><sup style="font-size:72%">e</sup></abbr> siècle <abbr class="abbr nowrap" title="avant Jésus-Christ">av. J.-C.</abbr>-<abbr class="abbr" title="4ᵉ siècle"><span class="romain">IV</span><sup style="font-size:72%">e</sup></abbr> siècle : cultures de <a href="/wiki/Culture_de_Przeworsk" title="Culture de Przeworsk">Przeworsk</a> en Pologne, de <a href="/wiki/Culture_de_Tsaroubintsy" title="Culture de Tsaroubintsy">Tsaroubintsy</a> dans les steppes boisées du nord de l'<a href="/wiki/Ukraine" title="Ukraine">Ukraine</a> et de <a href="/wiki/Culture_de_Tcherniakhov" title="Culture de Tcherniakhov">Tcherniakhov</a> en Biélorussie, Moldavie et Ukraine, candidates archéologiques privilégiés pour les origines des <a href="/wiki/Slaves" title="Slaves">Slaves</a><sup id="cite_ref-Fagan_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fagan-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>.</li> <li><b>Vers 200 <abbr class="abbr nowrap" title="avant Jésus-Christ">av. J.-C.</abbr></b> : les <a href="/wiki/Sarmates" title="Sarmates">Sarmates</a> envahissent la <a href="/wiki/Scythie" title="Scythie">Scythie</a> et les colonies grecques de la <a href="/wiki/Mer_Noire" title="Mer Noire">Mer Noire</a> avant le début du siècle<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Les <a href="/wiki/Scythes" title="Scythes">Scythes</a> se trouvent alors confinés à la <a href="/wiki/Crim%C3%A9e" title="Crimée">Crimée</a> autour de leur récente capitale de Néapolis et sur les cours inférieurs du <a href="/wiki/Dniepr" title="Dniepr">Dniepr</a> et du <a href="/wiki/Boug_m%C3%A9ridional" title="Boug méridional">Boug</a>. Ils assiègent à plusieurs reprises puis prennent la colonie grecque d’<a href="/wiki/Olbia_du_Pont" title="Olbia du Pont">Olbia</a>. Les Scythes s’hellénisent, renoncent à la vie nomade et poursuivent un commerce fructueux avec le monde hellénistique (blé, poisson salé, sel, viandes, laines, peaux, fourrures mais aussi or de l’<a href="/wiki/Alta%C3%AF" title="Altaï">Altaï</a> et ambre de la <a href="/wiki/Caspienne" class="mw-redirect" title="Caspienne">Caspienne</a> contre objets de luxe et vins de grand cru).</li> <li><b>200-49 av. J.-C.</b> : après la <a href="/wiki/Seconde_guerre_punique" class="mw-redirect" title="Seconde guerre punique">seconde guerre punique</a>, <a href="/wiki/Marseille_antique" title="Marseille antique">Massalia</a> (<a href="/wiki/Marseille" title="Marseille">Marseille</a>), alliée de Rome, réussit à contrôler tout le littoral méditerranéen de la <a href="/wiki/Gaule" title="Gaule">Gaule</a> et de l’Espagne<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>.</li> <li><b>197-179 <abbr class="abbr nowrap" title="avant Jésus-Christ">av. J.-C.</abbr></b> : <a href="/wiki/Premi%C3%A8re_guerre_celtib%C3%A8re" title="Première guerre celtibère">première guerre celtibère</a>.</li> <li><b>Vers 160-121 <abbr class="abbr nowrap" title="avant Jésus-Christ">av. J.-C.</abbr></b> : règnes des chefs arvernes <a href="/wiki/Luern" title="Luern">Luern</a> (vers 160-130 <abbr class="abbr nowrap" title="avant Jésus-Christ">av. J.-C.</abbr>) et de son fils <a href="/wiki/Bituitos" title="Bituitos">Bituitos</a> (vers 130-121 <abbr class="abbr nowrap" title="avant Jésus-Christ">av. J.-C.</abbr>). Les <a href="/wiki/Arvernes" title="Arvernes">Arvernes</a> imposent leur hégémonie sur une grande partie de la <a href="/wiki/Gaule" title="Gaule">Gaule</a> puis sont refoulés dans le Massif Central par Rome qui annexe la <a href="/wiki/Gaule_transalpine" title="Gaule transalpine">Gaule transalpine</a> en <a href="/wiki/121_av._J.-C." title="121 av. J.-C.">121 av. J.-C.</a><sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>.</li> <li><b>155-139 <abbr class="abbr nowrap" title="avant Jésus-Christ">av. J.-C.</abbr></b> : <a href="/wiki/Guerre_lusitanienne" title="Guerre lusitanienne">guerre lusitanienne</a> (principalement Hispanie du sud).</li> <li><b>153-133 <abbr class="abbr nowrap" title="avant Jésus-Christ">av. J.-C.</abbr></b> : <a href="/wiki/Guerre_de_Numance" title="Guerre de Numance">guerre de Numance</a> (nord de l'Hispanie).</li> <li><b>Vers 150-58 <abbr class="abbr nowrap" title="avant Jésus-Christ">av. J.-C.</abbr></b> : <a href="/wiki/%C3%82ge_du_fer_britannique" title="Âge du fer britannique">âge du fer tardif</a> en <a href="/wiki/Grande-Bretagne" title="Grande-Bretagne">Grande-Bretagne</a><sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Arrivée de peuples <a href="/wiki/Belges" title="Belges">belges</a> (<a href="/wiki/Atr%C3%A9bates" title="Atrébates">Atrébates</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cantiaci" title="Cantiaci">Cantiaci</a>, <a href="/wiki/Catuvellauni" title="Catuvellauni">Catuvellauni</a>, <a href="/wiki/Iceni" title="Iceni">Iceni</a>, etc.) dans le sud-est de l'<a href="/wiki/Angleterre" title="Angleterre">Angleterre</a><sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Homogénéité du style de l’art celtique britannique au <abbr class="abbr" title="2ᵉ siècle"><span class="romain">II</span><sup style="font-size:72%">e</sup></abbr> siècle (fourreaux d’épées et grands boucliers).</li> <li><b>149-146 <abbr class="abbr nowrap" title="avant Jésus-Christ">av. J.-C.</abbr></b> : <a href="/wiki/Troisi%C3%A8me_guerre_punique" title="Troisième guerre punique">troisième guerre punique</a>. La <a href="/wiki/R%C3%A9publique_romaine" title="République romaine">République romaine</a> s'empare de <a href="/wiki/Civilisation_carthaginoise" title="Civilisation carthaginoise">Carthage</a>.</li> <li><b>148 <abbr class="abbr nowrap" title="avant Jésus-Christ">av. J.-C.</abbr></b> : à l’issue des <a href="/wiki/Guerres_de_Mac%C3%A9doine" title="Guerres de Macédoine">guerres de Macédoine</a>, la <a href="/wiki/Mac%C3%A9doine_(province_romaine)" title="Macédoine (province romaine)">Macédoine</a> devient province romaine<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>.</li> <li><b>146 <abbr class="abbr nowrap" title="avant Jésus-Christ">av. J.-C.</abbr></b> : <a href="/wiki/Bataille_de_Corinthe" title="Bataille de Corinthe">destruction de Corinthe</a> et de Carthage. La <a href="/wiki/R%C3%A9publique_romaine" title="République romaine">République romaine</a> s'étend tout autour de la <a href="/wiki/M%C3%A9diterran%C3%A9e" class="mw-redirect" title="Méditerranée">Méditerranée</a>.</li> <li><b>113-105 <abbr class="abbr nowrap" title="avant Jésus-Christ">av. J.-C.</abbr></b> : <a href="/wiki/Guerre_des_Cimbres" title="Guerre des Cimbres">guerre des Cimbres</a>. Des populations germaniques, comme les <a href="/wiki/Cimbres" title="Cimbres">Cimbres</a> (Kimbri) du <a href="/wiki/Himmerland" title="Himmerland">Himmerland</a> (<a href="/wiki/Danemark" title="Danemark">Danemark</a>) et les <a href="/wiki/Teutons" title="Teutons">Teutons</a> (Teutones, venus de Thy au Danemark), migrent vers le Sud<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Inscriptions ibères du <a href="/wiki/Tumulus_de_Vielle-Aubagnan" title="Tumulus de Vielle-Aubagnan">tumulus de Vielle-Aubagnan</a> (Landes).</li> <li><b>Vers 100 <abbr class="abbr nowrap" title="avant Jésus-Christ">av. J.-C.</abbr></b> : <a href="/wiki/Posidonios" title="Posidonios">Posidonios</a> décrit les <a href="/wiki/Helv%C3%A8tes" title="Helvètes">Helvètes</a> comme un peuple <i>riche en or et pacifique</i>. Ils sont établis en <a href="/wiki/Allemagne" title="Allemagne">Allemagne</a> du Sud, puis localisés en <a href="/wiki/Suisse" title="Suisse">Suisse</a> par <a href="/wiki/Jules_C%C3%A9sar" title="Jules César">Jules César</a> au <abbr class="abbr" title="1ᵉʳ siècle"><span class="romain">I</span><sup style="font-size:72%">er</sup></abbr> siècle <abbr class="abbr nowrap" title="avant Jésus-Christ">av. J.-C.</abbr><sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>.</li></ul> <ul><li>Développement du culte d’<a href="/wiki/Isis" title="Isis">Isis</a> (déesse universelle) et des dieux égyptiens en <a href="/wiki/Gr%C3%A8ce_antique" title="Grèce antique">Grèce</a> : <a href="/wiki/Attique" title="Attique">Attique</a> (attesté au <a href="/wiki/Le_Pir%C3%A9e" title="Le Pirée">Pirée</a> avant <a href="/wiki/333_av._J.-C." title="333 av. J.-C.">333</a>), <a href="/wiki/Eub%C3%A9e" title="Eubée">Eubée</a>, <a href="/wiki/B%C3%A9otie" title="Béotie">Béotie</a>, <a href="/wiki/D%C3%A9los" title="Délos">Délos</a>, <a href="/wiki/Santorin" title="Santorin">Théra</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thessalie" title="Thessalie">Thessalie</a>, <a href="/wiki/Royaume_de_Mac%C3%A9doine" title="Royaume de Macédoine">Macédoine</a><sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> et en Asie Mineure (<a href="/wiki/Smyrne" class="mw-redirect" title="Smyrne">Smyrne</a>, <a href="/wiki/%C3%89ph%C3%A8se" title="Éphèse">Éphèse</a>, <a href="/wiki/Magn%C3%A9sie_du_M%C3%A9andre" title="Magnésie du Méandre">Magnésie du Méandre</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pri%C3%A8ne" title="Priène">Priène</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Proche-Orient">Proche-Orient</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=IIe_si%C3%A8cle_av._J.-C.&veaction=edit&section=6" title="Modifier la section : Proche-Orient" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifier</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=IIe_si%C3%A8cle_av._J.-C.