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id="toc-Colonial_era" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Colonial_era"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Colonial era</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Colonial_era-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Independence_era" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Independence_era"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Independence era</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Independence_era-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Geography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Geography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Geography</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Geography-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Geography subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Geography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Cities_and_villages" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cities_and_villages"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Cities and villages</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cities_and_villages-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Islands" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Islands"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Islands</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Islands-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Climate" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Climate"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Climate</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Climate-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Environmental_issues" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Environmental_issues"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Environmental issues</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Environmental_issues-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Demographics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Demographics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Demographics</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Demographics-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Demographics subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Demographics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Ethnic_groups" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ethnic_groups"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Ethnic groups</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ethnic_groups-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Languages" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Languages"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Languages</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Languages-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Education" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Education"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Education</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Education-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Religion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Religion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>Religion</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Religion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Government_and_politics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Government_and_politics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Government and politics</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Government_and_politics-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Government and politics subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Government_and_politics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Government" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Government"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Government</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Government-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Administrative_divisions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Administrative_divisions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Administrative divisions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Administrative_divisions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Foreign_relations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Foreign_relations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>Foreign relations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Foreign_relations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Defence_and_national_security" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Defence_and_national_security"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.4</span> <span>Defence and national security</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Defence_and_national_security-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Human_rights" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Human_rights"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.5</span> <span>Human rights</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Human_rights-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Economy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Economy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Economy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Economy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Culture</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Culture-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Culture subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Cuisine" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cuisine"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Cuisine</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cuisine-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sport" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sport"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2</span> <span>Sport</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sport-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span 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Available in 224 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-224" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">224 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ace mw-list-item"><a href="https://ace.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antigua_ngon_Barbuda" title="Antigua ngon Barbuda – Acehnese" lang="ace" hreflang="ace" data-title="Antigua ngon Barbuda" data-language-autonym="Acèh" data-language-local-name="Acehnese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Acèh</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbd mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B3%D1%83%D1%8D%D1%80%D1%8D_%D0%91%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B1%D1%83%D0%B4%D1%8D%D1%80%D1%8D" title="Антигуэрэ Барбудэрэ – Kabardian" lang="kbd" hreflang="kbd" data-title="Антигуэрэ Барбудэрэ" data-language-autonym="Адыгэбзэ" data-language-local-name="Kabardian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Адыгэбзэ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antigua_en_Barbuda" title="Antigua en Barbuda – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Antigua en Barbuda" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antigua_und_Barbuda" title="Antigua und Barbuda – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Antigua und Barbuda" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8A%A0%E1%8A%95%E1%89%B2%E1%8C%8B_%E1%8A%A5%E1%8A%93_%E1%89%A3%E1%88%AD%E1%89%A1%E1%8B%B3" title="አንቲጋ እና ባርቡዳ – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="አንቲጋ እና ባርቡዳ" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>አማርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-smn mw-list-item"><a href="https://smn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antigua_j%C3%A1_Barbuda" title="Antigua já Barbuda – Inari Sami" lang="smn" hreflang="smn" data-title="Antigua já Barbuda" data-language-autonym="Anarâškielâ" data-language-local-name="Inari Sami" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Anarâškielâ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-anp mw-list-item"><a href="https://anp.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%8F%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%86_%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8B_%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%BE" title="एन्टीगुआ आरो बारबुडा – Angika" lang="anp" hreflang="anp" data-title="एन्टीगुआ आरो बारबुडा" data-language-autonym="अंगिका" data-language-local-name="Angika" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>अंगिका</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antigua_and_Barbuda" title="Antigua and Barbuda – Old English" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="Antigua and Barbuda" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="Old English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ænglisc</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ab mw-list-item"><a href="https://ab.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B3%D1%83%D0%B5%D0%B8_%D0%91%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B1%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%B8" title="Антигуеи Барбудеи – Abkhazian" lang="ab" hreflang="ab" data-title="Антигуеи Барбудеи" data-language-autonym="Аԥсшәа" data-language-local-name="Abkhazian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Аԥсшәа</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A3%D9%86%D8%AA%D9%8A%D8%BA%D9%88%D8%A7_%D9%88%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A8%D9%88%D8%AF%D8%A7" title="أنتيغوا وباربودا – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="أنتيغوا وباربودا" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antigua_y_Barbuda" title="Antigua y Barbuda – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Antigua y Barbuda" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-roa-rup mw-list-item"><a href="https://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antigua_%C8%99i_Barbuda" title="Antigua și Barbuda – Aromanian" lang="rup" hreflang="rup" data-title="Antigua și Barbuda" data-language-autonym="Armãneashti" data-language-local-name="Aromanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Armãneashti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frp mw-list-item"><a href="https://frp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antigoa-et-Barbuda" title="Antigoa-et-Barbuda – Arpitan" lang="frp" hreflang="frp" data-title="Antigoa-et-Barbuda" data-language-autonym="Arpetan" data-language-local-name="Arpitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Arpetan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%8F%E0%A6%A3%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9F%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%97%E0%A7%81%E0%A7%B1%E0%A6%BE_%E0%A6%86%E0%A7%B0%E0%A7%81_%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A7%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%A1%E0%A6%BE" title="এণ্টিগুৱা আৰু বাৰ্বুডা – Assamese" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="এণ্টিগুৱা আৰু বাৰ্বুডা" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="Assamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>অসমীয়া</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antigua_y_Barbuda" title="Antigua y Barbuda – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Antigua y Barbuda" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antigua_ha_Barbuda" title="Antigua ha Barbuda – Guarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Antigua ha Barbuda" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="Guarani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Avañe'ẽ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ay mw-list-item"><a href="https://ay.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antiwa_wan_Barbuda" title="Antiwa wan Barbuda – Aymara" lang="ay" hreflang="ay" data-title="Antiwa wan Barbuda" data-language-autonym="Aymar aru" data-language-local-name="Aymara" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aymar aru</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antiqua_v%C9%99_Barbuda" title="Antiqua və Barbuda – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Antiqua və Barbuda" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%D9%86%D8%AA%DB%8C%D9%82%D9%88%D8%A2_%D9%88_%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A8%D9%88%D8%AF%D8%A7" title="آنتیقوآ و باربودا – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="آنتیقوآ و باربودا" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antigua_miwah_Barbuda" title="Antigua miwah Barbuda – Balinese" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="Antigua miwah Barbuda" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="Balinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Basa Bali</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%85%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9F%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%97%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A6%BE_%E0%A6%93_%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%A1%E0%A6%BE" title="অ্যান্টিগুয়া ও বার্বুডা – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="অ্যান্টিগুয়া ও বার্বুডা" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antigua_kap_Barbuda" title="Antigua kap Barbuda – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Antigua kap Barbuda" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-map-bms mw-list-item"><a href="https://map-bms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antigua_lan_Barbuda" title="Antigua lan Barbuda – Banyumasan" lang="jv-x-bms" hreflang="jv-x-bms" data-title="Antigua lan Barbuda" data-language-autonym="Basa Banyumasan" data-language-local-name="Banyumasan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Basa Banyumasan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B3%D1%83%D0%B0_%D2%BB%D3%99%D0%BC_%D0%91%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B1%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%B0" title="Антигуа һәм Барбуда – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Антигуа һәм Барбуда" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BD%D1%82%D1%8B%D0%B3%D1%83%D0%B0_%D1%96_%D0%91%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B1%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%B0" title="Антыгуа і Барбуда – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Антыгуа і Барбуда" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BD%D1%82%D1%8B%D0%B3%D1%83%D0%B0_%D1%96_%D0%91%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B1%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%B0" title="Антыгуа і Барбуда – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Антыгуа і Барбуда" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%8F%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%86_%E0%A4%86_%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%BE" title="एंटीगुआ आ बारबूडा – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="एंटीगुआ आ बारबूडा" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>भोजपुरी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antigwa_asin_Barbuda" title="Antigwa asin Barbuda – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Antigwa asin Barbuda" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bi mw-list-item"><a href="https://bi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antigua_mo_Babuda" title="Antigua mo Babuda – Bislama" lang="bi" hreflang="bi" data-title="Antigua mo Babuda" data-language-autonym="Bislama" data-language-local-name="Bislama" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bislama</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B3%D1%83%D0%B0_%D0%B8_%D0%91%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B1%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%B0" title="Антигуа и Барбуда – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Антигуа и Барбуда" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antigua_und_Barbuda" title="Antigua und Barbuda – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Antigua und Barbuda" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Boarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%A8%E0%BD%BA%E0%BD%93%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%8A%E0%BD%B2%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%82%E0%BD%B4%E0%BD%A0%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%91%E0%BD%84%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%96%E0%BD%A2%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%96%E0%BD%B4%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%8C%E0%BC%8D" title="ཨེན་ཊི་གུའ་དང་བར་བུ་ཌ། – Tibetan" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="ཨེན་ཊི་གུའ་དང་བར་བུ་ཌ།" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="Tibetan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>བོད་ཡིག</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antigva_i_Barbuda" title="Antigva i Barbuda – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Antigva i Barbuda" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antigua_ha_Barbuda" title="Antigua ha Barbuda – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Antigua ha Barbuda" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B3%D1%83%D0%B0_%D0%B1%D0%B0_%D0%91%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B1%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%B0" title="Антигуа ба Барбуда – Russia Buriat" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" data-title="Антигуа ба Барбуда" data-language-autonym="Буряад" data-language-local-name="Russia Buriat" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Буряад</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antigua_i_Barbuda" title="Antigua i Barbuda – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Antigua i Barbuda" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antigua_ug_Barbuda" title="Antigua ug Barbuda – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Antigua ug Barbuda" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antigua_a_Barbuda" title="Antigua a Barbuda – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Antigua a Barbuda" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cbk-zam mw-list-item"><a href="https://cbk-zam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antigua_y_Barbuda" title="Antigua y Barbuda – Chavacano" lang="cbk" hreflang="cbk" data-title="Antigua y Barbuda" data-language-autonym="Chavacano de Zamboanga" data-language-local-name="Chavacano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Chavacano de Zamboanga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sn mw-list-item"><a href="https://sn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andigwa_ne_Bharibhudha" title="Andigwa ne Bharibhudha – Shona" lang="sn" hreflang="sn" data-title="Andigwa ne Bharibhudha" data-language-autonym="ChiShona" data-language-local-name="Shona" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ChiShona</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-co mw-list-item"><a href="https://co.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antigua_%C3%A8_Barbuda" title="Antigua è Barbuda – Corsican" lang="co" hreflang="co" data-title="Antigua è Barbuda" data-language-autonym="Corsu" data-language-local-name="Corsican" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Corsu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antigwa_a_Barbiwda" title="Antigwa a Barbiwda – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Antigwa a Barbiwda" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antigua_og_Barbuda" title="Antigua og Barbuda – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Antigua og Barbuda" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A3%D9%86%D8%AA%D9%8A%DD%A3%D9%88%D8%A7_%D9%88%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A8%D9%88%D8%AF%D8%A7" title="أنتيݣوا وباربودا – Moroccan Arabic" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="أنتيݣوا وباربودا" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="Moroccan Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>الدارجة</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-se mw-list-item"><a href="https://se.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antigua_ja_Barbuda" title="Antigua ja Barbuda – Northern Sami" lang="se" hreflang="se" data-title="Antigua ja Barbuda" data-language-autonym="Davvisámegiella" data-language-local-name="Northern Sami" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Davvisámegiella</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antigua_und_Barbuda" title="Antigua und Barbuda – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Antigua und Barbuda" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dv mw-list-item"><a href="https://dv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DE%87%DE%AC%DE%82%DE%B0%DE%93%DE%A8%DE%8E%DE%AA%DE%87%DE%A7_%DE%87%DE%A6%DE%8B%DE%A8_%DE%84%DE%A7%DE%84%DE%A8%DE%87%DE%AA%DE%91%DE%A7" title="އެންޓިގުއާ އަދި ބާބިއުޑާ – Divehi" lang="dv" hreflang="dv" data-title="އެންޓިގުއާ އަދި ބާބިއުޑާ" data-language-autonym="ދިވެހިބަސް" data-language-local-name="Divehi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ދިވެހިބަސް</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://dsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antigua_a_Barbuda" title="Antigua a Barbuda – Lower Sorbian" lang="dsb" hreflang="dsb" data-title="Antigua a Barbuda" data-language-autonym="Dolnoserbski" data-language-local-name="Lower Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dolnoserbski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dty mw-list-item"><a href="https://dty.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%8F%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%86_%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%BE" title="एन्टिगुआ र बर्बुडा – Doteli" lang="dty" hreflang="dty" data-title="एन्टिगुआ र बर्बुडा" data-language-autonym="डोटेली" data-language-local-name="Doteli" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>डोटेली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antigua_ja_Barbuda" title="Antigua ja Barbuda – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Antigua ja Barbuda" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%91%CE%BD%CF%84%CE%AF%CE%B3%CE%BA%CE%BF%CF%85%CE%B1_%CE%BA%CE%B1%CE%B9_%CE%9C%CF%80%CE%B1%CF%81%CE%BC%CF%80%CE%BF%CF%8D%CE%BD%CF%84%CE%B1" title="Αντίγκουα και Μπαρμπούντα – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Αντίγκουα και Μπαρμπούντα" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-myv mw-list-item"><a href="https://myv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B3%D1%83%D0%B0_%D0%B4%D1%8B_%D0%91%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B1%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%B0" title="Антигуа ды Барбуда – Erzya" lang="myv" hreflang="myv" data-title="Антигуа ды Барбуда" data-language-autonym="Эрзянь" data-language-local-name="Erzya" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Эрзянь</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antigua_y_Barbuda" title="Antigua y Barbuda – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Antigua y Barbuda" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antigvo_kaj_Barbudo" title="Antigvo kaj Barbudo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Antigvo kaj Barbudo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ext mw-list-item"><a href="https://ext.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ant%C3%ADgua_i_Barbua" title="Antígua i Barbua – Extremaduran" lang="ext" hreflang="ext" data-title="Antígua i Barbua" data-language-autonym="Estremeñu" data-language-local-name="Extremaduran" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Estremeñu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antigua_eta_Barbuda" title="Antigua eta Barbuda – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Antigua eta Barbuda" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ee mw-list-item"><a href="https://ee.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antigua_and_Barbuda" title="Antigua and Barbuda – Ewe" lang="ee" hreflang="ee" data-title="Antigua and Barbuda" data-language-autonym="Eʋegbe" data-language-local-name="Ewe" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eʋegbe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%D9%86%D8%AA%DB%8C%DA%AF%D9%88%D8%A2_%D9%88_%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A8%D9%88%D8%AF%D8%A7" title="آنتیگوآ و باربودا – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="آنتیگوآ و باربودا" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antigua_and_Barbuda" title="Antigua and Barbuda – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Antigua and Barbuda" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Fiji Hindi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antigua_og_Barbuda" title="Antigua og Barbuda – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Antigua og Barbuda" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Føroyskt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antigua-et-Barbuda" title="Antigua-et-Barbuda – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Antigua-et-Barbuda" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antig%C3%BBa_en_Barb%C3%BBda" title="Antigûa en Barbûda – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Antigûa en Barbûda" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antigua_agus_Barb%C3%BAda" title="Antigua agus Barbúda – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Antigua agus Barbúda" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antigua_as_Barbuda" title="Antigua as Barbuda – Manx" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Antigua as Barbuda" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="Manx" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaelg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gag mw-list-item"><a href="https://gag.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antigua_hem_Barbuda" title="Antigua hem Barbuda – Gagauz" lang="gag" hreflang="gag" data-title="Antigua hem Barbuda" data-language-autonym="Gagauz" data-language-local-name="Gagauz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gagauz</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antigua_agus_Barbuda" title="Antigua agus Barbuda – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Antigua agus Barbuda" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antiga_e_Barbuda" title="Antiga e Barbuda – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Antiga e Barbuda" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gom mw-list-item"><a href="https://gom.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%81%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%A3%E0%A4%BF_%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%BE" title="अँटिगा आणि बार्बुडा – Goan Konkani" lang="gom" hreflang="gom" data-title="अँटिगा आणि बार्बुडा" data-language-autonym="गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni" data-language-local-name="Goan Konkani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antigua_l%C3%A2u_Barbuda" title="Antigua lâu Barbuda – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Antigua lâu Barbuda" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%95%A4%ED%8B%B0%EA%B0%80_%EB%B0%94%EB%B6%80%EB%8B%A4" title="앤티가 바부다 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="앤티가 바부다" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antigua_da_Barbuda" title="Antigua da Barbuda – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Antigua da Barbuda" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hausa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B1%D5%B6%D5%BF%D5%AB%D5%A3%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A1_%D6%87_%D4%B2%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%A2%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A4%D5%A1" title="Անտիգուա և Բարբուդա – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Անտիգուա և Բարբուդա" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%A3%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%86_%E0%A4%94%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%BE" title="अण्टीगुआ और बारबूडा – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="अण्टीगुआ और बारबूडा" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://hsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antigua_a_Barbuda" title="Antigua a Barbuda – Upper Sorbian" lang="hsb" hreflang="hsb" data-title="Antigua a Barbuda" data-language-autonym="Hornjoserbsce" data-language-local-name="Upper Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hornjoserbsce</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antigva_i_Barbuda" title="Antigva i Barbuda – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Antigva i Barbuda" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antigua_e_Barbuda" title="Antigua e Barbuda – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Antigua e Barbuda" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antigua_ken_Barbuda" title="Antigua ken Barbuda – Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Antigua ken Barbuda" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="Iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ilokano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bpy mw-list-item"><a href="https://bpy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%8F%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9F%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%97%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A6%BE_%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8B_%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%A1%E0%A6%BE" title="এন্টিগুয়া বারো বার্বুডা – Bishnupriya" lang="bpy" hreflang="bpy" data-title="এন্টিগুয়া বারো বার্বুডা" data-language-autonym="বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী" data-language-local-name="Bishnupriya" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antigua_dan_Barbuda" title="Antigua dan Barbuda – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Antigua dan Barbuda" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antigua_e_Barbuda" title="Antigua e Barbuda – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Antigua e Barbuda" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ie mw-list-item"><a href="https://ie.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antigua_e_Barbuda" title="Antigua e Barbuda – Interlingue" lang="ie" hreflang="ie" data-title="Antigua e Barbuda" data-language-autonym="Interlingue" data-language-local-name="Interlingue" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingue</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B3%D1%83%C3%A6_%C3%A6%D0%BC%C3%A6_%D0%91%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B1%D1%83%D0%B4%C3%A6" title="Антигуæ æмæ Барбудæ – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Антигуæ æмæ Барбудæ" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ирон</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ant%C3%ADgva_og_Barb%C3%BAda" title="Antígva og Barbúda – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Antígva og Barbúda" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antigua_e_Barbuda" title="Antigua e Barbuda – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Antigua e Barbuda" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%A0%D7%98%D7%99%D7%92%D7%95%D7%90%D7%94_%D7%95%D7%91%D7%A8%D7%91%D7%95%D7%93%D7%94" title="אנטיגואה וברבודה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="אנטיגואה וברבודה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antigua_lan_Barbuda" title="Antigua lan Barbuda – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Antigua lan Barbuda" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%86%E0%B2%82%E0%B2%9F%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%97%E0%B3%81%E0%B2%B5_%E0%B2%AE%E0%B2%A4%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%A4%E0%B3%81_%E0%B2%AC%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%B0%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%AC%E0%B3%81%E0%B2%A1" title="ಆಂಟಿಗುವ ಮತ್ತು ಬಾರ್ಬುಡ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಆಂಟಿಗುವ ಮತ್ತು ಬಾರ್ಬುಡ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pam mw-list-item"><a href="https://pam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antigua_at_Barbuda" title="Antigua at Barbuda – Pampanga" lang="pam" hreflang="pam" data-title="Antigua at Barbuda" data-language-autonym="Kapampangan" data-language-local-name="Pampanga" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kapampangan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%A2%E1%83%98%E1%83%92%E1%83%A3%E1%83%90_%E1%83%93%E1%83%90_%E1%83%91%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%91%E1%83%A3%E1%83%93%E1%83%90" title="ანტიგუა და ბარბუდა – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ანტიგუა და ბარბუდა" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B3%D1%83%D0%B0_%D0%B6%D3%99%D0%BD%D0%B5_%D0%91%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B1%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%B0" title="Антигуа және Барбуда – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Антигуа және Барбуда" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antiga_ha_Barbuda" title="Antiga ha Barbuda – Cornish" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Antiga ha Barbuda" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="Cornish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kernowek</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rw mw-list-item"><a href="https://rw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antigwa_na_Baribuda" title="Antigwa na Baribuda – Kinyarwanda" lang="rw" hreflang="rw" data-title="Antigwa na Baribuda" data-language-autonym="Ikinyarwanda" data-language-local-name="Kinyarwanda" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ikinyarwanda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antigua_na_Barbuda" title="Antigua na Barbuda – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Antigua na Barbuda" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antigwa_ak_Babouda" title="Antigwa ak Babouda – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Antigwa ak Babouda" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gcr mw-list-item"><a href="https://gcr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antigua-%C3%A9-Barbuda" title="Antigua-é-Barbuda – Guianan Creole" lang="gcr" hreflang="gcr" data-title="Antigua-é-Barbuda" data-language-autonym="Kriyòl gwiyannen" data-language-local-name="Guianan Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kriyòl gwiyannen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ant%C3%AEgua_%C3%BB_Berb%C3%BBda" title="Antîgua û Berbûda – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Antîgua û Berbûda" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B3%D1%83%D0%B0_%D0%B6%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%91%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B1%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%B0" title="Антигуа жана Барбуда – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Антигуа жана Барбуда" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mrj mw-list-item"><a href="https://mrj.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B3%D1%83%D0%B0_%D0%B4%D3%93_%D0%91%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B1%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%B0" title="Антигуа дӓ Барбуда – Western Mari" lang="mrj" hreflang="mrj" data-title="Антигуа дӓ Барбуда" data-language-autonym="Кырык мары" data-language-local-name="Western Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кырык мары</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lld mw-list-item"><a href="https://lld.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antigua_y_Barbuda" title="Antigua y Barbuda – Ladin" lang="lld" hreflang="lld" data-title="Antigua y Barbuda" data-language-autonym="Ladin" data-language-local-name="Ladin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ladin</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lad mw-list-item"><a href="https://lad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antigua_i_Barbuda" title="Antigua i Barbuda – Ladino" lang="lad" hreflang="lad" data-title="Antigua i Barbuda" data-language-autonym="Ladino" data-language-local-name="Ladino" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ladino</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BA%9B%E0%BA%B0%E0%BB%80%E0%BA%97%E0%BA%94%E0%BA%AD%E0%BA%B1%E0%BA%87%E0%BA%95%E0%BA%B5%E0%BA%81%E0%BA%B2_%E0%BB%81%E0%BA%A5%E0%BA%B0_%E0%BA%9A%E0%BA%B2%E0%BA%81%E0%BA%9A%E0%BA%B9%E0%BA%94%E0%BA%B2" title="ປະເທດອັງຕີກາ ແລະ ບາກບູດາ – Lao" lang="lo" hreflang="lo" data-title="ປະເທດອັງຕີກາ ແລະ ບາກບູດາ" data-language-autonym="ລາວ" data-language-local-name="Lao" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ລາວ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antiqua_et_Barbuda" title="Antiqua et Barbuda – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Antiqua et Barbuda" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antigva_un_Barbuda" title="Antigva un Barbuda – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Antigva un Barbuda" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antigua_a_Barbuda" title="Antigua a Barbuda – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Antigua a Barbuda" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antigva_ir_Barbuda" title="Antigva ir Barbuda – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Antigva ir Barbuda" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antigua_e_Barbuda" title="Antigua e Barbuda – Ligurian" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="Antigua e Barbuda" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="Ligurian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ligure</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antigua_en_Barbuda" title="Antigua en Barbuda – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Antigua en Barbuda" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ln mw-list-item"><a href="https://ln.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antigua_mp%C3%A9_Barbuda" title="Antigua mpé Barbuda – Lingala" lang="ln" hreflang="ln" data-title="Antigua mpé Barbuda" data-language-autonym="Lingála" data-language-local-name="Lingala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingála</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antigua_e_Barbuda" title="Antigua e Barbuda – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Antigua e Barbuda" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-olo mw-list-item"><a href="https://olo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antigua-Barbuda" title="Antigua-Barbuda – Livvi-Karelian" lang="olo" hreflang="olo" data-title="Antigua-Barbuda" data-language-autonym="Livvinkarjala" data-language-local-name="Livvi-Karelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Livvinkarjala</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antigua_e_Barbuda" title="Antigua e Barbuda – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Antigua e Barbuda" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antigua_%C3%A9s_Barbuda" title="Antigua és Barbuda – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Antigua és Barbuda" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mad mw-list-item"><a href="https://mad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antigua_b%C3%A2n_Barbuda" title="Antigua bân Barbuda – Madurese" lang="mad" hreflang="mad" data-title="Antigua bân Barbuda" data-language-autonym="Madhurâ" data-language-local-name="Madurese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Madhurâ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mai mw-list-item"><a href="https://mai.