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<li id="toc-Ancestral_roots_and_family_background" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ancestral_roots_and_family_background"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Ancestral roots and family background</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ancestral_roots_and_family_background-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Education,_military_and_political_service_in_British_India_(1920–47)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Education,_military_and_political_service_in_British_India_(1920–47)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Education, military and political service in British India (1920–47)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Education,_military_and_political_service_in_British_India_(1920–47)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Education" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Education"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2.1</span> <span>Education</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Education-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Military_Service" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Military_Service"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2.2</span> <span>Military Service</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Military_Service-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Indian_Political_Service" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Indian_Political_Service"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2.3</span> <span>Indian Political Service</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Indian_Political_Service-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Political_career_in_Pakistan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Political_career_in_Pakistan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Political career in Pakistan</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Political_career_in_Pakistan-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Political career in Pakistan subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Political_career_in_Pakistan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Defence_Secretary_(1947–54)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Defence_Secretary_(1947–54)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Defence Secretary (1947–54)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Defence_Secretary_(1947–54)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Governorship_of_East_Bengal_and_Cabinet_Minister_(1954–55)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Governorship_of_East_Bengal_and_Cabinet_Minister_(1954–55)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Governorship of East Bengal and Cabinet Minister (1954–55)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Governorship_of_East_Bengal_and_Cabinet_Minister_(1954–55)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Governor-General_of_Pakistan_(1955–56)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Governor-General_of_Pakistan_(1955–56)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Governor-General of Pakistan (1955–56)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Governor-General_of_Pakistan_(1955–56)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Presidency_(1956–58)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Presidency_(1956–58)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Presidency (1956–58)</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Presidency_(1956–58)-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Presidency (1956–58) subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Presidency_(1956–58)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Martial_law" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Martial_law"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Martial law</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Martial_law-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Dismissal_and_end_of_presidency" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dismissal_and_end_of_presidency"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Dismissal and end of presidency</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dismissal_and_end_of_presidency-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Exile_and_death" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Exile_and_death"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Exile and death</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Exile_and_death-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Exile and death subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Exile_and_death-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Family" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Family"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Family</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Family-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Legacy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legacy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Legacy</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Legacy-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Legacy subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Legacy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Honours" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Honours"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Honours</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Honours-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Iskandar Ali Mirza</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 49 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-49" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">49 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A5%D8%B3%D9%83%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%B1_%D9%85%D9%8A%D8%B1%D8%B2%D8%A7" title="إسكندر ميرزا – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="إسكندر ميرزا" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iskander_Mirza" title="Iskander Mirza – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Iskander Mirza" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-awa mw-list-item"><a href="https://awa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BC%E0%A4%BE" title="इस्कन्दर मिर्ज़ा – Awadhi" lang="awa" hreflang="awa" data-title="इस्कन्दर मिर्ज़ा" data-language-autonym="अवधी" data-language-local-name="Awadhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>अवधी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%B0sk%C9%99nd%C9%99r_Mirz%C9%99" title="İskəndər Mirzə – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="İskəndər Mirzə" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A6%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0_%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%BE" title="ইস্কান্দার মির্জা – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="ইস্কান্দার মির্জা" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%86%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%8D%D1%80_%D0%9C%D1%96%D1%80%D0%B7%D0%B0" title="Іскандэр Мірза – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Іскандэр Мірза" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iskander_Mirza" title="Iskander Mirza – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Iskander Mirza" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iskandar_M%C3%ADrza" title="Iskandar Mírza – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Iskandar Mírza" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tum mw-list-item"><a href="https://tum.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iskander_Mirza" title="Iskander Mirza – Tumbuka" lang="tum" hreflang="tum" data-title="Iskander Mirza" data-language-autonym="ChiTumbuka" data-language-local-name="Tumbuka" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ChiTumbuka</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iskander_Mirza" title="Iskander Mirza – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Iskander Mirza" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iskander_Mirza" title="Iskander Mirza – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Iskander Mirza" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iskander_Mirza" title="Iskander Mirza – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Iskander Mirza" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iskander_Mirza" title="Iskander Mirza – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Iskander Mirza" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%B3%DA%A9%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%B1_%D9%85%DB%8C%D8%B1%D8%B2%D8%A7_(%D8%B3%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%85%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%B1)" title="اسکندر میرزا (سیاستمدار) – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="اسکندر میرزا (سیاستمدار)" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iskander_Mirza" title="Iskander Mirza – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Iskander Mirza" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%9D%B4%EC%8A%A4%EC%B9%B8%EB%8D%B0%EB%A5%B4_%EB%AF%B8%EB%A5%B4%EC%9E%90" title="이스칸데르 미르자 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="이스칸데르 미르자" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BC%E0%A4%BE" title="इस्कंदर मिर्ज़ा – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="इस्कंदर मिर्ज़ा" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iskander_Mirza" title="Iskander Mirza – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Iskander Mirza" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iskander_Mirza" title="Iskander Mirza – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Iskander Mirza" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iskander_Mirza" title="Iskander Mirza – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Iskander Mirza" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%99%D7%A1%D7%9B%D7%A0%D7%93%D7%A8_%D7%9E%D7%99%D7%A8%D7%96%D7%90" title="איסכנדר מירזא – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="איסכנדר מירזא" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iskander_Mirza" title="Iskander Mirza – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Iskander Mirza" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1%E1%83%99%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%93%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0_%E1%83%9B%E1%83%98%E1%83%A0%E1%83%96%E1%83%90" title="ისკანდერ მირზა – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ისკანდერ მირზა" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%87%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A6%E0%B5%BC_%E0%B4%AE%E0%B4%BF%E0%B5%BC%E0%B4%B8" title="ഇസ്കന്ദർ മിർസ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ഇസ്കന്ദർ മിർസ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9D%E0%A4%BE" title="इस्कंदर मिर्झा – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="इस्कंदर मिर्झा" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%83%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%B1_%D9%85%D9%8A%D8%B1%D8%B2%D8%A7" title="اسكندر ميرزا – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="اسكندر ميرزا" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iskandar_Mirza" title="Iskandar Mirza – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Iskandar Mirza" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BE" title="इस्कन्दर अली मिर्जा – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="इस्कन्दर अली मिर्जा" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iskander_Mirza" title="Iskander Mirza – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Iskander Mirza" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iskandar_Mirza" title="Iskandar Mirza – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Iskandar Mirza" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%95%E0%A9%B0%E0%A8%A6%E0%A8%B0_%E0%A8%AE%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%9C%E0%A8%BC%E0%A8%BE" title="ਸਿਕੰਦਰ ਮਿਰਜ਼ਾ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਸਿਕੰਦਰ ਮਿਰਜ਼ਾ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%DA%A9%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%B1_%D9%85%D8%B1%D8%B2%D8%A7" title="سکندر مرزا – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="سکندر مرزا" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%DA%A9%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%B1_%D9%85%D8%B1%D8%B2%D8%A7" title="سکندر مرزا – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="سکندر مرزا" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iskander_Mirza" title="Iskander Mirza – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Iskander Mirza" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iskander_Mirza" title="Iskander Mirza – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Iskander Mirza" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iskander_Mirza" title="Iskander Mirza – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Iskander Mirza" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B7%D0%B0,_%D0%98%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Мирза, Искандер – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Мирза, Искандер" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sat mw-list-item"><a href="https://sat.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B1%A4%E1%B1%A5%E1%B1%A0%E1%B1%9A%E1%B1%B1%E1%B1%AB%E1%B1%9A%E1%B1%A8_%E1%B1%A2%E1%B1%A4%E1%B1%A8%E1%B1%A1%E1%B1%9F" title="ᱤᱥᱠᱚᱱᱫᱚᱨ ᱢᱤᱨᱡᱟ – Santali" lang="sat" hreflang="sat" data-title="ᱤᱥᱠᱚᱱᱫᱚᱨ ᱢᱤᱨᱡᱟ" data-language-autonym="ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ" data-language-local-name="Santali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%89%E0%B7%83%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%9A%E0%B7%90%E0%B6%B1%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%A9%E0%B6%BB%E0%B7%8A_%E0%B6%B8%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%BB%E0%B7%8A%E0%B7%83%E0%B7%8F" title="ඉස්කැන්ඩර් මිර්සා – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="ඉස්කැන්ඩර් මිර්සා" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iskander_Mirza" title="Iskander Mirza – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Iskander Mirza" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%B3%DA%AA%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%B1_%D9%85%D8%B1%D8%B2%D8%A7" title="اسڪندر مرزا – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="اسڪندر مرزا" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iskander_Mirza" title="Iskander Mirza – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Iskander Mirza" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%80_%D0%9C%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B7%D0%BE" title="Искандар Мирзо – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Искандар Мирзо" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%B0skender_Mirza" title="İskender Mirza – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="İskender Mirza" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%86%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%80_%D0%9C%D1%96%D1%80%D0%B7%D0%B0" title="Іскандер Мірза – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Іскандер Мірза" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%B3%DA%A9%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%B1_%D9%85%D8%B1%D8%B2%D8%A7" title="اسکندر مرزا – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="اسکندر مرزا" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iskander_Mirza" title="Iskander Mirza – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Iskander Mirza" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iskander_Mirza" title="Iskander Mirza – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Iskander Mirza" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="Yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Yorùbá</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BC%8A%E6%96%AF%E5%9D%8E%E5%BE%B7%E7%88%BE%C2%B7%E7%B1%B3%E7%88%BE%E6%89%8E" title="伊斯坎德爾·米爾扎 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="伊斯坎德爾·米爾扎" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> 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id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"><span class="mw-redirectedfrom">(Redirected from <a href="/w/index.php?title=Iskander_Mirza&redirect=no" class="mw-redirect" title="Iskander Mirza">Iskander Mirza</a>)</span></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Pakistani politician, statesman and military general (1899–1969)</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size: 100%;"><div class="fn" style="font-size:125%;">Iskander Ali Mirza</div><div class="honorific-suffix" style="font-weight: normal;"><span class="nobold noexcerpt nowraplinks" style="font-size:100%;"><a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Indian_Empire" title="Order of the Indian Empire">CIE</a>, <a href="/wiki/Officer_of_the_Order_of_the_British_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Officer of the Order of the British Empire">OBE</a></span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" style="font-size:125%; font-weight:bold;"><div class="nickname" lang="ur"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style><span class="nobold">ইস্কান্দার আলী মির্জা</span><br /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><span class="nobold"><span class="Nastaliq" dir="rtl" title="Nastaliq" style="font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq', 'Urdu Typesetting', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu Draft', 'Hussaini Nastaleeq', 'AlQalam Taj Nastaleeq', IranNastaliq, 'Awami Nastaliq', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta3', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta2', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta1', 'Nafees Nastaleeq', 'Nafees Nastaleeq v1.01', 'Pak Nastaleeq', 'PDMS_Jauhar', 'Alvi Lahori Nastaleeq'; font-size: 110%; font-style: normal;">اسکندر علی مرزا</span></span></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Iskander_Mirza.