&action=edit&section=6" title="Modifier le code source de la section : Proche-Orient"><span>modifier le code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><b>202-195 av. J.-C.</b> : <a href="/wiki/Guerres_de_Syrie" title="Guerres de Syrie">cinquième guerre de Syrie</a> entre <a href="/wiki/Lagides" class="mw-redirect" title="Lagides">Lagides</a> et <a href="/wiki/S%C3%A9leucides" title="Séleucides">Séleucides</a><sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>.</li> <li><b>200-142 av. J.-C.</b> : les <a href="/wiki/S%C3%A9leucides" title="Séleucides">Séleucides</a> dominent la <a href="/wiki/Jud%C3%A9e" title="Judée">Judée</a><sup id="cite_ref-Gruson_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gruson-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Au <abbr class="abbr" title="2ᵉ siècle"><span class="romain">II</span><sup style="font-size:72%">e</sup></abbr> siècle <abbr class="abbr nowrap" title="avant Jésus-Christ">av. J.-C.</abbr>, apparaissent en <a href="/wiki/Jud%C3%A9e" title="Judée">Judée</a> deux sectes antagonistes qui s’opposent sur le rituel (date de la <a href="/wiki/Pentec%C3%B4te" title="Pentecôte">Pentecôte</a>) et sur le dogme : les <a href="/wiki/Sadduc%C3%A9ens" title="Sadducéens">Sadducéens</a> professent un matérialisme et nient la résurrection des morts et la survie de l’âme. Attachés aux biens de ce monde, <a href="/wiki/Juda%C3%AFsme_hell%C3%A9nistique" title="Judaïsme hellénistique">ils composeraient</a> volontiers avec l’<a href="/wiki/Hell%C3%A9nisme" title="Hellénisme">hellénisme</a>. Les <a href="/wiki/Pharisiens" title="Pharisiens">Pharisiens</a> vivent dans la rigueur de la Loi mosaïque, observent minutieusement les pratiques. Ils croient aux anges et aux démons et à la résurrection finale des élus (influence des doctrines perses). Ils exercent dès le <a href="/wiki/Ier_si%C3%A8cle_av._J.-C." title="Ier siècle av. J.-C."><abbr class="abbr" title="1ᵉʳ siècle"><span class="romain">I</span><sup style="font-size:72%">er</sup></abbr> siècle <abbr class="abbr nowrap" title="avant Jésus-Christ">av. J.-C.</abbr></a> une influence spirituelle profonde sur le peuple grâce à leur connaissance de la Loi, leur vie simple et intègre et à leurs écoles<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>.</li> <li><b>167-164 av. J.-C.</b> : <a href="/wiki/R%C3%A9volte_des_Maccab%C3%A9es" title="Révolte des Maccabées">révolte des Maccabées</a> en Judée<sup id="cite_ref-Gruson_32-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gruson-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>.</li> <li><b>142-63 av. J.-C.</b> : <a href="/wiki/Hasmon%C3%A9ens" title="Hasmonéens">dynastie hasmonéenne</a> en Judée<sup id="cite_ref-Gruson_32-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gruson-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Personnages_significatifs">Personnages significatifs</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=IIe_si%C3%A8cle_av._J.-C.&veaction=edit&section=7" title="Modifier la section : Personnages significatifs" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifier</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=IIe_si%C3%A8cle_av._J.-C.&action=edit&section=7" title="Modifier le code source de la section : Personnages significatifs"><span>modifier le code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chef_d%27%C3%89tat" title="Chef d'État">Chefs</a> <a href="/wiki/Politique" title="Politique">politiques</a> : <ul><li><a href="/wiki/R%C3%A9publique_romaine" title="République romaine">Rome</a> : <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Caton_l%27Ancien" title="Caton l'Ancien">Caton l'Ancien</a> (234 - 149 av. J.-C.), homme politique, écrivain et historien.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucius_%C3%86milius_Paullus_Macedonicus" title="Lucius Æmilius Paullus Macedonicus">Lucius Æmilius Paullus Macedonicus</a> (230 - 160 av. J.-C.), général et homme politique.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcus_Claudius_Marcellus_(consul_en_-166)" title="Marcus Claudius Marcellus (consul en -166)">Marcus Claudius Marcellus</a> (209 - 148 av. J.-C.), homme politique.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucius_Mummius_Achaicus" title="Lucius Mummius Achaicus">Lucius Mummius Achaicus</a>, général et homme politique.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quintus_Caecilius_Metellus_Macedonicus" title="Quintus Caecilius Metellus Macedonicus">Quintus Caecilius Metellus Macedonicus</a> (188 - 116/115 av. J.-C.), général et homme politique.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Appius_Claudius_Pulcher_(consul_en_-143)" title="Appius Claudius Pulcher (consul en -143)">Appius Claudius Pulcher</a> (186 - 133 av. J.-C.), homme politique.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scipion_%C3%89milien" title="Scipion Émilien">Scipion Émilien</a> (185 - 129 av. J.-C.), général et homme politique.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Publius_Mucius_Sc%C3%A6vola_(consul_en_-133)" title="Publius Mucius Scævola (consul en -133)">Publius Mucius Scævola</a> (180 - 115 av. J.-C.), homme politique.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiberius_Gracchus" title="Tiberius Gracchus">Tiberius Gracchus</a> (168/163 - 133 av. J.-C.), homme politique.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucius_Caecilius_Metellus_Delmaticus" title="Lucius Caecilius Metellus Delmaticus">Lucius Caecilius Metellus Delmaticus</a> (162 - 104/103 av. J.-C.), général et homme politique.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caius_Marius" title="Caius Marius">Caius Marius</a> (157 - 86 av. J.-C.), général et homme politique.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caius_Gracchus" title="Caius Gracchus">Caius Gracchus</a> (154 - 121 av. J.-C.), homme politique.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quintus_Caecilius_Metellus_Numidicus" title="Quintus Caecilius Metellus Numidicus">Quintus Caecilius Metellus Numidicus</a> (152 - 91 av. J.-C.), général et homme politique.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quintus_Lutatius_Catulus_(consul_en_-102)" title="Quintus Lutatius Catulus (consul en -102)">Quintus Lutatius Catulus</a> (150 - 87 av. J.-C.), général et homme politique.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sylla" title="Sylla">Sylla</a> (138 - 78 av. J.-C.), général et homme politique.</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89gypte_antique" title="Égypte antique">Égypte</a> : <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ptol%C3%A9m%C3%A9e_V" title="Ptolémée V">Ptolémée V</a> (210 - 180 av. J.-C.), règne de 204 à 181 avant J.-C..</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ptol%C3%A9m%C3%A9e_VI" title="Ptolémée VI">Ptolémée VI</a> (186 - 145 av. J.-C.), règne de 180 à 145 avant J.-C..</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ptol%C3%A9m%C3%A9e_VII" title="Ptolémée VII">Ptolémée VII</a> (? - 144 av. J.-C.), règne de 145 à 144 avant J.-C..</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ptol%C3%A9m%C3%A9e_VIII" title="Ptolémée VIII">Ptolémée VIII</a> (182 - 116 av. J.-C.), règne de 145 à 116 avant J.-C..</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ptol%C3%A9m%C3%A9e_IX" title="Ptolémée IX">Ptolémée IX</a> (143/142 - 80 av. J.-C.), règne de 116 à 107 puis de 88 à 80 avant J.-C..</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ptol%C3%A9m%C3%A9e_X" title="Ptolémée X">Ptolémée X</a> (140/139 - 88 av. J.-C.), règne de 107 à 88 avant J.-C..</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dynastie_Han" title="Dynastie Han">Chine</a> : <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zhao_Tuo" title="Zhao Tuo">Zhao Tuo</a> (230 - 137 av. J.-C.), commandant militaire qui a fondé la dynastie des <a href="/wiki/Dynastie_des_Yue_du_Sud" title="Dynastie des Yue du Sud">Triệu</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Han_Wudi" title="Han Wudi">Han Wudi</a> (157 - 87 av. J.-C.), septième empereur de la dynastie Han.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huo_Qubing" title="Huo Qubing">Huo Qubing</a> (140 - 117 av. J.-C.), général.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhang_Qian" title="Zhang Qian">Zhang Qian</a> (? - 113 av. J.-C.), diplomate et explorateur.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wei_Qing" title="Wei Qing">Wei Qing</a> (? - 106 av. J.-C.), général.</li></ul></li> <li>Autre : <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antiochos_IV" title="Antiochos IV">Antiochos IV</a> (215 - 164 av. J.-C.), le dernier grand souverain de l'<a href="/wiki/S%C3%A9leucides" title="Séleucides">Empire séleucide</a> qui règne de 175 à 164 avant J.-C..</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pers%C3%A9e_(roi)" title="Persée (roi)">Persée</a> (212 - 166 av. J.-C.), dernier roi de la dynastie des <a href="/wiki/Antigonides" title="Antigonides">Antigonides</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judas_Maccab%C3%A9e" title="Judas Maccabée">Judas Maccabée</a> (? - 160 av. J.-C.), général et chef de la rébellion hasmonéenne.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jonathan_(hasmon%C3%A9en)" title="Jonathan (hasmonéen)">Jonathan</a> (? - 143 av. J.