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%8F%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%86_%E0%A4%86_%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%BE" title="एन्टिगुआ आ बर्बुडा – Maithili" lang="mai" hreflang="mai" data-title="एन्टिगुआ आ बर्बुडा" data-language-autonym="मैथिली" data-language-local-name="Maithili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मैथिली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B3%D0%B2%D0%B0_%D0%B8_%D0%91%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B1%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%B0" title="Антигва и Барбуда – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Антигва и Барбуда" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antigoa-sy-Barboda" title="Antigoa-sy-Barboda – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Antigoa-sy-Barboda" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%86%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%80%E0%B4%97%E0%B4%AF%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%82_%E0%B4%AC%E0%B4%BE%E0%B5%BC%E0%B4%AC%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AF%E0%B5%82%E0%B4%A1%E0%B4%AF%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%82" title="ആന്റീഗയും ബാർബ്യൂഡയും – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ആന്റീഗയും ബാർബ്യൂഡയും" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mt mw-list-item"><a href="https://mt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antigwa_u_Barbuda" title="Antigwa u Barbuda – Maltese" lang="mt" hreflang="mt" data-title="Antigwa u Barbuda" data-language-autonym="Malti" data-language-local-name="Maltese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mi mw-list-item"><a href="https://mi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Te_Moutere_Nehe_me_Papura" title="Te Moutere Nehe me Papura – Māori" lang="mi" hreflang="mi" data-title="Te Moutere Nehe me Papura" data-language-autonym="Māori" data-language-local-name="Māori" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Māori</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%81%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%A3%E0%A4%BF_%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%BE" title="अँटिगा आणि बार्बुडा – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="अँटिगा आणि बार्बुडा" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%A2%E1%83%98%E1%83%92%E1%83%A3%E1%83%90_%E1%83%93%E1%83%9D_%E1%83%91%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%91%E1%83%A3%E1%83%93%E1%83%90" title="ანტიგუა დო ბარბუდა – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ანტიგუა დო ბარბუდა" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AA%D9%8A%D8%AC%D8%A7_%D9%88_%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A8%D9%88%D8%AF%D8%A7" title="انتيجا و باربودا – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="انتيجا و باربودا" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%D9%86%D8%AA%DB%8C%DA%AF%D9%88%D8%A7_%D9%88_%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A8%D9%88%D8%AF%D8%A7" title="آنتیگوا و باربودا – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="آنتیگوا و باربودا" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antigua_dan_Barbuda" title="Antigua dan Barbuda – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Antigua dan Barbuda" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mni mw-list-item"><a href="https://mni.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%AF%91%EA%AF%A6%EA%AF%9F%EA%AF%87%EA%AF%A4%EA%AF%92%EA%AF%A5_%EA%AF%91%EA%AF%83%EA%AF%97%EA%AF%A4_%EA%AF%95%EA%AF%A5%EA%AF%94%EA%AF%95%EA%AF%AD%EA%AF%8C%EA%AF%A8%EA%AF%97%EA%AF%A5" title="ꯑꯦꯟꯇꯤꯒꯥ ꯑꯃꯗꯤ ꯕꯥꯔꯕ꯭ꯌꯨꯗꯥ – Manipuri" lang="mni" hreflang="mni" data-title="ꯑꯦꯟꯇꯤꯒꯥ ꯑꯃꯗꯤ ꯕꯥꯔꯕ꯭ꯌꯨꯗꯥ" data-language-autonym="ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ" data-language-local-name="Manipuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antigua_jo_Barbuda" title="Antigua jo Barbuda – Minangkabau" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="Antigua jo Barbuda" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="Minangkabau" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Minangkabau</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antigua_g%C3%A2e%CC%A4ng_Barbuda" title="Antigua gâe̤ng Barbuda – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Antigua gâe̤ng Barbuda" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mwl mw-list-item"><a href="https://mwl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ant%C3%ADgua_i_Barbuda" title="Antígua i Barbuda – Mirandese" lang="mwl" hreflang="mwl" data-title="Antígua i Barbuda" data-language-autonym="Mirandés" data-language-local-name="Mirandese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Mirandés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mdf mw-list-item"><a href="https://mdf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B3%D1%83%D0%B0_%D0%B4%D0%B8_%D0%91%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B1%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%B0" title="Антигуа ди Барбуда – Moksha" lang="mdf" hreflang="mdf" data-title="Антигуа ди Барбуда" data-language-autonym="Мокшень" data-language-local-name="Moksha" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Мокшень</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B3%D1%83%D0%B0_%D0%B1%D0%B0_%D0%91%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B1%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%B0" title="Антигуа ба Барбуда – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Антигуа ба Барбуда" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%A1%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%90%E1%80%AE%E1%80%82%E1%80%BD%E1%80%AB%E1%80%94%E1%80%BE%E1%80%84%E1%80%B7%E1%80%BA_%E1%80%98%E1%80%AC%E1%80%98%E1%80%B0%E1%80%92%E1%80%AB%E1%80%94%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%84%E1%80%B6" title="အင်တီဂွါနှင့် ဘာဘူဒါနိုင်ငံ – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="အင်တီဂွါနှင့် ဘာဘူဒါနိုင်ငံ" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antigua_en_Barbuda" title="Antigua en Barbuda – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Antigua en Barbuda" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%8F%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%86_%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%BE" title="एन्टिगुआ र बार्बुडा – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="एन्टिगुआ र बार्बुडा" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%8F%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%B5_%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%BE" title="एन्टिगुवा व बार्बुडा – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="एन्टिगुवा व बार्बुडा" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाल भाषा</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A2%E3%83%B3%E3%83%86%E3%82%A3%E3%82%B0%E3%82%A2%E3%83%BB%E3%83%90%E3%83%BC%E3%83%96%E3%83%BC%E3%83%80" title="アンティグア・バーブーダ – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="アンティグア・バーブーダ" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B3%D1%83%D0%B0_%D0%B0,_%D0%91%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B1%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%B0_%D0%B0" title="Антигуа а, Барбуда а – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Антигуа а, Барбуда а" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Нохчийн</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antiigua_an_Barbuuda" title="Antiigua an Barbuuda – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Antiigua an Barbuuda" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pih mw-list-item"><a href="https://pih.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antigua_a%27_Barbuda" title="Antigua a' Barbuda – Norfuk / Pitkern" lang="pih" hreflang="pih" data-title="Antigua a' Barbuda" data-language-autonym="Norfuk / Pitkern" data-language-local-name="Norfuk / Pitkern" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norfuk / Pitkern</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antigua_og_Barbuda" title="Antigua og Barbuda – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Antigua og Barbuda" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antigua_og_Barbuda" title="Antigua og Barbuda – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Antigua og Barbuda" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nov mw-list-item"><a href="https://nov.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antigua_e_Barbuda" title="Antigua e Barbuda – Novial" lang="nov" hreflang="nov" data-title="Antigua e Barbuda" data-language-autonym="Novial" data-language-local-name="Novial" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Novial</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antigua_e_Barbuda" title="Antigua e Barbuda – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Antigua e Barbuda" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-or mw-list-item"><a href="https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AC%86%E0%AC%A3%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%9F%E0%AC%BF%E0%AC%97%E0%AD%81%E0%AC%86_%E0%AC%93_%E0%AC%AC%E0%AC%B0%E0%AC%AC%E0%AD%81%E0%AC%A1%E0%AC%BE" title="ଆଣ୍ଟିଗୁଆ ଓ ବରବୁଡା – Odia" lang="or" hreflang="or" data-title="ଆଣ୍ଟିଗୁଆ ଓ ବରବୁଡା" data-language-autonym="ଓଡ଼ିଆ" data-language-local-name="Odia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ଓଡ଼ିଆ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-om mw-list-item"><a href="https://om.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antiiguwaa_fi_Baarbuudaa" title="Antiiguwaa fi Baarbuudaa – Oromo" lang="om" hreflang="om" data-title="Antiiguwaa fi Baarbuudaa" data-language-autonym="Oromoo" data-language-local-name="Oromo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oromoo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antigua_va_Barbuda" title="Antigua va Barbuda – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Antigua va Barbuda" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%90%E0%A8%82%E0%A8%9F%E0%A9%80%E0%A8%97%E0%A9%81%E0%A8%86_%E0%A8%85%E0%A8%A4%E0%A9%87_%E0%A8%AC%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%AC%E0%A9%82%E0%A8%A1%E0%A8%BE" title="ਐਂਟੀਗੁਆ ਅਤੇ ਬਰਬੂਡਾ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਐਂਟੀਗੁਆ ਅਤੇ ਬਰਬੂਡਾ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ami mw-list-item"><a href="https://ami.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antika_ato_Paputa" title="Antika ato Paputa – Amis" lang="ami" hreflang="ami" data-title="Antika ato Paputa" data-language-autonym="Pangcah" data-language-local-name="Amis" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Pangcah</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%B9%DB%8C%DA%AF%D9%88%D8%A7_%D8%AA%DB%92_%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A8%D9%88%D8%AF%D8%A7" title="انٹیگوا تے باربودا – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="انٹیگوا تے باربودا" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pap mw-list-item"><a href="https://pap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antigua_i_Barbuda" title="Antigua i Barbuda – Papiamento" lang="pap" hreflang="pap" data-title="Antigua i Barbuda" data-language-autonym="Papiamentu" data-language-local-name="Papiamento" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Papiamentu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AA%D9%8A%DA%AB%D9%88%D8%A7_%D8%A7%D9%88_%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%A8%D9%88%D8%AF%D8%A7" title="انتيګوا او بربودا – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="انتيګوا او بربودا" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jam mw-list-item"><a href="https://jam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antiiga_ah_Baabyuuda" title="Antiiga ah Baabyuuda – Jamaican Creole English" lang="jam" hreflang="jam" data-title="Antiiga ah Baabyuuda" data-language-autonym="Patois" data-language-local-name="Jamaican Creole English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Patois</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pcd mw-list-item"><a href="https://pcd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antigua-pi-Barbuda" title="Antigua-pi-Barbuda – Picard" lang="pcd" hreflang="pcd" data-title="Antigua-pi-Barbuda" data-language-autonym="Picard" data-language-local-name="Picard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Picard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antigua_e_Barbuda" title="Antigua e Barbuda – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Antigua e Barbuda" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antigua_un_Barbuda" title="Antigua un Barbuda – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Antigua un Barbuda" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antigua_i_Barbuda" title="Antigua i Barbuda – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Antigua i Barbuda" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ant%C3%ADgua_e_Barbuda" title="Antígua e Barbuda – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Antígua e Barbuda" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kaa mw-list-item"><a href="https://kaa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antigua_h%C3%A1m_Barbuda" title="Antigua hám Barbuda – Kara-Kalpak" lang="kaa" hreflang="kaa" data-title="Antigua hám Barbuda" data-language-autonym="Qaraqalpaqsha" data-language-local-name="Kara-Kalpak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Qaraqalpaqsha</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-crh mw-list-item"><a href="https://crh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antigua_ve_Barbuda" title="Antigua ve Barbuda – Crimean Tatar" lang="crh" hreflang="crh" data-title="Antigua ve Barbuda" data-language-autonym="Qırımtatarca" data-language-local-name="Crimean Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Qırımtatarca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antigua_%C8%99i_Barbuda" title="Antigua și Barbuda – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Antigua și Barbuda" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rm mw-list-item"><a href="https://rm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antigua_e_Barbuda" title="Antigua e Barbuda – Romansh" lang="rm" hreflang="rm" data-title="Antigua e Barbuda" data-language-autonym="Rumantsch" data-language-local-name="Romansh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Rumantsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antiwa_Parputha_ima" title="Antiwa Parputha ima – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Antiwa Parputha ima" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BD%D1%82%D1%96%D2%91%D1%83%D0%B0_%D1%96_%D0%91%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B1%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%B0" title="Антіґуа і Барбуда – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Антіґуа і Барбуда" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русиньскый</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B3%D1%83%D0%B0_%D0%B8_%D0%91%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B1%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%B0" title="Антигуа и Барбуда – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Антигуа и Барбуда" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B3%D1%83%D0%B0_%D1%83%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%91%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B1%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%B0" title="Антигуа уонна Барбуда – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Антигуа уонна Барбуда" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szy mw-list-item"><a href="https://szy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antigua_and_Barbuda" title="Antigua and Barbuda – Sakizaya" lang="szy" hreflang="szy" data-title="Antigua and Barbuda" data-language-autonym="Sakizaya" data-language-local-name="Sakizaya" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sakizaya</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sm mw-list-item"><a href="https://sm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antigua_ma_Barbuda" title="Antigua ma Barbuda – Samoan" lang="sm" hreflang="sm" data-title="Antigua ma Barbuda" data-language-autonym="Gagana Samoa" data-language-local-name="Samoan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gagana Samoa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%A3%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE" title="अण्टीग्वा – Sanskrit" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="अण्टीग्वा" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="Sanskrit" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>संस्कृतम्</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sat mw-list-item"><a href="https://sat.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B1%AE%E1%B1%B1%E1%B1%B4%E1%B1%A4%E1%B1%9C%E1%B1%A9%E1%B1%A3%E1%B1%9F_%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%A8_%E1%B1%B5%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%A8%E1%B1%B5%E1%B1%A9%E1%B1%B0%E1%B1%9F" title="ᱮᱱᱴᱤᱜᱩᱣᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱵᱟᱨᱵᱩᱰᱟ – Santali" lang="sat" hreflang="sat" data-title="ᱮᱱᱴᱤᱜᱩᱣᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱵᱟᱨᱵᱩᱰᱟ" data-language-autonym="ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ" data-language-local-name="Santali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antigua_e_Barbuda" title="Antigua e Barbuda – Sardinian" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Antigua e Barbuda" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="Sardinian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sardu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antigua_an_Barbuda" title="Antigua an Barbuda – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Antigua an Barbuda" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-trv mw-list-item"><a href="https://trv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antigua_and_barbuda" title="Antigua and barbuda – Taroko" lang="trv" hreflang="trv" data-title="Antigua and barbuda" data-language-autonym="Seediq" data-language-local-name="Taroko" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Seediq</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-stq mw-list-item"><a href="https://stq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antigua_un_Barbuda" title="Antigua un Barbuda – Saterland Frisian" lang="stq" hreflang="stq" data-title="Antigua un Barbuda" data-language-autonym="Seeltersk" data-language-local-name="Saterland Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Seeltersk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antigua_dhe_Barbuda" title="Antigua dhe Barbuda – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Antigua dhe Barbuda" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antigua_e_Barbuda" title="Antigua e Barbuda – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Antigua e Barbuda" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%87%E0%B6%B1%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%A7%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%9C%E0%B7%94%E0%B7%80%E0%B7%8F_%E0%B7%83%E0%B7%84_%E0%B6%B6%E0%B7%8F%E0%B6%B6%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%BA%E0%B7%94%E0%B6%A9%E0%B7%8F" title="ඇන්ටිගුවා සහ බාබියුඩා – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="ඇන්ටිගුවා සහ බාබියුඩා" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antigua_and_Barbuda" title="Antigua and Barbuda – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Antigua and Barbuda" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%BD%D9%8A%DA%AF%D9%88%D8%A7_%DB%BD_%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A8%D9%88%D8%AF%D8%A7" title="انٽيگوا ۽ باربودا – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="انٽيگوا ۽ باربودا" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ss mw-list-item"><a href="https://ss.wikipedia.org/wiki/IBhabudi_ne_Anithikhu" title="IBhabudi ne Anithikhu – Swati" lang="ss" hreflang="ss" data-title="IBhabudi ne Anithikhu" data-language-autonym="SiSwati" data-language-local-name="Swati" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>SiSwati</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antigua_a_Barbuda" title="Antigua a Barbuda – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Antigua a Barbuda" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antigva_in_Barbuda" title="Antigva in Barbuda – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Antigva in Barbuda" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szl mw-list-item"><a href="https://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antigua_a_Barbuda" title="Antigua a Barbuda – Silesian" lang="szl" hreflang="szl" data-title="Antigua a Barbuda" data-language-autonym="Ślůnski" data-language-local-name="Silesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ślůnski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antigua_iyo_Barbuda" title="Antigua iyo Barbuda – Somali" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Antigua iyo Barbuda" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="Somali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Soomaaliga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A6%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AA%DB%8C%DA%AF%D9%88%D8%A7_%D9%88_%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A8%D9%88%D9%88%D8%AF%D8%A7" title="ئانتیگوا و باربوودا – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="ئانتیگوا و باربوودا" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B3%D0%B2%D0%B0_%D0%B8_%D0%91%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B1%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%B0" title="Антигва и Барбуда – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Антигва и Барбуда" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antigva_i_Barbuda" title="Antigva i Barbuda – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Antigva i Barbuda" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antigua_jeung_Barbuda" title="Antigua jeung Barbuda – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Antigua jeung Barbuda" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi badge-Q17559452 badge-recommendedarticle mw-list-item" title="recommended article"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antigua_ja_Barbuda" title="Antigua ja Barbuda – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Antigua ja Barbuda" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antigua_och_Barbuda" title="Antigua och Barbuda – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Antigua och Barbuda" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antigua_at_Barbuda" title="Antigua at Barbuda – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Antigua at Barbuda" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%85%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B5%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B5%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D" title="அன்டிகுவாவும் பர்பியுடாவும் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="அன்டிகுவாவும் பர்பியுடாவும்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antigua_ed_Barbuda" title="Antigua ed Barbuda – Kabyle" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Antigua ed Barbuda" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="Kabyle" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Taqbaylit</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B3%D1%83%D0%B0_%D2%BB%D3%99%D0%BC_%D0%91%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B1%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%B0" title="Антигуа һәм Барбуда – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Антигуа һәм Барбуда" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-shn mw-list-item"><a href="https://shn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%99%E1%80%AD%E1%80%B0%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8%E1%80%A2%E1%82%85%E1%81%BC%E1%80%BA%E1%82%87%E1%80%91%E1%80%AE%E1%82%87%E1%81%B5%E1%82%82%E1%82%83%E1%82%87_%E1%80%9C%E1%82%84%E1%82%88_%E1%80%95%E1%82%83%E1%82%87%E1%80%95%E1%80%B0%E1%80%B8%E1%80%90%E1%82%83%E1%82%87" title="မိူင်းဢႅၼ်ႇထီႇၵႂႃႇ လႄႈ ပႃႇပူးတႃႇ – Shan" lang="shn" hreflang="shn" data-title="မိူင်းဢႅၼ်ႇထီႇၵႂႃႇ လႄႈ ပႃႇပူးတႃႇ" data-language-autonym="ၽႃႇသႃႇတႆး " data-language-local-name="Shan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ၽႃႇသႃႇတႆး </span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tay mw-list-item"><a href="https://tay.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antigua_and_barbuda" title="Antigua and barbuda – Tayal" lang="tay" hreflang="tay" data-title="Antigua and barbuda" data-language-autonym="Tayal" data-language-local-name="Tayal" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tayal</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%86%E0%B0%82%E0%B0%9F%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%97%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B5%E0%B0%BE_%E0%B0%85%E0%B0%82%E0%B0%A1%E0%B1%8D_%E0%B0%AC%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%B0%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%AC%E0%B1%81%E0%B0%A1%E0%B0%BE" title="ఆంటిగ్వా అండ్ బార్బుడా – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="ఆంటిగ్వా అండ్ బార్బుడా" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tet mw-list-item"><a href="https://tet.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ant%C3%ADgua_no_Barbuda" title="Antígua no Barbuda – Tetum" lang="tet" hreflang="tet" data-title="Antígua no Barbuda" data-language-autonym="Tetun" data-language-local-name="Tetum" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tetun</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%A8%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B2" title="ประเทศแอนทีกาและบาร์บิวดา – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ประเทศแอนทีกาและบาร์บิวดา" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B3%D1%83%D0%B0_%D0%B2%D0%B0_%D0%91%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B1%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%B0" title="Антигуа ва Барбуда – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Антигуа ва Барбуда" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-to mw-list-item"><a href="https://to.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anitikua_mo_Palaputa" title="Anitikua mo Palaputa – Tongan" lang="to" hreflang="to" data-title="Anitikua mo Palaputa" data-language-autonym="Lea faka-Tonga" data-language-local-name="Tongan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lea faka-Tonga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antigua_ve_Barbuda" title="Antigua ve Barbuda – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Antigua ve Barbuda" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tk mw-list-item"><a href="https://tk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antigua_we_Barbuda" title="Antigua we Barbuda – Turkmen" lang="tk" hreflang="tk" data-title="Antigua we Barbuda" data-language-autonym="Türkmençe" data-language-local-name="Turkmen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkmençe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-udm mw-list-item"><a href="https://udm.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B3%D1%83%D0%B0_%D0%BD%D0%BE_%D0%91%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B1%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%B0" title="Антигуа но Барбуда – Udmurt" lang="udm" hreflang="udm" data-title="Антигуа но Барбуда" data-language-autonym="Удмурт" data-language-local-name="Udmurt" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Удмурт</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B3%D1%83%D0%B0_%D1%96_%D0%91%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B1%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%B0" title="Антигуа і Барбуда – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Антигуа і Барбуда" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%DB%8C%D9%86%D9%B9%DB%8C%DA%AF%D9%88%D8%A7_%D9%88_%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A8%D9%88%DA%88%D8%A7" title="اینٹیگوا و باربوڈا – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="اینٹیگوا و باربوڈا" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A6%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AA%D9%89%DA%AF%DB%87%D8%A6%D8%A7_%DB%8B%DB%95_%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A8%DB%87%D8%AF%D8%A7" title="ئانتىگۇئا ۋە باربۇدا – Uyghur" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="ئانتىگۇئا ۋە باربۇدا" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="Uyghur" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-za mw-list-item"><a href="https://za.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antigua_caeuq_Barbuda" title="Antigua caeuq Barbuda – Zhuang" lang="za" hreflang="za" data-title="Antigua caeuq Barbuda" data-language-autonym="Vahcuengh" data-language-local-name="Zhuang" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vahcuengh</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antigua_e_Barbuda" title="Antigua e Barbuda – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Antigua e Barbuda" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vèneto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antigua_da_Barbud" title="Antigua da Barbud – Veps" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Antigua da Barbud" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="Veps" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vepsän kel’</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antigua_v%C3%A0_Barbuda" title="Antigua và Barbuda – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Antigua và Barbuda" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vo mw-list-item"><a href="https://vo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lantige%C3%A4n_e_Barbude%C3%A4n" title="Lantigeän e Barbudeän – Volapük" lang="vo" hreflang="vo" data-title="Lantigeän e Barbudeän" data-language-autonym="Volapük" data-language-local-name="Volapük" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Volapük</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fiu-vro mw-list-item"><a href="https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antigua_ja_Barbuda" title="Antigua ja Barbuda – Võro" lang="vro" hreflang="vro" data-title="Antigua ja Barbuda" data-language-autonym="Võro" data-language-local-name="Võro" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Võro</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%AE%89%E5%9C%B0%E5%8D%A1%E5%8F%8A%E5%B7%B4%E5%B8%83%E9%81%94" title="安地卡及巴布達 – Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="安地卡及巴布達" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>文言</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antigua_ngan_Barbuda" title="Antigua ngan Barbuda – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Antigua ngan Barbuda" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wo mw-list-item"><a href="https://wo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antigua_ak_Barbuda" title="Antigua ak Barbuda – Wolof" lang="wo" hreflang="wo" data-title="Antigua ak Barbuda" data-language-autonym="Wolof" data-language-local-name="Wolof" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Wolof</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%AE%89%E6%8F%90%E7%93%9C%E6%90%AD%E5%B7%B4%E5%B8%83%E8%BE%BE" title="安提瓜搭巴布达 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="安提瓜搭巴布达" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%A0%D7%98%D7%99%D7%92%D7%95%D7%A2_%D7%90%D7%95%D7%9F_%D7%91%D7%90%D7%A8%D7%91%D7%95%D7%93%D7%A2" title="אנטיגוע און בארבודע – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="אנטיגוע און בארבודע" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%81nt%C3%ADg%C3%BA%C3%A0_%C3%A0ti_B%C3%A0rb%C3%BAd%C3%A0" title="Ántígúà àti Bàrbúdà – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Ántígúà àti Bàrbúdà" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="Yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Yorùbá</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%AE%89%E6%8F%90%E7%93%9C%E5%B7%B4%E5%B8%83%E9%81%94" title="安提瓜巴布達 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="安提瓜巴布達" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antigua_%C3%BB_Barbuda" title="Antigua û Barbuda – Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Antigua û Barbuda" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Zazaki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zazaki</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zea mw-list-item"><a href="https://zea.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antigua_en_Barbuda" title="Antigua en Barbuda – Zeelandic" lang="zea" hreflang="zea" data-title="Antigua en Barbuda" data-language-autonym="Zeêuws" data-language-local-name="Zeelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zeêuws</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ant%C4%97gva_%C4%97_Barbuda" title="Antėgva ė Barbuda – Samogitian" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Antėgva ė Barbuda" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogitian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Žemaitėška</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%AE%89%E6%8F%90%E7%93%9C%E5%92%8C%E5%B7%B4%E5%B8%83%E8%BE%BE" title="安提瓜和巴布达 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" 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href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Antigua_and_Barbuda&params=17_03_N_61_48_W_type:country_region:AG"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">17°03′N</span> <span class="longitude">61°48′W</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">17.050°N 61.800°W</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">17.050; -61.800</span></span></span></a></span></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Country in the Lesser Antilles of the West Indies</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the sovereign country in West Indies. For the islands of the sovereign state, see <a href="/wiki/Antigua" title="Antigua">Antigua</a> and <a href="/wiki/Barbuda" title="Barbuda">Barbuda</a>. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Antigua_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Antigua (disambiguation)">Antigua (disambiguation)</a> and <a href="/wiki/Barbuda_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Barbuda (disambiguation)">Barbuda (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) 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.ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-below{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedrow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedrow .infobox-full-data{border:0;padding:0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedbottomrow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedbottomrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedbottomrow .infobox-full-data{border-top:0;border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .infobox-header{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .infobox-above{font-size:125%;line-height:1.2}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-names{padding-top:0.25em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-name-style{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .infobox-image{padding:0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-anthem{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding-top:0.5em;margin-top:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-map-caption{position:relative;top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-largest,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-lang{font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-ethnic,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-religion,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-sovereignty{font-weight:normal;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fake-li{text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fake-li2{text-indent:0.5em;margin-left:1em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-website{line-height:11pt}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-map-caption3{position:relative;top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn{text-align:left;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn-num{margin-left:1em}</style><table class="infobox ib-country vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above adr"><div class="fn org country-name">Antigua and Barbuda</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><div class="noresize" style="display:table; width:100%;"> <div style="display:table-cell; vertical-align:middle; padding-left:5px;"> <div style="padding-bottom:3px;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Antigua_and_Barbuda.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Flag of Antigua and Barbuda"><img alt="Flag of Antigua and Barbuda" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Flag_of_Antigua_and_Barbuda.svg/125px-Flag_of_Antigua_and_Barbuda.svg.png" decoding="async" width="125" height="83" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Flag_of_Antigua_and_Barbuda.svg/188px-Flag_of_Antigua_and_Barbuda.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Flag_of_Antigua_and_Barbuda.svg/250px-Flag_of_Antigua_and_Barbuda.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></div> <div><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Antigua_and_Barbuda" title="Flag of Antigua and Barbuda">Flag</a></div> </div> <div style="display:table-cell; vertical-align:middle; padding: 0px 5px;"> <div style="padding-bottom:3px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_arms_of_Antigua_and_Barbuda.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Coat of arms of Antigua and Barbuda"><img alt="Coat of arms of Antigua and Barbuda" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Coat_of_arms_of_Antigua_and_Barbuda.svg/85px-Coat_of_arms_of_Antigua_and_Barbuda.svg.png" decoding="async" width="85" height="98" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Coat_of_arms_of_Antigua_and_Barbuda.svg/128px-Coat_of_arms_of_Antigua_and_Barbuda.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Coat_of_arms_of_Antigua_and_Barbuda.svg/170px-Coat_of_arms_of_Antigua_and_Barbuda.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="434" data-file-height="502" /></a></span></div> <div><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Antigua_and_Barbuda" title="Coat of arms of Antigua and Barbuda"> Coat of arms</a></div> </div> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><b>Motto: </b>"Each Endeavouring, All Achieving"</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data anthem"><b>Anthem:</b> "<a href="/wiki/Fair_Antigua,_We_Salute_Thee" title="Fair Antigua, We Salute Thee">Fair Antigua, We Salute Thee</a>"<div style="display:inline-block;margin-top:0.4em;"><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span><audio id="mwe_player_0" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" style="width:220px;" data-durationhint="61" data-mwtitle="Antigua_and_Barbuda_National_Anthem.ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/27/Antigua_and_Barbuda_National_Anthem.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/2/27/Antigua_and_Barbuda_National_Anthem.ogg/Antigua_and_Barbuda_National_Anthem.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AAntigua_and_Barbuda_National_Anthem.ogg&lang=en&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="en" label="English ‪(en)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AAntigua_and_Barbuda_National_Anthem.ogg&lang=fr&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="fr" label="français ‪(fr)‬" data-dir="ltr" /></audio></span></span></div></div><div class="ib-country-anthem"><b><a href="/wiki/Royal_anthem" class="mw-redirect" title="Royal anthem">Royal anthem</a>:</b> "<a href="/wiki/God_Save_the_King" title="God Save the King">God Save the King</a>"<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /><div style="display:inline-block;margin-top:0.4em;"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span><audio id="mwe_player_1" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" style="width:220px;" data-durationhint="64" data-mwtitle="United_States_Navy_Band_-_God_Save_the_Queen.oga" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/03/United_States_Navy_Band_-_God_Save_the_Queen.oga" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source 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‪(id)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AUnited_States_Navy_Band_-_God_Save_the_Queen.oga&lang=it&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="it" label="italiano ‪(it)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AUnited_States_Navy_Band_-_God_Save_the_Queen.oga&lang=ja&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="ja" label="日本語 ‪(ja)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AUnited_States_Navy_Band_-_God_Save_the_Queen.oga&lang=ko&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="ko" label="한국어 ‪(ko)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AUnited_States_Navy_Band_-_God_Save_the_Queen.oga&lang=ms&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="ms" label="Bahasa Melayu ‪(ms)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AUnited_States_Navy_Band_-_God_Save_the_Queen.oga&lang=nb&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="nb" label="norsk bokmål ‪(nb)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AUnited_States_Navy_Band_-_God_Save_the_Queen.oga&lang=pt-br&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="pt-BR" label="português do Brasil ‪(pt-br)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AUnited_States_Navy_Band_-_God_Save_the_Queen.oga&lang=pt&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="pt" label="português ‪(pt)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AUnited_States_Navy_Band_-_God_Save_the_Queen.oga&lang=ru&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="ru" label="русский ‪(ru)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AUnited_States_Navy_Band_-_God_Save_the_Queen.oga&lang=th&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="th" label="ไทย ‪(th)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AUnited_States_Navy_Band_-_God_Save_the_Queen.oga&lang=uk&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="uk" label="українська ‪(uk)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AUnited_States_Navy_Band_-_God_Save_the_Queen.oga&lang=vi&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="vi" label="Tiếng Việt ‪(vi)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AUnited_States_Navy_Band_-_God_Save_the_Queen.oga&lang=zh-cn&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="zh-Hans-CN" label="中文（中国大陆） ‪(zh-cn)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AUnited_States_Navy_Band_-_God_Save_the_Queen.oga&lang=zh-hk&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="zh-Hant-HK" label="中文（香港） ‪(zh-hk)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AUnited_States_Navy_Band_-_God_Save_the_Queen.oga&lang=zh-tw&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="zh-Hant-TW" label="中文（臺灣） ‪(zh-tw)‬" data-dir="ltr" /></audio></span></span></div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:ATG_orthographic.