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</button> <ul id="toc-Historical_usage-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Prehistoric_Proto-Indo-Iranians" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Prehistoric_Proto-Indo-Iranians"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1 Prehistoric Proto-Indo-Iranians </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Prehistoric_Proto-Indo-Iranians-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ancient_times" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ancient_times"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2 Ancient times </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ancient_times-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Ancient_India" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ancient_India"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2.1 Ancient India </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ancient_India-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ancient_Iran" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ancient_Iran"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2.2 Ancient Iran </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ancient_Iran-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Indo-Iranian_place_names" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Indo-Iranian_place_names"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2.3 Indo-Iranian place names </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Indo-Iranian_place_names-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Graeco-Latin_literature" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Graeco-Latin_literature"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2.4 Graeco-Latin literature </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Graeco-Latin_literature-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Modern_times" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Modern_times"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3 Modern times </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Modern_times-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Iranian_nationalism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Iranian_nationalism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3.1 Iranian nationalism </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Iranian_nationalism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Religious_use" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Religious_use"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3.2 Religious use </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Religious_use-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Personal_names" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Personal_names"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3.3 Personal names </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Personal_names-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Scholarship" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Scholarship"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Scholarship </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Scholarship-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Scholarship subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Scholarship-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-19th_and_early_20th_century" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#19th_and_early_20th_century"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 19th and early 20th century </div> </a> <ul id="toc-19th_and_early_20th_century-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Contemporary_scholarship" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Contemporary_scholarship"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2 Contemporary scholarship </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Contemporary_scholarship-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Aryanism_and_racism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Aryanism_and_racism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Aryanism and racism </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Aryanism_and_racism-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Aryanism and racism subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Aryanism_and_racism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Invention_of_the_'Aryan_race'" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Invention_of_the_'Aryan_race'"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 Invention of the 'Aryan race' </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Invention_of_the_'Aryan_race'-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Early_Romantic_views" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_Romantic_views"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1.1 Early Romantic views </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_Romantic_views-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-North_European_hypothesis" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#North_European_hypothesis"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1.2 North European hypothesis </div> </a> <ul id="toc-North_European_hypothesis-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Theories_of_racial_supremacy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Theories_of_racial_supremacy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2 Theories of racial supremacy </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Theories_of_racial_supremacy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Transition_to_racial_biology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Transition_to_racial_biology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2.1 Transition to racial biology </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Transition_to_racial_biology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Aryan_race_and_antisemitism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Aryan_race_and_antisemitism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2.2 Aryan race and antisemitism </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Aryan_race_and_antisemitism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Nazi_racial_theories" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nazi_racial_theories"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2.3 Nazi racial theories </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nazi_racial_theories-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Aryanism_in_India" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Aryanism_in_India"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3 Aryanism in India </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Aryanism_in_India-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Racial_interpretations_of_the_Rigveda" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Racial_interpretations_of_the_Rigveda"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3.1 Racial interpretations of the Rigveda </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Racial_interpretations_of_the_Rigveda-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-British_Raj" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#British_Raj"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3.2 British Raj </div> </a> <ul id="toc-British_Raj-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-"Aryan_invasion_theory"" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#"Aryan_invasion_theory""> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3.3 "Aryan invasion theory" </div> </a> <ul id="toc-"Aryan_invasion_theory"-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Notes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 References </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle References subsection </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.1 Bibliography </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Further reading </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Aryan</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 74 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-74" aria-hidden="true" > 74 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arier" title="Arier – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Arier" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Alemannisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%D8%B1%D9%8A%D9%88%D9%86" title="آريون – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="آريون" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aril%C9%99r" title="Arilər – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Arilər" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%86%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF" title="আর্য – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="আর্য" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%80%D1%8B%D1%96" title="Арыі – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Арыі" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%80%D1%8B%D1%96" title="Арыі – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Арыі" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg badge-Q70894304 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B8" title="Арии – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Арии" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aris_(poble)" title="Aris (poble) – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Aris (poble)" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%81rjov%C3%A9" title="Árjové – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Árjové" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arier" title="Arier – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Arier" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arier" title="Arier – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Arier" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aarjalased" title="Aarjalased – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Aarjalased" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%86%CF%81%CE%B9%CE%BF%CF%82" title="Άριος – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Άριος" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arios" title="Arios – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Arios" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arjoj" title="Arjoj – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Arjoj" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ariar" title="Ariar – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Ariar" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%A7%DB%8C%DB%8C" title="آریایی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="آریایی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aryens" title="Aryens – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Aryens" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ari%C3%ABrs" title="Ariërs – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Ariërs" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Frysk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gom mw-list-item"><a href="https://gom.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aryan" title="Aryan – Goan Konkani" lang="gom" hreflang="gom" data-title="Aryan" data-language-autonym="गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni" data-language-local-name="Goan Konkani" class="interlanguage-link-target">गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aryan-ng%C3%ACn" title="Aryan-ngìn – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Aryan-ngìn" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%95%84%EB%A6%AC%EC%95%84%EC%9D%B8" title="아리아인 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="아리아인" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B1%D6%80%D5%AB%D5%B6%D5%A5%D6%80" title="Արիներ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Արիներ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF" title="आर्य – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="आर्य" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aryani" title="Aryani – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Aryani" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ido</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arya" title="Arya – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Arya" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erani" title="Erani – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Erani" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%86%E0%B2%B0%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%AF%E0%B2%B0%E0%B3%81" title="ಆರ್ಯರು – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಆರ್ಯರು" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target">ಕನ್ನಡ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98%E1%83%94%E1%83%9A%E1%83%94%E1%83%91%E1%83%98" title="არიელები – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="არიელები" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Арилер – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Арилер" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waarya" title="Waarya – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Waarya" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kiswahili</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Арилер – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Арилер" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кыргызча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%80rya" title="Ārya – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Ārya" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%80rie%C5%A1i" title="Ārieši – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Ārieši" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arijai" title="Arijai – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Arijai" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indoir%C3%A1ni_n%C3%A9pek" title="Indoiráni népek – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Indoiráni népek" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ari%C3%A0na_(vahoaka)" title="Ariàna (vahoaka) – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Ariàna (vahoaka)" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malagasy</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%86%E0%B4%B0%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AF%E0%B5%BB" title="ആര്യൻ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ആര്യൻ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF" title="आर्य – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="आर्य" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target">मराठी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98%E1%83%90%E1%83%9A%E1%83%94%E1%83%A4%E1%83%98" title="არიალეფი – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="არიალეფი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target">მარგალური</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arya" title="Arya – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Arya" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ari%C3%ABrs" title="Ariërs – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Ariërs" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF" title="आर्य – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="आर्य" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A2%E3%83%BC%E3%83%AA%E3%82%A2%E4%BA%BA" title="アーリア人 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="アーリア人" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ariere" title="Ariere – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Ariere" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ariar" title="Ariar – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Ariar" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oriylar" title="Oriylar – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Oriylar" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%A7" title="آریا – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="آریا" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A7%D9%8A%D8%A7%D9%86" title="اريايان – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="اريايان" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target">پښتو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ariowie" title="Ariowie – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Ariowie" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arianos" title="Arianos – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Arianos" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arian" title="Arian – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Arian" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B8" title="Арии – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Арии" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B9%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Аарийдар – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Аарийдар" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target">Саха тыла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-skr mw-list-item"><a href="https://skr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%A7" title="آریا – Saraiki" lang="skr" hreflang="skr" data-title="آریا" data-language-autonym="سرائیکی" data-language-local-name="Saraiki" class="interlanguage-link-target">سرائیکی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aryan" title="Aryan – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Aryan" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A7" title="آريا – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="آريا" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target">سنڌي</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%81rijci" title="Árijci – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Árijci" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0%D1%86" title="Аријац – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Аријац" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arjalaiset" title="Arjalaiset – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Arjalaiset" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arier" title="Arier – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Arier" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aryan" title="Aryan – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Aryan" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tagalog</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%86%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D" title="ஆரியர் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="ஆரியர்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aril%C3%A4r" title="Arilär – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Arilär" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Татарча / tatarça</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%99" title="ชาวอารยัน – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ชาวอารยัน" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%91%D3%A3" title="Ориёӣ – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Ориёӣ" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target">Тоҷикӣ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aryan" title="Aryan – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Aryan" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%80%D1%96%D1%97" title="Арії – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Арії" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%A7" title="آریا – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="آریا" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arya" title="Arya – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Arya" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%9B%85%E5%88%A9%E5%AE%89%E4%BA%BA" title="雅利安人 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="雅利安人" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target">吴语</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%9B%85%E5%88%A9%E5%AE%89%E4%BA%BA" title="雅利安人 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="雅利安人" 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<div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Self-designation used by ancient Indo-Iranian peoples</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Arya" redirects here. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Arya_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Arya (disambiguation)">Arya (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the cultural and historical concept. 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screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Indo-European" title="Category:Indo-European">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="padding-top:0.2em;background:rgb(220,245,220);"><a href="/wiki/Category:Indo-European" title="Category:Indo-European">Indo-European topics</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Indo-European_migrations.gif" title="File:Indo-European migrations.gif"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Indo-European_migrations.gif/140px-Indo-European_migrations.gif" decoding="async" width="140" height="70" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Indo-European_migrations.gif/210px-Indo-European_migrations.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Indo-European_migrations.gif/280px-Indo-European_migrations.gif 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="598" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:rgb(220,245,220);padding-left:0.4em;text-align:left;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Indo-European_languages" title="Indo-European languages">Languages</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"><hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Indo-European_languages" title="List of Indo-European languages">List of Indo-European languages</a></li></ul> <hr /> <dl><dt>Extant</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albanoid" title="Albanoid">Albanoid</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albanian_language" title="Albanian language">Albanian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_language" title="Armenian language">Armenian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balto-Slavic_languages" title="Balto-Slavic languages">Balto-Slavic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baltic_languages" title="Baltic languages">Baltic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavic_languages" title="Slavic languages">Slavic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_languages" title="Celtic languages">Celtic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germanic_languages" title="Germanic languages">Germanic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hellenic_languages" title="Hellenic languages">Hellenic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Iranian_languages" title="Indo-Iranian languages">Indo-Iranian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Aryan_languages" title="Indo-Aryan languages">Indo-Aryan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_languages" title="Iranian languages">Iranian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuristani_languages" title="Nuristani languages">Nuristani</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italic_languages" title="Italic languages">Italic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Romance_languages" title="Romance languages">Romance</a></li></ul></li></ul> <dl><dt>Extinct</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anatolian_languages" title="Anatolian languages">Anatolian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tocharian_languages" title="Tocharian languages">Tocharian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paleo-Balkan_languages" title="Paleo-Balkan languages">Paleo-Balkan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dacian_language" title="Dacian language">Dacian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illyrian_language" title="Illyrian language">Illyrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liburnian_language" title="Liburnian language">Liburnian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Messapic_language" title="Messapic language">Messapic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mysian_language" title="Mysian language">Mysian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paeonian_language" title="Paeonian language">Paeonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phrygian_language" title="Phrygian language">Phrygian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thracian_language" title="Thracian language">Thracian</a></li></ul></li></ul> <hr /> <dl><dt>Reconstructed</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-European_language" title="Proto-Indo-European language">Proto-Indo-European language</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-European_phonology" title="Proto-Indo-European phonology">Phonology</a>: <a href="/wiki/Indo-European_sound_laws" title="Indo-European sound laws">Sound laws</a>, <a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-European_accent" title="Proto-Indo-European accent">Accent</a>, <a href="/wiki/Indo-European_ablaut" title="Indo-European ablaut">Ablaut</a></li></ul></li></ul> <hr /> <dl><dt>Hypothetical</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Paleo-Balkan_languages" title="Paleo-Balkan languages">Balkanic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daco-Thracian" class="mw-redirect" title="Daco-Thracian">Daco-Thracian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Graeco-Albanian" title="Graeco-Albanian">Graeco-Albanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Graeco-Armenian" title="Graeco-Armenian">Graeco-Armenian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Graeco-Aryan" title="Graeco-Aryan">Graeco-Aryan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Graeco-Phrygian" title="Graeco-Phrygian">Graeco-Phrygian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Hittite" title="Indo-Hittite">Indo-Hittite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italo-Celtic" title="Italo-Celtic">Italo-Celtic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thraco-Illyrian" title="Thraco-Illyrian">Thraco-Illyrian</a></li></ul> <hr /> <dl><dt>Grammar</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indo-European_vocabulary" title="Indo-European vocabulary">Vocabulary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-European_root" title="Proto-Indo-European root">Root</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-European_verbs" title="Proto-Indo-European verbs">Verbs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-European_nominals" title="Proto-Indo-European nominals">Nouns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-European_pronouns" title="Proto-Indo-European pronouns">Pronouns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-European_numerals" title="Proto-Indo-European numerals">Numerals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-European_particles" title="Proto-Indo-European particles">Particles</a></li></ul> <hr /> <dl><dt>Other</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Albanian_language" title="Proto-Albanian language">Proto-Albanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Anatolian_language" title="Proto-Anatolian language">Proto-Anatolian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Armenian_language" title="Proto-Armenian language">Proto-Armenian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Germanic_language" title="Proto-Germanic language">Proto-Germanic</a> (<a href="/wiki/Proto-Norse_language" title="Proto-Norse language">Proto-Norse</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Italo-Celtic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Proto-Italo-Celtic language">Proto-Italo-Celtic</a> (<a href="/wiki/Proto-Celtic_language" title="Proto-Celtic language">Proto-Celtic</a> · <a href="/wiki/Proto-Italic_language" title="Proto-Italic language">Proto-Italic</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Greek_language" title="Proto-Greek language">Proto-Greek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Balto-Slavic_language" title="Proto-Balto-Slavic language">Proto-Balto-Slavic</a> (<a href="/wiki/Proto-Slavic_language" title="Proto-Slavic language">Proto-Slavic</a> · <a href="/wiki/Proto-Baltic_language" title="Proto-Baltic language">Proto-Baltic</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-Iranian_language" title="Proto-Indo-Iranian language">Proto-Indo-Iranian</a> (<a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-Aryan_language" title="Proto-Indo-Aryan language">Proto-Indo-Aryan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Proto-Iranian_language" title="Proto-Iranian language">Proto-Iranian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Proto-Nuristani_language" title="Proto-Nuristani language">Proto-Nuristani</a>)</li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:rgb(220,245,220);padding-left:0.4em;text-align:left;;color: var(--color-base)">Philology</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hittite_inscriptions" title="Hittite inscriptions">Hittite inscriptions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hieroglyphic_Luwian" class="mw-redirect" title="Hieroglyphic Luwian">Hieroglyphic Luwian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linear_B" title="Linear B">Linear B</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rigveda" title="Rigveda">Rigveda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avesta" title="Avesta">Avesta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homer" title="Homer">Homer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Behistun_Inscription" title="Behistun Inscription">Behistun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_inscriptions" title="Greek inscriptions">Greek epigraphy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phrygian_language#Inscriptions" title="Phrygian language">Phrygian epigraphy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Messapic_language#Inscriptions" title="Messapic language">Messapic epigraphy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Latin#Corpus" title="Old Latin">Latin epigraphy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaulish#Corpus" title="Gaulish">Gaulish epigraphy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Runic_inscriptions" title="Runic inscriptions">Runic epigraphy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ogham" title="Ogham">Ogham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gothic_Bible" title="Gothic Bible">Gothic Bible</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bible_translations_into_Armenian" title="Bible translations into Armenian">Bible translations into Armenian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tocharian_script" title="Tocharian script">Tocharian script</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Irish#Sources" title="Old Irish">Old Irish glosses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kanun_(Albania)" title="Kanun (Albania)">Albanian Kanun</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:rgb(220,245,220);padding-left:0.4em;text-align:left;;color: var(--color-base)">Origins</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-European_homeland" title="Proto-Indo-European homeland">Homeland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-Europeans" title="Proto-Indo-Europeans">Proto-Indo-Europeans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-European_society" title="Proto-Indo-European society">Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-European_mythology" title="Proto-Indo-European mythology">Religion</a></li></ul> <hr /> <dl><dt>Mainstream </dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kurgan_hypothesis" title="Kurgan hypothesis">Kurgan hypothesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo-European_migrations" title="Indo-European migrations">Indo-European migrations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eurasian_nomads" title="Eurasian nomads">Eurasian nomads</a></li></ul> <hr /> <dl><dt>Alternative and fringe </dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anatolian_hypothesis" title="Anatolian hypothesis">Anatolian hypothesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_hypothesis" title="Armenian hypothesis">Armenian hypothesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beech_argument" title="Beech argument">Beech argument</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_Aryanism" title="Indigenous Aryanism">Indigenous Aryanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-European_homeland#Baltic_homeland" title="Proto-Indo-European homeland">Baltic homeland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paleolithic_continuity_theory" class="mw-redirect" title="Paleolithic continuity theory">Paleolithic continuity theory</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:rgb(220,245,220);padding-left:0.4em;text-align:left;;color: var(--color-base)">Archaeology</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Chalcolithic" title="Chalcolithic">Chalcolithic (Copper Age)</a> </dt></dl> Pontic Steppe <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Domestication_of_the_horse" title="Domestication of the horse">Domestication of the horse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurgan" title="Kurgan">Kurgan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kurgan_stelae" title="Kurgan stelae">Kurgan stelae</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurgan_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Kurgan culture">Kurgan culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Horse,_the_Wheel,_and_Language" title="The Horse, the Wheel, and Language">Steppe cultures</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bug%E2%80%93Dniester_culture" title="Bug–Dniester culture">Bug–Dniester</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sredny_Stog_culture" title="Sredny Stog culture">Sredny Stog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dnieper%E2%80%93Donets_culture" title="Dnieper–Donets culture">Dnieper–Donets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samara_culture" title="Samara culture">Samara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khvalynsk_culture" title="Khvalynsk culture">Khvalynsk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yamnaya_culture" title="Yamnaya culture">Yamnaya</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mikhaylovka_culture" title="Mikhaylovka culture">Mikhaylovka culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Novotitarovskaya_culture" title="Novotitarovskaya culture">Novotitarovskaya culture</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> Caucasus <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Maykop_culture" title="Maykop culture">Maykop</a></li></ul> East Asia <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afanasievo_culture" title="Afanasievo culture">Afanasievo</a></li></ul> Eastern Europe <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Usatovo_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Usatovo culture">Usatovo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cernavod%C4%83_culture" title="Cernavodă culture">Cernavodă</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cucuteni%E2%80%93Trypillia_culture" title="Cucuteni–Trypillia culture">Cucuteni</a></li></ul> Northern Europe <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Corded_Ware_culture" title="Corded Ware culture">Corded ware</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baden_culture" title="Baden culture">Baden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_Dnieper_culture" title="Middle Dnieper culture">Middle Dnieper</a></li></ul></li></ul> <hr /> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Bronze_Age" title="Bronze Age">Bronze Age</a> </dt></dl> Pontic Steppe <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chariot" title="Chariot">Chariot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yamnaya_culture" title="Yamnaya culture">Yamnaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catacomb_culture" title="Catacomb culture">Catacomb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multi-cordoned_ware_culture" title="Multi-cordoned ware culture">Multi-cordoned ware</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poltavka_culture" title="Poltavka culture">Poltavka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Srubnaya_culture" title="Srubnaya culture">Srubnaya</a></li></ul> Northern/Eastern Steppe <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abashevo_culture" title="Abashevo culture">Abashevo culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andronovo_culture" title="Andronovo culture">Andronovo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sintashta_culture" title="Sintashta culture">Sintashta</a></li></ul> Europe <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Globular_Amphora_culture" title="Globular Amphora culture">Globular Amphora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corded_Ware_culture" title="Corded Ware culture">Corded ware</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bell_Beaker_culture" title="Bell Beaker culture">Bell Beaker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%9An%C4%9Btice_culture" title="Únětice culture">Únětice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trzciniec_culture" title="Trzciniec culture">Trzciniec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nordic_Bronze_Age" title="Nordic Bronze Age">Nordic Bronze Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terramare_culture" title="Terramare culture">Terramare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tumulus_culture" title="Tumulus culture">Tumulus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urnfield_culture" title="Urnfield culture">Urnfield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Villanovan_culture" title="Proto-Villanovan culture">Proto-Villanovan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lusatian_culture" title="Lusatian culture">Lusatian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Este_culture" title="Este culture">Este</a></li></ul> South Asia <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bishkent_culture" title="Bishkent culture">Bishkent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vakhsh_culture" title="Vakhsh culture">Vakhsh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bactria%E2%80%93Margiana_Archaeological_Complex" title="Bactria–Margiana Archaeological Complex">BMAC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ochre_Coloured_Pottery_culture" title="Ochre Coloured Pottery culture">Ochre Coloured Pottery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copper_Hoard_culture" title="Copper Hoard culture">Copper Hoard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cemetery_H_culture" title="Cemetery H culture">Cemetery H</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gandhara_grave_culture" title="Gandhara grave culture">Gandhara grave</a></li></ul> <hr /> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Iron_Age" title="Iron Age">Iron Age</a></dt></dl> Steppe <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chernoles_culture" title="Chernoles culture">Chernoles</a></li></ul> Europe <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thraco-Cimmerian" title="Thraco-Cimmerian">Thraco-Cimmerian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hallstatt_culture" title="Hallstatt culture">Hallstatt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latial_culture" title="Latial culture">Latial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jastorf_culture" title="Jastorf culture">Jastorf</a></li></ul> Caucasus <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Colchian_culture" title="Colchian culture">Colchian</a></li></ul> Central Asia <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yaz_culture" title="Yaz culture">Yaz</a></li></ul> India <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Painted_Grey_Ware_culture" title="Painted Grey Ware culture">Painted Grey Ware</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Black_Polished_Ware" title="Northern Black Polished Ware">Northern Black Polished Ware</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:rgb(220,245,220);padding-left:0.4em;text-align:left;;color: var(--color-base)">Peoples and societies</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Bronze_Age" title="Bronze Age">Bronze Age</a></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anatolian_peoples" title="Anatolian peoples">Anatolian peoples</a> (<a href="/wiki/Hittites" title="Hittites">Hittites</a>) </li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenians" title="Armenians">Armenians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mycenaean_Greece" title="Mycenaean Greece">Mycenaean Greeks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Iranians" title="Indo-Iranians">Indo-Iranians</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Iron_Age" title="Iron Age">Iron Age</a></dt></dl> Indo-Aryans <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Aryan_peoples" title="Indo-Aryan peoples">Indo-Aryans</a></li></ul> Iranians <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_peoples" title="Iranian peoples">Iranians</a></li></ul> Nuristanis <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nuristani_peoples" class="mw-redirect" title="Nuristani peoples">Nuristanis</a></li></ul> East Asia <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wusun" title="Wusun">Wusun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yuezhi" title="Yuezhi">Yuezhi</a></li></ul> Europe <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Celts" title="Celts">Celts</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gauls" title="Gauls">Gauls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtiberians" title="Celtiberians">Celtiberians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insular_Celts" title="Insular Celts">Insular Celts</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cimmerians" title="Cimmerians">Cimmerians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greeks" title="Greeks">Hellenic peoples</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italic_peoples" title="Italic peoples">Italic peoples</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germanic_peoples" title="Germanic peoples">Germanic peoples</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paleo-Balkan_languages" title="Paleo-Balkan languages">Paleo-Balkan</a>/<a href="/wiki/Iron_Age_Anatolia" class="mw-redirect" title="Iron Age Anatolia">Anatolia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thracians" title="Thracians">Thracians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dacians" title="Dacians">Dacians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illyrians" title="Illyrians">Illyrians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paeonians" title="Paeonians">Paeonians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phrygians" title="Phrygians">Phrygians</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scythians" title="Scythians">Scythians</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a></dt></dl> East Asia <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tocharians" title="Tocharians">Tocharians</a></li></ul> Europe <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Origin_of_the_Albanians" title="Origin of the Albanians">Albanians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balts" title="Balts">Balts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_Slavs" title="Early Slavs">Slavs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norsemen" title="Norsemen">Norsemen</a>/<a href="/wiki/North_Germanic_peoples" title="North Germanic peoples">Medieval Scandinavians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a></li></ul> Indo-Aryan <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_India" title="Medieval India">Medieval India</a></li></ul> Iranian <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Iran" title="Greater Iran">Greater Iran</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:rgb(220,245,220);padding-left:0.4em;text-align:left;;color: var(--color-base)">Religion and mythology</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <dl><dt>Reconstructed</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-European_mythology" title="Proto-Indo-European mythology">Proto-Indo-European mythology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-Iranian_paganism" title="Proto-Indo-Iranian paganism">Proto-Indo-Iranian paganism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_Vedic_religion" title="Historical Vedic religion">Historical Vedic religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Iranian_religion" title="Ancient Iranian religion">Ancient Iranian religion</a></li></ul> <hr /> <dl><dt>Historical</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hittite_mythology_and_religion" title="Hittite mythology and religion">Hittite</a></li></ul> <a href="/wiki/Indian_religions" title="Indian religions">Indo-Aryan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Historical_Vedic_religion" title="Historical Vedic religion">Vedic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hinduism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jainism" title="Jainism">Jainism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikhism" title="Sikhism">Sikhism</a></li></ul> <a href="/wiki/Iranian_religions" title="Iranian religions">Iranian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Persian_mythology" title="Persian mythology">Persian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zoroastrianism" title="Zoroastrianism">Zoroastrianism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurdish_mythology" title="Kurdish mythology">Kurdish</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yazidis" title="Yazidis">Yazidism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yarsanism" title="Yarsanism">Yarsanism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scythian_religion" title="Scythian religion">Scythian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ossetian_mythology" title="Ossetian mythology">Ossetian</a></li></ul></li></ul> Others <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_mythology" title="Armenian mythology">Armenian</a></li></ul> <a href="/wiki/European_paganism" class="mw-redirect" title="European paganism">European</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Paleo-Balkan_mythology" title="Paleo-Balkan mythology">Paleo-Balkan</a> (<a href="/wiki/Albanian_paganism" title="Albanian paganism">Albanian</a> · <a href="/wiki/Illyrian_religion" title="Illyrian religion">Illyrian</a> · <a href="/wiki/Thracian_religion" title="Thracian religion">Thracian</a> · <a href="/wiki/Dacian_religion" class="mw-redirect" title="Dacian religion">Dacian</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_religion" title="Ancient Greek religion">Greek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_ancient_Rome" title="Religion in ancient Rome">Roman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Celtic_religion" title="Ancient Celtic religion">Celtic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Irish_mythology" title="Irish mythology">Irish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_mythology" title="Scottish mythology">Scottish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Breton_mythology" title="Breton mythology">Breton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welsh_mythology" title="Welsh mythology">Welsh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cornish_mythology" title="Cornish mythology">Cornish</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germanic_paganism" title="Germanic paganism">Germanic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Saxon_paganism" title="Anglo-Saxon paganism">Anglo-Saxon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Continental_Germanic_mythology" title="Continental Germanic mythology">Continental</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Norse_religion" title="Old Norse religion">Norse</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baltic_mythology" title="Baltic mythology">Baltic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Latvian_mythology" title="Latvian mythology">Latvian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithuanian_mythology" title="Lithuanian mythology">Lithuanian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavic_paganism" title="Slavic paganism">Slavic</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>Practices</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fire_worship#Indo-European_religions" title="Fire worship">Fire rituals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horse_sacrifice" title="Horse sacrifice">Horse sacrifice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sati_(practice)" title="Sati (practice)">Sati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winter_solstice" title="Winter solstice">Winter solstice</a>/<a href="/wiki/Yule" title="Yule">Yule</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:rgb(220,245,220);padding-left:0.4em;text-align:left;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Indo-European_studies" title="Indo-European studies">Indo-European studies</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <dl><dt>Scholars</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Marija_Gimbutas" title="Marija Gimbutas">Marija Gimbutas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._P._Mallory" title="J. P. Mallory">J. P. Mallory</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>Institutes</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Copenhagen_Studies_in_Indo-European" title="Copenhagen Studies in Indo-European">Copenhagen Studies in Indo-European</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>Publications</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Encyclopedia_of_Indo-European_Culture" title="Encyclopedia of Indo-European Culture">Encyclopedia of Indo-European Culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Horse,_the_Wheel,_and_Language" title="The Horse, the Wheel, and Language">The Horse, the Wheel, and Language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Journal_of_Indo-European_Studies" title="Journal of Indo-European Studies">Journal of Indo-European Studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indogermanisches_etymologisches_W%C3%B6rterbuch" title="Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch">Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo-European_Etymological_Dictionary" title="Indo-European Etymological Dictionary">Indo-European Etymological Dictionary</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output 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href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks" style="border-collapse:collapse; text-align:center"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Hinduism" title="Category:Hinduism">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="padding:0.2em;background:#FFC569;margin-bottom:0.5em;"><a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hinduism</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><a href="/wiki/Om" title="Om"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/1_Om.svg/90px-1_Om.svg.png" decoding="async" width="90" height="93" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/1_Om.svg/135px-1_Om.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/1_Om.svg/180px-1_Om.