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Iskander_Mirza.jpg/190px-Iskander_Mirza.jpg" decoding="async" width="190" height="292" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/0d/Iskander_Mirza.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="194" data-file-height="298" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption" style="line-height:normal;padding-top:0.2em;">Mirza in 1956</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;">1st <a href="/wiki/President_of_Pakistan" title="President of Pakistan">President of Pakistan</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />23 March 1956 – 27 October 1958</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><i>Position established</i></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Ayub_Khan" title="Ayub Khan">Muhammad Ayub Khan</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;">4th <a href="/wiki/Governor-General_of_Pakistan" title="Governor-General of Pakistan">Governor-General of Pakistan</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />7 August 1955 – 23 March 1956</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Monarch</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_II" title="Elizabeth II">Elizabeth II</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Prime Minister</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Ali_Bogra" class="mw-redirect" title="Muhammad Ali Bogra">Mohammad Ali Bogra</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1955)</span><br /><a href="/wiki/Chaudhry_Muhammad_Ali" title="Chaudhry Muhammad Ali">Muhammad Ali</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1955–56)</span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Malik_Ghulam_Muhammad" title="Malik Ghulam Muhammad">Malik Ghulam Muhammad</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><i>Position abolished</i></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;">4th <a href="/wiki/Interior_Minister_of_Pakistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Interior Minister of Pakistan">Minister of Interior</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />24 October 1954 – 7 August 1955</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Prime Minister</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Ali_Bogra" class="mw-redirect" title="Muhammad Ali Bogra">Mohammad Ali Bogra</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Mushtaq_Ahmed_Gurmani" title="Mushtaq Ahmed Gurmani">Mushtaq Ahmed Gurmani</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/A._K._Fazlul_Huq" title="A. K. Fazlul Huq">Fazlul Huq</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_States_and_Frontier_Regions_(Pakistan)" title="Ministry of States and Frontier Regions (Pakistan)">Minister of States and Frontier Regions</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />24 October 1954 – 7 August 1955</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Prime Minister</span></th><td class="infobox-data">Mohammad Ali Bogra</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;">Governor of East-Bengal</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />29 May 1954 – 23 October 1954</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Governor General</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Malik_Ghulam_Muhammad" title="Malik Ghulam Muhammad">Sir Ghulam Muhammad</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Chief Minister</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Abu_Hussain_Sarkar" title="Abu Hussain Sarkar">Abu Hussain Sarkar</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Chaudhry_Khaliquzzaman" title="Chaudhry Khaliquzzaman">Chaudhry Khaliquzzaman</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Shahabuddin" title="Muhammad Shahabuddin">Muhammad Shahabuddin</a> <small>(Acting)</small></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Defence_Secretary_of_Pakistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Defence Secretary of Pakistan">Secretary of Defence</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />23 October 1947 – 6 May 1954</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Prime Minister</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Liaquat_Ali_Khan" title="Liaquat Ali Khan">Liaquat Ali Khan</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1947–51)</span><br /><a href="/wiki/Khawaja_Nazimuddin" title="Khawaja Nazimuddin">K. Nazimuddin</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1951–53)</span><br /><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Ali_Bogra" class="mw-redirect" title="Muhammad Ali Bogra">Mohammad Ali Bogra</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1953–54)</span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Minister</span></th><td class="infobox-data">Liaquat Ali Khan</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Independence_of_Pakistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Independence of Pakistan"><i>State established</i></a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Akhter_Husain" title="Akhter Husain">Akhter Husain</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;">Vice-President of the <a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(Pakistan)" title="Republican Party (Pakistan)">Republican Party</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />1955–1958</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">President</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Feroz_Khan_Noon" title="Feroz Khan Noon">Sir Feroze Khan</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Defence_Minister_of_Pakistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Defence Minister of Pakistan">Minister of Defence</a><br /><small>Acting</small></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />16 October 1951 – 17 October 1951</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/L._A._Khan" class="mw-redirect" title="L. A. Khan">L. A. Khan</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Khawaja_Nazimuddin" title="Khawaja Nazimuddin">Khawaja Nazimuddin</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender">Personal details</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="display:inline" class="nickname">Iskandar Ali Mirza</div><br /><span style="display:none">(<span class="bday">1899-11-13</span>)</span>13 November 1899<br /><a href="/wiki/Murshidabad" title="Murshidabad">Murshidabad</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bengal_Presidency" title="Bengal Presidency">Bengal</a>, <a href="/wiki/British_Raj" title="British Raj">British India</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">13 November 1969<span style="display:none">(1969-11-13)</span> (aged 70)<br /><a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a>, England</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Cause of death</th><td class="infobox-data">Cardiac arrest</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Resting place</th><td class="infobox-data label"><a href="/wiki/Imamzadeh_Abdullah,_Rey" class="mw-redirect" title="Imamzadeh Abdullah, Rey">Imamzadeh Abdullah</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tehran" title="Tehran">Tehran</a>, Iran</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Citizenship</th><td class="infobox-data">United Kingdom<br /><span style="font-size:85%;">(1899–1947) (1958-1969)</span><br /><a href="/wiki/Pakistani" class="mw-redirect" title="Pakistani">Pakistani</a><br /><span style="font-size:85%;">(1947–1969)</span><sup id="cite_ref-Scarecrow_Press,_Rahman_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Scarecrow_Press,_Rahman-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability"><span title="The material near this tag failed verification of its source citation(s). (July 2020)">failed verification</span></a></i>]</sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Political party</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(Pakistan)" title="Republican Party (Pakistan)">Republican Party</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1955–59)</span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Other political<br />affiliations</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Muslim_League_(Pakistan)" class="mw-redirect" title="Muslim League (Pakistan)">Muslim League</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1950–55)</span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Spouses</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1151524712">.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin2px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-2px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin3px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-3px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-display-ws{display:inline;white-space:nowrap}</style></li></ul> <div class="marriage-display-ws"><div style="display:inline-block;line-height:normal;">Rifaat Begum</div> <div style="display:inline-block;"></div>(<abbr title="married">m.</abbr> 1922⁠–⁠1953)<wbr /></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1151524712"></li></ul> <div class="marriage-display-ws"><div style="display:inline-block;line-height:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Nahid_Mirza" title="Nahid Mirza">Nahid Mirza</a></div> <div style="display:inline-block;"></div>(<abbr title="married">m.</abbr> 1954⁠–⁠1969)<wbr /></div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Children</th><td class="infobox-data">6</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Relatives</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Nawabs_of_Murshidabad" title="Nawabs of Murshidabad">Nawabs of Murshidabad</a> (paternal)<br /><a href="/wiki/Tyabji_family" title="Tyabji family">Tyabji family</a> (maternal)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Residence(s)</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Dhaka" title="Dhaka">Dhaka</a>, <a href="/wiki/East_Pakistan" title="East Pakistan">East Bengal</a> <br /> <a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a>, <a href="/wiki/England" title="England">England</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Alma_mater" title="Alma mater">Alma mater</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Royal_Military_College,_Sandhurst" title="Royal Military College, Sandhurst">Royal Military College</a><br /><a href="/wiki/University_of_Mumbai" title="University of Mumbai">Bombay University</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Civilian awards</th><td class="infobox-data"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Order_of_the_Sun_(Afghanistan)_-_ribbon_bar.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Order_of_the_Sun_%28Afghanistan%29_-_ribbon_bar.gif/30px-Order_of_the_Sun_%28Afghanistan%29_-_ribbon_bar.gif" decoding="async" width="30" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Order_of_the_Sun_%28Afghanistan%29_-_ribbon_bar.gif/45px-Order_of_the_Sun_%28Afghanistan%29_-_ribbon_bar.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Order_of_the_Sun_%28Afghanistan%29_-_ribbon_bar.gif/60px-Order_of_the_Sun_%28Afghanistan%29_-_ribbon_bar.gif 2x" data-file-width="218" data-file-height="60" /></a></span><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Supreme_Sun" title="Order of the Supreme Sun">Nishan-i-Lmar</a></span><br /><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Order_of_Pahlavi_(Iran).gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Order_of_Pahlavi_%28Iran%29.gif/30px-Order_of_Pahlavi_%28Iran%29.gif" decoding="async" width="30" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Order_of_Pahlavi_%28Iran%29.gif/45px-Order_of_Pahlavi_%28Iran%29.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Order_of_Pahlavi_%28Iran%29.gif/60px-Order_of_Pahlavi_%28Iran%29.gif 2x" data-file-width="218" data-file-height="60" /></a></span><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Order_of_Pahlavi" title="Order of Pahlavi">Nishan-e-Pahlavi</a></span><br /><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Order_of_the_Indian_Empire_Ribbon.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Order_of_the_Indian_Empire_Ribbon.svg/30px-Order_of_the_Indian_Empire_Ribbon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Order_of_the_Indian_Empire_Ribbon.svg/45px-Order_of_the_Indian_Empire_Ribbon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Order_of_the_Indian_Empire_Ribbon.svg/60px-Order_of_the_Indian_Empire_Ribbon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="218" data-file-height="60" /></a></span><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Indian_Empire" title="Order of the Indian Empire">Order of the Indian Empire</a></span></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender">Military service</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Branch/service</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Ensign_of_the_Royal_Indian_Army_Service_Corps.svg/23px-Ensign_of_the_Royal_Indian_Army_Service_Corps.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Ensign_of_the_Royal_Indian_Army_Service_Corps.svg/35px-Ensign_of_the_Royal_Indian_Army_Service_Corps.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Ensign_of_the_Royal_Indian_Army_Service_Corps.svg/46px-Ensign_of_the_Royal_Indian_Army_Service_Corps.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/British_Indian_Army" title="British Indian Army">British Indian Army</a><br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Flag_of_the_Pakistani_Army.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Pakistani_Army.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Flag_of_the_Pakistani_Army.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Pakistani_Army.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Flag_of_the_Pakistani_Army.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Pakistani_Army.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="324" data-file-height="216" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Pakistan_Army" title="Pakistan Army">Pakistan Army</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Years of service</th><td class="infobox-data">1920–1954</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Rank</th><td class="infobox-data"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:OF-7_Pakistan_Army.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/OF-7_Pakistan_Army.svg/10px-OF-7_Pakistan_Army.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="25" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/OF-7_Pakistan_Army.svg/15px-OF-7_Pakistan_Army.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/OF-7_Pakistan_Army.svg/20px-OF-7_Pakistan_Army.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="75" data-file-height="191" /></a></span> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:US-O8_insignia.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/US-O8_insignia.svg/24px-US-O8_insignia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="24" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/US-O8_insignia.svg/36px-US-O8_insignia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/US-O8_insignia.svg/48px-US-O8_insignia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1252" data-file-height="583" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Major_general" title="Major general">Major-General</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Unit</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Pakistan_Army_Corps_of_Military_Police" title="Pakistan Army Corps of Military Police">Corps of Military Police</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Commands</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Pakistan_Army_Corps_of_Military_Police" title="Pakistan Army Corps of Military Police">Corps of Military Police</a><br /><a href="/wiki/East_Pakistan_Rifles" class="mw-redirect" title="East Pakistan Rifles">East Pakistan Rifles</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Battles/wars</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Waziristan_campaign_(1936%E2%80%931939)" title="Waziristan campaign (1936–1939)">Waziristan campaign</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Indo-Pakistani_War_of_1947" class="mw-redirect" title="Indo-Pakistani War of 1947">Indo-Pakistani War of 1947</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Military awards</th><td class="infobox-data"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Order_of_the_British_Empire_(Military)_Ribbon.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Order_of_the_British_Empire_%28Military%29_Ribbon.png/30px-Order_of_the_British_Empire_%28Military%29_Ribbon.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="9" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Order_of_the_British_Empire_%28Military%29_Ribbon.png/45px-Order_of_the_British_Empire_%28Military%29_Ribbon.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Order_of_the_British_Empire_%28Military%29_Ribbon.png/60px-Order_of_the_British_Empire_%28Military%29_Ribbon.png 2x" data-file-width="100" data-file-height="30" /></a></span><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_British_Empire" title="Order of the British Empire">Order of the British Empire</a></span><br /><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:India_General_Service_Medal_1909_BAR.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/India_General_Service_Medal_1909_BAR.svg/30px-India_General_Service_Medal_1909_BAR.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/India_General_Service_Medal_1909_BAR.svg/45px-India_General_Service_Medal_1909_BAR.