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Location of Antigua and Barbuda"><img alt="Location of Antigua and Barbuda" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/ATG_orthographic.svg/250px-ATG_orthographic.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="250" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/ATG_orthographic.svg/375px-ATG_orthographic.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/ATG_orthographic.svg/500px-ATG_orthographic.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Capital<div class="ib-country-largest">and largest city</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/St._John%27s,_Antigua_and_Barbuda" title="St. John's, Antigua and Barbuda">St. John's</a><br /><span class="geo-inline"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Antigua_and_Barbuda&params=17_7_N_61_51_W_type:city(22,000)_region:AG"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">17°7′N</span> <span class="longitude">61°51′W</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">17.117°N 61.850°W</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">17.117; -61.850</span></span></span></a></span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Vernacular_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Vernacular language">Vernacular language</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Antiguan_and_Barbudan_Creole" title="Antiguan and Barbudan Creole">Antiguan and Barbudan Creole</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Working language</th><td class="infobox-data">English<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_group" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethnic group">Ethnic groups</a> <div class="ib-country-ethnic"> (2020<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>)</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li>87.3% <a href="/wiki/Afro-Antiguan_and_Barbudan" class="mw-redirect" title="Afro-Antiguan and Barbudan">African (Black)</a></li><li>4.7% Multiracial</li><li>1.7% European (White)</li><li>6.3% other</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Religion <div class="ib-country-religion"> (2020<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>)</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li style="white-space:nowrap;"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1116488514">.mw-parser-output .treeview ul{padding:0;margin:0}.mw-parser-output .treeview li{padding:0;margin:0;list-style-type:none;list-style-image:none}.mw-parser-output .treeview li li{background:url("https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f2/Treeview-grey-line.png")no-repeat 0 -2981px;padding-left:21px;text-indent:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .treeview li li:last-child{background-position:0 -5971px}.mw-parser-output .treeview li.emptyline>ul>.mw-empty-elt:first-child+.emptyline,.mw-parser-output .treeview li.emptyline>ul>li:first-child{background-position:0 9px}</style><div class="treeview"> <ul><li>92.7% <a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a> <ul><li>66.6% <a href="/wiki/Protestantism" title="Protestantism">Protestantism</a></li> <li>26.1% other <a href="/wiki/Christian" class="mw-redirect" title="Christian">Christian</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></li><li style="white-space:nowrap;">3.6% <a href="/wiki/Rastafari" title="Rastafari">Rastafari</a></li><li style="white-space:nowrap;">1.9% <a href="/wiki/Irreligion" title="Irreligion">no religion</a></li><li style="white-space:nowrap;">1.1% <a href="/wiki/Bah%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%AD_Faith" title="Baháʼí Faith">Baháʼí Faith</a></li><li style="white-space:nowrap;">0.7% other</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Demonym" title="Demonym">Demonym(s)</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Antiguan and Barbudan</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Antigua_and_Barbuda" title="Politics of Antigua and Barbuda">Government</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Unitary <a href="/wiki/Parliamentary_system" title="Parliamentary system">parliamentary constitutional monarchy</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Antigua_and_Barbuda" title="Monarchy of Antigua and Barbuda">Monarch</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Charles_III" title="Charles III">Charles III</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Governor-General_of_Antigua_and_Barbuda" title="Governor-General of Antigua and Barbuda">Governor-General</a></span> </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Rodney_Williams_(governor-general)" title="Rodney Williams (governor-general)">Sir Rodney Williams</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Antigua_and_Barbuda" title="Prime Minister of Antigua and Barbuda">Prime Minister</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Gaston_Browne" title="Gaston Browne">Gaston Browne</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Legislature</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Antigua_and_Barbuda" title="Parliament of Antigua and Barbuda">Parliament</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• <a href="/wiki/Upper_house" title="Upper house">Upper house</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Senate_(Antigua_and_Barbuda)" title="Senate (Antigua and Barbuda)">Senate</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• <a href="/wiki/Lower_house" title="Lower house">Lower house</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/House_of_Representatives_(Antigua_and_Barbuda)" title="House of Representatives (Antigua and Barbuda)">House of Representatives</a></span></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Formation</th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Barbuda" title="Barbuda">Barbuda</a> (Extension of Laws of Antigua) Act </div></th><td class="infobox-data">23 September 1859<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• Annexation of <a href="/wiki/Redonda" title="Redonda">Redonda</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">26 March 1872</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Parishes_and_dependencies_of_Antigua_and_Barbuda" title="Parishes and dependencies of Antigua and Barbuda">Parish</a> Boundaries Act </div></th><td class="infobox-data">17 December 1873<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Associated_State_of_Antigua" title="Associated State of Antigua">Associated statehood</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">27 February 1967</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• Independence from the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">1 November 1981</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Antigua_and_Barbuda" title="Geography of Antigua and Barbuda">Area </a></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Total</div></th><td class="infobox-data">440 km<sup>2</sup> (170 sq mi) (<a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_and_dependencies_by_area" title="List of countries and dependencies by area">182nd</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Water (%)</div></th><td class="infobox-data">negligible</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header"><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Antigua_and_Barbuda" title="Demographics of Antigua and Barbuda">Population</a></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• 2022 estimate</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Neutral increase"><img alt="Neutral increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Increase_Neutral.svg/11px-Increase_Neutral.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Increase_Neutral.svg/17px-Increase_Neutral.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Increase_Neutral.svg/22px-Increase_Neutral.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="347" data-file-height="346" /></span></span> 100,772<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_and_dependencies_by_population" title="List of countries and dependencies by population">182nd</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• 2011 census</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Neutral increase"><img alt="Neutral increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Increase_Neutral.svg/11px-Increase_Neutral.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Increase_Neutral.svg/17px-Increase_Neutral.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Increase_Neutral.svg/22px-Increase_Neutral.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="347" data-file-height="346" /></span></span> 84,816</td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Density</div></th><td class="infobox-data">186/km<sup>2</sup> (481.7/sq mi)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Gross_domestic_product" title="Gross domestic product">GDP</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style><span class="nobold">(<a href="/wiki/Purchasing_power_parity" title="Purchasing power parity">PPP</a>)</span></th><td class="infobox-data">2023 estimate</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Total</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> $2.6 billion (<a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_GDP_(PPP)" title="List of countries by GDP (PPP)">196th</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Per capita</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> $25,449<sup id="cite_ref-IMF_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IMF-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_GDP_(PPP)_per_capita" title="List of countries by GDP (PPP) per capita">59th</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Gross_domestic_product" title="Gross domestic product">GDP</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><span class="nobold">(nominal)</span></th><td class="infobox-data">2023 estimate</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Total</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> $1.95 billion (<a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_GDP_(nominal)" title="List of countries by GDP (nominal)">193rd</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Per capita</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> $19,068<sup id="cite_ref-IMF_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IMF-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_GDP_(nominal)_per_capita" title="List of countries by GDP (nominal) per capita">49th</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Human_Development_Index" title="Human Development Index">HDI</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><span class="nobold">(2022)</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 0.826<sup id="cite_ref-UNHDR_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UNHDR-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /><span class="nowrap"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239334494">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}</style><span class="tmp-color" style="color:darkgreen">very high</span></span> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_Human_Development_Index" title="List of countries by Human Development Index">54th</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Currency</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/East_Caribbean_dollar" class="mw-redirect" title="East Caribbean dollar">East Caribbean dollar</a> (<a href="/wiki/ISO_4217" title="ISO 4217">XCD</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Time zone</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Coordinated_Universal_Time" title="Coordinated Universal Time">UTC</a>-4</span> (<a href="/wiki/Atlantic_Time_Zone" title="Atlantic Time Zone">AST</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Left-_and_right-hand_traffic" title="Left- and right-hand traffic">Drives on</a></th><td class="infobox-data">left</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Telephone_numbers_in_Antigua_and_Barbuda" class="mw-redirect" title="Telephone numbers in Antigua and Barbuda">Calling code</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Area_code_268" title="Area code 268">+1-268</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/ISO_3166" title="ISO 3166">ISO 3166 code</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/ISO_3166-2:AG" title="ISO 3166-2:AG">AG</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Country_code_top-level_domain" title="Country code top-level domain">Internet TLD</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/.ag" title=".ag">.ag</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><div class="ib-country-website"><b>Website</b><br /><span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ab.gov.ag/">ab<wbr />.gov<wbr />.ag</a></span></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><div class="ib-country-fn"><ol class="ib-country-fn-alpha"> <li value="1">The English language is the only one used in legislation, decrees, resolutions, official documents, and public acts; although not declared official <i><a href="/wiki/De_jure" title="De jure">de jure</a></i>, this makes it the country's sole "working language" in accordance with the constitution.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> </ol></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Antigua and Barbuda</b> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small"><a href="/wiki/British_English" title="British English">UK</a>: </span><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/æ/: 'a' in 'bad'">æ</span><span title="'n' in 'nigh'">n</span><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'t' in 'tie'">t</span><span title="/iː/: 'ee' in 'fleece'">iː</span><span title="/ɡ/: 'g' in 'guy'">ɡ</span><span title="/ə/: 'a' in 'about'">ə</span></span> ...<span class="wrap"> </span><span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="'b' in 'buy'">b</span><span title="/ɑːr/: 'ar' in 'far'">ɑːr</span><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'b' in 'buy'">b</span><span title="/uː/: 'oo' in 'goose'">uː</span><span title="'d' in 'dye'">d</span><span title="/ə/: 'a' in 'about'">ə</span></span>/</a></span></span>, <span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1177148991"><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small"><a href="/wiki/American_English" title="American English">US</a>: </span><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/æ/: 'a' in 'bad'">æ</span><span title="'n' in 'nigh'">n</span><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'t' in 'tie'">t</span><span title="/iː/: 'ee' in 'fleece'">iː</span><span title="/ɡ/: 'g' in 'guy'">ɡ</span><span title="'w' in 'wind'">w</span><span title="/ə/: 'a' in 'about'">ə</span></span> ...<span class="wrap"> </span><span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="'b' in 'buy'">b</span><span title="/ɑːr/: 'ar' in 'far'">ɑːr</span><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'b' in 'buy'">b</span><span title="/j/: 'y' in 'yes'">j</span><span title="/uː/: 'oo' in 'goose'">uː</span><span title="'d' in 'dye'">d</span><span title="/ə/: 'a' in 'about'">ə</span></span>/</a></span></span>) is a <a href="/wiki/Sovereign_state" title="Sovereign state">sovereign</a> <a href="/wiki/Archipelagic_state" title="Archipelagic state">archipelagic country</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Caribbean" title="Caribbean">Caribbean</a>. It lies at the conjuncture of the <a href="/wiki/Caribbean_Sea" title="Caribbean Sea">Caribbean Sea</a> and the Atlantic Ocean in the <a href="/wiki/Leeward_Islands" title="Leeward Islands">Leeward Islands</a> part of the <a href="/wiki/Lesser_Antilles" title="Lesser Antilles">Lesser Antilles</a>. </p><p>The country consists of two major islands, <a href="/wiki/Antigua" title="Antigua">Antigua</a> and <a href="/wiki/Barbuda" title="Barbuda">Barbuda</a>, which are approximately 40 km (25 mi) apart, and several smaller islands, including <a href="/wiki/Great_Bird_Island,_Antigua" class="mw-redirect" title="Great Bird Island, Antigua">Great Bird</a>, <a href="/wiki/Green_Island_(Antigua_and_Barbuda)" title="Green Island (Antigua and Barbuda)">Green</a>, <a href="/wiki/Guiana_Island" title="Guiana Island">Guiana</a>, <a href="/wiki/Long_Island_(Antigua_and_Barbuda)" title="Long Island (Antigua and Barbuda)">Long</a>, <a href="/wiki/Maiden_Island_(Antigua_and_Barbuda)" title="Maiden Island (Antigua and Barbuda)">Maiden</a>, <a href="/wiki/Prickly_Pear_Island" title="Prickly Pear Island">Prickly Pear</a>, <a href="/wiki/York_Island_(Antigua_and_Barbuda)" title="York Island (Antigua and Barbuda)">York</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Redonda" title="Redonda">Redonda</a>. The permanent population is approximately 97,120 (2019<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Antigua_and_Barbuda&action=edit">[update]</a></sup> estimates), with 97% residing in Antigua.<sup id="cite_ref-Factbook_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Factbook-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/St._John%27s,_Antigua_and_Barbuda" title="St. John's, Antigua and Barbuda">St. John's</a>, Antigua, is the country's capital, major city, and largest port. <a href="/wiki/Codrington,_Antigua_and_Barbuda" class="mw-redirect" title="Codrington, Antigua and Barbuda">Codrington</a> is Barbuda's largest town. </p><p>In 1493, <a href="/wiki/Christopher_Columbus" title="Christopher Columbus">Christopher Columbus</a> surveyed the island of Antigua, which he named for the <a href="/wiki/Santa_Mar%C3%ADa_La_Antigua" title="Santa María La Antigua">Church of Santa María La Antigua</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Crocker,_John_1968_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Crocker,_John_1968-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Great Britain colonized Antigua in 1632 and <a href="/wiki/Barbuda" title="Barbuda">Barbuda</a> in 1678.<sup id="cite_ref-Crocker,_John_1968_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Crocker,_John_1968-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A part of the <a href="/wiki/British_Leeward_Islands" title="British Leeward Islands">Federal Colony of the Leeward Islands</a> from 1871, Antigua and Barbuda joined the <a href="/wiki/West_Indies_Federation" title="West Indies Federation">West Indies Federation</a> in 1958.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> With the breakup of the federation in 1962, it became one of the <a href="/wiki/West_Indies_Associated_States" title="West Indies Associated States">West Indies Associated States</a> in 1967.<sup id="cite_ref-Sheridan1974_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sheridan1974-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Following a period of internal self-governance, it gained full independence from the United Kingdom on 1 November 1981. Antigua and Barbuda is a member of the <a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_of_Nations" title="Commonwealth of Nations">Commonwealth</a> and a <a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_realm" title="Commonwealth realm">Commonwealth realm</a>; it is a <a href="/wiki/Constitutional_monarchy" title="Constitutional monarchy">constitutional monarchy</a> with <a href="/wiki/Charles_III" title="Charles III">Charles III</a> as its head of state.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Antigua_and_Barbuda" title="Economy of Antigua and Barbuda">economy of Antigua and Barbuda</a> is largely dependent on tourism, which accounts for 80% of its GDP. <a href="/wiki/Effects_of_climate_change_on_island_nations" class="mw-redirect" title="Effects of climate change on island nations">Like other island nations</a>, Antigua and Barbuda is vulnerable to the <a href="/wiki/Effects_of_climate_change" title="Effects of climate change">effects of climate change</a>, such as <a href="/wiki/Sea_level_rise" title="Sea level rise">sea level rise</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Extreme_weather" title="Extreme weather">increased intensity of extreme weather</a> like <a href="/wiki/Hurricanes" class="mw-redirect" title="Hurricanes">hurricanes</a>. These cause <a href="/wiki/Coastal_erosion" title="Coastal erosion">coastal erosion</a>, <a href="/wiki/Water_scarcity" title="Water scarcity">water scarcity</a>, and other challenges.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Antigua and Barbuda offers a <a href="/wiki/Citizenship_by_investment" class="mw-redirect" title="Citizenship by investment">citizenship by investment</a> program.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The country levies no personal <a href="/wiki/Income_tax" title="Income tax">income tax</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-auto1_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto1-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Antigua_and_Barbuda&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Etymology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><span title="Spanish-language text"><i lang="es">Antigua</i></span> is Spanish for 'ancient' and <span title="Spanish-language text"><i lang="es">barbuda</i></span> is Spanish for 'bearded'.<sup id="cite_ref-Factbook_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Factbook-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The island of Antigua was originally called <span title="Taino-language text"><i lang="tnq">Wadadli</i></span> by the <a href="/wiki/Arawak" title="Arawak">Arawaks</a> and is locally known by that name today; the <a href="/wiki/Island_Caribs" class="mw-redirect" title="Island Caribs">Caribs</a> possibly called Barbuda <span title="Island Carib-language text"><i lang="crb">Wa'omoni</i></span>. <a href="/wiki/Christopher_Columbus" title="Christopher Columbus">Christopher Columbus</a>, while sailing by in 1493, may have named it <span title="Spanish-language text"><i lang="es">Santa Maria la Antigua</i></span>, after an icon in the Spanish <a href="/wiki/Seville_Cathedral" title="Seville Cathedral">Seville Cathedral</a>. The "bearded" of Barbuda is thought to refer either to the male inhabitants of the island, or the bearded fig trees present there.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Antigua_and_Barbuda&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/History_of_Antigua_and_Barbuda" title="History of Antigua and Barbuda">History of Antigua and Barbuda</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pre-colonial_period">Pre-colonial period</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Antigua_and_Barbuda&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Pre-colonial period"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Pre-Columbian_Antigua_and_Barbuda" title="Pre-Columbian Antigua and Barbuda">Pre-Columbian Antigua and Barbuda</a></div> <p>Antigua was first settled by <a href="/wiki/Archaic_period_(North_America)" title="Archaic period (North America)">archaic age</a> <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas" title="Indigenous peoples of the Americas">Indigenous</a> hunter-gatherers called the <a href="/wiki/Ciboney" title="Ciboney">Ciboney</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Factbook_13-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Factbook-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Britannica_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Britannica-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Commonwealth_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Commonwealth-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Radiocarbon_dating" title="Radiocarbon dating">Carbon dating</a> has established the earliest settlements started around 3100 BC.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They were succeeded by the ceramic age pre-Columbian <a href="/wiki/Arawakan_languages" title="Arawakan languages">Arawak</a>-speaking <a href="/wiki/Saladoid" title="Saladoid">Saladoid</a> people who migrated from the lower <a href="/wiki/Orinoco_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Orinoco River">Orinoco River</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They introduced agriculture, raising, among other crops, the famous <a href="/wiki/Antigua_Black_Pineapple" class="mw-redirect" title="Antigua Black Pineapple">Antigua Black Pineapple</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/Ananas_comosus" class="mw-redirect" title="Ananas comosus">Ananas comosus</a></i>), <a href="/wiki/Maize" title="Maize">corn</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sweet_potato" title="Sweet potato">sweet potatoes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chili_pepper" title="Chili pepper">chiles</a>, <a href="/wiki/Guava" title="Guava">guava</a>, tobacco, and cotton.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Later on the <a href="/wiki/Island_Caribs" class="mw-redirect" title="Island Caribs">Caribs</a> settled the island.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Mill_Yard_-_Ten_Views_in_the_Island_of_Antigua_(1823),_plate_V_-_BL.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/The_Mill_Yard_-_Ten_Views_in_the_Island_of_Antigua_%281823%29%2C_plate_V_-_BL.jpg/220px-The_Mill_Yard_-_Ten_Views_in_the_Island_of_Antigua_%281823%29%2C_plate_V_-_BL.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="153" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/The_Mill_Yard_-_Ten_Views_in_the_Island_of_Antigua_%281823%29%2C_plate_V_-_BL.jpg/330px-The_Mill_Yard_-_Ten_Views_in_the_Island_of_Antigua_%281823%29%2C_plate_V_-_BL.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/The_Mill_Yard_-_Ten_Views_in_the_Island_of_Antigua_%281823%29%2C_plate_V_-_BL.jpg/440px-The_Mill_Yard_-_Ten_Views_in_the_Island_of_Antigua_%281823%29%2C_plate_V_-_BL.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1784" data-file-height="1241" /></a><figcaption>Antigua in 1823</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="European_arrival_and_slavery">European arrival and slavery</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Antigua_and_Barbuda&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: European arrival and slavery"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Christopher_Columbus" title="Christopher Columbus">Christopher Columbus</a> was the first European to sight the islands in 1493.<sup id="cite_ref-Britannica_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Britannica-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Commonwealth_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Commonwealth-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Spanish did not colonise Antigua until after a combination of European and African diseases, malnutrition, and slavery eventually extirpated most of the native population; <a href="/wiki/Smallpox" title="Smallpox">smallpox</a> was probably the greatest killer.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The English settled on Antigua in 1632;<sup id="cite_ref-Commonwealth_23-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Commonwealth-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Britannica_22-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Britannica-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Christopher Codrington settled on Barbuda in 1685.<sup id="cite_ref-Commonwealth_23-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Commonwealth-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Britannica_22-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Britannica-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Tobacco and then sugar was grown, worked by a large population of slaves transported from West Africa, who soon came to vastly outnumber the European settlers.<sup id="cite_ref-Britannica_22-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Britannica-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Colonial_era">Colonial era</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Antigua_and_Barbuda&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Colonial era"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The English maintained control of the islands, repulsing an attempted French attack in 1666.<sup id="cite_ref-Britannica_22-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Britannica-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The brutal conditions endured by the slaves led to revolts in 1701 and 1729 and a planned revolt in 1736, the last led by <a href="/wiki/Prince_Klaas" title="Prince Klaas">Prince Klaas</a>, though it was discovered before it began and the ringleaders were executed.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Slavery" title="Slavery">Slavery</a> was abolished in the British Empire in 1833, affecting the economy.<sup id="cite_ref-Commonwealth_23-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Commonwealth-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Britannica_22-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Britannica-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This was exacerbated by natural disasters such as the 1843 earthquake and the 1847 hurricane.<sup id="cite_ref-Britannica_22-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Britannica-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mining occurred on the isle of <a href="/wiki/Redonda" title="Redonda">Redonda</a>, however, this ceased in 1929 and the island has since remained uninhabited.<sup id="cite_ref-kras-2008_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kras-2008-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Part of the Leeward Islands colony, Antigua and Barbuda became part of the short-lived <a href="/wiki/West_Indies_Federation" title="West Indies Federation">West Indies Federation</a> from 1958 to 1962.<sup id="cite_ref-Commonwealth_23-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Commonwealth-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Britannica_22-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Britannica-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Antigua and Barbuda subsequently became an associated state of the United Kingdom with full internal autonomy on 27 February 1967.<sup id="cite_ref-Britannica_22-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Britannica-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The 1970s were dominated by discussions as to the islands' future and the rivalry between <a href="/wiki/Vere_Bird" title="Vere Bird">Vere Bird</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Antigua_and_Barbuda_Labour_Party" title="Antigua and Barbuda Labour Party">Antigua and Barbuda Labour Party</a> (ABLP) (Premier from 1967 to 1971 and 1976 to 1981) and the <a href="/wiki/Progressive_Labour_Movement" title="Progressive Labour Movement">Progressive Labour Movement</a> (PLM) of <a href="/wiki/George_Walter" title="George Walter">George Walter</a> (Premier 1971–1976). Eventually, Antigua and Barbuda gained full independence on 1 November 1981; Vere Bird became prime minister of the new country.<sup id="cite_ref-Britannica_22-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Britannica-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The country opted to remain within the <a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_of_Nations" title="Commonwealth of Nations">Commonwealth</a>, retaining Queen Elizabeth as <a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Antigua_and_Barbuda" title="Monarchy of Antigua and Barbuda">head of state</a>, with the first <a href="/wiki/List_of_colonial_governors_and_administrators_of_Antigua#Governors_of_Antigua_and_Barbuda_(1967–1981)" title="List of colonial governors and administrators of Antigua">governor</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wilfred_Jacobs" title="Wilfred Jacobs">Sir Wilfred Jacobs</a>, as <a href="/wiki/Governor-general_of_Antigua_and_Barbuda" class="mw-redirect" title="Governor-general of Antigua and Barbuda">governor-general</a>. Succeeding Sir Wilfred Jacobs were Sir James Carlisle (June 10, 1993 – June 30, 2007), Dame Louise Lake-Tack (July 17, 2007 – August 14, 2014.), and the present governor, Sir Rodney Williams: (August 14, 2014 – present). </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:1953_Antigua_stamps.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/1953_Antigua_stamps.jpg/280px-1953_Antigua_stamps.jpg" decoding="async" width="280" height="212" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/1953_Antigua_stamps.jpg/420px-1953_Antigua_stamps.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/1953_Antigua_stamps.jpg/560px-1953_Antigua_stamps.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3255" data-file-height="2459" /></a><figcaption>Queen Elizabeth II on 1953 Antiguan stamps</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Independence_era">Independence era</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Antigua_and_Barbuda&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Independence era"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The first two decades of Antigua's independence were dominated politically by the Bird family and the ABLP, with <a href="/wiki/Vere_Bird" title="Vere Bird">Vere Bird</a> ruling from 1981 to 1994, followed by his son <a href="/wiki/Lester_Bird" title="Lester Bird">Lester Bird</a> from 1994 to 2004.<sup id="cite_ref-Britannica_22-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Britannica-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Though providing a degree of political stability, and boosting tourism to the country, the Bird governments were frequently accused of corruption, cronyism and financial malfeasance.<sup id="cite_ref-Commonwealth_23-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Commonwealth-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Britannica_22-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Britannica-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Vere_Bird_Jr." title="Vere Bird Jr.">Vere Bird Jr.</a>, the elder son, was forced to leave the cabinet in 1990 following a <a href="/wiki/Guns_for_Antigua" title="Guns for Antigua">scandal</a> in which he was accused of smuggling Israeli weapons to Colombian drug-traffickers.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Commonwealth_23-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Commonwealth-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another son, <a href="/wiki/Ivor_Bird" title="Ivor Bird">Ivor Bird</a>, was convicted of selling <a href="/wiki/Cocaine" title="Cocaine">cocaine</a> in 1995.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1995, <a href="/wiki/Hurricane_Luis" title="Hurricane Luis">Hurricane Luis</a> caused severe damage on Barbuda.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The ABLP's dominance of Antiguan politics ended with the <a href="/wiki/2004_Antiguan_general_election" title="2004 Antiguan general election">2004 Antiguan general election</a>, which was won by <a href="/wiki/Winston_Baldwin_Spencer" class="mw-redirect" title="Winston Baldwin Spencer">Winston Baldwin Spencer</a>'s <a href="/wiki/United_Progressive_Party_(Antigua_and_Barbuda)" title="United Progressive Party (Antigua and Barbuda)">United Progressive Party</a> (UPP).<sup id="cite_ref-Britannica_22-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Britannica-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Winston Baldwin Spencer was <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Antigua_and_Barbuda" title="Prime Minister of Antigua and Barbuda">Prime Minister of Antigua and Barbuda</a> from 2004 to 2014.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However the UPP lost the <a href="/wiki/2014_Antiguan_general_election" title="2014 Antiguan general election">2014 Antiguan general election</a>, with the ABLP returning to power under <a href="/wiki/Gaston_Browne" title="Gaston Browne">Gaston Browne</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-bald_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bald-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> ABLP won 15 of the 17 seats in the <a href="/wiki/2018_Antiguan_general_election" title="2018 Antiguan general election">2018 snap election</a> under the leadership of incumbent Prime Minister Gaston Browne.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2016, <a href="/wiki/Nelson%27s_Dockyard" title="Nelson's Dockyard">Nelson's Dockyard</a> was designated as a <a href="/wiki/UNESCO_World_Heritage_Site" class="mw-redirect" title="UNESCO World Heritage Site">UNESCO World Heritage Site</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Most of Barbuda was devastated in early September 2017 by <a href="/wiki/Hurricane_Irma" title="Hurricane Irma">Hurricane Irma</a>, which brought winds with speeds reaching 295 km/h (185 mph). The storm damaged or destroyed 95% of the island's buildings and infrastructure, leaving Barbuda "barely habitable" according to Prime Minister Gaston Browne. Nearly everyone on the island was evacuated to Antigua.<sup id="cite_ref-auto_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Amidst the following rebuilding efforts on Barbuda that were estimated to cost at least $100 million,<sup id="cite_ref-time.com_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-time.com-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the government announced plans to revoke a century-old law of <a href="/wiki/Communal_land" title="Communal land">communal land ownership</a> by allowing residents to buy land; a move that has been criticised as promoting "<a href="/wiki/Disaster_capitalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Disaster capitalism">disaster capitalism</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-NACLA-disaster-capitalism_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NACLA-disaster-capitalism-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Geography">Geography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Antigua_and_Barbuda&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Geography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Antigua_and_Barbuda" title="Geography of Antigua and Barbuda">Geography of Antigua and Barbuda</a></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238443738">.mw-parser-output .locmap .od{position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .id{position:absolute;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .locmap .l0{font-size:0;position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv{line-height:110%;position:absolute;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv>div{display:inline;padding:1px}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:left}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:#fff!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:white!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}</style><div class="locmap noviewer noresize thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:302px"><div style="position:relative;width:300px;border:1px solid lightgray"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Antigua_and_Barbuda_location_map.