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="356" data-file-height="367" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-above hlist" style="padding-bottom:0.35em; border:0;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hindus" title="Hindus">Hindus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_mythology" title="Hindu mythology">Mythology</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border:1px solid #FFC569;background:#FFC569;padding-top:0.1em;padding-left:3em; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Hinduism" title="History of Hinduism">Origins</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="text-align:center;padding-top:0; background-color:#FDE7B9; border:2px solid #FDE7B9">Historical <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Hinduism" title="History of Hinduism">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_of_the_Indus_Valley_Civilization" class="mw-redirect" title="Religion of the Indus Valley Civilization">Indus Valley Civilisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vedic_Hinduism" class="mw-redirect" title="Vedic Hinduism">Vedic Hinduism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dravidian_folk_religion" title="Dravidian folk religion">Dravidian folk religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9Arama%E1%B9%87a" title="Śramaṇa">Śramaṇa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tribal_religions_in_India" title="Tribal religions in India">Tribal religions in India</a></li></ul> Traditional <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Itihasa-Purana" title="Itihasa-Purana">Itihasa-Purana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epic-Puranic_royal_genealogies" title="Epic-Puranic royal genealogies">Epic-Puranic royal genealogies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epic-Puranic_chronology" title="Epic-Puranic chronology">Epic-Puranic chronology</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border:1px solid #FFC569;background:#FFC569;padding-top:0.1em;padding-left:3em; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Sampradaya" title="Sampradaya">Sampradaya (Traditions)</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="text-align:center;padding-top:0; background-color:#FDE7B9; border:2px solid #FDE7B9"> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed">Major Sampradaya (Traditions)</div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vaishnavism" title="Vaishnavism">Vaishnavism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pancharatra" title="Pancharatra">Pancharatra</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shaivism" title="Shaivism">Shaivism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kapalika" title="Kapalika">Kapalika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pashupata_Shaivism" title="Pashupata Shaivism">Pashupata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pratyabhijna" title="Pratyabhijna">Pratyabhijña</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shaktism" title="Shaktism">Shaktism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smarta_tradition" title="Smarta tradition">Smartism</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Hindu_denominations" title="Hindu denominations">Other Sampradaya (Traditions)</a></div></dt></dl></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border:1px solid #FFC569;background:#FFC569;padding-top:0.1em;padding-left:3em; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Hindu_deities" title="Hindu deities">Deities</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="text-align:center;padding-top:0; background-color:#FDE7B9; border:2px solid #FDE7B9"> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Brahman" title="Brahman">Absolute Reality / Unifying Force</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brahman" title="Brahman">Brahman</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Trimurti" title="Trimurti">Trimurti</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brahma" title="Brahma">Brahma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vishnu" title="Vishnu">Vishnu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shiva" title="Shiva">Shiva</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Tridevi" title="Tridevi">Tridevi</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Saraswati" title="Saraswati">Saraswati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lakshmi" title="Lakshmi">Lakshmi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parvati" title="Parvati">Parvati</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed">Other major <a href="/wiki/Deva_(Hinduism)" title="Deva (Hinduism)">Devas</a> / <a href="/wiki/Devi" title="Devi">Devis</a></div></dt></dl> <dl><dd>Vedic Deities:</dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tridasha" class="mw-redirect" title="Tridasha">Tridasha</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adityas" title="Adityas">Adityas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudras" title="Rudras">Rudras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vasus" class="mw-redirect" title="Vasus">Vasus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ashvins" title="Ashvins">Ashvins</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahadevi" title="Mahadevi">Mahadevi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rigvedic_deities" title="Rigvedic deities">Other Vedic Deities</a></li></ul> <dl><dd>Post-Vedic:</dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Avatar" title="Avatar">Avatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dashavatara" title="Dashavatara">Dashavatara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Durga" title="Durga">Durga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Navadurga" title="Navadurga">Navadurga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahavidya" title="Mahavidya">Mahavidya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kartikeya" title="Kartikeya">Kartikeya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ganesha" title="Ganesha">Ganesha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hanuman" title="Hanuman">Hanuman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radha" title="Radha">Radha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shakti" title="Shakti">Shakti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sita" title="Sita">Sita</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Devata" title="Devata">Devatas</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vishvakarma" title="Vishvakarma">Vishvakarma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kubera" title="Kubera">Kubera</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border:1px solid #FFC569;background:#FFC569;padding-top:0.1em;padding-left:3em; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Hindu_philosophy" title="Hindu philosophy">Concepts</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="text-align:center;padding-top:0; background-color:#FDE7B9; border:2px solid #FDE7B9"> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed">Worldview</div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_cosmology" title="Hindu cosmology">Cosmology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_mythology" title="Hindu mythology">Mythology</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed">Ontology</div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tattva" title="Tattva">Tattvas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanmatras" title="Tanmatras">Subtle elements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panchikarana" title="Panchikarana">Panchikarana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pancha_Bhuta" title="Pancha Bhuta">Gross elements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gu%E1%B9%87a" title="Guṇa">Guṇas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Purusha" title="Purusha">Purusha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prak%E1%B9%9Bti" title="Prakṛti">Prakṛti</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Para_Brahman" title="Para Brahman">Supreme reality</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brahman" title="Brahman">Brahman</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nirguna_brahman" class="mw-redirect" title="Nirguna brahman">Nirguna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saguna_brahman" title="Saguna brahman">Saguna</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Om" title="Om">Om</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saccid%C4%81nanda" title="Saccidānanda">Saccidānanda</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed">God</div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ishvara" title="Ishvara">Ishvara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deva_(Hinduism)" title="Deva (Hinduism)">Devas</a> / <a href="/wiki/Devi" title="Devi">Devi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Devata" title="Devata">Devatas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/God_in_Hinduism" title="God in Hinduism">God in Hinduism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/God_and_gender_in_Hinduism" title="God and gender in Hinduism">God and gender</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Puru%E1%B9%A3%C4%81rtha" title="Puruṣārtha">Puruṣārtha (Meaning of life)</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dharma" title="Dharma">Dharma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artha" title="Artha">Artha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kama" title="Kama">Kama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moksha" title="Moksha">Moksha</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/%C4%80%C5%9Brama_(stage)" title="Āśrama (stage)">Āśrama (Stages of life)</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brahmacharya" title="Brahmacharya">Brahmacharya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G%E1%B9%9Bhastha" title="Gṛhastha">Gṛhastha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V%C4%81naprastha" title="Vānaprastha">Vānaprastha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sannyasa" title="Sannyasa">Sannyasa</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Three_Yogas" title="Three Yogas">Three paths to liberation</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bhakti_yoga" title="Bhakti yoga">Bhakti yoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jnana_yoga" title="Jnana yoga">Jnana yoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karma_yoga" title="Karma yoga">Karma yoga</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Moksha" title="Moksha">Liberation</a></div></dt></dl> <dl><dd>Mokṣa-related topics:</dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Paramatman" title="Paramatman">Paramātman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maya_(religion)" title="Maya (religion)">Maya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karma" title="Karma">Karma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sa%E1%B9%83s%C4%81ra" title="Saṃsāra">Saṃsāra</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed">Mind</div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C4%80tman_(Hinduism)" title="Ātman (Hinduism)">Ātman (self)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/An%C4%81tman_(Hinduism)" title="Anātman (Hinduism)">Anātman (non-self)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Three_bodies_doctrine" title="Three bodies doctrine">Sūkṣma śarīra (subtle body)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antahkarana" title="Antahkarana">Antaḥkaraṇa (mental organs)</a> </li> <li><a href="/wiki/Praj%C3%B1%C4%81_(Hinduism)" title="Prajñā (Hinduism)">Prajña (wisdom)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C4%80nanda_(Hindu_philosophy)" title="Ānanda (Hindu philosophy)">Ānanda (happiness)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viveka" title="Viveka">Viveka (discernment)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vairagya" title="Vairagya">Vairagya (dispassion)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samatva" title="Samatva">Sama (equanimity)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temperance_(virtue)#Hinduism" title="Temperance (virtue)">Dama (temperance)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uparati" title="Uparati">Uparati (self-settledness)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Titiksha" title="Titiksha">Titiksha (forbearance)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faith_in_Hinduism" title="Faith in Hinduism">Shraddha (faith)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sam%C4%81dh%C4%81na" title="Samādhāna">Samadhana (concentration)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arishadvargas" title="Arishadvargas">Arishadvargas (six enemies)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahamkara" title="Ahamkara">Ahamkara (attachment)</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed">Ethics</div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ethics_in_religion#Hindu_ethics" title="Ethics in religion">Niti śastra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yamas" title="Yamas">Yamas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niyama" title="Niyama">Niyama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahimsa" title="Ahimsa">Ahimsa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Achourya" title="Achourya">Achourya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-possession" title="Non-possession">Aparigraha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brahmacharya" title="Brahmacharya">Brahmacharya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satya" title="Satya">Satya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temperance_(virtue)#Hinduism" title="Temperance (virtue)">Damah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compassion#Hinduism" title="Compassion">Dayā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akrodha" title="Akrodha">Akrodha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arjava" title="Arjava">Arjava</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santosha" title="Santosha">Santosha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tapas_(Indian_religions)" title="Tapas (Indian religions)">Tapas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sv%C4%81dhy%C4%81ya" title="Svādhyāya">Svādhyāya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shaucha" title="Shaucha">Shaucha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mitahara" title="Mitahara">Mitahara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%C4%81na" title="Dāna">Dāna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9A%C4%81stra_pram%C4%81%E1%B9%87am_in_Hinduism" class="mw-redirect" title="Śāstra pramāṇam in Hinduism">Sources of dharma</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Pramana" title="Pramana">Epistemology</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pratyaksha" title="Pratyaksha">Pratyakṣa (perception)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pramana#Anumāṇa" title="Pramana">Anumāṇa (inference)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upam%C4%81%E1%B9%87a" class="mw-redirect" title="Upamāṇa">Upamāṇa (comparison, analogy)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pramana#Arthāpatti" title="Pramana">Arthāpatti (postulation, presumption)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pramana#Anupalabdi" title="Pramana">Anupalabdi (non-perception, negation)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shabda" title="Shabda">Śabda (word, testimony)</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border:1px solid #FFC569;background:#FFC569;padding-top:0.1em;padding-left:3em; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Practices</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="text-align:center;padding-top:0; background-color:#FDE7B9; border:2px solid #FDE7B9"> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Worship_in_Hinduism" title="Worship in Hinduism">Worship</a>, sacrifice, and charity</div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Puja_(Hinduism)" title="Puja (Hinduism)">Puja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arti_(Hinduism)" title="Arti (Hinduism)">Ārtī</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prayer_in_Hinduism" title="Prayer in Hinduism">Prarthana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9Arauta" title="Śrauta">Śrauta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_temple" title="Hindu temple">Temple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murti" title="Murti">Murti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhakti" title="Bhakti">Bhakti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japa" title="Japa">Japa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhajan" title="Bhajan">Bhajana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kirtan" title="Kirtan">Kīrtana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yajna" title="Yajna">Yajna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homa_(ritual)" title="Homa (ritual)">Homa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tarpana" title="Tarpana">Tarpana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vrata" title="Vrata">Vrata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pr%C4%81ya%C5%9Bcitta" title="Prāyaścitta">Prāyaścitta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tirtha_(Hinduism)" title="Tirtha (Hinduism)">Tirtha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yatra" title="Yatra">Yatra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_pilgrimage_sites_in_India" title="Hindu pilgrimage sites in India">Tirthadana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matha" title="Matha">Matha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_classical_dance" title="Indian classical dance">Nritta-Nritya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%C4%81na" title="Dāna">Dāna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sev%C4%81" title="Sevā">Sevā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoga" title="Yoga">Yoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exorcism_in_Hinduism" title="Exorcism in Hinduism">Exorcism</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed">Meditation</div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tapas_(Indian_religions)" title="Tapas (Indian religions)">Tapas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhyana_in_Hinduism" title="Dhyana in Hinduism">Dhyana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sam%C4%81dh%C4%81na" title="Samādhāna">Samādhāna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nididhy%C4%81sana" title="Nididhyāsana">Nididhyāsana</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Yoga" title="Yoga">Yoga</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sadhu" title="Sadhu">Sadhu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yogi" title="Yogi">Yogi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yogini" title="Yogini">Yogini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asana" title="Asana">Asana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C4%81dhan%C4%81" title="Sādhanā">Sādhanā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hatha_yoga" title="Hatha yoga">Hatha yoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jnana_yoga" title="Jnana yoga">Jnana yoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhakti_yoga" title="Bhakti yoga">Bhakti yoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karma_yoga" title="Karma yoga">Karma yoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R%C4%81ja_yoga" title="Rāja yoga">Rāja yoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kundalini_yoga" title="Kundalini yoga">Kundalini yoga</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Hindu_art" title="Hindu art">Arts</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bharatanatyam" title="Bharatanatyam">Bharatanatyam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kathak" title="Kathak">Kathak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kathakali" title="Kathakali">Kathakali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuchipudi" title="Kuchipudi">Kuchipudi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manipuri_dance" title="Manipuri dance">Manipuri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohiniyattam" title="Mohiniyattam">Mohiniyattam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Odissi" title="Odissi">Odissi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sattriya" title="Sattriya">Sattriya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhagavata_Mela" title="Bhagavata Mela">Bhagavata Mela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yakshagana" title="Yakshagana">Yakshagana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dandiya_Raas" title="Dandiya Raas">Dandiya Raas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carnatic_music" title="Carnatic music">Carnatic music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pandav_Lila" title="Pandav Lila">Pandav Lila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalaripayattu" title="Kalaripayattu">Kalaripayattu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silambam" title="Silambam">Silambam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adimurai" title="Adimurai">Adimurai</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Samskara_(rite_of_passage)" title="Samskara (rite of passage)">Rites of passage</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Garbhadhana" title="Garbhadhana">Garbhadhana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pumsavana" title="Pumsavana">Pumsavana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pumsavana_Simantonayana" title="Pumsavana Simantonayana">Pumsavana Simantonayana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simantonnayana" title="Simantonnayana">Simantonnayana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jatakarma" title="Jatakarma">Jatakarma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N%C4%81makara%E1%B9%87a" title="Nāmakaraṇa">Nāmakaraṇa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nishkramana" title="Nishkramana">Nishkramana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annaprashana" title="Annaprashana">Annaprashana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chudakarana" title="Chudakarana">Chudakarana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karnavedha" title="Karnavedha">Karnavedha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vidy%C4%81ra%E1%B9%83bha%E1%B9%83" title="Vidyāraṃbhaṃ">Vidyāraṃbhaṃ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upanayana" title="Upanayana">Upanayana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keshanta" title="Keshanta">Keshanta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ritu_Kala_Samskaram" title="Ritu Kala Samskaram">Ritushuddhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samavartanam" title="Samavartanam">Samavartanam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_wedding" title="Hindu wedding">Vivaha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antyesti" title="Antyesti">Antyesti</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Hindu_festivals" title="List of Hindu festivals">Festivals</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Diwali" title="Diwali">Diwali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holi" title="Holi">Holi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maha_Shivaratri" title="Maha Shivaratri">Maha Shivaratri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Navaratri" title="Navaratri">Navaratri</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Durga_Puja" title="Durga Puja">Durga Puja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramlila" title="Ramlila">Ramlila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vijayadashami" title="Vijayadashami">Vijayadashami-Dussehra</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raksha_Bandhan" title="Raksha Bandhan">Raksha Bandhan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ganesh_Chaturthi" title="Ganesh Chaturthi">Ganesh Chaturthi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vasant_Panchami" title="Vasant Panchami">Vasant Panchami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rama_Navami" title="Rama Navami">Rama Navami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krishna_Janmashtami" title="Krishna Janmashtami">Janmashtami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Onam" title="Onam">Onam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Makar_Sankranti" title="Makar Sankranti">Makar Sankranti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kumbh_Mela" title="Kumbh Mela">Kumbh Mela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pongal_(festival)" title="Pongal (festival)">Pongal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ugadi" title="Ugadi">Ugadi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaisakhi" title="Vaisakhi">Vaisakhi</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bihu" title="Bihu">Bihu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puthandu" title="Puthandu">Puthandu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vishu" title="Vishu">Vishu</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ratha_Yatra_(Puri)" title="Ratha Yatra (Puri)">Ratha Yatra</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border:1px solid #FFC569;background:#FFC569;padding-top:0.1em;padding-left:3em; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Hindu_philosophy" title="Hindu philosophy">Philosophical schools</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="text-align:center;padding-top:0; background-color:#FDE7B9; border:2px solid #FDE7B9"> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Astika" class="mw-redirect" title="Astika">Six Astika schools</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Samkhya" title="Samkhya">Samkhya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoga_(philosophy)" title="Yoga (philosophy)">Yoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nyaya" title="Nyaya">Nyaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaisheshika" title="Vaisheshika">Vaisheshika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C4%ABm%C4%81%E1%B9%83s%C4%81" title="Mīmāṃsā">Mīmāṃsā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vedanta" title="Vedanta">Vedanta</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Advaita_Vedanta" title="Advaita Vedanta">Advaita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dvaita_Vedanta" title="Dvaita Vedanta">Dvaita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vishishtadvaita" title="Vishishtadvaita">Vishishtadvaita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Achintya_Bheda_Abheda" title="Achintya Bheda Abheda">Achintya Bheda Abheda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shuddhadvaita" title="Shuddhadvaita">Shuddhadvaita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Svabhavika_Bhedabheda" class="mw-redirect" title="Svabhavika Bhedabheda">Svabhavika Bhedabheda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akshar_Purushottam_Darshan" title="Akshar Purushottam Darshan">Akshar Purushottam Darshan</a></li></ul></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed">Other schools</div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C4%80j%C4%ABvika" title="Ājīvika">Ājīvika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jainism" title="Jainism">Jainism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charvaka" title="Charvaka">Charvaka</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border:1px solid #FFC569;background:#FFC569;padding-top:0.1em;padding-left:3em; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Hindu_gurus_and_sants" title="List of Hindu gurus and sants">Gurus, Rishi, Philosophers</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="text-align:center;padding-top:0; background-color:#FDE7B9; border:2px solid #FDE7B9"> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient India">Ancient</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Saptarshi" title="Saptarshi">Saptarshi</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vashistha" class="mw-redirect" title="Vashistha">Vashistha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kashyapa" title="Kashyapa">Kashyapa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atri" title="Atri">Atri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jamadagni" title="Jamadagni">Jamadagni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nyaya_Sutras" class="mw-redirect" title="Nyaya Sutras">Gotama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vishvamitra" title="Vishvamitra">Vishvamitra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bharadwaja" class="mw-redirect" title="Bharadwaja">Bharadwaja</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agastya" title="Agastya">Agastya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angiras" title="Angiras">Angiras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aruni" class="mw-redirect" title="Aruni">Aruni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ashtavakra" title="Ashtavakra">Ashtavakra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jaimini" title="Jaimini">Jaimini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kanada_(philosopher)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kanada (philosopher)">Kanada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kapila" title="Kapila">Kapila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patanjali" title="Patanjali">Patanjali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P%C4%81%E1%B9%87ini" title="Pāṇini">Pāṇini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prashastapada" title="Prashastapada">Prashastapada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raikva" title="Raikva">Raikva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satyakama_Jabala" class="mw-redirect" title="Satyakama Jabala">Satyakama Jabala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valmiki" title="Valmiki">Valmiki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vyasa" title="Vyasa">Vyasa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yajnavalkya" title="Yajnavalkya">Yajnavalkya</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Medieval_India" title="Medieval India">Medieval</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abhinavagupta" title="Abhinavagupta">Abhinavagupta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adi_Shankara" title="Adi Shankara">Adi Shankara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akka_Mahadevi" title="Akka Mahadevi">Akka Mahadevi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allama_Prabhu" title="Allama Prabhu">Allama Prabhu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alvars" title="Alvars">Alvars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basava" title="Basava">Basava</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chaitanya_Mahaprabhu" title="Chaitanya Mahaprabhu">Chaitanya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramdas_Kathiababa" title="Ramdas Kathiababa">Ramdas Kathiababa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chakradhar_Swami" title="Chakradhar Swami">Chakradhara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Changdev" class="mw-redirect" title="Changdev">Chāngadeva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dadu_Dayal" title="Dadu Dayal">Dadu Dayal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eknath" title="Eknath">Eknath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gangesha_Upadhyaya" class="mw-redirect" title="Gangesha Upadhyaya">Gangesha Upadhyaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaudapada" title="Gaudapada">Gaudapada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gorakshanath" class="mw-redirect" title="Gorakshanath">Gorakshanatha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haridasa_Thakur" title="Haridasa Thakur">Haridasa Thakur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hith_Harivansh_Mahaprabhu" title="Hith Harivansh Mahaprabhu">Harivansh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jagannatha_Dasa_(Odia_poet)" title="Jagannatha Dasa (Odia poet)">Jagannatha Dasa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jayanta_Bhatta" title="Jayanta Bhatta">Jayanta Bhatta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jayatirtha" title="Jayatirtha">Jayatīrtha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jiva_Goswami" title="Jiva Goswami">Jiva Goswami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C3%B1%C4%81ne%C5%9Bvar" class="mw-redirect" title="Jñāneśvar">Jñāneśvar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kabir" title="Kabir">Kabir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kanaka_Dasa" title="Kanaka Dasa">Kanaka Dasa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kum%C4%81rila_Bha%E1%B9%AD%E1%B9%ADa" title="Kumārila Bhaṭṭa">Kumārila Bhaṭṭa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madhus%C5%ABdana_Sarasvat%C4%AB" title="Madhusūdana Sarasvatī">Madhusūdana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madhvacharya" title="Madhvacharya">Madhva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matsyendranath" class="mw-redirect" title="Matsyendranath">Matsyendranatha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morya_Gosavi" title="Morya Gosavi">Morya Gosavi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mukundraj" title="Mukundraj">Mukundarāja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Namdev" title="Namdev">Namadeva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narahari_Tirtha" title="Narahari Tirtha">Narahari Tirtha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narasimha_Saraswati" title="Narasimha Saraswati">Narasimha Saraswati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nayanars" title="Nayanars">Nayanars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nimbarkacharya" class="mw-redirect" title="Nimbarkacharya">Nimbarkacharya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Srinivasacharya" title="Srinivasacharya">Srinivasacharya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prabh%C4%81kara" title="Prabhākara">Prabhākara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Purandara_Dasa" title="Purandara Dasa">Purandara Dasa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raghavendra_Swami" class="mw-redirect" title="Raghavendra Swami">Raghavendra Swami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raghunatha_Siromani" title="Raghunatha Siromani">Raghunatha Siromani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raghuttama_Tirtha" title="Raghuttama Tirtha">Raghuttama Tirtha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ram_Charan_(guru)" title="Ram Charan (guru)">Ram Charan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramananda" title="Ramananda">Ramananda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramanuja" title="Ramanuja">Ramanuja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramprasad_Sen" title="Ramprasad Sen">Ramprasad Sen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ravidas" title="Ravidas">Ravidas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rupa_Goswami" title="Rupa Goswami">Rupa Goswami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samarth_Ramdas" title="Samarth Ramdas">Samarth Ramdas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sankardev" title="Sankardev">Sankardev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satyanatha_Tirtha" title="Satyanatha Tirtha">Satyanatha Tirtha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siddheshwar" title="Siddheshwar">Siddheshwar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sripada_Srivallabha" class="mw-redirect" title="Sripada Srivallabha">Sripada Srivallabha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sripadaraja" title="Sripadaraja">Sripadaraja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surdas" title="Surdas">Surdas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swaminarayan" title="Swaminarayan">Swaminarayan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syama_Sastri" title="Syama Sastri">Śyāma Śastri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tukaram" title="Tukaram">Tukaram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tulsidas" title="Tulsidas">Tulsidas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tyagaraja" title="Tyagaraja">Tyagaraja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V%C4%81caspati_Mi%C5%9Bra" class="mw-redirect" title="Vācaspati Miśra">Vācaspati Miśra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vadiraja_Tirtha" title="Vadiraja Tirtha">Vadiraja Tirtha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vallabha" title="Vallabha">Vallabha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thiruvalluvar" title="Thiruvalluvar">Valluvar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vedanta_Desika" title="Vedanta Desika">Vedanta Desika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vidyaranya" title="Vidyaranya">Vidyaranya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vyasaraja" class="mw-redirect" title="Vyasaraja">Vyasaraja</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed">Modern</div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sri_Aurobindo" title="Sri Aurobindo">Aurobindo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhaktisiddhanta_Sarasvati" title="Bhaktisiddhanta Sarasvati">Bhaktisiddhanta Sarasvati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhaktivinoda_Thakur" title="Bhaktivinoda Thakur">Bhaktivinoda Thakur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chandrashekarendra_Saraswati" class="mw-redirect" title="Chandrashekarendra Saraswati">Chandrashekarendra Saraswati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinmayananda" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinmayananda">Chinmayananda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dayananda_Saraswati" title="Dayananda Saraswati">Dayananda Saraswati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jaggi_Vasudev" class="mw-redirect" title="Jaggi Vasudev">Jaggi Vasudev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krishnananda_Saraswati" title="Krishnananda Saraswati">Krishnananda Saraswati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahavatar_Babaji" title="Mahavatar Babaji">Mahavatar Babaji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maharishi_Mahesh_Yogi" title="Maharishi Mahesh Yogi">Mahesh Yogi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narayana_Guru" title="Narayana Guru">Narayana Guru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nigamananda_Paramahansa" title="Nigamananda Paramahansa">Nigamananda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nisargadatta_Maharaj" title="Nisargadatta Maharaj">Nisargadatta Maharaj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A._C._Bhaktivedanta_Swami_Prabhupada" title="A. C. Bhaktivedanta Swami Prabhupada">Prabhupada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarvepalli_Radhakrishnan" title="Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan">Radhakrishnan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramachandra_Dattatrya_Ranade" class="mw-redirect" title="Ramachandra Dattatrya Ranade">R. D. Ranade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramakrishna" title="Ramakrishna">Ramakrishna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swami_Rama_Tirtha" class="mw-redirect" title="Swami Rama Tirtha">Rama Tirtha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramana_Maharshi" title="Ramana Maharshi">Ramana Maharshi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ravi_Shankar_(spiritual_leader)" title="Ravi Shankar (spiritual leader)">Ravi Shankar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swami_Ramdas" title="Swami Ramdas">Ramdas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swami_Samarth" title="Swami Samarth">Samarth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sathya_Sai_Baba" title="Sathya Sai Baba">Sathya Sai Baba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sai_Baba_of_Shirdi" title="Sai Baba of Shirdi">Shirdi Sai Baba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swami_Shraddhanand" title="Swami Shraddhanand">Shraddhanand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satyadhyana_Tirtha" title="Satyadhyana Tirtha">Satyadhyana Tirtha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siddharameshwar_Maharaj" class="mw-redirect" title="Siddharameshwar Maharaj">Siddharameshwar Maharaj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sivananda_Saraswati" title="Sivananda Saraswati">Sivananda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trailanga" title="Trailanga">Trailanga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/U._G._Krishnamurti" title="U. G. Krishnamurti">U. G. Krishnamurti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upasni_Maharaj" class="mw-redirect" title="Upasni Maharaj">Upasni Maharaj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vethathiri_Maharishi" title="Vethathiri Maharishi">Vethathiri Maharishi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swami_Vivekananda" title="Swami Vivekananda">Vivekananda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paramahansa_Yogananda" title="Paramahansa Yogananda">Yogananda</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border:1px solid #FFC569;background:#FFC569;padding-top:0.1em;padding-left:3em; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Hindu_texts" title="Hindu texts">Texts</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="text-align:center;padding-top:0; background-color:#FDE7B9; border:2px solid #FDE7B9"> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/%C5%9A%C4%81stra_pram%C4%81%E1%B9%87am_in_Hinduism" class="mw-redirect" title="Śāstra pramāṇam in Hinduism">Sources and classification of scripture</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9Aruti" title="Śruti">Śruti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sm%E1%B9%9Bti" title="Smṛti">Smṛti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C4%80c%C4%81ra" title="Ācāra">Ācāra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atmatusti" title="Atmatusti">Ātmatuṣṭi</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Hindu_texts" title="Hindu texts">Scriptures</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Hindu_texts" title="Timeline of Hindu texts">Timeline of Hindu texts</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Vedas" title="Vedas">Vedas</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rigveda" title="Rigveda">Rigveda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yajurveda" title="Yajurveda">Yajurveda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samaveda" title="Samaveda">Samaveda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atharvaveda" title="Atharvaveda">Atharvaveda</a></li></ul> <dl><dd>Divisions</dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Samhitapatha" class="mw-redirect" title="Samhitapatha">Samhita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brahmana" title="Brahmana">Brahmana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aranyaka" title="Aranyaka">Aranyaka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upanishads" title="Upanishads">Upanishads</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Upanishads" title="Upanishads">Upanishads</a></div></dt></dl> <dl><dd>Rigveda:</dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aitareya_Upanishad" title="Aitareya Upanishad">Aitareya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaushitaki_Upanishad" title="Kaushitaki Upanishad">Kaushitaki</a></li></ul> <dl><dd>Yajurveda:</dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brihadaranyaka_Upanishad" title="Brihadaranyaka Upanishad">Brihadaranyaka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isha_Upanishad" title="Isha Upanishad">Isha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taittiriya_Upanishad" title="Taittiriya Upanishad">Taittiriya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katha_Upanishad" title="Katha Upanishad">Katha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shvetashvatara_Upanishad" title="Shvetashvatara Upanishad">Shvetashvatara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maitrayaniya_Upanishad" title="Maitrayaniya Upanishad">Maitri</a></li></ul> <dl><dd>Samaveda:</dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chandogya_Upanishad" title="Chandogya Upanishad">Chandogya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kena_Upanishad" title="Kena Upanishad">Kena</a></li></ul> <dl><dd>Atharvaveda:</dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mundaka_Upanishad" title="Mundaka Upanishad">Mundaka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandukya_Upanishad" title="Mandukya Upanishad">Mandukya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prashna_Upanishad" title="Prashna Upanishad">Prashna</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Vedangas" class="mw-redirect" title="Vedangas">Vedangas</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shiksha" title="Shiksha">Shiksha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vedic_metre" title="Vedic metre">Chandas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vy%C4%81kara%E1%B9%87a" title="Vyākaraṇa">Vyākaraṇa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nirukta" title="Nirukta">Nirukta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalpa_(Vedanga)" title="Kalpa (Vedanga)">Kalpa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jyotisha" class="mw-redirect" title="Jyotisha">Jyotisha</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Hindu_scriptures" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Hindu scriptures">Other scriptures</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bhagavad_Gita" title="Bhagavad Gita">Bhagavad Gita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agama_(Hinduism)" title="Agama (Hinduism)">Agamas (Hinduism)</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Itihasa-Purana" title="Itihasa-Purana">Itihasas</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ramayana" title="Ramayana">Ramayana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahabharata" title="Mahabharata">Mahabharata</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Puranas" title="Puranas">Puranas</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vishnu_Purana" title="Vishnu Purana">Vishnu Purana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhagavata_Purana" title="Bhagavata Purana">Bhagavata Purana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Devi_Bhagavata_Purana" title="Devi Bhagavata Purana">Devi Bhagavata Purana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naradiya_Purana" title="Naradiya Purana">Naradiya Purana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vamana_Purana" title="Vamana Purana">Vāmana Purana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matsya_Purana" title="Matsya Purana">Matsya Purana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garuda_Purana" title="Garuda Purana">Garuda Purana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brahma_Purana" title="Brahma Purana">Brahma Purana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brahmanda_Purana" title="Brahmanda Purana">Brahmanda Purana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brahma_Vaivarta_Purana" title="Brahma Vaivarta Purana">Brahma Vaivarta Purana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhavishya_Purana" title="Bhavishya Purana">Bhavishya Purana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Padma_Purana" title="Padma Purana">Padma Purana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agni_Purana" title="Agni Purana">Agni Purana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shiva_Purana" title="Shiva Purana">Shiva Purana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linga_Purana" title="Linga Purana">Linga Purana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurma_Purana" title="Kurma Purana">Kūrma Purana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skanda_Purana" title="Skanda Purana">Skanda Purana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Varaha_Purana" title="Varaha Purana">Varaha Purana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Markandeya_Purana" title="Markandeya Purana">Markandeya Purana</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Vedas#Upaveda" title="Vedas">Upavedas</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ayurveda" title="Ayurveda">Ayurveda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhanurveda" title="Dhanurveda">Dhanurveda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gandharvaveda" class="mw-redirect" title="Gandharvaveda">Gandharvaveda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sthapatyaveda" class="mw-redirect" title="Sthapatyaveda">Sthapatyaveda</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Shastra" title="Shastra">Shastras</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sutra" title="Sutra">sutras</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Samhita" title="Samhita">samhitas</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dharma%C5%9B%C4%81stra" title="Dharmaśāstra">Dharma Shastra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthashastra" title="Arthashastra">Artha Śastra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shilpa_Shastras" title="Shilpa Shastras">Shilpa Shastras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kama_Sutra" title="Kama Sutra">Kama Sutra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brahma_Sutras" title="Brahma Sutras">Brahma Sutras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samkhya_Pravachana_Sutra" title="Samkhya Pravachana Sutra">Samkhya Sutras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Purva_Mimamsa_Sutras" title="Purva Mimamsa Sutras">Mimamsa Sutras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ny%C4%81ya_S%C5%ABtras" title="Nyāya Sūtras">Nyāya Sūtras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vai%C5%9Be%E1%B9%A3ika_S%C5%ABtra" title="Vaiśeṣika Sūtra">Vaiśeṣika Sūtra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoga_Sutras_of_Patanjali" title="Yoga Sutras of Patanjali">Yoga Sutras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pramana" title="Pramana">Pramana Sutras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charaka_Samhita" title="Charaka Samhita">Charaka Samhita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sushruta_Samhita" title="Sushruta Samhita">Sushruta Samhita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natya_Shastra" title="Natya Shastra">Natya Shastra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panchatantra" title="Panchatantra">Panchatantra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naalayira_Divya_Prabandham" title="Naalayira Divya Prabandham">Naalayira Divya Prabandham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tirumurai" title="Tirumurai">Tirumurai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramcharitmanas" title="Ramcharitmanas">Ramcharitmanas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoga_Vasistha" title="Yoga Vasistha">Yoga Vasistha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shiva_Swarodaya" title="Shiva Swarodaya">Swara yoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panchadasi" title="Panchadasi">Panchadasi</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Stotra" title="Stotra">Stotras</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_suktas_and_stutis" title="List of suktas and stutis">stutis</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bhashya" title="Bhashya">Bhashya</a> </div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kanakadhara_Stotra" title="Kanakadhara Stotra">Kanakadhara Stotra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shiva_Stuti" title="Shiva Stuti">Shiva Stuti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vayu_Stuti" title="Vayu Stuti">Vayu Stuti</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Tamil_literature" title="Tamil literature">Tamil literature</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tirumurai" title="Tirumurai">Tirumurai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naalayira_Divya_Prabandham" title="Naalayira Divya Prabandham">Naalayira Divya Prabandham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tirumuruk%C4%81%E1%B9%9F%E1%B9%9Fuppa%E1%B9%ADai" title="Tirumurukāṟṟuppaṭai">Tirumurukāṟṟuppaṭai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiruppukal" title="Tiruppukal">Tiruppukal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kural" title="Kural">Kural</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamba_Ramayanam" class="mw-redirect" title="Kamba Ramayanam">Kamba Ramayanam/Ramavataram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Five_Great_Epics" title="Five Great Epics">Five Great Epics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eighteen_Greater_Texts" title="Eighteen Greater Texts">Eighteen Greater Texts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eighteen_Lesser_Texts" title="Eighteen Lesser Texts">Eighteen Lesser Texts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Athichudi" title="Athichudi">Athichudi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraiyanar_Akapporul" title="Iraiyanar Akapporul">Iraiyanar Akapporul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abirami_Antati" title="Abirami Antati">Abirami Antati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thiruvilaiyadal_Puranam" title="Thiruvilaiyadal Puranam">Thiruvilaiyadal Puranam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vinayagar_Agaval" title="Vinayagar Agaval">Vinayagar Agaval</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed; border-bottom:1px dotted"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Hindu_texts" title="List of Hindu texts">Other texts</a></div></dt></dl></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border:1px solid #FFC569;background:#FFC569;padding-top:0.1em;padding-left:3em; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Hindu Culture & Society</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="text-align:center;padding-top:0; background-color:#FDE7B9; border:2px solid #FDE7B9"> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed">Society</div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Varna_(Hinduism)" title="Varna (Hinduism)">Varna</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brahmin" title="Brahmin">Brahmin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kshatriya" title="Kshatriya">Kshatriya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kayastha" title="Kayastha">Kayastha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaishya" title="Vaishya">Vaishya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shudra" title="Shudra">Shudra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dalit" title="Dalit">Dalit</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C4%81ti" title="Jāti">Jāti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gotra" title="Gotra">Gotra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dvija" title="Dvija">Dvija</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dasa" title="Dasa">Dasa</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed">Hindu Art</div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_art" title="Hindu art">Hindu art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_iconography" title="Hindu iconography">Hindu iconography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shilpa_Shastras" title="Shilpa Shastras">Shilpa Shastras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rasa_(aesthetics)" title="Rasa (aesthetics)">Rasa (aesthetics)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_aesthetics" title="Indian aesthetics">Indian aesthetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yantra" title="Yantra">Yantra</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed">Hindu Architecture</div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_architecture" title="Hindu architecture">Hindu architecture</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_temple_architecture" title="Hindu temple architecture">Hindu temple architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vastu_shastra" title="Vastu shastra">Vastu shastra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Talamana" title="Talamana">Talamana</a></li></ul></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed">Hindu Music</div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_music" title="Hindu music">Hindu music</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shruti_(music)" title="Shruti (music)">Shruti (music)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Svara" title="Svara">Svara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alank%C4%81ra" title="Alankāra">Alankāra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tala_(music)" title="Tala (music)">Tala (music)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raga" title="Raga">Raga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rasa_(aesthetics)" title="Rasa (aesthetics)">Rasa (aesthetics)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sangita" title="Sangita">Sangita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vadya" title="Vadya">Vadya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natya_Shastra" title="Natya Shastra">Natya Shastra</a></li></ul></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed">Food & Diet Customs</div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ahimsa" title="Ahimsa">Ahimsa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diet_in_Hinduism" title="Diet in Hinduism">Diet in Hinduism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sattvic_diet" title="Sattvic diet">Sattvic diet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mitahara" title="Mitahara">Mitahara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jhatka" title="Jhatka">Jhatka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vrata" title="Vrata">Vrata</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed">Time Keeping Practices</div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_units_of_time" title="Hindu units of time">Hindu units of time</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_calendar" title="Hindu calendar">Hindu calendar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panchangam" title="Panchangam">Panchangam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vikram_Samvat" title="Vikram Samvat">Vikram Samvat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shaka_era" title="Shaka era">Shaka era</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed">Hindu Pilgrimage</div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_pilgrimage_sites" title="Hindu pilgrimage sites">Pilgrimage sites</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed">Other society-related topics:</div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Hindu_sentiment" title="Anti-Hindu sentiment">Discrimination</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Hindus" title="Persecution of Hindus">Persecution</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_nationalism" title="Hindu nationalism">Nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindutva" title="Hindutva">Hindutva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Hindu_organisations" title="List of Hindu organisations">Organisations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_reform_movements" title="Hindu reform movements">Reform movements</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border:1px solid #FFC569;background:#FFC569;padding-top:0.1em;padding-left:3em; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Hinduism" title="Portal:Hinduism">Other topics</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="text-align:center;padding-top:0; background-color:#FDE7B9; border:2px solid #FDE7B9"> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Hinduism_by_country" title="Hinduism by country">Hinduism by country</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Greater_India" title="Greater India">Greater India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balinese_Hinduism" title="Balinese Hinduism">Balinese Hinduism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caribbean_Shaktism" title="Caribbean Shaktism">Caribbean Shaktism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Hindu_scriptures_and_texts" title="Template:Hindu scriptures and texts">Template:Hindu scriptures and texts</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed">Hinduism & Other Religions</div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hinduism_and_Jainism" title="Hinduism and Jainism">Hinduism and Jainism</a> / <a href="/wiki/Buddhism_and_Hinduism" title="Buddhism and Hinduism">and Buddhism</a> / <a href="/wiki/Hinduism_and_Sikhism" title="Hinduism and Sikhism">and Sikhism</a> / <a href="/wiki/Hinduism_and_Judaism" title="Hinduism and Judaism">and Judaism</a> / <a href="/wiki/Hinduism_and_Christianity" class="mw-redirect" title="Hinduism and Christianity">and Christianity</a> / <a href="/wiki/Hindu%E2%80%93Islamic_relations" title="Hindu–Islamic relations">and Islam</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed">Other Related Links (Templates)</div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Hindu_scriptures_and_texts" title="Template:Hindu scriptures and texts"> Hindu Scriptures & Texts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Hindu_philosophy" title="Template:Hindu philosophy"> Hindu Philosphy</a></li> <li>Sampradayas (Traditions) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Saivism" title="Template:Saivism"> Shaivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Vaishnavism" title="Template:Vaishnavism"> Vaishnavism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Saktism" title="Template:Saktism"> Shaktism</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_Hinduism_terms" title="Glossary of Hinduism terms">Glossary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Hinduism" title="Outline of Hinduism">Outline</a></li></ul> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Aum_Om_red.svg/16px-Aum_Om_red.