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Available in 16 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-16" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">16 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sirvent%C3%A8s" title="Sirventès – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Sirventès" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sirventes" title="Sirventes – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Sirventes" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sirvent%C3%A9s" title="Sirventés – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Sirventés" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sirvent%C3%A8s" title="Sirventès – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Sirventès" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sirvent%C3%A9s" title="Sirventés – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Sirventés" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8D%D5%AB%D6%80%D5%BE%D5%A5%D5%B6%D5%BF%D5%A1" title="Սիրվենտա – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Սիրվենտա" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sirventes" title="Sirventes – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Sirventes" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A1%E1%83%98%E1%83%A0%E1%83%95%E1%83%94%E1%83%9C%E1%83%A2%E1%83%90" title="სირვენტა – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="სირვენტა" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sirvente" title="Sirvente – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Sirvente" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%B7%E3%83%AB%E3%83%B4%E3%82%A7%E3%83%B3%E3%83%86%E3%82%B9" title="シルヴェンテス – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="シルヴェンテス" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sirvent%C3%A9s" title="Sirventés – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Sirventés" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sirventes" title="Sirventes – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Sirventes" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B0" title="Сирвента – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Сирвента" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%81" title="Сирвентес – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Сирвентес" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sirventes" title="Sirventes – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Sirventes" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%96%D1%80%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B0" title="Сірвента – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Сірвента" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a 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solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Cleanup-lang plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-style" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/40px-Edit-clear.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/60px-Edit-clear.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/80px-Edit-clear.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article should <b>specify the language</b> of its non-English content, using <span class="nowrap">{{</span><a href="/wiki/Template:Lang" title="Template:Lang">lang</a><span class="nowrap">}}</span>, <span class="nowrap">{{</span><a href="/wiki/Template:Transliteration" title="Template:Transliteration">transliteration</a><span class="nowrap">}}</span> for transliterated languages, and <span class="nowrap">{{</span><a href="/wiki/Template:IPA" title="Template:IPA">IPA</a><span class="nowrap">}}</span> for phonetic transcriptions, with an appropriate <a href="/wiki/Lists_of_ISO_639_codes" title="Lists of ISO 639 codes">ISO 639 code</a>. Wikipedia's <a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_multilingual_support_templates" title="Category:Wikipedia multilingual support templates">multilingual support templates</a> may also be used.<span class="hide-when-compact"> <a href="/wiki/Template:Lang#Rationale" title="Template:Lang">See why</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">September 2021</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <i><b>sirventes</b></i> or <i><b>serventes</b></i> (<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">Old Occitan</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA" title="Help:IPA">[siɾvenˈtes]</a></span>), sometimes translated as "service song", was a <a href="/wiki/Genre" title="Genre">genre</a> of <a href="/wiki/Old_Occitan" title="Old Occitan">Old Occitan</a> <a href="/wiki/Lyric_poetry" title="Lyric poetry">lyric poetry</a> practiced by the <a href="/wiki/Troubadour" title="Troubadour">troubadours</a>. </p><p>The name comes from <i>sirvent</i> ('serviceman'), from whose perspective the song is allegedly written. Sirventes usually (possibly, always) took the form of parodies, borrowing the melody, metrical structure and often even the rhymes of a well-known piece to address a controversial subject, often a current event. The original piece was usually a <a href="/wiki/Canso_(song)" title="Canso (song)">canso</a>, but there are sirventes written as contrafacta of (at least) sestinas and <a href="/wiki/Pastorela" title="Pastorela">pastorelas</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>They were always opinionated, being either highly complimentary or, more often, oozing with vitriol; however, these features are not unique to the sirventes, so a piece can be positively identified as one only if its nature is explicitly stated in the text (which it often is) or the original piece it is based on has been preserved (which is also often the case: for a parody to work, it had to target a recognizable, therefore widely known, piece). </p><p>The first author known to have written a sirventes is <a href="/wiki/Cercamon" title="Cercamon">Cercamon</a>, the name of the genre was first mentioned by <a href="/wiki/Marcoat" title="Marcoat">Marcoat</a>, and the most famous practitioner of it was <a href="/wiki/Bertran_de_Born" title="Bertran de Born">Bertran de Born</a>; <a href="/wiki/Peire_de_Vic" class="mw-redirect" title="Peire de Vic">Peire de Vic</a> was also known for his sirventes, but only one has survived to this day. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Examples">Examples</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sirventes&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Examples"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Most major troubadours have written at least one sirventes; well-known examples include: </p> <ul><li><i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://trobar.org/troubadours/raimbaut_de_vaqueiras/raimbaut_de_vaqueiras_02.php">Leus sonetz</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Raimbaut_de_Vaqueiras" title="Raimbaut de Vaqueiras">Raimbaut de Vaqueiras</a>, a political piece built on the structure of <a href="/wiki/Giraut_de_Bornelh" title="Giraut de Bornelh">Giraut de Bornelh</a>'s '<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://trobar.org/troubadours/giraut_de_bornelh/poem42.php">'Los apleiz</a>' and using the same rhymes as the original</li> <li><i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://trobar.org/troubadours/peire%20cardenal/pc37.php">Un sirventes vuelh far dels auls glotos</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Peire_Cardenal" title="Peire Cardenal">Peire Cardenal</a>, one of many criticizing <a href="/wiki/Simony" title="Simony">simony</a></li> <li><i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://trobar.org/troubadours/bertran_de_born/poem39.php">Ben grans avoleza intra</a></i> by Bertran de Born; this is built on the structure of <a href="/wiki/Arnaut_Daniel" title="Arnaut Daniel">Arnaut Daniel</a>'s famous <a href="/wiki/Sestina" title="Sestina">sestina</a>, <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://trobar.org/troubadours/arnaut_daniel/arnaut_daniel_09.php">Lo ferm voler qu'el cor m'intra</a></i>, and uses all the same end-words as the original.</li> <li><i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://poesiavplantada.blogspot.com/2017/04/cansoneta-leu-e-plana.html">Cansoneta leu e plana</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Guilhem_de_Berguedan" title="Guilhem de Berguedan">Guilhem de Berguedan</a>, one of a cycle devoted to personal attacks against <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pons_de_Mataplana&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pons de Mataplana (page does not exist)">Pons de Mataplana</a></li> <li><i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://trobar.org/troubadours/montaudon/monge01.php">Pos Peire d'Alvernh' a chantat</a></i> by Peire de Vic, built on the meter (but not the rhymes) of <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://trobar.org/troubadours/alvernha/pealv12.php">Cantarai d'aqestz trobador</a>s</i> by <a href="/wiki/Peire_d%27Alvernha" class="mw-redirect" title="Peire d'Alvernha">Peire d'Alvernha</a>, is an important source about 12th century troubadours, many of whom it makes fun of.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legacy">Legacy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sirventes&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Legacy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The sirventes, called <i><b>sirventesch</b></i> in early <a href="/wiki/Catalan_language" title="Catalan language">Catalan</a>, was imported into that language in the fourteenth century, and it developed into a unique didactic/moralistic type. </p><p>It also spread to Northern France, and became known as <i><b>serventois</b></i> in <a href="/wiki/Langues_d%27o%C3%AFl" title="Langues d'oïl">langue d'oïl</a>. <span title="Old French (842-ca. 1400)-language text"><i lang="fro">Dalfin je us voill desrenier</i></span> by <a href="/wiki/Richard_I_of_England" title="Richard I of England">Richard I of England</a> is a notable example of a sirventes written in <a href="/wiki/Old_French" title="Old French">Old French</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sirventes&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFAudiau1923" class="citation book cs1">Audiau, Jean (1923). <i>La pastourelle dans la poésie occitane du Moyen Âge</i>. Paris: E. De Boccard. p. 6.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=La+pastourelle+dans+la+po%C3%A9sie+occitane+du+Moyen+%C3%82ge&rft.place=Paris&rft.pages=6&rft.pub=E.+De+Boccard&rft.date=1923&rft.aulast=Audiau&rft.aufirst=Jean&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASirventes" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">"Richard I the Lionheart". <i>Dictionary of music</i> (in French). Larousse. 2005.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Richard+I+the+Lionheart&rft.btitle=Dictionary+of+music&rft.pub=Larousse&rft.date=2005&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASirventes" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGillingham2002" class="citation book cs1">Gillingham, John (2002). <i>Richard I</i>. London: Yale University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-300-09404-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-300-09404-6"><bdi>978-0-300-09404-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Richard+I&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-300-09404-6&rft.aulast=Gillingham&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASirventes" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sirventes&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><style 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style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Western medieval lyric forms</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By regional tradition</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.0em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Category:Occitan_literary_genres" title="Category:Occitan