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Antigua and Barbuda is located in Antigua and Barbuda"><img alt="Antigua and Barbuda is located in Antigua and Barbuda" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Antigua_and_Barbuda_location_map.svg/300px-Antigua_and_Barbuda_location_map.svg.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="345" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Antigua_and_Barbuda_location_map.svg/450px-Antigua_and_Barbuda_location_map.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Antigua_and_Barbuda_location_map.svg/600px-Antigua_and_Barbuda_location_map.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="864" data-file-height="994" /></a></span><div class="od notheme" style="top:80.343%;left:78.844%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Antigua"><img alt="Antigua" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/8px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/16px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div><div class="pl" style="width:6em;right:5px"><div><a href="/wiki/Antigua" title="Antigua">Antigua</a></div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:16.547%;left:78.844%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Barbuda"><img alt="Barbuda" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/8px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/16px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div><div class="pl" style="width:6em;right:5px"><div><a href="/wiki/Barbuda" title="Barbuda">Barbuda</a></div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:97.621%;left:7.665%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Redonda"><img alt="Redonda" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/8px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/16px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div><div class="pr" style="width:6em;left:5px"><div><a href="/wiki/Redonda" title="Redonda">Redonda</a></div></div></div></div><div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Antigua_and_Barbuda_location_map.svg" title="File:Antigua and Barbuda location map.svg">class=notpageimage| </a></div>Antigua and Barbuda</div></div></div> <p>Limestone formations, rather than volcanic activity, have had the most impact on the topography of both Antigua and Barbuda, which are both relatively low-lying islands. Boggy Peak, also known as Mt. Obama from 2008 to 2016, is the highest point on both Antigua and Barbuda. It is the remnant of a volcanic crater and rises a total of 402 meters. Boggy Peak is located in the southwest of Antigua (1,319 feet).<sup id="cite_ref-Factbook_13-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Factbook-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Britannica_22-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Britannica-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Both of these islands have very irregularly shaped coastlines that are dotted with beaches, lagoons, and natural harbours. There are reefs and shoals that surround the islands on all sides. Because of the low amount of rainfall, there are not many streams. On neither of these islands can sufficient quantities of fresh groundwater be found.<sup id="cite_ref-Factbook_13-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Factbook-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Redonda is a small, uninhabited island located about 40 kilometres (25 miles) to the south-west of Antigua. Redonda is a rocky island.<sup id="cite_ref-Britannica_22-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Britannica-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In Antigua and Barbuda <a href="/wiki/Forest_cover" title="Forest cover">forest cover</a> is about 18% of the total land area, equivalent to 8,120 ha of forests in 2020, down from 10,110 ha in 1990.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cities_and_villages">Cities and villages</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Antigua_and_Barbuda&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Cities and villages"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Antigua_and_Barbuda" class="mw-redirect" title="List of cities in Antigua and Barbuda">List of cities in Antigua and Barbuda</a></div> <p>The most populous cities in Antigua and Barbuda are mostly on Antigua, being <a href="/wiki/Saint_John%27s,_Antigua_and_Barbuda" class="mw-redirect" title="Saint John's, Antigua and Barbuda">Saint John's</a>, <a href="/wiki/All_Saints,_Antigua_and_Barbuda" title="All Saints, Antigua and Barbuda">All Saints</a>, <a href="/wiki/Piggotts" title="Piggotts">Piggotts</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Liberta,_Antigua_and_Barbuda" title="Liberta, Antigua and Barbuda">Liberta</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The most populous city on Barbuda is <a href="/wiki/Codrington,_Antigua_and_Barbuda" class="mw-redirect" title="Codrington, Antigua and Barbuda">Codrington</a>. It is estimated that 25% of the population lives in an urban area, which is much lower than the international average of 55%.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Islands">Islands</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Antigua_and_Barbuda&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Islands"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Antigua_and_Barbuda#Islands" title="Geography of Antigua and Barbuda">Geography of Antigua and Barbuda § Islands</a></div> <p>Antigua and Barbuda consists mostly of its two namesake islands, <a href="/wiki/Antigua" title="Antigua">Antigua</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Barbuda" title="Barbuda">Barbuda</a>. Other than that, Antigua and Barbuda's biggest islands are Guiana Island and Long Island off the coast of Antigua, and <a href="/wiki/Redonda" title="Redonda">Redonda</a> island, which is far from both of the main islands. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Climate">Climate</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Antigua_and_Barbuda&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Climate"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Rainfall averages 990 mm (39 in) per year, with the amount varying widely from season to season. In general the wettest period is between September and November. The islands generally experience low humidity and recurrent droughts. Temperatures average 27 °C (80.6 °F), with a range from 23 °C (73.4 °F) to 29 °C (84.2 °F) in the winter to from 25 °C (77.0 °F) to 30 °C (86.0 °F) in the summer and autumn. The coolest period is between December and February. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Hurricane" class="mw-redirect" title="Hurricane">Hurricanes</a> strike on an average of once a year, including the powerful <a href="/wiki/Category_5_hurricane" class="mw-redirect" title="Category 5 hurricane">Category 5</a> <a href="/wiki/Hurricane_Irma" title="Hurricane Irma">Hurricane Irma</a>, on 6 September 2017, which damaged 95% of the structures on Barbuda.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some 1,800 people were evacuated to Antigua.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Officials quoted by <i><a href="/wiki/Time_(magazine)" title="Time (magazine)">Time</a></i> indicated that over $100 million would be required to rebuild homes and infrastructure. Philmore Mullin, Director of Barbuda's National Office of Disaster Services, said that "all critical infrastructure and utilities are non-existent – food supply, medicine, shelter, electricity, water, communications, waste management". He summarised the situation as follows: "Public utilities need to be rebuilt in their entirety... It is optimistic to think anything can be rebuilt in six months ... In my 25 years in disaster management, I have never seen something like this."<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Environmental_issues">Environmental issues</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Antigua_and_Barbuda&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Environmental issues"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="excerpt-block"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1066933788">.mw-parser-output .excerpt-hat .mw-editsection-like{font-style:normal}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable dablink excerpt-hat selfref">This section is an excerpt from <a href="/wiki/Environmental_issues_in_Antigua_and_Barbuda" title="Environmental issues in Antigua and Barbuda">Environmental issues in Antigua and Barbuda</a>.<span class="mw-editsection-like plainlinks"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Environmental_issues_in_Antigua_and_Barbuda&action=edit">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div><div class="excerpt"> <p>Like other <a href="/wiki/Island_country" title="Island country">island nations</a>, Antigua and Barbuda faces unique environmental issues created by its proximity to the ocean, and small size. These include pressures on drinking water resources, natural ecosystems, and deforestation more generally. </p><p>Existing issues on the island are further made worse by <a href="/wiki/Climate_change" title="Climate change">climate change</a>, where, not unlike other <a href="/wiki/Effects_of_climate_change_on_island_nations" class="mw-redirect" title="Effects of climate change on island nations">island nations affected by climate change</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sea_level_rise" title="Sea level rise">sea level rise</a> and increased weather variability, create increased pressures on the communities on the islands and the land, through processes like <a href="/wiki/Coastal_erosion" title="Coastal erosion">coastal erosion</a> and <a href="/wiki/Saltwater_intrusion" title="Saltwater intrusion">saltwater intrusion</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> Not only do these issues threaten the residents of the island, but also interfere with the economy – where tourism is 80% of the GDP.<sup id="cite_ref-Environmental_issues_in_Antigua_and_Barbuda_:1_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Environmental_issues_in_Antigua_and_Barbuda_:1-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The 2017 hurricane season was particularly destructive, with <a href="/wiki/Hurricane_Maria" title="Hurricane Maria">Hurricane Maria</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hurricane_Irma" title="Hurricane Irma">Hurricane Irma</a>, repeatedly damaging vulnerable infrastructure on the islands of Antigua and Barbuda.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Demographics">Demographics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Antigua_and_Barbuda&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Demographics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Antigua_and_Barbuda" title="Demographics of Antigua and Barbuda">Demographics of Antigua and Barbuda</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Antigua-Barbuda-demography.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Antigua-Barbuda-demography.png/290px-Antigua-Barbuda-demography.png" decoding="async" width="290" height="171" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Antigua-Barbuda-demography.png/435px-Antigua-Barbuda-demography.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Antigua-Barbuda-demography.png/580px-Antigua-Barbuda-demography.png 2x" data-file-width="724" data-file-height="426" /></a><figcaption>Antigua & Barbuda's population (1961–2010). Number of inhabitants in thousands.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ethnic_groups">Ethnic groups</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Antigua_and_Barbuda&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Ethnic groups"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Antigua has a population of 93,219,<sup id="cite_ref-UN_WPP_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UN_WPP-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-UN_WPP_2022_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UN_WPP_2022-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> mostly made up of people of <a href="/wiki/West_African" class="mw-redirect" title="West African">West African</a>, British, and <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_people" title="Portuguese people">Portuguese</a> descent. The ethnic distribution consists of 91% Black, 4.4% mixed race, 1.7% White, and 2.9% other (primarily <a href="/wiki/South_Asians" class="mw-redirect" title="South Asians">East Indian</a>). Most Whites are of British descent. Christian Levantine Arabs and a small number of <a href="/wiki/East_Asians" class="mw-redirect" title="East Asians">East Asians</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sephardic_Jews" title="Sephardic Jews">Sephardic Jews</a> make up the remainder of the population. </p><p>An increasingly large percentage of the population lives abroad, most notably in the United Kingdom (<a href="/wiki/Antiguan_British" class="mw-redirect" title="Antiguan British">Antiguan Britons</a>), the United States and Canada. A minority of Antiguan residents are immigrants from other countries, particularly from Dominica, Guyana and <a href="/wiki/Jamaica" title="Jamaica">Jamaica</a>, and, increasingly, from the Dominican Republic, <a href="/wiki/St._Vincent_and_the_Grenadines" class="mw-redirect" title="St. Vincent and the Grenadines">St. Vincent and the Grenadines</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nigeria" title="Nigeria">Nigeria</a>. An estimated 4,500 American citizens also make their home in Antigua and Barbuda, making their numbers one of the largest American populations in the English-speaking Eastern Caribbean.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 68.47% of the population was born in Antigua and Barbuda.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Languages">Languages</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Antigua_and_Barbuda&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Languages"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The language most commonly used in business is <a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a>. There is a noticeable distinction between the Antiguan accent and the Barbudan one. </p><p>When compared to <a href="/wiki/Antiguan_Creole" class="mw-redirect" title="Antiguan Creole">Antiguan Creole</a>, Standard English was the language of choice in the years leading up to Antigua and Barbuda's attainment of their independence. The Antiguan Creole language is looked down upon by the upper and middle classes in general. The Antiguan Creole language is discouraged from use in the educational system, and instruction is carried out in Standard (British) English instead. </p><p>A significant number of the words that are used in the Antiguan dialect are derived from both the British and African languages. This is readily apparent in phrases such as "Innit?" which literally translates to "Isn't it?" Many common island proverbs can be traced back to Africa, such as the pidgin language. </p><p>Approximately 10,000 people are able to speak in Spanish.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Education">Education</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Antigua_and_Barbuda&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Education"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="excerpt-block"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable dablink excerpt-hat selfref">This section is an excerpt from <a href="/wiki/Education_in_Antigua_and_Barbuda" title="Education in Antigua and Barbuda">Education in Antigua and Barbuda</a>.<span class="mw-editsection-like plainlinks"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Education_in_Antigua_and_Barbuda&action=edit">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div><div class="excerpt"> <p>Education in Antigua and Barbuda is compulsory and free for children between the ages of 5 and 16 years.<sup id="cite_ref-Education_in_Antigua_and_Barbuda_ilab_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Education_in_Antigua_and_Barbuda_ilab-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The system is modeled on the British educational system. The current Minister of Education, Sport & Creative Industries is <a href="/wiki/Daryll_Mathew" class="mw-redirect" title="Daryll Mathew">Daryll Sylvester Matthew</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Adult_literacy_rate" class="mw-redirect" title="Adult literacy rate">adult literacy rate</a> in Antigua and Barbuda is approximately 99%.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Education_in_Antigua_and_Barbuda_The_World_Bank_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Education_in_Antigua_and_Barbuda_The_World_Bank-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Aid_to_Basic_Education,_the_amount_of_bilateral_and_multilateral_aid_contributed_or_received_by_Antigua_and_Barbuda.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Aid_to_Basic_Education%2C_the_amount_of_bilateral_and_multilateral_aid_contributed_or_received_by_Antigua_and_Barbuda.png/220px-Aid_to_Basic_Education%2C_the_amount_of_bilateral_and_multilateral_aid_contributed_or_received_by_Antigua_and_Barbuda.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Aid_to_Basic_Education%2C_the_amount_of_bilateral_and_multilateral_aid_contributed_or_received_by_Antigua_and_Barbuda.png/330px-Aid_to_Basic_Education%2C_the_amount_of_bilateral_and_multilateral_aid_contributed_or_received_by_Antigua_and_Barbuda.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Aid_to_Basic_Education%2C_the_amount_of_bilateral_and_multilateral_aid_contributed_or_received_by_Antigua_and_Barbuda.png/440px-Aid_to_Basic_Education%2C_the_amount_of_bilateral_and_multilateral_aid_contributed_or_received_by_Antigua_and_Barbuda.png 2x" data-file-width="1135" data-file-height="621" /></a><figcaption>Aid to Basic Education, the amount of bilateral and multilateral aid contributed or received by Antigua and Barbuda (source:UNESCO)</figcaption></figure></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Religion">Religion</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Antigua_and_Barbuda&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Religion"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1248256098">@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery{width:100%!important}}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery{display:table}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-default{background:transparent;margin-top:4px}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-center{margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-left{float:left}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-right{float:right}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-none{float:none}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-collapsible{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .title,.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .main,.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .footer{display:table-row}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .title>div{display:table-cell;padding:0 4px 4px;text-align:center;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .main>div{display:table-cell}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .gallery{line-height:1.35em}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .footer>div{display:table-cell;padding:4px;text-align:right;font-size:85%;line-height:1em}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .title>div *,.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .footer>div *{overflow:visible}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .gallerybox img{background:none!important}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .bordered-images .thumb img{border:solid var(--background-color-neutral,#eaecf0)1px}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .whitebg .thumb{background:var(--background-color-base,#fff)!important}</style><div class="mod-gallery mod-gallery-default mod-gallery-right"><div class="main"><div><ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional nochecker bordered-images whitebg"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 143px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Stjohnscathedralantigua.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="St. John's Cathedral, St. John's"><img alt="St. John's Cathedral, St. John's" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Stjohnscathedralantigua.jpg/151px-Stjohnscathedralantigua.jpg" decoding="async" width="151" height="113" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Stjohnscathedralantigua.jpg/227px-Stjohnscathedralantigua.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Stjohnscathedralantigua.jpg/301px-Stjohnscathedralantigua.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2304" data-file-height="1728" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><small><a href="/wiki/St._John%27s_Cathedral_(Antigua_and_Barbuda)" title="St. John's Cathedral (Antigua and Barbuda)">St. John's Cathedral</a>, St. John's</small></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 143px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Antigua_and_Barbuda,_English_Harbour_(29),_Baxter_Memorial_Methodist_Church.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Baxter Memorial Methodist Church, St.Paul Parish"><img alt="Baxter Memorial Methodist Church, St.Paul Parish" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Antigua_and_Barbuda%2C_English_Harbour_%2829%29%2C_Baxter_Memorial_Methodist_Church.jpg/200px-Antigua_and_Barbuda%2C_English_Harbour_%2829%29%2C_Baxter_Memorial_Methodist_Church.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="113" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Antigua_and_Barbuda%2C_English_Harbour_%2829%29%2C_Baxter_Memorial_Methodist_Church.jpg/300px-Antigua_and_Barbuda%2C_English_Harbour_%2829%29%2C_Baxter_Memorial_Methodist_Church.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Antigua_and_Barbuda%2C_English_Harbour_%2829%29%2C_Baxter_Memorial_Methodist_Church.jpg/400px-Antigua_and_Barbuda%2C_English_Harbour_%2829%29%2C_Baxter_Memorial_Methodist_Church.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4032" data-file-height="2268" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><small>Baxter Memorial Methodist Church, St.Paul Parish</small></div> </li> </ul></div></div></div> <p>A majority (77%)<sup id="cite_ref-Factbook_13-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Factbook-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> of Antiguans are Christians, with the <a href="/wiki/Anglicans" class="mw-redirect" title="Anglicans">Anglicans</a> (17.6%) being the largest single denomination. Other Christian denominations present are <a href="/wiki/Seventh-day_Adventist_Church" title="Seventh-day Adventist Church">Seventh-day Adventist Church</a> (12.4%), <a href="/wiki/Pentecostalism" title="Pentecostalism">Pentecostalism</a> (12.2%), <a href="/wiki/Moravian_Church" title="Moravian Church">Moravian Church</a> (8.3%), <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholics" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholics">Roman Catholics</a> (8.2%), <a href="/wiki/Methodist_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="Methodist Church">Methodist Church</a> (5.6%), <a href="/wiki/Wesleyan_Holiness_Church" title="Wesleyan Holiness Church">Wesleyan Holiness Church</a> (4.5%), <a href="/wiki/Church_of_God_(Cleveland,_Tennessee)" title="Church of God (Cleveland, Tennessee)">Church of God</a> (4.1%), <a href="/wiki/Baptists" title="Baptists">Baptists</a> (3.6%),<sup id="cite_ref-FactbookAttribution_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FactbookAttribution-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Mormonism" title="Mormonism">Mormonism</a> (<1.0%), as well as <a href="/wiki/Jehovah%27s_Witnesses" title="Jehovah's Witnesses">Jehovah's Witnesses</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Government_and_politics">Government and politics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Antigua_and_Barbuda&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Government and politics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Antigua_and_Barbuda" title="Politics of Antigua and Barbuda">Politics of Antigua and Barbuda</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Government">Government</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Antigua_and_Barbuda&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Government"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Parliament_of_Antigua_and_Barbuda.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Parliament_of_Antigua_and_Barbuda.JPG/220px-Parliament_of_Antigua_and_Barbuda.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="128" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Parliament_of_Antigua_and_Barbuda.JPG/330px-Parliament_of_Antigua_and_Barbuda.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Parliament_of_Antigua_and_Barbuda.JPG/440px-Parliament_of_Antigua_and_Barbuda.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4585" data-file-height="2675" /></a><figcaption>The meeting place of the Parliament of Antigua and Barbuda</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Office_of_the_Prime_Minister_of_Antigua_and_Barbuda.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Office_of_the_Prime_Minister_of_Antigua_and_Barbuda.jpg/220px-Office_of_the_Prime_Minister_of_Antigua_and_Barbuda.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Office_of_the_Prime_Minister_of_Antigua_and_Barbuda.jpg/330px-Office_of_the_Prime_Minister_of_Antigua_and_Barbuda.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Office_of_the_Prime_Minister_of_Antigua_and_Barbuda.jpg/440px-Office_of_the_Prime_Minister_of_Antigua_and_Barbuda.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4032" data-file-height="3024" /></a><figcaption>The Office of the Prime Minister, the headquarters of the executive branch–funds to build an official residence for the Prime Minister were instead used to build the <a href="/wiki/Sir_Vivian_Richards_Stadium" title="Sir Vivian Richards Stadium">Sir Vivian Richards Stadium</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Casa_de_Gobierno_de_Antigua_y_Barbuda_(Saint_John%C2%B4s)..jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Casa_de_Gobierno_de_Antigua_y_Barbuda_%28Saint_John%C2%B4s%29..jpg/220px-Casa_de_Gobierno_de_Antigua_y_Barbuda_%28Saint_John%C2%B4s%29..jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Casa_de_Gobierno_de_Antigua_y_Barbuda_%28Saint_John%C2%B4s%29..jpg/330px-Casa_de_Gobierno_de_Antigua_y_Barbuda_%28Saint_John%C2%B4s%29..jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Casa_de_Gobierno_de_Antigua_y_Barbuda_%28Saint_John%C2%B4s%29..jpg/440px-Casa_de_Gobierno_de_Antigua_y_Barbuda_%28Saint_John%C2%B4s%29..jpg 2x" data-file-width="4097" data-file-height="2609" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Government_House,_Antigua_and_Barbuda" title="Government House, Antigua and Barbuda">Government House</a>, the official residence and working place of the Governor-General</figcaption></figure> <p>Antigua and Barbuda is a <a href="/wiki/Unitary_state" title="Unitary state">unitary</a><sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Parliamentary_democracy" class="mw-redirect" title="Parliamentary democracy">parliamentary democracy</a> under a <a href="/wiki/Constitutional_monarchy" title="Constitutional monarchy">constitutional monarchy</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The current <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Antigua_and_Barbuda" title="Constitution of Antigua and Barbuda">Constitution of Antigua and Barbuda</a> was adopted upon independence on 1 November 1981.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This replaced the pre-independence constitution of the <a href="/wiki/Associated_State_of_Antigua" title="Associated State of Antigua">Associated State of Antigua</a>, which did not thoroughly define the relationship between the two islands.<sup id="cite_ref-Constitution_Order_1967_67-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Constitution_Order_1967-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The island of Barbuda maintains much autonomy, while the island of Antigua is directly governed by the national government.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_66-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The executive branch has two primary leaders. The <a href="/wiki/Governor-General_of_Antigua_and_Barbuda" title="Governor-General of Antigua and Barbuda">Governor-General</a>, currently <a href="/wiki/Rodney_Williams_(governor-general)" title="Rodney Williams (governor-general)">Rodney Williams</a>, exercises the functions of the <a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Antigua_and_Barbuda" title="Monarchy of Antigua and Barbuda">Monarch of Antigua and Barbuda</a>, in whom executive power is vested in. The Governor-General serves at the pleasure of the Monarch,<sup id="cite_ref-:0_66-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and usually serves a similar term to that of the <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Antigua_and_Barbuda" title="Prime Minister of Antigua and Barbuda">Prime Minister</a>. The Prime Minister, currently <a href="/wiki/Gaston_Browne" title="Gaston Browne">Gaston Browne</a>, is the <a href="/wiki/Head_of_government" title="Head of government">head of government</a>, and is appointed by the Governor-General. The Prime Minister must be a member of the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Representatives_(Antigua_and_Barbuda)" title="House of Representatives (Antigua and Barbuda)">House of Representatives</a>, and must be the member of the House of Representatives who is most likely to command the support of the majority of members. The Governor-General has the ability to dissolve Parliament on the advice of the Prime Minister, or when the majority of the members of the House of Representatives pass a motion of no confidence, and the Prime Minister does not within seven days resign or advise the Governor-General to dissolve Parliament.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_66-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The legislative power of Antigua and Barbuda is vested in Parliament, which is composed of the Monarch, the <a href="/wiki/Senate_(Antigua_and_Barbuda)" title="Senate (Antigua and Barbuda)">Senate</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Representatives_(Antigua_and_Barbuda)" title="House of Representatives (Antigua and Barbuda)">House of Representatives</a>. The Senate is composed of seventeen members, who are appointed by the Governor-General. Ten of the members are appointed on the advice of the Prime Minister, these members being known as government senators. An eleventh government senator is also appointed on the advice of the Prime Minister, who must be an inhabitant of Barbuda. Four of the members are appointed on the advice of the <a href="/wiki/Leader_of_the_Opposition_(Antigua_and_Barbuda)" title="Leader of the Opposition (Antigua and Barbuda)">Leader of the Opposition</a>, these senators being known as opposition senators. One of the members is appointed on the advice of the <a href="/wiki/Barbuda_Council" title="Barbuda Council">Barbuda Council</a>, and an independent senator is appointed under the discretion of the Governor-General himself. The House of Representatives is currently composed of seventeen elected members, as well as the <a href="/wiki/Speaker_of_the_House_of_Representatives_of_Antigua_and_Barbuda" title="Speaker of the House of Representatives of Antigua and Barbuda">Speaker of the House</a>, who is elected by the members of the House itself. The <a href="/wiki/Attorney_General_of_Antigua_and_Barbuda" title="Attorney General of Antigua and Barbuda">Attorney General</a>, while currently an elected member of Parliament, <a href="/wiki/Steadroy_Benjamin" title="Steadroy Benjamin">Steadroy Benjamin</a>, may also be appointed to the House of Representatives as an <a href="/wiki/Ex_officio_member" title="Ex officio member"><i>ex officio</i></a> member. The Attorney-General also attends sittings of the Senate. Any bill except money bills may be introduced in either chamber: money bills may only be introduced in the House. Parliament may not amend the <a href="/wiki/Barbuda_Local_Government_Act" title="Barbuda Local Government Act">Barbuda Local Government Act</a> without the consent of the Barbuda Council.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_66-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Judiciary_of_Antigua_and_Barbuda" title="Judiciary of Antigua and Barbuda">judiciary of Antigua and Barbuda</a> is composed of the magistrates' courts, the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Caribbean_Supreme_Court" title="Eastern Caribbean Supreme Court">Supreme Court</a> including the High Court and the Court of Appeal, and finally the <a href="/wiki/Judicial_Committee_of_the_Privy_Council" title="Judicial Committee of the Privy Council">Judicial Committee of the Privy Council</a>, the country's final court.<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Antiguan and Barbudan voters rejected <a href="/wiki/2018_Antiguan_constitutional_referendum" title="2018 Antiguan constitutional referendum">a proposal</a> to make the <a href="/wiki/Caribbean_Court_of_Justice" title="Caribbean Court of Justice">Caribbean Court of Justice</a> the final court in 2018.<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Antigua and Barbuda is composed of three magistrates' courts districts,<sup id="cite_ref-Code_of_Procedure_Act_70-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Code_of_Procedure_Act-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and is part of the Eastern Caribbean Supreme Court system.<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The acting chief justice of the Supreme Court is <a href="/wiki/Mario_Michel" title="Mario Michel">Mario Michel</a>, serving since 5 May 2024. </p><p>Since the 1990s, the two major parties in Antigua have been the centre-right (formerly left-wing) <a href="/wiki/Antigua_and_Barbuda_Labour_Party" title="Antigua and Barbuda Labour Party">Antigua and Barbuda Labour Party</a>, and the left-wing social democratic <a href="/wiki/United_Progressive_Party_(Antigua_and_Barbuda)" title="United Progressive Party (Antigua and Barbuda)">United Progressive Party</a>. The Labour Party and its predecessors have traditionally been the dominant party on the national level since the <a href="/wiki/1946_Antiguan_general_election" title="1946 Antiguan general election">1946 general elections</a>, with brief pauses during the <a href="/wiki/Progressive_Labour_Movement" title="Progressive Labour Movement">Progressive Labour Movement</a> government (predecessor of the UPP) from 1971 to 1976, and the United Progressive Party government from 2004 until 2014.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_72-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On Barbuda, dominant party is traditionally the <a href="/wiki/Barbuda_People%27s_Movement" title="Barbuda People's Movement">Barbuda People's Movement</a>, being the only political grouping in the Barbuda Council since <a href="/wiki/2023_Barbuda_Council_election" title="2023 Barbuda Council election">2023</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:3_72-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Administrative_divisions">Administrative divisions</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Antigua_and_Barbuda&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Administrative divisions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Barbuda_Council_Millenium_Administration_Building.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Barbuda_Council_Millenium_Administration_Building.jpg/220px-Barbuda_Council_Millenium_Administration_Building.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Barbuda_Council_Millenium_Administration_Building.jpg/330px-Barbuda_Council_Millenium_Administration_Building.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Barbuda_Council_Millenium_Administration_Building.jpg/440px-Barbuda_Council_Millenium_Administration_Building.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4032" data-file-height="3024" /></a><figcaption>The headquarters of the <a href="/wiki/Secretary_of_the_Barbuda_Council" title="Secretary of the Barbuda Council">Secretary of the Barbuda Council</a> in <a href="/wiki/Codrington,_Barbuda" title="Codrington, Barbuda">Codrington</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Antiguan_and_Barbudan_parish_capitals_map.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Antiguan_and_Barbudan_parish_capitals_map.svg/220px-Antiguan_and_Barbudan_parish_capitals_map.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Antiguan_and_Barbudan_parish_capitals_map.svg/330px-Antiguan_and_Barbudan_parish_capitals_map.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Antiguan_and_Barbudan_parish_capitals_map.svg/440px-Antiguan_and_Barbudan_parish_capitals_map.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2560" data-file-height="1440" /></a><figcaption>Parish and dependency capitals</figcaption></figure> <p>Antigua and Barbuda is composed of <a href="/wiki/Parishes_and_dependencies_of_Antigua_and_Barbuda" title="Parishes and dependencies of Antigua and Barbuda">six parishes and two dependencies</a>. <a href="/wiki/Saint_John,_Antigua_and_Barbuda" title="Saint John, Antigua and Barbuda">Saint John</a> is the most populous parish, home to well over half of Antigua and Barbuda's population.<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During colonial times, the parishes were governed by parish vestries, however, the parishes now lack any sort of government.<sup id="cite_ref-:02_75-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:02-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Since the 2023 general elections, various proposals have been made to establish parish councils, however, as of June 2024, none have been established.<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The dependency of Redonda is part of the parish of Saint John under the Redonda Annexation Act, in Magistrates' District "A".<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table> <tbody><tr> <td> <ul><li>Parishes <ol><li><a href="/wiki/Saint_George_Parish,_Antigua_and_Barbuda" class="mw-redirect" title="Saint George Parish, Antigua and Barbuda">Saint George</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_John_Parish,_Antigua_and_Barbuda" class="mw-redirect" title="Saint John Parish, Antigua and Barbuda">Saint John</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Mary_Parish,_Antigua_and_Barbuda" class="mw-redirect" title="Saint Mary Parish, Antigua and Barbuda">Saint Mary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Paul_Parish,_Antigua_and_Barbuda" class="mw-redirect" title="Saint Paul Parish, Antigua and Barbuda">Saint Paul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Peter_Parish,_Antigua_and_Barbuda" class="mw-redirect" title="Saint Peter Parish, Antigua and Barbuda">Saint Peter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Philip_Parish,_Antigua_and_Barbuda" class="mw-redirect" title="Saint Philip Parish, Antigua and Barbuda">Saint Philip</a></li></ol></li> <li>Dependencies <ol><li><a href="/wiki/Barbuda" title="Barbuda">Barbuda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Redonda" title="Redonda">Redonda</a></li></ol></li></ul> </td> <td style="width:400px;"> <table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="float:right; margin: 0 0 1em 1em; background: #f9f9f9; border: 0px #aaaaaa solid; border-collapse: collapse; font-size: 95%;"> <tbody><tr> <td><div style="position: relative"><figure class="mw-halign-right mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Antigua_and_Barbuda_-_blank.svg/300px-Antigua_and_Barbuda_-_blank.svg.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="345" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Antigua_and_Barbuda_-_blank.svg/450px-Antigua_and_Barbuda_-_blank.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Antigua_and_Barbuda_-_blank.svg/600px-Antigua_and_Barbuda_-_blank.