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Aum_Om_red.svg/23px-Aum_Om_red.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Aum_Om_red.svg/31px-Aum_Om_red.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="356" data-file-height="367" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Hinduism" title="Portal:Hinduism">Hinduism portal</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Hinduism" title="Template:Hinduism"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Hinduism" title="Template talk:Hinduism"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Hinduism" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Hinduism"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> Aryan (<a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/ˈɛəriən/</a>), or Arya (borrowed from <a href="/wiki/Sanskrit" title="Sanskrit">Sanskrit</a> ārya),<a href="#cite_note-OED-1">[1]</a> is a term originating from the ethno-cultural self-designation of the <a href="/wiki/Indo-Iranians" title="Indo-Iranians">Indo-Iranians</a>, specifically the <a href="/wiki/Iranian_peoples" title="Iranian peoples">Iranians</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Indo-Aryan_peoples" title="Indo-Aryan peoples">Indo-Aryans</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:3-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a> It stood in contrast to nearby outsiders, whom they designated as <a href="/wiki/Aneran" title="Aneran">non-Aryan</a> (*an-āryā).<a href="#cite_note-:4-4">[4]</a> In <a href="/wiki/Ancient_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient India">ancient India</a>, the term was used by the <a href="/wiki/Indo-Aryan_peoples" title="Indo-Aryan peoples">Indo-Aryan peoples</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Vedic_period" title="Vedic period">Vedic period</a>, both as an <a href="/wiki/Endonym_and_exonym" title="Endonym and exonym">endonym</a> and in reference to a region called <a href="/wiki/%C4%80ry%C4%81varta" title="Āryāvarta">Aryavarta</a> (<a href="/wiki/Sanskrit_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Sanskrit language">Sanskrit</a>: आर्यावर्त, <abbr style="font-size:85%" title="literal translation">lit.</abbr> 'Land of the Aryans'), where their culture emerged.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWitzel20014,_24-5">[5]</a> Similarly, according to the <a href="/wiki/Avesta" title="Avesta">Avesta</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Iranian_peoples" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient Iranian peoples">Iranian peoples</a> used the term to designate themselves as an ethnic group and to refer to a region called <a href="/wiki/Airyanem_Vaejah" title="Airyanem Vaejah">Airyanem Vaejah</a> (<a href="/wiki/Avestan_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Avestan language">Avestan</a>: 𐬀𐬫𐬭𐬌𐬌𐬀𐬥𐬆𐬨 𐬬𐬀𐬉𐬘𐬀𐬵, <abbr style="font-size:85%" title="literal translation">lit.</abbr> 'Expanse of the <a href="/wiki/Arya_(Iran)" title="Arya (Iran)">Arya</a>'), which was their mythical homeland.<a href="#cite_note-:5-6">[6]</a><a href="#cite_note-Gnoli-7">[7]</a> The word stem also forms the etymological source of place names like <a href="/wiki/Alania" title="Alania">Alania</a> (*Aryāna) and <a href="/wiki/Iran_(word)" title="Iran (word)">Iran</a> (*Aryānām).<a href="#cite_note-Mallory-8">[8]</a> Although the stem *arya may originate from the <a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-European_language" title="Proto-Indo-European language">Proto-Indo-European language</a>,<a href="#cite_note-:2-9">[9]</a> it seems to have been used exclusively by the Indo-Iranian peoples, as there is no evidence of it having served as an ethnonym for the <a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-Europeans" title="Proto-Indo-Europeans">Proto-Indo-Europeans</a>. In any case, many modern scholars point out that the ethos of the ancient Aryan identity, as it is described in the Avesta and the <a href="/wiki/Rigveda" title="Rigveda">Rigveda</a>, was religious, cultural, and linguistic, and was not tied to the concept of <a href="/wiki/Race_(human_categorization)" title="Race (human categorization)">race</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBryant200160–63-10">[10]</a><a href="#cite_note-:0-11">[11]</a><a href="#cite_note-:1-12">[12]</a> In the 1850s, the French diplomat and writer <a href="/wiki/Arthur_de_Gobineau" title="Arthur de Gobineau">Arthur de Gobineau</a> brought forth the idea of the "<a href="/wiki/Aryan_race" title="Aryan race">Aryan race</a>", essentially claiming that the Proto-Indo-Europeans were superior specimens of humans and that their descendants comprised either a <a href="/wiki/Historical_race_concepts" title="Historical race concepts">distinct racial group</a> or a distinct sub-group of the hypothetical <a href="/wiki/Caucasian_race" title="Caucasian race">Caucasian race</a>. Through the work of his later followers, such as the British-German philosopher <a href="/wiki/Houston_Stewart_Chamberlain" title="Houston Stewart Chamberlain">Houston Stewart Chamberlain</a>, Gobineau's theory proved to be particularly popular among European <a href="/wiki/Racial_supremacist" class="mw-redirect" title="Racial supremacist">racial supremacists</a> and ultimately laid the foundation for <a href="/wiki/Nazi_racial_theories" title="Nazi racial theories">Nazi racial theories</a>, which also co-opted the concept of <a href="/wiki/Scientific_racism" title="Scientific racism">scientific racism</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnthony20079–11-13">[13]</a> In <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Nazi Germany</a>, and also in <a href="/wiki/German-occupied_Europe" title="German-occupied Europe">German-occupied Europe</a> during <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>, any citizen who was classified as an Aryan would be honoured as a member of the "<a href="/wiki/Master_race" title="Master race">master race</a>" of humanity. Conversely, non-Aryans were <a href="/wiki/Racial_policy_of_Nazi_Germany" title="Racial policy of Nazi Germany">legally discriminated against</a>, including <a href="/wiki/Jews" title="Jews">Jews</a>, <a href="/wiki/Romani_people" title="Romani people">Roma</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Slavs" title="Slavs">Slavs</a> (mostly <a href="/wiki/Slovaks" title="Slovaks">Slovaks</a>, <a href="/wiki/Czechs" title="Czechs">Czechs</a>, <a href="/wiki/Polish_people" title="Polish people">Poles</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Russians" title="Russians">Russians</a>).<a href="#cite_note-:7-14">[14]</a><a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a> Jews, who were regarded as the arch enemy of the "Aryan race" in a "racial struggle for existence",<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeikart200985-16">[16]</a> were especially targeted by the <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Party" title="Nazi Party">Nazi Party</a>, culminating in <a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust" title="The Holocaust">the Holocaust</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:7-14">[14]</a> The Roma, who are of Indo-Aryan origin, were also targeted, culminating in the <a href="/wiki/Porajmos" class="mw-redirect" title="Porajmos">Porajmos</a>. The genocides and other large-scale atrocities that have been committed by <a href="/wiki/Aryanism" title="Aryanism">Aryanists</a> have led academic figures to generally avoid using "Aryan" as a stand-alone ethno-linguistic term, particularly in the <a href="/wiki/Western_world" title="Western world">Western world</a>, where "Indo-Iranian" is the preferred alternative, although the term "Indo-Aryan" is still used to denote the <a href="/wiki/Indo-Aryan_languages" title="Indo-Aryan languages">Indic branch</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:6-17">[17]</a> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Aryan&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Etymology">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="English_and_European_languages">English and European languages</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Aryan&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: English and European languages">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Darius_I_the_Great%27s_inscription.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Darius_I_the_Great%27s_inscription.jpg/220px-Darius_I_the_Great%27s_inscription.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Darius_I_the_Great%27s_inscription.jpg/330px-Darius_I_the_Great%27s_inscription.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Darius_I_the_Great%27s_inscription.jpg/440px-Darius_I_the_Great%27s_inscription.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="480" /></a><figcaption>One of the earliest epigraphically attested reference to the word arya occurs in the 6th-century BC <a href="/wiki/Behistun_inscription" class="mw-redirect" title="Behistun inscription">Behistun inscription</a>, which describes itself as having been composed "in arya [language or script]" (§ 70). As is also the case for all other Old Iranian language usage, the arya of the inscription does not signify anything but "<a href="/wiki/Arya_(Iran)" title="Arya (Iran)">Iranian</a>".<a href="#cite_note-Gershevitch2-18">[18]</a></figcaption></figure> The term Arya was first rendered into a modern European language in 1771 as Aryens by French Indologist <a href="/wiki/Abraham_Hyacinthe_Anquetil-Duperron" title="Abraham Hyacinthe Anquetil-Duperron">Abraham-Hyacinthe Anquetil-Duperron</a>, who rightly compared the Greek arioi with the <a href="/wiki/Avestan" title="Avestan">Avestan</a> airya and the country name <a href="/wiki/Name_of_Iran" title="Name of Iran">Iran</a>. In Germany, <a href="/wiki/Johann_Friedrich_Kleuker" title="Johann Friedrich Kleuker">Johann Friedrich Kleuker</a>'s translation of Anquetil-Duperron's work led to the introduction of the term Arier in 1776.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEArvidsson200620-19">[19]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMotadel2013120-20">[20]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Sanskrit" title="Sanskrit">Sanskrit</a> word ā́rya is rendered as 'noble' in <a href="/wiki/William_Jones_(philologist)" title="William Jones (philologist)">William Jones</a>' 1794 translation of the Indian <a href="/wiki/Laws_of_Manu" class="mw-redirect" title="Laws of Manu">Laws of Manu</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEArvidsson200620-19">[19]</a> The English Aryan (originally spelt Arian) appeared a few decades later, first as an adjective in 1839, then as a noun in 1849, probably after the German Arier (noun), arisch (adjective).<a href="#cite_note-OED-1">[1]</a> During the 19th and early 20th centuries, the meaning varied between the broader category equivalent to Indo-European, and the narrower one equivalent to Indo-Iranian.<a href="#cite_note-OED-1">[1]</a> Use of Aryan to designate a "white non-Jewish person, especially one of northern European origin or descent" entered the English language from German,<a href="#cite_note-OED-1">[1]</a> after this meaning was introduced in 1887 and further developed by German anti-Semitic propagandists in the context of a so-called "<a href="/wiki/Aryan_race" title="Aryan race">Aryan race</a>".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEArvidsson200621-21">[21]</a> It is still used in far-right and white supremacist discourse, and sometimes appears in the names of such groups.<a href="#cite_note-OED-1">[1]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Indo-Iranian">Indo-Iranian</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Aryan&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Indo-Iranian">edit</a>]</div> The <a href="/wiki/Sanskrit_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Sanskrit language">Sanskrit</a> word ā́rya (<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF" class="extiw" title="wikt:आर्य">आर्य</a>) was originally an ethnocultural term designating those who spoke <a href="/wiki/Vedic_Sanskrit" title="Vedic Sanskrit">Vedic Sanskrit</a> and adhered to Vedic cultural norms (including religious rituals and poetry), in contrast to an outsider, or an-ā́rya ('non-Arya').<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchmitt1987-22">[22]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWitzel20014,_24-5">[5]</a> By the time of the <a href="/wiki/Buddha" class="mw-redirect" title="Buddha">Buddha</a> (5th–4th century BCE), it took the meaning of 'noble'.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWitzel20014-23">[23]</a> In <a href="/wiki/Old_Iranian_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Old Iranian languages">Old Iranian languages</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Avestan" title="Avestan">Avestan</a> term airya (<a href="/wiki/Old_Persian" title="Old Persian">Old Persian</a> ariya) was likewise used as an ethnocultural self-designation by ancient <a href="/wiki/Iranian_peoples" title="Iranian peoples">Iranian peoples</a>, in contrast to an <a href="/wiki/Aneran" title="Aneran">an-airya</a> ('non-Arya'). It designated those who belonged to the 'Aryan' (Iranian) ethnic stock, spoke the language and followed the religion of the 'Aryas'.<a href="#cite_note-:5-6">[6]</a><a href="#cite_note-Gnoli-7">[7]</a> These two terms derive from the reconstructed <a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-Iranian_language" title="Proto-Indo-Iranian language">Proto-Indo-Iranian</a> stem *arya- or *āryo-,<a href="#cite_note-24">[24]</a> which was probably the name used by the prehistoric <a href="/wiki/Indo-Iranians" title="Indo-Iranians">Indo-Iranian peoples</a> to designate themselves as an ethnocultural group.<a href="#cite_note-:3-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGamkrelidzeIvanov1995657–658-25">[25]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKuzmina2007456-26">[26]</a> The term did not have any <a href="/wiki/Race_(human_categorization)" title="Race (human categorization)">racial</a> connotation, which only emerged later in the works of 19th-century Western writers.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBryant200160–63-10">[10]</a><a href="#cite_note-:0-11">[11]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnthony2007408-27">[27]</a> According to <a href="/wiki/David_W._Anthony" title="David W. Anthony">David W. Anthony</a>, "the <a href="/wiki/Rigveda" title="Rigveda">Rigveda</a> and <a href="/wiki/Avesta" title="Avesta">Avesta</a> agreed that the essence of their shared parental Indo-Iranian identity was linguistic and ritual, not racial. If a person sacrificed to the right gods in the right way using the correct forms of the traditional hymns and poems, that person was an Aryan."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnthony2007408-27">[27]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Proto-Indo-European">Proto-Indo-European</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Aryan&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Proto-Indo-European">edit</a>]</div> The <a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-European_language" title="Proto-Indo-European language">Proto-Indo-European</a> (PIE) origin of the Indo-Iranian stem arya- remains debated. A number of scholars, starting with <a href="/wiki/Adolphe_Pictet" title="Adolphe Pictet">Adolphe Pictet</a> (1799–1875), have proposed to derive arya- from the reconstructed PIE term *h₂erós or *h₂eryós, variously translated as 'member of one's own group, peer, freeman'; as 'host, guest; kinsman'; or as 'lord, ruler'.<a href="#cite_note-:2-9">[9]</a> However, the proposed Anatolian, Celtic and Germanic <a href="/wiki/Cognates" class="mw-redirect" title="Cognates">cognates</a> are not universally accepted.<a href="#cite_note-Delamarre-28">[28]</a><a href="#cite_note-:02-29">[29]</a> In any case, the Indo-Iranian ethnic connotation is absent from the other Indo-European languages, which rather conceived the possible cognates of *arya- as a social status (a freeman or noble), and there is no evidence that <a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-European_language" title="Proto-Indo-European language">Proto-Indo-European</a> speakers had a term to refer to themselves as '<a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-Europeans" title="Proto-Indo-Europeans">Proto-Indo-Europeans</a>'.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMalloryAdams1997213-30">[30]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFortson2011209-31">[31]</a> <ul><li>Early PIE: *h₂erós,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMalloryAdams2006266-32">[32]</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Anatolian_language" title="Proto-Anatolian language">Anatolian</a>: *ʔor-o-, 'peer, freeman',<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKloekhorst2008198-33">[33]</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hittite_language" title="Hittite language">Hittite</a>: arā-, 'comrade, peer, companion, friend'; arawanni-, 'free, freeman (not being slave)'; natta ara, 'not proper to the community',<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGamkrelidzeIvanov1995657–658-25">[25]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMalloryAdams1997213-30">[30]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKloekhorst2008198-33">[33]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lycian_language" title="Lycian language">Lycian</a>: arus-, 'citizens'; arawa-, 'freedom',<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMalloryAdams1997213-30">[30]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKloekhorst2008198-33">[33]</a></li></ul></li> <li>Late PIE: *h₂eryós,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMalloryAdams2006266-32">[32]</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-Iranian_language" title="Proto-Indo-Iranian language">Indo-Iranian</a>: *arya-, 'Aryan, <a href="/wiki/Indo-Iranians" title="Indo-Iranians">Indo-Iranian'</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchmitt1987-22">[22]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMalloryAdams2006266-32">[32]</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Old_Indo-Aryan" class="mw-redirect" title="Old Indo-Aryan">Old Indo-Aryan</a>: árya-, 'Aryan, faithful to the Vedic religion'; aryá-, 'kind, favourable, true, devoted'; arí-, 'faithful; devoted person, ± kinsman';<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchmitt1987-22">[22]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMalloryAdams2006266-32">[32]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Iranian_language" title="Proto-Iranian language">Iranian</a>: *arya-, 'Aryan, Iranian',<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMayrhofer1992174–175-34">[34]</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Avestan" title="Avestan">Avestan</a>: airya- (pl. aire), 'Aryan, Iranian',<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchmitt1987-22">[22]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGnoli2006-35">[35]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMalloryAdams2006266-32">[32]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Persian" title="Old Persian">Old Persian</a>: ariya-, 'Aryan, Iranian',<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchmitt1987-22">[22]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMayrhofer1992174–175-34">[34]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMalloryAdams1997213-30">[30]</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Celtic_language" title="Proto-Celtic language">Celtic</a>: *aryo-, 'freeman; noble'; or perhaps from *prio- ('first > prominent, eminent'),<a href="#cite_note-36">[36]</a><a href="#cite_note-Delamarre-28">[28]</a><a href="#cite_note-:02-29">[29]</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gaulish_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Gaulish language">Gaulish</a>: ario-, 'freeman, lord; foremost',<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDelamarre200355-37">[37]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMatasović200943-38">[38]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Irish" title="Old Irish">Old Irish</a>: aire, 'freeman, chief; noble';<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDelamarre200355-37">[37]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMatasović200943-38">[38]</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Germanic_language" title="Proto-Germanic language">Germanic</a> *arjaz, 'noble, distinguished, esteemed',<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOrel200323-39">[39]</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Norse" class="mw-redirect" title="Proto-Norse">Proto-Norse</a>: arjosteʀ, 'foremost, most distinguished'.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDelamarre200355-37">[37]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOrel200323-39">[39]</a><a href="#cite_note-40">[40]</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> The term *h₂er(y)ós may derive from the PIE verbal <a href="/wiki/Root_(linguistics)" title="Root (linguistics)">root</a> *h₂er-, meaning 'to put together'.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDuchesne-Guillemin1979337-41">[41]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMalloryAdams1997213-30">[30]</a> <a href="/wiki/Oswald_Szemer%C3%A9nyi" title="Oswald Szemerényi">Oswald Szemerényi</a> has also argued that the stem could be a Near-Eastern loanword from the <a href="/wiki/Ugaritic" title="Ugaritic">Ugaritic</a> ary ('kinsmen'),<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESzemerényi1977125–146-42">[42]</a> although <a href="/wiki/J._P._Mallory" title="J. P. Mallory">J. P. Mallory</a> and <a href="/wiki/Douglas_Q._Adams" title="Douglas Q. Adams">Douglas Q. Adams</a> find this proposition "hardly compelling".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMalloryAdams1997213-30">[30]</a> According to them, the original PIE meaning had a clear emphasis on the in-group status of the "freemen" as distinguished from that of outsiders, particularly those captured and incorporated into the group as slaves. In <a href="/wiki/Anatolian_languages" title="Anatolian languages">Anatolia</a>, the base word has come to emphasize personal relationship, whereas it took a more ethnic meaning among <a href="/wiki/Indo-Iranians" title="Indo-Iranians">Indo-Iranians</a>, presumably because most of the unfree (*anarya) who lived among them were captives from other ethnic groups.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMalloryAdams1997213-30">[30]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Historical_usage">Historical usage</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Aryan&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Historical usage">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Prehistoric_Proto-Indo-Iranians">Prehistoric Proto-Indo-Iranians</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Aryan&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Prehistoric Proto-Indo-Iranians">edit</a>]</div> The term *arya was used by <a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-Iranian_language" title="Proto-Indo-Iranian language">Proto-Indo-Iranian</a> speakers to designate themselves as an ethnocultural group, encompassing those who spoke the language and followed the religion of the Aryas (<a href="/wiki/Indo-Iranians" title="Indo-Iranians">Indo-Iranians</a>), as distinguished from the nearby outsiders known as the *Anarya ('non-Arya').<a href="#cite_note-:4-4">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnthony2007408-27">[27]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKuzmina2007456-26">[26]</a> Indo-Iranians (Aryas) are generally associated with the <a href="/wiki/Sintashta_culture" title="Sintashta culture">Sintashta culture</a> (2100–1800 BCE), named after the <a href="/wiki/Sintashta" title="Sintashta">Sintashta archaeological site</a> in <a href="/wiki/Chelyabinsk_Oblast" title="Chelyabinsk Oblast">Chelyabinsk Oblast</a>, Russia.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnthony2007408-27">[27]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKuzmina2007451-43">[43]</a> Linguistic evidence show that Proto-Indo-Iranian (Proto-Aryan) speakers dwelled in the <a href="/wiki/Eurasian_steppe" class="mw-redirect" title="Eurasian steppe">Eurasian steppe</a>, south of <a href="/wiki/Proto-Uralic_homeland" title="Proto-Uralic homeland">early Uralic tribes</a>; the stem *arya- was notably borrowed into the <a href="/wiki/Proto-S%C3%A1mi_language" title="Proto-Sámi language">Pre-Sámi language</a> as *orja-, at the origin of oarji ('southwest') and årjel ('Southerner'). The loanword took the meaning 'slave' in other <a href="/wiki/Finno-Permic_languages" title="Finno-Permic languages">Finno-Permic languages</a>, suggesting conflictual relations between Indo-Iranian and Uralic peoples in prehistoric times.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERédei198654-44">[44]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnthony2007385-45">[45]</a><a href="#cite_note-46">[46]</a> The stem is also found in the Indo-Iranian god *Aryaman, translated as 'Arya-spirited,' 'Aryanness,' or 'Aryanhood;' he was known in Vedic Sanskrit as <a href="/wiki/Aryaman" title="Aryaman">Aryaman</a> and in Avestan as <a href="/wiki/Airyaman" title="Airyaman">Airyaman</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBenveniste1973303-47">[47]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMallory1989130-48">[48]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWest2007142–143-49">[49]</a> The deity was in charge of welfare and the community, and connected with the institution of marriage.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMalloryAdams1997375-50">[50]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWest2007142–143-49">[49]</a> Through marital ceremonies, one of the functions of Aryaman was to assimilate women from other tribes to the host community.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBenveniste197372-51">[51]</a> If the Irish heroes <a href="/wiki/%C3%89rim%C3%B3n" title="Érimón">Érimón</a> and <a href="/wiki/Eochu_Airem" title="Eochu Airem">Airem</a> and the Gaulish personal name Ariomanus are also <a href="/wiki/Cognate" title="Cognate">cognates</a> (i.e. linguistic siblings sharing a common origin), a deity of Proto-Indo-European origin named *h₂eryo-men may also be posited.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMalloryAdams1997375-50">[50]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDelamarre200355-37">[37]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWest2007142–143-49">[49]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ancient_times">Ancient times</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Aryan&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Ancient times">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Ancient_India">Ancient India</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Aryan&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Ancient India">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Late_Vedic_Culture_(1100-500_BCE).png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Late_Vedic_Culture_%281100-500_BCE%29.png/220px-Late_Vedic_Culture_%281100-500_BCE%29.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="169" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Late_Vedic_Culture_%281100-500_BCE%29.png/330px-Late_Vedic_Culture_%281100-500_BCE%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Late_Vedic_Culture_%281100-500_BCE%29.png/440px-Late_Vedic_Culture_%281100-500_BCE%29.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="767" /></a><figcaption>The approximate extent of Āryāvarta during the late <a href="/wiki/Vedic_period" title="Vedic period">Vedic period</a> (ca. 1100–500 BCE). Aryavarta was limited to northwest India and the western Ganges plain, while <a href="/wiki/Greater_Magadha" title="Greater Magadha">Greater Magadha</a> in the east was habitated by non-Vedic Indo-Aryans, who gave rise to Jainism and Buddhism.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBronkhorst2007-52">[52]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESamuel2010-53">[53]</a></figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Vedic_Sanskrit" title="Vedic Sanskrit">Vedic Sanskrit</a> speakers viewed the term ā́rya as a religious–linguistic category, referring to those who spoke the Sanskrit language and adhered to Vedic cultural norms, especially those who worshipped the Vedic gods (<a href="/wiki/Indra" title="Indra">Indra</a> and <a href="/wiki/Agni" title="Agni">Agni</a> in particular), took part in the <a href="/wiki/Yajna" title="Yajna">yajna</a> and festivals, and practiced the art of poetry.<a href="#cite_note-54">[54]</a> The 'non-Aryas' designated primarily those who were not able to speak the āryā language correctly, the <a href="/wiki/Mleccha" title="Mleccha">Mleccha</a> or Mṛdhravāc.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThapar2019vii-55">[55]</a> However, āryā is used only once in the <a href="/wiki/Vedas" title="Vedas">Vedas</a> to designate the language of the texts, the Vedic area being defined in the <a href="/wiki/Aranyaka" title="Aranyaka">Kauṣītaki Āraṇyaka</a> as that where the āryā vāc ('Ārya speech') is spoken.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThapar20192-56">[56]</a> Some 35 names of Vedic tribes, chiefs and poets mentioned in the <a href="/wiki/Rigveda" title="Rigveda">Rigveda</a> were of 'non-Aryan' origin, demonstrating that <a href="/wiki/Cultural_assimilation" title="Cultural assimilation">cultural assimilation</a> to the ā́rya community was possible, and/or that some 'Aryan' families chose to give 'non-Aryan' names to their newborns.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKuiper19916–8,_96-57">[57]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnthony200711-58">[58]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKuzmina2007453-59">[59]</a> In the words of Indologist <a href="/wiki/Michael_Witzel" title="Michael Witzel">Michael Witzel</a>, the term ārya "does not mean a particular people or even a particular 'racial' group but all those who had joined the tribes speaking Vedic Sanskrit and adhering to their cultural norms (such as ritual, poetry, etc.)".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWitzel200124-60">[60]</a> In later Indian texts and Buddhist sources, ā́rya took the meaning of 'noble', such as in the terms Āryadésa- ('noble land') for India, Ārya-bhāṣā- ('noble language') for Sanskrit, or āryaka- ('honoured man'), which gave the <a href="/wiki/Pali" title="Pali">Pali</a> ayyaka- ('grandfather').<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBailey1987-61">[61]</a> The term came to incorporate the idea of a high social status, but was also used as an honorific for the <a href="/wiki/Brahman" title="Brahman">Brahmana</a> or the Buddhist monks. Parallelly, the Mleccha acquired additional meanings that referred to people of lower castes or aliens.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThapar2019vii-55">[55]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Ancient_Iran">Ancient Iran</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Aryan&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Ancient Iran">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Arya_(Iran)" title="Arya (Iran)">Arya (Iran)</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ariana" title="Ariana">Ariana</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Iran_(word)" title="Iran (word)">Iran (word)</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Young_avestan_geography.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Young_avestan_geography.png/220px-Young_avestan_geography.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="131" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Young_avestan_geography.png/330px-Young_avestan_geography.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Young_avestan_geography.png/440px-Young_avestan_geography.png 2x" data-file-width="2330" data-file-height="1391" /></a><figcaption>Approximate geographical extent of regions inhabited by the <a href="/wiki/Arya_(Iran)" title="Arya (Iran)">Arya</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Avesta" title="Avesta">Avesta</a> vis-a-vis other Indo-Iranian peoples during the <a href="/wiki/Avestan_period" title="Avestan period">Young Avestan period</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 900–500 BCE)</figcaption></figure> In the words of scholar <a href="/wiki/Gherardo_Gnoli" title="Gherardo Gnoli">Gherardo Gnoli</a>, the Old Iranian airya (<a href="/wiki/Avestan" title="Avestan">Avestan</a>) and ariya (<a href="/wiki/Old_Persian" title="Old Persian">Old Persian</a>) were collective terms denoting the "peoples who were aware of belonging to the one ethnic stock, speaking a common language, and having a religious tradition that centred on the cult of <a href="/wiki/Ahura_Mazda" title="Ahura Mazda">Ahura Mazdā</a>", in contrast to the 'non-Aryas', who are called anairya in <a href="/wiki/Avestan" title="Avestan">Avestan</a>, anaryān in <a href="/wiki/Parthian_language" title="Parthian language">Parthian</a>, and <a href="/wiki/An%C4%93r%C4%81n" class="mw-redirect" title="Anērān">anērān</a> in <a href="/wiki/Middle_Persian" title="Middle Persian">Middle Persian</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBailey1987-61">[61]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGnoli2006-35">[35]</a> The people of the <a href="/wiki/Avesta" title="Avesta">Avesta</a>, exclusively used the term airya (<a href="/wiki/Avestan_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Avestan language">Avestan</a>: <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%F0%90%AC%80%F0%90%AC%8C%F0%90%AC%AD%F0%90%AC%8C%F0%90%AC%8C%F0%90%AC%80" class="extiw" title="wikt:𐬀𐬌𐬭𐬌𐬌𐬀">𐬀𐬌𐬭𐬌𐬌𐬀</a>, airiia) to refer to themselves.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKellens2005-62">[62]</a> It can be found in a number geographical terms like the '<a href="/wiki/Airyanem_Vaejah" title="Airyanem Vaejah">expanse of the airyas</a>' (airiianəm vaēǰō), the '<a href="/wiki/Avestan_geography" title="Avestan geography">dwelling place of the airyas</a>' (airiio.shaiianem), or the 'white forest of the airyas' (vīspe.aire.razuraya). The term can also be found in poetic expressions such as the '<a href="/wiki/Khvarenah" title="Khvarenah">glory of the airyas</a>' (airiianąm xᵛarənō), the '<a href="/wiki/Arash_the_Archer" class="mw-redirect" title="Arash the Archer">most swift-arrowed of the airyas</a>' (xšviwi išvatəmō airiianąm), or the '<a href="/wiki/Kay_Khosrow" title="Kay Khosrow">hero of the airyas</a>' (arša airiianąm).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBailey1987-61">[61]</a> Although the Avesta does not contain any dateable events, modern scholarship assumes that the <a href="/wiki/Avestan_period" title="Avestan period">Avestan period</a> mostly predates the <a href="/wiki/Achaemenid_Empire" title="Achaemenid Empire">Achaemenid period</a> of Iranian history.<a href="#cite_note-63">[63]</a><a href="#cite_note-64">[64]</a> By the late 6th–early 5th century BCE, the <a href="/wiki/Achaemenid_Empire" title="Achaemenid Empire">Achaemenid</a> king <a href="/wiki/Darius_the_Great" title="Darius the Great">Darius the Great</a> and his son <a href="/wiki/Xerxes_I" title="Xerxes I">Xerxes I</a> described themselves as ariya ('Arya') and ariya čiça ('of Aryan origin'). In the <a href="/wiki/Behistun_Inscription" title="Behistun Inscription">Behistun inscription</a>, authored by Darius during his reign (522 – 486 BCE), the <a href="/wiki/Old_Persian_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Old Persian language">Old Persian language</a> is called ariya, and the <a href="/wiki/Elamite_language" title="Elamite language">Elamite</a> version of the inscription portrays the <a href="/wiki/Zoroastrianism" title="Zoroastrianism">Zoroastrian</a> deity <a href="/wiki/Ahura_Mazda" title="Ahura Mazda">Ahura Mazdā</a> as the "god of the Aryas" (ura-masda naap harriia-naum).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBailey1987-61">[61]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGnoli2006-35">[35]</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1273380762/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner span:not(.skin-invert-image):not(.skin-invert):not(.bg-transparent) img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner span:not(.skin-invert-image):not(.skin-invert):not(.bg-transparent) img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:342px;max-width:342px"><div class="trow"><div class="theader">Darius at Behistun</div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:170px;max-width:170px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:217px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Behistun_relief_Darius_and_Gaumata.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Behistun_relief_Darius_and_Gaumata.jpg/168px-Behistun_relief_Darius_and_Gaumata.jpg" decoding="async" width="168" height="217" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Behistun_relief_Darius_and_Gaumata.jpg/252px-Behistun_relief_Darius_and_Gaumata.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Behistun_relief_Darius_and_Gaumata.jpg/336px-Behistun_relief_Darius_and_Gaumata.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2658" data-file-height="3434" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">Full figure of Darius trampling rival <a href="/wiki/Gaumata" class="mw-redirect" title="Gaumata">Gaumata</a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:168px;max-width:168px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:217px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Behistun_Darius_the_Great.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Behistun_Darius_the_Great.jpg/166px-Behistun_Darius_the_Great.jpg" decoding="async" width="166" height="217" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Behistun_Darius_the_Great.jpg/249px-Behistun_Darius_the_Great.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Behistun_Darius_the_Great.jpg/332px-Behistun_Darius_the_Great.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="2096" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">Head of Darius with crenellated crown</div></div></div></div></div> The self-identifier was inherited in ethnic names such as the <a href="/wiki/Parthian_language" title="Parthian language">Parthian</a> Ary (pl. Aryān), the <a href="/wiki/Middle_Persian" title="Middle Persian">Middle Persian</a> Ēr (pl. Ēran), or the <a href="/wiki/New_Persian" title="New Persian">New Persian</a> Irāni (pl. Irāniyān).<a href="#cite_note-Bailey3-65">[65]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMayrhofer1992174–175-34">[34]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Scythian_languages" title="Scythian languages">Scythian</a> branch has <a href="/wiki/Alans" title="Alans">Alān</a> or *Allān (from *Aryāna; modern Allon), <a href="/wiki/Rhoxolani" class="mw-redirect" title="Rhoxolani">Rhoxolāni</a> ('Bright Alans'), Alanorsoi ('White Alans'), and possibly the modern <a href="/wiki/Ossetian_language" title="Ossetian language">Ossetian</a> Ir (adj. <a href="/wiki/Iron_people" title="Iron people">Iron</a>), spelled Irä or Erä in the <a href="/wiki/Digorian_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Digorian dialect">Digorian dialect</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Bailey3-65">[65]</a><a href="#cite_note-Mallory-8">[8]</a><a href="#cite_note-Alemany-66">[66]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Rabatak_inscription" title="Rabatak inscription">Rabatak inscription</a>, written in the <a href="/wiki/Bactrian_language" title="Bactrian language">Bactrian language</a> in the 2nd century CE, likewise uses the term ariao for 'Iranian'.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGnoli2006-35">[35]</a> The name Arizantoi, listed by Greek historian <a href="/wiki/Herodotus" title="Herodotus">Herodotus</a> as one of the six tribes composing the Iranian <a href="/wiki/Medes" title="Medes">Medes</a>, is derived from the Old Iranian *arya-zantu- ('having Aryan lineage').<a href="#cite_note-67">[67]</a> Herodotus also mentions that the Medes once called themselves Arioi,<a href="#cite_note-68">[68]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Strabo" title="Strabo">Strabo</a> locates the land of Arianē between Persia and India.<a href="#cite_note-69">[69]</a> Other occurrences include the Greek áreion (<a href="/wiki/Damascius" title="Damascius">Damascius</a>), Arianoi (<a href="/wiki/Diodorus_Siculus" title="Diodorus Siculus">Diodorus Siculus</a>) and arian (pl. arianōn; <a href="/wiki/Sasanian_period" class="mw-redirect" title="Sasanian period">Sasanian period</a>), as well as the Armenian expression ari (<a href="/wiki/Agathangelos" title="Agathangelos">Agathangelos</a>), meaning 'Iranian'.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBailey1987-61">[61]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGnoli2006-35">[35]</a> Until the demise of the <a href="/wiki/Parthian_Empire" title="Parthian Empire">Parthian Empire</a> (247 BCE–224 CE), the Iranian identity was essentially defined as cultural and religious. Following conflicts between <a href="/wiki/Manichaeism" title="Manichaeism">Manichean</a> universalism and <a href="/wiki/Zoroastrianism" title="Zoroastrianism">Zoroastrian</a> nationalism during the 3rd century CE, however, traditionalistic and nationalistic movements eventually took the upper hand during the <a href="/wiki/Sasanian_Empire" title="Sasanian Empire">Sasanian period</a>, and the Iranian identity (ērīh) came to assume a definite political value. Among Iranians (ērān), one ethnic group in particular, the <a href="/wiki/Persians" title="Persians">Persians</a>, were placed at the centre of the Ērān-šahr ('Kingdom of the Iranians') ruled by the šāhān-šāh ērān ud anērān ('King of Kings of the Iranians and non-Iranians').<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGnoli2006-35">[35]</a> Ethical and ethnic meanings may also intertwine, for instance in the use of anēr ('non-Iranian') as a synonymous of 'evil' in anērīh ī hrōmāyīkān ("the evil conduct of the Romans, i.e. Byzantines"), or in the association of ēr ('Iranian') with good birth (hutōhmaktom ēr martōm, 'the best-born Arya man') and the use of ērīh ('Iranianness') to mean 'nobility' against "labor and burdens from poverty" in the 10th-century <a href="/wiki/D%C4%93nkard" class="mw-redirect" title="Dēnkard">Dēnkard</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBailey1987-61">[61]</a> The Indian opposition between ārya- ('noble') and dāsá- ('stranger, slave, enemy') is however absent from the Iranian tradition.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBailey1987-61">[61]</a> According to linguist <a href="/wiki/%C3%89mile_Benveniste" title="Émile Benveniste">Émile Benveniste</a>, the root *das- may have been used exclusively as a collective name by Iranian peoples: "If the word referred at first to Iranian society, the name by which this enemy people called themselves collectively took on a hostile connotation and became for the Aryas of India the term for an inferior and barbarous people."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBenveniste1973259–260-70">[70]</a> Old Persian names derived the stem *arya- include Aryabignes (*arya-bigna, 'Gift of the Aryans'), Ariarathes (*Arya-wratha-, 'having Aryan joy'), Ariobarzanēs (*Ārya-bṛzāna-, 'exalting the Aryans'), <a href="/wiki/Ariaeus" title="Ariaeus">Ariaios</a> (*arya-ai-, probably used as a <a href="/wiki/Hypocorism" title="Hypocorism">hypocorism</a> of the precedent names), or <a href="/wiki/Ariaramnes" title="Ariaramnes">Ariyāramna</a> (whose meaning remains unclear).<a href="#cite_note-71">[71]</a> The English <a href="/wiki/Alan_(given_name)" title="Alan (given name)">Alan</a> and the French <a href="/wiki/Alain_(given_name)" title="Alain (given name)">Alain</a> (from Latin Alanus) may have been introduced by Alan settlers to Western Europe during the first millennium CE.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlemany20005-72">[72]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Indo-Iranian_place_names">Indo-Iranian place names</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Aryan&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Indo-Iranian place names">edit</a>]</div> In ancient <a href="/wiki/Sanskrit_literature" title="Sanskrit literature">Sanskrit literature</a>, the term <a href="/wiki/%C4%80ry%C4%81varta" title="Āryāvarta">Āryāvarta</a> (आर्यावर्त, the 'abode of the Aryas') was the name given to the cradle of the <a href="/wiki/Indo-Aryan_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Indo-Aryan people">Indo-Aryan</a> culture in northern India. The <a href="/wiki/Manusmriti" title="Manusmriti">Manusmṛiti</a> locates Āryāvarta in "the tract between the <a href="/wiki/Himalaya" class="mw-redirect" title="Himalaya">Himalaya</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Vindhya" class="mw-redirect" title="Vindhya">Vindhya</a> ranges, from the Eastern (<a href="/wiki/Bay_of_Bengal" title="Bay of Bengal">Bay of Bengal</a>) to the Western Sea (<a href="/wiki/Arabian_Sea" title="Arabian Sea">Arabian Sea</a>)".<a href="#cite_note-73">[73]</a> The stem airya- also appears in <a href="/wiki/Airyanem_Vaejah" title="Airyanem Vaejah">Airyanəm Waēǰō</a> (the 'stretch of the Aryas' or the 'Aryan plain'), which is described in the Avesta as the mythical homeland of the early Iranians, said to have been created as "the first and best of places and habitations" by the god <a href="/wiki/Ahura_Mazd%C4%81" class="mw-redirect" title="Ahura Mazdā">Ahura Mazdā</a>. It was referred to in <a href="/wiki/Manichean_Sogdian" class="mw-redirect" title="Manichean Sogdian">Manichean Sogdian</a> as ʾryʾn wyžn (Aryān Wēžan), and in <a href="/wiki/Old_Persian" title="Old Persian">Old Persian</a> as *Aryānām Waiǰah, which gave the <a href="/wiki/Middle_Persian" title="Middle Persian">Middle Persian</a> Ērān-wēž, said to be the region where the first cattle were created and where <a href="/wiki/Zaratustra" class="mw-redirect" title="Zaratustra">Zaraθuštra</a> first revealed the Good Religion.