-C.), chef de la rébellion <a href="/wiki/Hasmon%C3%A9ens" title="Hasmonéens">hasmonéenne</a> et premier dirigeant autonome de <a href="/wiki/Jud%C3%A9e" title="Judée">Judée</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andriscos" title="Andriscos">Andriscos</a> (185 - 146 av. J.-C.), dernier souverain indépendant de <a href="/wiki/Royaume_de_Mac%C3%A9doine" title="Royaume de Macédoine">Macédoine</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antiochos_VII" title="Antiochos VII">Antiochos VII</a> (164/160 - 128 av. J.-C.), dernier roi de l'empire séleucide uni qui règne de 138 à 128 avant J.-C..</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teutobod" title="Teutobod">Teutobod</a> (? - 102 av. J.-C.), roi des <a href="/wiki/Teutons" title="Teutons">Teutons</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boiorix" title="Boiorix">Boiorix</a> (? - 101 av. J.-C.), roi des <a href="/wiki/Cimbres" title="Cimbres">Cimbres</a>.</li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Litt%C3%A9rature" title="Littérature">Littérature</a>, <a href="/wiki/Science" title="Science">science</a> et <a href="/wiki/Philosophie" title="Philosophie">philosophie</a> : <ul><li><a href="/wiki/R%C3%A9publique_romaine" title="République romaine">Rome</a> : <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Plaute" title="Plaute">Plaute</a> (254 - 184 av. J.-C.), poète comique et dramaturge.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ennius" title="Ennius">Ennius</a> (239 - 169 av. J.-C.), poète et dramaturge.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacuvius" title="Pacuvius">Pacuvius</a> (220 - 130 av. J.-C.), poète tragique et dramaturge.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/T%C3%A9rence" title="Térence">Térence</a> (190/185 - 159 av. J.-C.), poète comique et dramaturge.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucilius" title="Lucilius">Lucilius</a> (180/148 - 1102/101 av. J.-C.), <a href="/wiki/Satire" title="Satire">satiriste</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucius_Accius" title="Lucius Accius">Lucius Accius</a> (170 - 85/54 av. J.-C.), poète dramatique.</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gr%C3%A8ce_antique" title="Grèce antique">Grèce</a> : <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apollonios_de_Perga" title="Apollonios de Perga">Apollonios de Perga</a> (240 - ? av. J.-C.), géomètre et astronome.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diog%C3%A8ne_de_Babylone" title="Diogène de Babylone">Diogène de Babylone</a> (240 - 150 av. J.-C.), philosophe.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crat%C3%A8s_de_Mallos" title="Cratès de Mallos">Cratès de Mallos</a> (220 - 140 av. J.-C.), <a href="/wiki/Grammaire" title="Grammaire">grammairien</a> et philosophe.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carn%C3%A9ade" title="Carnéade">Carnéade</a> (219 - 128 av. J.-C.), philosophe.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polybe" title="Polybe">Polybe</a> (212/211 - 133 av. J.-C.), historien.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Z%C3%A9nodore_(math%C3%A9maticien)" title="Zénodore (mathématicien)">Zénodore</a> (200 - 140 av. J.-C.), mathématicien et astronome.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hipparque_(astronome)" title="Hipparque (astronome)">Hipparque</a> (190 - 120 av. J.-C.), astronome, géographe et mathématicien.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypsicl%C3%A8s" title="Hypsiclès">Hypsiclès</a> (190 - 120 av. J.-C.), mathématicien et astronome.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C3%A9leucos_de_S%C3%A9leucie" title="Séleucos de Séleucie">Séleucos de Séleucie</a> (190 - 150 av. J.-C.), astronome.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pan%C3%A9tios_de_Rhodes" title="Panétios de Rhodes">Panétios de Rhodes</a> (185 - 110/109 av. J.-C.), philosophe.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apollodore_d%27Ath%C3%A8nes" title="Apollodore d'Athènes">Apollodore d'Athènes</a> (180 - 120/110 av. J.-C.), Écrivain, grammairien et historien.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moschos" title="Moschos">Moschos</a> (150 - ? av. J.-C.), poète <a href="/wiki/Po%C3%A9sie_pastorale" title="Poésie pastorale">bucolique</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diodore_de_Tyr" title="Diodore de Tyr">Diodore de Tyr</a> (140 - 110 av. J.-C.), philosophe <a href="/wiki/%C3%89cole_p%C3%A9ripat%C3%A9ticienne" title="École péripatéticienne">péripatéticien</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Posidonios" title="Posidonios">Posidonios</a> (135 - 51 av. J.-C.), philosophe, géographe, astronome et historien.</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dynastie_Han" title="Dynastie Han">Chine</a> : <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Liu_An" title="Liu An">Liu An</a> (179 - 122 av. J.-C.), cartographe, géographe et homme politique.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sima_Xiangru" title="Sima Xiangru">Sima Xiangru</a> (179 - 117 av. J.-C.), musicien, poète et écrivain.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sima_Qian" title="Sima Qian">Sima Qian</a> (145 - 86 av. J.-C.), historien et annaliste.</li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Chronologies_thématiques"><span id="Chronologies_th.C3.A9matiques"></span>Chronologies thématiques</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=IIe_si%C3%A8cle_av._J.-C.&veaction=edit&section=8" title="Modifier la section : Chronologies thématiques" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifier</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=IIe_si%C3%A8cle_av._J.-C.&action=edit&section=8" title="Modifier le code source de la section : Chronologies thématiques"><span>modifier le code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="bandeau-container bandeau-section metadata bandeau-niveau-information"><div class="bandeau-cell bandeau-icone-css loupe">Articles détaillés : <a href="/wiki/IIe_si%C3%A8cle_av._J.-C._en_architecture" title="IIe siècle av. J.-C. en architecture">IIe siècle av. J.-C. en architecture</a>, <a href="/wiki/Arts_plastiques_au_IIe_si%C3%A8cle_av._J.-C." title="Arts plastiques au IIe siècle av. J.-C.">Arts plastiques au IIe siècle av. J.-C.</a>, <a href="/wiki/Litt%C3%A9rature_du_IIe_si%C3%A8cle_av._J.-C." title="Littérature du IIe siècle av. J.-C.">Littérature du IIe siècle av. J.-C.</a>, <a href="/wiki/Faits_%C3%A9conomiques_et_sociaux_au_IIe_si%C3%A8cle_av._J.-C." title="Faits économiques et sociaux au IIe siècle av. J.-C.">Faits économiques et sociaux au IIe siècle av. J.-C.</a> et <a href="/wiki/IIe_si%C3%A8cle_av._J.-C._en_science" title="IIe siècle av. J.-C. en science">IIe siècle av. J.-C. en science</a>.</div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes_et_références"><span id="Notes_et_r.C3.A9f.C3.A9rences"></span>Notes et références</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=IIe_si%C3%A8cle_av._J.-C.&veaction=edit&section=9" title="Modifier la section : Notes et références" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifier</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=IIe_si%C3%A8cle_av._J.-C.&action=edit&section=9" title="Modifier le code source de la section : Notes et références"><span>modifier le code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="references-small decimal" style=""><div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-1">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="Burgeon2015"><span class="ouvrage" id="Christophe_Burgeon2015">Christophe Burgeon, <cite class="italique">La troisième guerre punique et la destruction de Carthage : le verbe de Caton et les armes de Scipion</cite>, Louvain-la-Neuve, Éditions Academia, <time>2015</time>, 189 <abbr class="abbr" title="pages">p.</abbr> <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Sp%C3%A9cial:Ouvrages_de_r%C3%A9f%C3%A9rence/978-2-8061-0254-6" title="Spécial:Ouvrages de référence/978-2-8061-0254-6"><span class="nowrap">978-2-8061-0254-6</span></a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//books.google.com/books?id=HecACwAAQBAJ&pg=PA30">présentation en ligne</a>)</small><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=La+troisi%C3%A8me+guerre+punique+et+la+destruction+de+Carthage&rft.place=Louvain-la-Neuve&rft.pub=%C3%89ditions+Academia&rft.stitle=le+verbe+de+Caton+et+les+armes+de+Scipion&rft.aulast=Burgeon&rft.aufirst=Christophe&rft.date=2015&rft.tpages=189&rft.isbn=978-2-8061-0254-6&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3AIIe+si%C3%A8cle+av.+J.-C."></span></span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-2">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="2000"><cite class="italique">Histoire de l'humanité</cite>, <abbr class="abbr" title="volume">vol.</abbr> 3, UNESCO, <time>2000</time> <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Sp%C3%A9cial:Ouvrages_de_r%C3%A9f%C3%A9rence/978-92-3-202812-9" title="Spécial:Ouvrages de référence/978-92-3-202812-9"><span class="nowrap">978-92-3-202812-9</span></a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//books.google.com/books?id=uprLc--_opoC&pg=PA735">présentation en ligne</a>)</small><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Histoire+de+l%27humanit%C3%A9&rft.pub=UNESCO&rft.date=2000&rft.volume=3&rft.isbn=978-92-3-202812-9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3AIIe+si%C3%A8cle+av.