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="864" data-file-height="994" /></span><figcaption></figcaption></figure> <div style="position: absolute;font-size:100%;left:170px;top:30px"><a href="/wiki/Barbuda" title="Barbuda"><i><b>BARBUDA</b></i></a></div> <div style="position: absolute;font-size:100%;left:40px;top:320px"><a href="/wiki/Redonda" title="Redonda"><i><b>REDONDA</b></i></a></div> <div style="position: absolute;font-size:100%;left:150px;top:300px"><a href="/wiki/Saint_Mary_Parish,_Antigua_and_Barbuda" class="mw-redirect" title="Saint Mary Parish, Antigua and Barbuda">Saint Mary</a></div> <div style="position: absolute;font-size:100%;left:160px;top:250px"><a href="/wiki/Saint_John_Parish,_Antigua_and_Barbuda" class="mw-redirect" title="Saint John Parish, Antigua and Barbuda">Saint John</a></div> <div style="position: absolute;font-size:100%;left:250px;top:240px"><a href="/wiki/Saint_George_Parish,_Antigua_and_Barbuda" class="mw-redirect" title="Saint George Parish, Antigua and Barbuda">St. George</a></div> <div style="position: absolute;font-size:100%;left:260px;top:260px"><a href="/wiki/Saint_Peter_Parish,_Antigua_and_Barbuda" class="mw-redirect" title="Saint Peter Parish, Antigua and Barbuda">St. Peter</a></div> <div style="position: absolute;font-size:100%;left:260px;top:283px"><a href="/wiki/Saint_Philip_Parish,_Antigua_and_Barbuda" class="mw-redirect" title="Saint Philip Parish, Antigua and Barbuda">St. Philip</a></div> <div style="position: absolute;font-size:100%;left:250px;top:300px"><a href="/wiki/Saint_Paul_Parish,_Antigua_and_Barbuda" class="mw-redirect" title="Saint Paul Parish, Antigua and Barbuda">Saint Paul</a></div> <div style="position: absolute;font-size:100%;left:170px;top:220px"><a href="/wiki/Antigua" title="Antigua"><i><b>ANTIGUA</b></i></a></div> <div style="position: absolute;font-size:100%;left:90px;top:160px"><a href="/wiki/Caribbean_Sea" title="Caribbean Sea"><i><b>CARIBBEAN SEA</b></i></a></div> </div> </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p><a href="/wiki/Local_government_in_Antigua_and_Barbuda" title="Local government in Antigua and Barbuda">Local government in Antigua and Barbuda</a> is completely inactive, except for the <a href="/wiki/Barbuda_Council" title="Barbuda Council">Barbuda Council</a> which is enshrined in the Constitution.<sup id="cite_ref-:03_79-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:03-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Antigua historically had a system of <a href="/wiki/Village_councils_(Antigua_and_Barbuda)" title="Village councils (Antigua and Barbuda)">village councils</a> in the 1940s (although the legislation was never repealed), however, the <a href="/wiki/Gaston_Browne" title="Gaston Browne">Gaston Browne</a> administration has expressed opposition to all forms of local governance.<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> St. John's also historically had a city council during the late 1800s and early 1900s,<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:12_83-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:12-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> however the St. John's Development Corporation has since consumed most of its functions.<sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Foreign_relations">Foreign relations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Antigua_and_Barbuda&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Foreign relations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Diplomatic_relations_of_Antigua_and_Barbuda.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Diplomatic_relations_of_Antigua_and_Barbuda.svg/220px-Diplomatic_relations_of_Antigua_and_Barbuda.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="113" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Diplomatic_relations_of_Antigua_and_Barbuda.svg/330px-Diplomatic_relations_of_Antigua_and_Barbuda.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Diplomatic_relations_of_Antigua_and_Barbuda.svg/440px-Diplomatic_relations_of_Antigua_and_Barbuda.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1104" data-file-height="566" /></a><figcaption>Diplomatic relations of Antigua and Barbuda</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Madrid_-_Embajada_de_Antigua_y_Barbuda_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Madrid_-_Embajada_de_Antigua_y_Barbuda_2.jpg/220px-Madrid_-_Embajada_de_Antigua_y_Barbuda_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Madrid_-_Embajada_de_Antigua_y_Barbuda_2.jpg/330px-Madrid_-_Embajada_de_Antigua_y_Barbuda_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Madrid_-_Embajada_de_Antigua_y_Barbuda_2.jpg/440px-Madrid_-_Embajada_de_Antigua_y_Barbuda_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a><figcaption>Embassy of Antigua and Barbuda in Madrid</figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Minister_of_Foreign_Affairs,_Trade_%26_Barbuda_Affairs" title="Minister of Foreign Affairs, Trade & Barbuda Affairs">Minister of Foreign Affairs, Trade & Barbuda Affairs</a> is responsible for overseeing the foreign relations of Antigua and Barbuda.<sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The current minister is <a href="/wiki/Paul_Chet_Greene" title="Paul Chet Greene">Paul Chet Greene</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Antigua and Barbuda is a founding member of the <a href="/wiki/Organisation_of_Eastern_Caribbean_States" title="Organisation of Eastern Caribbean States">Organisation of Eastern Caribbean States</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as well as a member of the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the <a href="/wiki/Caribbean_Community" title="Caribbean Community">Caribbean Community</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the <a href="/wiki/Alliance_of_Small_Island_States" title="Alliance of Small Island States">Alliance of Small Island States</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the <a href="/wiki/World_Trade_Organization" title="World Trade Organization">World Trade Organization</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Antigua and Barbuda's foreign policy has been described by Gaston Browne as "we are friends of all; enemies of none". Antigua and Barbuda has rejected the notion that it is in any country's "backyard".<sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-93" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Antigua and Barbuda usually maintains close relations with other <a href="/wiki/Small_Island_Developing_States" title="Small Island Developing States">Small Island Developing States</a>, and has hosted various summits on that subject.<sup id="cite_ref-94" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The United Nations has also praised Antigua and Barbuda for its "United Nations-based multilateralism" efforts.<sup id="cite_ref-95" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Antigua and Barbuda also has close relations with many Caribbean countries and territories, especially <a href="/wiki/Montserrat" title="Montserrat">Montserrat</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-96" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which Antigua and Barbuda accepted 3,000 refugees from in 1997 after the <a href="/wiki/Soufri%C3%A8re_Hills" title="Soufrière Hills">Soufrière Hills</a> eruption.<sup id="cite_ref-97" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many policies adopted by the Antiguan and Barbudan government have also often had an impact on Montserrat, due to Antigua and Barbuda hosting the only air and transportation links into the territory.<sup id="cite_ref-98" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Defence_and_national_security">Defence and national security</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Antigua_and_Barbuda&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Defence and national security"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:State_Partnership_Program_exchanges_leadership_ideas_in_Antigua_130820-A-UC781-793.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/State_Partnership_Program_exchanges_leadership_ideas_in_Antigua_130820-A-UC781-793.jpg/220px-State_Partnership_Program_exchanges_leadership_ideas_in_Antigua_130820-A-UC781-793.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="275" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/State_Partnership_Program_exchanges_leadership_ideas_in_Antigua_130820-A-UC781-793.jpg/330px-State_Partnership_Program_exchanges_leadership_ideas_in_Antigua_130820-A-UC781-793.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/State_Partnership_Program_exchanges_leadership_ideas_in_Antigua_130820-A-UC781-793.jpg/440px-State_Partnership_Program_exchanges_leadership_ideas_in_Antigua_130820-A-UC781-793.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3291" data-file-height="4114" /></a><figcaption>Various members of the national security infrastructure of Antigua and Barbuda posing with the <a href="/wiki/Florida_National_Guard" title="Florida National Guard">Florida National Guard</a> at a sugar estate</figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Finance,_Corporate_Governance_%26_Public_Private_Partnerships" title="Ministry of Finance, Corporate Governance & Public Private Partnerships">Minister of Finance, Corporate Governance & Public Private Partnerships</a> is responsible for the <a href="/wiki/Antigua_and_Barbuda_Defence_Force" title="Antigua and Barbuda Defence Force">Antigua and Barbuda Defence Force</a>, the country's military.<sup id="cite_ref-99" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Legal_Affairs,_Public_Safety,_Immigration_and_Labour" title="Ministry of Legal Affairs, Public Safety, Immigration and Labour">Minister of Legal Affairs, Public Safety, Immigration and Labour</a> is responsible for the <a href="/wiki/National_security_of_Antigua_and_Barbuda" title="National security of Antigua and Barbuda">national security of Antigua and Barbuda</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-100" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Defence Force consists of the <a href="/wiki/Antigua_and_Barbuda_Regiment" title="Antigua and Barbuda Regiment">Regiment</a> (army), the <a href="/wiki/Antigua_and_Barbuda_Defence_Force_Air_Wing" title="Antigua and Barbuda Defence Force Air Wing">Air Wing</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Antigua_and_Barbuda_Coast_Guard" title="Antigua and Barbuda Coast Guard">Coast Guard</a>, and the Service and Support Battalion. The Defence Force is led by the Chief of Defence Staff, who is subject to the orders of the Governor-General.<sup id="cite_ref-101" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Defence Force is headquartered at <a href="/wiki/Camp_Blizzard" title="Camp Blizzard">Camp Blizzard</a>. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/National_Security_Council_(Antigua_and_Barbuda)" title="National Security Council (Antigua and Barbuda)">National Security Council</a> is responsible for the coordination of Antigua and Barbuda's national security. The National Security Adviser is a member of the council and is responsible for the gathering of intelligence and information on national security matters.<sup id="cite_ref-102" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Royal_Police_Force_of_Antigua_and_Barbuda" title="Royal Police Force of Antigua and Barbuda">Royal Police Force of Antigua and Barbuda</a> is the national police department.<sup id="cite_ref-103" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Special Service Unit is Antigua and Barbuda's <a href="/wiki/Police_tactical_unit" title="Police tactical unit">police tactical unit</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-104" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Police Force is composed of four lettered regional divisions, and subordinated service districts.<sup id="cite_ref-105" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Human_rights">Human rights</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Antigua_and_Barbuda&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Human rights"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Antigua_and_Barbuda" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in Antigua and Barbuda">Same-sex sexual activity</a> has been legal in Antigua and Barbuda since July 2022.<sup id="cite_ref-106" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-107" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Economy">Economy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Antigua_and_Barbuda&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Economy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Antigua_and_Barbuda" title="Economy of Antigua and Barbuda">Economy of Antigua and Barbuda</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1248256098"><div class="mod-gallery mod-gallery-default mod-gallery-right"><div class="main"><div><ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional nochecker bordered-images whitebg"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 143px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Antigua_and_Barbuda,_English_Harbour_(28),_marina_by_evening.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Antigua is a high end travel destination, as seen here in the marina of English Harbour . . ."><img alt="Antigua is a high end travel destination, as seen here in the marina of English Harbour . . ." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Antigua_and_Barbuda%2C_English_Harbour_%2828%29%2C_marina_by_evening.jpg/197px-Antigua_and_Barbuda%2C_English_Harbour_%2828%29%2C_marina_by_evening.jpg" decoding="async" width="197" height="113" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Antigua_and_Barbuda%2C_English_Harbour_%2828%29%2C_marina_by_evening.jpg/296px-Antigua_and_Barbuda%2C_English_Harbour_%2828%29%2C_marina_by_evening.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Antigua_and_Barbuda%2C_English_Harbour_%2828%29%2C_marina_by_evening.jpg/393px-Antigua_and_Barbuda%2C_English_Harbour_%2828%29%2C_marina_by_evening.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3718" data-file-height="2141" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><small>Antigua is a high end travel destination, as seen here in the marina of English Harbour . . .</small></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 143px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Antigua_and_Barbuda,_English_Harbour_(30),_modest_houses.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title=". . . but poverty is never far away."><img alt=". . . but poverty is never far away." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Antigua_and_Barbuda%2C_English_Harbour_%2830%29%2C_modest_houses.jpg/184px-Antigua_and_Barbuda%2C_English_Harbour_%2830%29%2C_modest_houses.jpg" decoding="async" width="184" height="113" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Antigua_and_Barbuda%2C_English_Harbour_%2830%29%2C_modest_houses.jpg/276px-Antigua_and_Barbuda%2C_English_Harbour_%2830%29%2C_modest_houses.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Antigua_and_Barbuda%2C_English_Harbour_%2830%29%2C_modest_houses.jpg/367px-Antigua_and_Barbuda%2C_English_Harbour_%2830%29%2C_modest_houses.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4030" data-file-height="2483" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><small>. . . but poverty is never far away.</small></div> </li> </ul></div></div></div> <p>Tourism dominates the economy, accounting for more than half of the gross domestic product (GDP).<sup id="cite_ref-Factbook_13-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Factbook-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Britannica_22-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Britannica-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As a destination for the most affluent travelers, Antigua is well known for its extensive collection of five-star resorts. However, weaker tourist activity in lower and middle market segments since the beginning of the year 2000 has slowed the economy and put the government into a tight fiscal corner.<sup id="cite_ref-Factbook_13-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Factbook-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Antigua and Barbuda has enacted policies to attract high-net-worth citizens and residents, such as enacting a 0% personal income tax rate in 2019.<sup id="cite_ref-auto1_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto1-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The provision of investment banking and financial services also constitutes a significant portion of the economy. Major international financial institutions such as the Royal Bank of Canada (RBC) and Scotiabank both maintain offices in Antigua. PriceWaterhouseCoopers, Pannell Kerr Forster, and KPMG are some of the other companies in the financial services industry that have offices in Antigua.<sup id="cite_ref-108" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The United States Securities and Exchange Commission has leveled allegations against the Antigua-based Stanford International Bank, which is owned by the Texas billionaire Allen Stanford, of orchestrating a massive fraud that may have resulted in the theft of approximately $8 billion from investors.<sup id="cite_ref-109" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The nation, which consists of two islands, directs the majority of its agricultural production toward the markets that are found within the nation. This is done despite the fact that the nation has a limited water supply and a shortage of laborers as a result of the higher wages offered in the tourism and construction industries.<sup id="cite_ref-FactbookAttribution_63-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FactbookAttribution-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Manufacturing comprises 2% of GDP and is made up of enclave-type assembly for export, the major products being bedding, handicrafts, and electronic components.<sup id="cite_ref-110" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Prospects for economic growth in the medium term will continue to depend on income growth in the industrialised world, especially in the United States,<sup id="cite_ref-FactbookAttribution_63-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FactbookAttribution-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> from which about one-third to one-half of all tourists come.<sup id="cite_ref-111" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Access to <a href="/wiki/Biocapacity" title="Biocapacity">biocapacity</a> is lower than world average. In 2016, Antigua and Barbuda had 0.8 global hectares<sup id="cite_ref-footprintdata_112-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-footprintdata-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> of biocapacity per person within its territory, much less than the world average of 1.6 global hectares per person.<sup id="cite_ref-113" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2016, Antigua and Barbuda used 4.3 global hectares of biocapacity per person – their <a href="/wiki/Ecological_footprint" title="Ecological footprint">ecological footprint</a> of consumption. This means they use more biocapacity than Antigua and Barbuda contains. As a result, Antigua and Barbuda are running a biocapacity deficit.<sup id="cite_ref-footprintdata_112-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-footprintdata-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Citizenship by Investment Unit (CIU) is the government authority responsible for processing all applications for Agent's Licenses as well as all applications for Citizenship by Investment made by applicants and their family members. This unit was established by the Prime Minister and is known as the Citizenship by Investment Unit.<sup id="cite_ref-CIU_114-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CIU-114"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>114<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Culture">Culture</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Antigua_and_Barbuda&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Culture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Antigua_and_Barbuda" title="Culture of Antigua and Barbuda">Culture of Antigua and Barbuda</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Anucarnival1.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Anucarnival1.JPG/220px-Anucarnival1.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Anucarnival1.JPG/330px-Anucarnival1.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Anucarnival1.JPG/440px-Anucarnival1.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3072" data-file-height="2304" /></a><figcaption>Antigua Carnival</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Saint_Mary_1,_Antigua.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Saint_Mary_1%2C_Antigua.jpg/220px-Saint_Mary_1%2C_Antigua.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Saint_Mary_1%2C_Antigua.jpg/330px-Saint_Mary_1%2C_Antigua.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Saint_Mary_1%2C_Antigua.jpg/440px-Saint_Mary_1%2C_Antigua.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1765" data-file-height="1323" /></a><figcaption>Typical Antiguan homes in <a href="/wiki/Saint_Mary,_Antigua_and_Barbuda" title="Saint Mary, Antigua and Barbuda">Saint Mary</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Top_Mission_Street,_Codrington,_Barbuda.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Top_Mission_Street%2C_Codrington%2C_Barbuda.jpg/220px-Top_Mission_Street%2C_Codrington%2C_Barbuda.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Top_Mission_Street%2C_Codrington%2C_Barbuda.jpg/330px-Top_Mission_Street%2C_Codrington%2C_Barbuda.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Top_Mission_Street%2C_Codrington%2C_Barbuda.jpg/440px-Top_Mission_Street%2C_Codrington%2C_Barbuda.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4032" data-file-height="3024" /></a><figcaption>Typical Barbudan homes in Codrington</figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Music_of_Antigua_and_Barbuda" title="Music of Antigua and Barbuda">music of Antigua and Barbuda</a> has some African characteristics, with minimal influence from European music, but the music is distinct. <sup id="cite_ref-Garland_115-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Garland-115"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>115<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The first known records of music in Antigua and Barbuda dates back to Christopher Columbus' discovery of the island nation in 1493, when it was still home to Arawak and Carib people. Still, very little research has been done on early music from the islands. African labourers are documented in history to have danced outside in the 1780s to the toombah (later tum tum), a drum adorned with tin and shell jingles, and the banjar (later bangoe, maybe related to the European banjo).<sup id="cite_ref-Luffman_1788_116-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Luffman_1788-116"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>116<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Antigua's indigenous music, known as <a href="/wiki/Benna_(genre)" title="Benna (genre)">Benna</a>, came into being after slavery was abolished. Benna uses a call-and-response format, and its audience is typically interested in obscene gossip and rumours. Benna was widely utilised as a popular communication tool by the beginning of the 20th century, disseminating information around the island.<sup id="cite_ref-Luffman_1788_116-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Luffman_1788-116"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>116<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-117" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-117"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>117<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Benna has long been eclipsed by Calypso and increasingly Soca, which includes South Asian rhythms. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Art_in_Antigua_and_Barbuda" title="Art in Antigua and Barbuda">art of Antigua and Barbuda</a> began with the <a href="/wiki/Arawak_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Arawak people">Arawak people</a>. Their artwork included pictographs and petroglyphs. These geometric shapes, animals, and plant artworks are said to have been used for ceremonial or religious purposes. Painting, sculpture, and ceramics were among the artistic traditions that European settlers brought to Antigua and Barbuda. Local painters used European art forms to produce Antiguan and Barbudan art in their own unique styles. Social issues, nature, and Caribbean identity were the subjects of this artwork.<sup id="cite_ref-Design_Encyclopedia_118-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Design_Encyclopedia-118"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>118<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Traditional crafts from Antigua and Barbuda include scrimshaw, pottery, sculptures, ethnic dolls, and photography.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_119-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-119"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>119<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Every year, on the island of Antigua, people celebrate their freedom from slavery with the <a href="/wiki/Antigua_Carnival" title="Antigua Carnival">Antigua Carnival</a> modelled after European pre-Lent Carnival. Over thirteen days, there are brightly coloured costumes, talent events, beauty pageants and music. The celebration runs from late July to Carnival Tuesday, the first Tuesday in August. On the island, Carnival Tuesday and Monday are both observed as public holidays. In an effort to boost travel to Antigua and Barbuda, the Old Time Christmas Festival was replaced in 1957 by the Antiguan Carnival.<sup id="cite_ref-:22_120-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:22-120"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>120<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:022_121-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:022-121"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>121<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-best_Caribbean_carnivals_122-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-best_Caribbean_carnivals-122"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>122<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another annual festival held in Antigua is <a href="/wiki/Antigua_Sailing_Week" title="Antigua Sailing Week">Antigua Sailing Week</a>. Sailing Week is a week-long yacht <a href="/wiki/Regatta" class="mw-redirect" title="Regatta">regatta</a> held in the waters of <a href="/wiki/English_Harbour" title="English Harbour">English Harbour</a>. Sailing Week was founded in 1967 and is known for being one of the top regattas in the world.<sup id="cite_ref-Beckett_123-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Beckett-123"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>123<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Vaitilingam2002_124-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Vaitilingam2002-124"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>124<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The main festival held in Barbuda is Caribana. Caribana takes place every year during Whit Monday weekend<sup id="cite_ref-:2_125-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-125"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>125<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and features various pageants, calypso competitions, and weekend beach parties.<sup id="cite_ref-:11_126-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:11-126"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>126<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Antigua and Barbuda has eleven public holidays.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_125-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-125"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>125<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On the advice of the Cabinet, the Governor-General may also proclaim other holidays.<sup id="cite_ref-127" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-127"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>127<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Historically, about three weeks before Christmas Day, carol singers would roam the various villages, carrying carol trees and lanterns. "John Bulls" are replicas of "masked African witch doctors", that often dominated the country's Christmas festivities. Jazz bands were also common sights, dressed in red and green clown costumes.<sup id="cite_ref-128" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-128"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>128<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cuisine">Cuisine</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Antigua_and_Barbuda&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Cuisine"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Cuisine_of_Antigua_and_Barbuda" class="mw-redirect" title="Cuisine of Antigua and Barbuda">Cuisine of Antigua and Barbuda</a></div><p> The islands cusine is mostly of European origin (UK and Portugal) with regional ingredients. Fungee (pronounced "foon-jee") and pepperpot are the national dishes. Fungee is a cornmeal-based dish that resembles Italian polenta.<sup id="cite_ref-recipeisland_129-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-recipeisland-129"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>129<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other national cuisine include saltfish (cod), lobster (from Barbuda), ducana (a sweet dumpling made from sweet potatoes amd coconut), and seasoned rice, similar to palau or arroz con pollo. Additionally, there are confectionary such peanut brittle, sugar cake (made from coconut and sugar), fudge, and raspberry (local) and tamarind stew (sauce). The Antigua black pineapple is prized for its juicy, sweet flesh, which is claimed to taste different from other pineapple varieties. It is a well-liked fruit in the area and is included into many regional specialties and sweets. It is said to be the sweetest variety of pineapple.<sup id="cite_ref-Antigua_Black_Pineapple_130-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Antigua_Black_Pineapple-130"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>130<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-131" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-131"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>131<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>An important part of the Antiguan and Barbudan breakfast is <a href="/wiki/Antigua_Sunday_bread" title="Antigua Sunday bread">Antigua Sunday bread</a>. It is sold in many bakeries on both islands, and instead of being made with butter, it is made with lard. There are often decorative twists on the crust of the bread.<sup id="cite_ref-:04_132-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:04-132"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>132<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:13_133-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:13-133"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>133<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Antiguan_raisin_buns" title="Antiguan raisin buns">Antiguan raisin buns</a>, often called "bun and cheese", is another traditional bread, which is sweet and most popular during Easter. It is sometimes made with spices such as nutmeg.<sup id="cite_ref-:05_134-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:05-134"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>134<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sport">Sport</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Antigua_and_Barbuda&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Sport"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cricket_ground.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Cricket_ground.jpg/220px-Cricket_ground.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Cricket_ground.jpg/330px-Cricket_ground.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Cricket_ground.jpg/440px-Cricket_ground.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2100" data-file-height="1400" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Antigua_Recreation_Ground" title="Antigua Recreation Ground">Antigua Recreation Ground</a>, the national stadium</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Cricket" title="Cricket">Cricket</a> is the most popular sport within the islands. With <a href="/wiki/Viv_Richards" title="Viv Richards">Sir Isaac Vivian Alexander Richards</a> <span class="nobold noexcerpt nowraplinks" style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_National_Hero_(Antigua_and_Barbuda)" title="Order of the National Hero (Antigua and Barbuda)">KNH</a> <a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_British_Empire" title="Order of the British Empire">OBE</a> <a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Caribbean_Community" title="Order of the Caribbean Community">OOC</a></span> who represented the <a href="/wiki/West_Indies_cricket_team" title="West Indies cricket team">West Indies cricket team</a> between 1974 and 1991, Antigua had one of the world's most famous batsmen ever.<sup id="cite_ref-135" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-135"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>135<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-136" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-136"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>136<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Antigua_and_Barbuda_national_cricket_team" title="Antigua and Barbuda national cricket team">Antigua and Barbuda national cricket team</a> represented the country at the <a href="/wiki/1998_Commonwealth_Games" title="1998 Commonwealth Games">1998 Commonwealth Games</a>, but Antiguan cricketers otherwise play for the <a href="/wiki/Leeward_Islands_cricket_team" title="Leeward Islands cricket team">Leeward Islands cricket team</a> in domestic matches and the <a href="/wiki/West_Indies_cricket_team" title="West Indies cricket team">West Indies cricket team</a> internationally. Teams from the various villages and parishes compete in the Parish League.<sup id="cite_ref-137" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-137"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>137<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Football_in_Antigua_and_Barbuda" title="Football in Antigua and Barbuda">Association football</a> is the second most popular sport in the country,<sup id="cite_ref-worldsoccer2_138-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-worldsoccer2-138"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>138<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with the <a href="/wiki/Antigua_and_Barbuda_national_football_team" title="Antigua and Barbuda national football team">Antigua and Barbuda national football team</a> being founded in 1928.<sup id="cite_ref-139" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-139"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>139<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Antigua_and_Barbuda&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1259569809">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="map" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Relief_Map_of_Caribbean.png/32px-Relief_Map_of_Caribbean.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Relief_Map_of_Caribbean.png/48px-Relief_Map_of_Caribbean.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Relief_Map_of_Caribbean.png/64px-Relief_Map_of_Caribbean.png 2x" data-file-width="891" data-file-height="561" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Caribbean" title="Portal:Caribbean">Caribbean portal</a></span></li></ul> <ul><li class="mw-empty-elt"></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Antigua_and_Barbuda" title="Outline of Antigua and Barbuda">Outline of Antigua and Barbuda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_Antigua_and_Barbuda%E2%80%93related_articles" title="Index of Antigua and Barbuda–related articles">Index of Antigua and Barbuda–related articles</a></li></ul> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Antigua_and_Barbuda&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/field/national-anthem">"National anthem"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_World_Factbook" title="The World Factbook">The World Factbook</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/Central_Intelligence_Agency" title="Central Intelligence Agency">Central Intelligence Agency</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 September</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+World+Factbook&rft.atitle=National+anthem&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cia.gov%2Fthe-world-factbook%2Ffield%2Fnational-anthem&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntigua+and+Barbuda" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ab.gov.ag/detail_page.php?page=28">"Government of Antigua and Barbuda"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220503152657/https://ab.gov.ag/detail_page.php?page=28">Archived</a> from the original on 3 May 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 March</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Government+of+Antigua+and+Barbuda&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fab.gov.ag%2Fdetail_page.php%3Fpage%3D28&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntigua+and+Barbuda" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220321233341/https://redatam.org/binatg/RpWebUtilities.exe/reporte.pdf?LFN=RpBases%5CTempo%5C85783%5C~tmp_8578301.pdf">"ECLAC/CELADE Redatam+SP 03/21/2022"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>redatam.org</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://redatam.org/binatg/RpWebUtilities.exe/reporte.pdf?LFN=RpBases%5CTempo%5C85783%5C~tmp_8578301.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 21 March 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 March</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=redatam.org&rft.atitle=ECLAC%2FCELADE+Redatam%2BSP+03%2F21%2F2022&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fredatam.org%2Fbinatg%2FRpWebUtilities.exe%2Freporte.pdf%3FLFN%3DRpBases%255CTempo%255C85783%255C~tmp_8578301.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntigua+and+Barbuda" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thearda.com/world-religion/national-profiles?u=10c">"National Profiles"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=National+Profiles&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thearda.com%2Fworld-religion%2Fnational-profiles%3Fu%3D10c&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntigua+and+Barbuda" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://laws.gov.ag/wp-content/uploads/2018/08/cap-43.pdf">"CHAPTER 43 : THE BARBUDA (EXTENSION OF LAWS OF ANTIGUA) ACT"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Laws.gov.ag</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220608034326/http://laws.gov.ag/wp-content/uploads/2018/08/cap-43.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 8 June 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 April</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Laws.gov.ag&rft.atitle=CHAPTER+43+%3A+THE+BARBUDA+%28EXTENSION+OF+LAWS+OF+ANTIGUA%29+ACT&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flaws.gov.ag%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2018%2F08%2Fcap-43.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntigua+and+Barbuda" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">"Chapter 304: The Parish Boundaries Act". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://laws.gov.ag/wp-content/uploads/2018/08/cap-304.pdf"><i>Laws of Antigua and Barbuda</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. laws.gov.ag. 17 December 1873. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220503152656/http://laws.gov.ag/wp-content/uploads/2018/08/cap-304.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 3 May 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 April</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Chapter+304%3A+The+Parish+Boundaries+Act&rft.btitle=Laws+of+Antigua+and+Barbuda&rft.pub=laws.gov.ag&rft.date=1873-12-17&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flaws.gov.ag%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2018%2F08%2Fcap-304.