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBailey1987-61">[61]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacKenzie1998b-74">[74]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Sasanian_Empire" title="Sasanian Empire">Sasanian Empire</a>, officially named Ērān-šahr ('Kingdom of the Iranians'; from Old Persian *Aryānām Xšaθram),<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlemany20003-75">[75]</a> could also be referred to by the abbreviated form Ērān, as distinguished from the Roman West known as Anērān. The western variant Īrān, abbreviated from Īrān-šahr, is at the origin of the English country name <a href="/wiki/Name_of_Iran" title="Name of Iran">Iran</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchmitt1987-22">[22]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBailey1987-61">[61]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacKenzie1998a-76">[76]</a> <a href="/wiki/Alania" title="Alania">Alania</a>, the name of the medieval kingdom of the <a href="/wiki/Alans" title="Alans">Alans</a>, derives from a dialectal variant of the Old Iranian stem *Aryāna-, which is also linked to the mythical <a href="/wiki/Airyanem_Vaejah" title="Airyanem Vaejah">Airyanem Waēǰō</a>.<a href="#cite_note-77">[77]</a><a href="#cite_note-Mallory-8">[8]</a><a href="#cite_note-Alemany-66">[66]</a> Besides the ala- development, *air-y- may have turned into the stem ir-y- via an <a href="/wiki/I-mutation" title="I-mutation">i-mutation</a> in modern <a href="/wiki/Ossetian_language" title="Ossetian language">Ossetian languages</a>, as in the place name Iryston (<a href="/wiki/Ossetia" title="Ossetia">Ossetia</a>), here attached to the Iranian suffix *<a href="/wiki/-stan" title="-stan">-stān</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBailey1987-61">[61]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarmatta197078–81-78">[78]</a> Other <a href="/wiki/Avestan_geography" title="Avestan geography">place names mentioned in the Avesta</a> include airyō šayana, a movable term corresponding to the 'territory of the Aryas', airyanąm dahyunąm, the 'lands of the Aryas', Airyō-xšuθa, a mountain in eastern Iran associated with <a href="/wiki/Arash_the_Archer" class="mw-redirect" title="Arash the Archer">Ǝrəxša</a>, and vīspe aire razuraya, the forest where Kavi Haosravō slew the god <a href="/wiki/V%C4%81yu" class="mw-redirect" title="Vāyu">Vāyu</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBailey1987-61">[61]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacKenzie1998b-74">[74]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Graeco-Latin_literature">Graeco-Latin literature</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Aryan&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Graeco-Latin literature">edit</a>]</div> The word Arianus was used to designate <a href="/wiki/Ariana" title="Ariana">Ariana</a>,<a href="#cite_note-79">[79]</a> the area comprising Afghanistan, Iran, North-western India and Pakistan.<a href="#cite_note-80">[80]</a> In 1601, <a href="/wiki/Philemon_Holland" title="Philemon Holland">Philemon Holland</a> used 'Arianes' in his translation of the Latin Arianus to designate the inhabitants of Ariana. This was the first use of the form Arian verbatim in the English language.<a href="#cite_note-81">[81]</a><a href="#cite_note-82">[82]</a><a href="#cite_note-OED-1">[1]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Modern_times">Modern times</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Aryan&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Modern times">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Iranian_nationalism">Iranian nationalism</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Aryan&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Iranian nationalism">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Iranian_nationalism" title="Iranian nationalism">Iranian nationalism</a></div> In the late <a href="/wiki/Qajar_era" class="mw-redirect" title="Qajar era">Qajar era</a>, modern ideas about the Aryan identity were introduced to Iran and significantly influenced its nationalistic movement. Iranian intellectuals, reflecting on their pre-Islamic, Indo-European past, embraced a version of the Aryan myth that contrasted their heritage with the Arab (or Semitic) influence introduced after the <a href="/wiki/Muslim_conquest_of_Persia" title="Muslim conquest of Persia">Arab conquest</a> (7th century AD). In the 19th century, thinkers like <a href="/wiki/Mirza_Fatali_Akhundov" title="Mirza Fatali Akhundov">Mirza Fatali Akhundov</a> (1812–1878) and <a href="/wiki/Mirza_Aqa_Khan_Kermani" title="Mirza Aqa Khan Kermani">Mirza Aqa Khan Kermani</a> (1854–1896) promoted the idea of a grand, ancient Persian civilization. This narrative, which depicted Arab influence as destructive to Iranian culture while emphasizing shared roots with admired European civilizations, was widely disseminated through nationalist publications and became a cornerstone of 20th-century Iranian nationalist discourse.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMotadel2013130–131-83">[83]</a> In <a href="/wiki/Pahlavi_Iran" title="Pahlavi Iran">Pahlavi Iran</a> (1925–1979), nationalism was used to popularize the Aryan myth and promote Iranian antiquity, bolstering both national identity and the legitimacy of the ruling dynasty. This "Aryan and Neo-Achaemenid nationalism" emerged prominently in the 1930s and remained influential throughout the Pahlavi period.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMotadel2013130–132-84">[84]</a> In 1935, <a href="/wiki/Reza_Shah" title="Reza Shah">Reza Shah</a> mandated that the country be known internationally as 'Iran' (a name linked to the term 'Aryan') rather than 'Persia', which was seen as a European label derived from the southern province of <a href="/wiki/Fars_province" title="Fars province">Fars</a>. His son, <a href="/wiki/Mohammad_Reza_Pahlavi" title="Mohammad Reza Pahlavi">Mohammad Reza</a>, later adopted the title "King of the Kings, Light of the Aryans" (<a href="/wiki/Aryamehr" title="Aryamehr">Shahanshah Aryamehr</a>), and in the 1970s, he even proposed an 'Aryan brotherhood' among Iran, India, Pakistan, and Afghanistan as a means to foster regional peace and celebrate a shared legacy of a distinguished civilization.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMotadel2013130–132-84">[84]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Religious_use">Religious use</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Aryan&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Religious use">edit</a>]</div> The word ārya is often found in Hindu, Buddhist, and Jain texts. In the Indian spiritual context, it can be applied to Rishis or to someone who has mastered the four noble truths and entered upon the spiritual path. According to Indian leader <a href="/wiki/Jawaharlal_Nehru" title="Jawaharlal Nehru">Jawaharlal Nehru</a>, the religions of <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a> may be called collectively ārya dharma, a term that includes the religions that originated in the <a href="/wiki/Indian_subcontinent" title="Indian subcontinent">Indian subcontinent</a> (e.g. <a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hinduism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jainism" title="Jainism">Jainism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sikhism" title="Sikhism">Sikhism</a>).<a href="#cite_note-85">[85]</a> The word ārya is also often used in <a href="/wiki/Jainism" title="Jainism">Jainism</a>, in Jain texts such as the Pannavanasutta. In Avaśyakaniryukti, an early Jaina text, a character named Ārya Mangu is mentioned twice.<a href="#cite_note-86">[86]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Personal_names">Personal names</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Aryan&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Personal names">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Arya_(name)" title="Arya (name)">Arya (name)</a> and <a href="/wiki/Aryan_(name)" title="Aryan (name)">Aryan (name)</a></div> The name <a href="/wiki/Aryan_(name)" title="Aryan (name)">Aryan</a> (including derivatives such as Aaryan, <a href="/wiki/Arya_(name)" title="Arya (name)">Arya</a>, Ariyan or Aria) is still used as a given name or surname in modern South Asia and Iran. There has also been a rise in names associated with Aryan in the West, which have been popularized due to pop culture. According to the U.S. Social Security Administration in 2012, Arya was the fastest-rising girl's name in popularity in the U.S., jumping from 711th to 413th position.<a href="#cite_note-87">[87]</a> The name entered the top 200 most commonly used names for baby girls born in England and Wales in 2017.<a href="#cite_note-88">[88]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Scholarship">Scholarship</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Aryan&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Scholarship">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="19th_and_early_20th_century">19th and early 20th century</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Aryan&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: 19th and early 20th century">edit</a>]</div> The term 'Aryan' was initially introduced into the English language through works of comparative philology, as a modern rendering of the Sanskrit word ā́rya. First translated as 'noble' in <a href="/wiki/William_Jones_(philologist)" title="William Jones (philologist)">William Jones</a>' 1794 translation of the <a href="/wiki/Laws_of_Manu" class="mw-redirect" title="Laws of Manu">Laws of Manu</a>, early-19th-century scholars later noticed that the term was used in the earliest <a href="/wiki/Vedas" title="Vedas">Vedas</a> as an ethnocultural self-designation "comprising the worshipers of the gods of the Brahmans".<a href="#cite_note-OED-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEArvidsson200620-19">[19]</a> This interpretation was simultaneously influenced by the presence of the word Ἀριάνης (Ancient Greek) ~ Arianes (Latin) in classical texts, which had been rightly compared by <a href="/wiki/Abraham_Hyacinthe_Anquetil-Duperron" title="Abraham Hyacinthe Anquetil-Duperron">Anquetil-Duperron</a> in 1771 to the Iranian airya (<a href="/wiki/Avestan" title="Avestan">Avestan</a>) ~ ariya (<a href="/wiki/Old_Persian" title="Old Persian">Old Persian</a>), a self-identifier used by the speakers of <a href="/wiki/Iranian_peoples" title="Iranian peoples">Iranian languages</a> since ancient times. Accordingly, the term 'Aryan' came to refer in scholarship to the <a href="/wiki/Indo-Iranian_languages" title="Indo-Iranian languages">Indo-Iranian languages</a>, and, by extension, to the native speakers of the <a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-Iranian_language" title="Proto-Indo-Iranian language">Proto-Indo-Iranian language</a>, the prehistoric <a href="/wiki/Indo-Iranians" title="Indo-Iranians">Indo-Iranian peoples</a>.<a href="#cite_note-89">[89]</a> During the 19th century, through the works of <a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Schlegel" title="Friedrich Schlegel">Friedrich Schlegel</a> (1772–1829), <a href="/wiki/Christian_Lassen" title="Christian Lassen">Christian Lassen</a> (1800–1876), <a href="/wiki/Adolphe_Pictet" title="Adolphe Pictet">Adolphe Pictet</a> (1799–1875), and <a href="/wiki/Max_M%C3%BCller" title="Max Müller">Max Müller</a> (1823–1900), the terms Aryans, Arier, and Aryens came to be adopted by a number of Western scholars as a synonym of '<a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-Europeans" title="Proto-Indo-Europeans">(Proto-)Indo-Europeans</a>'.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEArvidsson200621-21">[21]</a> Many of them indeed believed that Aryan was also the original self-designation used by the prehistoric speakers of the <a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-European_language" title="Proto-Indo-European language">Proto-Indo-European language</a>, based on the erroneous assumptions that <a href="/wiki/Sanskrit" title="Sanskrit">Sanskrit</a> was the oldest <a href="/wiki/Indo-European_languages" title="Indo-European languages">Indo-European language</a> and on the linguistically untenable position that <a href="/wiki/%C3%89riu" title="Ériu">Ériu</a> (Ireland) was related to Arya.<a href="#cite_note-90">[90]</a> This hypothesis has since been abandoned in scholarship due to the lack of evidence for the use of arya as an ethnocultural self-designation outside the Indo-Iranian world.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFortson2011209-31">[31]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Contemporary_scholarship">Contemporary scholarship</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Aryan&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Contemporary scholarship">edit</a>]</div> In contemporary scholarship, the terms 'Aryan' and 'Proto-Aryan' are still sometimes used to designate the prehistoric Indo-Iranian peoples and their <a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-Iranian_language" title="Proto-Indo-Iranian language">proto-language</a>. However, the use of 'Aryan' to mean 'Proto-Indo-European' is now regarded as an "aberration to be avoided".<a href="#cite_note-Witzel2012-91">[91]</a> The '<a href="/wiki/Indo-Iranian_languages" title="Indo-Iranian languages">Indo-Iranian</a>' subfamily of languages – which encompasses the <a href="/wiki/Indo-Aryan_languages" title="Indo-Aryan languages">Indo-Aryan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Iranian_languages" title="Iranian languages">Iranian</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Nuristani_languages" title="Nuristani languages">Nuristani</a> branches – may also be referred to as the 'Aryan languages'.<a href="#cite_note-92">[92]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnthony2007385-45">[45]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFortson2011209-31">[31]</a> However, the atrocities committed in the name of <a href="/wiki/Aryanism" title="Aryanism">Aryanist</a> racial ideologies during the first part of the 20th century have led academics to generally avoid the term 'Aryan', which has been replaced in most cases by 'Indo-Iranian', although its Indic branch is still called 'Indo-Aryan'.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEArvidsson200622-93">[93]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnthony200710-94">[94]</a><a href="#cite_note-:6-17">[17]</a> The name 'Iranian', which stems from the <a href="/wiki/Old_Persian" title="Old Persian">Old Persian</a> *Aryānām, also continues to be used to refer to specific <a href="/wiki/Ethnolinguistic_group" title="Ethnolinguistic group">ethnolinguistic groups</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchmitt1987-22">[22]</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Aryan_peoples" title="Indo-Aryan peoples">Indo-Aryan</a> refers to the populations speaking an <a href="/wiki/Indo-Aryan_languages" title="Indo-Aryan languages">Indo-Aryan language</a> or identifying as <a href="/wiki/Indo-Aryan_peoples" title="Indo-Aryan peoples">Indo-Aryan</a>; they form the predominant group in Northern Indian subcontinent.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWitzel20013-95">[95]</a> The largest Indo-Aryan ethnolinguistic groups are <a href="/wiki/Hindi" title="Hindi">Hindi</a>–<a href="/wiki/Urdu" title="Urdu">Urdu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bengali_language" title="Bengali language">Bengali</a>, <a href="/wiki/Punjabi_language" title="Punjabi language">Punjabi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Marathi_language" title="Marathi language">Marathi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gujarati_language" title="Gujarati language">Gujarati</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rajasthani_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Rajasthani language">Rajasthani</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bhojpuri_language" title="Bhojpuri language">Bhojpuri</a>, <a href="/wiki/Maithili_language" title="Maithili language">Maithili</a>, <a href="/wiki/Odia_language" title="Odia language">Odia</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Sindhi_language" title="Sindhi language">Sindhi</a>. More than 900 million people are native speakers of an Indo-Aryan language.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBryantPatton2005246–247-96">[96]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_peoples" title="Iranian peoples">Iranian</a> (or Iranic) is used to designate the speakers of <a href="/wiki/Iranian_languages" title="Iranian languages">Iranian languages</a> or the peoples who identify as "Iranians", especially in <a href="/wiki/Greater_Iran" title="Greater Iran">Greater Iran</a>. Modern Iranian ethnolinguistic groups include <a href="/wiki/Persians" title="Persians">Persians</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pashtuns" title="Pashtuns">Pashtuns</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kurds" title="Kurds">Kurds</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tajiks" title="Tajiks">Tajiks</a>, <a href="/wiki/Baloch_people" title="Baloch people">Balochs</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lurs" title="Lurs">Lurs</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pamiris" title="Pamiris">Pamiris</a>, <a href="/wiki/Zazas" title="Zazas">Zazas</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Ossetians" title="Ossetians">Ossetians</a>. An estimated 150 to 200 million people are native speakers of an Iranian language.<a href="#cite_note-97">[97]</a></li></ul> Some authors writing for popular consumption have kept on using the word 'Aryan' for all Indo-Europeans in the tradition of <a href="/wiki/H._G._Wells" title="H. G. Wells">H. G. Wells</a>,<a href="#cite_note-98">[98]</a><a href="#cite_note-99">[99]</a> such as the science fiction author <a href="/wiki/Poul_Anderson" title="Poul Anderson">Poul Anderson</a>,<a href="#cite_note-100">[100]</a> and scientists writing for the popular media, such as <a href="/wiki/Colin_Renfrew" title="Colin Renfrew">Colin Renfrew</a>.<a href="#cite_note-101">[101]</a> According to <a href="/wiki/Franciscus_Bernardus_Jacobus_Kuiper" class="mw-redirect" title="Franciscus Bernardus Jacobus Kuiper">F. B. J. Kuiper</a>, echoes of "the 19th century prejudice about 'northern' Aryans who were confronted on Indian soil with black barbarians [...] can still be heard in some modern studies."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKuiper1991-102">[102]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Aryanism_and_racism">Aryanism and racism</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Aryan&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Aryanism and racism">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Aryanism" title="Aryanism">Aryanism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Aryan_race" title="Aryan race">Aryan race</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Invention_of_the_'Aryan_race'">Invention of the 'Aryan race'</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Aryan&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Invention of the 'Aryan race'">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Early_Romantic_views">Early Romantic views</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Aryan&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Early Romantic views">edit</a>]</div> During the <a href="/wiki/Romantic_era" class="mw-redirect" title="Romantic era">Romantic era</a>, early nationalist thinkers like <a href="/wiki/Johann_Gottfried_Herder" title="Johann Gottfried Herder">Johann Gottfried Herder</a> (1744–1803) and <a href="/wiki/Johann_Gottlieb_Fichte" title="Johann Gottlieb Fichte">Johann Gottlieb Fichte</a> (1762–1814) envisioned a nation (<a href="/wiki/Volk" title="Volk">Volk</a>) as an organic cultural community united by history, folklore, myths, poetry, and especially a common language. They saw linguistic ties as natural evidence of tribal connections, linking a Volk's ancestry to the origins of its language.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMotadel2013121-103">[103]</a> In this context, European scholars interpreted the linguistic Indo-European connection as evidence of shared cultural and ethnic heritage, linking modern Europeans to ancient Persians. In 1808, German philosopher <a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Schlegel" title="Friedrich Schlegel">Friedrich Schlegel</a> played a key role by arguing that German ancestors were ancient Persian Aryans, designating a primordial "Indo-European people" (Urvolk) who migrated to Europe from their 'original homeland' (<a href="/wiki/Urheimat" class="mw-redirect" title="Urheimat">Urheimat</a>) in Asia.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMotadel2013121-103">[103]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="North_European_hypothesis">North European hypothesis</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Aryan&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: North European hypothesis">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/North_European_hypothesis" title="North European hypothesis">North European hypothesis</a></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Passing_of_the_Great_Race_-_Map_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Passing_of_the_Great_Race_-_Map_2.jpg/280px-Passing_of_the_Great_Race_-_Map_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="280" height="183" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Passing_of_the_Great_Race_-_Map_2.jpg/420px-Passing_of_the_Great_Race_-_Map_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Passing_of_the_Great_Race_-_Map_2.jpg/560px-Passing_of_the_Great_Race_-_Map_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2474" data-file-height="1619" /></a><figcaption>"Expansion of the Pre-Teutonic Nordics" — map from <a href="/wiki/The_Passing_of_the_Great_Race" title="The Passing of the Great Race">The Passing of the Great Race</a> by <a href="/wiki/Madison_Grant" title="Madison Grant">Madison Grant</a>, showing hypothesized migrations of Nordic peoples</figcaption></figure> In the second part of the 19th century, the idea that Indo-European languages had originated from Asia gradually lost support among academics. After the end of the 1860s, alternative models of <a href="/wiki/Indo-European_migrations" title="Indo-European migrations">Indo-European migrations</a> began to emerge, some of them locating the <a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-European_homeland" title="Proto-Indo-European homeland">ancestral homeland</a> in Northern Europe.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMallory1989268-104">[104]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEArvidsson200652-105">[105]</a> In 1868, Theodor Bensen proposed that the Aryans originated in Europe, and that some migrated to Asia to establish ancient Eastern civilisations, which later degenerated through racial mixing on the fringes. This 'northern thesis' quickly gained support among German anthropologists and linguists such as <a href="/wiki/Lazarus_Geiger" title="Lazarus Geiger">Lazarus Geiger</a>, <a href="/wiki/Theodor_Poesche" title="Theodor Poesche">Theodor Poesche</a>, <a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ludwig_Wilser" class="extiw" title="de:Ludwig Wilser">Ludwig Wilser</a>, <a href="/wiki/Karl_Penka" title="Karl Penka">Karl Penka</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Gustaf_Kossinna" title="Gustaf Kossinna">Gustaf Kossinna</a>, and fuelled the trend to use the word Aryan as a synonym for Nordic or Germanic.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMotadel2013125-106">[106]</a> Karl Penka, credited as "a transitional figure between Aryanism and Nordicism",<a href="#cite_note-107">[107]</a> argued in 1868 that the Aryans originated in southern <a href="/wiki/Scandinavia" title="Scandinavia">Scandinavia</a>.<a href="#cite_note-108">[108]</a> In 1878, <a href="/wiki/German_Americans" title="German Americans">German American</a> anthropologist Theodor Poesche proposed to located the original Aryans in Lithuania.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMotadel2013125-106">[106]</a> In the early-20th century, German scholar Gustaf Kossinna (1858-1931), attempting to connect a prehistoric <a href="/wiki/Material_culture" title="Material culture">material culture</a> with the reconstructed <a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-European_language" title="Proto-Indo-European language">Proto-Indo-European language</a>, contended on archaeological grounds that the 'Indo-Germanic' (Indogermanische) migrations originated from a homeland located in northern Europe.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnthony20079–11-13">[13]</a> Until the end of <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>, scholarship on the Indo-European <a href="/wiki/Urheimat" class="mw-redirect" title="Urheimat">Urheimat</a> broadly fell into two camps: Kossinna's followers and those, initially led by <a href="/wiki/Otto_Schrader_(philologist)" title="Otto Schrader (philologist)">Otto Schrader</a> (1855–1919), who supported a <a href="/wiki/Steppe_hypothesis" class="mw-redirect" title="Steppe hypothesis">steppe homeland</a> in Eurasia, which became the most widespread hypothesis among scholars.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMallory1989269-109">[109]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Theories_of_racial_supremacy">Theories of racial supremacy</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Aryan&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Theories of racial supremacy">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Transition_to_racial_biology">Transition to racial biology</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Aryan&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Transition to racial biology">edit</a>]</div> While Schlegel and early 19th-century proponents of Aryan migrations had defined Aryans in cultural rather than biological terms, aligning with early national thinkers like Herder, later scholars, beginning with <a href="/wiki/Julius_Klaproth" title="Julius Klaproth">Julius Klaproth</a> (1783–1835) and <a href="/wiki/Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric_Eichhoff" title="Frédéric Eichhoff">Frédéric Eichhoff</a> (1799–1875), began reinterpreting the ancient Aryans in racial and biological terms.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMotadel2013121–122-110">[110]</a> Racially-oriented interpretations of the Vedic Aryas as 'fair-skinned foreign invaders' coming from the North gradually led to the adoption of the term Aryan as a <a href="/wiki/Historical_race_concepts" title="Historical race concepts">racial category</a> connected to a supremacist ideology known as <a href="/wiki/Aryanism" title="Aryanism">Aryanism</a>, which conceived the <a href="/wiki/Aryan_race" title="Aryan race">Aryan race</a> as the '<a href="/wiki/Superior_race" class="mw-redirect" title="Superior race">superior race</a>' responsible for most of the achievements of ancient civilizations.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBryant200160–63-10">[10]</a><figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Arthur_de_Gobineau.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Arthur_de_Gobineau.jpg/189px-Arthur_de_Gobineau.jpg" decoding="async" width="189" height="240" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Arthur_de_Gobineau.jpg/283px-Arthur_de_Gobineau.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Arthur_de_Gobineau.jpg/377px-Arthur_de_Gobineau.jpg 2x" data-file-width="518" data-file-height="659" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Arthur_de_Gobineau" title="Arthur de Gobineau">Arthur de Gobineau</a> (1816–1882)</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Arthur_de_Gobineau" title="Arthur de Gobineau">Arthur de Gobineau</a>, the author of the influential <a href="/wiki/Essay_on_the_Inequality_of_the_Human_Races" class="mw-redirect" title="Essay on the Inequality of the Human Races">Essay on the Inequality of the Human Races</a> (1853), viewed the white or Aryan race as the only <a href="/wiki/Civilized" class="mw-redirect" title="Civilized">civilized</a> one, and conceived <a href="/wiki/Decadence" title="Decadence">cultural decline</a> and <a href="/wiki/Miscegenation" title="Miscegenation">miscegenation</a> as intimately intertwined. Detaching the Aryans from modern Asia, Gobineau wrote that northern Europeans had migrated across the world and founded the major civilizations, before being diluted through racial mixing with indigenous populations described as racially inferior, leading to the progressive decay of the ancient Aryan civilizations.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEArvidsson200645-111">[111]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMotadel2013123-112">[112]</a> The last pure Aryans, he believed, were the Germanics.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMotadel2013123-112">[112]</a> While Gobineau classified both Aryans and Semites as part of the 'white race', which he distinguished from a 'yellow' and a 'black' one, the term Aryan increasingly began to be used as a synonym for 'non-Jewish' among authors of this period.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMotadel2013124-113">[113]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Aryan_race_and_antisemitism">Aryan race and antisemitism</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Aryan&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Aryan race and antisemitism">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/Christian_Lassen" title="Christian Lassen">Christian Lassen</a> (1800–1876), a student of Schlegel, had glorified the Aryans as "the most gifted" and "perfect in talent", contrasting them with Semites and laying the groundwork for a racial dichotomy between the two groups.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMotadel2013121–122-110">[110]</a> In the tradition of Lassen's 'Aryan–Semitic' dichotomy, French orientalist <a href="/wiki/Ernest_Renan" title="Ernest Renan">Ernest Renan</a> (1823–1892) portrayed 'Semites' as 'non-Aryans', and the Aryans as the master race destined to shape human destiny. Similarly, Swiss linguist <a href="/wiki/Adolphe_Pictet" title="Adolphe Pictet">Adolphe Pictet</a> (1799–1875) identified the Aryans as the chosen race and direct ancestors of Europeans. Influenced by Lassen and Renan, he argued that there was a fundamental conflict between Semites and the superior Aryans.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMotadel2013123-112">[112]</a> The first recorded instance of the German Arier to mean 'non-Jewish' appears to have been in 1887, when a Viennese fitness society decided to admit only "Germans of Aryan descent" (Deutsche arischer Abkunft) as members.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEArvidsson200621-21">[21]</a> In <a href="/wiki/The_Foundations_of_the_Nineteenth_Century" title="The Foundations of the Nineteenth Century">The Foundations of the Nineteenth Century</a> (1899), which <a href="/wiki/Stefan_Arvidsson" title="Stefan Arvidsson">Stefan Arvidsson</a> notes is identified as "one of the most important proto-Nazi texts",<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEArvidsson2006153-114">[114]</a> British-German writer <a href="/wiki/Houston_Chamberlain" class="mw-redirect" title="Houston Chamberlain">Houston Chamberlain</a> theorized an existential struggle to the death between a superior German-Aryan race and a destructive Jewish-Semitic race, influenced by Renan's antagonistic divide between Aryans and Semites.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEArvidsson2006155-115">[115]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMotadel2013124-113">[113]</a> Chamberlain's work was highly influential, leading German Emperor <a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_II" title="Wilhelm II">Wilhelm II</a> to mandate that his book be required reading for school teachers in training.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMotadel2013124-113">[113]</a> The best-seller <a href="/wiki/The_Passing_of_the_Great_Race" title="The Passing of the Great Race">The Passing of the Great Race</a>, published by American writer <a href="/wiki/Madison_Grant" title="Madison Grant">Madison Grant</a> in 1916, warned of a danger of miscegenation with the immigrant 'inferior races' – including speakers of Indo-European languages (such as Slavs, Italians, and Yiddish-speaking Jews) – allegedly faced by the 'racially superior' Germanic Aryans (that is: Americans of <a href="/wiki/English_Americans" title="English Americans">English</a>, <a href="/wiki/German_Americans" title="German Americans">German</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Scandinavian_Americans" class="mw-redirect" title="Scandinavian Americans">Scandinavian</a> descent).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnthony20079–11-13">[13]</a> Race mysticists like <a href="/wiki/Paul_de_Lagarde" title="Paul de Lagarde">Paul</a> <a href="/wiki/Paul_de_Lagarde" title="Paul de Lagarde">de Lagarde</a> (1827–1891) and <a href="/wiki/Julius_Langbehn" title="Julius Langbehn">Julius Langbehn</a> (1851–1907) regarded Aryans as nature-bound, unspoilt Germanics (Urgermanen), detached from modern materialism and liberalism.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMotadel2013125-106">[106]</a> Led by <a href="/wiki/Guido_von_List" title="Guido von List">Guido von List</a> (1848–1919) and <a href="/wiki/J%C3%B6rg_Lanz_von_Liebenfels" title="Jörg Lanz von Liebenfels">Jörg Lanz von Liebenfels</a> (1874–1954), <a href="/wiki/Ariosophy" title="Ariosophy">Ariosophists</a> founded an ideological system combining <a href="/wiki/V%C3%B6lkisch_movement" title="Völkisch movement">Völkisch</a> nationalism with <a href="/wiki/Western_esotericism" title="Western esotericism">esoterism</a>. Prophesying a coming era of German (Aryan) world rule, they argued that a conspiracy against Germans – said to have been instigated by the non-Aryan races, by the Jews, or by the <a href="/wiki/Early_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="Early Church">early Church</a> – had "sought to ruin this ideal Germanic world by emancipating the non-German inferiors in the name of a spurious egalitarianism".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoodrick-Clarke19852-116">[116]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Nazi_racial_theories">Nazi racial theories</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Aryan&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Nazi racial theories">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Nazi_racial_theories" title="Nazi racial theories">Nazi racial theories</a></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Birth_of_a_nation_Aryan_quote.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Birth_of_a_nation_Aryan_quote.jpg/275px-Birth_of_a_nation_Aryan_quote.jpg" decoding="async" width="275" height="183" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Birth_of_a_nation_Aryan_quote.jpg/413px-Birth_of_a_nation_Aryan_quote.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/df/Birth_of_a_nation_Aryan_quote.jpg 2x" data-file-width="480" data-file-height="320" /></a><figcaption>An <a href="/wiki/Intertitle" title="Intertitle">intertitle</a> from the <a href="/wiki/Silent_film" title="Silent film">silent film</a> blockbuster <a href="/wiki/The_Birth_of_a_Nation" title="The Birth of a Nation">The Birth of a Nation</a> (1915). "Aryan birthright" is here "white birthright", the "defense" of which unites "<a href="/wiki/White_race" class="mw-redirect" title="White race">whites</a>" in the Northern and Southern U.S. against "<a href="/wiki/Coloreds" class="mw-redirect" title="Coloreds">coloreds</a>". In another film of the same year, <a href="/wiki/The_Aryan" title="The Aryan">The Aryan</a>, <a href="/wiki/William_S._Hart" title="William S. Hart">William S. Hart</a>'s "Aryan" identity is defined in distinction from other peoples.</figcaption></figure> Von Liebenfels' and Chamberlain's ideas of <a href="/wiki/Social_Darwinism" title="Social Darwinism">social Darwinism</a>, Aryan supremacy, racial struggle for existence and racial purity had a significant influence on <a href="/wiki/Nazism_and_race" class="mw-redirect" title="Nazism and race">Nazi racial ideology</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnthony20079–11-13">[13]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMotadel2013125-106">[106]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeikart200912-117">[117]</a> In <a href="/wiki/Mein_Kampf" title="Mein Kampf">Mein Kampf</a> (1925), <a href="/wiki/Adolf_Hitler" title="Adolf Hitler">Adolf Hitler</a> equated the Aryans with the German people ('<a href="/wiki/Volk" title="Volk">Volk</a>'), and with being part of the non-Jewish '<a href="/wiki/Master_race" title="Master race">master race</a>'. He portrayed the ancient Aryan migrations as one where the Nordic Aryan race, seen as the pinnacle of human evolution, conquered foreign lands, established great civilisations, and ultimately declined due to a failure to maintain racial purity.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMotadel2013125–126-118">[118]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeikart20095–6-119">[119]</a> Hitler believed that any action that could strengthen the Aryan race was justified, even if it meant committing atrocities against those seen as inferior (<a href="/wiki/Untermensch" title="Untermensch">Untermenschen</a>). Human rights and humanitarian values were thus dismissed as detrimental to the survival and advancement of the Aryans.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeikart20095–6-119">[119]</a> Conversely, Jews, as an inferior race, especially in their moral characteristics, needed to be eliminated, one way or another, from German society.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeikart20099-120">[120]</a> <a href="/wiki/Alfred_Rosenberg" title="Alfred Rosenberg">Alfred Rosenberg</a>, Hitler's chief ideologue, expanded on the idea of an ancient Nordic migration in <a href="/wiki/The_Myth_of_the_Twentieth_Century" title="The Myth of the Twentieth Century">The Myth of the Twentieth Century</a> (1930), portraying old Persians as "Aryans with northern blood" who eventually degenerated due to intermixing with so-called 'lower races'. He used Persian history as a cautionary example of miscegenation (Bastardierung). This view was shared by many Nazi ideologues, who believed that the decline of the Aryan race was caused by infiltration (Überfremdung) from 'Semitic races'.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMotadel2013127-121">[121]</a> In 1935, Nazis founded the <a href="/wiki/Ahnenerbe" title="Ahnenerbe">Ahnenerbe</a> to research 'Aryan prehistory' through classicist and anthropological works.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEArvidsson2006181–182-122">[122]</a> Its president, <a href="/wiki/Walther_W%C3%BCst" title="Walther Wüst">Walther Wüst</a>, believed that the Germans were directly descended from the Aryan 'Nordic race', which spread into Asia until racial mixing led to 'degeneration' (Entartung) and 'denordification' (Entnordnung).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMotadel2013129-123">[123]</a> In the late 19th century, student fraternities in Austria and Germany already used 'Aryan clauses' to exclude Jews. However, the <a href="/wiki/Third_Reich" class="mw-redirect" title="Third Reich">Third Reich</a> was the first to incorporate the term Aryan into national law. On 7 April 1933, Berlin enacted the '<a href="/wiki/Aryan_paragraph" title="Aryan paragraph">Aryan Paragraph</a>' (Arierparagraph) as part of the <a href="/wiki/Law_for_the_Restoration_of_the_Professional_Civil_Service" title="Law for the Restoration of the Professional Civil Service">Law for the Restoration of the Professional Civil Service</a>. Terms such as 'Proof of Aryan Ancestry' (Ariernachweis) and 'Aryanisation' (Arisierung) soon became common legal language, all primarily aimed at targeting Jews.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMotadel2013125–126-118">[118]</a> In September 1935, the Nazis enacted the <a href="/wiki/Nuremberg_Laws" title="Nuremberg Laws">Nuremberg Laws</a>, requiring all Aryan Reich citizens to prove their Aryan ancestry. One way to do this was to obtain an <a href="/wiki/Ahnenpass" title="Ahnenpass">Ahnenpass</a> ('ancestor pass') by providing baptismal certificates that verified all four grandparents were of Aryan descent.<a href="#cite_note-124">[124]</a> In December of the same year, the Nazis founded <a href="/wiki/Lebensborn" title="Lebensborn">Lebensborn</a> ('Fount of Life') to counteract the falling Aryan birth rates in Germany, and to promote <a href="/wiki/Nazi_eugenics" title="Nazi eugenics">Nazi eugenics</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeikart2009133-125">[125]</a><figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:ArnoBrekerDiePartei.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/ArnoBrekerDiePartei.jpg/220px-ArnoBrekerDiePartei.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="149" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/ArnoBrekerDiePartei.jpg/330px-ArnoBrekerDiePartei.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/ArnoBrekerDiePartei.jpg/440px-ArnoBrekerDiePartei.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1747" data-file-height="1183" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Arno_Breker" title="Arno Breker">Arno Breker</a>'s sculpture Die Partei (The Party), depicting a Nazi-era ideal of the "Nordic Aryan" racial type</figcaption></figure>Many American <a href="/wiki/White_Supremacist" class="mw-redirect" title="White Supremacist">white supremacist</a> <a href="/wiki/Neo-Nazism" title="Neo-Nazism">neo-Nazi</a> groups and prison gangs refer to themselves as 'Aryans', including the <a href="/wiki/Aryan_Brotherhood" title="Aryan Brotherhood">Aryan Brotherhood</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Aryan_Nations" title="Aryan Nations">Aryan Nations</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Aryan_Republican_Army" title="Aryan Republican Army">Aryan Republican Army</a>, the <a href="/wiki/White_Aryan_Resistance" title="White Aryan Resistance">White Aryan Resistance</a>, or the <a href="/wiki/Aryan_Circle" title="Aryan Circle">Aryan Circle</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoodrick-Clarke2002232–233-126">[126]</a><a href="#cite_note-127">[127]</a> Modern nationalist political groups and neo-Pagan movements in Russia claim a direct linkage between themselves as Slavs and the ancient 'Aryans',<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnthony20079–11-13">[13]</a> and in some Indian nationalist circles, the term 'Aryan' can also be used in reference to an alleged Aryan 'race'.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWitzel20014-23">[23]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Aryanism_in_India">Aryanism in India</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Aryan&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Aryanism in India">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Racial_interpretations_of_the_Rigveda">Racial interpretations of the Rigveda</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Aryan&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Racial interpretations of the Rigveda">edit</a>]</div> In 1888 <a href="/wiki/Max_M%C3%BCller" title="Max Müller">Max Müller</a>, who had himself inaugurated the racial interpretations of the <a href="/wiki/Rigveda" title="Rigveda">Rigveda</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBryant200160-128">[128]</a> denounced talk of an "Aryan race, Aryan blood, Aryan eyes and hair" as a nonsense comparable to a linguist speaking of "a dolichocephalic dictionary or a brachycephalic grammar".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMallory1989269-109">[109]</a> But an increasing number of Western writers, especially anthropologists and non-specialists influenced by <a href="/wiki/Darwinism" title="Darwinism">Darwinist</a> theories, came to see the Aryas of the Rigveda as a 'physical-genetic species' contrasting with the other human races – rather than as an ethnolinguistic category.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoodrick-Clarke19855-129">[129]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEArvidsson200661-130">[130]</a> During the late-19th and early-20th centuries, noted anthropologists <a href="/wiki/Theodor_Poesche" title="Theodor Poesche">Theodor Poesche</a> and <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Henry_Huxley" title="Thomas Henry Huxley">Thomas Huxley</a> quoted from the Rigveda to suggest that the Aryans were blond and tall, with blue eyes and <a href="/wiki/Dolichocephalic" class="mw-redirect" title="Dolichocephalic">dolichocephalic</a> skulls.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMallory1989[httpsarchiveorgdetails189942876InSearchOfTheIndoEuropeansJPMallorypagen268mode1up_268-269]-131">[131]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEArvidsson2006[httpsbooksgooglecombooksididTPDI6l0mkCpgPA43_43]-132">[132]</a> Western anthropologists have continued to refine this idea since the 20th century, while some have dissented.<a href="#cite_note-133">[133]</a> Hans Heinrich Hock has questioned that the Aryans were blond or light skinned, since, in his view, "most of the [Vedic] passages may not refer to dark or light skinned people, but dark and light worlds".<a href="#cite_note-134">[134]</a> However, according to <a href="/wiki/Elena_Efimovna_Kuzmina" title="Elena Efimovna Kuzmina">Elena Kuzmina</a>, there is ample evidence from the <a href="/wiki/Avesta" title="Avesta">Avesta</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Rig_Veda" class="mw-redirect" title="Rig Veda">Rig Veda</a> that the Aryans did have light eyes, light skin, and light hair.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKuzmina2007pp._171-172:_"The_Aryans_in_the_[[Avesta]]_are_tall,_light-skinned_people_with_light_hair;_their_women_were_light-eyed,_with_long,_light_tresses..._In_the_[[Rigveda]]_light_skin_alongside_language_is_the_main_feature_of_the_Aryans,_differentiating_them_from_the_aboriginal_[[Dasa|Dáśa-Dasyu]]_population_who_were_a_dark-skinned,_small_people_speaking_another_language_and_who_did_not_believe_in_the_Vedic_gods..._Skin_color_was_the_basis_of_social_division_of_the_Vedic_Aryans;_their_society_was_divided_into_social_groups_[[Varna_(Hinduism)|varṇa]],_literally_'color'._The_varṇas_of_Aryan_priests_([[brahmin|brāhmaṇa]])_and_warriors_([[Kshatriya|kṣatriyaḥ]]_or_[[Raja|rājanya]])_were_opposed_to_the_varṇas_of_the_aboriginal_Dáśa,_called_'black-skinned'..."_135-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKuzmina2007pp._171-172:_"The_Aryans_in_the_[[Avesta]]_are_tall,_light-skinned_people_with_light_hair;_their_women_were_light-eyed,_with_long,_light_tresses..._In_the_[[Rigveda]]_light_skin_alongside_language_is_the_main_feature_of_the_Aryans,_differentiating_them_from_the_aboriginal_[[Dasa|Dáśa-Dasyu]]_population_who_were_a_dark-skinned,_small_people_speaking_another_language_and_who_did_not_believe_in_the_Vedic_gods..._Skin_color_was_the_basis_of_social_division_of_the_Vedic_Aryans;_their_society_was_divided_into_social_groups_[[Varna_(Hinduism)|varṇa]],_literally_'color'._The_varṇas_of_Aryan_priests_([[brahmin|brāhmaṇa]])_and_warriors_([[Kshatriya|kṣatriyaḥ]]_or_[[Raja|rājanya]])_were_opposed_to_the_varṇas_of_the_aboriginal_Dáśa,_called_'black-skinned'..."-135">[135]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="British_Raj">British Raj</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Aryan&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: British Raj">edit</a>]</div> In India, the <a href="/wiki/British_Raj" title="British Raj">British colonial government</a> had followed de Gobineau's arguments along another line, and had fostered the idea of a superior 'Aryan race' that co-opted the <a href="/wiki/Indian_caste_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Indian caste system">Indian caste system</a> in favor of imperial interests.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeopold1974-136">[136]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThapar1996-137">[137]</a> In its fully developed form, the British-mediated interpretation foresaw a segregation of Aryan and non-Aryan along the lines of caste, with the upper castes being "Aryan" and the lower ones being 'non-Aryan'. The European developments not only allowed the British to identify themselves as high-caste, but also allowed the Brahmins to view themselves as on-par with the British. Further, it provoked the reinterpretation of Indian history in racialist and, in opposition, <a href="/wiki/Indian_Nationalist" class="mw-redirect" title="Indian Nationalist">Indian Nationalist</a> terms.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeopold1974-136">[136]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThapar1996-137">[137]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id=""Aryan_invasion_theory"">"Aryan invasion theory"</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Aryan&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: "Aryan invasion theory"">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Indo-Aryan_migrations#"Aryan_invasion"" title="Indo-Aryan migrations">"Aryan invasion"</a></div> Translating the sacred Indian texts of the <a href="/wiki/Rigveda" title="Rigveda">Rig Veda</a> in the 1840s, German linguist <a href="/wiki/Max_M%C3%BCller" title="Max Müller">Friedrich Max Muller</a> found what he believed was evidence of an ancient invasion of India by Hindu Brahmins, a group which he called "the Arya." In his later works, Muller was careful to note that he thought that Aryan was a linguistic rather than a racial category. Nevertheless, scholars used Muller's invasion theory to propose their own visions of racial conquest through <a href="/wiki/South_Asia" title="South Asia">South Asia</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Indian_Ocean" title="Indian Ocean">Indian Ocean</a>. In 1885, the New Zealand polymath <a href="/wiki/Edward_Tregear" title="Edward Tregear">Edward Tregear</a> argued that an "Aryan tidal-wave" had washed over India and continued to push south, through the islands of the East Indian archipelago, reaching the distant shores of New Zealand. Scholars such as <a href="/wiki/John_Batchelor_(missionary)" title="John Batchelor (missionary)">John Batchelor</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jean_Louis_Armand_de_Quatrefages_de_Br%C3%A9au" title="Jean Louis Armand de Quatrefages de Bréau">Armand de Quatrefages</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Daniel_Garrison_Brinton" title="Daniel Garrison Brinton">Daniel Brinton</a> extended this invasion theory to the Philippines, Hawaii, and Japan, identifying indigenous peoples who they believed were the descendants of early Aryan conquerors.<a href="#cite_note-Robinson2016-138">[138]</a> With the discovery of the <a href="/wiki/Indus_Valley_civilisation" class="mw-redirect" title="Indus Valley civilisation">Indus Valley civilisation</a>, mid-20th century archeologist <a href="/wiki/Mortimer_Wheeler" title="Mortimer Wheeler">Mortimer Wheeler</a> argued that the large urban civilisation had been destroyed by the Aryans.<a href="#cite_note-GLP-139">[139]</a> This position was later discredited, with climate aridification becoming the likely cause of the collapse of the Indus Valley Civilisation.<a href="#cite_note-140">[140]</a> The term "invasion", while it was once commonly used in regard to Indo-Aryan migration, is now usually used only by opponents of the Indo-Aryan migration theory.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWitzel2005348-141">[141]</a> The term "invasion" does not any longer reflect the scholarly understanding of the Indo-Aryan migrations,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWitzel2005348-141">[141]</a> and is now generally regarded as polemical, distracting and unscholarly. In recent decades, the idea of an Aryan migration into India has been disputed mainly by Indian scholars, who claim various alternate <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_Aryans" class="mw-redirect" title="Indigenous Aryans">Indigenous Aryans</a> scenarios contrary to established <a href="/wiki/Kurgan_model" class="mw-redirect" title="Kurgan model">Kurgan model</a>. However, these alternate scenarios are rooted in traditional and religious views on Indian history and identity and are universally rejected in mainstream scholarship.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBryant2001BryantPatton2005Singh2008186Witzel2001-142">[142]</a><a href="#cite_note-no_support-147">[note 1]</a> According to Michael Witzel, the "indigenous Aryans" position is not scholarship in the usual sense, but an "apologetic, ultimately religious undertaking".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWitzel200195-148">[145]</a> A number of other alternative theories have been proposed including <a href="/wiki/Anatolian_hypothesis" title="Anatolian hypothesis">Anatolian hypothesis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Armenian_hypothesis" title="Armenian hypothesis">Armenian hypothesis</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Paleolithic_continuity_theory" class="mw-redirect" title="Paleolithic continuity theory">Paleolithic continuity theory</a> but these are not widely accepted and have received little or no interest in mainstream scholarship.