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/India_General_Service_Medal_1909_BAR.svg/60px-India_General_Service_Medal_1909_BAR.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="218" data-file-height="60" /></a></span><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/India_General_Service_Medal_(1909)" title="India General Service Medal (1909)">General Service Medal</a></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below" style="border-top: 1px solid right;"><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Sahibzada Iskandar Ali Mirza</b>, <a href="/wiki/CIE" class="mw-disambig" title="CIE">CIE</a>, <a href="/wiki/OBE" class="mw-redirect" title="OBE">OBE</a><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (13 November 1899 – 13 November 1969) was a Pakistani politician, statesman and military general who served as the <a href="/wiki/Dominion_of_Pakistan" title="Dominion of Pakistan">Dominion of Pakistan</a>'s fourth and last <a href="/wiki/Governor-General_of_Pakistan" title="Governor-General of Pakistan">governor-general of Pakistan</a> from 1955 to 1956, and then as the <a href="/wiki/Islamic_Republic_of_Pakistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic Republic of Pakistan">Islamic Republic of Pakistan</a>'s first <a href="/wiki/President_of_Pakistan" title="President of Pakistan">president</a> from 1956 to 1958.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Mirza was educated at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Mumbai" title="University of Mumbai">University of Bombay</a> before attending the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Military_College,_Sandhurst" title="Royal Military College, Sandhurst">Royal Military College</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sandhurst,_Berkshire" title="Sandhurst, Berkshire">Sandhurst</a>. After <a href="/wiki/Military_service" title="Military service">military service</a> in the <a href="/wiki/British_Indian_Army" title="British Indian Army">British Indian Army</a>, he joined the <a href="/wiki/Indian_Political_Service" class="mw-redirect" title="Indian Political Service">Indian Political Service</a> and spent the most of his career as a <a href="/wiki/Political_officer_(British_Empire)" class="mw-redirect" title="Political officer (British Empire)">political agent</a> in the <a href="/wiki/North-West_Frontier_Province_(1901%E2%80%9355)" class="mw-redirect" title="North-West Frontier Province (1901–55)">Western region</a> of <a href="/wiki/British_Indian_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="British Indian Empire">British India</a> until elevated as <a href="/wiki/Cabinet_Secretary_of_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Cabinet Secretary of India">joint secretary</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Defence_(India)" title="Ministry of Defence (India)">Ministry of Defence</a> in 1946. After the <a href="/wiki/Independence_of_Pakistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Independence of Pakistan">independence of Pakistan</a> as a result of the <a href="/wiki/Partition_of_India" title="Partition of India">Partition of India</a>, Mirza was appointed as the first <a href="/wiki/Defence_Secretary_of_Pakistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Defence Secretary of Pakistan">Defence Secretary</a> by prime minister <a href="/wiki/Liaquat_Ali_Khan" title="Liaquat Ali Khan">Liaquat Ali Khan</a>, only to oversee the military efforts in the <a href="/wiki/Indo-Pakistani_war_of_1947" class="mw-redirect" title="Indo-Pakistani war of 1947">first war with India</a> in 1947, followed by the failed <a href="/wiki/Balochistan_conflict" class="mw-redirect" title="Balochistan conflict">secession</a> in <a href="/wiki/Balochistan,_Pakistan" title="Balochistan, Pakistan">Balochistan</a> in 1948. In 1954, he was appointed as the <a href="/wiki/Governor_of_East_Pakistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Governor of East Pakistan">Governor</a> of his home province of <a href="/wiki/East_Bengal" title="East Bengal">East Bengal</a> by <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Pakistan" title="Prime Minister of Pakistan">Prime Minister</a> <a href="/wiki/Mohammad_Ali_Bogra" title="Mohammad Ali Bogra">Mohammad Ali of Bogra</a> to control the law and order situation sparked by the popular <a href="/wiki/Bengali_Language_Movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Bengali Language Movement">language movement</a> in 1952, but was later elevated as <a href="/wiki/Interior_Minister_of_Pakistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Interior Minister of Pakistan">Interior Minister</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Ali_Bogra" class="mw-redirect" title="Muhammad Ali Bogra">Bogra administration</a> in 1955. </p><p>Playing a crucial role in the ousting of Governor-General <a href="/wiki/Malik_Ghulam_Muhammad" title="Malik Ghulam Muhammad">Sir Malik Ghulam</a>, Mirza assumed his position in 1955 and was <a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Pakistan" title="Elections in Pakistan">elected</a> as the first President of Pakistan when the <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Pakistan_of_1956" title="Constitution of Pakistan of 1956">first Constitution</a> was promulgated in 1956. His presidency, however, was marked with political instability which saw his <a href="/wiki/Semi-presidential_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Semi-presidential system">unconstitutional interferences</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Government_of_Pakistan" title="Government of Pakistan">civilian administration</a> that led to the dismissal of four prime ministers in a mere two years. Facing challenges in getting the political endorsements and reelection for the <a href="/wiki/Pakistani_presidency" class="mw-redirect" title="Pakistani presidency">presidency</a>, Mirza surprisingly suspended the <a href="/wiki/Rule_of_law" title="Rule of law">writ</a> of the Constitution by imposing <a href="/wiki/1958_Pakistani_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" class="mw-redirect" title="1958 Pakistani coup d'état">martial law</a> against his own <a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(Pakistan)" title="Republican Party (Pakistan)">party</a>'s administration governed by Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Feroz_Khan_Noon" title="Feroz Khan Noon">Feroze Khan</a> on 8 October 1958, enforcing it through his army commander General <a href="/wiki/Ayub_Khan_(general)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ayub Khan (general)">Ayub Khan</a> who dismissed him when the situation between them escalated, also in 1958. Mirza lived in the United Kingdom for the remainder of his life and was buried in <a href="/wiki/Imperial_State_of_Iran" class="mw-redirect" title="Imperial State of Iran">Iran</a> in 1969. </p><p>His legacy and image are viewed negatively by some <a href="/wiki/Category:Pakistani_historians" title="Category:Pakistani historians">Pakistani historians</a> who believe that Mirza was responsible for weakening <a href="/wiki/Democracy" title="Democracy">democracy</a> and causing political instability in the country. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Origins">Origins</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iskandar_Ali_Mirza&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Origins"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ancestral_roots_and_family_background">Ancestral roots and family background</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iskandar_Ali_Mirza&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Ancestral roots and family background"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Mir_Jafar" title="Mir Jafar">Mir Jafar</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nawab_of_Bengal" class="mw-redirect" title="Nawab of Bengal">Nawab of Bengal</a></div> <p>Sahibzada Iskandar Ali Mirza<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> was born in <a href="/wiki/Murshidabad" title="Murshidabad">Murshidabad</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bengal_Presidency" title="Bengal Presidency">Bengal</a>, in <a href="/wiki/British_Indian_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="British Indian Empire">India</a> on 13 November 1899,<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> into an elite and wealthy aristocrat family who were titled as <a href="/wiki/Nawab_of_Bengal" class="mw-redirect" title="Nawab of Bengal">Nawab of Bengal</a> and later after 1880, <a href="/wiki/Nawab_of_Murshidabad" class="mw-redirect" title="Nawab of Murshidabad">Nawab of Murshidabad</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mirza was the eldest<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> child of Nawab Fateh Ali Mirza and Dilshad Begum (1875–1925).<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>From his grandfather's ancestral roots, he was of <a href="/wiki/Sayyid" title="Sayyid">Syed</a> <a href="/wiki/Arabs_in_India" title="Arabs in India">Iraqi Arab descent</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Twenty-First_Century_Books,_Streissguth_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Twenty-First_Century_Books,_Streissguth-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Nawab of Murshidabad family was an influential and wealthy feudal family in Bengal, with close ties to the <a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Monarchy of the United Kingdom">British monarchy</a>. His father, Fateh Ali Mirza, belonged to the ruling house of Murshidabad, grandson of the first Nawab <a href="/wiki/Mansur_Ali_Khan" title="Mansur Ali Khan">Mansur Ali Khan</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2017)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> He was the descendant of <a href="/wiki/Mir_Jafar" title="Mir Jafar">Mir Jafar</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Education,_military_and_political_service_in_British_India_(1920–47)"><span id="Education.2C_military_and_political_service_in_British_India_.281920.E2.80.9347.29"></span>Education, military and political service in British India (1920–47)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iskandar_Ali_Mirza&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Education, military and political service in British India (1920–47)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Iskander_Mirza,_in_British_Indian_Army.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Iskander_Mirza%2C_in_British_Indian_Army.JPG/200px-Iskander_Mirza%2C_in_British_Indian_Army.JPG" decoding="async" width="200" height="285" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Iskander_Mirza%2C_in_British_Indian_Army.JPG/300px-Iskander_Mirza%2C_in_British_Indian_Army.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Iskander_Mirza%2C_in_British_Indian_Army.JPG/400px-Iskander_Mirza%2C_in_British_Indian_Army.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1305" data-file-height="1858" /></a><figcaption>Iskander Mirza as <a href="/wiki/Second_Lieutenant" class="mw-redirect" title="Second Lieutenant">2nd-Lt</a> in the <a href="/wiki/British_Indian_Army" title="British Indian Army">British Indian Army</a>, <a href="/wiki/1920_in_India" title="1920 in India">ca.1920</a>.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Education">Education</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iskandar_Ali_Mirza&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Education"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Mirza grew up and completed his schooling in <a href="/wiki/Bombay" class="mw-redirect" title="Bombay">Bombay</a>, attending the <a href="/wiki/Elphinstone_College" title="Elphinstone College">Elphinstone College</a> of the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Mumbai" title="University of Mumbai">University of Bombay</a>, but left the university to attend the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Military_College,_Sandhurst" title="Royal Military College, Sandhurst">Royal Military College</a> in Sandhurst when he was selected by the British <a href="/wiki/Governor-General_of_India" title="Governor-General of India">Governor-General</a> for the <a href="/wiki/King%27s_Commissioned_Indian_Officer" title="King's Commissioned Indian Officer">King's Commission</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Gora_Publishers,_Salim_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gora_Publishers,_Salim-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Routledge,_Khan_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Routledge,_Khan-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Story_of_Pakistan_(Part-I)_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Story_of_Pakistan_(Part-I)-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Military_Service">Military Service</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iskandar_Ali_Mirza&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Military Service"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Mirza was the first Indian graduate of the military college, and gained his <a href="/wiki/Commissioned_officer" class="mw-redirect" title="Commissioned officer">commission</a> in the <a href="/wiki/British_Indian_Army" title="British Indian Army">British Indian Army</a> as a <a href="/wiki/Second_Lieutenant" class="mw-redirect" title="Second Lieutenant">2nd Lt.</a> on 16 July 1920.<sup id="cite_ref-University_Press_of_America,_Mirza_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-University_Press_of_America,_Mirza-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Story_of_Pakistan_(Part-I)_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Story_of_Pakistan_(Part-I)-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As was customary for newly commissioned British Indian Army officers, he was initially attached for a year to the second battalion of the <a href="/wiki/Cameronians_(Scottish_Rifles)" title="Cameronians (Scottish Rifles)">Cameronians (Scottish Rifles)</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Story_of_Pakistan_(Part-I)_11-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Story_of_Pakistan_(Part-I)-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 16 July 1921, he was promoted to lieutenant and was assigned to command a platoon on 30 December 1921.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>His military career was spent in the <a href="/wiki/Indian_Army_Corps_of_Military_Police" class="mw-redirect" title="Indian Army Corps of Military Police">Military Police</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Story_of_Pakistan_(Part-I)_11-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Story_of_Pakistan_(Part-I)-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In spite of hailing from <a href="/wiki/United_Bengal" title="United Bengal">Bengal</a>, his military career was mostly spent in the violent <a href="/wiki/Khyber_Pakhtunkhwa" title="Khyber Pakhtunkhwa">North-West Frontier Province</a> of India, participating in the <a href="/wiki/Waziristan_campaign_(1919%E2%80%931920)" title="Waziristan campaign (1919–1920)">Waziristan war</a> in 1920.<sup id="cite_ref-Story_of_Pakistan_(Part-I)_11-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Story_of_Pakistan_(Part-I)-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After the campaign, he was transferred to the <a href="/wiki/Poona_Horse" class="mw-redirect" title="Poona Horse">17th Poona Horse</a> (Queen Victoria's Own), as an army inspector but left active service to join the <a href="/wiki/Indian_Political_Service" class="mw-redirect" title="Indian Political Service">Indian Political Service</a> (IPS) in August 1926.<sup id="cite_ref-Story_of_Pakistan_(Part-I)_11-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Story_of_Pakistan_(Part-I)-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-record_list_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-record_list-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Indian_Political_Service">Indian Political Service</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iskandar_Ali_Mirza&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Indian Political Service"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>His first assignment was a posting in <a href="/wiki/Aligarh" title="Aligarh">Aligarh</a> in what is now <a href="/wiki/Uttar_Pradesh" title="Uttar Pradesh">Uttar Pradesh</a> as an <a href="/wiki/Assistant_commissioner_of_police_(India)" class="mw-redirect" title="Assistant commissioner of police (India)">assistant commissioner</a> before posting as a <a href="/wiki/Political_officer_(British_Empire)" class="mw-redirect" title="Political officer (British Empire)">political agent</a> in <a href="/wiki/Hazara_region" title="Hazara region">Hazara</a> in the <a href="/wiki/North-West_Frontier_Province_(1901%E2%80%931955)" class="mw-redirect" title="North-West Frontier Province (1901–1955)">North West Frontier Province</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Story_of_Pakistan_(Part-I)_11-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Story_of_Pakistan_(Part-I)-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-record_list_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-record_list-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He received his promotion to <a href="/wiki/Captain_(land)" class="mw-redirect" title="Captain (land)">captain</a> on 17 October 1927.