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntigua+and+Barbuda" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220627133401/https://statistics.gov.ag/subjects/population-and-demography/population-projections-by-age-group-annual-1991-2026/">"Population projections by age group, annual 1991 to 2026"</a>. Statistics Division, <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Finance_and_Corporate_Governance_of_Antigua_and_Barbuda" class="mw-redirect" title="Ministry of Finance and Corporate Governance of Antigua and Barbuda">Ministry of Finance and Corporate Governance of Antigua and Barbuda</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://statistics.gov.ag/subjects/population-and-demography/population-projections-by-age-group-annual-1991-2026/">the original</a> on 27 June 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Population+projections+by+age+group%2C+annual+1991+to+2026&rft.pub=Statistics+Division%2C+Ministry+of+Finance+and+Corporate+Governance+of+Antigua+and+Barbuda&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fstatistics.gov.ag%2Fsubjects%2Fpopulation-and-demography%2Fpopulation-projections-by-age-group-annual-1991-2026%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntigua+and+Barbuda" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-IMF-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-IMF_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-IMF_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WEO/weo-database/2023/October/weo-report?c=311,&s=NGDPD,PPPGDP,NGDPDPC,PPPPC,&sy=2022&ey=2024&ssm=0&scsm=1&scc=0&ssd=1&ssc=0&sic=0&sort=country&ds=.&br=1">"World Economic Outlook October 2023 (Antigua and Barbuda)"</a>. International Monetary Fund. October 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 March</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Human+Development+Report+2023%2F24&rft.pages=274-277&rft.pub=United+Nations+Development+Programme&rft.date=2024-03-13&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhdr.undp.org%2Fsystem%2Ffiles%2Fdocuments%2Fglobal-report-document%2Fhdr2023-24reporten.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntigua+and+Barbuda" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ab.gov.ag/detail_page.php?page=28">"Government of Antigua and Barbuda"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220503152657/https://ab.gov.ag/detail_page.php?page=28">Archived</a> from the original on 3 May 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 March</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=An+Assessment+of+Income+Inequality+and+Poverty+in+Antigua+and+Barbuda+in+2007&rft.aulast=Horsford&rft.aufirst=Ian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F12127652&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntigua+and+Barbuda" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cepal.org/sites/default/files/events/files/egm_ppt.pdf">"Comparison of Poverty measurement indicators"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <a href="/wiki/Economic_Commission_for_Latin_America" class="mw-redirect" title="Economic Commission for Latin America">Economic Commission for Latin America</a> (ECLA). 2006. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210502080925/https://www.cepal.org/sites/default/files/events/files/egm_ppt.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 2 May 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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E11.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Fleck, Bryan. "Discover Unspoiled: Barbuda". <i>Everybody's Brooklyn</i>. 31 October 2004. p. 60.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sheridan1974-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Sheridan1974_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSheridan1974" class="citation book cs1">Sheridan, Richard B. (1974). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=QUV98bwrqscC&pg=PA185"><i>Sugar and Slavery: An Economic History of the British West Indies, 1623–1775</i></a>. Canoe Press. p. 185. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-976-8125-13-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-976-8125-13-2"><bdi>978-976-8125-13-2</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210224145354/https://books.google.com/books?id=QUV98bwrqscC&pg=PA185">Archived</a> from the original on 24 February 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 September</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=history.state.gov&rft.atitle=Antigua+and+Barbuda+%E2%80%93+Countries+%E2%80%93+Office+of+the+Historian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhistory.state.gov%2Fcountries%2Fantigua-barbuda&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntigua+and+Barbuda" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://climateknowledgeportal.worldbank.org/country/antigua-and-barbuda">"World Bank Climate Change Knowledge Portal:Antique and Barbuda"</a>. World Bank. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210130163630/https://climateknowledgeportal.worldbank.org/country/antigua-and-barbuda">Archived</a> from the original on 30 January 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 November</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=World+Bank+Climate+Change+Knowledge+Portal%3AAntique+and+Barbuda&rft.pub=World+Bank&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fclimateknowledgeportal.worldbank.org%2Fcountry%2Fantigua-and-barbuda&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntigua+and+Barbuda" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.passportindex.org/?country=ag">"Passport of Antigua and Barbuda | Rank = 23 | Passport Index 2022 | How powerful is yours?"</a>. <i>Passport Index – Global Mobility Intelligence</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220331091438/https://www.passportindex.org/?country=ag">Archived</a> from the original on 31 March 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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KPMG. 11 November 2020. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210501212641/https://home.kpmg/xx/en/home/services/tax/tax-tools-and-resources/tax-rates-online/individual-income-tax-rates-table.html">Archived</a> from the original on 1 May 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 May</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Individual+Income+Tax+Rates+Table+%E2%80%93+KPMG+Global&rft.pub=KPMG&rft.date=2020-11-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhome.kpmg%2Fxx%2Fen%2Fhome%2Fservices%2Ftax%2Ftax-tools-and-resources%2Ftax-rates-online%2Findividual-income-tax-rates-table.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntigua+and+Barbuda" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIT2020" class="citation web cs1">IT (3 March 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://embassy.ag/dario-item-antigua-barbuda-antigua-barbuda-history/">"History Of Antigua – Antigua And Barbuda"</a>. <i>Antigua and Barbuda Embassy in Madrid – Ambassador Dario Item</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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The Commonwealth. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190624235053/http://thecommonwealth.org/our-member-countries/antigua-and-barbuda/history">Archived</a> from the original on 24 June 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 July</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Antigua+and+Barbuda+%3A+History&rft.pub=The+Commonwealth&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fthecommonwealth.org%2Four-member-countries%2Fantigua-and-barbuda%2Fhistory&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntigua+and+Barbuda" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNapolitanoDiNapoliStoneLevin2019" class="citation journal cs1">Napolitano, Matthew F.; DiNapoli, Robert J.; Stone, Jessica H.; Levin, Maureece J.; Jew, Nicholas P.; Lane, Brian G.; O'Connor, John T.; Fitzpatrick, Scott M. (18 December 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6957329">"Reevaluating human colonization of the Caribbean using chronometric hygiene and Bayesian modeling"</a>. <i>Science Advances</i>. <b>5</b> (12): eaar7806. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2019SciA....5R7806N">2019SciA....5R7806N</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fsciadv.aar7806">10.1126/sciadv.aar7806</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2375-2548">2375-2548</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6957329">6957329</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31976370">31976370</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Science+Advances&rft.atitle=Reevaluating+human+colonization+of+the+Caribbean+using+chronometric+hygiene+and+Bayesian+modeling&rft.volume=5&rft.issue=12&rft.pages=eaar7806&rft.date=2019-12-18&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC6957329%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2019SciA....5R7806N&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F31976370&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1126%2Fsciadv.aar7806&rft.issn=2375-2548&rft.aulast=Napolitano&rft.aufirst=Matthew+F.&rft.au=DiNapoli%2C+Robert+J.&rft.au=Stone%2C+Jessica+H.&rft.au=Levin%2C+Maureece+J.&rft.au=Jew%2C+Nicholas+P.&rft.au=Lane%2C+Brian+G.&rft.au=O%27Connor%2C+John+T.&rft.au=Fitzpatrick%2C+Scott+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC6957329&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntigua+and+Barbuda" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nps.gov/articles/caribbean-trade-and-networks.htm">"Caribbean Trade and Networks (U.S. National Park Service)"</a>. <i>nps.gov</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 July</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=nps.gov&rft.atitle=Caribbean+Trade+and+Networks+%28U.S.+National+Park+Service%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nps.gov%2Farticles%2Fcaribbean-trade-and-networks.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntigua+and+Barbuda" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Duval, D. T. (1996). Saladoid archaeology on St. Vincent, West Indies: results of the 1993/1994 University of Manitoba survey</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHandy2018" class="citation web cs1">Handy, Gemma (24 April 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2018/apr/24/archeology-caribbean-carib-people-cannibalism-colonial-history-wrong">"Archaeologists say early Caribbeans were not 'savage cannibals', as colonists wrote"</a>. English Harbor, Antigua: The Guardian. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240822165049/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2018/apr/24/archeology-caribbean-carib-people-cannibalism-colonial-history-wrong">Archived</a> from the original on 22 August 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Archaeologists+say+early+Caribbeans+were+not+%27savage+cannibals%27%2C+as+colonists+wrote&rft.place=English+Harbor%2C+Antigua&rft.pub=The+Guardian&rft.date=2018-04-24&rft.aulast=Handy&rft.aufirst=Gemma&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fworld%2F2018%2Fapr%2F24%2Farcheology-caribbean-carib-people-cannibalism-colonial-history-wrong&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntigua+and+Barbuda" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAustin_Alchon2003" class="citation book cs1">Austin Alchon, Suzanne (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=YiHHnV08ebkC&pg=PA62"><i>A pest in the land: new world epidemics in a global perspective</i></a>. University of New Mexico Press. pp. 62–63. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8263-2871-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-8263-2871-7"><bdi>0-8263-2871-7</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211129165420/https://books.google.com/books?id=YiHHnV08ebkC&pg=PA62">Archived</a> from the original on 29 November 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 September</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+pest+in+the+land%3A+new+world+epidemics+in+a+global+perspective&rft.pages=62-63&rft.pub=University+of+New+Mexico+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=0-8263-2871-7&rft.aulast=Austin+Alchon&rft.aufirst=Suzanne&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DYiHHnV08ebkC%26pg%3DPA62&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntigua+and+Barbuda" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/antiguas-disputed-slave-conspiracy-of-1736-117569/">"Antigua's Disputed Slave Conspiracy of 1736"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190708151331/https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/antiguas-disputed-slave-conspiracy-of-1736-117569/">Archived</a> from the original on 8 July 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 July</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Antigua%27s+Disputed+Slave+Conspiracy+of+1736&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.smithsonianmag.com%2Fhistory%2Fantiguas-disputed-slave-conspiracy-of-1736-117569%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntigua+and+Barbuda" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-kras-2008-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-kras-2008_30-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKras2008" class="citation book cs1">Kras, Sara Louise (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=TnItHSAgevMC&pg=PA18"><i>Antigua and Barbuda</i></a>. Cultures of the World. Vol. 26. Marshall Cavendish. p. 18. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780761425700" title="Special:BookSources/9780761425700"><bdi>9780761425700</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210418004906/https://books.google.com/books?id=TnItHSAgevMC&pg=PA18">Archived</a> from the original on 18 April 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 September</span> 2020</span>. <q>a cableway using baskets was built to transfer the mined phosphate to a pier for shipping</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Antigua+and+Barbuda&rft.series=Cultures+of+the+World&rft.pages=18&rft.pub=Marshall+Cavendish&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=9780761425700&rft.aulast=Kras&rft.aufirst=Sara+Louise&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DTnItHSAgevMC%26pg%3DPA18&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntigua+and+Barbuda" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=bAsgAAAAIBAJ&pg=1313,5601929">"Antiguan Quits in Weapons Scandal"</a>. <i>Sun-Journal</i>. 26 April 1990. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220531122652/https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=bAsgAAAAIBAJ&pg=1313,5601929">Archived</a> from the original on 31 May 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 July</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Sun-Journal&rft.atitle=Antiguan+Quits+in+Weapons+Scandal&rft.date=1990-04-26&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnews.google.com%2Fnewspapers%3Fid%3DbAsgAAAAIBAJ%26pg%3D1313%2C5601929&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntigua+and+Barbuda" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1">"Antigua-Barbuda: Government Finally Orders Probe of Arms Shipment". <i>IPS-Inter Press Service</i>. 25 April 1990.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=IPS-Inter+Press+Service&rft.atitle=Antigua-Barbuda%3A+Government+Finally+Orders+Probe+of+Arms+Shipment&rft.date=1990-04-25&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntigua+and+Barbuda" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMassiah1995" class="citation news cs1">Massiah, David (7 May 1995). "Younger Brother of Prime Minister Lester Bird Is Arrested on Cocaine Charges". <i>Associated Press Worldstream</i>. Associated Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Associated+Press+Worldstream&rft.atitle=Younger+Brother+of+Prime+Minister+Lester+Bird+Is+Arrested+on+Cocaine+Charges&rft.date=1995-05-07&rft.aulast=Massiah&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntigua+and+Barbuda" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMassiah1995" class="citation news cs1">Massiah, David (8 May 1995). "Prime Minister Lester Bird Promises No Intervention in Brother's Arrest". <i>Associated Press Worldstream</i>. Associated Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Associated+Press+Worldstream&rft.atitle=Prime+Minister+Lester+Bird+Promises+No+Intervention+in+Brother%27s+Arrest&rft.date=1995-05-08&rft.aulast=Massiah&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntigua+and+Barbuda" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170912011401/https://anumetservice.wordpress.com/2015/09/05/20th-anniversary-of-hurricane-luis/">"20th Anniversary of Hurricane Luis"</a>. <i>Anumetservice.wordpress.com</i>. 5 September 2015. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://anumetservice.wordpress.com/2015/09/05/20th-anniversary-of-hurricane-luis/">the original</a> on 12 September 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 September</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Anumetservice.wordpress.com&rft.atitle=20th+Anniversary+of+Hurricane+Luis&rft.date=2015-09-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fanumetservice.wordpress.com%2F2015%2F09%2F05%2F20th-anniversary-of-hurricane-luis%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntigua+and+Barbuda" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.caribbeanelections.com/knowledge/biography/bios/spencer_baldwin.asp">"Caribbean Elections Biography | Winston Baldwin Spencer"</a>. <i>www.caribbeanelections.com</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211225020401/http://www.caribbeanelections.com/knowledge/biography/bios/spencer_baldwin.asp">Archived</a> from the original on 25 December 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 December</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.caribbeanelections.com&rft.atitle=Caribbean+Elections+Biography+%7C+Winston+Baldwin+Spencer&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.caribbeanelections.com%2Fknowledge%2Fbiography%2Fbios%2Fspencer_baldwin.asp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntigua+and+Barbuda" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-bald-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-bald_37-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCharles" class="citation web cs1">Charles, Jacqueline. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.miamiherald.com/2014/06/13/4175779/antigua-prime-minister-baldwin.html">"Browne becomes new prime minister of Antigua, youngest ever"</a>. <i>The Miami Herald</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140714173815/http://www.miamiherald.com/2014/06/13/4175779/antigua-prime-minister-baldwin.html">Archived</a> from the original on 14 July 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 June</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Miami+Herald&rft.atitle=Browne+becomes+new+prime+minister+of+Antigua%2C+youngest+ever&rft.aulast=Charles&rft.aufirst=Jacqueline&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.miamiherald.com%2F2014%2F06%2F13%2F4175779%2Fantigua-prime-minister-baldwin.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntigua+and+Barbuda" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://barbadostoday.bb/2021/06/12/speculation-about-early-election-in-antigua/">"Speculation about early election in Antigua"</a>. <i>Barbados Today</i>. 12 June 2021. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211218232206/https://barbadostoday.bb/2021/06/12/speculation-about-early-election-in-antigua/">Archived</a> from the original on 18 December 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 December</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Barbados+Today&rft.atitle=Speculation+about+early+election+in+Antigua&rft.date=2021-06-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbarbadostoday.bb%2F2021%2F06%2F12%2Fspeculation-about-early-election-in-antigua%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntigua+and+Barbuda" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.travelweekly.com/Caribbean-Travel/Nelsons-Dockyard-in-Antigua-now-a-Unesco-heritage-site">"Nelson's Dockyard in Antigua now a Unesco heritage site: Travel Weekly"</a>. <i>travelweekly.com</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=travelweekly.com&rft.atitle=Nelson%27s+Dockyard+in+Antigua+now+a+Unesco+heritage+site%3A+Travel+Weekly&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.travelweekly.com%2FCaribbean-Travel%2FNelsons-Dockyard-in-Antigua-now-a-Unesco-heritage-site&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntigua+and+Barbuda" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-auto-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-auto_40-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPanzarWillsher2017" class="citation news cs1">Panzar, Javier; Willsher, Kim (9 September 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.latimes.com/nation/la-na-irma-islands-20170909-story.html">"Hurricane Irma leaves Caribbean Islands Devastated"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles_Times" title="Los Angeles Times">Los Angeles Times</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170911024806/http://www.latimes.com/nation/la-na-irma-islands-20170909-story.html">Archived</a> from the original on 11 September 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 June</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Cricket268&rft.atitle=ACB+Antigua+Parish+League&rft.date=2024-01-20&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcricket268.com%2Facb-antigua-parish-league%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntigua+and+Barbuda" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-worldsoccer2-138"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-worldsoccer2_138-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.worldsoccer.com/blogs/antigua-barbuda-taking-small-steps-towards-respectability">"Antigua & Barbuda taking small steps towards respectability | World Soccer"</a>. worldsoccer.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140324045016/http://www.worldsoccer.com/blogs/antigua-barbuda-taking-small-steps-towards-respectability">Archived</a> from the original on 24 March 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 March</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Antigua+%26+Barbuda+taking+small+steps+towards+respectability+%26%23124%3B+World+Soccer&rft.pub=worldsoccer.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldsoccer.com%2Fblogs%2Fantigua-barbuda-taking-small-steps-towards-respectability&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntigua+and+Barbuda" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-139"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-139">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.concacaf.com/inside-concacaf/member-associations/antigua-and-barbuda/">"ANTIGUA AND BARBUDA"</a>. <i>Concacaf</i>. 7 March 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 April</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Concacaf&rft.atitle=ANTIGUA+AND+BARBUDA&rft.date=2021-03-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.concacaf.com%2Finside-concacaf%2Fmember-associations%2Fantigua-and-barbuda%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntigua+and+Barbuda" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <p>138.<a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://artsandculture.google.com/story/the-birth-of-soca-notting-hill-carnival/ewUxSVEB2-zBVg?hl=en">https://artsandculture.google.com/story/the-birth-of-soca-notting-hill-carnival/ewUxSVEB2-zBVg?hl=en</a> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Antigua_and_Barbuda&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Nicholson, Desmond V., <i>Antigua, Barbuda, and Redonda: A Historical Sketch,</i> St. Johns, Antigua: Antigua and Barbuda Museum, 1991.</li> <li>Dyde, Brian, <i>A History of Antigua: The Unsuspected Isle,</i> London: Macmillan Caribbean, 2000.</li> <li>Gaspar, David Barry – <i>Bondmen & Rebels: A Study of Master-Slave Relations in Antigua, with Implications for Colonial America.</i></li> <li>Harris, David R. – <i>Plants, Animals, and Man in the Outer Leeward Islands, West Indies. An Ecological Study of Antigua, Barbuda, and Anguilla.</i></li> <li>Henry, Paget – <i>Peripheral Capitalism and Underdevelopment in Antigua.</i></li> <li>Lazarus-Black, Mindie – <i>Legitimate Acts and Illegal Encounters: Law and Society in Antigua and Barbuda.</i></li> <li>Riley, J. H. – <i>Catalogue of a Collection of Birds from Barbuda and Antigua, British West Indies.</i></li> <li>Rouse, Irving and Birgit Faber Morse – <i>Excavations at the Indian Creek Site, Antigua, West Indies.</i></li> <li>Thomas Hearne. <i>Southampton.</i></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Antigua_and_Barbuda&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output 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class="sister-link"><a href="https://en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Antigua_and_Barbuda" class="extiw" title="voy:Antigua and Barbuda">Travel information</a> from Wikivoyage</span></li></ul></div></div> </div> <ul><li><span class="official-website"><span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ab.gov.ag">The Official Website of the Government of Antigua and Barbuda</a></span></span></li> <li><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Gnome-globe.svg/16px-Gnome-globe.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Gnome-globe.svg/24px-Gnome-globe.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Gnome-globe.svg/32px-Gnome-globe.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /></span></span> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Atlas_of_Antigua_and_Barbuda" class="extiw" title="commons:Atlas of Antigua and Barbuda">Wikimedia Atlas of Antigua and Barbuda</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loc.gov/rr/international/hispanic/antigua/antigua.html">Antigua and Barbuda</a>, United States Library of Congress</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/antigua-and-barbuda/">Antigua and Barbuda</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_World_Factbook" title="The World Factbook">The World Factbook</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/Central_Intelligence_Agency" title="Central Intelligence Agency">Central Intelligence Agency</a>.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080704133113/http://ucblibraries.colorado.edu/govpubs/for/antiguabarbuda.htm">Antigua and Barbuda</a> from <i>UCB Libraries GovPubs</i></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-latin-america-18706079">Antigua and Barbuda</a> from the <a href="/wiki/BBC_News" title="BBC News">BBC News</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080428172529/http://devdata.worldbank.org/external/CPProfile.asp?PTYPE=CP&CCODE=ATG">World Bank's country data profile</a> for Antigua and Barbuda</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100602034331/http://www.archaeologyantigua.org/background_archaic.htm">ArchaeologyAntigua.org</a> – 2010March13 source of archaeological information for Antigua and Barbuda</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://antiguabarbuda.com">Antigua & Barbuda Official Business Hub</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output 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.navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Antigua_and_Barbuda_topics" title="Template:Antigua and Barbuda topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Antigua_and_Barbuda_topics" title="Template talk:Antigua and Barbuda topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Antigua_and_Barbuda_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Antigua and Barbuda topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Antigua_and_Barbuda_articles" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Antigua and Barbuda</a> <a href="/wiki/Index_of_Antigua_and_Barbuda%E2%80%93related_articles" title="Index of Antigua and Barbuda–related articles">articles</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Antigua_and_Barbuda" title="History of Antigua and Barbuda">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pre-Columbian_Antigua_and_Barbuda" title="Pre-Columbian Antigua and Barbuda">Pre-Columbian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Governors_of_Antigua" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Governors of Antigua">Governors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Leeward_Islands" title="British Leeward Islands">British Leeward Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince_Klaas#Coronation_and_the_plot_to_create_the_Kingdom_of_Antigua" title="Prince Klaas">Kingdom of Antigua plot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Antigua_and_Barbuda_(1871%E2%80%931958)" title="History of Antigua and Barbuda (1871–1958)">Presidency of Antigua (1871–1958)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Antigua_and_Barbuda_(1958%E2%80%931962)" title="History of Antigua and Barbuda (1958–1962)">Territory of Antigua (1958–1962)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Antigua_and_Barbuda_(1962%E2%80%931967)" title="History of Antigua and Barbuda (1962–1967)">Colony of Antigua (1962–1967)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Associated_State_of_Antigua" title="Associated State of Antigua">Associated State of Antigua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organisation_of_Eastern_Caribbean_States" title="Organisation of Eastern Caribbean States">Organisation of Eastern Caribbean States</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Antigua_and_Barbuda" title="Geography of Antigua and Barbuda">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antigua" title="Antigua">Antigua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbuda" title="Barbuda">Barbuda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_birds_of_Antigua_and_Barbuda" title="List of birds of Antigua and Barbuda">Birds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Antigua_and_Barbuda" class="mw-redirect" title="List of cities in Antigua and Barbuda">Cities</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_capitals_in_Antigua_and_Barbuda" class="mw-redirect" title="List of capitals in Antigua and Barbuda">Capitals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Antiguan_and_Barbudan_settlements_by_population" title="List of Antiguan and Barbudan settlements by population">Population</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mammals_of_Antigua_and_Barbuda" title="List of mammals of Antigua and Barbuda">Mammals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parishes_and_dependencies_of_Antigua_and_Barbuda" title="Parishes and dependencies of Antigua and Barbuda">Parishes and dependencies</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Antigua_and_Barbuda" title="Politics of Antigua and Barbuda">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Attorney_General_of_Antigua_and_Barbuda" title="Attorney General of Antigua and Barbuda">Attorney general</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Antigua_and_Barbuda" title="Constitution of Antigua and Barbuda">Constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Antigua_and_Barbuda" title="Elections in Antigua and Barbuda">Elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Antigua_and_Barbuda" title="Flag of Antigua and Barbuda">Flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Antigua_and_Barbuda" title="Foreign relations of Antigua and Barbuda">Foreign relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_Antigua_and_Barbuda" title="Government of Antigua and Barbuda">Government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judiciary_of_Antigua_and_Barbuda" title="Judiciary of Antigua and Barbuda">Judiciary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leader_of_the_Opposition_(Antigua_and_Barbuda)" title="Leader of the Opposition (Antigua and Barbuda)">Leader of the Opposition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Local_government_in_Antigua_and_Barbuda" title="Local government in Antigua and Barbuda">Local government</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Barbuda_Council" title="Barbuda Council">Barbuda Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Village_councils_(Antigua_and_Barbuda)" title="Village councils (Antigua and Barbuda)">Village councils</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antigua_and_Barbuda_Defence_Force" title="Antigua and Barbuda Defence Force">Military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Antigua_and_Barbuda" title="Monarchy of Antigua and Barbuda">Monarchy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Governor-General_of_Antigua_and_Barbuda" title="Governor-General of Antigua and Barbuda">Governor-General</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_tours_of_Antigua_and_Barbuda" title="Royal tours of Antigua and Barbuda">Royal tours</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_security_of_Antigua_and_Barbuda" title="National security of Antigua and Barbuda">National security</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Antigua_and_Barbuda" title="Parliament of Antigua and Barbuda">Parliament</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/House_of_Representatives_of_Antigua_and_Barbuda" class="mw-redirect" title="House of Representatives of Antigua and Barbuda">House of Representatives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senate_of_Antigua_and_Barbuda" class="mw-redirect" title="Senate of Antigua and Barbuda">Senate</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antigua_and_Barbuda_police" class="mw-redirect" title="Antigua and Barbuda police">Police</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_Antigua_and_Barbuda" title="List of political parties in Antigua and Barbuda">Political parties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Antigua_and_Barbuda" title="Prime Minister of Antigua and Barbuda">Prime Minister</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Antigua_and_Barbuda" title="Economy of Antigua and Barbuda">Economy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_airlines_of_Antigua_and_Barbuda" title="List of airlines of Antigua and Barbuda">Airlines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Antigua_and_Barbuda" title="Telecommunications in Antigua and Barbuda">Communications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_companies_of_Antigua_and_Barbuda" title="List of companies of Antigua and Barbuda">Companies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Caribbean_Central_Bank" title="Eastern Caribbean Central Bank">Central Bank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Caribbean_dollar" class="mw-redirect" title="East Caribbean dollar">East Caribbean dollar <span style="font-size:85%;">(currency)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_rankings_of_Antigua_and_Barbuda" title="International rankings of Antigua and Barbuda">International rankings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_newspapers_in_Antigua_and_Barbuda" title="List of newspapers in Antigua and Barbuda">Newspapers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trade_unions_in_Antigua_and_Barbuda" title="Trade unions in Antigua and Barbuda">Trade unions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Antigua_and_Barbuda" title="Transport in Antigua and Barbuda">Transport</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Society_of_Antigua_and_Barbuda" title="Category:Society of Antigua and Barbuda">Society</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Disability_in_Antigua_and_Barbuda" title="Disability in Antigua and Barbuda">Disability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Antigua_and_Barbuda" title="Education in Antigua and Barbuda">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Antigua_and_Barbuda" title="Religion in Antigua and Barbuda">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Antigua_and_Barbuda" title="Demographics of Antigua and Barbuda">Demographics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Squatting_in_Antigua_and_Barbuda" title="Squatting in Antigua and Barbuda">Squatting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Youth_in_Antigua_and_Barbuda" title="Youth in Antigua and Barbuda">Youth</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Antigua_and_Barbuda" title="Culture of Antigua and Barbuda">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Art_in_Antigua_and_Barbuda" title="Art in Antigua and Barbuda">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antigua_Carnival" title="Antigua Carnival">Carnival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antiguan_and_Barbudan_Creole" title="Antiguan and Barbudan Creole">Creole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antigua_and_Barbuda_cuisine" title="Antigua and Barbuda cuisine">Cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Antigua_and_Barbuda" title="Music of Antigua and Barbuda">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Antiguans_and_Barbudans" title="List of Antiguans and Barbudans">Notable Antiguans and Barbudans</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-weight:bold;"><div><div style="margin-bottom:-0.4em;"><ul><li><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Antigua_and_Barbuda" title="Outline of Antigua and Barbuda">Outline</a></span></li><li><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/Index_of_Antigua_and_Barbuda%E2%80%93related_articles" title="Index of Antigua and Barbuda–related articles">Index</a></span></li><li><span class="nobold"><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Further_reading">Bibliography</a></span></li></ul></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Antigua_and_Barbuda" title="Category:Antigua and Barbuda">Category</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Related_articles" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#e8e8ff;"><div id="Related_articles" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Related articles</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;font-size:114%"><div style="padding:0px"> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Countries_and_dependencies_of_North_America" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Countries_of_North_America" title="Template:Countries of North America"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Countries_of_North_America" title="Template talk:Countries of North America"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Countries_of_North_America" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Countries of North America"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Countries_and_dependencies_of_North_America" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_sovereign_states_and_dependent_territories_in_North_America" title="List of sovereign states and dependent territories in North America">Countries and dependencies</a> of <a href="/wiki/North_America" title="North America">North America</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sovereign_state" title="Sovereign state">Sovereign states</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Entire</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Antigua and Barbuda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Bahamas" title="The Bahamas">The Bahamas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbados" title="Barbados">Barbados</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belize" title="Belize">Belize</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Costa_Rica" title="Costa Rica">Costa Rica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuba" title="Cuba">Cuba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominica" title="Dominica">Dominica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominican_Republic" title="Dominican Republic">Dominican Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/El_Salvador" title="El Salvador">El Salvador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grenada" title="Grenada">Grenada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guatemala" title="Guatemala">Guatemala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haiti" title="Haiti">Haiti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Honduras" title="Honduras">Honduras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jamaica" title="Jamaica">Jamaica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexico" title="Mexico">Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicaragua" title="Nicaragua">Nicaragua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panama" title="Panama">Panama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Kitts_and_Nevis" title="Saint Kitts and Nevis">Saint Kitts and Nevis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Lucia" title="Saint Lucia">Saint Lucia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Vincent_and_the_Grenadines" title="Saint Vincent and the Grenadines">Saint Vincent and the Grenadines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trinidad_and_Tobago" title="Trinidad and Tobago">Trinidad and Tobago</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">In part</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Colombia" title="Colombia">Colombia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Archipelago_of_San_Andr%C3%A9s,_Providencia_and_Santa_Catalina" title="Archipelago of San Andrés, Providencia and Santa Catalina">San Andrés and Providencia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Guadeloupe" title="Guadeloupe">Guadeloupe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martinique" title="Martinique">Martinique</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caribbean_Netherlands" title="Caribbean Netherlands">Caribbean Netherlands</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bonaire" title="Bonaire">Bonaire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saba_(island)" title="Saba (island)">Saba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sint_Eustatius" title="Sint Eustatius">Sint Eustatius</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venezuela" title="Venezuela">Venezuela</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nueva_Esparta" title="Nueva Esparta">Nueva Esparta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_Dependencies_of_Venezuela" title="Federal Dependencies of Venezuela">Federal Dependencies</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="2" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px;padding:0 1.0em 0 0.5em;"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/North_America" title="North America"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Location_North_America.svg/120px-Location_North_America.svg.