<a href="#cite_note-149">[146]</a><a href="#cite_note-150">[147]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Aryan&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aryavarta" class="mw-redirect" title="Aryavarta">Aryavarta</a>, ancient name for the northern Indian subcontinent populated by <a href="/wiki/Indo-Aryans" class="mw-redirect" title="Indo-Aryans">Indo-Aryans</a>. It means "Abode of the Aryans."</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Airyanem_Vaejah" title="Airyanem Vaejah">Airyanem Vaejah</a>, mythological homeland of the early Iranians, it means expanse of the Aryans</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alans" title="Alans">Alans</a>, an Iranian people and ancestors of Ossetians, their name comes from the word Aryan</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aria_(region)" title="Aria (region)">Aria</a>, province of the <a href="/wiki/Achaemenid_Empire" title="Achaemenid Empire">Achaemenid</a>, <a href="/wiki/Seleucid_Empire" title="Seleucid Empire">Seleucid</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Parthian_Empire" title="Parthian Empire">Parthian Empires</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ariana" title="Ariana">Ariana</a>, Greco-Roman geographical term, synonym of Iran</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arya_Samaj" title="Arya Samaj">Arya Samaj</a>, considered a <a href="/wiki/Monotheistic" class="mw-redirect" title="Monotheistic">monotheistic</a> Indian <a href="/wiki/Hindu_reform_movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Hindu reform movement">Hindu reform movement</a>, their name means "Noble, i.e Aryan, Society"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Graeco-Aryan" title="Graeco-Aryan">Graeco-Aryan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Aryan_peoples" title="Indo-Aryan peoples">Indo-Aryan peoples</a>, speakers of Indo-Aryan languages, they historically referred to themselves as Aryans</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran_(word)" title="Iran (word)">Iran</a>, literally means "Land of Aryans" <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C5%A0ahrest%C4%81n%C4%ABh%C4%81_%C4%AB_%C4%92r%C4%81n%C5%A1ahr#Terms_Eran_and_Eranshahr" title="Šahrestānīhā ī Ērānšahr">Eranshahr</a>, official name of <a href="/wiki/Sasanian_Empire" title="Sasanian Empire">Sasanian Empire</a>, literally means "Land/Empire of Iranians"</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_peoples" title="Iranian peoples">Iranian peoples</a>, speakers of Iranian languages, they historically referred to themselves as Aryans</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yamnaya_culture" title="Yamnaya culture">Yamnaya culture</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Aryan&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Notes">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-columns-2"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-no_support-147"><a href="#cite_ref-no_support_147-0">^</a> No support in mainstream scholarship: <ul><li>Romila Thapar (2006): "there is no scholar at this time seriously arguing for the indigenous origin of Aryans".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThapar2006-143">[143]</a></li> <li>Wendy Doniger (2017): "The opposing argument, that speakers of Indo-European languages were indigenous to the Indian subcontinent, is not supported by any reliable scholarship. It is now championed primarily by Hindu nationalists, whose religious sentiments have led them to regard the theory of Aryan migration with some asperity."<a href="#cite_note-Doniger_2017-144">[web 1]</a></li> <li>Girish Shahane (September 14, 2019), in response to Narasimhan et al. (2019): "Hindutva activists, however, have kept the Aryan Invasion Theory alive, because it offers them the perfect strawman, 'an intentionally misrepresented proposition that is set up because it is easier to defeat than an opponent's real argument' ... The Out of India hypothesis is a desperate attempt to reconcile linguistic, archaeological and genetic evidence with Hindutva sentiment and nationalistic pride, but it cannot reverse time's arrow ... The evidence keeps crushing Hindutva ideas of history."<a href="#cite_note-Shahane_2019-145">[web 2]</a></li> <li>Koenraad Elst (May 10, 2016): "Of course it is a fringe theory, at least internationally, where the Aryan Invasion Theory (AIT) is still the official paradigm. In India, though, it has the support of most archaeologists, who fail to find a trace of this Aryan influx and instead find cultural continuity."<a href="#cite_note-Elst_2016-146">[144]</a></li></ul> </li> </ol></div> Web <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-columns-2"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Doniger_2017-144"><a href="#cite_ref-Doniger_2017_144-0">^</a> Wendy Doniger (2017), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://inference-review.com/article/another-great-story">"Another Great Story"</a>", review of Asko Parpola's The Roots of Hinduism; in: Inference, International Review of Science, Volume 3, Issue 2 </li> <li id="cite_note-Shahane_2019-145"><a href="#cite_ref-Shahane_2019_145-0">^</a> Girish Shahane (September 14, 2019), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scroll.in/article/937043/why-hindutva-supporters-love-to-hate-the-discredited-aryan-invasion-theory">Why Hindutva supporters love to hate the discredited Aryan Invasion Theory</a>, Scroll.in </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Aryan&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-OED-1">^ <a href="#cite_ref-OED_1-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-OED_1-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-OED_1-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-OED_1-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-OED_1-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-OED_1-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-OED_1-6">g</a> <a href="/wiki/Oxford_English_Dictionary_Online" class="mw-redirect" title="Oxford English Dictionary Online">Oxford English Dictionary Online</a> 2024, s.v. Aryan (adj. & n.); Arya (n.). </li> <li id="cite_note-:3-2">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:3_2-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_2-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFBenveniste1973">Benveniste 1973</a>, p. 295: "Arya [...] is the common ancient designation of the 'Indo-Iranians'." </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWitzel2001">Witzel 2001</a>, p. 2: "At the outset, it has to be underlined that the term Ārya (whence, Aryan) is the self-designation of the ancient Iranians and of those Indian groups speaking Vedic Sanskrit and other Old Indo-Aryan (OIA) languages and dialects. Both peoples called themselves and their language ārya or arya: [...]" </li> <li id="cite_note-:4-4">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:4_4-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:4_4-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFSchmitt1987">Schmitt 1987</a>: "The name “Aryan” (OInd. āˊrya-, Ir. *arya- [with short a-], in Old Pers. ariya-, Av. airiia-, etc.) is the self designation of the peoples of Ancient India and Ancient Iran who spoke Aryan languages, in contrast to the “non-Aryan” peoples of those “Aryan” countries [...]" </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWitzel20014,_24-5">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWitzel20014,_24_5-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWitzel20014,_24_5-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFWitzel2001">Witzel 2001</a>, pp. 4, 24. </li> <li id="cite_note-:5-6">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:5_6-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:5_6-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFBailey1987">Bailey 1987</a>: "It is used in the Avesta of members of an ethnic group and contrasts with other named groups (Tūirya, Sairima, Dāha, Sāinu or Sāini) and with the outer world of the An-airya 'non-Arya'." </li> <li id="cite_note-Gnoli-7">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Gnoli_7-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gnoli_7-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFGnoli2006">Gnoli 2006</a>: "Mid. Pers. ēr (plur. ērān), just like Old Pers. ariya and Av. airya, has an evident ethnic value, which is also present in the abstract term ērīh, 'Iranian character, Iranianness'." </li> <li id="cite_note-Mallory-8">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Mallory_8-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mallory_8-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mallory_8-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFMalloryAdams1997">Mallory & Adams 1997</a>, p. 213: "Iran Alani (< *aryana) (the name of an Iranian group whose descendants are the Ossetes, one of whose subdivisions is the Iron [< *aryana-)), *aryanam (pl.) 'of the Aryans' (> MPers Iran)." </li> <li id="cite_note-:2-9">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:2_9-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_9-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFWatkins1985">Watkins 1985</a>, p. 3; <a href="#CITEREFGamkrelidzeIvanov1995">Gamkrelidze & Ivanov 1995</a>, pp. 657–658; <a href="#CITEREFMalloryAdams1997">Mallory & Adams 1997</a>, p. 213; <a href="#CITEREFAnthony2007">Anthony 2007</a>, pp. 92, 303 </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBryant200160–63-10">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBryant200160–63_10-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBryant200160–63_10-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBryant200160–63_10-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFBryant2001">Bryant 2001</a>, pp. 60–63. </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-11">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_11-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_11-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFWitzel2001">Witzel 2001</a>, p. 24: "Arya/ārya does not mean a particular people or even a particular 'racial' group but all those who had joined the tribes speaking Vedic Sanskrit and adhering to their cultural norms (such as ritual, poetry, etc.)" </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-12"><a href="#cite_ref-:1_12-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAnthony2007">Anthony 2007</a>, p. 408: "The Rigveda and Avesta agreed that the essence of their shared parental Indo-Iranian identity was linguistic and ritual, not racial. If a person sacrificed to the right gods in the right way using the correct forms of the traditional hymns and poems, that person was an Aryan." </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnthony20079–11-13">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAnthony20079–11_13-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAnthony20079–11_13-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAnthony20079–11_13-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAnthony20079–11_13-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAnthony20079–11_13-4">e</a> <a href="#CITEREFAnthony2007">Anthony 2007</a>, pp. 9–11. </li> <li id="cite_note-:7-14">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:7_14-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:7_14-1">b</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFGordon1984" class="citation book cs1">Gordon, Sarah Ann (1984). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/9946459">Hitler, Germans, and the "Jewish Question"</a>. Mazal Holocaust Collection. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press. p. 96. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-691-05412-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-691-05412-6"><bdi>0-691-05412-6</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/9946459">9946459</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hitler%2C+Germans%2C+and+the+%22Jewish+Question%22&rft.place=Princeton%2C+N.J.&rft.pages=96&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=1984&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F9946459&rft.isbn=0-691-05412-6&rft.aulast=Gordon&rft.aufirst=Sarah+Ann&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F9946459&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAryan" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLongerich2010" class="citation book cs1">Longerich, Peter (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/610166248">Holocaust : the Nazi persecution and murder of the Jews</a>. Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. 83, 241. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-280436-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-280436-5"><bdi>978-0-19-280436-5</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/610166248">610166248</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Holocaust+%3A+the+Nazi+persecution+and+murder+of+the+Jews&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pages=83%2C+241&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2010&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F610166248&rft.isbn=978-0-19-280436-5&rft.aulast=Longerich&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F610166248&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAryan" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeikart200985-16"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWeikart200985_16-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWeikart2009">Weikart 2009</a>, p. 85. </li> <li id="cite_note-:6-17">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:6_17-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:6_17-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFWitzel2001">Witzel 2001</a>, p. 3: "Linguists have used the term Ārya from early on in the 19th century to designate the speakers of most Northern Indian as well as of all Iranian languages and to indicate the reconstructed language underlying both Old Iranian and Vedic Sanskrit. Nowadays this well-reconstructed language is usually called Indo-Iranian (IIr.), while its Indic branch is called (Old) Indo-Aryan (IA)." </li> <li id="cite_note-Gershevitch2-18"><a href="#cite_ref-Gershevitch2_18-0">^</a> cf. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGershevitch1968" class="citation book cs1">Gershevitch, Ilya (1968). "Old Iranian Literature". Handbuch der Orientalistik, Literatur I. Leiden: Brill. pp. 1–31.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Old+Iranian+Literature&rft.btitle=Handbuch+der+Orientalistik%2C+Literatur+I&rft.place=Leiden&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1-%3C%2Fspan%3E31&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=1968&rft.aulast=Gershevitch&rft.aufirst=Ilya&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAryan" class="Z3988">, p. 2. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEArvidsson200620-19">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEArvidsson200620_19-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEArvidsson200620_19-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEArvidsson200620_19-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFArvidsson2006">Arvidsson 2006</a>, p. 20. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMotadel2013120-20"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMotadel2013120_20-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMotadel2013">Motadel 2013</a>, p. 120. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEArvidsson200621-21">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEArvidsson200621_21-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEArvidsson200621_21-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEArvidsson200621_21-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFArvidsson2006">Arvidsson 2006</a>, p. 21. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESchmitt1987-22">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchmitt1987_22-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchmitt1987_22-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchmitt1987_22-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchmitt1987_22-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchmitt1987_22-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchmitt1987_22-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchmitt1987_22-6">g</a> <a href="#CITEREFSchmitt1987">Schmitt 1987</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWitzel20014-23">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWitzel20014_23-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWitzel20014_23-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFWitzel2001">Witzel 2001</a>, p. 4. </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSzemerényi1977">Szemerényi 1977</a>, pp. 125–146; <a href="#CITEREFWatkins1985">Watkins 1985</a>, p. 3; <a href="#CITEREFMalloryAdams1997">Mallory & Adams 1997</a>, p. 304; <a href="#CITEREFFortson2011">Fortson 2011</a>, p. 209 </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGamkrelidzeIvanov1995657–658-25">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGamkrelidzeIvanov1995657–658_25-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGamkrelidzeIvanov1995657–658_25-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFGamkrelidzeIvanov1995">Gamkrelidze & Ivanov 1995</a>, pp. 657–658. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKuzmina2007456-26">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKuzmina2007456_26-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKuzmina2007456_26-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFKuzmina2007">Kuzmina 2007</a>, p. 456. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnthony2007408-27">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAnthony2007408_27-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAnthony2007408_27-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAnthony2007408_27-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAnthony2007408_27-3">d</a> <a href="#CITEREFAnthony2007">Anthony 2007</a>, p. 408. </li> <li id="cite_note-Delamarre-28">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Delamarre_28-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Delamarre_28-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFDelamarre2003">Delamarre 2003</a>, p. 55: "Cette équation est cependant très controversée et de multiples tentatives pour expliquer indépendamment les formations celtiques et indo-iraniennes ont été produites : on a proposé entre autres de dériver le celtique ario- de *pṛrio- [*pṛhio-, racine *per(h)- 'devant, en avant', d'où le sens dérivé 'qui est en avant, éminent'; on pourrait expliquer alors le NP Ario-uistus comme "Celui qui connaît (/ est connu) en avance", < *ario-wid-to-, LG 60. L'absence de corrélats indiscutables dans d'autres langues i.-e. (grec ari-, eri-, hitt. arawa, runique arjosteR etc.) rend l'équation incertaine. Un fait d'ordre mythologique, la comparaison entre l'Irlandais Eremon et l'Indien Aryaman, figures dotées de fonctions sociales similaires, renforcerait cependant la validité de la comparaison (*Ario-men-), cf. G. Dumézil Le troisième souverain et J. Puhvel Analecta 322–330." </li> <li id="cite_note-:02-29">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:02_29-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:02_29-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFMatasović2009">Matasović 2009</a>, p. 43: "A different etymology (e.g. in Meid 2005: 146) relates these Celtic words to PIE *prh₃- 'first' (Skt. pūrvá- etc.), but this is less convincing because there are no traces of the laryngeal in the purported Celtic reflexes (*prh₃yo- would have probably given PCelt. *frāyo-)." </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMalloryAdams1997213-30">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMalloryAdams1997213_30-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMalloryAdams1997213_30-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMalloryAdams1997213_30-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMalloryAdams1997213_30-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMalloryAdams1997213_30-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMalloryAdams1997213_30-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMalloryAdams1997213_30-6">g</a> <a href="#CITEREFMalloryAdams1997">Mallory & Adams 1997</a>, p. 213. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFortson2011209-31">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFortson2011209_31-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFortson2011209_31-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFortson2011209_31-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFFortson2011">Fortson 2011</a>, p. 209. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMalloryAdams2006266-32">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMalloryAdams2006266_32-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMalloryAdams2006266_32-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMalloryAdams2006266_32-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMalloryAdams2006266_32-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMalloryAdams2006266_32-4">e</a> <a href="#CITEREFMalloryAdams2006">Mallory & Adams 2006</a>, p. 266. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKloekhorst2008198-33">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKloekhorst2008198_33-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKloekhorst2008198_33-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKloekhorst2008198_33-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFKloekhorst2008">Kloekhorst 2008</a>, p. 198. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMayrhofer1992174–175-34">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMayrhofer1992174–175_34-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMayrhofer1992174–175_34-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMayrhofer1992174–175_34-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFMayrhofer1992">Mayrhofer 1992</a>, pp. 174–175. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGnoli2006-35">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGnoli2006_35-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGnoli2006_35-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGnoli2006_35-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGnoli2006_35-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGnoli2006_35-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGnoli2006_35-5">f</a> <a href="#CITEREFGnoli2006">Gnoli 2006</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMalloryAdams1997">Mallory & Adams 1997</a>, p. 213: "OIr aire 'freeman (whether commoner or noble), noble (as distinct from commoner)' (the latter meaning may be rather from *pṛios, a derivative of 'first')." </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDelamarre200355-37">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDelamarre200355_37-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDelamarre200355_37-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDelamarre200355_37-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDelamarre200355_37-3">d</a> <a href="#CITEREFDelamarre2003">Delamarre 2003</a>, p. 55. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMatasović200943-38">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMatasović200943_38-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMatasović200943_38-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFMatasović2009">Matasović 2009</a>, p. 43. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEOrel200323-39">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOrel200323_39-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOrel200323_39-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFOrel2003">Orel 2003</a>, p. 23. </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAntonsen2002" class="citation book cs1">Antonsen, Elmer H. (2002). Runes and Germanic Linguistics. Walter de Gruyter. p. 127. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-11-017462-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-11-017462-5"><bdi>978-3-11-017462-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Runes+and+Germanic+Linguistics&rft.pages=127&rft.pub=Walter+de+Gruyter&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-3-11-017462-5&rft.aulast=Antonsen&rft.aufirst=Elmer+H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAryan" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDuchesne-Guillemin1979337-41"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDuchesne-Guillemin1979337_41-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDuchesne-Guillemin1979">Duchesne-Guillemin 1979</a>, p. 337. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESzemerényi1977125–146-42"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESzemerényi1977125–146_42-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSzemerényi1977">Szemerényi 1977</a>, pp. 125–146. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKuzmina2007451-43"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKuzmina2007451_43-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKuzmina2007">Kuzmina 2007</a>, p. 451. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERédei198654-44"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERédei198654_44-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRédei1986">Rédei 1986</a>, p. 54. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnthony2007385-45">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAnthony2007385_45-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAnthony2007385_45-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFAnthony2007">Anthony 2007</a>, p. 385. </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKoivulehto2001" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Jorma_Koivulehto" title="Jorma Koivulehto">Koivulehto, Jorma</a> (2001). "The earliest contacts between Indo-European and Uralic speakers". In Carpelan, Christian (ed.). Early contacts between Uralic and Indo-European. Mémoires de la Société Finno-Ougrienne. p. 248. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9525150599" title="Special:BookSources/978-9525150599"><bdi>978-9525150599</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+earliest+contacts+between+Indo-European+and+Uralic+speakers&rft.btitle=Early+contacts+between+Uralic+and+Indo-European&rft.pages=248&rft.pub=M%C3%A9moires+de+la+Soci%C3%A9t%C3%A9+Finno-Ougrienne&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-9525150599&rft.aulast=Koivulehto&rft.aufirst=Jorma&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAryan" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBenveniste1973303-47"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBenveniste1973303_47-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBenveniste1973">Benveniste 1973</a>, p. 303. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMallory1989130-48"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMallory1989130_48-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMallory1989">Mallory 1989</a>, p. 130. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWest2007142–143-49">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWest2007142–143_49-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWest2007142–143_49-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWest2007142–143_49-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFWest2007">West 2007</a>, pp. 142–143. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMalloryAdams1997375-50">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMalloryAdams1997375_50-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMalloryAdams1997375_50-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFMalloryAdams1997">Mallory & Adams 1997</a>, p. 375. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBenveniste197372-51"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBenveniste197372_51-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBenveniste1973">Benveniste 1973</a>, p. 72. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBronkhorst2007-52"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBronkhorst2007_52-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBronkhorst2007">Bronkhorst 2007</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESamuel2010-53"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESamuel2010_53-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSamuel2010">Samuel 2010</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKuiper1991">Kuiper 1991</a>, p. 96; <a href="#CITEREFWitzel2001">Witzel 2001</a>, pp. 4, 24; <a href="#CITEREFBryant2001">Bryant 2001</a>, p. 61; <a href="#CITEREFAnthony2007">Anthony 2007</a>, p. 11 </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEThapar2019vii-55">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThapar2019vii_55-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThapar2019vii_55-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFThapar2019">Thapar 2019</a>, p. vii. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEThapar20192-56"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThapar20192_56-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFThapar2019">Thapar 2019</a>, p. 2. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKuiper19916–8,_96-57"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKuiper19916–8,_96_57-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKuiper1991">Kuiper 1991</a>, pp. 6–8, 96. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnthony200711-58"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAnthony200711_58-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAnthony2007">Anthony 2007</a>, p. 11. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKuzmina2007453-59"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKuzmina2007453_59-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKuzmina2007">Kuzmina 2007</a>, p. 453. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWitzel200124-60"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWitzel200124_60-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWitzel2001">Witzel 2001</a>, p. 24. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBailey1987-61">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBailey1987_61-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBailey1987_61-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBailey1987_61-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBailey1987_61-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBailey1987_61-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBailey1987_61-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBailey1987_61-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBailey1987_61-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBailey1987_61-8">i</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBailey1987_61-9">j</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBailey1987_61-10">k</a> <a href="#CITEREFBailey1987">Bailey 1987</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKellens2005-62"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKellens2005_62-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKellens2005">Kellens 2005</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGrenet2005" class="citation book cs1">Grenet, Frantz (2005). "An Archaeologist's Approach to Avestan Geography". In Curtis, Vesta Sarkhosh; Stewart, Sarah (eds.). Birth of the Persian Empire Volume I. I.B.Tauris. p. 44. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7556-2459-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7556-2459-1"><bdi>978-0-7556-2459-1</bdi></a>. <q>It is difficult to imagine that the text was composed anywhere other than in South Afghanistan and later than the middle of the 6th century BC.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=An+Archaeologist%27s+Approach+to+Avestan+Geography&rft.btitle=Birth+of+the+Persian+Empire+Volume+I&rft.pages=44&rft.pub=I.B.Tauris&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-7556-2459-1&rft.aulast=Grenet&rft.aufirst=Frantz&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAryan" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVogelsang2000" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Willem_Vogelsang" title="Willem Vogelsang">Vogelsang, Willem</a> (2000). "The sixteen lands of Videvdat - Airyanem Vaejah and the homeland of the Iranians". Persica. 16: 62. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2143%2FPERS.16.0.511">10.2143/PERS.16.0.511</a>. <q>All of the above observations would indicate a date for the composition of the Videvdat list which would antedate, for a considerable time, the arrival in Eastern Iran of the Persian Acheamenids (ca. 550 B.C.)</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Persica&rft.atitle=The+sixteen+lands+of+Videvdat+-+Airyanem+Vaejah+and+the+homeland+of+the+Iranians&rft.volume=16&rft.pages=62&rft.date=2000&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2143%2FPERS.16.0.511&rft.aulast=Vogelsang&rft.aufirst=Willem&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAryan" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bailey3-65">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Bailey3_65-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bailey3_65-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFBailey1987">Bailey 1987</a>, : "In the inscription of Šāpūr I on the Kaʿba-ye Zardošt (ŠKZ), Parth. ʾryʾn W ʾnʾryʾn (aryān ut anaryān), Mid. Pers. ʾyrʾn W ʾnyrʾn (ērān ut anērān; cf. Armenian eran eut aneran) comprises the inhabitants of all the known lands ... In the singular Parth. ʾry, Mid. Pers. ʾyly, Greek arian occurs in a title: ʾry mzdyzn nrysḥw MLKʾ, *ary mazdēzn Narēsahv šāh (Parth. ŠKZ 19); ʾyly mzdysn nrsḥy MLKʾ (Mid. Pers. version 24), Greek arian masdaasnou ... New Persian has ērān (western, īrān), ērān-šahr. In the Caucasus, Ossetic has Digoron erä, irä, Iron ir, with Dig. iriston, Iron iryston (the i-umlaut modifying the vowel a-, but leaving the -r- untouched), [and] the ancestral Alān." </li> <li id="cite_note-Alemany-66">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Alemany_66-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Alemany_66-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFAlemany2000">Alemany 2000</a>, pp. 3–4, 8: "Nowadays, however, only two possibilities are admitted as regards [the etymology of Alān], both closely related: (a) the adjective *aryāna- and (b) the pl. *aryānām; in both cases the underlying OIran. ajective *arya- 'Aryan' is found. It is worth mentioning that although it is not possible to give an unequivocal option because both forms produce the same phonetic result, most researchers tend to favour the derivative *aryāna-, because it has a more appropriate semantic value ... The ethnic name *arya- underlying in the name of the Alans has been linked to the Av. Airiianəm Vaēǰō 'the Aryan plain'." </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrunner1986" class="citation book cs1">Brunner, C. J. (1986). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://iranicaonline.org/articles/arizantoi-one-of-the-six-tribes-of-the-median-nation-as-listed-by-herodotus">"Arizantoi"</a>. Encyclopædia Iranica. Vol. 2. Routledge & Kegan Paul.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Arizantoi&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Iranica&rft.pub=Routledge+%26+Kegan+Paul&rft.date=1986&rft.aulast=Brunner&rft.aufirst=C.+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Firanicaonline.org%2Farticles%2Farizantoi-one-of-the-six-tribes-of-the-median-nation-as-listed-by-herodotus&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAryan" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHerodotus" class="citation book cs1">Herodotus. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0126%3Abook%3D7%3Achapter%3D62%3Asection%3D1">Histories, Book 7, Chapter 62</a>. perseus.tufts.edu.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Histories%2C+Book+7%2C+Chapter+62&rft.pub=perseus.tufts.edu&rft.au=Herodotus&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.perseus.tufts.edu%2Fhopper%2Ftext%3Fdoc%3DPerseus%253Atext%253A1999.01.0126%253Abook%253D7%253Achapter%253D62%253Asection%253D1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAryan" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoller2014" class="citation book cs1">Roller, Duane (29 May 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=33GFAwAAQBAJ&pg=PT947">The Geography of Strabo: An English Translation, with Introduction and Notes</a>. Cambridge University Press. p. 947. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-139-95249-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-139-95249-1"><bdi>978-1-139-95249-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Geography+of+Strabo%3A+An+English+Translation%2C+with+Introduction+and+Notes&rft.pages=947&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2014-05-29&rft.isbn=978-1-139-95249-1&rft.aulast=Roller&rft.aufirst=Duane&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D33GFAwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT947&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAryan" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBenveniste1973259–260-70"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBenveniste1973259–260_70-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBenveniste1973">Benveniste 1973</a>, pp. 259–260. </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShahbazi1986" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Alireza_Shapour_Shahbazi" title="Alireza Shapour Shahbazi">Shahbazi, A. Sh.</a> (1986). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://iranicaonline.org/articles/ariyaramna-greek-ariaramnes-old-persian-proper-name">"Ariyāramna"</a>. Encyclopædia Iranica. Vol. 2. Routledge & Kegan Paul.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Ariy%C4%81ramna&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Iranica&rft.pub=Routledge+%26+Kegan+Paul&rft.date=1986&rft.aulast=Shahbazi&rft.aufirst=A.+Sh.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Firanicaonline.org%2Farticles%2Fariyaramna-greek-ariaramnes-old-persian-proper-name&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAryan" class="Z3988">, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShahbazi1986" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Alireza_Shapour_Shahbazi" title="Alireza Shapour Shahbazi">Shahbazi, A. Sh.</a> (1986). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://iranicaonline.org/articles/ariabignes-an-achaemenid-prince">"Ariabignes"</a>. Encyclopædia Iranica. Vol. 2. Routledge & Kegan Paul.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Ariabignes&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Iranica&rft.pub=Routledge+%26+Kegan+Paul&rft.date=1986&rft.aulast=Shahbazi&rft.aufirst=A.+Sh.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Firanicaonline.org%2Farticles%2Fariabignes-an-achaemenid-prince&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAryan" class="Z3988">, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrunner1986" class="citation book cs1">Brunner, C. J. (1986). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://iranicaonline.org/articles/ariaratus-one-of-the-three-sons-of-the-achaemenid-king-artaxerxes-ii">"Ariaratus"</a>. Encyclopædia Iranica. Vol. 2. Routledge & Kegan Paul.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Ariaratus&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Iranica&rft.pub=Routledge+%26+Kegan+Paul&rft.date=1986&rft.aulast=Brunner&rft.aufirst=C.+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Firanicaonline.org%2Farticles%2Fariaratus-one-of-the-three-sons-of-the-achaemenid-king-artaxerxes-ii&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAryan" class="Z3988">, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLecoq1986" class="citation book cs1">Lecoq, P. (1986). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://iranicaonline.org/articles/ariobarzanes-greek-form-of-old-iranian-proper-name-arya-brzana">"Ariobarzanes"</a>. Encyclopædia Iranica. Vol. 2. Routledge & Kegan Paul.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Ariobarzanes&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Iranica&rft.pub=Routledge+%26+Kegan+Paul&rft.date=1986&rft.aulast=Lecoq&rft.aufirst=P.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Firanicaonline.org%2Farticles%2Fariobarzanes-greek-form-of-old-iranian-proper-name-arya-brzana&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAryan" class="Z3988">, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShahbazi1986" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Alireza_Shapour_Shahbazi" title="Alireza Shapour Shahbazi">Shahbazi, A. Sh.</a> (1986). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://iranicaonline.org/articles/ariaeus-military-commander-in-the-army-of-cyrus-the-younger">"Ariaeus"</a>. Encyclopædia Iranica. Vol. 2. Routledge & Kegan Paul.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Ariaeus&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Iranica&rft.pub=Routledge+%26+Kegan+Paul&rft.date=1986&rft.aulast=Shahbazi&rft.aufirst=A.+Sh.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Firanicaonline.org%2Farticles%2Fariaeus-military-commander-in-the-army-of-cyrus-the-younger&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAryan" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlemany20005-72"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAlemany20005_72-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAlemany2000">Alemany 2000</a>, p. 5. </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCook2016" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Michael_Cook_(historian)" title="Michael Cook (historian)">Cook, Michael</a> (2016). Ancient Religions, Modern Politics: The Islamic Case in Comparative Perspective. Princeton University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-691-17334-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-691-17334-4"><bdi>978-0-691-17334-4</bdi></a>. <q>Aryavarta ... is defined by Manu as extending from the Himalayas in the north to the <a href="/wiki/Vindhyas" class="mw-redirect" title="Vindhyas">Vindhyas</a> of Central India in the south and from the sea in the west to the sea in the east.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ancient+Religions%2C+Modern+Politics%3A+The+Islamic+Case+in+Comparative+Perspective&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-0-691-17334-4&rft.aulast=Cook&rft.aufirst=Michael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAryan" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacKenzie1998b-74">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacKenzie1998b_74-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacKenzie1998b_74-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFMacKenzie1998b">MacKenzie 1998b</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlemany20003-75"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAlemany20003_75-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAlemany2000">Alemany 2000</a>, p. 3. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacKenzie1998a-76"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacKenzie1998a_76-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMacKenzie1998a">MacKenzie 1998a</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBenveniste1973">Benveniste 1973</a>, p. 300: "The name of Alani goes back to *Aryana-, which is yet another form of the ancient ārya." </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarmatta197078–81-78"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarmatta197078–81_78-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHarmatta1970">Harmatta 1970</a>, pp. 78–81. </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">The Annals and Magazine of Natural History: Including Zoology, Botany, and Geology. Taylor & Francis, Limited. 1881. p. 162.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Annals+and+Magazine+of+Natural+History%3A+Including+Zoology%2C+Botany%2C+and+Geology&rft.pages=162&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis%2C+Limited&rft.date=1881&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAryan" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFArora2007" class="citation book cs1">Arora, Udai (2007). Udayana. Anamika Pub & Distributors. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788179751688" title="Special:BookSources/9788179751688"><bdi>9788179751688</bdi></a>. <q>whole of Ariana (North-western India, Pakistan, Afghanistan, and Iran)</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Udayana&rft.pub=Anamika+Pub+%26+Distributors&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=9788179751688&rft.aulast=Arora&rft.aufirst=Udai&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAryan" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?allowed_in_frame=0&search=arian&searchmode=none">Online Etymology Dictionary</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a> Robert K. Barnhart, Chambers Dictionary of Etymology pg. 54 </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMotadel2013130–131-83"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMotadel2013130–131_83-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMotadel2013">Motadel 2013</a>, pp. 130–131. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMotadel2013130–132-84">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMotadel2013130–132_84-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMotadel2013130–132_84-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFMotadel2013">Motadel 2013</a>, pp. 130–132. </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKumar2012" class="citation book cs1">Kumar, Priya (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=OONc4cZKMigC&pg=PA95">"Beyond tolerance and hospitality: Muslims as strangers and minor subjects in Hindu nationalist and Indian nationalist discourse"</a>. In Elisabeth Weber (ed.). Living Together: Jacques Derrida's Communities of Violence and Peace. Fordham University Press. pp. 95–96. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780823249923" title="Special:BookSources/9780823249923"><bdi>9780823249923</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Beyond+tolerance+and+hospitality%3A+Muslims+as+strangers+and+minor+subjects+in+Hindu+nationalist+and+Indian+nationalist+discourse&rft.btitle=Living+Together%3A+Jacques+Derrida%27s+Communities+of+Violence+and+Peace&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E95-%3C%2Fspan%3E96&rft.pub=Fordham+University+Press&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=9780823249923&rft.aulast=Kumar&rft.aufirst=Priya&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DOONc4cZKMigC%26pg%3DPA95&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAryan" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFK._L._ChanchreekMahesh_Jain2003" class="citation book cs1">K. L. Chanchreek; Mahesh Jain (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=0YgRAQAAIAAJ">Jainism: Rishabha Deva to Mahavira</a>. Shree Publishers & Distributors. p. 276. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-88658-01-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-88658-01-5"><bdi>978-81-88658-01-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Jainism%3A+Rishabha+Deva+to+Mahavira&rft.pages=276&rft.pub=Shree+Publishers+%26+Distributors&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-81-88658-01-5&rft.au=K.+L.+Chanchreek&rft.au=Mahesh+Jain&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D0YgRAQAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAryan" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCarlson2013" class="citation news cs1">Carlson, Adam (10 May 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ew.com/article/2013/05/10/arya-game-of-thrones-baby-names">"Game of Thrones baby names on the march"</a>. Entertainment Weekly.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Game+of+Thrones+baby+names+on+the+march&rft.date=2013-05-10&rft.aulast=Carlson&rft.aufirst=Adam&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Few.com%2Farticle%2F2013%2F05%2F10%2Farya-game-of-thrones-baby-names&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAryan" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMzimba2017" class="citation news cs1">Mzimba, Lizo (20 September 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/entertainment-arts-41336738">"Game of Thrones Arya among 200 most popular names"</a>. BBC News.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Game+of+Thrones+Arya+among+200+most+popular+names&rft.date=2017-09-20&rft.aulast=Mzimba&rft.aufirst=Lizo&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fnews%2Fentertainment-arts-41336738&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAryan" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSiegert1941–1942" class="citation cs2">Siegert, Hans (1941–1942), "Zur Geschichte der Begriffe 'Arier' und 'Arisch'", Wörter und Sachen, New Series, 4: 84–99</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=W%C3%B6rter+und+Sachen&rft.atitle=Zur+Geschichte+der+Begriffe+%27Arier%27+und+%27Arisch%27&rft.volume=4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E84-%3C%2Fspan%3E99&rft.date=1941%2F1942&rft.aulast=Siegert&rft.aufirst=Hans&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAryan" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSchmitt1987">Schmitt 1987</a>, : "The use of the name 'Aryan', in vogue especially in the 19th century, as a designation of the entire Indo-European language family was based on the erroneous assumption that Sanskrit was the oldest IE. language, and the untenable view (primarily propagated by Adolphe Pictet) that the names of Ireland and the Irishmen were etymologically related to 'Aryan'." </li> <li id="cite_note-Witzel2012-91"><a href="#cite_ref-Witzel2012_91-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWitzel2001">Witzel 2001</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSchmitt1987">Schmitt 1987</a>, : "The Aryan parent language. The common ancestor of the historical Aryan or Indo-Iranian languages, called the Aryan parent language or Proto-Aryan, can be reconstructed by the methods of historical comparative linguistics." </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEArvidsson200622-93"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEArvidsson200622_93-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFArvidsson2006">Arvidsson 2006</a>, p. 22. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnthony200710-94"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAnthony200710_94-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAnthony2007">Anthony 2007</a>, p. 10. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWitzel20013-95"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWitzel20013_95-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWitzel2001">Witzel 2001</a>, p. 3. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBryantPatton2005246–247-96"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBryantPatton2005246–247_96-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBryantPatton2005">Bryant & Patton 2005</a>, pp. 246–247. </li> <li id="cite_note-97"><a href="#cite_ref-97">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWindfuhr2013" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Gernot_Ludwig_Windfuhr" title="Gernot Ludwig Windfuhr">Windfuhr, Gernot L.</a> (2013). The Iranian Languages. Routledge. p. 1. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-135-79703-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-135-79703-4"><bdi>978-1-135-79703-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Iranian+Languages&rft.pages=1&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1-135-79703-4&rft.aulast=Windfuhr&rft.aufirst=Gernot+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAryan" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-98"><a href="#cite_ref-98">^</a> Wells, H.G. <a href="/wiki/The_Outline_of_History" title="The Outline of History">The Outline of History</a> New York:1920 Doubleday & Co. Chapter 19 The Aryan Speaking Peoples in Pre-Historic Times [Meaning the Proto-Indo-Europeans] Pages 271–285 </li> <li id="cite_note-99"><a href="#cite_ref-99">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bartleby.com/86/19.html">H.G. Wells describes the origin of the Aryans (Proto-Indo Europeans):</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-100"><a href="#cite_ref-100">^</a> See the Poul Anderson short stories in the 1964 collection <a href="/wiki/Time_and_Stars" title="Time and Stars">Time and Stars</a> and the Polesotechnic League stories featuring <a href="/wiki/Nicholas_van_Rijn" title="Nicholas van Rijn">Nicholas van Rijn</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-101"><a href="#cite_ref-101">^</a> Renfrew, Colin. (1989). The Origins of Indo-European Languages. /Scientific American/, 261(4), 82–90. In explaining the <a href="/wiki/Anatolian_hypothesis" title="Anatolian hypothesis">Anatolian hypothesis</a>, the term "Aryan" is used to denote "all Indo-Europeans" </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKuiper1991-102"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKuiper1991_102-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKuiper1991">Kuiper 1991</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMotadel2013121-103">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMotadel2013121_103-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMotadel2013121_103-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFMotadel2013">Motadel 2013</a>, p. 121. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMallory1989268-104"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMallory1989268_104-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMallory1989">Mallory 1989</a>, p. 268. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEArvidsson200652-105"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEArvidsson200652_105-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFArvidsson2006">Arvidsson 2006</a>, p. 52. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMotadel2013125-106">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMotadel2013125_106-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMotadel2013125_106-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMotadel2013125_106-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMotadel2013125_106-3">d</a> <a href="#CITEREFMotadel2013">Motadel 2013</a>, p. 125. </li> <li id="cite_note-107"><a href="#cite_ref-107">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHutton2005" class="citation book cs1">Hutton, Christopher M. (2005). Race and the Third Reich: Linguistics, Racial Anthropology and Genetics in the Dialectic of Volk. Polity. p. 108. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7456-3177-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7456-3177-6"><bdi>978-0-7456-3177-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Race+and+the+Third+Reich%3A+Linguistics%2C+Racial+Anthropology+and+Genetics+in+the+Dialectic+of+Volk&rft.pages=108&rft.pub=Polity&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-7456-3177-6&rft.aulast=Hutton&rft.aufirst=Christopher+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAryan" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-108"><a href="#cite_ref-108">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMallory1989">Mallory 1989</a>, p. 268: "An Aryan homeland in the unhealthy environment of a swamp was hardly conducive to the development of the 'powerful, energetic blond race' or so Karl Penka argued in 1868. Rather, Penka pressed into service all the disciplines he could - archaeology, linguistics, anthropology and mythology - to demonstrate that the Aryans originated in Southern Scandinavia." </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMallory1989269-109">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMallory1989269_109-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMallory1989269_109-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFMallory1989">Mallory 1989</a>, p. 269. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMotadel2013121–122-110">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMotadel2013121–122_110-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMotadel2013121–122_110-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFMotadel2013">Motadel 2013</a>, pp. 121–122. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEArvidsson200645-111"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEArvidsson200645_111-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFArvidsson2006">Arvidsson 2006</a>, p. 45. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMotadel2013123-112">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMotadel2013123_112-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMotadel2013123_112-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMotadel2013123_112-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFMotadel2013">Motadel 2013</a>, p. 123. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMotadel2013124-113">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMotadel2013124_113-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMotadel2013124_113-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMotadel2013124_113-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFMotadel2013">Motadel 2013</a>, p. 124. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEArvidsson2006153-114"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEArvidsson2006153_114-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFArvidsson2006">Arvidsson 2006</a>, p. 153. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEArvidsson2006155-115"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEArvidsson2006155_115-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFArvidsson2006">Arvidsson 2006</a>, p. 155. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoodrick-Clarke19852-116"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGoodrick-Clarke19852_116-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGoodrick-Clarke1985">Goodrick-Clarke 1985</a>, p. 2. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeikart200912-117"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWeikart200912_117-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWeikart2009">Weikart 2009</a>, p. 12. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMotadel2013125–126-118">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMotadel2013125–126_118-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMotadel2013125–126_118-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFMotadel2013">Motadel 2013</a>, pp. 125–126. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeikart20095–6-119">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWeikart20095–6_119-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWeikart20095–6_119-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFWeikart2009">Weikart 2009</a>, pp. 5–6. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeikart20099-120"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWeikart20099_120-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWeikart2009">Weikart 2009</a>, p. 9. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMotadel2013127-121"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMotadel2013127_121-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMotadel2013">Motadel 2013</a>, p. 127. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEArvidsson2006181–182-122"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEArvidsson2006181–182_122-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFArvidsson2006">Arvidsson 2006</a>, pp. 181–182. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMotadel2013129-123"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMotadel2013129_123-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMotadel2013">Motadel 2013</a>, p. 129. </li> <li id="cite_note-124"><a href="#cite_ref-124">^</a> Ehrenreich, Eric (2007). The Nazi Ancestral Proof: Genealogy, Racial Science, and the Final Solution, p. 68 </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeikart2009133-125"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWeikart2009133_125-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWeikart2009">Weikart 2009</a>, p. 133. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoodrick-Clarke2002232–233-126"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGoodrick-Clarke2002232–233_126-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGoodrick-Clarke2002">Goodrick-Clarke 2002</a>, pp. 232–233. </li> <li id="cite_note-127"><a href="#cite_ref-127">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBlazak2009" class="citation journal cs1">Blazak, Randy (2009). "The prison hate machine". Criminology & Public Policy. 8 (3): 633–640. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1745-9133.2009.00579.x">10.1111/j.1745-9133.2009.00579.x</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1745-9133">1745-9133</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Criminology+%26+Public+Policy&rft.atitle=The+prison+hate+machine&rft.volume=8&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E633-%3C%2Fspan%3E640&rft.date=2009&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1745-9133.2009.00579.x&rft.issn=1745-9133&rft.aulast=Blazak&rft.aufirst=Randy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAryan" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBryant200160-128"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBryant200160_128-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBryant2001">Bryant 2001</a>, p. 60. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoodrick-Clarke19855-129"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGoodrick-Clarke19855_129-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGoodrick-Clarke1985">Goodrick-Clarke 1985</a>, p. 5. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEArvidsson200661-130"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEArvidsson200661_130-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFArvidsson2006">Arvidsson 2006</a>, p. 61. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMallory1989[httpsarchiveorgdetails189942876InSearchOfTheIndoEuropeansJPMallorypagen268mode1up_268-269]-131"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMallory1989[httpsarchiveorgdetails189942876InSearchOfTheIndoEuropeansJPMallorypagen268mode1up_268-269]_131-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMallory1989">Mallory 1989</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/189942876InSearchOfTheIndoEuropeansJPMallory/page/n268/mode/1up">268-269</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEArvidsson2006[httpsbooksgooglecombooksididTPDI6l0mkCpgPA43_43]-132"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEArvidsson2006[httpsbooksgooglecombooksididTPDI6l0mkCpgPA43_43]_132-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFArvidsson2006">Arvidsson 2006</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=idTPDI6l0mkC&pg=PA43">43</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-133"><a href="#cite_ref-133">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBryant2001">Bryant 2001</a>, pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Y2jfHlinW4UC&pg=PA60">60–63</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-134"><a href="#cite_ref-134">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBryantPatton2005">Bryant & Patton 2005</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=fHYnGde4BS4C&pg=PA8">8</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKuzmina2007pp._171-172:_"The_Aryans_in_the_[[Avesta]]_are_tall,_light-skinned_people_with_light_hair;_their_women_were_light-eyed,_with_long,_light_tresses..._In_the_[[Rigveda]]_light_skin_alongside_language_is_the_main_feature_of_the_Aryans,_differentiating_them_from_the_aboriginal_[[Dasa|Dáśa-Dasyu]]_population_who_were_a_dark-skinned,_small_people_speaking_another_language_and_who_did_not_believe_in_the_Vedic_gods..._Skin_color_was_the_basis_of_social_division_of_the_Vedic_Aryans;_their_society_was_divided_into_social_groups_[[Varna_(Hinduism)|varṇa]],_literally_'color'._The_varṇas_of_Aryan_priests_([[brahmin|brāhmaṇa]])_and_warriors_([[Kshatriya|kṣatriyaḥ]]_or_[[Raja|rājanya]])_were_opposed_to_the_varṇas_of_the_aboriginal_Dáśa,_called_'black-skinned'..."-135"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKuzmina2007pp._171-172:_"The_Aryans_in_the_[[Avesta]]_are_tall,_light-skinned_people_with_light_hair;_their_women_were_light-eyed,_with_long,_light_tresses..._In_the_[[Rigveda]]_light_skin_alongside_language_is_the_main_feature_of_the_Aryans,_differentiating_them_from_the_aboriginal_[[Dasa|Dáśa-Dasyu]]_population_who_were_a_dark-skinned,_small_people_speaking_another_language_and_who_did_not_believe_in_the_Vedic_gods..._Skin_color_was_the_basis_of_social_division_of_the_Vedic_Aryans;_their_society_was_divided_into_social_groups_[[Varna_(Hinduism)|varṇa]],_literally_'color'._The_varṇas_of_Aryan_priests_([[brahmin|brāhmaṇa]])_and_warriors_([[Kshatriya|kṣatriyaḥ]]_or_[[Raja|rājanya]])_were_opposed_to_the_varṇas_of_the_aboriginal_Dáśa,_called_'black-skinned'..."_135-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKuzmina2007">Kuzmina 2007</a>, pp. 171-172: "The Aryans in the <a href="/wiki/Avesta" title="Avesta">Avesta</a> are tall, light-skinned people with light hair; their women were light-eyed, with long, light tresses... In the <a href="/wiki/Rigveda" title="Rigveda">Rigveda</a> light skin alongside language is the main feature of the Aryans, differentiating them from the aboriginal <a href="/wiki/Dasa" title="Dasa">Dáśa-Dasyu</a> population who were a dark-skinned, small people speaking another language and who did not believe in the Vedic gods... Skin color was the basis of social division of the Vedic Aryans; their society was divided into social groups <a href="/wiki/Varna_(Hinduism)" title="Varna (Hinduism)">varṇa</a>, literally 'color'. The varṇas of Aryan priests (<a href="/wiki/Brahmin" title="Brahmin">brāhmaṇa</a>) and warriors (<a href="/wiki/Kshatriya" title="Kshatriya">kṣatriyaḥ</a> or <a href="/wiki/Raja" title="Raja">rājanya</a>) were opposed to the varṇas of the aboriginal Dáśa, called 'black-skinned'...". </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELeopold1974-136">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeopold1974_136-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeopold1974_136-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFLeopold1974">Leopold 1974</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEThapar1996-137">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThapar1996_137-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThapar1996_137-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFThapar1996">Thapar 1996</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-Robinson2016-138"><a href="#cite_ref-Robinson2016_138-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRobinson2016" class="citation book cs1">Robinson, Michael (2016). The Lost White Tribe: Explorers, Scientists, and the Theory that Changed a Continent. New York: Oxford University Press. pp. 147–161. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780199978489" title="Special:BookSources/9780199978489"><bdi>9780199978489</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Lost+White+Tribe%3A+Explorers%2C+Scientists%2C+and+the+Theory+that+Changed+a+Continent&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E147-%3C%2Fspan%3E161&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=9780199978489&rft.aulast=Robinson&rft.aufirst=Michael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAryan" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-GLP-139"><a href="#cite_ref-GLP_139-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGregory_L._Possehl2002" class="citation cs2">Gregory L. Possehl (2002), The Indus Civilization: A Contemporary Perspective, Rowman Altamira, p. 238, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780759101722" title="Special:BookSources/9780759101722"><bdi>9780759101722</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Indus+Civilization%3A+A+Contemporary+Perspective&rft.pages=238&rft.pub=Rowman+Altamira&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=9780759101722&rft.au=Gregory+L.+Possehl&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAryan" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-140"><a href="#cite_ref-140">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMalik2020" class="citation journal cs1">Malik, Nishant (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aip.scitation.org/doi/10.1063/5.0012059">"Uncovering transitions in paleoclimate time series and the climate driven demise of an ancient civilization"</a>. Chaos: An Interdisciplinary Journal of Nonlinear Science. Nishant Malik, Chaos (2020). 30 (8): 083108. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2020Chaos..30h3108M">2020Chaos..30h3108M</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1063%2F5.0012059">10.1063/5.0012059</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32872795">32872795</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:221468124">221468124</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Chaos%3A+An+Interdisciplinary+Journal+of+Nonlinear+Science&rft.atitle=Uncovering+transitions+in+paleoclimate+time+series+and+the+climate+driven+demise+of+an+ancient+civilization&rft.volume=30&rft.issue=8&rft.pages=083108&rft.date=2020&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1063%2F5.0012059&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A221468124%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F32872795&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2020Chaos..30h3108M&rft.aulast=Malik&rft.aufirst=Nishant&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Faip.scitation.org%2Fdoi%2F10.1063%2F5.0012059&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAryan" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWitzel2005348-141">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWitzel2005348_141-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWitzel2005348_141-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFWitzel2005">Witzel 2005</a>, p. 348. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBryant2001BryantPatton2005Singh2008186Witzel2001-142"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBryant2001BryantPatton2005Singh2008186Witzel2001_142-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBryant2001">Bryant 2001</a>; <a href="#CITEREFBryantPatton2005">Bryant & Patton 2005</a>; <a href="#CITEREFSingh2008">Singh 2008</a>, p. 186; <a href="#CITEREFWitzel2001">Witzel 2001</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEThapar2006-143"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThapar2006_143-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFThapar2006">Thapar 2006</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-Elst_2016-146"><a href="#cite_ref-Elst_2016_146-0">^</a> Koenraad Elst (May 10, 2016), Koenraad Elst: "I am not aware of any governmental interest in correcting distorted history", Swarajya Magazine </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWitzel200195-148"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWitzel200195_148-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWitzel2001">Witzel 2001</a>, p. 95. </li> <li id="cite_note-149"><a href="#cite_ref-149">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAlinei2002" class="citation book cs1">Alinei, Mario (2002). "Towards a generalised continuity model for Uralic and Indo European languages". In Julku, Kyösti (ed.). The Roots of Peoples and Languages of Northern Eurasia IV, Oulu 18.8–20.8.2000. Oulu, Finland: Societas Historiae Fenno-Ugricae. <a href="/wiki/CiteSeerX_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="CiteSeerX (identifier)">CiteSeerX</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.370.8351">10.1.1.370.8351</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Towards+a+generalised+continuity+model+for+Uralic+and+Indo+European+languages&rft.btitle=The+Roots+of+Peoples+and+Languages+of+Northern+Eurasia+IV%2C+Oulu+18.8%E2%80%9320.8.2000&rft.place=Oulu%2C+Finland&rft.pub=Societas+Historiae+Fenno-Ugricae&rft.date=2002&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fciteseerx.ist.psu.edu%2Fviewdoc%2Fsummary%3Fdoi%3D10.1.1.370.8351%23id-name%3DCiteSeerX&rft.aulast=Alinei&rft.aufirst=Mario&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAryan" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-150"><a href="#cite_ref-150">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavid_W._Anthony" class="citation book cs1">David W. Anthony. The Horse, the Wheel, and Language: How Bronze-Age Riders from the Eurasian Steppes Shaped the Modern World. pp. 300–400.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Horse%2C+the+Wheel%2C+and+Language%3A+How+Bronze-Age+Riders+from+the+Eurasian+Steppes+Shaped+the+Modern+World&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E300-%3C%2Fspan%3E400&rft.au=David+W.+Anthony&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAryan" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Aryan&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Bibliography">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-hanging-indents refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAlemany2000" class="citation book cs1">Alemany, Agustí (2000). 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Anthony">Anthony, David W.</a> (2007). <a href="/wiki/The_Horse,_the_Wheel,_and_Language:_How_Bronze-Age_Riders_from_the_Eurasian_Steppes_Shaped_the_Modern_World" class="mw-redirect" title="The Horse, the Wheel, and Language: How Bronze-Age Riders from the Eurasian Steppes Shaped the Modern World">The Horse, the Wheel, and Language: How Bronze-Age Riders from the Eurasian Steppes Shaped the Modern World</a>. Princeton University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0691058870" title="Special:BookSources/978-0691058870"><bdi>978-0691058870</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Horse%2C+the+Wheel%2C+and+Language%3A+How+Bronze-Age+Riders+from+the+Eurasian+Steppes+Shaped+the+Modern+World&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0691058870&rft.aulast=Anthony&rft.aufirst=David+W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAryan" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFArvidsson2006" class="citation book cs1">Arvidsson, Stefan (2006). Aryan Idols: Indo-European Mythology as Ideology and Science. University of Chicago Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-226-02860-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-226-02860-6"><bdi>978-0-226-02860-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Aryan+Idols%3A+Indo-European+Mythology+as+Ideology+and+Science&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-226-02860-6&rft.aulast=Arvidsson&rft.aufirst=Stefan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAryan" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBailey1987" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Harold_Walter_Bailey" title="Harold Walter Bailey">Bailey, H. W.</a> (1987). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://iranicaonline.org/articles/arya-an-ethnic-epithet">"Arya"</a>. Encyclopædia Iranica. Vol. 2. Iranica Foundation.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Arya&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Iranica&rft.pub=Iranica+Foundation&rft.date=1987&rft.aulast=Bailey&rft.aufirst=H.+W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Firanicaonline.org%2Farticles%2Farya-an-ethnic-epithet&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAryan" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBenveniste1973" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/%C3%89mile_Benveniste" title="Émile Benveniste">Benveniste, Émile</a> (1973). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/indoeuropeanlang0000benv">Indo-European Language and Society</a>. University of Miami Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0870242502" title="Special:BookSources/978-0870242502"><bdi>978-0870242502</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Indo-European+Language+and+Society&rft.pub=University+of+Miami+Press&rft.date=1973&rft.isbn=978-0870242502&rft.aulast=Benveniste&rft.aufirst=%C3%89mile&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Findoeuropeanlang0000benv&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAryan" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBronkhorst2007" class="citation book cs1">Bronkhorst, Johannes (2007). Greater Magadha: Studies in the Culture of Early India. BRILL. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789004157194" title="Special:BookSources/9789004157194"><bdi>9789004157194</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Greater+Magadha%3A+Studies+in+the+Culture+of+Early+India&rft.pub=BRILL&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=9789004157194&rft.aulast=Bronkhorst&rft.aufirst=Johannes&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAryan" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBryant2001" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Edwin_Bryant_(author)" class="mw-redirect" title="Edwin Bryant (author)">Bryant, Edwin</a> (2001). The Quest for the Origins of Vedic Culture: The Indo-Aryan Migration Debate. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-516947-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-516947-8"><bdi>978-0-19-516947-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Quest+for+the+Origins+of+Vedic+Culture%3A+The+Indo-Aryan+Migration+Debate&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-19-516947-8&rft.aulast=Bryant&rft.aufirst=Edwin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAryan" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBryantPatton2005" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Edwin_Bryant_(author)" class="mw-redirect" title="Edwin Bryant (author)">Bryant, Edwin</a>; <a href="/wiki/Laurie_L._Patton" title="Laurie L. Patton">Patton, Laurie L.</a> (2005). The Indo-Aryan Controversy: Evidence and Inference in Indian History. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7007-1463-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7007-1463-6"><bdi>978-0-7007-1463-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Indo-Aryan+Controversy%3A+Evidence+and+Inference+in+Indian+History&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-7007-1463-6&rft.aulast=Bryant&rft.aufirst=Edwin&rft.au=Patton%2C+Laurie+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAryan" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDelamarre2003" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Xavier_Delamarre" title="Xavier Delamarre">Delamarre, Xavier</a> (2003). Dictionnaire de la langue gauloise: Une approche linguistique du vieux-celtique continental. Errance. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9782877723695" title="Special:BookSources/9782877723695"><bdi>9782877723695</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dictionnaire+de+la+langue+gauloise%3A+Une+approche+linguistique+du+vieux-celtique+continental&rft.pub=Errance&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=9782877723695&rft.aulast=Delamarre&rft.aufirst=Xavier&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAryan" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDuchesne-Guillemin1979" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Jacques_Duchesne-Guillemin" title="Jacques Duchesne-Guillemin">Duchesne-Guillemin, Jacques</a> (1979). Acta Iranica. Brill. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-05941-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-05941-2"><bdi>978-90-04-05941-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Acta+Iranica&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=1979&rft.isbn=978-90-04-05941-2&rft.aulast=Duchesne-Guillemin&rft.aufirst=Jacques&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAryan" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFortson2011" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_W._Fortson_IV" title="Benjamin W. Fortson IV">Fortson, Benjamin W.</a> (2011). Indo-European Language and Culture (2 ed.). Blackwell Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4051-0316-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4051-0316-9"><bdi>978-1-4051-0316-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Indo-European+Language+and+Culture&rft.edition=2&rft.pub=Blackwell+Publishing&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-1-4051-0316-9&rft.aulast=Fortson&rft.aufirst=Benjamin+W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAryan" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGamkrelidzeIvanov1995" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Tamaz_V._Gamkrelidze" title="Tamaz V. Gamkrelidze">Gamkrelidze, Tamaz V.</a>; <a href="/wiki/Vyacheslav_Ivanov_(philologist)" title="Vyacheslav Ivanov (philologist)">Ivanov, Vyacheslav V.</a> (1995). Indo-European and the Indo-Europeans: A Reconstruction and Historical Analysis of a Proto-Language and a Proto-Culture. Mouton de Gruyter. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-11-014728-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-11-014728-5"><bdi>978-3-11-014728-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Indo-European+and+the+Indo-Europeans%3A+A+Reconstruction+and+Historical+Analysis+of+a+Proto-Language+and+a+Proto-Culture&rft.pub=Mouton+de+Gruyter&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-3-11-014728-5&rft.aulast=Gamkrelidze&rft.aufirst=Tamaz+V.&rft.au=Ivanov%2C+Vyacheslav+V.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAryan" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGnoli2006" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Gherardo_Gnoli" title="Gherardo Gnoli">Gnoli, Gherardo</a> (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/iranian-identity-ii-pre-islamic-period">"Iranian Identity ii. 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Aquarian Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-85030-402-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-85030-402-4"><bdi>0-85030-402-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+occult+roots+of+Nazism+%3A+the+Ariosophists+of+Austria+and+Germany+1890%E2%80%931935&rft.pub=Aquarian+Press&rft.date=1985&rft.isbn=0-85030-402-4&rft.aulast=Goodrick-Clarke&rft.aufirst=Nicholas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAryan" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGoodrick-Clarke2002" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Nicholas_Goodrick-Clarke" title="Nicholas Goodrick-Clarke">Goodrick-Clarke, Nicholas</a> (2002). Black Sun: Aryan Cults, Esoteric Nazism, and the Politics of Identity. New York University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8147-3155-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8147-3155-0"><bdi>978-0-8147-3155-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Black+Sun%3A+Aryan+Cults%2C+Esoteric+Nazism%2C+and+the+Politics+of+Identity&rft.pub=New+York+University+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-8147-3155-0&rft.aulast=Goodrick-Clarke&rft.aufirst=Nicholas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAryan" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarmatta1970" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/J%C3%A1nos_Harmatta" title="János Harmatta">Harmatta, János</a> (1970). Studies in the History and Language of the Sarmatians. S.l.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Studies+in+the+History+and+Language+of+the+Sarmatians&rft.pub=S.l&rft.date=1970&rft.aulast=Harmatta&rft.aufirst=J%C3%A1nos&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAryan" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKloekhorst2008" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Alwin_Kloekhorst" title="Alwin Kloekhorst">Kloekhorst, Alwin</a> (2008). Etymological Dictionary of the Hittite Inherited Lexicon. Brill. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-16092-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-16092-7"><bdi>978-90-04-16092-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Etymological+Dictionary+of+the+Hittite+Inherited+Lexicon&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-90-04-16092-7&rft.aulast=Kloekhorst&rft.aufirst=Alwin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAryan" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKuiper1991" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Franciscus_Bernardus_Jacobus_Kuiper" class="mw-redirect" title="Franciscus Bernardus Jacobus Kuiper">Kuiper, F. B. J.</a> (1991). Aryans in the Rigveda. Rodopi. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/90-5183-307-5" title="Special:BookSources/90-5183-307-5"><bdi>90-5183-307-5</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/26608387">26608387</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Aryans+in+the+Rigveda&rft.pub=Rodopi&rft.date=1991&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F26608387&rft.isbn=90-5183-307-5&rft.aulast=Kuiper&rft.aufirst=F.+B.+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAryan" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKuzmina2007" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Elena_Efimovna_Kuzmina" title="Elena Efimovna Kuzmina">Kuzmina, Elena E.</a> (2007). The Origin of the Indo-Iranians. Brill. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-16054-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-16054-5"><bdi>978-90-04-16054-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Origin+of+the+Indo-Iranians&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-90-04-16054-5&rft.aulast=Kuzmina&rft.aufirst=Elena+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAryan" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLeopold1974" class="citation journal cs1">Leopold, Joan (1974). "British Applications of the Aryan Theory of Race to India, 1850-1870". The English Historical Review. 89 (352): 578–603. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fehr%2FLXXXIX.CCCLII.578">10.1093/ehr/LXXXIX.CCCLII.578</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0013-8266">0013-8266</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/567427">567427</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+English+Historical+Review&rft.atitle=British+Applications+of+the+Aryan+Theory+of+Race+to+India%2C+1850-1870&rft.volume=89&rft.issue=352&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E578-%3C%2Fspan%3E603&rft.date=1974&rft.issn=0013-8266&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F567427%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fehr%2FLXXXIX.CCCLII.578&rft.aulast=Leopold&rft.aufirst=Joan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAryan" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKellens2005" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Jean_Kellens" title="Jean Kellens">Kellens, Jean</a> (2005). 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Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-929668-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-929668-2"><bdi>978-0-19-929668-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Introduction+to+Proto-Indo-European+and+the+Proto-Indo-European+World&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-19-929668-2&rft.aulast=Mallory&rft.aufirst=J.+P.&rft.au=Adams%2C+Douglas+Q.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAryan" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMatasović2009" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Ranko_Matasovi%C4%87" title="Ranko Matasović">Matasović, Ranko</a> (2009). Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Celtic. Brill. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789004173361" title="Special:BookSources/9789004173361"><bdi>9789004173361</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Etymological+Dictionary+of+Proto-Celtic&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=9789004173361&rft.aulast=Matasovi%C4%87&rft.aufirst=Ranko&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAryan" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMotadel2013" class="citation book cs1">Motadel, David (2013). "Iran and the Aryan myth". Perceptions of Iran: History, Myths and Nationalism from Medieval Persia to the Islamic Republic. I.B. 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Carl Winter. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-533-03826-2" title="Special:BookSources/3-533-03826-2"><bdi>3-533-03826-2</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/14693324">14693324</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Etymologisches+W%C3%B6rterbuch+des+Altindoarischen&rft.pub=Carl+Winter&rft.date=1992&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F14693324&rft.isbn=3-533-03826-2&rft.aulast=Mayrhofer&rft.aufirst=Manfred&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAryan" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOrel2003" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Orel" class="mw-redirect" title="Vladimir Orel">Orel, Vladimir E.</a> (2003). 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Brill. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/470049907">470049907</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Studies+in+the+Kinship+Terminology+of+the+Indo-European+Languages&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=1977&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F470049907&rft.aulast=Szemer%C3%A9nyi&rft.aufirst=Oswald&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAryan" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThapar1996" class="citation journal cs1">Thapar, Romila (1996). "The Theory of Aryan Race and India: History and Politics". Social Scientist. 24 (1/3): 3–29. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F3520116">10.2307/3520116</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0970-0293">0970-0293</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3520116">3520116</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Social+Scientist&rft.atitle=The+Theory+of+Aryan+Race+and+India%3A+History+and+Politics&rft.volume=24&rft.issue=1%2F3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E3-%3C%2Fspan%3E29&rft.date=1996&rft.issn=0970-0293&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F3520116%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F3520116&rft.aulast=Thapar&rft.aufirst=Romila&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAryan" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThapar2006" class="citation book cs1">Thapar, Romila (2006). India: Historical Beginnings and the Concept of the Aryan. National Book Trust. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788123747798" title="Special:BookSources/9788123747798"><bdi>9788123747798</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=India%3A+Historical+Beginnings+and+the+Concept+of+the+Aryan&rft.pub=National+Book+Trust&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=9788123747798&rft.aulast=Thapar&rft.aufirst=Romila&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAryan" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThapar2019" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Romila_Thapar" title="Romila Thapar">Thapar, Romila</a> (2019). Which of Us are Aryans?: Rethinking the Concept of Our Origins. Aleph. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-93-88292-38-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-93-88292-38-2"><bdi>978-93-88292-38-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Which+of+Us+are+Aryans%3F%3A+Rethinking+the+Concept+of+Our+Origins&rft.pub=Aleph&rft.date=2019&rft.isbn=978-93-88292-38-2&rft.aulast=Thapar&rft.aufirst=Romila&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAryan" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWatkins1985" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Calvert_Watkins" title="Calvert Watkins">Watkins, Calvert</a> (1985). The American Heritage Dictionary of Indo-European Roots. Houghton Mifflin. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-395-37888-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-395-37888-5"><bdi>0-395-37888-5</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/11533475">11533475</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+American+Heritage+Dictionary+of+Indo-European+Roots&rft.pub=Houghton+Mifflin&rft.date=1985&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F11533475&rft.isbn=0-395-37888-5&rft.aulast=Watkins&rft.aufirst=Calvert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAryan" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWest2007" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Martin_Litchfield_West" title="Martin Litchfield West">West, Martin L.</a> (2007). Indo-European Poetry and Myth. <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-928075-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-928075-9"><bdi>978-0-19-928075-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Indo-European+Poetry+and+Myth&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-19-928075-9&rft.aulast=West&rft.aufirst=Martin+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAryan" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWeikart2009" class="citation book cs1">Weikart, R. (2009). Hitler’s Ethic: The Nazi Pursuit of Evolutionary Progress. Springer. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-230-62398-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-230-62398-9"><bdi>978-0-230-62398-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hitler%E2%80%99s+Ethic%3A+The+Nazi+Pursuit+of+Evolutionary+Progress&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-230-62398-9&rft.aulast=Weikart&rft.aufirst=R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAryan" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWitzel2000" class="citation book cs1">Witzel, Michael (2000). "The Home of the Aryans". In Hinze, A.; Tichy, E. (eds.). Festschrift fuer Johanna Narten zum 70. Geburtstag. J. H. Roell.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Home+of+the+Aryans&rft.btitle=Festschrift+fuer+Johanna+Narten+zum+70.+Geburtstag&rft.pub=J.+H.+Roell&rft.date=2000&rft.aulast=Witzel&rft.aufirst=Michael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAryan" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWitzel2001" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Michael_Witzel" title="Michael Witzel">Witzel, Michael</a> (2001). "Autochthonous Aryans? The Evidence from Old Indian and Iranian Texts". Electronic Journal of Vedic Studies. 7 (3): 1–115. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.11588%2Fejvs.2001.3.830">10.11588/ejvs.2001.3.830</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Electronic+Journal+of+Vedic+Studies&rft.atitle=Autochthonous+Aryans%3F+The+Evidence+from+Old+Indian+and+Iranian+Texts&rft.volume=7&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1-%3C%2Fspan%3E115&rft.date=2001&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.11588%2Fejvs.2001.3.830&rft.aulast=Witzel&rft.aufirst=Michael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAryan" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWitzel2005" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Witzel, Michael (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=NDRRNGj17EMC">"Indocentrism: Autochthonous visions of ancient India"</a>. In Bryant, Edwin; Patton, Laurie (eds.). The Indo-Aryan Controversy: Evidence and Inference in Indian History. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-135-79102-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-135-79102-5"><bdi>978-1-135-79102-5</bdi></a>. Retrieved 25 March 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Indocentrism%3A+Autochthonous+visions+of+ancient+India&rft.btitle=The+Indo-Aryan+Controversy%3A+Evidence+and+Inference+in+Indian+History&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-1-135-79102-5&rft.aulast=Witzel&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DNDRRNGj17EMC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAryan" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Aryan&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: Further reading">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1">A. Kammpier. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opensiuc.lib.siu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?referer=https://scholar.google.ca/&httpsredir=1&article=2330&context=ocj">"A word for Aryan originality"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=A+word+for+Aryan+originality&rft.au=A.+Kammpier&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fopensiuc.lib.siu.edu%2Fcgi%2Fviewcontent.cgi%3Freferer%3Dhttps%3A%2F%2Fscholar.google.ca%2F%26httpsredir%3D1%26article%3D2330%26context%3Docj&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAryan" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBronkhorstDeshpande1999" class="citation book cs1">Bronkhorst, J.; Deshpande, M.M., eds. (1999). Aryan and Non-Aryan in South Asia: Evidence, Interpretation, and Ideology. Department of Sanskrit and Indian Studies, Harvard University. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-888789-04-2" title="Special:BookSources/1-888789-04-2"><bdi>1-888789-04-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Aryan+and+Non-Aryan+in+South+Asia%3A+Evidence%2C+Interpretation%2C+and+Ideology&rft.pub=Department+of+Sanskrit+and+Indian+Studies%2C+Harvard+University&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=1-888789-04-2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAryan" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEdelman1999" class="citation book cs1">Edelman, Dzoj (Joy) I. (1999). On the history of non-decimal systems and their elements in numerals of Aryan languages. In: Jadranka Gvozdanović (ed.), "Numeral Types and Changes Worldwide". Walter de Gruyter.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=On+the+history+of+non-decimal+systems+and+their+elements+in+numerals+of+Aryan+languages.+In%3A+Jadranka+Gvozdanovi%C4%87+%28ed.%29%2C+%22Numeral+Types+and+Changes+Worldwide%22&rft.pub=Walter+de+Gruyter&rft.date=1999&rft.aulast=Edelman&rft.aufirst=Dzoj+%28Joy%29+I.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAryan" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Fussmann, G.; Francfort, H.P.; Kellens, J.; Tremblay, X. (2005). Aryas, Aryens et Iraniens en Asie Centrale. Institut Civilisation Indienne. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/2-86803-072-6" title="Special:BookSources/2-86803-072-6"><bdi>2-86803-072-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Aryas%2C+Aryens+et+Iraniens+en+Asie+Centrale&rft.pub=Institut+Civilisation+Indienne&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=2-86803-072-6&rft.aulast=Fussmann&rft.aufirst=G.&rft.au=Francfort%2C+H.P.&rft.au=Kellens%2C+J.&rft.au=Tremblay%2C+X.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAryan" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1">Ivanov, Vyacheslav V.; Gamkrelidze, Thomas (1990). "The Early History of Indo-European Languages". Scientific American. 262 (3): 110–116. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fscientificamerican0390-110">10.1038/scientificamerican0390-110</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Scientific+American&rft.atitle=The+Early+History+of+Indo-European+Languages&rft.volume=262&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E110-%3C%2Fspan%3E116&rft.date=1990&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fscientificamerican0390-110&rft.aulast=Ivanov&rft.aufirst=Vyacheslav+V.&rft.au=Gamkrelidze%2C+Thomas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAryan" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Lincoln, Bruce (1999). Theorizing Myth: Narrative, Ideology, and Scholarship. University of Chicago Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Theorizing+Myth%3A+Narrative%2C+Ideology%2C+and+Scholarship&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.aulast=Lincoln&rft.aufirst=Bruce&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAryan" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Morey, Peter; Tickell, Alex (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Hf0geg3kl7sC">Alternative Indias: Writing, Nation and Communalism</a>. Rodopi. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/90-420-1927-1" title="Special:BookSources/90-420-1927-1"><bdi>90-420-1927-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Alternative+Indias%3A+Writing%2C+Nation+and+Communalism&rft.pub=Rodopi&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=90-420-1927-1&rft.aulast=Morey&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft.au=Tickell%2C+Alex&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DHf0geg3kl7sC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAryan" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Sugirtharajah, Sharada (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=aIX4JYZHW2MC">Imagining Hinduism: A Postcolonial Perspective</a>. Taylor & Francis. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-203-63411-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-203-63411-0"><bdi>978-0-203-63411-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Imagining+Hinduism%3A+A+Postcolonial+Perspective&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-203-63411-0&rft.aulast=Sugirtharajah&rft.aufirst=Sharada&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DaIX4JYZHW2MC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAryan" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Tickell, A (2005). "The Discovery of Aryavarta: Hindu Nationalism and Early Indian Fiction in English". In Peter Morey; Alex Tickell (eds.). Alternative Indias: Writing, Nation and Communalism. pp. 25–53.