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During his time spent fighting for the <a href="/wiki/British_Raj" title="British Raj">British Empire</a> against <a href="/wiki/Waziristan_campaign_(1919%E2%80%931920)" title="Waziristan campaign (1919–1920)">Pashtun Freedom Fighters in Waziristan</a>, he learnt to speak <a href="/wiki/Pashto" title="Pashto">Pashto</a> fluently for his deployment in the <a href="/wiki/North-West_Frontier_Province" title="North-West Frontier Province">North-West Frontier</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> From 1928 to 1933, Mirza spent time as a political agent in the troubled <a href="/wiki/Tribal_belt_(Pakistan)" class="mw-redirect" title="Tribal belt (Pakistan)">Tribal Belt</a>, having served as an <a href="/wiki/Assistant_commissioner" title="Assistant commissioner">assistant commissioner</a> in the districts of <a href="/wiki/Dera_Ghazi_Khan_District" title="Dera Ghazi Khan District">Dera Ismail Khan</a> in April 1928, <a href="/wiki/Tonk_district" title="Tonk district">Tonk</a> in May 1928, <a href="/wiki/Bannu_district" class="mw-redirect" title="Bannu district">Bannu</a> in April 1930, and <a href="/wiki/Nowshera_district" class="mw-redirect" title="Nowshera district">Nowshera</a> in April 1931.<sup id="cite_ref-record_list_15-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-record_list-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1931, Captain Mirza was appointed a district officer and was later posted as deputy commissioner at Hazara in May 1933, where he served for three years until a posting to Mardan as assistant commissioner from October 1936 (deputy commissioner from January 1937).<sup id="cite_ref-record_list_15-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-record_list-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Promoted to major on 16 July 1938,<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> he became the political agent of the Tribal Belt in April 1938, stationed at Khyber. He remained there until 1945.<sup id="cite_ref-record_list_15-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-record_list-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Story_of_Pakistan_(Part-I)_11-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Story_of_Pakistan_(Part-I)-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Mirza was appointed and served as the political agent of <a href="/wiki/Odisha" title="Odisha">Odisha</a> and North West Frontier Province from 1945 until 1946.<sup id="cite_ref-Electronic_Government_of_Pakistan_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Electronic_Government_of_Pakistan-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was promoted to <a href="/wiki/Lieutenant-colonel" class="mw-redirect" title="Lieutenant-colonel">lieutenant-colonel</a> on 16 July 1946.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His ability to run the colonial administrative units had brought him to prominence that prompted the British Indian Government to appoint him as the Joint Defence Secretary of India in 1946.<sup id="cite_ref-Electronic_Government_of_Pakistan_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Electronic_Government_of_Pakistan-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In this position, he was responsible for dividing the British Indian Army into the future armies of Pakistan and India.<sup id="cite_ref-Electronic_Government_of_Pakistan_19-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Electronic_Government_of_Pakistan-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Around this time, he became closer to <a href="/wiki/Liaquat_Ali_Khan" title="Liaquat Ali Khan">Liaquat Ali Khan</a> and began formatting political relations with the politicians of the <a href="/wiki/All_India_Muslim_League" class="mw-redirect" title="All India Muslim League">Muslim League</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Story_of_Pakistan_(Part-I)_11-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Story_of_Pakistan_(Part-I)-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> About him <a href="/wiki/Abdul_Ghaffar_Khan" title="Abdul Ghaffar Khan">Abdul Ghaffar Khan</a> wrote: ""According to my instructions the mass movement was launched. A Muslim Deputy-Commissioner, Janab Iskander Mirza, avowing his traditional loyalty to the British, excelled his masters, beating to death Syed Akbar, a Khudai Khidmatgar. He went to the extent of poisoning vegetables in a Khudai Khidmatgar camp. Those who ate them were taken seriously ill. I would rather not expose his other crimes but would rather produce him before the Almighty, whom we all have to face on the Day of judgement."<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Political_career_in_Pakistan">Political career in Pakistan</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iskandar_Ali_Mirza&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Political career in Pakistan"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Defence_Secretary_(1947–54)"><span id="Defence_Secretary_.281947.E2.80.9354.29"></span>Defence Secretary (1947–54)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iskandar_Ali_Mirza&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Defence Secretary (1947–54)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>He was appointed as the first <a href="/wiki/Defence_Secretary_of_Pakistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Defence Secretary of Pakistan">Defence Secretary</a> in the Liaquat administration by the Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Liaquat_Ali_Khan" title="Liaquat Ali Khan">Liaquat Ali Khan</a>, who relied on running the government on the British viceregal model with the close coordination of the <a href="/wiki/Pakistani_civil_servant" class="mw-redirect" title="Pakistani civil servant">civilian bureaucracy</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Police_Service_of_Pakistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Police Service of Pakistan">police</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Pakistani_military" class="mw-redirect" title="Pakistani military">military</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As Defence Secretary, he oversaw the military efforts in the <a href="/wiki/Indo-Pakistani_War_of_1947" class="mw-redirect" title="Indo-Pakistani War of 1947">first war</a> with India in 1947, as well as witnessing the <a href="/wiki/Balochistan_conflict" class="mw-redirect" title="Balochistan conflict">failed secession</a> in <a href="/wiki/Balochistan,_Pakistan" title="Balochistan, Pakistan">Balochistan</a> by <a href="/wiki/Khan_of_Kalat" class="mw-redirect" title="Khan of Kalat">Khan of Kalat</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-ABC-CLIO,_Hasnat_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ABC-CLIO,_Hasnat-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Har-Anand_Publications,_Bajwa_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Har-Anand_Publications,_Bajwa-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1950, Mirza was promoted to <a href="/wiki/Two-star_rank" class="mw-redirect" title="Two-star rank">two-star rank</a>, having skipped the one-star promotion as <a href="/wiki/Brigadier" title="Brigadier">brigadier</a>, and upgraded his rank to <a href="/wiki/Major-general" class="mw-redirect" title="Major-general">major-general</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Pakistan_Army" title="Pakistan Army">Pakistan Army</a> by the promotion papers approved by Prime Minister Ali Khan. He was appointed as <a href="/wiki/Colonel_commandant" title="Colonel commandant">colonel commandant</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Pakistan_Army_Corps_of_Military_Police" title="Pakistan Army Corps of Military Police">Military Police</a> while serving as the Defence secretary in the Liaquat administration. In 1951, Prime minister Ali Khan appointed him as the director of the Department of Kashmir and Afghanistan Affairs (DKA).<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>His tenure as defense secretary also saw the deployment of Military Police in <a href="/wiki/East_Pakistan" title="East Pakistan">East Pakistan</a> (now Bangladesh) as a result of the <a href="/wiki/Bengali_Language_Movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Bengali Language Movement">Bengali Language Movement</a>, during which the <a href="/wiki/East_Pakistan_Rifles" class="mw-redirect" title="East Pakistan Rifles">East Pakistan Rifles</a> fatally shot four student activists.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Within a short span of time, the Military Police had control of the state and its commanding officer submitted the report of their course of action to Major General Iskander Mirza in 1954.<sup id="cite_ref-Story_of_Pakistan_(Part-I)_11-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Story_of_Pakistan_(Part-I)-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1951, he backed the Liaquat administration's decision of appointing the native chiefs of staff of the <a href="/wiki/Pakistan_Army" title="Pakistan Army">army</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pakistan_Air_Force" title="Pakistan Air Force">air force</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Pakistan_Navy" title="Pakistan Navy">navy</a>, and dismissed deputation appointments from the <a href="/wiki/British_military" class="mw-redirect" title="British military">British military</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Springer,_Reimer_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Springer,_Reimer-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Cambridge_University_Press,_Tudor_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cambridge_University_Press,_Tudor-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For the <a href="/wiki/Four-star_rank" class="mw-redirect" title="Four-star rank">four-star</a> appointment, the <a href="/wiki/GHQ_(Pakistan_Army)" class="mw-redirect" title="GHQ (Pakistan Army)">Army GHQ</a> sent the nomination papers to the <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister%27s_Secretariat_(Pakistan)" class="mw-redirect" title="Prime Minister's Secretariat (Pakistan)">Prime Minister's Secretariat</a> that included four-senior <a href="/wiki/Major-general" class="mw-redirect" title="Major-general">major-generals</a> in the race for the <a href="/wiki/Commander_in_Chief_(Pakistan_Army)" class="mw-redirect" title="Commander in Chief (Pakistan Army)">army command</a> of the Pakistan Army: Major-General <a href="/wiki/Iftikhar_Khan" title="Iftikhar Khan">Iftikhar Khan</a>, Major-General <a href="/wiki/Muhammed_Akbar_Khan" title="Muhammed Akbar Khan">Akbar Khan</a>, Major-General <a href="/wiki/Ishfakul_Majid" class="mw-redirect" title="Ishfakul Majid">Ishfakul Majid</a>, and Major-General <a href="/w/index.php?title=N.A.M._Raza&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="N.A.M. Raza (page does not exist)">N.A.M. Raza</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Initially, it was Major-General <a href="/wiki/Iftikhar_Khan" title="Iftikhar Khan">Iftikhar Khan</a> who was promoted to four-star rank and selected to be appointed as the first native commander of the army but died in an airplane crash en route after finishing the senior <a href="/wiki/Staff_officer" class="mw-redirect" title="Staff officer">staff officers'</a> course in the United Kingdom.<sup id="cite_ref-paksoldiers.com_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-paksoldiers.com-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> All three remaining major-generals were bypassed including the recommended senior-most Major-General <a href="/wiki/Muhammed_Akbar_Khan" title="Muhammed Akbar Khan">Akbar Khan</a> and Major-General <a href="/wiki/Ishfakul_Majid" class="mw-redirect" title="Ishfakul Majid">Ishfakul Majid</a> due to Major-General Mirza's lobbying for the army selection when he presented convincing arguments to Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Liaquat_Ali_Khan" title="Liaquat Ali Khan">Ali Khan</a> to promote the junior-most Major-General <a href="/wiki/Ayub_Khan_(general)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ayub Khan (general)">Ayub Khan</a> to the post despite the fact that his name was not included in the nomination list.<sup id="cite_ref-paksoldiers.com_28-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-paksoldiers.com-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ayub's papers of promotion were controversially approved and was appointed as the first native <a href="/wiki/Commander-in-Chief_of_the_Pakistan_Army" title="Commander-in-Chief of the Pakistan Army">Commander-in-Chief of the Pakistan Army</a> with a promotion to the rank of Lieutenant General (acting full General) on 17 January 1951 by Prime Minister Ali Khan.<sup id="cite_ref-Springer,_Reimer_25-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Springer,_Reimer-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>With Ayub becoming the <a href="/wiki/Commander-in-Chief_of_the_Pakistan_Army" title="Commander-in-Chief of the Pakistan Army">army chief</a>, it marked a change in the military tradition of preferring native Pakistanis and ending the transitional role of <a href="/wiki/British_Army" title="British Army">British Army</a> officers.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Also in 1951, he helped in elevating <a href="/wiki/Commodore_(rank)" title="Commodore (rank)">Commodore</a> <a href="/wiki/HMS_Choudri" title="HMS Choudri">M.S. Choudhri</a> to the promotion to two-star rank, <a href="/wiki/Rear-admiral" class="mw-redirect" title="Rear-admiral">rear-admiral</a>, in order to assume the <a href="/wiki/Commander_in_Chief_(Pakistan_Navy)" class="mw-redirect" title="Commander in Chief (Pakistan Navy)">navy command</a> of the Pakistan Navy, but it was not until in 1953 when <a href="/wiki/HMS_Choudri" title="HMS Choudri">Admiral Choudhri</a> took over the command.<sup id="cite_ref-Springer,_Reimer_25-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Springer,_Reimer-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-NYU_Press,_Cheema_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYU_Press,_Cheema-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Governorship_of_East_Bengal_and_Cabinet_Minister_(1954–55)"><span id="Governorship_of_East_Bengal_and_Cabinet_Minister_.281954.E2.80.9355.29"></span>Governorship of East Bengal and Cabinet Minister (1954–55)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iskandar_Ali_Mirza&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Governorship of East Bengal and Cabinet Minister (1954–55)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Bogra_Formula" class="mw-redirect" title="Bogra Formula">Bogra Formula</a> and <a href="/wiki/One_Unit" class="mw-redirect" title="One Unit">One Unit</a></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Frame"><a href="/wiki/File:Iskander_Mirza,_Governor_General_of_Pakistan,_with_his_highness,_Shah_of_Iran.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/1/1a/Iskander_Mirza%2C_Governor_General_of_Pakistan%2C_with_his_highness%2C_Shah_of_Iran.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="220" data-file-height="146" /></a><figcaption>Iskander Mirza (right) meeting the <a href="/wiki/Mohammad_Reza_Pahlavi" title="Mohammad Reza Pahlavi">Shah of Iran</a>, as the Governor General of Pakistan</figcaption></figure> <p>Due to rapid political instability in <a href="/wiki/East_Bengal" title="East Bengal">East Bengal</a>, Mirza was relieved as <a href="/wiki/Defence_Secretary_of_Pakistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Defence Secretary of Pakistan">Defence Secretary</a> and took over the governorship of East Bengal, in an appointment approved by then <a href="/wiki/Governor-General_of_Pakistan" title="Governor-General of Pakistan">Governor-General</a> <a href="/wiki/Malik_Ghulam_Muhammad" title="Malik Ghulam Muhammad">Sir Malik Ghulam</a> on 29 May 1954.<sup id="cite_ref-The_Story_of_Pakistan_(Iskandar's_life)_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-The_Story_of_Pakistan_(Iskandar's_life)-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 1 June 1954, Mirza took over the <a href="/wiki/Government_of_East_Pakistan" title="Government of East Pakistan">Government of East Bengal</a> from Chief Minister <a href="/wiki/A._K._Fazlul_Huq" title="A. K. Fazlul Huq">A. K. Fazlul Huq</a> as part of the <a href="/wiki/Governor%27s_rule" class="mw-redirect" title="Governor's rule">governor's rule</a> that dismissed the <a href="/wiki/United_Front_(East_Pakistan)" title="United Front (East Pakistan)">United Front</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-The_Story_of_Pakistan_(Iskandar's_life)_31-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-The_Story_of_Pakistan_(Iskandar's_life)-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-APH_Publishing,_Ahmed_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-APH_Publishing,_Ahmed-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He imposed <a href="/wiki/Military_coups_in_Bangladesh" title="Military coups in Bangladesh">martial law</a>, backed by the <a href="/wiki/East_Pakistan_Rifles" class="mw-redirect" title="East Pakistan Rifles">East Pakistan Rifles</a>, and dismissed the <a href="/wiki/East_Bengal_Legislative_Assembly" class="mw-redirect" title="East Bengal Legislative Assembly">East Bengal Legislative Assembly</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-APH_Publishing,_Ahmed_32-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-APH_Publishing,_Ahmed-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After landing at the then <a href="/wiki/Dacca_Airport" class="mw-redirect" title="Dacca Airport">Dacca Airport</a>, Mirza sharply announced in the <a href="/wiki/Bengali_language" title="Bengali language">Bengali language</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Media_of_Pakistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Media of Pakistan">Pakistan media</a> representatives, that he would not hesitate to use force in order to establish peace in the province, and personally threatening <a href="/wiki/Abdul_Hamid_Khan_Bhashani" title="Abdul Hamid Khan Bhashani">Maulana Bhashani</a> of shooting him.