+J.-C."></span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-3">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="Ben_Jeddou2007"><span class="ouvrage" id="Mohamed_Ben_Jeddou2007">Mohamed Ben Jeddou, <cite class="italique">Vers une étude de la dynamique du peuplement en Tunisie de la protohistoire jusqu'au Haut Moyen Âge : étude comparative de deux regions</cite>, <abbr class="abbr" title="volume">vol.</abbr> 1, Oxford, <a href="/wiki/Archaeopress" title="Archaeopress">Archaeopress</a>, <time>2007</time> <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Sp%C3%A9cial:Ouvrages_de_r%C3%A9f%C3%A9rence/978-1-4073-0171-6" title="Spécial:Ouvrages de référence/978-1-4073-0171-6"><span class="nowrap">978-1-4073-0171-6</span></a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//books.google.com/books?id=ITNoAAAAMAAJ&dq=vigne&pg=PA125">présentation en ligne</a>)</small><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Vers+une+%C3%A9tude+de+la+dynamique+du+peuplement+en+Tunisie+de+la+protohistoire+jusqu%27au+Haut+Moyen+%C3%82ge&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Archaeopress&rft.stitle=%C3%A9tude+comparative+de+deux+regions&rft.au=Mohamed+Ben+Jeddou&rft.date=2007&rft.volume=1&rft.isbn=978-1-4073-0171-6&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3AIIe+si%C3%A8cle+av.+J.-C."></span></span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-4">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="FaganScarre2016"><span class="ouvrage" id="Brian_M._FaganChris_Scarre2016">Brian M. Fagan et Chris Scarre, <cite class="italique">Ancient Civilizations</cite>, <a href="/wiki/Routledge_(maison_d%27%C3%A9dition)" class="mw-redirect" title="Routledge (maison d'édition)">Routledge</a>, <time>2016</time>, 536 <abbr class="abbr" title="pages">p.</abbr> <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Sp%C3%A9cial:Ouvrages_de_r%C3%A9f%C3%A9rence/978-1-317-29608-9" title="Spécial:Ouvrages de référence/978-1-317-29608-9"><span class="nowrap">978-1-317-29608-9</span></a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//books.google.com/books?id=xAy4CwAAQBAJ&pg=PA413">présentation en ligne</a>)</small><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ancient+Civilizations&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.aulast=Fagan&rft.aufirst=Brian+M.&rft.au=Chris+Scarre&rft.date=2016&rft.tpages=536&rft.isbn=978-1-317-29608-9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3AIIe+si%C3%A8cle+av.+J.-C."></span></span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-5">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="WaldmanBraun2009"><span class="ouvrage" id="Carl_WaldmanMolly_Braun2009">Carl Waldman et Molly Braun, <cite class="italique">Atlas of the North American Indian</cite>, <a href="/wiki/Infobase_Publishing" title="Infobase Publishing">Infobase Publishing</a>, <time>2009</time>, 450 <abbr class="abbr" title="pages">p.</abbr> <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Sp%C3%A9cial:Ouvrages_de_r%C3%A9f%C3%A9rence/978-1-4381-2671-5" title="Spécial:Ouvrages de référence/978-1-4381-2671-5"><span class="nowrap">978-1-4381-2671-5</span></a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//books.google.com/books?id=P2HKD9PgC6wC&pg=PA30">présentation en ligne</a>)</small><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Atlas+of+the+North+American+Indian&rft.pub=Infobase+Publishing&rft.aulast=Waldman&rft.aufirst=Carl&rft.au=Molly+Braun&rft.date=2009&rft.tpages=450&rft.isbn=978-1-4381-2671-5&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3AIIe+si%C3%A8cle+av.+J.-C."></span></span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Malpass-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Malpass_6-0">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="Malpass2009"><span class="ouvrage" id="Michael_A._Malpass2009">Michael A. Malpass, <cite class="italique">Daily Life in the Inca Empire, 2nd Edition</cite>, <a href="/wiki/ABC-CLIO" title="ABC-CLIO">ABC-CLIO</a>, <time>2009</time>, 176 <abbr class="abbr" title="pages">p.</abbr> <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Sp%C3%A9cial:Ouvrages_de_r%C3%A9f%C3%A9rence/978-0-313-35549-3" title="Spécial:Ouvrages de référence/978-0-313-35549-3"><span class="nowrap">978-0-313-35549-3</span></a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//books.google.com/books?id=XGtFCQAAQBAJ&pg=PA8">présentation en ligne</a>)</small><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Daily+Life+in+the+Inca+Empire%2C+2nd+Edition&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.aulast=Malpass&rft.aufirst=Michael+A.&rft.date=2009&rft.tpages=176&rft.isbn=978-0-313-35549-3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3AIIe+si%C3%A8cle+av.+J.-C."></span></span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-7">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="KalmanEverts2003"><span class="ouvrage" id="Bobbie_KalmanTammy_Everts2003">Bobbie Kalman et Tammy Everts, <cite class="italique">Peru : The People and Culture</cite>, Crabtree Publishing Company, <time>2003</time>, 32 <abbr class="abbr" title="pages">p.</abbr> <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Sp%C3%A9cial:Ouvrages_de_r%C3%A9f%C3%A9rence/978-0-7787-9342-7" title="Spécial:Ouvrages de référence/978-0-7787-9342-7"><span class="nowrap">978-0-7787-9342-7</span></a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//books.google.com/books?id=9jfjcPESOaIC&pg=PA6">présentation en ligne</a>)</small><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Peru&rft.pub=Crabtree+Publishing+Company&rft.stitle=The+People+and+Culture&rft.aulast=Kalman&rft.aufirst=Bobbie&rft.au=Tammy+Everts&rft.date=2003&rft.tpages=32&rft.isbn=978-0-7787-9342-7&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3AIIe+si%C3%A8cle+av.+J.-C."></span></span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-8">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="Klaus,_J._Marla_Toyne2016"><span class="ouvrage" id="Haagen_D._Klaus,_J._Marla_Toyne2016">Haagen D. Klaus, J. Marla Toyne, <cite class="italique">Ritual Violence in the Ancient Andes : Reconstructing Sacrifice on the North Coast of Peru</cite>, University of Texas Press, <time>2016</time> <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Sp%C3%A9cial:Ouvrages_de_r%C3%A9f%C3%A9rence/978-1-4773-0963-6" title="Spécial:Ouvrages de référence/978-1-4773-0963-6"><span class="nowrap">978-1-4773-0963-6</span></a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//books.google.com/books?id=QIl8DAAAQBAJ&pg=PA8">présentation en ligne</a>)</small><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ritual+Violence+in+the+Ancient+Andes+%3A+Reconstructing+Sacrifice+on+the+North+Coast+of+Peru&rft.pub=University+of+Texas+Press&rft.aulast=Klaus%2C+J.+Marla+Toyne&rft.aufirst=Haagen+D.&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-1-4773-0963-6&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3AIIe+si%C3%A8cle+av.+J.-C."></span></span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-9">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="Young-S¾nchez2004"><span class="ouvrage" id="Margaret_Young-S¾nchez2004">Margaret Young-S¾nchez, <cite class="italique">Tiwanaku : Ancestors of the Inca</cite>, U of Nebraska Press, <time>2004</time>, 215 <abbr class="abbr" title="pages">p.</abbr> <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Sp%C3%A9cial:Ouvrages_de_r%C3%A9f%C3%A9rence/978-0-8032-4921-9" title="Spécial:Ouvrages de référence/978-0-8032-4921-9"><span class="nowrap">978-0-8032-4921-9</span></a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//books.google.com/books?id=2pz_ZJhjk2MC&pg=PA17">présentation en ligne</a>)</small><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Tiwanaku&rft.pub=U+of+Nebraska+Press&rft.stitle=Ancestors+of+the+Inca&rft.aulast=Young-S%C2%BEnchez&rft.aufirst=Margaret&rft.date=2004&rft.tpages=215&rft.isbn=978-0-8032-4921-9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3AIIe+si%C3%A8cle+av.+J.-C."></span></span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-10">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="GibbonAmes1998"><span class="ouvrage" id="Guy_E._GibbonKenneth_M._Ames1998">Guy E. Gibbon et Kenneth M. Ames, <cite class="italique">Archaeology of Prehistoric Native America : An Encyclopedia</cite>, <a href="/wiki/Taylor_%26_Francis" title="Taylor & Francis">Taylor & Francis</a>, <time>1998</time>, 941 <abbr class="abbr" title="pages">p.</abbr> <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Sp%C3%A9cial:Ouvrages_de_r%C3%A9f%C3%A9rence/978-0-8153-0725-9" title="Spécial:Ouvrages de référence/978-0-8153-0725-9"><span class="nowrap">978-0-8153-0725-9</span></a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//books.google.com/books?id=_0u2y_SVnmoC&pg=PA605">présentation en ligne</a>)</small><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Archaeology+of+Prehistoric+Native+America&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.stitle=An+Encyclopedia&rft.aulast=Gibbon&rft.aufirst=Guy+E.&rft.au=Kenneth+M.+Ames&rft.date=1998&rft.tpages=941&rft.isbn=978-0-8153-0725-9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3AIIe+si%C3%A8cle+av.+J.-C."