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Discovery+of+Aryavarta%3A+Hindu+Nationalism+and+Early+Indian+Fiction+in+English&rft.btitle=Alternative+Indias%3A+Writing%2C+Nation+and+Communalism&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E25-%3C%2Fspan%3E53&rft.date=2005&rft.aulast=Tickell&rft.aufirst=A&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAryan" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output 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class="navbox-title" colspan="3" style="background:#FBEC5D;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Zoroastrianism" title="Template:Zoroastrianism"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Zoroastrianism" title="Template talk:Zoroastrianism"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Zoroastrianism" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Zoroastrianism"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Zoroastrianism248" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Zoroastrianism" title="Zoroastrianism">Zoroastrianism</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FBEC5D;;width:1%">Primary topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ahura_Mazda" title="Ahura Mazda">Ahura Mazda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zoroaster" title="Zoroaster">Zarathustra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asha" title="Asha">Asha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vohu_Manah" title="Vohu Manah">Vohu Manah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Persia/Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faravahar" title="Faravahar">Faravahar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avestan" title="Avestan">Avestan</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="8" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><a href="/wiki/File:ZoroastrianismSymbolWhite.PNG" class="mw-file-description" title="Atar (fire)"><img alt="Atar (fire)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/55/ZoroastrianismSymbolWhite.PNG" decoding="async" width="151" height="194" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="151" data-file-height="194" /></a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FBEC5D;;width:1%">Divine entities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amesha_Spenta" title="Amesha Spenta">Amesha Spentas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yazata" title="Yazata">Yazatas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahura" title="Ahura">Ahuras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daeva" title="Daeva">Daevas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angra_Mainyu" class="mw-redirect" title="Angra Mainyu">Angra Mainyu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FBEC5D;;width:1%">Scripture and worship</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Avesta" title="Avesta">Avesta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gathas" class="mw-redirect" title="Gathas">Gathas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ashem_Vohu" title="Ashem Vohu">Ashem Vohu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahuna_Vairya" title="Ahuna Vairya">Ahuna Vairya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yenghe_hatam" title="Yenghe hatam">Yenghe hatam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Airyaman_ishya" title="Airyaman ishya">Airyaman ishya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fire_temple" title="Fire temple">Fire Temples</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/101_Names_of_God" class="mw-redirect" title="101 Names of God">101 Names of Ahura Mazda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Udvada_Atash_Behram" class="mw-redirect" title="Udvada Atash Behram">Udvada Atash Behram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adur_Burzen-Mihr" title="Adur Burzen-Mihr">Adur Burzen-Mihr</a></li> <li>Adur Farnbag</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adur_Gushnasp" title="Adur Gushnasp">Adur Gushnasp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cypress_of_Kashmar" title="Cypress of Kashmar">Cypress of Kashmar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yasna" title="Yasna">Yasna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vendidad" title="Vendidad">Vendidad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visperad" title="Visperad">Visperad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yasht" title="Yasht">Yashts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khordeh_Avesta" title="Khordeh Avesta">Khordeh Avesta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Revayats" class="mw-redirect" title="The Revayats">The Revayats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ab-Zohr" title="Ab-Zohr">Ab-Zohr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atash_Behram" title="Atash Behram">Atash Behram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magi" title="Magi">Magi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FBEC5D;;width:1%">Accounts and legends</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Denkard" title="Denkard">Dēnkard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bundahishn" title="Bundahishn">Bundahišn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Arda_Viraf" title="Book of Arda Viraf">Book of Arda Viraf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jamasp_Namag" title="Jamasp Namag">Book of Jamasp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qissa-i_Sanjan" title="Qissa-i Sanjan">Story of Sanjan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinvat_Bridge" title="Chinvat Bridge">Chinvat Bridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frashokereti" title="Frashokereti">Frashokereti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xrafstar" title="Xrafstar">Xrafstar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamistagan" title="Hamistagan">Hamistagan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duzakh" title="Duzakh">Duzakh</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FBEC5D;;width:1%">Cities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Balkh" title="Balkh">Balkh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kashmar" title="Kashmar">Kashmar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yazd" title="Yazd">Yazd</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FBEC5D;;width:1%">History and culture</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Parsi" class="mw-redirect" title="Parsi">Parsis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zurvanism" title="Zurvanism">Zurvanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mazdakism" title="Mazdakism">Mazdakism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khurramites" title="Khurramites">Khurramites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Three_Persian_religions" title="Three Persian religions">Three Persian religions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zoroastrian_calendar" title="Zoroastrian calendar">Calendar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zoroastrian_festivals" title="Zoroastrian festivals">Festivals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zoroastrian_wedding" title="Zoroastrian wedding">Marriage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tower_of_Silence" title="Tower of Silence">Burial</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FBEC5D;;width:1%">Adherents</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Zoroastrians" title="Persecution of Zoroastrians">Persecution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zoroastrianism_in_Afghanistan" title="Zoroastrianism in Afghanistan">in Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zoroastrianism_in_Armenia" title="Zoroastrianism in Armenia">in Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zoroastrianism_in_Azerbaijan" title="Zoroastrianism in Azerbaijan">in Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zoroastrianism_in_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Zoroastrianism in China">in China</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zoroastrianism_in_Sichuan" title="Zoroastrianism in Sichuan">in Sichuan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zoroastrianism_in_India" title="Zoroastrianism in India">in India</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Irani_(India)" class="mw-redirect" title="Irani (India)">Irani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parsis" title="Parsis">Parsis</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zoroastrianism_in_Iran" title="Zoroastrianism in Iran">in Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Iraq#Zoroastrianism" title="Religion in Iraq">in Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zoroastrianism_in_Pakistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Zoroastrianism in Pakistan">in Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zoroastrianism_in_Russia" title="Zoroastrianism in Russia">in Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zoroastrianism_in_the_United_States" title="Zoroastrianism in the United States">in United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zoroastrianism_in_Uzbekistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Zoroastrianism in Uzbekistan">in Uzbekistan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FBEC5D;;width:1%">Lists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_fire_temples_in_Iran" title="List of fire temples in Iran">Fire temples in Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_fire_temples_in_India" title="List of fire temples in India">Fire temples in India</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3" style="background:#FBEC5D;"><div><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Zoroastrianism" title="Category:Zoroastrianism">Category</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="15px&#124;link=Aum_Hinduism_14px_topics723" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3" style="background:#FFC569;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Hindudharma" title="Template:Hindudharma"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Hindudharma" title="Template talk:Hindudharma"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Hindudharma" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Hindudharma"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="15px&#124;link=Aum_Hinduism_14px_topics723" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Aum" title="Aum"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Aum_Om_red.svg/15px-Aum_Om_red.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Aum_Om_red.svg/23px-Aum_Om_red.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Aum_Om_red.svg/30px-Aum_Om_red.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="356" data-file-height="367" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hinduism</a> <a href="/wiki/File:HinduSwastika.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/HinduSwastika.svg/14px-HinduSwastika.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/HinduSwastika.svg/21px-HinduSwastika.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/HinduSwastika.svg/28px-HinduSwastika.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="142" data-file-height="145" /></a> topics</div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3" style="background:#FFC569;;font-weight:bold;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_Hinduism_terms" title="Glossary of Hinduism terms">Glossary</a></li> <li>Index</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Hinduism" class="mw-redirect" title="Timeline of Hinduism">Timeline</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC569;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hindu_philosophy" title="Hindu philosophy">Philosophy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FFC569;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_Hinduism_terms" title="Glossary of Hinduism terms">Concepts</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brahman" title="Brahman">Brahman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Om" title="Om">Om</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ishvara" title="Ishvara">Ishvara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C4%80tman_(Hinduism)" title="Ātman (Hinduism)">Atman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maya_(religion)" title="Maya (religion)">Maya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karma" title="Karma">Karma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sa%E1%B9%83s%C4%81ra" title="Saṃsāra">Saṃsāra</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Puru%E1%B9%A3%C4%81rtha" title="Puruṣārtha">Puruṣārthas</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dharma" title="Dharma">Dharma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artha" title="Artha">Artha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kama" title="Kama">Kama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moksha" title="Moksha">Moksha</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ethics_in_religion#Hindu_ethics" title="Ethics in religion">Niti</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ahimsa" title="Ahimsa">Ahimsa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Achourya" title="Achourya">Asteya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aparigraha" class="mw-redirect" title="Aparigraha">Aparigraha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brahmacarya" class="mw-redirect" title="Brahmacarya">Brahmacharya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satya" title="Satya">Satya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%C4%81na" title="Dāna">Dāna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temperance_(virtue)#Hinduism" title="Temperance (virtue)">Damah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compassion#Hinduism" title="Compassion">Dayā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akrodha" title="Akrodha">Akrodha</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FFC569;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Hindu_philosophy" title="Hindu philosophy">Schools</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C4%80stika_and_n%C4%81stika" title="Āstika and nāstika">Āstika</a>: <a href="/wiki/Samkhya" title="Samkhya">Samkhya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoga" title="Yoga">Yoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nyaya" title="Nyaya">Nyaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaisheshika" title="Vaisheshika">Vaisheshika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C4%ABm%C4%81%E1%B9%83s%C4%81" title="Mīmāṃsā">Mīmāṃsā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vedanta" title="Vedanta">Vedanta</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sv%C4%81bh%C4%81vika_Bhed%C4%81bheda" class="mw-redirect" title="Svābhāvika Bhedābheda">Svābhāvika Bhedābheda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dvaita_Vedanta" title="Dvaita Vedanta">Dvaita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Advaita_Vedanta" title="Advaita Vedanta">Advaita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vishishtadvaita" title="Vishishtadvaita">Vishishtadvaita</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C4%80stika_and_n%C4%81stika" title="Āstika and nāstika">Nāstika</a>: <a href="/wiki/Charvaka" title="Charvaka">Charvaka</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="5" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><img alt="Hindu "Om" symbol" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Aum_Om_navy_blue_circle_hollow_coral.svg/100px-Aum_Om_navy_blue_circle_hollow_coral.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="99" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Aum_Om_navy_blue_circle_hollow_coral.svg/150px-Aum_Om_navy_blue_circle_hollow_coral.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Aum_Om_navy_blue_circle_hollow_coral.svg/200px-Aum_Om_navy_blue_circle_hollow_coral.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="507" /></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC569;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hindu_texts" title="Hindu texts">Texts</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FFC569;font-weight:normal;">Classification</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9Aruti" title="Śruti">Śruti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sm%E1%B9%9Bti" title="Smṛti">Smṛti</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FFC569;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Vedas" title="Vedas">Vedas</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rigveda" title="Rigveda">Rigveda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yajurveda" title="Yajurveda">Yajurveda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samaveda" title="Samaveda">Samaveda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atharvaveda" title="Atharvaveda">Atharvaveda</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FFC569;font-weight:normal;">Divisions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vedic_chant" title="Vedic chant">Samhita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brahmana" title="Brahmana">Brahmana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aranyaka" title="Aranyaka">Aranyaka</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FFC569;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Upanishads" title="Upanishads">Upanishads</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aitareya_Upanishad" title="Aitareya Upanishad">Aitareya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaushitaki_Upanishad" title="Kaushitaki Upanishad">Kaushitaki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brihadaranyaka_Upanishad" title="Brihadaranyaka Upanishad">Brihadaranyaka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isha_Upanishad" title="Isha Upanishad">Isha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taittiriya_Upanishad" title="Taittiriya Upanishad">Taittiriya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katha_Upanishad" title="Katha Upanishad">Katha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maitrayaniya_Upanishad" title="Maitrayaniya Upanishad">Maitrayaniya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shvetashvatara_Upanishad" title="Shvetashvatara Upanishad">Shvetashvatara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chandogya_Upanishad" title="Chandogya Upanishad">Chandogya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kena_Upanishad" title="Kena Upanishad">Kena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mundaka_Upanishad" title="Mundaka Upanishad">Mundaka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandukya_Upanishad" title="Mandukya Upanishad">Mandukya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prashna_Upanishad" title="Prashna Upanishad">Prashna</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FFC569;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Upaveda" class="mw-redirect" title="Upaveda">Upavedas</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ayurveda" title="Ayurveda">Ayurveda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_martial_arts" title="Indian martial arts">Dhanurveda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natya_Shastra" title="Natya Shastra">Natyaveda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_temple_architecture" title="Hindu temple architecture">Sthapatyaveda</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FFC569;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Vedanga" title="Vedanga">Vedanga</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shiksha" title="Shiksha">Shiksha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanskrit_prosody" title="Sanskrit prosody">Chandas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vy%C4%81kara%E1%B9%87a" title="Vyākaraṇa">Vyākaraṇa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nirukta" title="Nirukta">Nirukta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalpa_(Vedanga)" title="Kalpa (Vedanga)">Kalpa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jyotisha" class="mw-redirect" title="Jyotisha">Jyotisha</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FFC569;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Hindu_texts" title="List of Hindu texts">Other</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bhagavad_Gita" title="Bhagavad Gita">Bhagavad Gita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agama_(Hinduism)" title="Agama (Hinduism)">Agamas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Itihasa-Purana" title="Itihasa-Purana">Itihasas</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ramayana" title="Ramayana">Ramayana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahabharata" title="Mahabharata">Mahabharata</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puranas" title="Puranas">Puranas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upanishads#Classification" title="Upanishads">Minor Upanishads</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthashastra" title="Arthashastra">Arthashastra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nitisara" title="Nitisara">Nitisara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dharma%C5%9B%C4%81stra" title="Dharmaśāstra">Dharmaśāstra</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Manusmriti" title="Manusmriti">Manusmriti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N%C4%81radasm%E1%B9%9Bti" title="Nāradasmṛti">Nāradasmṛti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Y%C4%81j%C3%B1avalkya_Sm%E1%B9%9Bti" title="Yājñavalkya Smṛti">Yājñavalkya Smṛti</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sutra" title="Sutra">Sutras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stotra" title="Stotra">Stotras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subhashita" title="Subhashita">Subhashita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tantras_(Hinduism)" class="mw-redirect" title="Tantras (Hinduism)">Tantras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoga_Vasistha" title="Yoga Vasistha">Yoga Vasistha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoga_Sutras_of_Patanjali" title="Yoga Sutras of Patanjali">Yoga Sutras of Patanjali</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FFC569;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Sangam_literature" title="Sangam literature">Sangam literature</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tirumurai" title="Tirumurai">Tirumurai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Divya_Prabandham" class="mw-redirect" title="Divya Prabandham">Divya Prabandham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tirumuruk%C4%81%E1%B9%9F%E1%B9%9Fuppa%E1%B9%ADai" title="Tirumurukāṟṟuppaṭai">Tirumurukāṟṟuppaṭai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thiruppugal" class="mw-redirect" title="Thiruppugal">Thiruppugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thirukkural" class="mw-redirect" title="Thirukkural">Thirukkural</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamba_Ramayanam" class="mw-redirect" title="Kamba Ramayanam">Kamba Ramayanam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Five_Great_Epics" title="Five Great Epics">Five Great Epics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eighteen_Greater_Texts" title="Eighteen Greater Texts">Eighteen Greater Texts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eighteen_Lesser_Texts" title="Eighteen Lesser Texts">Eighteen Lesser Texts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Athichudi" title="Athichudi">Athichudi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraiyanar_Akapporul" title="Iraiyanar Akapporul">Iraiyanar Akapporul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abhirami_Antati" class="mw-redirect" title="Abhirami Antati">Abhirami Antati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thiruvilaiyadal_Puranam" title="Thiruvilaiyadal Puranam">Thiruvilaiyadal Puranam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vinayagar_Agaval" title="Vinayagar Agaval">Vinayagar Agaval</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vedarthasamgraha" title="Vedarthasamgraha">Vedarthasamgraha</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC569;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hindu_deities" title="Hindu deities">Deities</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FFC569;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Deva_(Hinduism)" title="Deva (Hinduism)">Gods</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Trimurti" title="Trimurti">Trimurti</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brahma" title="Brahma">Brahma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vishnu" title="Vishnu">Vishnu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shiva" title="Shiva">Shiva</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agni" title="Agni">Agni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dattatreya" title="Dattatreya">Dattatreya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ganesha" title="Ganesha">Ganesha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hanuman" title="Hanuman">Hanuman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indra" title="Indra">Indra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kartikeya" title="Kartikeya">Kartikeya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krishna" title="Krishna">Krishna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rama" title="Rama">Rama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surya" title="Surya">Surya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Varuna" title="Varuna">Varuna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vayu" title="Vayu">Vayu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Hindu_gods" title="Category:Hindu gods">more</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FFC569;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Devi" title="Devi">Goddesses</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tridevi" title="Tridevi">Tridevi</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Saraswati" title="Saraswati">Saraswati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lakshmi" title="Lakshmi">Lakshmi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parvati" title="Parvati">Parvati</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhumi_(goddess)" title="Bhumi (goddess)">Bhumi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Durga" title="Durga">Durga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kali" title="Kali">Kali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahavidya" title="Mahavidya">Mahavidya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matrika" class="mw-redirect" title="Matrika">Matrika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radha" title="Radha">Radha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rukmini" title="Rukmini">Rukmini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sati_(Hindu_goddess)" title="Sati (Hindu goddess)">Sati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shakti" title="Shakti">Shakti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shashthi" title="Shashthi">Shashthi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sita" title="Sita">Sita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Hindu_goddesses" title="Category:Hindu goddesses">more</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC569;;width:1%">Practices</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FFC569;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Worship_in_Hinduism" title="Worship in Hinduism">Worship</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_temple" title="Hindu temple">Temple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murti" title="Murti">Murti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puja_(Hinduism)" title="Puja (Hinduism)">Puja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhakti" title="Bhakti">Bhakti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japa" title="Japa">Japa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhajan" title="Bhajan">Bhajan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naivedhya" class="mw-redirect" title="Naivedhya">Naivedhya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yajna" title="Yajna">Yajna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homa_(ritual)" title="Homa (ritual)">Homa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tapas_(Indian_religions)" title="Tapas (Indian religions)">Tapas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhy%C4%81na_in_Hinduism" class="mw-redirect" title="Dhyāna in Hinduism">Dhyāna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_pilgrimage_sites_in_India" title="Hindu pilgrimage sites in India">Tirthatana</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FFC569;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Sanskara_(rite_of_passage)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sanskara (rite of passage)">Sanskaras</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Garbhadhana" title="Garbhadhana">Garbhadhana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pumsavana" title="Pumsavana">Pumsavana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pumsavana_Simantonayana" title="Pumsavana Simantonayana">Simantonayana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jatakarma" title="Jatakarma">Jatakarma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N%C4%81makara%E1%B9%87a" title="Nāmakaraṇa">Namakarana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nishkramana" title="Nishkramana">Nishkramana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annaprashana" title="Annaprashana">Annaprashana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chudakarana" title="Chudakarana">Chudakarana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karnavedha" title="Karnavedha">Karnavedha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vidy%C4%81ra%E1%B9%83bha%E1%B9%83" title="Vidyāraṃbhaṃ">Vidyarambha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upanayana" title="Upanayana">Upanayana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keshanta" title="Keshanta">Keshanta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ritu_Kala_Samskaram" title="Ritu Kala Samskaram">Ritushuddhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samavartanam" title="Samavartanam">Samavartanam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vivaah" class="mw-redirect" title="Vivaah">Vivaha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antyesti" title="Antyesti">Antyeshti</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FFC569;font-weight:normal;">Varnashrama</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Varna_(Hinduism)" title="Varna (Hinduism)">Varna</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brahmin" title="Brahmin">Brahmin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kshatriya" title="Kshatriya">Kshatriya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaishya" title="Vaishya">Vaishya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shudra" title="Shudra">Shudra</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ashrama_(stage)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ashrama (stage)">Ashrama</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brahmacarya" class="mw-redirect" title="Brahmacarya">Brahmacharya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grihastha" class="mw-redirect" title="Grihastha">Grihastha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vanaprastha" class="mw-redirect" title="Vanaprastha">Vanaprastha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sannyasa" title="Sannyasa">Sannyasa</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FFC569;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Hindu_festivals" title="List of Hindu festivals">Festivals</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Diwali" title="Diwali">Diwali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holi" title="Holi">Holi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maha_Shivaratri" title="Maha Shivaratri">Shivaratri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raksha_Bandhan" title="Raksha Bandhan">Raksha Bandhan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Navaratri" title="Navaratri">Navaratri</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Durga_Puja" title="Durga Puja">Durga Puja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramlila" title="Ramlila">Ramlila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vijayadashami" title="Vijayadashami">Vijayadashami</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ganesh_Chaturthi" title="Ganesh Chaturthi">Ganesh Chaturthi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rama_Navami" title="Rama Navami">Rama Navami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krishna_Janmashtami" title="Krishna Janmashtami">Janmashtami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Onam" title="Onam">Onam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pongal_(festival)" title="Pongal (festival)">Pongal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Makar_Sankranti" title="Makar Sankranti">Makar Sankranti</a></li> <li>New Year <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bihu" title="Bihu">Bihu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gudi_Padwa" title="Gudi Padwa">Gudi Padwa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pahela_Baishakh" class="mw-redirect" title="Pahela Baishakh">Pahela Baishakh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puthandu" title="Puthandu">Puthandu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaisakhi" title="Vaisakhi">Vaisakhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vishu" title="Vishu">Vishu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ugadi" title="Ugadi">Ugadi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kumbh_Mela" title="Kumbh Mela">Kumbh Mela</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Haridwar_Kumbh_Mela" title="Haridwar Kumbh Mela">Haridwar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nashik-Trimbakeshwar_Simhastha" title="Nashik-Trimbakeshwar Simhastha">Nashik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prayag_Kumbh_Mela" title="Prayag Kumbh Mela">Prayag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ujjain_Simhastha" title="Ujjain Simhastha">Ujjain</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ratha_Yatra_(Puri)" title="Ratha Yatra (Puri)">Ratha Yatra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teej" title="Teej">Teej</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vasant_Panchami" title="Vasant Panchami">Vasant Panchami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Hindu_festivals" title="Template:Hindu festivals">Others</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FFC569;font-weight:normal;">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sv%C4%81dhy%C4%81ya" title="Svādhyāya">Svādhyāya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Namaste" title="Namaste">Namaste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bindi_(decoration)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bindi (decoration)">Bindi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tilaka" title="Tilaka">Tilaka</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC569;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Hinduism" title="Portal:Hinduism">Related</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hindus" title="Hindus">Hindus</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hindus#Etymology" title="Hindus">Etymology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_Hindus" title="Lists of Hindus">List</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_denominations" title="Hindu denominations">Denominations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_law" title="Hindu law">Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_calendar" title="Hindu calendar">Calendar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Hindu_sentiment" title="Anti-Hindu sentiment">Anti-Hindu sentiment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_Hinduism" title="Criticism of Hinduism">Criticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Hindu_gurus_and_sants" title="List of Hindu gurus and sants">Hindu gurus and sants</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_studies" title="Hindu studies">Hindu studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_iconography" title="Hindu iconography">Iconography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_mythology" title="Hindu mythology">Mythology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_nationalism" title="Hindu nationalism">Nationalism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hindutva" title="Hindutva">Hindutva</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Hindus" title="Persecution of Hindus">Persecution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_pilgrimage_sites" title="Hindu pilgrimage sites">Pilgrimage sites</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_pilgrimage_sites_in_India" title="Hindu pilgrimage sites in India">India</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hinduism_and_other_religions" title="Hinduism and other religions">Relations with other religions</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bah%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%AD_Faith_and_Hinduism" title="Baháʼí Faith and Hinduism">Baháʼí</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_and_Hinduism" title="Buddhism and Hinduism">Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu%E2%80%93Islamic_relations" title="Hindu–Islamic relations">Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jainism_and_Hinduism" class="mw-redirect" title="Jainism and Hinduism">Jainism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hinduism_and_Judaism" title="Hinduism and Judaism">Judaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hinduism_and_Sikhism" title="Hinduism and Sikhism">Sikhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hinduism_and_Theosophy" title="Hinduism and Theosophy">Theosophy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_Hinduism_terms" title="Glossary of Hinduism terms">Glossary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hinduism_by_country" title="Hinduism by country">Hinduism by country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_temples" class="mw-redirect" title="Hindu temples">Hindu temples</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Hindu_temples" title="List of Hindu temples">List</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_temple_architecture" title="Hindu temple architecture">Architecture</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3" style="background:#FFC569;;font-weight:bold;"><div><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/10px-Global_thinking.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/15px-Global_thinking.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/21px-Global_thinking.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="130" data-file-height="200" /> <a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Hinduism" title="Outline of Hinduism">Outline</a> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" 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style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background: #FFD068;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Buddhism_topics" title="Template:Buddhism topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Buddhism_topics" title="Template talk:Buddhism topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Buddhism_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Buddhism topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="25px&#124;link=Dharmachakra_Topics_in_Buddhism_25px&#124;link=Buddhist_flag1225" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Dharmachakra" title="Dharmachakra"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Buddhism_Symbol.png/25px-Buddhism_Symbol.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="26" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Buddhism_Symbol.png/38px-Buddhism_Symbol.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Buddhism_Symbol.png/50px-Buddhism_Symbol.png 2x" data-file-width="267" data-file-height="278" /></a>   Topics in <a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhism</a>   <a href="/wiki/Buddhist_flag" title="Buddhist flag"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Buddhism.svg/25px-Flag_of_Buddhism.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Buddhism.svg/38px-Flag_of_Buddhism.svg.png 1.5x, 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</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Buddhism" title="Outline of Buddhism">Foundations</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Four_Noble_Truths" title="Four Noble Truths">Four Noble Truths</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Refuge_in_Buddhism" title="Refuge in Buddhism">Three Jewels</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Buddha" title="The Buddha">Buddha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dharma" title="Dharma">Dharma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sangha" title="Sangha">Sangha</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noble_Eightfold_Path" title="Noble Eightfold Path">Noble Eightfold Path</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nirvana" title="Nirvana">Nirvana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_Way" title="Middle Way">Middle Way</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/The_Buddha" title="The Buddha">The Buddha</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tath%C4%81gata" title="Tathāgata">Tathāgata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddha%27s_Birthday" title="Buddha's Birthday">Birthday</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Four_sights" title="Four sights">Four sights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Eight_Great_Events_in_the_Life_of_Buddha" title="The Eight Great Events in the Life of Buddha">Eight Great Events</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Renunciation" title="Great Renunciation">Great Renunciation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Physical_characteristics_of_the_Buddha" title="Physical characteristics of the Buddha">Physical characteristics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Life_of_Buddha_in_art" title="Life of Buddha in art">Life of Buddha in art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddha_footprint" title="Buddha footprint">Footprint</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Relics_associated_with_Buddha" title="Relics associated with Buddha">Relics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iconography_of_Gautama_Buddha_in_Laos_and_Thailand" title="Iconography of Gautama Buddha in Laos and Thailand">Iconography in Laos and Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Depictions_of_Gautama_Buddha_in_film" title="Depictions of Gautama Buddha in film">Films</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miracles_of_Gautama_Buddha" title="Miracles of Gautama Buddha">Miracles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Family_of_Gautama_Buddha" title="Family of Gautama Buddha">Family</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9Auddhodana" title="Śuddhodana">Suddhodāna (father)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maya_(mother_of_the_Buddha)" title="Maya (mother of the Buddha)">Māyā (mother)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahapajapati_Gotami" class="mw-redirect" title="Mahapajapati Gotami">Mahapajapati Gotamī (aunt, adoptive mother)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ya%C5%9Bodhar%C4%81" title="Yaśodharā">Yaśodharā (wife)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R%C4%81hula" title="Rāhula">Rāhula (son)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C4%80nanda" title="Ānanda">Ānanda (cousin)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Devadatta" title="Devadatta">Devadatta (cousin)</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bodhi_Tree" title="Bodhi Tree">Bodhi Tree</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_places_where_Gautama_Buddha_stayed" title="List of places where Gautama Buddha stayed">Places where the Buddha stayed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gautama_Buddha_in_world_religions" title="Gautama Buddha in world religions">Buddha in world religions</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Bodhisattva" title="Bodhisattva">Bodhisattvas</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Avalokite%C5%9Bvara" title="Avalokiteśvara">Avalokiteśvara</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Guanyin" title="Guanyin">Guanyin</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manjushri" title="Manjushri">Mañjuśrī</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahasthamaprapta" title="Mahasthamaprapta">Mahāsthāmaprāpta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C4%80k%C4%81%C5%9Bagarbha" title="Ākāśagarbha">Ākāśagarbha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K%E1%B9%A3itigarbha" title="Kṣitigarbha">Kṣitigarbha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samantabhadra_(Bodhisattva)" title="Samantabhadra (Bodhisattva)">Samantabhadra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vajrapani" title="Vajrapani">Vajrapāṇi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skanda_(Buddhism)" title="Skanda (Buddhism)">Skanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tara_(Buddhism)" title="Tara (Buddhism)">Tārā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maitreya" title="Maitreya">Metteyya/Maitreya</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Disciples_of_Gautama_Buddha" title="Category:Disciples of Gautama Buddha">Disciples</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kaundinya" title="Kaundinya">Kaundinya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assaji" class="mw-redirect" title="Assaji">Assaji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9A%C4%81riputra" title="Śāriputra">Sāriputta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maudgalyayana" title="Maudgalyayana">Mahamoggallāna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C4%80nanda" title="Ānanda">Ānanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mah%C4%81k%C4%81%C5%9Byapa" title="Mahākāśyapa">Mahākassapa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A%E1%B9%85gulim%C4%81la" title="Aṅgulimāla">Aṅgulimāla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anuruddha" class="mw-redirect" title="Anuruddha">Anuruddha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katyayana_(Buddhist)" class="mw-redirect" title="Katyayana (Buddhist)">Mahākaccana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nanda_(half-brother_of_Buddha)" title="Nanda (half-brother of Buddha)">Nanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subh%C5%ABti" title="Subhūti">Subhūti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pu%E1%B9%87%E1%B9%87a_Mant%C4%81n%C4%ABputta" title="Puṇṇa Mantānīputta">Puṇṇa Mantānīputta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Up%C4%81li" title="Upāli">Upāli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahapajapati_Gotami" class="mw-redirect" title="Mahapajapati Gotami">Mahapajapati Gotamī</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khema" title="Khema">Khema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uppalavanna" title="Uppalavanna">Uppalavanna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asita" title="Asita">Asita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Channa_(Buddhist)" title="Channa (Buddhist)">Channa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yasa" title="Yasa">Yasa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_Buddhism" title="Glossary of Buddhism">Key concepts</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Avidy%C4%81_(Buddhism)" title="Avidyā (Buddhism)">Avidyā (Ignorance)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bardo" title="Bardo">Bardo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bodhicitta" title="Bodhicitta">Bodhicitta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddha-nature" title="Buddha-nature">Buddha-nature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhamma_theory" class="mw-redirect" title="Dhamma theory">Dhamma theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dharma" title="Dharma">Dharma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enlightenment_in_Buddhism" title="Enlightenment in Buddhism">Enlightenment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Five_hindrances" title="Five hindrances">Five hindrances</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indriya" title="Indriya">Indriya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karma_in_Buddhism" title="Karma in Buddhism">Karma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kleshas_(Buddhism)" title="Kleshas (Buddhism)">Kleshas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mental_factors_(Buddhism)" title="Mental factors (Buddhism)">Mental factors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mindstream" title="Mindstream">Mindstream</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parinirvana" title="Parinirvana">Parinirvana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prat%C4%ABtyasamutp%C4%81da" title="Pratītyasamutpāda">Pratītyasamutpāda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rebirth_(Buddhism)" title="Rebirth (Buddhism)">Rebirth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sa%E1%B9%83s%C4%81ra_(Buddhism)" title="Saṃsāra (Buddhism)">Saṃsāra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sa%E1%B9%85kh%C4%81ra" title="Saṅkhāra">Saṅkhāra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skandha" title="Skandha">Skandha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9A%C5%ABnyat%C4%81" title="Śūnyatā">Śūnyatā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ta%E1%B9%87h%C4%81" title="Taṇhā">Taṇhā (Craving)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tath%C4%81t%C4%81" title="Tathātā">Tathātā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fetter_(Buddhism)" title="Fetter (Buddhism)">Ten Fetters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Three_marks_of_existence" title="Three marks of existence">Three marks of existence</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Impermanence_(Buddhism)" title="Impermanence (Buddhism)">Anicca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Du%E1%B8%A5kha" title="Duḥkha">Dukkha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anatt%C4%81" title="Anattā">Anattā</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Two_truths_doctrine" title="Two truths doctrine">Two truths doctrine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_cosmology" title="Buddhist cosmology">Cosmology</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ten_realms" title="Ten realms">Ten spiritual realms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Six_Paths" title="Six Paths">Six Paths</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Deva_(Buddhism)" title="Deva (Buddhism)">Deva realm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_beings_in_Buddhism" title="Human beings in Buddhism">Human realm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asura_(Buddhism)" title="Asura (Buddhism)">Asura realm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Preta" title="Preta">Hungry Ghost realm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animals_in_Buddhism" title="Animals in Buddhism">Animal realm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naraka_(Buddhism)" title="Naraka (Buddhism)">Naraka</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trailokya" title="Trailokya">Three planes of existence</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Schools_of_Buddhism" title="Schools of Buddhism">Branches</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mahayana" title="Mahayana">Mahayana</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zen" title="Zen">Zen</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chan_Buddhism" title="Chan Buddhism">Chinese Chan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_Zen" title="Japanese Zen">Japanese Zen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_Seon" title="Korean Seon">Korean Seon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thi%E1%BB%81n" title="Thiền">Vietnamese Thiền</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pure_Land_Buddhism" title="Pure Land Buddhism">Pure Land</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiantai" title="Tiantai">Tiantai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huayan" title="Huayan">Huayan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rissh%C5%AB_(Buddhism)" title="Risshū (Buddhism)">Risshū</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nichiren_Buddhism" title="Nichiren Buddhism">Nichiren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madhyamaka" title="Madhyamaka">Madhyamaka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yogachara" title="Yogachara">Yogachara</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vajrayana" title="Vajrayana">Vajrayana</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_Buddhism" title="Tibetan Buddhism">Tibetan Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Esoteric_Buddhism" title="Chinese Esoteric Buddhism">Chinese Esoteric Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shingon_Buddhism" title="Shingon Buddhism">Shingon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dzogchen" title="Dzogchen">Dzogchen</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theravada" title="Theravada">Theravada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Navayana" title="Navayana">Navayana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_Buddhist_schools" title="Early Buddhist schools">Early Buddhist schools</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pre-sectarian_Buddhism" title="Pre-sectarian Buddhism">Pre-sectarian Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basic_points_unifying_Therav%C4%81da_and_Mah%C4%81y%C4%81na" title="Basic points unifying Theravāda and Mahāyāna">Basic points unifying Theravāda and Mahāyāna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern,_Eastern_and_Northern_Buddhism" title="Southern, Eastern and Northern Buddhism">Southern, Eastern and Northern Buddhism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Buddhist_practices" title="Category:Buddhist practices">Practices</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bhavana" title="Bhavana">Bhavana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bodhipakkhiy%C4%81dhamm%C4%81" title="Bodhipakkhiyādhammā">Bodhipakkhiyādhammā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brahmavihara" title="Brahmavihara">Brahmavihara</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Maitr%C4%AB" title="Maitrī">Mettā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karu%E1%B9%87%C4%81" title="Karuṇā">Karuṇā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mudita" title="Mudita">Mudita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upek%E1%B9%A3%C4%81" title="Upekṣā">Upekkha</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddh%C4%81bhi%E1%B9%A3eka" title="Buddhābhiṣeka">Buddhābhiṣeka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%C4%81na" title="Dāna">Dāna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_devotion" title="Buddhist devotion">Devotion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deity_yoga" title="Deity yoga">Deity yoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhyana_in_Buddhism" title="Dhyana in Buddhism">Dhyāna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faith_in_Buddhism" title="Faith in Buddhism">Faith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Five_Strengths" title="Five Strengths">Five Strengths</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iddhipada" title="Iddhipada">Iddhipada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_meditation" title="Buddhist meditation">Meditation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mantra#Buddhism" title="Mantra">Mantras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamma%E1%B9%AD%E1%B9%ADh%C4%81na" title="Kammaṭṭhāna">Kammaṭṭhāna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anussati" title="Anussati">Recollection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simran" title="Simran">Smarana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anapanasati" title="Anapanasati">Anapanasati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samatha-vipassan%C4%81" title="Samatha-vipassanā">Samatha-vipassanā</a> (<a href="/wiki/Vipassana_movement" title="Vipassana movement">Vipassana movement</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shikantaza" title="Shikantaza">Shikantaza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zazen" title="Zazen">Zazen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tukdam" title="Tukdam">Tukdam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koan" title="Koan">Koan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ganana" title="Ganana">Ganana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandala" title="Mandala">Mandala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tonglen" title="Tonglen">Tonglen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tantra" title="Tantra">Tantra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tert%C3%B6n" title="Tertön">Tertön</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terma_(religion)" title="Terma (religion)">Terma</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merit_(Buddhism)" title="Merit (Buddhism)">Merit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mindfulness" title="Mindfulness">Mindfulness</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mindful_Yoga" title="Mindful