<sup id="cite_ref-The_Story_of_Pakistan_(Iskandar's_life)_31-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-The_Story_of_Pakistan_(Iskandar's_life)-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 142">: 142 </span></sup> </p><p>Iskander Mirza ruled East Pakistan with an iron fist, having arrested 319–659 political activists in his first week, including <a href="/wiki/Sheikh_Mujibur_Rahman" title="Sheikh Mujibur Rahman">Sheikh Mujibur Rahman</a> and <a href="/wiki/Yusuf_Ali_Chowdhury" title="Yusuf Ali Chowdhury">Yusuf Ali Chowdhury</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-APH_Publishing,_Ahmed_32-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-APH_Publishing,_Ahmed-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-The_Story_of_Pakistan_(Iskandar's_life)_31-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-The_Story_of_Pakistan_(Iskandar's_life)-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>By mid-June 1954, the number of arrests reached 1,051, including 33 assembly members and two <a href="/wiki/Dhaka_University" class="mw-redirect" title="Dhaka University">Dhaka University</a> professors.<sup id="cite_ref-The_Story_of_Pakistan_(Iskandar's_life)_31-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-The_Story_of_Pakistan_(Iskandar's_life)-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His authoritative actions had sown a permanent seed of hatred for the <a href="/wiki/Pakistani_government" class="mw-redirect" title="Pakistani government">Pakistani government</a> in the hearts of the people of East Pakistan.<sup id="cite_ref-The_Story_of_Pakistan_(Iskandar's_life)_31-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-The_Story_of_Pakistan_(Iskandar's_life)-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Amid criticism at the public level in Pakistan, Mirza was relieved from the post of the Governorship to East Bengal to <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Shahabuddin" title="Muhammad Shahabuddin">Muhammad Shahabuddin</a> in October 1954.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 24 October 1954, he was appointed as <a href="/wiki/Interior_Minister_of_Pakistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Interior Minister of Pakistan">Interior Minister</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Mohammad_Ali_Bogra" title="Mohammad Ali Bogra">Bogra administration</a> of Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Mohammad_Ali_Bogra" title="Mohammad Ali Bogra">Mohammad Ali Bogra</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Routledge,_Kapur_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Routledge,_Kapur-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During this time, he had maintained close political ties to the United States's establishment and was backed by Governor-General <a href="/wiki/Malik_Ghulam_Muhammad" title="Malik Ghulam Muhammad">Sir Malik Ghulam</a> for this post, which Mirza only remained at until 7 August 1955.<sup id="cite_ref-Story_of_Pakistan_(Part-I)_11-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Story_of_Pakistan_(Part-I)-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As an Interior Minister, he provided strong political advocacy for the controversial geopolitical program, <a href="/wiki/One_Unit" class="mw-redirect" title="One Unit">One-unit</a>, which he faced strong criticism on by <a href="/wiki/West_Pakistan" title="West Pakistan">West Pakistan</a>'s politicians and the public in general.<sup id="cite_ref-Story_of_Pakistan_(Mirza_became_Governor_General)_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Story_of_Pakistan_(Mirza_became_Governor_General)-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Governor-General_of_Pakistan_(1955–56)"><span id="Governor-General_of_Pakistan_.281955.E2.80.9356.29"></span>Governor-General of Pakistan (1955–56)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iskandar_Ali_Mirza&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Governor-General of Pakistan (1955–56)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the <a href="/wiki/Mohammad_Ali_Bogra" title="Mohammad Ali Bogra">Bogra administration</a>, he also took care of the matters of the <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_States_and_Frontier_Regions_(Pakistan)" title="Ministry of States and Frontier Regions (Pakistan)">Commonwealth and Kashmir affairs ministry</a> as he had gained major political influence in the administration in 1955.<sup id="cite_ref-Story_of_Pakistan_(Mirza_became_Governor_General)_36-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Story_of_Pakistan_(Mirza_became_Governor_General)-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During this time, <a href="/wiki/Governor-General_of_Pakistan" title="Governor-General of Pakistan">Governor-General</a> <a href="/wiki/Malik_Ghulam_Muhammad" title="Malik Ghulam Muhammad">Malik Ghulam</a> survived another fatal attack of <a href="/wiki/Paralysis" title="Paralysis">Paralysis</a> that made him unable to talk and walk, seeking treatment in the United Kingdom on a two-month leave.<sup id="cite_ref-Story_of_Pakistan_(Mirza_became_Governor_General)_36-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Story_of_Pakistan_(Mirza_became_Governor_General)-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Appointed only as acting <a href="/wiki/Governor-General_of_Pakistan" title="Governor-General of Pakistan">acting governor-general</a> since 7 August 1955, Mirza dismissed <a href="/wiki/Malik_Ghulam_Muhammad" title="Malik Ghulam Muhammad">Sir Malik Ghulam</a> to take over his post on 6 October 1955, and <a href="/wiki/Forced_resignation" class="mw-redirect" title="Forced resignation">forced</a> Prime Minister Bogra to resign when he appointed him as the <a href="/wiki/Pakistan_Ambassador_to_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Pakistan Ambassador to the United States">Pakistan Ambassador to the United States</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Story_of_Pakistan_(Mirza_became_Governor_General)_36-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Story_of_Pakistan_(Mirza_became_Governor_General)-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 12 August 1955, he invited <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Ali_(politician)" class="mw-redirect" title="Muhammad Ali (politician)">Muhammad Ali</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Finance_Minister_of_Pakistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Finance Minister of Pakistan">Finance Minister</a>, to take over the government as a prime minister.<sup id="cite_ref-The_Story_of_Pakistan_(Iskandar's_life)_31-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-The_Story_of_Pakistan_(Iskandar's_life)-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Presidency_(1956–58)"><span id="Presidency_.281956.E2.80.9358.29"></span>Presidency (1956–58)</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iskandar_Ali_Mirza&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Presidency (1956–58)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Frame"><span><video id="mwe_player_0" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Iskander_Mirza_being_sworn_in_as_the_President_of_Pakistan_%28August_7%2C_1955%29.ogv/320px--Iskander_Mirza_being_sworn_in_as_the_President_of_Pakistan_%28August_7%2C_1955%29.ogv.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="320" height="240" data-durationhint="400" data-mwtitle="Iskander_Mirza_being_sworn_in_as_the_President_of_Pakistan_(August_7,_1955).ogv" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/9/99/Iskander_Mirza_being_sworn_in_as_the_President_of_Pakistan_%28August_7%2C_1955%29.ogv/Iskander_Mirza_being_sworn_in_as_the_President_of_Pakistan_%28August_7%2C_1955%29.ogv.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="320" data-height="240" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/9/99/Iskander_Mirza_being_sworn_in_as_the_President_of_Pakistan_%28August_7%2C_1955%29.ogv/Iskander_Mirza_being_sworn_in_as_the_President_of_Pakistan_%28August_7%2C_1955%29.ogv.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="320" data-height="240" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/99/Iskander_Mirza_being_sworn_in_as_the_President_of_Pakistan_%28August_7%2C_1955%29.ogv" type="video/ogg; codecs="theora, vorbis"" data-width="320" data-height="240" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/9/99/Iskander_Mirza_being_sworn_in_as_the_President_of_Pakistan_%28August_7%2C_1955%29.ogv/Iskander_Mirza_being_sworn_in_as_the_President_of_Pakistan_%28August_7%2C_1955%29.ogv.144p.mjpeg.mov" type="video/quicktime" data-transcodekey="144p.mjpeg.mov" data-width="192" data-height="144" /></video></span><figcaption>Iskander Mirza being sworn in as the first President of Pakistan.</figcaption></figure> <p>The newly constituted <a href="/wiki/Electoral_College_(Pakistan)" title="Electoral College (Pakistan)">Electoral College</a> unanimously elected Mirza as the <a href="/wiki/List_of_Presidents_of_Pakistan" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Presidents of Pakistan">first</a> <a href="/wiki/President_of_Pakistan" title="President of Pakistan">president</a> upon the promulgation of the <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Pakistan_of_1956" title="Constitution of Pakistan of 1956">first set</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Pakistan" title="Constitution of Pakistan">Constitution</a> on 23 March 1956.<sup id="cite_ref-Story_of_Pakistan_(Mirza_Becomes_President)_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Story_of_Pakistan_(Mirza_Becomes_President)-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Coalition_government" title="Coalition government">coalition</a> of the <a href="/wiki/East_Pakistan_Awami_League" class="mw-redirect" title="East Pakistan Awami League">Awami League</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Pakistan_Muslim_League" title="Pakistan Muslim League">Muslim League</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(Pakistan)" title="Republican Party (Pakistan)">Republic Party</a> endorsed his presidency.<sup id="cite_ref-Story_of_Pakistan_(Mirza_Becomes_President)_37-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Story_of_Pakistan_(Mirza_Becomes_President)-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Constitution drives the country's <a href="/wiki/System_of_government" class="mw-redirect" title="System of government">system of government</a> towards <a href="/wiki/Parliamentary_democracy" class="mw-redirect" title="Parliamentary democracy">parliamentarianism</a>, with <a href="/wiki/Executive_branch" class="mw-redirect" title="Executive branch">executive powers</a> vested under the elected <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Pakistan" title="Prime Minister of Pakistan">Prime Minister</a> while the president served as a <a href="/wiki/Figurehead" title="Figurehead">ceremonial</a> <a href="/wiki/Head_of_state" title="Head of state">head of state</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Story_of_Pakistan_(Mirza_Becomes_President)_37-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Story_of_Pakistan_(Mirza_Becomes_President)-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 12 September 1956, he established and became vice-president of the <a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(Pakistan)" title="Republican Party (Pakistan)">Republican Party</a> that was in direct conflict with the <a href="/wiki/Pakistan_Muslim_League" title="Pakistan Muslim League">Muslim League</a>, mainly due to disagreements on the idea of republicanism and conservatism.<sup id="cite_ref-The_Story_of_Pakistan_(Iskandar's_life)_31-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-The_Story_of_Pakistan_(Iskandar's_life)-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Unable to keep the substantial pressure on Mirza's Republic Party eventually led the Muslim League's successful demand for the resignation of Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Chaudhry_Muhammad_Ali" title="Chaudhry Muhammad Ali">Muhammad Ali</a> on 12 September 1956.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Upon these developments, President Mirza invited the <a href="/wiki/Bangladesh_Awami_League" class="mw-redirect" title="Bangladesh Awami League">Awami League</a> to form the central government that appointed <a href="/wiki/Huseyn_Shaheed_Suhrawardy" title="Huseyn Shaheed Suhrawardy">Huseyn Suhrawardy</a> as the Prime Minister, who made an alliance with the Republican Party, to take over charge of the government.<sup id="cite_ref-Story_Of_Pakistan,_Suhrawardy_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Story_Of_Pakistan,_Suhrawardy-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Frame"><span><video id="mwe_player_1" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Shah_Pahlavi_of_Iran_making_a_state_visit_to_Pakistan_%281956%29.ogv/320px--Shah_Pahlavi_of_Iran_making_a_state_visit_to_Pakistan_%281956%29.ogv.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="320" height="240" data-durationhint="70" data-mwtitle="Shah_Pahlavi_of_Iran_making_a_state_visit_to_Pakistan_(1956).ogv" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/5/50/Shah_Pahlavi_of_Iran_making_a_state_visit_to_Pakistan_%281956%29.ogv/Shah_Pahlavi_of_Iran_making_a_state_visit_to_Pakistan_%281956%29.ogv.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="320" data-height="240" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/5/50/Shah_Pahlavi_of_Iran_making_a_state_visit_to_Pakistan_%281956%29.ogv/Shah_Pahlavi_of_Iran_making_a_state_visit_to_Pakistan_%281956%29.ogv.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="320" data-height="240" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/50/Shah_Pahlavi_of_Iran_making_a_state_visit_to_Pakistan_%281956%29.ogv" type="video/ogg; codecs="theora, vorbis"" data-width="320" data-height="240" /></video></span><figcaption>Shah of Iran's first state visit to Pakistan</figcaption></figure> <p>Despite both being ethnic <a href="/wiki/Bengalis" title="Bengalis">Bengalis</a> and hailing from East Pakistan, the two leaders had very different views of running the central government and both leaders were in brief conflict, causing harm to the <a href="/wiki/Unity,_Faith_and_Discipline" class="mw-redirect" title="Unity, Faith and Discipline">unity</a> of the nation.<sup id="cite_ref-The_Story_of_Pakistan_(Iskandar's_life)_31-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-The_Story_of_Pakistan_(Iskandar's_life)-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Prime Minister Suhrawardy found it extremely difficult to govern effectively due to the issue of <a href="/wiki/One_Unit" class="mw-redirect" title="One Unit">One Unit</a>, alleviating the <a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Pakistan" title="Economy of Pakistan">national economy</a>, and President Mirza's constant unconstitutional interference in the <a href="/wiki/Suhrawardy_administration" class="mw-redirect" title="Suhrawardy administration">Suhrawardy administration</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Story_Of_Pakistan,_Suhrawardy_39-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Story_Of_Pakistan,_Suhrawardy-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>President Mirza demanded the resignation of Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Huseyn_Shaheed_Suhrawardy" title="Huseyn Shaheed Suhrawardy">Suhrawardy</a> and turned down his request to seek a <a href="/wiki/Motion_of_confidence" class="mw-redirect" title="Motion of confidence">motion of confidence</a> at the <a href="/wiki/National_Assembly_of_Pakistan" title="National Assembly of Pakistan">National Assembly</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Story_Of_Pakistan,_Suhrawardy_39-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Story_Of_Pakistan,_Suhrawardy-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Threatened by President Mirza's dismissal, Prime Minister Suhrawardy tendered his resignation on 17 October 1957 and was succeeded by <a href="/wiki/I._I._Chundrigar" title="I. I. Chundrigar">I. I. Chundrigar</a> but he too was forced to resign in a mere two months.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>President Mirza had widely lacked the parliamentary spirit, distrusting the civilians to ensure the integrity and sovereignty of the country.<sup id="cite_ref-Story_of_Pakistan_(Mirza_Becomes_President)_37-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Story_of_Pakistan_(Mirza_Becomes_President)-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His unconstitutional interference in the <a href="/wiki/Civil_authority" title="Civil authority">civil administration</a> made the elected prime ministers effectively unable to function, as he had dismissed four elected prime ministers in a matter of two years.<sup id="cite_ref-Story_of_Pakistan_(Mirza_Becomes_President)_37-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Story_of_Pakistan_(Mirza_Becomes_President)-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On his last nomination, he appointed <a href="/wiki/Feroz_Khan_Noon" title="Feroz Khan Noon">Feroz Khan</a> as the seventh Prime Minister of the country, who had been supported by the Awami League and the Muslim League.