></span></span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-11">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="Meyer2007"><span class="ouvrage" id="Éric-Paul_Meyer2007">Éric-Paul Meyer, <cite class="italique">Une histoire de l'Inde</cite>, <a href="/wiki/%C3%89ditions_Albin_Michel" title="Éditions Albin Michel">Albin Michel</a>, <time>2007</time> <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Sp%C3%A9cial:Ouvrages_de_r%C3%A9f%C3%A9rence/978-2-226-20129-4" title="Spécial:Ouvrages de référence/978-2-226-20129-4"><span class="nowrap">978-2-226-20129-4</span></a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//books.google.com/books?id=MGYrAgAAQBAJ">présentation en ligne</a>)</small><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Une+histoire+de+l%27Inde&rft.pub=Albin+Michel&rft.aulast=Meyer&rft.aufirst=%C3%89ric-Paul&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-2-226-20129-4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3AIIe+si%C3%A8cle+av.+J.-C."></span></span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-12">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="Pant2012"><span class="ouvrage" id="Ashok_Pant2012">Ashok Pant, <cite class="italique">The Truth of Babri Mosque</cite>, iUniverse, <time>2012</time>, 302 <abbr class="abbr" title="pages">p.</abbr> <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Sp%C3%A9cial:Ouvrages_de_r%C3%A9f%C3%A9rence/978-1-4759-4290-3" title="Spécial:Ouvrages de référence/978-1-4759-4290-3"><span class="nowrap">978-1-4759-4290-3</span></a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//books.google.com/books?id=YgAp2MuMR84C&pg=PA24">présentation en ligne</a>)</small><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Truth+of+Babri+Mosque&rft.pub=iUniverse&rft.aulast=Pant&rft.aufirst=Ashok&rft.date=2012&rft.tpages=302&rft.isbn=978-1-4759-4290-3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3AIIe+si%C3%A8cle+av.+J.-C."></span></span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Astier-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Astier_13-0">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="Astier2011"><span class="ouvrage" id="Alexandre_Astier2011">Alexandre Astier, <cite class="italique">Histoire de l'Inde</cite>, <a href="/wiki/Eyrolles" title="Eyrolles">Éditions Eyrolles</a>, <time>2011</time>, 218 <abbr class="abbr" title="pages">p.</abbr> <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Sp%C3%A9cial:Ouvrages_de_r%C3%A9f%C3%A9rence/978-2-212-01141-8" title="Spécial:Ouvrages de référence/978-2-212-01141-8"><span class="nowrap">978-2-212-01141-8</span></a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//books.google.com/books?id=fKD3vwpgGhgC&pg=PA28">présentation en ligne</a>)</small><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Histoire+de+l%27Inde&rft.pub=%C3%89ditions+Eyrolles&rft.aulast=Astier&rft.aufirst=Alexandre&rft.date=2011&rft.tpages=218&rft.isbn=978-2-212-01141-8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3AIIe+si%C3%A8cle+av.+J.-C."></span></span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-14">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="Leroi-Gourhan,_José_Garanger2015"><span class="ouvrage" id="André_Leroi-Gourhan,_José_Garanger2015">André Leroi-Gourhan, José Garanger, <cite class="italique">La préhistoire dans le monde</cite>, Presses universitaires de France, <time>2015</time>, 848 <abbr class="abbr" title="pages">p.</abbr> <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Sp%C3%A9cial:Ouvrages_de_r%C3%A9f%C3%A9rence/978-2-13-073824-4" title="Spécial:Ouvrages de référence/978-2-13-073824-4"><span class="nowrap">978-2-13-073824-4</span></a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//books.google.com/books?id=6oxjCwAAQBAJ&pg=PAPT812">présentation en ligne</a>)</small><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=La+pr%C3%A9histoire+dans+le+monde&rft.pub=Presses+universitaires+de+France&rft.au=Andr%C3%A9+Leroi-Gourhan%2C+Jos%C3%A9+Garanger&rft.date=2015&rft.tpages=848&rft.isbn=978-2-13-073824-4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3AIIe+si%C3%A8cle+av.+J.-C."></span></span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-15">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="Pernot2007"><span class="ouvrage" id="François_Pernot2007">François <span class="nom_auteur">Pernot</span>, <cite class="italique">Les routes de la soie</cite>, Paris, <a href="/wiki/%C3%89ditions_Art%C3%A9mis" title="Éditions Artémis">Éditions Artémis</a>, <time>2007</time>, 203 <abbr class="abbr" title="pages">p.</abbr> <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Sp%C3%A9cial:Ouvrages_de_r%C3%A9f%C3%A9rence/978-2-84416-654-8" title="Spécial:Ouvrages de référence/978-2-84416-654-8"><span class="nowrap">978-2-84416-654-8</span></a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//books.google.com/books?id=XCX7Xvmb6lgC&pg=PA34">présentation en ligne</a>)</small>, « Les crises de la soie »<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Les+routes+de+la+soie&rft.atitle=Les+crises+de+la+soie&rft.place=Paris&rft.pub=%C3%89ditions+Art%C3%A9mis&rft.aulast=Pernot&rft.aufirst=Fran%C3%A7ois&rft.date=2007&rft.tpages=203&rft.isbn=978-2-84416-654-8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3AIIe+si%C3%A8cle+av.+J.-C."></span></span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-16">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="Picquart2018"><span class="ouvrage" id="Pierre_Picquart2018">Pierre Picquart, <cite class="italique">La renaissance de la route de la soie : L'incroyable défi chinois du XXIe siècle</cite>, <a href="/wiki/Groupe_Libella" title="Groupe Libella">Groupe Libella</a>, <time>2018</time>, 195 <abbr class="abbr" title="pages">p.</abbr> <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Sp%C3%A9cial:Ouvrages_de_r%C3%A9f%C3%A9rence/978-2-8289-1707-4" title="Spécial:Ouvrages de référence/978-2-8289-1707-4"><span class="nowrap">978-2-8289-1707-4</span></a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//books.google.com/books?id=8d9eDwAAQBAJ">présentation en ligne</a>)</small><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=La+renaissance+de+la+route+de+la+soie+%3A+L%27incroyable+d%C3%A9fi+chinois+du+XXIe+si%C3%A8cle&rft.pub=Groupe+Libella&rft.aulast=Picquart&rft.aufirst=Pierre&rft.date=2018&rft.tpages=195&rft.isbn=978-2-8289-1707-4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3AIIe+si%C3%A8cle+av.+J.-C."></span></span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-17">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="VogtHaase1978"><span class="ouvrage" id="Joseph_VogtWolfgang_Haase1978">Joseph Vogt et Wolfgang Haase, <cite class="italique">Aufstieg und Niedergang der römischen Welt : Geschichte und Kultur Roms im Spiegel der neueren Forschung</cite>, <a href="/wiki/Walter_de_Gruyter" title="Walter de Gruyter">De Gruyter</a>, <time>1978</time> <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Sp%C3%A9cial:Ouvrages_de_r%C3%A9f%C3%A9rence/978-3-11-001885-1" title="Spécial:Ouvrages de référence/978-3-11-001885-1"><span class="nowrap">978-3-11-001885-1</span></a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//books.google.com/books?id=40poAAAAMAAJ&dq=40poAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA661">présentation en ligne</a>)</small><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Aufstieg+und+Niedergang+der+r%C3%B6mischen+Welt+%3A+Geschichte+und+Kultur+Roms+im+Spiegel+der+neueren+Forschung&rft.pub=De+Gruyter&rft.aulast=Vogt&rft.aufirst=Joseph&rft.au=Wolfgang+Haase&rft.date=1978&rft.isbn=978-3-11-001885-1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3AIIe+si%C3%A8cle+av.+J.-C."></span></span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-18">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="Bruhat1976"><span class="ouvrage" id="Jean_Bruhat1976">Jean Bruhat, <cite class="italique">Histoire de l'Indonésie</cite>, P.U.F, <time>1976</time> <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//books.google.com/books?id=HGYdAAAAMAAJ&dq=Veddas&pg=PA7">présentation en ligne</a>)</small><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Histoire+de+l%27Indon%C3%A9sie&rft.pub=P.U.F&rft.aulast=Bruhat&rft.aufirst=Jean&rft.date=1976&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3AIIe+si%C3%A8cle+av.+J.-C."></span></span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Buchsenschutz-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Buchsenschutz_19-0">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="Buchsenschutz2015"><span class="ouvrage" id="Olivier_Buchsenschutz2015">Olivier Buchsenschutz, <cite class="italique">L'Europe celtique à l'âge du Fer (VIIIe : Ier siècle)</cite>, Presses universitaires de France, <time>2015</time>, 512 <abbr class="abbr" title="pages">p.</abbr> <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Sp%C3%A9cial:Ouvrages_de_r%C3%A9f%C3%A9rence/978-2-13-065331-8" title="Spécial:Ouvrages de référence/978-2-13-065331-8"><span class="nowrap">978-2-13-065331-8</span></a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//books.google.com/books?id=nPgICwAAQBAJ&pg=PAPT399">présentation en ligne</a>)</small><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=L%27Europe+celtique+%C3%A0+l%27%C3%A2ge+du+Fer+%28VIIIe&rft.pub=Presses+universitaires+de+France&rft.stitle=Ier+si%C3%A8cle%29&rft.aulast=Buchsenschutz&rft.aufirst=Olivier&rft.date=2015&rft.tpages=512&rft.isbn=978-2-13-065331-8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3AIIe+si%C3%A8cle+av.