Yoga">Mindful Yoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satipatthana" title="Satipatthana">Satipatthana</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nekkhamma" title="Nekkhamma">Nekkhamma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nianfo" title="Nianfo">Nianfo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P%C4%81ramit%C4%81" title="Pāramitā">Pāramitā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paritta" title="Paritta">Paritta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_devotion" title="Buddhist devotion">Puja</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Offering_(Buddhism)" class="mw-redirect" title="Offering (Buddhism)">Offerings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prostration_(Buddhism)" title="Prostration (Buddhism)">Prostration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_music" title="Buddhist music">Music</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Refuge_in_Buddhism" title="Refuge in Buddhism">Refuge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C4%81dhu_(Pali_word)" title="Sādhu (Pali word)">Sādhu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satya" title="Satya">Satya</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sacca" title="Sacca">Sacca</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seven_Factors_of_Awakening" title="Seven Factors of Awakening">Seven Factors of Enlightenment</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sati_(Buddhism)" title="Sati (Buddhism)">Sati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhamma_vicaya" title="Dhamma vicaya">Dhamma vicaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P%C4%ABti" title="Pīti">Pīti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Passaddhi" title="Passaddhi">Passaddhi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_ethics" title="Buddhist ethics">Śīla</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Five_precepts" title="Five precepts">Five precepts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eight_precepts" title="Eight precepts">Eight precepts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bodhisattva_vow" title="Bodhisattva vow">Bodhisattva vow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pratimok%E1%B9%A3a" title="Pratimokṣa">Pratimokṣa</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Threefold_Training" title="Threefold Training">Threefold Training</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_ethics" title="Buddhist ethics">Śīla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samadhi" title="Samadhi">Samadhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Praj%C3%B1%C4%81_(Buddhism)" title="Prajñā (Buddhism)">Prajñā</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V%C4%ABrya" title="Vīrya">Vīrya</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Four_Right_Exertions" title="Four Right Exertions">Four Right Exertions</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Twenty-two_vows_of_Ambedkar" title="Twenty-two vows of Ambedkar">Twenty-two vows of Ambedkar</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nirvana" title="Nirvana">Nirvana</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Enlightenment_in_Buddhism" title="Enlightenment in Buddhism">Bodhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bodhisattva" title="Bodhisattva">Bodhisattva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhahood" title="Buddhahood">Buddhahood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pratyekabuddhay%C4%81na" title="Pratyekabuddhayāna">Pratyekabuddhayāna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Four_stages_of_awakening" class="mw-redirect" title="Four stages of awakening">Four stages of awakening</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sot%C4%81panna" title="Sotāpanna">Sotāpanna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sakadagami" title="Sakadagami">Sakadagami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/An%C4%81g%C4%81mi" title="Anāgāmi">Anāgāmi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arhat" title="Arhat">Arhat</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_monasticism" title="Buddhist monasticism">Monasticism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bhikkhu" title="Bhikkhu">Bhikkhu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhikkhun%C4%AB" title="Bhikkhunī">Bhikkhunī</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samanera" title="Samanera">Śrāmaṇera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samanera" title="Samanera">Śrāmaṇerī</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anag%C4%81rika" title="Anagārika">Anagārika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ajahn" title="Ajahn">Ajahn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sayadaw" title="Sayadaw">Sayadaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zen_master" title="Zen master">Zen master</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R%C5%8Dshi" title="Rōshi">Rōshi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lama" title="Lama">Lama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rinpoche" title="Rinpoche">Rinpoche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geshe" title="Geshe">Geshe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tulku" title="Tulku">Tulku</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Western_tulku" title="Western tulku">Western tulku</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kappiya" title="Kappiya">Kappiya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donchee" title="Donchee">Donchee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Householder_(Buddhism)" title="Householder (Buddhism)">Householder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Up%C4%81saka_and_Up%C4%81sik%C4%81" class="mw-redirect" title="Upāsaka and Upāsikā">Upāsaka and Upāsikā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Achar_(Buddhism)" title="Achar (Buddhism)">Achar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9Ar%C4%81vaka" title="Śrāvaka">Śrāvaka</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ten_principal_disciples" title="Ten principal disciples">Ten principal disciples</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shaolin_Monastery" title="Shaolin Monastery">Shaolin Monastery</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Buddhists" title="List of Buddhists">Major figures</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Buddha" title="The Buddha">The Buddha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nagasena" title="Nagasena">Nagasena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A%C5%9Bvagho%E1%B9%A3a" title="Aśvaghoṣa">Aśvaghoṣa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nagarjuna" title="Nagarjuna">Nagarjuna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asanga" title="Asanga">Asanga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vasubandhu" title="Vasubandhu">Vasubandhu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kum%C4%81raj%C4%ABva" title="Kumārajīva">Kumārajīva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhaghosa" title="Buddhaghosa">Buddhaghosa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhap%C4%81lita" title="Buddhapālita">Buddhapālita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dign%C4%81ga" title="Dignāga">Dignāga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bodhidharma" title="Bodhidharma">Bodhidharma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhiyi" title="Zhiyi">Zhiyi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emperor_Wen_of_Sui" title="Emperor Wen of Sui">Emperor Wen of Sui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Songtsen_Gampo" title="Songtsen Gampo">Songtsen Gampo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xuanzang" title="Xuanzang">Xuanzang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shandao" title="Shandao">Shandao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Padmasambhava" title="Padmasambhava">Padmasambhava</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saraha" title="Saraha">Saraha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ati%C5%9Ba" title="Atiśa">Atiśa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naropa" title="Naropa">Naropa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karmapa" title="Karmapa">Karmapa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H%C5%8Dnen" title="Hōnen">Hōnen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shinran" title="Shinran">Shinran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%C5%8Dgen" title="Dōgen">Dōgen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nichiren" title="Nichiren">Nichiren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shamarpa" title="Shamarpa">Shamarpa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dalai_Lama" title="Dalai Lama">Dalai Lama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panchen_Lama" title="Panchen Lama">Panchen Lama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ajahn_Mun" title="Ajahn Mun">Ajahn Mun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B._R._Ambedkar" title="B. R. Ambedkar">B. R. Ambedkar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ajahn_Chah" title="Ajahn Chah">Ajahn Chah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Th%C3%ADch_Nh%E1%BA%A5t_H%E1%BA%A1nh" title="Thích Nhất Hạnh">Thích Nhất Hạnh</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_texts" title="Buddhist texts">Texts</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Early_Buddhist_texts" title="Early Buddhist texts">Early Buddhist texts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tripi%E1%B9%ADaka" class="mw-redirect" title="Tripiṭaka">Tripiṭaka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahayana_sutras" title="Mahayana sutras">Mahayana sutras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pali_Canon" title="Pali Canon">Pali Canon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Buddhist_canon" title="Chinese Buddhist canon">Chinese Buddhist canon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_Buddhist_canon" title="Tibetan Buddhist canon">Tibetan Buddhist canon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhammapada" title="Dhammapada">Dhammapada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sutra" title="Sutra">Sutra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vinaya" title="Vinaya">Vinaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madhyamak%C4%81la%E1%B9%83k%C4%81ra" title="Madhyamakālaṃkāra">Madhyamakālaṃkāra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abhidharmad%C4%ABpa" title="Abhidharmadīpa">Abhidharmadīpa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_by_country" title="Buddhism by country">Countries</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Afghanistan" title="Buddhism in Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Bangladesh" title="Buddhism in Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Bhutan" title="Buddhism in Bhutan">Bhutan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Cambodia" title="Buddhism in Cambodia">Cambodia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_China" title="Buddhism in China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Buddhism_in_India" title="History of Buddhism in India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Indonesia" title="Buddhism in Indonesia">Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Japan" title="Buddhism in Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_Buddhism" title="Korean Buddhism">Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Laos" title="Buddhism in Laos">Laos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Malaysia" title="Buddhism in Malaysia">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_the_Maldives" title="Buddhism in the Maldives">Maldives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Mongolia" title="Buddhism in Mongolia">Mongolia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Myanmar" title="Buddhism in Myanmar">Myanmar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Nepal" title="Buddhism in Nepal">Nepal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Pakistan" title="Buddhism in Pakistan">Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_the_Philippines" title="Buddhism in the Philippines">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Russia" title="Buddhism in Russia">Russia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Buryatia" title="Buddhism in Buryatia">Buryatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Kalmykia" title="Buddhism in Kalmykia">Kalmykia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Buddhism_in_Tuva&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Buddhism in Tuva (page does not exist)">Tuva</a> (<a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC_%D0%B2_%D0%A2%D1%8B%D0%B2%D0%B5" class="extiw" title="ru:Буддизм в Тыве">ru</a>)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Singapore" title="Buddhism in Singapore">Singapore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Sri_Lanka" title="Buddhism in Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Taiwan" title="Buddhism in Taiwan">Taiwan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Thailand" title="Buddhism in Thailand">Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_Buddhism" title="Tibetan Buddhism">Tibet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Vietnam" title="Buddhism in Vietnam">Vietnam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Africa" title="Buddhism in Africa">Africa</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Senegal" title="Buddhism in Senegal">Senegal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_South_Africa" title="Buddhism in South Africa">South Africa</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Central_Asia" title="Buddhism in Central Asia">Central Asia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Uzbekistan" title="Buddhism in Uzbekistan">Uzbekistan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_the_Middle_East" title="Buddhism in the Middle East">Middle East</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Iran" title="Buddhism in Iran">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Saudi_Arabia" title="Buddhism in Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_the_West" title="Buddhism in the West">Western countries</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Argentina" title="Buddhism in Argentina">Argentina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Australia" title="Buddhism in Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Brazil" title="Buddhism in Brazil">Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Canada" title="Buddhism in Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Costa_Rica" title="Buddhism in Costa Rica">Costa Rica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_the_Czech_Republic" title="Buddhism in the Czech Republic">Czech Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_France" title="Buddhism in France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Germany" title="Buddhism in Germany">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Italy" title="Buddhism in Italy">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Mexico" title="Buddhism in Mexico">Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_New_Zealand" title="Buddhism in New Zealand">New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Norway" title="Buddhism in Norway">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Poland" title="Buddhism in Poland">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Sweden" title="Buddhism in Sweden">Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Switzerland" title="Buddhism in Switzerland">Switzerland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Ukraine" title="Buddhism in Ukraine">Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Buddhism in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_the_United_States" title="Buddhism in the United States">United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Venezuela" title="Buddhism in Venezuela">Venezuela</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Buddhism" title="History of Buddhism">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Buddhism" title="Timeline of Buddhism">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ashoka" title="Ashoka">Ashoka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kanishka" title="Kanishka">Kanishka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_councils" title="Buddhist councils">Buddhist councils</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Buddhism_in_India" title="History of Buddhism in India">History of Buddhism in India</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Decline_of_Buddhism_in_the_Indian_subcontinent" title="Decline of Buddhism in the Indian subcontinent">Decline of Buddhism in India</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huichang_persecution_of_Buddhism" title="Huichang persecution of Buddhism">Huichang persecution of Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greco-Buddhism" title="Greco-Buddhism">Greco-Buddhism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gandharan_Buddhism" title="Gandharan Buddhism">Gandharan Buddhism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gandh%C4%81ran_Buddhist_texts" title="Gandhāran Buddhist texts">Texts</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Menander_I" title="Menander I">Menander I</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_and_the_Roman_world" title="Buddhism and the Roman world">Buddhism and the Roman world</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_the_West" title="Buddhism in the West">Buddhism in the West</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silk_Road_transmission_of_Buddhism" title="Silk Road transmission of Buddhism">Silk Road transmission of Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Buddhists" title="Persecution of Buddhists">Persecution of Buddhists</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Afghanistan" title="Buddhism in Afghanistan">In Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_crisis" title="Buddhist crisis">In Vietnam</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rim%C3%A9_movement" title="Rimé movement">Rimé movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banishment_of_Buddhist_monks_from_Nepal" title="Banishment of Buddhist monks from Nepal">Banishment of Buddhist monks from Nepal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dalit_Buddhist_movement" title="Dalit Buddhist movement">Dalit Buddhist movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annexation_of_Tibet_by_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" title="Annexation of Tibet by the People's Republic of China">Chinese invasion of Tibet</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1959_Tibetan_uprising" title="1959 Tibetan uprising">1959 Tibetan uprising</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinhalese_Buddhist_nationalism" title="Sinhalese Buddhist nationalism">Sinhalese Buddhist nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_modernism" title="Buddhist modernism">Buddhist modernism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vipassana_movement" title="Vipassana movement">Vipassana movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/969_Movement" title="969 Movement">969 Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Engaged_Buddhism" title="Engaged Buddhism">Engaged Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Buddhism" title="Women in Buddhism">Women in Buddhism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_philosophy" title="Buddhist philosophy">Philosophy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abhidharma" title="Abhidharma">Abhidharma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_atomism" title="Buddhist atomism">Atomism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_studies" title="Buddhist studies">Buddhology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Creator_in_Buddhism" title="Creator in Buddhism">Creator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_and_democracy" title="Buddhism and democracy">Buddhism and democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_economics" title="Buddhist economics">Economics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eight_Consciousnesses" title="Eight Consciousnesses">Eight Consciousnesses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Engaged_Buddhism" title="Engaged Buddhism">Engaged Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_eschatology" title="Buddhist eschatology">Eschatology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_ethics" title="Buddhist ethics">Ethics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_and_evolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Buddhism and evolution">Evolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humanistic_Buddhism" title="Humanistic Buddhism">Humanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_logico-epistemology" title="Buddhist logico-epistemology">Logic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reality_in_Buddhism" title="Reality in Buddhism">Reality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secular_Buddhism" title="Secular Buddhism">Secular Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_socialism" title="Buddhist socialism">Socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_unanswerable_questions" title="The unanswerable questions">The unanswerable questions</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Buddhism" title="Culture of Buddhism">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_architecture" title="Buddhist architecture">Architecture</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_temple" title="Buddhist temple">Temple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vih%C4%81ra" title="Vihāra">Vihāra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kyaung" title="Kyaung">Kyaung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wat" title="Wat">Wat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ordination_hall" title="Ordination hall">Ordination hall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stupa" title="Stupa">Stupa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pagoda" title="Pagoda">Pagoda</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Burmese_pagoda" title="Burmese pagoda">Burmese pagoda</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Candi_of_Indonesia" title="Candi of Indonesia">Candi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dzong_architecture" title="Dzong architecture">Dzong architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Buddhist_architecture_in_China" title="List of Buddhist architecture in China">List of Buddhist architecture in China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_Buddhist_architecture" title="Japanese Buddhist architecture">Japanese Buddhist architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_temples_in_Korea" title="Buddhist temples in Korea">Buddhist temples in Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thai_temple_art_and_architecture" title="Thai temple art and architecture">Thai temple art and architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_Buddhist_architecture" title="Tibetan Buddhist architecture">Tibetan Buddhist architecture</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_art" title="Buddhist art">Art</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Greco-Buddhist_art" title="Greco-Buddhist art">Greco-Buddhist</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Budai" title="Budai">Budai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddha_in_art" title="Buddha in art">Buddha in art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_calendar" title="Buddhist calendar">Calendar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_cuisine" title="Buddhist cuisine">Cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_funeral" title="Buddhist funeral">Funeral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_holidays" title="Buddhist holidays">Holidays</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vesak" title="Vesak">Vesak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uposatha" title="Uposatha">Uposatha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C4%81gha_P%C5%ABj%C4%81" title="Māgha Pūjā">Māgha Pūjā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asalha_Puja" title="Asalha Puja">Asalha Puja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vassa" title="Vassa">Vassa</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jaya_Sri_Maha_Bodhi" title="Jaya Sri Maha Bodhi">Jaya Sri Maha Bodhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kasaya_(clothing)" title="Kasaya (clothing)">Kasaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahabodhi_Temple" title="Mahabodhi Temple">Mahabodhi Temple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mantra" title="Mantra">Mantra</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Om_mani_padme_hum" title="Om mani padme hum">Om mani padme hum</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mudra" title="Mudra">Mudra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_music" title="Buddhist music">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_pilgrimage_sites" title="Buddhist pilgrimage sites">Pilgrimage</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lumbini" title="Lumbini">Lumbini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maya_Devi_Temple,_Lumbini" title="Maya Devi Temple, Lumbini">Maya Devi Temple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bodh_Gaya" title="Bodh Gaya">Bodh Gaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarnath" title="Sarnath">Sarnath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kushinagar" title="Kushinagar">Kushinagar</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_poetry" title="Buddhist poetry">Poetry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japamala" title="Japamala">Prayer beads</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hama_yumi" title="Hama yumi">Hama yumi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prayer_wheel" title="Prayer wheel">Prayer wheel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_symbolism" title="Buddhist symbolism">Symbolism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dharmachakra" title="Dharmachakra">Dharmachakra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_flag" title="Buddhist flag">Flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhavacakra" title="Bhavacakra">Bhavacakra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swastika" title="Swastika">Swastika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thangka" title="Thangka">Thangka</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temple_of_the_Tooth" title="Temple of the Tooth">Temple of the Tooth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_vegetarianism" title="Buddhist vegetarianism">Vegetarianism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Index_of_Buddhism-related_articles" title="Index of Buddhism-related articles">Miscellaneous</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abhij%C3%B1%C4%81" title="Abhijñā">Abhijñā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amit%C4%81bha" title="Amitābha">Amitābha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brahm%C4%81_(Buddhism)" title="Brahmā (Buddhism)">Brahmā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dharma_talk" title="Dharma talk">Dharma talk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hinayana" title="Hinayana">Hinayana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iddhi" title="Iddhi">Iddhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalpa_(time)" title="Kalpa (time)">Kalpa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koliya" title="Koliya">Koliya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lineage_(Buddhism)" title="Lineage (Buddhism)">Lineage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mara_(demon)" title="Mara (demon)">Māra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siddhi" title="Siddhi">Siddhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacred_language" title="Sacred language">Sacred languages</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pali" title="Pali">Pāḷi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanskrit" title="Sanskrit">Sanskrit</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Comparative_Buddhism" title="Category:Comparative Buddhism">Comparison</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bah%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%AD_Faith_and_Buddhism" title="Baháʼí Faith and Buddhism">Baháʼí Faith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_and_Christianity" title="Buddhism and Christianity">Christianity</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_influences_on_Christianity" title="Buddhist influences on Christianity">Influences</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_Buddhism_and_Christianity" title="Comparison of Buddhism and Christianity">Comparison</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_and_Eastern_religions" title="Buddhism and Eastern religions">East Asian religions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_and_Gnosticism" title="Buddhism and Gnosticism">Gnosticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_and_Hinduism" title="Buddhism and Hinduism">Hinduism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_and_Jainism" title="Buddhism and Jainism">Jainism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Buddhist" title="Jewish Buddhist">Judaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_and_psychology" title="Buddhism and psychology">Psychology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_and_science" title="Buddhism and science">Science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_and_Theosophy" title="Buddhism and Theosophy">Theosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_and_violence" title="Buddhism and violence">Violence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_and_Western_philosophy" title="Buddhism and Western philosophy">Western philosophy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Buddhism-related_lists" title="Category:Buddhism-related lists">Lists</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_bodhisattvas" title="List of bodhisattvas">Bodhisattvas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Buddhas" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Buddhas">Buddhas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Buddhists" title="List of Buddhists">Buddhists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_suttas" title="List of suttas">Suttas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sutra" title="Sutra">Sutras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Buddhist_temples" title="List of Buddhist temples">Temples</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Buddhist_festivals" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Buddhist festivals">Festivals</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background: #FFD068;"><div> <ul><li><img alt="" 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//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/In-jain-o.svg/40px-In-jain-o.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="326" data-file-height="217" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Jainism" title="Jainism">Jainism topics</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #F5DEB3;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/God_in_Jainism" title="God in Jainism">Gods</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tirthankara" title="Tirthankara">Tirthankara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ganadhara" title="Ganadhara">Ganadhara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arihant_(Jainism)" title="Arihant (Jainism)">Arihant</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #F5DEB3;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Jain_philosophy" title="Jain philosophy">Philosophy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Five_Vows" title="Five Vows">Five Vows</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ahimsa_in_Jainism" title="Ahimsa in Jainism">Ahimsa</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jain_epistemology" title="Jain epistemology">Epistemology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kevala_Jnana" class="mw-redirect" title="Kevala Jnana">Kevala Jñāna</a></li></ul></li> <li>Jaina logic <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anekantavada" title="Anekantavada">Anekāntavāda</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jain_cosmology" title="Jain cosmology">Jain cosmology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Siddhashila" title="Siddhashila">Siddhashila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naraka_(Jainism)" title="Naraka (Jainism)">Naraka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deva_(Jainism)" title="Deva (Jainism)">Heavenly beings</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karma_in_Jainism" title="Karma in Jainism">Karma</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Types_of_Karma_(Jainism)" title="Types of Karma (Jainism)">Types</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Causes_of_karma_in_Jainism" title="Causes of karma in Jainism">Causes</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gunasthana" title="Gunasthana">Gunasthana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dravya" title="Dravya">Dravya</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/J%C4%ABva_(Jainism)" title="Jīva (Jainism)">Jīva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ajiva" title="Ajiva">Ajiva</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pudgala" title="Pudgala">Pudgala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dharma_(Jainism)" title="Dharma (Jainism)">Dharma</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tattva_(Jainism)" title="Tattva (Jainism)">Tattva</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Asrava" title="Asrava">Asrava</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bandha_(Jainism)" title="Bandha (Jainism)">Bandha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samvara" title="Samvara">Samvara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nirjara" title="Nirjara">Nirjara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moksha_(Jainism)" title="Moksha (Jainism)">Mokṣa</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_in_Jainism" title="Death in Jainism">Death</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sa%E1%B9%83s%C4%81ra_(Jainism)" title="Saṃsāra (Jainism)">Saṃsāra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ratnatraya" title="Ratnatraya">Ratnatraya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kashaya_(Jainism)" title="Kashaya (Jainism)">Kashaya</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #F5DEB3;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Jain_schools_and_branches" title="Jain schools and branches">Branches</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #F5DEB3;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Digambara" title="Digambara">Digambara</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mula_Sangha" class="mw-redirect" title="Mula Sangha">Mula Sangha</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Balatkara_Gana" title="Balatkara Gana">Balatkara Gana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kashtha_Sangha" title="Kashtha Sangha">Kashtha Sangha</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taran_Panth" title="Taran Panth">Taran Panth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bispanthi" class="mw-redirect" title="Bispanthi">Bispanthi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digambara_Terapanth" title="Digambara Terapanth">Terapanth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yapaniya" class="mw-redirect" title="Yapaniya">Yapaniya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kanji_Panth" class="mw-redirect" title="Kanji Panth">Kanji Panth</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #F5DEB3;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%C5%9Avet%C4%81mbara" title="Śvetāmbara">Śvetāmbara</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Murtipujaka" title="Murtipujaka">Murtipujaka</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gaccha" title="Gaccha">Gaccha</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kharatara_Gaccha" title="Kharatara Gaccha">Kharatara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tapa_Gaccha" title="Tapa Gaccha">Tapa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tristutik_Gaccha" class="mw-redirect" title="Tristutik Gaccha">Tristutik</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sth%C4%81nakav%C4%81s%C4%AB" title="Sthānakavāsī">Sthānakavāsī</a></li> <li>Terapanth</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #F5DEB3;;width:1%">Practices</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sallekhana" title="Sallekhana">Sallekhana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jain_meditation" title="Jain meditation">Meditation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/S%C4%81m%C4%81yika" title="Sāmāyika">Sāmāyika</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jain_monasticism" title="Jain monasticism">Monasticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jain_vegetarianism" title="Jain vegetarianism">Vegetarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fasting_in_Jainism" title="Fasting in Jainism">Fasting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jain_rituals" title="Jain rituals">Rituals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jain_festivals" title="Jain festivals">Festivals</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Paryushana" title="Paryushana">Paryushana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kshamavani" title="Kshamavani">Kshamavani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahamastakabhisheka" title="Mahamastakabhisheka">Mahamastakabhisheka</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upadhan" title="Upadhan">Upadhan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tapas_(Indian_religions)" title="Tapas (Indian religions)">Tapas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pratikramana" title="Pratikramana">Pratikramana</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #F5DEB3;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Jain_literature" title="Jain literature">Literature</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jain_Scriptures" class="mw-redirect" title="Jain Scriptures">Agama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pravachanasara" title="Pravachanasara">Pravachanasara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shatkhandagama" class="mw-redirect" title="Shatkhandagama">Shatkhandagama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kasayapahuda" title="Kasayapahuda">Kasayapahuda</a></li> <li>Mantra <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Namokar_Mantra" title="Namokar Mantra">Namokar Mantra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhaktamara_Stotra" class="mw-redirect" title="Bhaktamara Stotra">Bhaktamara Stotra</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tattvartha_Sutra" title="Tattvartha Sutra">Tattvartha Sutra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samayas%C4%81ra" title="Samayasāra">Samayasāra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aptamimamsa" title="Aptamimamsa">Aptamimamsa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalpa_S%C5%ABtra" title="Kalpa Sūtra">Kalpa Sūtra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uttaradhyayana" title="Uttaradhyayana">Uttaradhyayana</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #F5DEB3;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Jain_symbols" title="Jain symbols">Symbols</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jain_flag" title="Jain flag">Jain flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siddhachakra" title="Siddhachakra">Siddhachakra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ashtamangala" title="Ashtamangala">Ashtamangala</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shrivatsa" title="Shrivatsa">Shrivatsa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nandavarta" title="Nandavarta">Nandavarta</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Auspicious_dreams_in_Jainism" title="Auspicious dreams in Jainism">Auspicious dreams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swastika" title="Swastika">Swastika</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #F5DEB3;;width:1%">Ascetics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Digambara_monk" title="Digambara monk">Digambara monk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aryika" title="Aryika">Aryika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kshullak" title="Kshullak">Kshullak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pattavali" title="Pattavali">Pattavali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acharya_(Jainism)" title="Acharya (Jainism)">Acharya</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #F5DEB3;;width:1%">Scholars</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nalini_Balbir" title="Nalini Balbir">Nalini Balbir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colette_Caillat" title="Colette Caillat">Colette Caillat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chandabai" title="Chandabai">Chandabai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_E._Cort" title="John E. Cort">John E. Cort</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Dundas" title="Paul Dundas">Paul Dundas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virchand_Gandhi" title="Virchand Gandhi">Virchand Gandhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermann_Jacobi" title="Hermann Jacobi">Hermann Jacobi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Champat_Rai_Jain" title="Champat Rai Jain">Champat Rai Jain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Padmanabh_Jaini" title="Padmanabh Jaini">Padmanabh Jaini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeffery_D._Long" title="Jeffery D. Long">Jeffery D. Long</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hampan%C4%81" title="Hampanā">Hampa Nagarajaiah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bal_Patil" title="Bal Patil">Bal Patil</a></li> <li>Jinendra Varni</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #F5DEB3;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Jain_communities" title="Jain communities">Community</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9Ar%C4%81vaka_(Jainism)" title="Śrāvaka (Jainism)">Śrāvaka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarak" title="Sarak">Sarak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamil_Jain" title="Tamil Jain">Tamil</a></li> <li>Organisations <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Digambar_Jain_Mahasabha" title="Digambar Jain Mahasabha">Digambar Jain Mahasabha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vishwa_Jain_Sangathan" title="Vishwa Jain Sangathan">Vishwa Jain Sangathan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/JAINA" title="JAINA">JAINA</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #F5DEB3;;width:1%">Jainism in</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #F5DEB3;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Jainism_in_India" title="Jainism in India">India</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jainism_in_Bundelkhand" title="Jainism in Bundelkhand">Bundelkhand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jainism_in_Delhi" title="Jainism in Delhi">Delhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jainism_in_Goa" title="Jainism in Goa">Goa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jainism_in_Gujarat" title="Jainism in Gujarat">Gujarat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jainism_in_Haryana" title="Jainism in Haryana">Haryana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jainism_in_Karnataka" title="Jainism in Karnataka">Karnataka</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jainism_in_North_Karnataka" title="Jainism in North Karnataka">North</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jainism_in_Kerala" title="Jainism in Kerala">Kerala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jainism_in_Maharashtra" title="Jainism in Maharashtra">Maharashtra</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jainism_in_Mumbai" title="Jainism in Mumbai">Mumbai</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jainism_in_Rajasthan" title="Jainism in Rajasthan">Rajasthan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jainism_in_Tamil_Nadu" title="Jainism in Tamil Nadu">Tamil Nadu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jainism_in_Uttar_Pradesh" title="Jainism in Uttar Pradesh">Uttar Pradesh</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #F5DEB3;;width:1%">Overseas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jainism_in_Africa" title="Jainism in Africa">Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jainism_in_Australia" title="Jainism in Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jainism_in_Belgium" title="Jainism in Belgium">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jainism_in_Canada" title="Jainism in Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jainism_in_Europe" title="Jainism in Europe">Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jainism_in_Hong_Kong" title="Jainism in Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jainism_in_Japan" title="Jainism in Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jainism_in_Pakistan" title="Jainism in Pakistan">Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jainism_in_Singapore" title="Jainism in Singapore">Singapore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jainism_in_Southeast_Asia" title="Jainism in Southeast Asia">Southeast Asia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jainism_in_the_United_States" title="Jainism in the United States">United States</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #F5DEB3;;width:1%">Jainism and</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_and_Jainism" title="Buddhism and Jainism">Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jainism_and_Hinduism" class="mw-redirect" title="Jainism and Hinduism">Hinduism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_and_Jainism" title="Islam and Jainism">Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jainism_and_Sikhism" title="Jainism and Sikhism">Sikhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jainism_and_non-creationism" title="Jainism and non-creationism">Non-creationism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #F5DEB3;;width:1%">Dynasties and empires</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chalukya_dynasty" title="Chalukya dynasty">Chalukya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Ganga_dynasty" title="Western Ganga dynasty">Ganga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hoysala_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Hoysala Empire">Hoysala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_dynasty" title="Solar dynasty">Ikshvaku</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kadamba_dynasty" title="Kadamba dynasty">Kadamba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalinga_(historical_region)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kalinga (historical region)">Kalinga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maurya_Empire" title="Maurya Empire">Maurya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pandya_dynasty" title="Pandya dynasty">Pandya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rashtrakuta_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Rashtrakuta dynasty">Rashtrakuta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santara_dynasty" title="Santara dynasty">Santara</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #F5DEB3;;width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Jainism" title="History of Jainism">History</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Jainism" title="Timeline of Jainism">Timeline</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ekendriya" title="Ekendriya">Ekendriya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pa%C3%B1ca-Parame%E1%B9%A3%E1%B9%ADhi" title="Pañca-Parameṣṭhi">Pañca-Parameṣṭhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pratima_(Jainism)" title="Pratima (Jainism)">Pratima</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salakapurusa" class="mw-redirect" title="Salakapurusa">Śalākāpuruṣa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tirtha_(Jainism)" title="Tirtha (Jainism)">Tirtha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samavasarana" title="Samavasarana">Samavasarana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vira_Nirvana_Samvat" title="Vira Nirvana Samvat">Jain calendar</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Samvatsari" title="Samvatsari">Samvatsari</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panch_Kalyanaka" title="Panch Kalyanaka">Panch Kalyanaka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statue_of_Ahimsa" title="Statue of Ahimsa">Statue of Ahimsa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jain_temple" title="Jain temple">Temple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jain_stupa" title="Jain stupa">Stupa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jain_sculpture" title="Jain sculpture">Sculpture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jain_art" title="Jain art">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jain_law" title="Jain law">Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jain_mathematics" class="mw-redirect" title="Jain mathematics">Mathematics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nigoda" title="Nigoda">Nigoda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jain_terms_and_concepts" title="Jain terms and concepts">Jain terms and concepts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_differences_in_Jainism" title="Sexual differences in Jainism">Sexual differences</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #F5DEB3;;width:1%">Lists</th><td 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[\"CITEREFMzimba2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOrel2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPoliakov1974\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRobinson2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRoller2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRédei1986\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSamuel2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSchmitt1987\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFShahbazi1986\"] = 3,\n [\"CITEREFSiegert1941–1942\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSingh2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSzemerényi1977\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFThapar1996\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFThapar2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFThapar2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVogelsang2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWatkins1985\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWeikart2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWest2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWindfuhr2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWitzel2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWitzel2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWitzel2005\"] = 1,\n}\ntemplate_list = table#1 {\n [\"About\"] = 1,\n [\"Authority control\"] = 1,\n [\"Buddhism topics\"] = 1,\n [\"Circa\"] = 1,\n [\"Citation\"] = 2,\n [\"Cite book\"] = 72,\n [\"Cite encyclopedia\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite journal\"] = 7,\n [\"Cite news\"] = 2,\n [\"Cite web\"] = 1,\n [\"Harvnb\"] = 33,\n [\"Hindudharma\"] = 1,\n [\"Hinduism\"] = 1,\n [\"IPAc-en\"] = 1,\n [\"Indo-European topics\"] = 1,\n [\"Italic title\"] = 1,\n [\"Jainism topics\"] = 1,\n [\"Lang\"] = 45,\n [\"Langx\"] = 3,\n [\"Literal translation\"] = 2,\n [\"Main\"] = 6,\n [\"Multiple image\"] = 1,\n [\"Pp-move\"] = 1,\n [\"Redirect\"] = 1,\n [\"Refbegin\"] = 1,\n [\"Refend\"] = 1,\n [\"Reflist\"] = 3,\n [\"Refn\"] = 1,\n [\"Script\"] = 1,\n [\"See also\"] = 1,\n [\"Sfn\"] = 167,\n [\"Sfnm\"] = 1,\n [\"Short description\"] = 1,\n [\"Transliteration\"] = 1,\n [\"Zoroastrianism\"] = 1,\n}\narticle_whitelist = table#1 {\n}\nciteref_patterns = table#1 {\n}\ntable#1 {\n [\"size\"] = \"tiny\",\n}\ntable#1 {\n}\n"},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-api-int.codfw.main-5b65fffc7d-vhwzp","timestamp":"20250216095329","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Aryan","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Aryan","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q179733","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q179733","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2002-02-25T15:43:11Z","dateModified":"2025-02-06T09:10:51Z","headline":"self-designation used by ancient Indo-Iranian peoples"}</script> </body> </html>