<sup id="cite_ref-Story_of_Pakistan_(Part-I)_11-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Story_of_Pakistan_(Part-I)-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Martial_law">Martial law</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iskandar_Ali_Mirza&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Martial law"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/1958_Pakistani_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" class="mw-redirect" title="1958 Pakistani coup d'état">1958 Pakistani coup d'état</a> and <a href="/wiki/Martial_law_in_Pakistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Martial law in Pakistan">Martial law in Pakistan</a></div> <p>After the <a href="/wiki/1954_East_Pakistani_legislative_election" class="mw-redirect" title="1954 East Pakistani legislative election">legislative elections</a> held in 1954, the <a href="/wiki/Awami_League" title="Awami League">Awami League</a> had been successfully negotiating with the <a href="/wiki/Pakistan_Muslim_League" title="Pakistan Muslim League">Muslim League</a> for a <a href="/wiki/Coalition_government" title="Coalition government">power-sharing</a> agreement to form the <a href="/wiki/Government_of_Pakistan" title="Government of Pakistan">national government</a> against the <a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(Pakistan)" title="Republican Party (Pakistan)">Republican Party</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Story_of_Pakistan_(Martial_Law)_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Story_of_Pakistan_(Martial_Law)-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>By 1958, <a href="/wiki/I_I_Chundrigar" class="mw-redirect" title="I I Chundrigar">I.I. Chundrigar</a> and <a href="/wiki/Abdul_Qayyum_Khan" title="Abdul Qayyum Khan">A.Q. Khan</a> had successfully reorganized the Muslim League that was threatening the reelection and the political endorsement for Mirza for his second term of the presidency.<sup id="cite_ref-Story_of_Pakistan_(Martial_Law)_41-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Story_of_Pakistan_(Martial_Law)-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Furthermore, the <a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(Pakistan)" title="Republican Party (Pakistan)">Republican Party</a>, presided by Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Feroz_Khan_Noon" title="Feroz Khan Noon">Sir Feroze Khan</a>, had been under pressure over the electoral reforms issue at the <a href="/wiki/National_Assembly_of_Pakistan" title="National Assembly of Pakistan">National Assembly</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Story_of_Pakistan_(Martial_Law)_41-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Story_of_Pakistan_(Martial_Law)-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Upon witnessing these developments, President Mirza ordered the mass mobilization of the military and imposed <a href="/wiki/State_of_emergency" title="State of emergency">emergency</a> rule in the country after declaring <a href="/wiki/1958_Pakistani_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" class="mw-redirect" title="1958 Pakistani coup d'état">martial law</a> against his own <a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(Pakistan)" title="Republican Party (Pakistan)">party</a>'s administration led by Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Feroz_Khan_Noon" title="Feroz Khan Noon">Feroze Khan</a> by abrogating the <a href="/wiki/Rule_of_law" title="Rule of law">writ</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Pakistan" title="Constitution of Pakistan">Constitution</a> and dissolving the <a href="/wiki/National_Assembly_of_Pakistan" title="National Assembly of Pakistan">national</a> and <a href="/wiki/Category:Provincial_Assemblies_of_Pakistan" title="Category:Provincial Assemblies of Pakistan">provisional assemblies</a> at midnight on 7/8 October 1958.<sup id="cite_ref-Story_of_Pakistan_(Martial_Law)_41-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Story_of_Pakistan_(Martial_Law)-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the morning of 8 October 1958, President Mirza announced via <a href="/wiki/Radio_Pakistan" title="Radio Pakistan">national radio</a> that he was introducing a new constitution "more suited to the genius of the Pakistan nation",<sup id="cite_ref-Dr._Professor_Mubashir_Hassan,_professor_of_Civil_Engineering_at_the_University_of_Engineering_and_Technology_and_the_Oxford_University_Press_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dr._Professor_Mubashir_Hassan,_professor_of_Civil_Engineering_at_the_University_of_Engineering_and_Technology_and_the_Oxford_University_Press-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as he believed democracy was unsuited to Pakistan "with its 15% literacy rate".<sup id="cite_ref-Dr._Professor_Mubashir_Hassan,_professor_of_Civil_Engineering_at_the_University_of_Engineering_and_Technology_and_the_Oxford_University_Press_42-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dr._Professor_Mubashir_Hassan,_professor_of_Civil_Engineering_at_the_University_of_Engineering_and_Technology_and_the_Oxford_University_Press-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Upon abdicating, Mirza took the nation into confidence, saying that: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Three weeks ago, I (Iskander Mirza) imposed martial law in Pakistan and appointed General Ayub Khan as <a href="/wiki/Chairman_Joint_Chiefs_of_Staff_Committee" title="Chairman Joint Chiefs of Staff Committee">Supreme Commander</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Pakistan_Armed_Forces" title="Pakistan Armed Forces"> [Armed Forces]</a> and also as <a href="/wiki/Chief_Martial_Law_Administrator" title="Chief Martial Law Administrator">Chief Martial Law Administrator</a>.... By the grace of <a href="/wiki/Allah" title="Allah">God</a>... This measure which I had adopted in the interest of our beloved country has been extremely well received by our people and by our friends and well wishers abroad... I have done best to administer in the difficult task of arresting further deterioration and bringing order out of chaos... In our efforts to evolve an effective structure for future administration of this country... <a href="/wiki/Pakistan_Zindabad" title="Pakistan Zindabad">Pakistan Zindabad, Pakistan Zindabad!</a></p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>President Iskander Mirza, <small>abdicating on 1958.10.27</small>, <sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></cite></div></blockquote> <p>This martial law imposed by the country's first president was the first example of <a href="/wiki/Military_coups_in_Pakistan" title="Military coups in Pakistan">martial law</a> in Pakistan, which would continue until the <a href="/wiki/Bangladesh_Liberation_War" title="Bangladesh Liberation War">dissolution</a> of East Pakistan in 1971.<sup id="cite_ref-Story_of_Pakistan_(Martial_Law)_41-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Story_of_Pakistan_(Martial_Law)-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Iskander Mirza appointed then-<a href="/wiki/Chief_of_Army_Staff_(Pakistan)" class="mw-redirect" title="Chief of Army Staff (Pakistan)">Army Commander</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Pakistan_Army" title="Pakistan Army">Pakistan Army</a>, General <a href="/wiki/Ayub_Khan_(President_of_Pakistan)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ayub Khan (President of Pakistan)">Ayub Khan</a>, as the <a href="/wiki/Chief_Martial_Law_Administrator" title="Chief Martial Law Administrator">Chief Martial Law Administrator</a> (CMLA), which proved his undoing within three weeks.<sup id="cite_ref-Story_of_Pakistan_(Martial_Law)_41-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Story_of_Pakistan_(Martial_Law)-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Dismissal_and_end_of_presidency">Dismissal and end of presidency</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iskandar_Ali_Mirza&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Dismissal and end of presidency"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div><p> The <a href="/wiki/Two-man_rule" class="mw-redirect" title="Two-man rule">two-man rule</a> political regime was evolved under President Mirza and his appointed <a href="/wiki/Chief_Martial_Law_Administrator" title="Chief Martial Law Administrator">chief martial law administration</a> and then-<a href="/wiki/Chief_of_Army_Staff_(Pakistan)" class="mw-redirect" title="Chief of Army Staff (Pakistan)">army chief</a> General <a href="/wiki/Ayub_Khan_(general)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ayub Khan (general)">Ayub Khan</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Story_of_Pakistan_(Ouster_of_President_Iskander_Mirza)_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Story_of_Pakistan_(Ouster_of_President_Iskander_Mirza)-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, the two men had very different <a href="/wiki/Point_of_view_(philosophy)" title="Point of view (philosophy)">points of view</a> on running the government with the new situation, even though they were responsible for bringing about the change.<sup id="cite_ref-Story_of_Pakistan_(Ouster_of_President_Iskander_Mirza)_44-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Story_of_Pakistan_(Ouster_of_President_Iskander_Mirza)-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1023981488">@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .rquote{width:auto!important;float:none!important}}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"></p><blockquote class="templatequote rquote" style="float: right; width: 33%;"><p>I did not mean to do it.... The martial law would be for the shortest possible duration until the new elections....</p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>President Mirza, 1958, <sup id="cite_ref-Story_of_Pakistan_(Ouster_of_President_Iskander_Mirza)_44-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Story_of_Pakistan_(Ouster_of_President_Iskander_Mirza)-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></cite></div></blockquote> <p>President Mirza had not envisaged any change in his previous powers; he wanted to retain the ability to maneuver things in keeping with his own whims.<sup id="cite_ref-Story_of_Pakistan_(Ouster_of_President_Iskander_Mirza)_44-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Story_of_Pakistan_(Ouster_of_President_Iskander_Mirza)-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Judging from the situation, the things however had changed as the time and situation both were demanding the complete solution.<sup id="cite_ref-Story_of_Pakistan_(Ouster_of_President_Iskander_Mirza)_44-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Story_of_Pakistan_(Ouster_of_President_Iskander_Mirza)-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> General Ayub Khan came to an understanding that the real <a href="/wiki/Power_(politics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Power (politics)">political power</a> rested with the support of the military, and within a week of enforcing <a href="/wiki/Martial_law_in_Pakistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Martial law in Pakistan">martial law</a>, President Mirza realized the delicate position he got himself into.<sup id="cite_ref-Story_of_Pakistan_(Ouster_of_President_Iskander_Mirza)_44-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Story_of_Pakistan_(Ouster_of_President_Iskander_Mirza)-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In an interview with <a href="/wiki/Dawn_(newspaper)" title="Dawn (newspaper)"><i>Dawn</i></a>, President Mirza regretted his decision saying: "I did not mean to do it"<sup id="cite_ref-Story_of_Pakistan_(Ouster_of_President_Iskander_Mirza)_44-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Story_of_Pakistan_(Ouster_of_President_Iskander_Mirza)-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while offering assurances that martial law would be for the shortest possible duration.<sup id="cite_ref-Story_of_Pakistan_(Ouster_of_President_Iskander_Mirza)_44-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Story_of_Pakistan_(Ouster_of_President_Iskander_Mirza)-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1958, President Mirza accepted the resignation of Vice-Admiral <a href="/wiki/HMS_Choudri" title="HMS Choudri">M.S. Choudhri</a>, replacing him with Vice-Admiral <a href="/wiki/Afzal_Rahman_Khan" title="Afzal Rahman Khan">A.R. Khan</a> as the new <a href="/wiki/Chief_of_Naval_Staff_(Pakistan)" class="mw-redirect" title="Chief of Naval Staff (Pakistan)">naval chief</a> but <a href="/wiki/Civil_military_relations" class="mw-redirect" title="Civil military relations">civil-military relations</a> continued to be a dominant factor between President Mirza and General Ayub Khan.<sup id="cite_ref-Story_of_Pakistan_(Ouster_of_President_Iskander_Mirza)_44-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Story_of_Pakistan_(Ouster_of_President_Iskander_Mirza)-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Mirza unilaterally made Ayub Khan Prime Minister and appointed a new <a href="/wiki/Cabinet_of_Pakistan" title="Cabinet of Pakistan">cabinet</a> of technocrats for him.<sup id="cite_ref-Nation_Books,_Hiro_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nation_Books,_Hiro-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The new administration did not satisfy CMLA Ayub Khan who had more control in the administration than President Mirza.<sup id="cite_ref-Story_of_Pakistan_(Ouster_of_President_Iskander_Mirza)_44-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Story_of_Pakistan_(Ouster_of_President_Iskander_Mirza)-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ayub dispatched the military unit to enter the <a href="/wiki/Aiwan-e-Sadr" title="Aiwan-e-Sadr">presidential palace</a> on midnight of 26–27 October 1958 and placed him in an airplane to be exiled to England.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Springer,_Rizvi_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Springer,_Rizvi-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Subsequently, Admiral A. R. Khan and <a href="/wiki/Gang_of_Four_(Pakistan)" title="Gang of Four (Pakistan)">four army and air force generals</a>: <a href="/wiki/Azam_Khan_(general)" title="Azam Khan (general)">Azam</a>, <a href="/wiki/Amir_Mohammad_Khan" title="Amir Mohammad Khan">Amir</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wajid_Ali_Khan_Burki" title="Wajid Ali Khan Burki">Wajid</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Asghar_Khan" title="Asghar Khan">Asghar Khan</a> were instrumental in the dismissal of President Mirza.<sup id="cite_ref-Springer,_Rizvi_47-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Springer,_Rizvi-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Story_of_Pakistan_(Ouster_of_President_Iskander_Mirza)_44-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Story_of_Pakistan_(Ouster_of_President_Iskander_Mirza)-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Exile_and_death">Exile and death</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iskandar_Ali_Mirza&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Exile and death"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Iskandar_Mirza_funeral_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Iskandar_Mirza_funeral_2.jpg/220px-Iskandar_Mirza_funeral_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="132" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Iskandar_Mirza_funeral_2.jpg/330px-Iskandar_Mirza_funeral_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Iskandar_Mirza_funeral_2.jpg/440px-Iskandar_Mirza_funeral_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>Mirza's state funeral in the <a href="/wiki/Sepahsalar_Mosque" title="Sepahsalar Mosque">Sepahsalar Mosque</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tehran" title="Tehran">Tehran</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Exiled in 1959, Mirza lived the remainder of his <a href="/wiki/Life_in_Exile_After_Abdication" title="Life in Exile After Abdication">life in exile</a> in London, England, where he financially struggled running a small <a href="/wiki/Pakistani_cuisine" title="Pakistani cuisine">Pakistani cuisine hotel</a> until his death.<sup id="cite_ref-Jang_Publications_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jang_Publications-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was reported widely by Pakistani media that despite hailing from a wealthy Nawab and aristocratic family, Mirza lived in <a href="/wiki/Life_in_extreme_conditions" class="mw-redirect" title="Life in extreme conditions">poverty</a> in England and his regular income was based on his retirement pension of £3,000 as a former military officer and president. Foreign dignitaries such as <a href="/wiki/Ardeshir_Zahedi" title="Ardeshir Zahedi">Ardeshir Zahedi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mohammad_Reza_Pahlavi" title="Mohammad Reza Pahlavi">Shah of Iran</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kenneth_James_William_Mackay,_3rd_Earl_of_Inchcape" title="Kenneth James William Mackay, 3rd Earl of Inchcape">Lord Inchcape</a>, Lord Hume, and <a href="/wiki/Pakistani_billionaires" class="mw-redirect" title="Pakistani billionaires">Pakistani billionaires</a> <a href="/wiki/Pakistani_community_of_London" title="Pakistani community of London">in London</a> made his life in exile tolerable.<sup id="cite_ref-Humayun_Mirza_1999_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Humayun_Mirza_1999-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>At the London hospital where he died, he once said to his wife, Nahid: "We cannot afford medical treatment, so just let me die."