+J.-C."></span></span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Fagan-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Fagan_20-0">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="FaganBeck1996"><span class="ouvrage" id="Brian_M._FaganChalrotte_Beck1996"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> Brian M. Fagan et Chalrotte Beck, <cite class="italique" lang="en">The Oxford Companion to Archeology</cite>, New York/Oxford, <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>, <time>1996</time>, 844 <abbr class="abbr" title="pages">p.</abbr> <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Sp%C3%A9cial:Ouvrages_de_r%C3%A9f%C3%A9rence/0-19-507618-4" title="Spécial:Ouvrages de référence/0-19-507618-4"><span class="nowrap">0-19-507618-4</span></a> et <a href="/wiki/Sp%C3%A9cial:Ouvrages_de_r%C3%A9f%C3%A9rence/9780195076189" title="Spécial:Ouvrages de référence/9780195076189"><span class="nowrap">9780195076189</span></a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//books.google.com/books?id=ystMAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA657">présentation en ligne</a>)</small><span class="lang-en" lang="en">, « Ships and seafaring »</span>, <abbr class="abbr" title="page">p.</abbr> 329<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Companion+to+Archeology&rft.atitle=Ships+and+seafaring&rft.place=New+York%2FOxford&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.aulast=Fagan&rft.aufirst=Brian+M.&rft.au=Chalrotte+Beck&rft.date=1996&rft.pages=329&rft.tpages=844&rft.isbn=0-19-507618-4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3AIIe+si%C3%A8cle+av.+J.-C."></span></span></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-21">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="Smirnov1980"><span class="ouvrage" id="Konstantin_F._Smirnov1980">Konstantin F. Smirnov, « <cite style="font-style:normal">Sauromates et Sarmates</cite> », <i>Dialogues d'histoire ancienne</i>, <abbr class="abbr" title="volume">vol.</abbr> 6,‎ <time>1980</time>, <abbr class="abbr" title="pages">p.</abbr> <span class="nowrap">139-154</span> <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.persee.fr/doc/dha_0755-7256_1980_num_6_1_1405">présentation en ligne</a>)</small><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Sauromates+et+Sarmates&rft.jtitle=Dialogues+d%27histoire+ancienne&rft.aulast=Smirnov&rft.aufirst=Konstantin+F.&rft.date=1980&rft.volume=6&rft.pages=139-154&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3AIIe+si%C3%A8cle+av.+J.-C."></span></span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-22">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="Collin_Bouffier2009"><span class="ouvrage" id="Sophie_Collin_Bouffier2009">Sophie Collin Bouffier, « <cite style="font-style:normal">Marseille et la Gaule méditerranéenne avant la conquête romaine</cite> », <i>Pallas</i>, <abbr class="abbr" title="numéro">n<sup>o</sup></abbr> 80,‎ <time>2009</time>, <abbr class="abbr" title="pages">p.</abbr> <span class="nowrap">35-60</span> <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://journals.openedition.org/pallas/1751#tocto1n1">présentation en ligne</a>)</small><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Marseille+et+la+Gaule+m%C3%A9diterran%C3%A9enne+avant+la+conqu%C3%AAte+romaine&rft.jtitle=Pallas&rft.issue=80&rft.au=Sophie+Collin+Bouffier&rft.date=2009&rft.pages=35-60&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3AIIe+si%C3%A8cle+av.+J.-C."></span></span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-23">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="2015"><cite class="italique">Les Grands Articles d'Universalis. Gaule</cite>, <abbr class="abbr" title="volume">vol.</abbr> 34, Encyclopaedia Universalis, <time>2015</time> <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Sp%C3%A9cial:Ouvrages_de_r%C3%A9f%C3%A9rence/978-2-85229-742-5" title="Spécial:Ouvrages de référence/978-2-85229-742-5"><span class="nowrap">978-2-85229-742-5</span></a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//books.google.com/books?id=prmaBAAAQBAJ&pg=PAPT16">présentation en ligne</a>)</small><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Les+Grands+Articles+d%27Universalis.+Gaule&rft.pub=Encyclopaedia+Universalis&rft.date=2015&rft.volume=34&rft.isbn=978-2-85229-742-5&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3AIIe+si%C3%A8cle+av.+J.-C."></span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-24">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="Cunliffe2013"><span class="ouvrage" id="Barry_Cunliffe2013">Barry Cunliffe, <cite class="italique">Britain Begins</cite>, <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>, <time>2013</time>, 568 <abbr class="abbr" title="pages">p.</abbr> <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Sp%C3%A9cial:Ouvrages_de_r%C3%A9f%C3%A9rence/978-0-19-967945-4" title="Spécial:Ouvrages de référence/978-0-19-967945-4"><span class="nowrap">978-0-19-967945-4</span></a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//books.google.com/books?id=lOIVDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA292">présentation en ligne</a>)</small><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Britain+Begins&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.aulast=Cunliffe&rft.aufirst=Barry&rft.date=2013&rft.tpages=568&rft.isbn=978-0-19-967945-4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3AIIe+si%C3%A8cle+av.+J.-C."></span></span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-25">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text">La numismatique témoigne d’une présence belge dans la zone. Les premières monnaies belges trouvées en Bretagne datent de 100 av. J.-C. ou peut-être de 150 av. J.-C. et se trouvent principalement dans le Kent.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-26">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="Grandjean,_Geneviève_Hoffmann,_Jean-Yves_Carrez-Maratray2008"><span class="ouvrage" id="Catherine_Grandjean,_Geneviève_Hoffmann,_Jean-Yves_Carrez-Maratray2008">Catherine Grandjean, Geneviève Hoffmann, Jean-Yves Carrez-Maratray, <cite class="italique">Le monde hellénistique</cite>, <a href="/wiki/Armand_Colin" title="Armand Colin">Armand Colin</a>, <time>2008</time>, 352 <abbr class="abbr" title="pages">p.</abbr> <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Sp%C3%A9cial:Ouvrages_de_r%C3%A9f%C3%A9rence/978-2-200-24237-4" title="Spécial:Ouvrages de référence/978-2-200-24237-4"><span class="nowrap">978-2-200-24237-4</span></a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//books.google.com/books?id=Be69T8OEoJwC&pg=PAPT354">présentation en ligne</a>)</small><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Le+monde+hell%C3%A9nistique&rft.pub=Armand+Colin&rft.au=Catherine+Grandjean%2C+Genevi%C3%A8ve+Hoffmann%2C+Jean-Yves+Carrez-Maratray&rft.date=2008&rft.tpages=352&rft.isbn=978-2-200-24237-4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3AIIe+si%C3%A8cle+av.+J.-C."></span></span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-27">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="Koch2006"><span class="ouvrage" id="John_T._Koch2006"><small>[Koch 2006]</small> <abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> John T. Koch, <cite class="italique" lang="en">Celtic culture : a historical encyclopedia</cite>, <abbr class="abbr" title="volume">vol.</abbr> 1, <a href="/wiki/ABC-CLIO" title="ABC-CLIO">ABC-CLIO</a>, <time>2006</time>, 2128 <abbr class="abbr" title="pages">p.</abbr> <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Sp%C3%A9cial:Ouvrages_de_r%C3%A9f%C3%A9rence/978-1-85109-440-0" title="Spécial:Ouvrages de référence/978-1-85109-440-0"><span class="nowrap">978-1-85109-440-0</span></a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//books.google.com/books?id=f899xH_quaMC&pg=PA437">présentation en ligne</a>)</small><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Celtic+culture&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.stitle=a+historical+encyclopedia&rft.aulast=Koch&rft.aufirst=John+T.&rft.date=2006&rft.volume=1&rft.tpages=2128&rft.isbn=978-1-85109-440-0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3AIIe+si%C3%A8cle+av.+J.-C."></span></span></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-28">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="Flutsch2005"><span class="ouvrage" id="Laurent_Flutsch2005">Laurent Flutsch, <cite class="italique">L'époque romaine, ou, La Méditerranée au nord des Alpes</cite>, Collection le savoir suisse, <time>2005</time> <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Sp%C3%A9cial:Ouvrages_de_r%C3%A9f%C3%A9rence/978-2-88074-636-0" title="Spécial:Ouvrages de référence/978-2-88074-636-0"><span class="nowrap">978-2-88074-636-0</span></a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//books.google.com/books?id=1jJQSqqo8TgC&pg=PA26">présentation en ligne</a>)</small><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=L%27%C3%A9poque+romaine%2C+ou%2C+La+M%C3%A9diterran%C3%A9e+au+nord+des+Alpes&rft.pub=Collection+le+savoir+suisse&rft.aulast=Flutsch&rft.aufirst=Laurent&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-2-88074-636-0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3AIIe+si%C3%A8cle+av.+J.