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Location_North_America.svg/180px-Location_North_America.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Location_North_America.svg/240px-Location_North_America.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="550" data-file-height="550" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Dependent_territory" title="Dependent territory">Dependencies</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Denmark</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Greenland" title="Greenland">Greenland</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">France</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Clipperton_Island" title="Clipperton Island">Clipperton Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Barth%C3%A9lemy" title="Saint Barthélemy">St. Barthélemy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collectivity_of_Saint_Martin" title="Collectivity of Saint Martin">St. Martin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Pierre_and_Miquelon" title="Saint Pierre and Miquelon">St. Pierre and Miquelon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Netherlands</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aruba" title="Aruba">Aruba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cura%C3%A7ao" title="Curaçao">Curaçao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sint_Maarten" title="Sint Maarten">Sint Maarten</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">United Kingdom</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anguilla" title="Anguilla">Anguilla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bermuda" title="Bermuda">Bermuda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Virgin_Islands" title="British Virgin Islands">British Virgin Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cayman_Islands" title="Cayman Islands">Cayman Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montserrat" title="Montserrat">Montserrat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turks_and_Caicos_Islands" title="Turks and Caicos Islands">Turks and Caicos Islands</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">United States</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Puerto_Rico" title="Puerto Rico">Puerto Rico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Virgin_Islands" title="United States Virgin Islands">United States Virgin Islands</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><b><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="map" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/North_America_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/28px-North_America_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/North_America_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/42px-North_America_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/North_America_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/56px-North_America_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="550" data-file-height="550" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:North_America" title="Portal:North America">North America portal</a></b></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Bolivarian_Alliance_for_the_Peoples_of_Our_America_-_Peoples’_Trade_Treaty_(ALBA-TCP)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Bolivarian_Alliance_for_the_Americas_(ALBA)" title="Template:Bolivarian Alliance for the Americas (ALBA)"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Bolivarian_Alliance_for_the_Americas_(ALBA)" title="Template talk:Bolivarian Alliance for the Americas (ALBA)"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Bolivarian_Alliance_for_the_Americas_(ALBA)" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Bolivarian Alliance for the Americas (ALBA)"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Bolivarian_Alliance_for_the_Peoples_of_Our_America_-_Peoples’_Trade_Treaty_(ALBA-TCP)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/ALBA" title="ALBA">Bolivarian Alliance for the Peoples of Our America - Peoples’ Trade Treaty (ALBA-TCP)</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Member_states_of_ALBA" title="Member states of ALBA">Member states</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Antigua and Barbuda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bolivia" title="Bolivia">Bolivia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuba" title="Cuba">Cuba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominica" title="Dominica">Dominica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grenada" title="Grenada">Grenada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicaragua" title="Nicaragua">Nicaragua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Kitts_and_Nevis" title="Saint Kitts and Nevis">Saint Kitts and Nevis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Lucia" title="Saint Lucia">Saint Lucia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Vincent_and_the_Grenadines" title="Saint Vincent and the Grenadines">Saint Vincent and the Grenadines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venezuela" title="Venezuela">Venezuela</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="1" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Emblem_of_the_Bolivarian_Alliance_for_the_Americas.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Emblem of ALBA"><img alt="Emblem of ALBA" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Emblem_of_the_Bolivarian_Alliance_for_the_Americas.png/50px-Emblem_of_the_Bolivarian_Alliance_for_the_Americas.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="57" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Emblem_of_the_Bolivarian_Alliance_for_the_Americas.png/75px-Emblem_of_the_Bolivarian_Alliance_for_the_Americas.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Emblem_of_the_Bolivarian_Alliance_for_the_Americas.png/100px-Emblem_of_the_Bolivarian_Alliance_for_the_Americas.png 2x" data-file-width="448" data-file-height="512" /></a></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1259569809"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Organisation_of_Eastern_Caribbean_States_(OECS)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Organisation_of_Eastern_Caribbean_States_(OECS)" title="Template:Organisation of Eastern Caribbean States (OECS)"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Organisation_of_Eastern_Caribbean_States_(OECS)" title="Template talk:Organisation of Eastern Caribbean States (OECS)"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Organisation_of_Eastern_Caribbean_States_(OECS)" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Organisation of Eastern Caribbean States (OECS)"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Organisation_of_Eastern_Caribbean_States_(OECS)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Organisation_of_Eastern_Caribbean_States" title="Organisation of Eastern Caribbean States">Organisation of Eastern Caribbean States (OECS)</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Members</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Antigua and Barbuda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominica" title="Dominica">Dominica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grenada" title="Grenada">Grenada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montserrat" title="Montserrat">Montserrat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Kitts_and_Nevis" title="Saint Kitts and Nevis">St. Kitts and Nevis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Lucia" title="Saint Lucia">St. Lucia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Vincent_and_the_Grenadines" title="Saint Vincent and the Grenadines">St. Vincent and the Grenadines</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="4" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="map" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Relief_Map_of_Caribbean.png/32px-Relief_Map_of_Caribbean.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Relief_Map_of_Caribbean.png/48px-Relief_Map_of_Caribbean.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Relief_Map_of_Caribbean.png/64px-Relief_Map_of_Caribbean.png 2x" data-file-width="891" data-file-height="561" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Caribbean" title="Portal:Caribbean">Caribbean portal</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Associate members</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anguilla" title="Anguilla">Anguilla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Virgin_Islands" title="British Virgin Islands">British Virgin Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guadeloupe" title="Guadeloupe">Guadeloupe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martinique" title="Martinique">Martinique</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Financial institutions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/East_Caribbean_dollar" class="mw-redirect" title="East Caribbean dollar">East Caribbean dollar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Caribbean_Central_Bank" title="Eastern Caribbean Central Bank">Eastern Caribbean Central Bank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Caribbean_Central_Securities_Registry" title="Eastern Caribbean Central Securities Registry">Eastern Caribbean Central Securities Registry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Caribbean_Securities_Exchange" title="Eastern Caribbean Securities Exchange">Eastern Caribbean Securities Exchange</a></li> <li class="mw-empty-elt"></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other institutions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Caribbean_Civil_Aviation_Authority" title="Eastern Caribbean Civil Aviation Authority">Eastern Caribbean Civil Aviation Authority</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Caribbean_Supreme_Court" title="Eastern Caribbean Supreme Court">Eastern Caribbean Supreme Court</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eastern_Caribbean_Telecommunications_Authority&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Eastern Caribbean Telecommunications Authority (page does not exist)">Eastern Caribbean Telecommunications Authority</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1259569809"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Caribbean_Community_(CARICOM)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Caribbean_Community_(CARICOM)" title="Template:Caribbean Community (CARICOM)"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Caribbean_Community_(CARICOM)" title="Template talk:Caribbean Community (CARICOM)"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Caribbean_Community_(CARICOM)" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Caribbean Community (CARICOM)"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Caribbean_Community_(CARICOM)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Caribbean_Community" title="Caribbean Community">Caribbean Community (CARICOM)</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div><a href="/wiki/Secretariat_of_the_Caribbean_Community" title="Secretariat of the Caribbean Community">Secretariat</a> (<a href="/wiki/Secretary-General_of_the_Caribbean_Community" title="Secretary-General of the Caribbean Community">Secretary-General</a>)</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">History</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/West_Indies_Federation" title="West Indies Federation">West Indies Federation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caribbean_Free_Trade_Association" title="Caribbean Free Trade Association">Caribbean Free Trade Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Chaguaramas" title="Treaty of Chaguaramas">Treaty of Chaguaramas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CARICOM_Single_Market_and_Economy" title="CARICOM Single Market and Economy">Single Market and Economy (CSME)</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="6" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_the_Caribbean_Community" title="Flag of the Caribbean Community"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Flag_of_CARICOM.svg/68px-Flag_of_CARICOM.svg.png" decoding="async" width="68" height="45" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Flag_of_CARICOM.svg/102px-Flag_of_CARICOM.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Flag_of_CARICOM.svg/136px-Flag_of_CARICOM.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span><br /><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="map" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Relief_Map_of_Caribbean.png/32px-Relief_Map_of_Caribbean.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Relief_Map_of_Caribbean.png/48px-Relief_Map_of_Caribbean.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Relief_Map_of_Caribbean.png/64px-Relief_Map_of_Caribbean.png 2x" data-file-width="891" data-file-height="561" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Caribbean" title="Portal:Caribbean">Caribbean portal</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Members</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Antigua and Barbuda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Bahamas" title="The Bahamas">Bahamas</a><sup><small>1</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbados" title="Barbados">Barbados</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belize" title="Belize">Belize</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominica" title="Dominica">Dominica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grenada" title="Grenada">Grenada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guyana" title="Guyana">Guyana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haiti" title="Haiti">Haiti</a><sup><small>1</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jamaica" title="Jamaica">Jamaica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montserrat" title="Montserrat">Montserrat</a><sup><small>2</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Kitts_and_Nevis" title="Saint Kitts and Nevis">St. Kitts and Nevis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Lucia" title="Saint Lucia">St. Lucia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Vincent_and_the_Grenadines" title="Saint Vincent and the Grenadines">St. Vincent and the Grenadines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suriname" title="Suriname">Suriname</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trinidad_and_Tobago" title="Trinidad and Tobago">Trinidad and Tobago</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Associate members</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anguilla" title="Anguilla">Anguilla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bermuda" title="Bermuda">Bermuda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Virgin_Islands" title="British Virgin Islands">British Virgin Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cayman_Islands" title="Cayman Islands">Cayman Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cura%C3%A7ao" title="Curaçao">Curaçao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turks_and_Caicos_Islands" title="Turks and Caicos Islands">Turks and Caicos Islands</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Observers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aruba" title="Aruba">Aruba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colombia" title="Colombia">Colombia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominican_Republic" title="Dominican Republic">Dominican Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexico" title="Mexico">Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puerto_Rico" title="Puerto Rico">Puerto Rico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sint_Maarten" title="Sint Maarten">Sint Maarten</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venezuela" title="Venezuela">Venezuela</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Institutions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Caribbean_Meteorological_Organisation" title="Caribbean Meteorological Organisation">Caribbean Meteorological Organisation (CMO)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Common_Fund_for_Commodities" title="Common Fund for Commodities">Common Fund for Commodities (CFC)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caribbean_Court_of_Justice" title="Caribbean Court of Justice">Court of Justice (CCJ)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caribbean_Disaster_Emergency_Management_Agency" title="Caribbean Disaster Emergency Management Agency">Disaster Emergency Management (CDEMA)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caribbean_Examinations_Council" title="Caribbean Examinations Council">Examinations Council (CXC)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caribbean_Institute_for_Meteorology_and_Hydrology" title="Caribbean Institute for Meteorology and Hydrology">Caribbean Institute for Meteorology and Hydrology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caribbean_Public_Health_Agency" title="Caribbean Public Health Agency">Public Health Agency (CARPHA)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CARICOM_Single_Market_and_Economy" title="CARICOM Single Market and Economy">Single Market and Economy (CSME)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related organizations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/CARIFORUM" title="CARIFORUM">CARIFORUM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organisation_of_Eastern_Caribbean_States" title="Organisation of Eastern Caribbean States">Organisation of Eastern Caribbean States (OECS)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><sup>1</sup> Member of the Community but not of the <a href="/wiki/CARICOM_Single_Market_and_Economy" title="CARICOM Single Market and Economy">CARICOM Single Market and Economy</a> (CSME)</span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><sup>2</sup> <a href="/wiki/British_Overseas_Territories" title="British Overseas Territories">British overseas territory</a> awaiting entrustment to join the CSME</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Members_of_the_Commonwealth_of_Nations" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:The_Commonwealth" title="Template:The Commonwealth"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:The_Commonwealth" title="Template talk:The Commonwealth"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:The_Commonwealth" title="Special:EditPage/Template:The Commonwealth"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Members_of_the_Commonwealth_of_Nations" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Member_states_of_the_Commonwealth_of_Nations" title="Member states of the Commonwealth of Nations">Members</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_of_Nations" title="Commonwealth of Nations">Commonwealth of Nations</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_sovereign_states" title="List of sovereign states">Sovereign states</a><br />(members)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Antigua and Barbuda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Bahamas" title="The Bahamas">Bahamas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bangladesh" title="Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbados" title="Barbados">Barbados</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belize" title="Belize">Belize</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Botswana" title="Botswana">Botswana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brunei" title="Brunei">Brunei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cameroon" title="Cameroon">Cameroon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyprus" title="Cyprus">Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominica" title="Dominica">Dominica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eswatini" title="Eswatini">Eswatini (Swaziland)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fiji" title="Fiji">Fiji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gabon" title="Gabon">Gabon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Gambia" title="The Gambia">Gambia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghana" title="Ghana">Ghana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grenada" title="Grenada">Grenada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guyana" title="Guyana">Guyana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jamaica" title="Jamaica">Jamaica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenya" title="Kenya">Kenya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kiribati" title="Kiribati">Kiribati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lesotho" title="Lesotho">Lesotho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malawi" title="Malawi">Malawi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malaysia" title="Malaysia">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maldives" title="Maldives">Maldives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malta" title="Malta">Malta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mauritius" title="Mauritius">Mauritius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mozambique" title="Mozambique">Mozambique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Namibia" title="Namibia">Namibia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nauru" title="Nauru">Nauru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Zealand" title="New Zealand">New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nigeria" title="Nigeria">Nigeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papua_New_Guinea" title="Papua New Guinea">Papua New Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rwanda" title="Rwanda">Rwanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Kitts_and_Nevis" title="Saint Kitts and Nevis">Saint Kitts and Nevis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Lucia" title="Saint Lucia">Saint Lucia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Vincent_and_the_Grenadines" title="Saint Vincent and the Grenadines">Saint Vincent and the Grenadines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samoa" title="Samoa">Samoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seychelles" title="Seychelles">Seychelles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sierra_Leone" title="Sierra Leone">Sierra Leone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Singapore" title="Singapore">Singapore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solomon_Islands" title="Solomon Islands">Solomon Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Africa" title="South Africa">South Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sri_Lanka" title="Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanzania" title="Tanzania">Tanzania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Togo" title="Togo">Togo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tonga" title="Tonga">Tonga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trinidad_and_Tobago" title="Trinidad and Tobago">Trinidad and Tobago</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuvalu" title="Tuvalu">Tuvalu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uganda" title="Uganda">Uganda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vanuatu" title="Vanuatu">Vanuatu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zambia" title="Zambia">Zambia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Associated_state" title="Associated state">Associated states</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cook_Islands" title="Cook Islands">Cook Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niue" title="Niue">Niue</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Dependent_territory" title="Dependent territory">Dependent territories</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ashmore_and_Cartier_Islands" title="Ashmore and Cartier Islands">Ashmore and Cartier Islands</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Australian_Antarctic_Territory" title="Australian Antarctic Territory">Australian Antarctic Territory</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_Island" title="Christmas Island">Christmas Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cocos_(Keeling)_Islands" title="Cocos (Keeling) Islands">Cocos (Keeling) Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coral_Sea_Islands" title="Coral Sea Islands">Coral Sea Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heard_Island_and_McDonald_Islands" title="Heard Island and McDonald Islands">Heard Island and McDonald Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norfolk_Island" title="Norfolk Island">Norfolk Island</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Realm_of_New_Zealand" title="Realm of New Zealand">New Zealand</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Ross_Dependency" title="Ross Dependency">Ross Dependency</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tokelau" title="Tokelau">Tokelau</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/The_Crown" title="The Crown">United Kingdom</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Akrotiri_and_Dhekelia" title="Akrotiri and Dhekelia">Akrotiri and Dhekelia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anguilla" title="Anguilla">Anguilla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bermuda" title="Bermuda">Bermuda</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/British_Antarctic_Territory" title="British Antarctic Territory">British Antarctic Territory</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Indian_Ocean_Territory" title="British Indian Ocean Territory">British Indian Ocean Territory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Virgin_Islands" title="British Virgin Islands">British Virgin Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cayman_Islands" title="Cayman Islands">Cayman Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Falkland_Islands" title="Falkland Islands">Falkland Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gibraltar" title="Gibraltar">Gibraltar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bailiwick_of_Guernsey" title="Bailiwick of Guernsey">Guernsey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isle_of_Man" title="Isle of Man">Isle of Man</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jersey" title="Jersey">Jersey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montserrat" title="Montserrat">Montserrat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pitcairn_Islands" title="Pitcairn Islands">Pitcairn Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Helena,_Ascension_and_Tristan_da_Cunha" title="Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha">Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Georgia_and_the_South_Sandwich_Islands" title="South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands">South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turks_and_Caicos_Islands" title="Turks and Caicos Islands">Turks and Caicos Islands</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>Source: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://thecommonwealth.org/our-member-countries">Commonwealth Secretariat – Member Countries</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Monarchies" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Monarchies" title="Template:Monarchies"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Monarchies" title="Template talk:Monarchies"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Monarchies" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Monarchies"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Monarchies" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Monarchy" title="Monarchy">Monarchies</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Monarch" title="Monarch">Monarch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperial,_royal_and_noble_ranks" title="Imperial, royal and noble ranks">Imperial, royal and noble ranks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_current_monarchs_of_sovereign_states" title="List of current monarchs of sovereign states">List of current sovereign monarchs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_current_non-sovereign_monarchs" title="List of current non-sovereign monarchs">List of current non-sovereign monarchs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_monarchy_referendums" title="List of monarchy referendums">List of monarchy referendums</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Type</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Absolute_monarchy" title="Absolute monarchy">Absolute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitutional_monarchy" title="Constitutional monarchy">Constitutional</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diarchy" title="Diarchy">Diarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elective_monarchy" title="Elective monarchy">Elective</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_monarchy" title="Federal monarchy">Federal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hereditary_monarchy" title="Hereditary monarchy">Hereditary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-sovereign_monarchy" title="Non-sovereign monarchy">Non-sovereign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Personal_union" title="Personal union">Personal union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regent" title="Regent">Regency</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abdication" title="Abdication">Abdication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abolition_of_monarchy" title="Abolition of monarchy">Abolition of monarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aristocracy_(class)" title="Aristocracy (class)">Aristocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_monarchy" title="Criticism of monarchy">Criticism of monarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratization" title="Democratization">Democratization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decolonization" title="Decolonization">Decolonization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dynasty" title="Dynasty">Dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government" title="Government">Government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Head_of_state" title="Head of state">Head of state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legitimacy_(political)" title="Legitimacy (political)">Legitimacy (political)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oligarchy" title="Oligarchy">Oligarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Order_of_succession" title="Order of succession">Order of succession</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republicanism" title="Republicanism">Republicanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-proclaimed_monarchy" title="Self-proclaimed monarchy">Self-proclaimed monarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sovereignty" title="Sovereignty">Sovereignty</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Titles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chhatrapati" title="Chhatrapati">Chhatrapati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emperor" title="Emperor">Emperor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/King" title="King">King</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Queen_regnant" title="Queen regnant">Queen regnant</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince_regnant" class="mw-redirect" title="Prince regnant">Prince regnant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raja" title="Raja">Raja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khan_(title)" title="Khan (title)">khan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tsar" title="Tsar">Tsar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sultan" title="Sultan">Sultan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shah" title="Shah">Shah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pharaoh" title="Pharaoh">Pharaoh</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Current</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Africa" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Monarchies_in_Africa" title="Monarchies in Africa">Africa</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ngwenyama" title="Ngwenyama">Eswatini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_monarchs_of_Lesotho" class="mw-redirect" title="List of monarchs of Lesotho">Lesotho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/King_of_Morocco" title="King of Morocco">Morocco</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/List_of_current_constituent_African_monarchs" class="mw-redirect" title="List of current constituent African monarchs">list</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Monarchies_in_Asia" title="Monarchies in Asia">Asia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/King_of_Bahrain" title="King of Bahrain">Bahrain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/King_of_Bhutan" title="King of Bhutan">Bhutan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Sultans_of_Brunei" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Sultans of Brunei">Brunei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Cambodia" title="Monarchy of Cambodia">Cambodia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emperor_of_Japan" title="Emperor of Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_kings_of_Jordan" title="List of kings of Jordan">Jordan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emir_of_Kuwait" title="Emir of Kuwait">Kuwait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yang_di-Pertuan_Agong" class="mw-redirect" title="Yang di-Pertuan Agong">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rulers_of_Oman" title="List of rulers of Oman">Oman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emir_of_Qatar" title="Emir of Qatar">Qatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/King_of_Saudi_Arabia" title="King of Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Thailand" title="Monarchy of Thailand">Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates" title="President of the United Arab Emirates">United Arab Emirates</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/List_of_current_non-sovereign_Asian_monarchs" title="List of current non-sovereign Asian monarchs">list</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Monarchies_in_Europe" title="Monarchies in Europe">Europe</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Co-Princes_of_Andorra" class="mw-redirect" title="Co-Princes of Andorra">Andorra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Belgium" title="Monarchy of Belgium">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Denmark" title="Monarchy of Denmark">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Liechtenstein" title="Monarchy of Liechtenstein">Liechtenstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Luxembourg" title="Monarchy of Luxembourg">Luxembourg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Monaco" title="Monarchy of Monaco">Monaco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_the_Netherlands" title="Monarchy of the Netherlands">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Norway" title="Monarchy of Norway">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Spain" title="Monarchy of Spain">Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Sweden" title="Monarchy of Sweden">Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_sovereigns_of_Vatican_City_State" class="mw-redirect" title="List of sovereigns of Vatican City State">Vatican City (Holy See)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Monarchies_in_Oceania" title="Monarchies in Oceania">Oceania</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_monarchs_of_Tonga" title="List of monarchs of Tonga">Tonga</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_realm" title="Commonwealth realm">Commonwealth realms</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Antigua_and_Barbuda" title="Monarchy of Antigua and Barbuda">Antigua and Barbuda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Australia" title="Monarchy of Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_the_Bahamas" title="Monarchy of the Bahamas">Bahamas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Belize" title="Monarchy of Belize">Belize</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Canada" title="Monarchy of Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Grenada" title="Monarchy of Grenada">Grenada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Jamaica" title="Monarchy of Jamaica">Jamaica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_New_Zealand" title="Monarchy of New Zealand">New Zealand</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_in_the_Cook_Islands" title="Monarchy in the Cook Islands">Cook Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Niuean_monarchs" title="List of Niuean monarchs">Niue</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Papua_New_Guinea" title="Monarchy of Papua New Guinea">Papua New Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Saint_Kitts_and_Nevis" title="Monarchy of Saint Kitts and Nevis">Saint Kitts and Nevis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Saint_Lucia" title="Monarchy of Saint Lucia">Saint Lucia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Saint_Vincent_and_the_Grenadines" title="Monarchy of Saint Vincent and the Grenadines">Saint Vincent and the Grenadines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Solomon_Islands" title="Monarchy of Solomon Islands">Solomon Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Tuvalu" title="Monarchy of Tuvalu">Tuvalu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Monarchy of the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Abolition_of_monarchy" title="Abolition of monarchy">Former</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Africa</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adamawa_Emirate" title="Adamawa Emirate">Adamawa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ankole" title="Ankole">Ankole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sultanate_of_Aussa" title="Sultanate of Aussa">Aussa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barotseland" title="Barotseland">Barotseland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sultanate_of_Bagirmi" title="Sultanate of Bagirmi">Bagirmi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kanem%E2%80%93Bornu_Empire" title="Kanem–Bornu Empire">Bornu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Burundi" title="Kingdom of Burundi">Burundi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_African_Empire" title="Central African Empire">Central Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dahomey" title="Dahomey">Dahomey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Egypt" title="Kingdom of Egypt">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_Empire" title="Ethiopian