literary genres">Occitan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0;padding:0.25em 0; line-height:1.4em;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alba_(poetry)" title="Alba (poetry)">Alba (poetry)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arlabecca" title="Arlabecca">Arlabecca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aubade" title="Aubade">Aubade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canso_(song)" title="Canso (song)">Canso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cobla_esparsa" title="Cobla esparsa">Cobla esparsa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dansa" title="Dansa">Dansa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Descort" title="Descort">Descort</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Devinalh" title="Devinalh">Devinalh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ensenhamen" title="Ensenhamen">Ensenhamen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enuig" title="Enuig">Enuig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gab_(song)" title="Gab (song)">Gab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lo_Boi%C3%A8r" title="Lo Boièr">Lo Boièr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maldit-comiat" title="Maldit-comiat">Maldit-comiat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Partimen" title="Partimen">Partimen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pastorela" title="Pastorela">Pastorela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Planh" title="Planh">Planh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salut_d%27amor" title="Salut d'amor">Salut d'amor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sestina" title="Sestina">Sestina</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Sirventes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tenso" title="Tenso">Tenso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Torneyamen" title="Torneyamen">Torneyamen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tornada_(Occitan_literary_term)" title="Tornada (Occitan literary term)">Tornada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trobar_clus" title="Trobar clus">Trobar clus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trobar_leu" title="Trobar leu">Trobar leu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trobar_ric" title="Trobar ric">Trobar ric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viadera" title="Viadera">Viadera</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.0em;font-weight:normal;">French</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0;padding:0.25em 0; line-height:1.4em;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chanson_de_toile" title="Chanson de toile">Chanson de toile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Formes_fixes" title="Formes fixes">Formes fixes</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ballade_(forme_fixe)" title="Ballade (forme fixe)">Ballade</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rondeau_(forme_fixe)" title="Rondeau (forme fixe)">Rondeau</a>, <a href="/wiki/Virelai" title="Virelai">Virelai</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_chant" title="Grand chant">Grand chant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pastourelle" title="Pastourelle">Pastourelle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reverdie" title="Reverdie">Reverdie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rondel_(poem)" title="Rondel (poem)">Rondel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rondelet" title="Rondelet">Rondelet</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.0em;font-weight:normal;">Italian</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0;padding:0.25em 0; line-height:1.4em;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ballata" title="Ballata">Ballata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Octave_(poetry)" title="Octave (poetry)">Octave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottava_rima" title="Ottava rima">Ottava rima</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petrarchan_sonnet" title="Petrarchan sonnet">Petrarchan sonnet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sicilian_octave" title="Sicilian octave">Sicilian octave</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.0em;font-weight:normal;">Welsh</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0;padding:0.25em 0; line-height:1.4em;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Awdl" title="Awdl">Awdl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cerdd_dafod" title="Cerdd dafod">Cerdd dafod</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cywydd" title="Cywydd">Cywydd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traethodl" title="Traethodl">Traethodl</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.0em;font-weight:normal;">German</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0;padding:0.25em 0; line-height:1.4em;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Leise" title="Leise">Leise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tagelied" title="Tagelied">Tagelied</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.0em;font-weight:normal;">Galician-Portuguese</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0;padding:0.25em 0; line-height:1.4em;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cantiga_de_amigo" title="Cantiga de amigo">Cantiga de amigo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cantiga_de_amor" title="Cantiga de amor">Cantiga de amor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cantigas_de_esc%C3%A1rnio_e_maldizer" title="Cantigas de escárnio e maldizer">Cantigas de escárnio e maldizer</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.0em;font-weight:normal;">English</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0;padding:0.25em 0; line-height:1.4em;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Madrigal_(poetry)" title="Madrigal (poetry)">Madrigal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.0em;font-weight:normal;">others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0;padding:0.25em 0; line-height:1.4em;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kyrielle" title="Kyrielle">Kyrielle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Triolet" title="Triolet">Triolet</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By alphabetical order</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alba_(poetry)" title="Alba (poetry)">Alba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arlabecca" title="Arlabecca">Arlabecca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aubade" title="Aubade">Aubade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Awdl" title="Awdl">Awdl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ballade_(forme_fixe)" title="Ballade (forme fixe)">Ballade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ballata" title="Ballata">Ballata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canso_(song)" title="Canso (song)">Canso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cantiga_de_amigo" title="Cantiga de amigo">Cantiga de amigo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cantiga_de_amor" title="Cantiga de amor">Cantiga de amor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cantigas_de_esc%C3%A1rnio_e_maldizer" title="Cantigas de escárnio e maldizer">Cantigas de escárnio e maldizer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cerdd_dafod" title="Cerdd dafod">Cerdd dafod</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chanson_de_toile" title="Chanson de toile">Chanson de toile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cobla_esparsa" title="Cobla esparsa">Cobla esparsa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cywydd" title="Cywydd">Cywydd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dansa" title="Dansa">Dansa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Descort" title="Descort">Descort</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Devinalh" title="Devinalh">Devinalh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ensenhamen" title="Ensenhamen">Ensenhamen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enuig" title="Enuig">Enuig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Formes_fixes" title="Formes fixes">Formes fixes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gab_(song)" title="Gab (song)">Gab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_chant" title="Grand chant">Grand chant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kyrielle" title="Kyrielle">Kyrielle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leise" title="Leise">Leise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madrigal_(poetry)" title="Madrigal (poetry)">Madrigal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maldit-comiat" title="Maldit-comiat">Maldit-comiat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Octave_(poetry)" title="Octave (poetry)">Octave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Partimen" title="Partimen">Partimen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pastorela" title="Pastorela">Pastorela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pastourelle" title="Pastourelle">Pastourelle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petrarchan_sonnet" title="Petrarchan sonnet">Petrarchan sonnet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Planh" title="Planh">Planh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reverdie" title="Reverdie">Reverdie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rondeau_(forme_fixe)" title="Rondeau (forme fixe)">Rondeau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rondel_(poem)" title="Rondel (poem)">Rondel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rondelet" title="Rondelet">Rondelet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salut_d%27amor" title="Salut d'amor">Salut d'amor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sestina" title="Sestina">Sestina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sicilian_octave" title="Sicilian octave">Sicilian octave</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Sirventes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tagelied" title="Tagelied">Tagelied</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tenso" title="Tenso">Tenso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tornada_(Occitan_literary_term)" title="Tornada (Occitan literary term)">Tornada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Torneyamen" title="Torneyamen">Torneyamen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traethodl" title="Traethodl">Traethodl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Triolet" title="Triolet">Triolet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trobar_clus" title="Trobar clus">Trobar clus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trobar_leu" title="Trobar leu">Trobar leu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trobar_ric" title="Trobar ric">Trobar ric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viadera" title="Viadera">Viadera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virelai" title="Virelai">Virelai</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q202208#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q202208#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q202208#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, 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States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11978293m">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11978293m">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nli.org.il/en/authorities/987007546237005171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/027824160">IdRef</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; 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