-C."></span></span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-29">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="Dunand1973"><span class="ouvrage" id="Françoise_Dunand1973">Françoise Dunand, <cite class="italique">Le culte d'Isis dans le bassin oriental de la Méditerranée : Le Culte D'Isis En Grece</cite>, BRILL, <time>1973</time>, 223 <abbr class="abbr" title="pages">p.</abbr> <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Sp%C3%A9cial:Ouvrages_de_r%C3%A9f%C3%A9rence/978-90-04-03582-9" title="Spécial:Ouvrages de référence/978-90-04-03582-9"><span class="nowrap">978-90-04-03582-9</span></a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//books.google.com/books?id=QEv_5ugtimgC&pg=PA10">présentation en ligne</a>)</small><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Le+culte+d%27Isis+dans+le+bassin+oriental+de+la+M%C3%A9diterran%C3%A9e&rft.pub=BRILL&rft.stitle=Le+Culte+D%27Isis+En+Grece&rft.aulast=Dunand&rft.aufirst=Fran%C3%A7oise&rft.date=1973&rft.tpages=223&rft.isbn=978-90-04-03582-9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3AIIe+si%C3%A8cle+av.+J.-C."></span></span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-30">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="Dunand1973"><span class="ouvrage" id="Françoise_Dunand1973">Françoise Dunand, <cite class="italique">Le culte d'Isis dans le bassin oriental de la Méditerranée</cite>, <abbr class="abbr" title="volume">vol.</abbr> 3, BRILL, <time>1973</time>, 400 <abbr class="abbr" title="pages">p.</abbr> <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Sp%C3%A9cial:Ouvrages_de_r%C3%A9f%C3%A9rence/978-90-04-03583-6" title="Spécial:Ouvrages de référence/978-90-04-03583-6"><span class="nowrap">978-90-04-03583-6</span></a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//books.google.com/books?id=JttdLW37O-MC">présentation en ligne</a>)</small><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Le+culte+d%27Isis+dans+le+bassin+oriental+de+la+M%C3%A9diterran%C3%A9e&rft.pub=BRILL&rft.aulast=Dunand&rft.aufirst=Fran%C3%A7oise&rft.date=1973&rft.volume=3&rft.tpages=400&rft.isbn=978-90-04-03583-6&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3AIIe+si%C3%A8cle+av.+J.-C."></span></span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-31">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="Sicker2000"><span class="ouvrage" id="Martin_Sicker2000">Martin Sicker, <cite class="italique">The pre-Islamic Middle East</cite>, <a href="/wiki/Greenwood_Publishing_Group" title="Greenwood Publishing Group">Greenwood Publishing Group</a>, <time>2000</time>, 231 <abbr class="abbr" title="pages">p.</abbr> <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Sp%C3%A9cial:Ouvrages_de_r%C3%A9f%C3%A9rence/978-0-275-96890-8" title="Spécial:Ouvrages de référence/978-0-275-96890-8"><span class="nowrap">978-0-275-96890-8</span></a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//books.google.com/books?id=5MYFOWRZ8Z4C&pg=PA122">présentation en ligne</a>)</small><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+pre-Islamic+Middle+East&rft.pub=Greenwood+Publishing+Group&rft.aulast=Sicker&rft.aufirst=Martin&rft.date=2000&rft.tpages=231&rft.isbn=978-0-275-96890-8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3AIIe+si%C3%A8cle+av.+J.-C."></span></span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Gruson-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Gruson_32-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gruson_32-1">b</a> et <a href="#cite_ref-Gruson_32-2">c</a></sup> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="GrusonQuesnel2011"><span class="ouvrage" id="Philippe_GrusonMichel_Quesnel2011">Philippe Gruson et Michel Quesnel, <cite class="italique">La Bible et sa culture : Ancien Testament : Jésus et le Nouveau Testament</cite>, <a href="/wiki/%C3%89ditions_Descl%C3%A9e_de_Brouwer" title="Éditions Desclée de Brouwer">Desclée De Brouwer</a>, <time>2011</time>, 1184 <abbr class="abbr" title="pages">p.</abbr> <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Sp%C3%A9cial:Ouvrages_de_r%C3%A9f%C3%A9rence/978-2-220-02193-5" title="Spécial:Ouvrages de référence/978-2-220-02193-5"><span class="nowrap">978-2-220-02193-5</span></a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//books.google.com/books?id=_BvrDAAAQBAJ&pg=PAPT188">présentation en ligne</a>)</small><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=La+Bible+et+sa+culture+%3A+Ancien+Testament+%3A+J%C3%A9sus+et+le+Nouveau+Testament&rft.pub=Descl%C3%A9e+De+Brouwer&rft.aulast=Gruson&rft.aufirst=Philippe&rft.au=Michel+Quesnel&rft.date=2011&rft.tpages=1184&rft.isbn=978-2-220-02193-5&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3AIIe+si%C3%A8cle+av.+J.-C."></span></span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-33">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="Azria2010"><span class="ouvrage" id="Régine_Azria2010">Régine Azria, <cite class="italique">Le judaïsme</cite>, <a href="/wiki/La_D%C3%A9couverte" title="La Découverte">La Découverte</a>, <time>2010</time>, 128 <abbr class="abbr" title="pages">p.</abbr> <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Sp%C3%A9cial:Ouvrages_de_r%C3%A9f%C3%A9rence/978-2-7071-6473-5" title="Spécial:Ouvrages de référence/978-2-7071-6473-5"><span class="nowrap">978-2-7071-6473-5</span></a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//books.google.com/books?id=46y3ICwaGSUC&pg=PA20">présentation en ligne</a>)</small><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Le+juda%C3%AFsme&rft.pub=La+D%C3%A9couverte&rft.aulast=Azria&rft.aufirst=R%C3%A9gine&rft.date=2010&rft.tpages=128&rft.isbn=978-2-7071-6473-5&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3AIIe+si%C3%A8cle+av.+J.-C."></span></span></span></span> </li> </ol></div> </div> <ul id="bandeau-portail" class="bandeau-portail"><li><span class="bandeau-portail-element"><span class="bandeau-portail-icone"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Portail:Histoire" title="Portail de l’histoire"><img alt="icône décorative" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/P_history.svg/27px-P_history.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/P_history.svg/40px-P_history.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/P_history.svg/53px-P_history.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="360" /></a></span></span> <span class="bandeau-portail-texte"><a href="/wiki/Portail:Histoire" title="Portail:Histoire">Portail de l’histoire</a></span> </span></li> <li><span class="bandeau-portail-element"><span class="bandeau-portail-icone"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Portail:Monde_antique" title="Portail du monde antique"><img alt="icône décorative" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Portal_Antiquity_icon.svg/24px-Portal_Antiquity_icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="24" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Portal_Antiquity_icon.svg/36px-Portal_Antiquity_icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Portal_Antiquity_icon.svg/48px-Portal_Antiquity_icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span></span> <span class="bandeau-portail-texte"><a href="/wiki/Portail:Monde_antique" title="Portail:Monde antique">Portail du monde antique</a></span> </span></li> </ul>    </div><noscript><img src="https://auth.wikimedia.org/loginwiki/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Ce document provient de « <a dir="ltr" href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=IIe_siècle_av._J.-C.&oldid=222785828">https://fr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=IIe_siècle_av._J.-C.&oldid=222785828</a> ».</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Cat%C3%A9gorie:Accueil" title="Catégorie:Accueil">Catégorie</a> : <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cat%C3%A9gorie:IIe_si%C3%A8cle_av._J.-C." title="Catégorie:IIe siècle av. J.-C.">IIe siècle av. J.-C.</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Catégories cachées : <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cat%C3%A9gorie:Article_contenant_un_appel_%C3%A0_traduction_en_anglais" title="Catégorie:Article contenant un appel à traduction en anglais">Article contenant un appel à traduction en anglais</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Cat%C3%A9gorie:Portail:Histoire/Articles_li%C3%A9s" title="Catégorie:Portail:Histoire/Articles liés">Portail:Histoire/Articles liés</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Cat%C3%A9gorie:Portail:Monde_antique/Articles_li%C3%A9s" title="Catégorie:Portail:Monde antique/Articles liés">Portail:Monde antique/Articles liés</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Cat%C3%A9gorie:Article_de_qualit%C3%A9_en_afrikaans" title="Catégorie:Article de qualité en afrikaans">Article de qualité en afrikaans</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> La dernière modification de cette page a été faite le 7 février 2025 à 07:16.