Empire">Ethiopia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghana_Empire" title="Ghana Empire">Ghana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Gomma" title="Kingdom of Gomma">Gomma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Gumma" title="Kingdom of Gumma">Gumma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Kaffa" title="Kingdom of Kaffa">Kaffa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Kongo" title="Kingdom of Kongo">Kongo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Libya" title="Kingdom of Libya">Libya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Luba" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingdom of Luba">Luba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merina_Kingdom" title="Merina Kingdom">Madagascar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mali_Empire" title="Mali Empire">Mali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mayotte#History" title="Mayotte">Maore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maravi" title="Maravi">Maravi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moh%C3%A9li#History" title="Mohéli">Mwali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anjouan#Early_and_colonial_history" title="Anjouan">Ndzuwani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grande_Comore#History" title="Grande Comore">Ngazidja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Rwanda" title="Kingdom of Rwanda">Rwanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shilluk_Kingdom" title="Shilluk Kingdom">Shilluk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islands_of_Refreshment" title="Islands of Refreshment">Islands of Refreshment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Tunisia" title="Kingdom of Tunisia">Tunisia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wituland" title="Wituland">Wituland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wassoulou_Empire" title="Wassoulou Empire">Wassoulou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yeke_Kingdom" title="Yeke Kingdom">Yeke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sultanate_of_Zanzibar" title="Sultanate of Zanzibar">Zanzibar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Zimbabwe" title="Kingdom of Zimbabwe">Zimbabwe</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/List_of_kingdoms_in_pre-colonial_Africa" class="mw-redirect" title="List of kingdoms in pre-colonial Africa">and other</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Americas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Araucan%C3%ADa_and_Patagonia" title="Kingdom of Araucanía and Patagonia">Araucanía</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aztec_Empire" title="Aztec Empire">Aztec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Brazil" title="Empire of Brazil">Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Empire_of_Haiti" title="Second Empire of Haiti">Haiti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inca_Empire" title="Inca Empire">Inca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Mexican_Empire" title="Second Mexican Empire">Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mosquito_Coast" title="Mosquito Coast">Miskito</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suriname_(Kingdom_of_the_Netherlands)" title="Suriname (Kingdom of the Netherlands)">Suriname</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Talamanca" title="Kingdom of Talamanca">Talamanca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Trinidad" title="Principality of Trinidad">Trinidad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thirteen_Colonies" title="Thirteen Colonies">Thirteen Colonies</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Asia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Afghanistan" title="Kingdom of Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Idrisid_Emirate_of_Asir" title="Idrisid Emirate of Asir">Asir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bengal_Sultanate" title="Bengal Sultanate">Bengal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emirate_of_Bukhara" title="Emirate of Bukhara">Bukhara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Konbaung_dynasty" title="Konbaung dynasty">Burma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cebu_(historical_polity)" title="Cebu (historical polity)">Cebu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shihab_dynasty" title="Shihab dynasty">Chehab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_China" title="Monarchy of China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dapitan_Kingdom" title="Dapitan Kingdom">Dapitan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Hejaz" title="Kingdom of Hejaz">Hejaz</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/List_of_Indonesian_monarchies" title="List of Indonesian monarchies">Indonesia</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pahlavi_dynasty" title="Pahlavi dynasty">Iran</a> (<a href="/wiki/Qajar_Iran" title="Qajar Iran">Qajar</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Iraq" title="Kingdom of Iraq">Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emirate_of_Jabal_Shammar" title="Emirate of Jabal Shammar">Jabal Shammar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kathiri" title="Kathiri">Kathiri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khanate_of_Khiva" title="Khanate of Khiva">Khiva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_Empire" title="Korean Empire">Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kumul_Khanate" title="Kumul Khanate">Kumul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Kurdistan" title="Kingdom of Kurdistan">Kurdistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Laos" title="Kingdom of Laos">Laos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sultanate_of_Maguindanao" title="Sultanate of Maguindanao">Maguindanao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahra_Sultanate" title="Mahra Sultanate">Mahra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Maldivian_monarchs" title="List of Maldivian monarchs">Maldives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manchukuo" title="Manchukuo">Manchukuo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bogd_Khanate_of_Mongolia" title="Bogd Khanate of Mongolia">Mongolia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Najran" title="Principality of Najran">Najran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Nepal" title="Kingdom of Nepal">Nepal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qu%27aiti" title="Qu'aiti">Qu'aiti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ryukyu_Kingdom" title="Ryukyu Kingdom">Ryukyu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raj_of_Sarawak" title="Raj of Sarawak">Sarawak</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Shan_States" title="Shan States">Shan</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Sikkim" title="Kingdom of Sikkim">Sikkim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinhalese_monarchy" title="Sinhalese monarchy">Sri Lanka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sip_Song_Chau_Tai" title="Sip Song Chau Tai">Sip Song Chau Tai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sultanate_of_Sulu" title="Sultanate of Sulu">Sulu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_Kingdom_of_Syria" title="Arab Kingdom of Syria">Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibet_(1912%E2%80%931951)" title="Tibet (1912–1951)">Tibet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Tungning" title="Kingdom of Tungning">Taiwan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sheikdom_of_Upper_Asir" title="Sheikdom of Upper Asir">Upper Asir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upper_Yafa" title="Upper Yafa">Upper Yafa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_monarchs_of_Vietnam" title="List of monarchs of Vietnam">Vietnam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mutawakkilite_Kingdom_of_Yemen" class="mw-redirect" title="Mutawakkilite Kingdom of Yemen">Yemen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emirates_of_South_Arabia" class="mw-redirect" title="Emirates of South Arabia">Emirates of South Arabia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federation_of_South_Arabia" title="Federation of South Arabia">South Arabia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Europe</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albanian_Kingdom_(1928%E2%80%931939)" title="Albanian Kingdom (1928–1939)">Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Aragon" title="Kingdom of Aragon">Aragon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Asturias" title="Kingdom of Asturias">Asturias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austrian_Empire" title="Austrian Empire">Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austria-Hungary" title="Austria-Hungary">Austria-Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Bavaria" title="Kingdom of Bavaria">Bavaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Bosnia" title="Kingdom of Bosnia">Bosnia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Brittany" title="Duchy of Brittany">Brittany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Bulgaria" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingdom of Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Catalonia" title="Principality of Catalonia">Catalonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crimean_Khanate" title="Crimean Khanate">Crimea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_Kingdom_of_Cilicia" title="Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia">Cilicia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Corsica_(1736)" title="Kingdom of Corsica (1736)">Corsica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Cyprus" title="Kingdom of Cyprus">Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Finland_(1918)" title="Kingdom of Finland (1918)">Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_French_Empire" title="Second French Empire">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Galicia" title="Kingdom of Galicia">Galicia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Georgia" title="Kingdom of Georgia">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_Empire" title="German Empire">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Greece" title="Kingdom of Greece">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emirate_of_Granada" title="Emirate of Granada">Granada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Hanover" title="Kingdom of Hanover">Hanover</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Hungary" title="Kingdom of Hungary">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Iceland" title="Kingdom of Iceland">Iceland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Imereti" title="Kingdom of Imereti">Imereti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Ireland" title="Monarchy of Ireland">Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Italy" title="Kingdom of Italy">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Kartli-Kakheti" title="Kingdom of Kartli-Kakheti">Kartli-Kakheti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Lithuania_(1918)" title="Kingdom of Lithuania (1918)">Lithuania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Majorca" title="Kingdom of Majorca">Majorca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_the_Isles" title="Kingdom of the Isles">Man</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moldavia" title="Moldavia">Moldavia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Montenegro" title="Kingdom of Montenegro">Montenegro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Navarre" title="Kingdom of Navarre">Navarre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canton_of_Neuch%C3%A2tel#History" title="Canton of Neuchâtel">Neuchâtel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papal_States" title="Papal States">Papal States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Sardinia_(1720%E2%80%931861)" title="Kingdom of Sardinia (1720–1861)">Piedmont-Sardinia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Lithuanian_Commonwealth" title="Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth">Poland–Lithuania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Portugal" title="Kingdom of Portugal">Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Prussia" title="Kingdom of Prussia">Prussia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Romania" title="Kingdom of Romania">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Samos" title="Principality of Samos">Samos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Saxony" title="Kingdom of Saxony">Saxony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Savoy" title="Duchy of Savoy">Savoy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Scotland" title="Kingdom of Scotland">Scotland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Serbia" title="Kingdom of Serbia">Serbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Tavolara" title="Kingdom of Tavolara">Tavolara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_the_Two_Sicilies" title="Kingdom of the Two Sicilies">Two Sicilies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Tuscany" title="Grand Duchy of Tuscany">Tuscany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Baltic_Duchy" title="United Baltic Duchy">United Baltic Duchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Yugoslavia" title="Kingdom of Yugoslavia">Yugoslavia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Valencia" title="Kingdom of Valencia">Valencia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_W%C3%BCrttemberg" title="Kingdom of Württemberg">Württemberg</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Oceania</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abemama" title="Abemama">Abemama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Bora_Bora" title="Kingdom of Bora Bora">Bora Bora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/King_of_Easter_Island" title="King of Easter Island">Easter Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Fiji" title="Kingdom of Fiji">Kingdom of Fiji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hawaiian_Kingdom" title="Hawaiian Kingdom">Hawaii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huahine" title="Huahine">Huahine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mangareva" title="Mangareva">Mangareva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niue" title="Niue">Niuē-Fekai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuku_Hiva" title="Nuku Hiva">Nuku Hiva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_monarchs_of_Raiatea" title="List of monarchs of Raiatea">Raiatea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rapa_Iti" title="Rapa Iti">Rapa Iti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Rarotonga" title="Kingdom of Rarotonga">Rarotonga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rimatara" title="Rimatara">Rimatara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rurutu" title="Rurutu">Rurutu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tahuata" title="Tahuata">Tahuata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Tahiti" title="Kingdom of Tahiti">Tahiti</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Commonwealth realms</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Barbados" title="Monarchy of Barbados">Barbados</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Ceylon_(1948%E2%80%931972)" title="Monarchy of Ceylon (1948–1972)">Ceylon</a> (Sri Lanka)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Fiji" title="Monarchy of Fiji">Fiji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queen_of_the_Gambia" title="Queen of the Gambia">The Gambia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queen_of_Ghana" title="Queen of Ghana">Ghana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queen_of_Guyana" title="Queen of Guyana">Guyana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominion_of_India" title="Dominion of India">India</a> (<a href="/wiki/British_Raj" title="British Raj">British Raj</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/List_of_princely_states_of_British_India_(alphabetical)" title="List of princely states of British India (alphabetical)">princely states</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_Free_State" title="Irish Free State">Irish Free State</a> / <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Ireland" title="Republic of Ireland">Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queen_of_Kenya" title="Queen of Kenya">Kenya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queen_of_Malawi" title="Queen of Malawi">Malawi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queen_of_Malta" title="Queen of Malta">Malta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queen_of_Mauritius" title="Queen of Mauritius">Mauritius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queen_of_Nigeria" class="mw-redirect" title="Queen of Nigeria">Nigeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Pakistan" title="Monarchy of Pakistan">Pakistan</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Queen_of_Rhodesia" title="Queen of Rhodesia">Rhodesia</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queen_of_Sierra_Leone" title="Queen of Sierra Leone">Sierra Leone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_South_Africa" title="Monarchy of South Africa">South Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queen_of_Tanganyika" title="Queen of Tanganyika">Tanganyika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queen_of_Trinidad_and_Tobago" title="Queen of Trinidad and Tobago">Trinidad and Tobago</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queen_of_Uganda" title="Queen of Uganda">Uganda</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Commonwealth_realms_and_dominions" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Commonwealth_realms" title="Template:Commonwealth realms"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Commonwealth_realms" title="Template talk:Commonwealth realms"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Commonwealth_realms" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Commonwealth realms"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Commonwealth_realms_and_dominions" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_realm" title="Commonwealth realm">Commonwealth realms</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dominion" title="Dominion">dominions</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Current</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Antigua and Barbuda</a> (<a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Antigua_and_Barbuda" title="Monarchy of Antigua and Barbuda">monarchy</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a> (<a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Australia" title="Monarchy of Australia">monarchy</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Bahamas" title="The Bahamas">Bahamas</a> (<a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_the_Bahamas" title="Monarchy of the Bahamas">monarchy</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belize" title="Belize">Belize</a> (<a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Belize" title="Monarchy of Belize">monarchy</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a> (<a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Canada" title="Monarchy of Canada">monarchy</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grenada" title="Grenada">Grenada</a> (<a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Grenada" title="Monarchy of Grenada">monarchy</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jamaica" title="Jamaica">Jamaica</a> (<a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Jamaica" title="Monarchy of Jamaica">monarchy</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Realm_of_New_Zealand" title="Realm of New Zealand">Realm of New Zealand</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_in_the_Cook_Islands" title="Monarchy in the Cook Islands">Cook Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_New_Zealand" title="Monarchy of New Zealand">New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Niuean_monarchs" title="List of Niuean monarchs">Niue</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papua_New_Guinea" title="Papua New Guinea">Papua New Guinea</a> (<a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Papua_New_Guinea" title="Monarchy of Papua New Guinea">monarchy</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Kitts_and_Nevis" title="Saint Kitts and Nevis">Saint Kitts and Nevis</a> (<a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Saint_Kitts_and_Nevis" title="Monarchy of Saint Kitts and Nevis">monarchy</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Lucia" title="Saint Lucia">Saint Lucia</a> (<a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Saint_Lucia" title="Monarchy of Saint Lucia">monarchy</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Vincent_and_the_Grenadines" title="Saint Vincent and the Grenadines">Saint Vincent and the Grenadines</a> (<a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Saint_Vincent_and_the_Grenadines" title="Monarchy of Saint Vincent and the Grenadines">monarchy</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solomon_Islands" title="Solomon Islands">Solomon Islands</a> (<a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Solomon_Islands" title="Monarchy of Solomon Islands">monarchy</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuvalu" title="Tuvalu">Tuvalu</a> (<a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Tuvalu" title="Monarchy of Tuvalu">monarchy</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a> (<a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Monarchy of the United Kingdom">monarchy</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Former</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Barbados" title="Barbados">Barbados</a> (<a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Barbados" title="Monarchy of Barbados">monarchy</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominion_of_Ceylon" title="Dominion of Ceylon">Ceylon</a> (<a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Ceylon_(1948%E2%80%931972)" title="Monarchy of Ceylon (1948–1972)">monarchy</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominion_of_Fiji" title="Dominion of Fiji">Fiji</a> (<a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Fiji" title="Monarchy of Fiji">monarchy</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Gambia_(1965%E2%80%931970)" title="The Gambia (1965–1970)">The Gambia</a> (<a href="/wiki/Queen_of_the_Gambia" title="Queen of the Gambia">monarchy</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominion_of_Ghana" title="Dominion of Ghana">Ghana</a> (<a href="/wiki/Queen_of_Ghana" title="Queen of Ghana">monarchy</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guyana_(1966%E2%80%931970)" title="Guyana (1966–1970)">Guyana</a> (<a href="/wiki/Queen_of_Guyana" title="Queen of Guyana">monarchy</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominion_of_India" title="Dominion of India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_Free_State" title="Irish Free State">Ireland</a> (<a href="/wiki/Irish_head_of_state_from_1922_to_1949" title="Irish head of state from 1922 to 1949">monarchy</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenya_(1963%E2%80%931964)" title="Kenya (1963–1964)">Kenya</a> (<a href="/wiki/Queen_of_Kenya" title="Queen of Kenya">monarchy</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Malawi#Independence" title="History of Malawi">Malawi</a> (<a href="/wiki/Queen_of_Malawi" title="Queen of Malawi">monarchy</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_of_Malta" title="State of Malta">Malta</a> (<a href="/wiki/Queen_of_Malta" title="Queen of Malta">monarchy</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mauritius_(1968%E2%80%931992)" title="Mauritius (1968–1992)">Mauritius</a> (<a href="/wiki/Queen_of_Mauritius" title="Queen of Mauritius">monarchy</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominion_of_Newfoundland" title="Dominion of Newfoundland">Newfoundland</a><sup>1</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federation_of_Nigeria" title="Federation of Nigeria">Nigeria</a> (<a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Nigeria_(1960%E2%80%931963)" title="Monarchy of Nigeria (1960–1963)">monarchy</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominion_of_Pakistan" title="Dominion of Pakistan">Pakistan</a> (<a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Pakistan" title="Monarchy of Pakistan">monarchy</a>)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Rhodesia" title="Rhodesia">Rhodesia</a><sup>2</sup></i> (<a href="/wiki/Queen_of_Rhodesia" title="Queen of Rhodesia">monarchy</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sierra_Leone_(1961%E2%80%931971)" title="Sierra Leone (1961–1971)">Sierra Leone</a> (<a href="/wiki/Queen_of_Sierra_Leone" title="Queen of Sierra Leone">monarchy</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Union_of_South_Africa" title="Union of South Africa">South Africa</a> (<a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_South_Africa" title="Monarchy of South Africa">monarchy</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanganyika_(1961%E2%80%931964)" title="Tanganyika (1961–1964)">Tanganyika</a> (<a href="/wiki/Queen_of_Tanganyika" title="Queen of Tanganyika">monarchy</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trinidad_and_Tobago" title="Trinidad and Tobago">Trinidad and Tobago</a> (<a href="/wiki/Queen_of_Trinidad_and_Tobago" title="Queen of Trinidad and Tobago">monarchy</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uganda_(1962%E2%80%931963)" title="Uganda (1962–1963)">Uganda</a> (<a href="/wiki/Queen_of_Uganda" title="Queen of Uganda">monarchy</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow plainlist" colspan="2"><div> <dl><dd><sup>1</sup> <span class="wrap">Annexed by Canada in 1949</span></dd> <dd><sup>2</sup> <span class="wrap"><a href="/wiki/Rhodesia%27s_Unilateral_Declaration_of_Independence" title="Rhodesia's Unilateral Declaration of Independence">Rhodesia unilaterally declared independence</a> in 1965, but this was not recognised internationally. Declared itself a republic in 1970.</span></dd></dl> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="English-speaking_world" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:English_official_language_clickable_map" title="Template:English official language clickable map"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:English_official_language_clickable_map" title="Template talk:English official language clickable map"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:English_official_language_clickable_map" title="Special:EditPage/Template:English official language clickable map"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="English-speaking_world" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/English_language#Geographical_distribution" title="English language">English-speaking world</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><figure class="mw-halign-center noresize mw-ext-imagemap-desc-bottom-right" typeof="mw:File"><span title="English speaking countries"><img alt="English speaking countries" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Anglophone_World.svg/600px-Anglophone_World.svg.png" decoding="async" width="600" height="304" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Anglophone_World.svg/900px-Anglophone_World.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Anglophone_World.svg/1200px-Anglophone_World.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1920" data-file-height="974" resource="/wiki/File:Anglophone_World.svg" /></span><figcaption>English speaking countries</figcaption></figure></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Further_links" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Further links</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.25em">Articles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/English-speaking_world" title="English-speaking world">English-speaking world</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_English_language" class="mw-redirect" title="History of the English language">History of the English language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Empire" title="British Empire">British Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_in_the_Commonwealth_of_Nations" title="English in the Commonwealth of Nations">English in the Commonwealth of Nations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglosphere" title="Anglosphere">Anglosphere</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.25em">Lists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0;text-align:left;color:darkblue;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_English-speaking_population" title="List of countries by English-speaking population">List of countries by English-speaking population</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_where_English_is_an_official_language" class="mw-redirect" title="List of countries where English is an official language">List of countries where English is an official language</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:blue;"><span style="padding-left:1.0em;"> </span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div id="*_Countries_and_territories_where_English_is_the_national_language_or_the_native_language_of_the_majority"> <ul><li><b>Countries and territories where English is the national language or the native language of the majority</b></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Africa" title="Languages of Africa">Africa</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Saint_Helena,_Ascension_and_Tristan_da_Cunha" title="Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha">Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Anglo-America" title="Anglo-America">Americas</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Anguilla" title="Anguilla">Anguilla</a></i></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Antigua and Barbuda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Bahamas" title="The Bahamas">The Bahamas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbados" title="Barbados">Barbados</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belize" title="Belize">Belize</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Bermuda" title="Bermuda">Bermuda</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/British_Virgin_Islands" title="British Virgin Islands">British Virgin Islands</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Cayman_Islands" title="Cayman Islands">Cayman Islands</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominica" title="Dominica">Dominica</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Falkland_Islands" title="Falkland Islands">Falkland Islands</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grenada" title="Grenada">Grenada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guyana" title="Guyana">Guyana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jamaica" title="Jamaica">Jamaica</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Montserrat" title="Montserrat">Montserrat</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Saba_(island)" title="Saba (island)">Saba</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Kitts_and_Nevis" title="Saint Kitts and Nevis">Saint Kitts and Nevis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Lucia" title="Saint Lucia">Saint Lucia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Vincent_and_the_Grenadines" title="Saint Vincent and the Grenadines">Saint Vincent and the Grenadines</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sint_Eustatius" title="Sint Eustatius">Sint Eustatius</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sint_Maarten" title="Sint Maarten">Sint Maarten</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/South_Georgia_and_the_South_Sandwich_Islands" title="South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands">South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trinidad_and_Tobago" title="Trinidad and Tobago">Trinidad and Tobago</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Turks_and_Caicos_Islands" title="Turks and Caicos Islands">Turks and Caicos Islands</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/United_States_Virgin_Islands" title="United States Virgin Islands">United States Virgin Islands</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/English_language_in_Europe" title="English language in Europe">Europe</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Guernsey" title="Guernsey">Guernsey</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Ireland" title="Republic of Ireland">Ireland</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Isle_of_Man" title="Isle of Man">Isle of Man</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Jersey" title="Jersey">Jersey</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Oceania" title="Languages of Oceania">Oceania</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Zealand" title="New Zealand">New Zealand</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Norfolk_Island" title="Norfolk Island">Norfolk Island</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pitcairn_Islands" title="Pitcairn Islands">Pitcairn Islands</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:lightblue;"><span style="padding-left:1.0em;"> </span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div id="*_Countries_and_territories_where_English_is_an_official_language,_but_not_the_majority_first_language"> <ul><li><b>Countries and territories where English is an official language, but not the majority first language</b></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Africa</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Botswana" title="Botswana">Botswana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cameroon" title="Cameroon">Cameroon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eswatini" title="Eswatini">Eswatini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Gambia" title="The Gambia">The Gambia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghana" title="Ghana">Ghana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenya" title="Kenya">Kenya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lesotho" title="Lesotho">Lesotho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberia" title="Liberia">Liberia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malawi" title="Malawi">Malawi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mauritius" title="Mauritius">Mauritius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Namibia" title="Namibia">Namibia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nigeria" title="Nigeria">Nigeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rwanda" title="Rwanda">Rwanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sierra_Leone" title="Sierra Leone">Sierra Leone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somaliland" title="Somaliland">Somaliland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Africa" title="South Africa">South Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Sudan" title="South Sudan">South Sudan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sudan" title="Sudan">Sudan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanzania" title="Tanzania">Tanzania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uganda" title="Uganda">Uganda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zambia" title="Zambia">Zambia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zimbabwe" title="Zimbabwe">Zimbabwe</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Americas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Puerto_Rico" title="Puerto Rico">Puerto Rico</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Asia" title="Languages of Asia">Asia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Christmas_Island" title="Christmas Island">Christmas Island</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Cocos_(Keeling)_Islands" title="Cocos (Keeling) Islands">Cocos (Keeling) Islands</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong" title="Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Singapore" title="Singapore">Singapore</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Europe</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Gibraltar" title="Gibraltar">Gibraltar</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Akrotiri_and_Dhekelia" title="Akrotiri and Dhekelia">Akrotiri and Dhekelia</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malta" title="Malta">Malta</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Oceania</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/American_Samoa" title="American Samoa">American Samoa</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cook_Islands" title="Cook Islands">Cook Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fiji" title="Fiji">Fiji</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Guam" title="Guam">Guam</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kiribati" title="Kiribati">Kiribati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marshall_Islands" title="Marshall Islands">Marshall Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federated_States_of_Micronesia" title="Federated States of Micronesia">Micronesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nauru" title="Nauru">Nauru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niue" title="Niue">Niue</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Northern_Mariana_Islands" title="Northern Mariana Islands">Northern Mariana Islands</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palau" title="Palau">Palau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papua_New_Guinea" title="Papua New Guinea">Papua New Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samoa" title="Samoa">Samoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solomon_Islands" title="Solomon Islands">Solomon Islands</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tokelau" title="Tokelau">Tokelau</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuvalu" title="Tuvalu">Tuvalu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vanuatu" title="Vanuatu">Vanuatu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><a href="/wiki/Dependent_territory" title="Dependent territory">Dependencies</a> shown in <i>italics</i>.</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q781#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q781#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q781#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000086801343">ISNI</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/125789813">VIAF</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/1225425/">FAST</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJpymRGvQHd7YRhjppV9jC">WorldCat</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4086593-9">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n83129820">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb14549586h">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb14549586h">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00798403">Japan</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Antigua a Barbuda"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ge381340&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007555094705171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Geographic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://musicbrainz.org/area/2a8cc14f-8d47-389b-b54d-e94312b23d27">MusicBrainz area</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Artists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://kulturnav.org/79578eba-61bd-4139-a3eb-5d871c1b822b">KulturNav</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.parliament.uk/gLIbQsXB">UK Parliament</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/02722774X">IdRef</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalog.archives.gov/id/10035702">NARA</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://esu.com.ua/search_articles.php?id=42874">Encyclopedia of Modern Ukraine</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <p><span class="geo-inline-hidden noexcerpt"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Antigua_and_Barbuda&params=17_03_N_61_48_W_type:country_region:AG"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">17°03′N</span> <span 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