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright"><span style="white-space: normal"><a href="/wiki/Wikip%C3%A9dia:Citation_et_r%C3%A9utilisation_du_contenu_de_Wikip%C3%A9dia" title="Wikipédia:Citation et réutilisation du contenu de Wikipédia">Droit d'auteur</a> : les textes sont disponibles sous <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.fr">licence Creative Commons attribution, partage dans les mêmes conditions</a> ; d’autres conditions peuvent s’appliquer. Voyez les <a class="external text" href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Policy:Terms_of_Use/fr">conditions d’utilisation</a> pour plus de détails, ainsi que les <a href="/wiki/Wikip%C3%A9dia:Cr%C3%A9dits_graphiques" title="Wikipédia:Crédits graphiques">crédits graphiques</a>. En cas de réutilisation des textes de cette page, voyez <a href="/wiki/Sp%C3%A9cial:Citer/IIe_si%C3%A8cle_av._J.-C." title="Spécial:Citer/IIe siècle av. J.-C.">comment citer les auteurs et mentionner la licence</a>.<br /> Wikipedia® est une marque déposée de la <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/">Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.</a>, organisation de bienfaisance régie par le paragraphe <a href="/wiki/501c" title="501c">501(c)(3)</a> du code fiscal des États-Unis.</span><br /></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy/fr">Politique de confidentialité</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikip%C3%A9dia:%C3%80_propos_de_Wikip%C3%A9dia">À propos de Wikipédia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikip%C3%A9dia:Avertissements_g%C3%A9n%C3%A9raux">Avertissements</a></li> <li id="footer-places-contact"><a href="//fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipédia:Contact">Contact</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Code de conduite</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">Développeurs</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/fr.wikipedia.org">Statistiques</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Déclaration sur les témoins (cookies)</a></li> <li id="footer-places-mobileview"><a href="//fr.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=IIe_si%C3%A8cle_av._J.-C.&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">Version mobile</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://www.wikimedia.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><picture><source media="(min-width: 500px)" srcset="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg" width="84" height="29"><img src="/static/images/footer/wikimedia.svg" width="25" height="25" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" lang="en" loading="lazy"></picture></a></li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><picture><source media="(min-width: 500px)" srcset="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" width="88" height="31"><img src="/w/resources/assets/mediawiki_compact.svg" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" lang="en" width="25" height="25" loading="lazy"></picture></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-header-container vector-sticky-header-container"> <div id="vector-sticky-header" class="vector-sticky-header"> <div class="vector-sticky-header-start"> <div class="vector-sticky-header-icon-start vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" aria-hidden="true"> <button class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-sticky-header-search-toggle" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ui.vector-sticky-search-form.icon"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>Rechercher</span> </button> </div> <div role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box"> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="vector-sticky-search-form" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Rechercher sur Wikipédia"> <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Spécial:Recherche"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Rechercher</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-context-bar"> <nav aria-label="Sommaire" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-sticky-header-toc" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-sticky-header-toc vector-sticky-header-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-sticky-header-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-sticky-header-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Basculer la table des matières" > <label id="vector-sticky-header-toc-label" for="vector-sticky-header-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Basculer la table des matières</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-sticky-header-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div class="vector-sticky-header-context-bar-primary" aria-hidden="true" ><abbr class="abbr" title="2ᵉ siècle"><span class="romain">II</span><sup style="font-size:72%">e</sup></abbr> siècle <abbr class="abbr nowrap" title="avant Jésus-Christ">av. J.-C.</abbr></div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-end" aria-hidden="true"> <div class="vector-sticky-header-icons"> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-talk-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="talk-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-speechBubbles mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-speechBubbles"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-subject-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="subject-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-article mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-article"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-history-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="history-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-history mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-history"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only mw-watchlink" id="ca-watchstar-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="watch-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-star mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-star"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-ve-edit-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ve-edit-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-edit mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-edit"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-edit-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="wikitext-edit-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikiText mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-wikiText"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-viewsource-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ve-edit-protected-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-editLock mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-editLock"></span> <span></span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-buttons"> <button class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet mw-interlanguage-selector" id="p-lang-btn-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-language"></span> <span>100 langues</span> </button> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive" id="ca-addsection-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="addsection-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-speechBubbleAdd-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-speechBubbleAdd-progressive"></span> <span>Ajouter un sujet</span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-icon-end"> <div class="vector-user-links"> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="mw-portlet mw-portlet-dock-bottom emptyPortlet" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul> </ul> </div> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-65585cc8dc-csxdh","wgBackendResponseTime":170,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"0.300","walltime":"0.425","ppvisitednodes":{"value":5320,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":85172,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":3894,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":14,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":1,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":0,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":45628,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":1,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 322.259 1 -total"," 42.60% 137.292 1 Modèle:Références"," 31.55% 101.689 30 Modèle:Ouvrage"," 16.35% 52.700 1 Modèle:Portail"," 8.32% 26.809 12 Modèle:-s-"," 8.10% 26.099 2 Modèle:Date"," 6.60% 21.267 1 Modèle:Titre_mis_en_forme"," 6.20% 19.987 1 Modèle:Catégorisation_badges"," 5.09% 16.411 1 Modèle:Suivi_des_biographies"," 4.36% 14.055 1 Modèle:Détail"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"0.096","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":5155209,"limit":52428800}},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.eqiad.main-6df8dbf59d-xvkxg","timestamp":"20250330105702","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"IIe si\u00e8cle av. J.-C.","url":"https:\/\/fr.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/IIe_si%C3%A8cle_av._J.-C.","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q25300","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q25300","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributeurs aux projets Wikimedia"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Fondation Wikimedia, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2002-08-29T08:39:19Z","dateModified":"2025-02-07T05:16:02Z","headline":"p\u00e9riode de l'histoire"}</script> </body> </html>