<sup id="cite_ref-Humayun_Mirza_1999_49-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Humayun_Mirza_1999-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>He died of a heart attack on 13 November 1969, his 70th birthday. <a href="/wiki/Yahya_Khan" title="Yahya Khan">Yahya Khan</a>, the <a href="/wiki/President_of_Pakistan" title="President of Pakistan">president of Pakistan</a>, denied him a burial in <a href="/wiki/East_Pakistan" title="East Pakistan">East Pakistan</a>. <a href="/wiki/Mohammad_Reza_Pahlavi" title="Mohammad Reza Pahlavi">Mohammad Reza Pahlavi</a>, the <a href="/wiki/List_of_monarchs_of_Persia" title="List of monarchs of Persia">Shah of Iran</a>, sent his personal plane to London to bring President Mirza's body to <a href="/wiki/Tehran" title="Tehran">Tehran</a>, where he was given a <a href="/wiki/State_funeral" title="State funeral">state funeral</a>. Hundreds of Iranians, including Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Amir-Abbas_Hoveyda" title="Amir-Abbas Hoveyda">Abbas Hoveyda</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Pakistanis_in_Iran" title="Pakistanis in Iran">Pakistani expatriates in Iran</a> bade farewell and offered their prayers.<sup id="cite_ref-Jang_Publications_48-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jang_Publications-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The funeral ceremony was marred by the absence of Iskander Mirza's relatives living in Pakistan. The military government barred them from leaving Pakistan in time despite the best efforts of Ardeshir Zahedi, Iran's foreign minister, and President Iskander Mirza's friends in Pakistan and Iran. There are unfounded rumors that after the <a href="/wiki/Islamic_Revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic Revolution">Islamic Revolution</a> in Iran (1979), his grave was desecrated.<sup id="cite_ref-Jang_Publications_48-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jang_Publications-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Family">Family</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iskandar_Ali_Mirza&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Family"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Mirza was married twice: his first marriage took place on 24 November 1922, when he married an Iranian woman, Rifaat Begum (1907–23 March 1967). The couple had two sons and four daughters.<sup id="cite_ref-Times_of_India_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Times_of_India-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/w/index.php?title=Humayun_Mirza&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Humayun Mirza (page does not exist)">Humayun Mirza</a> is the only surviving son of Iskander Mirza. He was born in <a href="/wiki/Poona" class="mw-redirect" title="Poona">Poona</a>, India, and was educated at <a href="/wiki/Doon_School" class="mw-redirect" title="Doon School">Doon School</a>. He also studied in the U.K., before moving to the U.S., where he earned his MBA from <a href="/wiki/Harvard" class="mw-redirect" title="Harvard">Harvard</a>. He married Josephine Hildreth, the daughter of <a href="/wiki/Horace_Hildreth" title="Horace Hildreth">Horace Hildreth</a>, the U.S. ambassador to Pakistan.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He retired from the <a href="/wiki/World_Bank" title="World Bank">World Bank</a> in 1988. He lives in <a href="/wiki/Bethesda,_Maryland" title="Bethesda, Maryland">Bethesda, Maryland</a>. He is the author of a book "From Plassey to Pakistan: The Family History of Iskander Mirza." Humayun's younger brother, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Enver_Mirza&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Enver Mirza (page does not exist)">Enver Mirza</a>, had died in a plane crash in 1953. </p><p>In October 1954, while in West Pakistan, Mirza's second marriage took place in Karachi after he fell in love with an Iranian aristocrat, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Naheed_Amirteymour&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Naheed Amirteymour (page does not exist)">Naheed Amirteymour</a> (1919–2019), daughter of <a href="/wiki/Amirteymour_Kalali" title="Amirteymour Kalali">Amirteymour Kalali</a>. She was a close friend of Begum <a href="/wiki/Nusrat_Bhutto" title="Nusrat Bhutto">Nusrat Bhutto</a>. It was this friendship that brought <a href="/wiki/Zulfikar_Ali_Bhutto" title="Zulfikar Ali Bhutto">Zulfikar Ali Bhutto</a> into the political arena of Pakistan.<sup id="cite_ref-ZAB_calls_Iskander_Mirza_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ZAB_calls_Iskander_Mirza-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legacy">Legacy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iskandar_Ali_Mirza&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Legacy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Iskandar Ali Mirza is often criticized by <a href="/wiki/Category:Pakistani_historians" title="Category:Pakistani historians">Pakistani historians</a> for imposing martial law.<sup id="cite_ref-Story_of_Pakistan_(Part-I)_11-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Story_of_Pakistan_(Part-I)-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Historians have noted that Mirza held that Pakistanis "lacked the parliamentary spirit and because of the lack of training in the field of democracy and the low literacy rate among the masses, democratic institutions cannot flourish in Pakistan".<sup id="cite_ref-Story_of_Pakistan_(Part-I)_11-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Story_of_Pakistan_(Part-I)-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He believed that the judicial authorities should be given the same powers which they used to enjoy during the British Indian Empire.<sup id="cite_ref-Story_of_Pakistan_(Part-I)_11-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Story_of_Pakistan_(Part-I)-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Enisen_Publishing,_Roraback_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Enisen_Publishing,_Roraback-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Electronic_Government_of_Pakistan_19-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Electronic_Government_of_Pakistan-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Mirza's political ideology reflected <a href="/wiki/Secularism_in_Pakistan" title="Secularism in Pakistan">secularism</a>, and an image of <a href="/wiki/Internationalism_(politics)" title="Internationalism (politics)">internationalism</a>, strongly advocating <a href="/wiki/Separation_of_religion_and_state" class="mw-redirect" title="Separation of religion and state">religious separation in</a> state matters.<sup id="cite_ref-Story_of_Pakistan_(Part-I)_11-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Story_of_Pakistan_(Part-I)-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mirza had never had a high opinion of politicians.<sup id="cite_ref-Humayun_Mirza_1999_49-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Humayun_Mirza_1999-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was well known for his conviction that the politicians were destroying the country. He felt that in order to work towards real and responsible democracy, the country must have what he called "controlled democracy".<sup id="cite_ref-Humayun_Mirza_1999_49-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Humayun_Mirza_1999-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p> Historians also asserted that Mirza's role as the <a href="/wiki/Head_of_state" title="Head of state">head of state</a> led him to play an active part in power politics, building an image of being a <a href="/wiki/Kingmaker" title="Kingmaker">kingmaker</a> in the country's politics.<sup id="cite_ref-Story_of_Pakistan_(Part-I)_11-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Story_of_Pakistan_(Part-I)-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mirza took full advantage of the weaknesses of politicians and played them against each other, first offsetting the influence of the Muslim League by creating the Republican Party.<sup id="cite_ref-Story_of_Pakistan_(Part-I)_11-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Story_of_Pakistan_(Part-I)-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1023981488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"></p><blockquote class="templatequote rquote" style="float: right; width: 33%;"><p>Your services are indispensable for Pakistan. When the history of our country is written by objective historians, your name will be placed even before that of Mr. Jinnah....</p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite><a href="/wiki/Zulfikar_Ali_Bhutto" title="Zulfikar Ali Bhutto">Zulfikar Ali Bhutto</a>, 1958, <sup id="cite_ref-ZAB_calls_Iskander_Mirza_52-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ZAB_calls_Iskander_Mirza-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></cite></div></blockquote> <p>During his short span of four years as the head of state, four prime ministers were changed, three of them were his appointees, while the only popularly elected Bengali prime minister was dismissed. Iskander Mirza is thus widely held responsible for the instability that brought the active role of Pakistan armed forces into politics.<sup id="cite_ref-Story_of_Pakistan_(Part-I)_11-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Story_of_Pakistan_(Part-I)-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>By the 1950s, Mirza had moved his personal wealth to <a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a> which was confiscated by the government of Pakistan when he was exiled, and it was reported by <i><a href="/wiki/Hindustan_Times" title="Hindustan Times">Hindustan Times</a></i> in 2016, that his family estate in Murshidabad, West Bengal, was left in ruins.<sup id="cite_ref-Hindustan_Times,_2016_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hindustan_Times,_2016-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Honours">Honours</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iskandar_Ali_Mirza&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Honours"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Iskandar_Ali_Mirza" title="Special:EditPage/Iskandar Ali Mirza">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Iskandar+Ali+Mirza%22">"Iskandar Ali Mirza"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Iskandar+Ali+Mirza%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Iskandar+Ali+Mirza%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Iskandar+Ali+Mirza%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Iskandar+Ali+Mirza%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Iskandar+Ali+Mirza%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">October 2018</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="center"> <p>(ribbon bar, as it would look today) </p><p><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Order_of_the_Indian_Empire_Ribbon.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Order_of_the_Indian_Empire_Ribbon.svg/100px-Order_of_the_Indian_Empire_Ribbon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Order_of_the_Indian_Empire_Ribbon.svg/150px-Order_of_the_Indian_Empire_Ribbon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Order_of_the_Indian_Empire_Ribbon.svg/200px-Order_of_the_Indian_Empire_Ribbon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="218" data-file-height="60" /></a></span> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Order_of_the_British_Empire_(Civil)_Ribbon.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/0e/Order_of_the_British_Empire_%28Civil%29_Ribbon.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="30" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="100" data-file-height="30" /></a></span> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:India_Service_Medal_BAR.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/India_Service_Medal_BAR.svg/100px-India_Service_Medal_BAR.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/India_Service_Medal_BAR.svg/150px-India_Service_Medal_BAR.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/India_Service_Medal_BAR.svg/200px-India_Service_Medal_BAR.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="218" data-file-height="60" /></a></span> </p><p><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:UK_King_George_V_Silver_Jubilee_Medal_ribbon.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/UK_King_George_V_Silver_Jubilee_Medal_ribbon.svg/100px-UK_King_George_V_Silver_Jubilee_Medal_ribbon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/UK_King_George_V_Silver_Jubilee_Medal_ribbon.svg/150px-UK_King_George_V_Silver_Jubilee_Medal_ribbon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/UK_King_George_V_Silver_Jubilee_Medal_ribbon.svg/200px-UK_King_George_V_Silver_Jubilee_Medal_ribbon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="218" data-file-height="60" /></a></span> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:GeorgeVICoronationRibbon.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/11/GeorgeVICoronationRibbon.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="30" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="100" data-file-height="30" /></a></span> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:UK_Queen_EII_Coronation_Medal_ribbon.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/UK_Queen_EII_Coronation_Medal_ribbon.svg/100px-UK_Queen_EII_Coronation_Medal_ribbon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/UK_Queen_EII_Coronation_Medal_ribbon.svg/150px-UK_Queen_EII_Coronation_Medal_ribbon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/UK_Queen_EII_Coronation_Medal_ribbon.svg/200px-UK_Queen_EII_Coronation_Medal_ribbon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="218" data-file-height="60" /></a></span> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:PakistanIndependenceMedalRibbon.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/91/PakistanIndependenceMedalRibbon.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="31" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="96" data-file-height="30" /></a></span> </p> </div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/India_General_Service_Medal_(1909)" title="India General Service Medal (1909)">India General Service Medal (1909)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/King_George_V_Silver_Jubilee_Medal" title="King George V Silver Jubilee Medal">King George V Silver Jubilee Medal</a> – 1935</li> <li><a href="/wiki/King_George_VI_Coronation_Medal" title="King George VI Coronation Medal">King George VI Coronation Medal</a> – 1937</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Officer_of_the_Order_of_the_British_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Officer of the Order of the British Empire">Officer of the Order of the British Empire</a> (OBE) – 1939</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Companion_of_the_Order_of_the_Indian_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Companion of the Order of the Indian Empire">Companion of the Order of the Indian Empire</a> (CIE) – 1945</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakistan_Medal" title="Pakistan Medal">Pakistan Medal</a> – 1948</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queen_Elizabeth_II_Coronation_Medal" title="Queen Elizabeth II Coronation Medal">Queen Elizabeth II Coronation Medal</a> – 1953</li> <li>Grand Collar of the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_Pahlavi" title="Order of Pahlavi">Order of Pahlavi</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Iran" class="mw-redirect" title="Empire of Iran">Empire of Iran</a> – 1956</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Supreme_Sun" title="Order of the Supreme Sun">Order of the Supreme Sun</a>, 1st Class of the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Afghanistan" title="Kingdom of Afghanistan">Kingdom of Afghanistan</a> – 1958</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iskandar_Ali_Mirza&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Bengali_language" title="Bengali language">Bengali</a>: <span lang="bn">ইস্কান্দার আলী মির্জা</span>; <a href="/wiki/Urdu_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Urdu language">Urdu</a>: <span lang="ur" dir="rtl"><span class="Nastaliq" dir="rtl" title="Nastaliq" style="font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq', 'Urdu Typesetting', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu Draft', 'Hussaini Nastaleeq', 'AlQalam Taj Nastaleeq', IranNastaliq, 'Awami Nastaliq', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta3', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta2', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta1', 'Nafees Nastaleeq', 'Nafees Nastaleeq v1.01', 'Pak Nastaleeq', 'PDMS_Jauhar', 'Alvi Lahori Nastaleeq'; font-size: 110%; font-style: normal;">اسکندر علی مرزا</span></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iskandar_Ali_Mirza&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Scarecrow_Press,_Rahman-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Scarecrow_Press,_Rahman_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFRahman2010" class="citation book cs1">Rahman, Syedur (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=bJfcCPUr0OoC&pg=PR51"><i>Historical Dictionary of Bangladesh</i></a>. Plymouth, UK: Scarecrow Press. p. li. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8108-7453-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8108-7453-4"><bdi>978-0-8108-7453-4</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 March</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Historical+Dictionary+of+Bangladesh&rft.place=Plymouth%2C+UK&rft.pages=li&rft.pub=Scarecrow+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-8108-7453-4&rft.aulast=Rahman&rft.aufirst=Syedur&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DbJfcCPUr0OoC%26pg%3DPR51&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIskandar+Ali+Mirza" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://encyclopedia2.thefreedictionary.com/Sahibzada+Iskander+Ali+Mirza">"Sahibzada Iskander Ali Mirza"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Sahibzada+Iskander+Ali+Mirza&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fencyclopedia2.thefreedictionary.com%2FSahibzada%2BIskander%2BAli%2BMirza&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIskandar+Ali+Mirza" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLentz2013" class="citation book cs1">Lentz, Harris M. (2013) [First published 1994]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=RwfKAgAAQBAJ&q=iskandar+mirza+born+13+November+1899&pg=PA1896"><i>Heads of States and Governments</i></a>. Routledge. p. 606. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-134-26497-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-134-26497-1"><bdi>978-1-134-26497-1</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 January</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Heads+of+States+and+Governments&rft.pages=606&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1-134-26497-1&rft.aulast=Lentz&rft.aufirst=Harris+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DRwfKAgAAQBAJ%26q%3Diskandar%2Bmirza%2Bborn%2B13%2BNovember%2B1899%26pg%3DPA1896&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIskandar+Ali+Mirza" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBaxter1997" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Craig_Baxter" title="Craig Baxter">Baxter, Craig</a> (1997). <i>Bangladesh: From a Nation to a State</i>. Boulder, CO: Westview Press. pp. 23, 64. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8133-2854-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8133-2854-6"><bdi>978-0-8133-2854-6</bdi></a>. <q>Members and collaterals of the [Murshidabad] nawab family have been prominent in Pakistani politics, including Iskandar Mirza ... Mirza was a member of the Murshidabad family of Sirajuddaulah."<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span></q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Bangladesh%3A+From+a+Nation+to+a+State&rft.place=Boulder%2C+CO&rft.pages=23%2C+64&rft.pub=Westview+Press&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-0-8133-2854-6&rft.aulast=Baxter&rft.aufirst=Craig&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIskandar+Ali+Mirza" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSalīm1997" class="citation book cs1">Salīm, Ahmad (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=sCNuAAAAMAAJ&q=Fateh+Ali+Mirza"><i>Iskander Mirza: Rise and Fall of a President</i></a>. Lahore, Pakistan: Gora Publishers. pp. 15, 18. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/254567097">254567097</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 January</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Iskander+Mirza%3A+Rise+and+Fall+of+a+President&rft.place=Lahore%2C+Pakistan&rft.pages=15%2C+18&rft.pub=Gora+Publishers&rft.date=1997&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F254567097&rft.aulast=Sal%C4%ABm&rft.aufirst=Ahmad&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DsCNuAAAAMAAJ%26q%3DFateh%2BAli%2BMirza&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIskandar+Ali+Mirza" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Twenty-First_Century_Books,_Streissguth-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Twenty-First_Century_Books,_Streissguth_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStreissguth2008" class="citation book cs1">Streissguth, Thomas (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Cwk281bnHa8C&q=mir+jafar+arab&pg=PA27"><i>Bangladesh in Pictures</i></a>. Twenty-First Century Books. p. 27. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8225-8577-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8225-8577-0"><bdi>978-0-8225-8577-0</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 March</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Bangladesh+in+Pictures&rft.pages=27&rft.pub=Twenty-First+Century+Books&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-8225-8577-0&rft.aulast=Streissguth&rft.aufirst=Thomas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DCwk281bnHa8C%26q%3Dmir%2Bjafar%2Barab%26pg%3DPA27&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIskandar+Ali+Mirza" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHasina2020" class="citation book cs1">Hasina, Sheikh (2020). <i>Secret documents of intelligence branch on father of the nation, Bangladesh : Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujibur Rahman 1948-1971 : declassified documents</i>. London: Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780367467968" title="Special:BookSources/9780367467968"><bdi>9780367467968</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Secret+documents+of+intelligence+branch+on+father+of+the+nation%2C+Bangladesh+%3A+Bangabandhu+Sheikh+Mujibur+Rahman+1948-1971+%3A+declassified+documents&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2020&rft.isbn=9780367467968&rft.aulast=Hasina&rft.aufirst=Sheikh&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIskandar+Ali+Mirza" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Gora_Publishers,_Salim-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Gora_Publishers,_Salim_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSalīm1997" class="citation book cs1">Salīm, Aḥmad (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=sCNuAAAAMAAJ&q=first+indian"><i>Iskander Mirza: Rise and Fall of a President</i></a>. Lahore, Pakistan: Gora Publishers. pp. 17, 20<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 March</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Iskander+Mirza%3A+Rise+and+Fall+of+a+President&rft.place=Lahore%2C+Pakistan&rft.pages=17%2C+20&rft.pub=Gora+Publishers&rft.date=1997&rft.aulast=Sal%C4%ABm&rft.aufirst=A%E1%B8%A5mad&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DsCNuAAAAMAAJ%26q%3Dfirst%2Bindian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIskandar+Ali+Mirza" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Routledge,_Khan-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Routledge,_Khan_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKhan2015" class="citation book cs1">Khan, Feisal (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Z1pACwAAQBAJ&q=iskander+mirza+university+of+bombay&pg=PT58"><i>Islamic Banking in Pakistan: Shariah-Compliant Finance and the Quest to make Pakistan more Islamic</i></a>. Routledge. p. 26. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-317-36652-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-317-36652-2"><bdi>978-1-317-36652-2</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 March</span> 2017</span>. <q>Mirza ... attended Bombay University before joining the British Royal Military Academy, Sandhurst, as its first Indian cadet.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Islamic+Banking+in+Pakistan%3A+Shariah-Compliant+Finance+and+the+Quest+to+make+Pakistan+more+Islamic&rft.pages=26&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-1-317-36652-2&rft.aulast=Khan&rft.aufirst=Feisal&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DZ1pACwAAQBAJ%26q%3Diskander%2Bmirza%2Buniversity%2Bof%2Bbombay%26pg%3DPT58&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIskandar+Ali+Mirza" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Story_of_Pakistan_(Part-I)-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Story_of_Pakistan_(Part-I)_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Story_of_Pakistan_(Part-I)_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Story_of_Pakistan_(Part-I)_11-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Story_of_Pakistan_(Part-I)_11-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Story_of_Pakistan_(Part-I)_11-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Story_of_Pakistan_(Part-I)_11-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Story_of_Pakistan_(Part-I)_11-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Story_of_Pakistan_(Part-I)_11-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Story_of_Pakistan_(Part-I)_11-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Story_of_Pakistan_(Part-I)_11-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Story_of_Pakistan_(Part-I)_11-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Story_of_Pakistan_(Part-I)_11-11"><sup><i><b>l</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Story_of_Pakistan_(Part-I)_11-12"><sup><i><b>m</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Story_of_Pakistan_(Part-I)_11-13"><sup><i><b>n</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Story_of_Pakistan_(Part-I)_11-14"><sup><i><b>o</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Story_of_Pakistan_(Part-I)_11-15"><sup><i><b>p</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Story_of_Pakistan_(Part-I)_11-16"><sup><i><b>q</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Story_of_Pakistan_(Part-I)_11-17"><sup><i><b>r</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Story_of_Pakistan_(Part-I)_11-18"><sup><i><b>s</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.storyofpakistan.com/person.asp?perid=P015">"Teething Years: Iskander Mirza"</a>. <i>Story of Pakistan</i>. June 2003<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 February</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Story+of+Pakistan&rft.atitle=Teething+Years%3A+Iskander+Mirza&rft.date=2003-06&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.storyofpakistan.com%2Fperson.asp%3Fperid%3DP015&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIskandar+Ali+Mirza" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-University_Press_of_America,_Mirza-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-University_Press_of_America,_Mirza_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMirza2002" class="citation book cs1">Mirza, Humayun (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=gf8vAQAAIAAJ&q=iskander+mirza+graduated"><i>From Plassey to Pakistan: The Family History of Iskander Mirza, the First President of Pakistan</i></a>. University Press of America. p. 132. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780761823490" title="Special:BookSources/9780761823490"><bdi>9780761823490</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 March</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=From+Plassey+to+Pakistan%3A+The+Family+History+of+Iskander+Mirza%2C+the+First+President+of+Pakistan&rft.pages=132&rft.pub=University+Press+of+America&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=9780761823490&rft.aulast=Mirza&rft.aufirst=Humayun&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dgf8vAQAAIAAJ%26q%3Diskander%2Bmirza%2Bgraduated&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIskandar+Ali+Mirza" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGazette32005" class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/32005/supplement/8141">"No. 32005"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_London_Gazette" title="The London Gazette">The London Gazette</a></i> (Supplement). 3 August 1920. p. 8141.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+London+Gazette&rft.atitle=No.+32005&rft.pages=8141&rft.date=1920-08-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thegazette.co.uk%2FLondon%2Fissue%2F32005%2Fsupplement%2F8141&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIskandar+Ali+Mirza" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGazette32665" class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/32665/page/2819">"No. 32665"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_London_Gazette" title="The London Gazette">The London Gazette</a></i>. 7 April 1922. p. 2819.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+London+Gazette&rft.atitle=No.+32665&rft.pages=2819&rft.date=1922-04-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thegazette.co.uk%2FLondon%2Fissue%2F32665%2Fpage%2F2819&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIskandar+Ali+Mirza" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-record_list-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-record_list_15-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-record_list_15-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-record_list_15-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-record_list_15-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-record_list_15-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><i>The India Office and Burma Office List: 1945</i>. Harrison & Sons, Ltd. 1945. p. 353.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+India+Office+and+Burma+Office+List%3A+1945&rft.pages=353&rft.pub=Harrison+%26+Sons%2C+Ltd.&rft.date=1945&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIskandar+Ali+Mirza" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGazette33367" class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/33367/page/1935">"No. 33367"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_London_Gazette" title="The London Gazette">The London Gazette</a></i>. 16 March 1928. p. 1935.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+London+Gazette&rft.atitle=No.+33367&rft.pages=1935&rft.date=1928-03-16&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thegazette.co.uk%2FLondon%2Fissue%2F33367%2Fpage%2F1935&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIskandar+Ali+Mirza" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Mohammad H.R. 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Government of Pakistan. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.president.gov.pk/index.php?lang=en&opc=2&sel=4&pId=1">the original</a> on 16 January 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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G.</a> (1967). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=mzI6AQAAIAAJ"><i>Abdul Ghaffar Khan: Faith is a Battle</i></a>. Bombay: Gandhi Peace Foundation. p. 355<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 June</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Abdul+Ghaffar+Khan%3A+Faith+is+a+Battle&rft.place=Bombay&rft.pages=355&rft.pub=Gandhi+Peace+Foundation&rft.date=1967&rft.aulast=Tendulkar&rft.aufirst=D.+G.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DmzI6AQAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIskandar+Ali+Mirza" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHossain2010" class="citation book cs1">Hossain, Mokerrom (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=2Vt3KxEBYk0C&q=Iskander+Mirza+joined+Liaquat&pg=PA91"><i>From Protest to Freedom: A Book for the New Generation: the Birth of Bangladesh</i></a>. Mokerrom. p. 91. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-615-48695-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-615-48695-6"><bdi>978-0-615-48695-6</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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ABC-CLIO. p. 94. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-313-34698-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-313-34698-9"><bdi>978-0-313-34698-9</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Springer. p. 82. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-349-20942-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-349-20942-2"><bdi>978-1-349-20942-2</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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NYU Press. pp. 93–94. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8147-1633-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8147-1633-5"><bdi>978-0-8147-1633-5</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 November</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Armed+Forces+of+Pakistan&rft.pages=93-94&rft.pub=NYU+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-8147-1633-5&rft.aulast=Cheema&rft.aufirst=Pervaiz+Iqbal&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dcw_gduyRv5oC%26pg%3DPA93&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIskandar+Ali+Mirza" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-The_Story_of_Pakistan_(Iskandar's_life)-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-The_Story_of_Pakistan_(Iskandar's_life)_31-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-The_Story_of_Pakistan_(Iskandar's_life)_31-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-The_Story_of_Pakistan_(Iskandar's_life)_31-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-The_Story_of_Pakistan_(Iskandar's_life)_31-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-The_Story_of_Pakistan_(Iskandar's_life)_31-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-The_Story_of_Pakistan_(Iskandar's_life)_31-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-The_Story_of_Pakistan_(Iskandar's_life)_31-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-The_Story_of_Pakistan_(Iskandar's_life)_31-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-The_Story_of_Pakistan_(Iskandar's_life)_31-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.storyofpakistan.com/person.asp?perid=P015">"Iskander Mirza"</a>. <i>The Story of Pakistan</i>. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://bangabhaban.gov.bd/Homes/banglahistory_submenu/12/51">the original</a> on 14 April 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 November</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Bangabhaban+%E2%80%93+The+President+House+of+Bangladesh&rft.atitle=Pakistan+Period+%281947-1971%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbangabhaban.gov.bd%2FHomes%2Fbanglahistory_submenu%2F12%2F51&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIskandar+Ali+Mirza" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Ellis,_Sir_Thomas_Hobart">"Ellis, Sir Thomas Hobart"</a>. <i>Banglapedia</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 April</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Pakistan+in+Crisis&rft.pages=32&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-1-134-98977-5&rft.aulast=Kapur&rft.aufirst=Ashok&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DIv2IAgAAQBAJ%26q%3Diskander%2Bmirza%2BInterior%2Bminister%26pg%3DPA32&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIskandar+Ali+Mirza" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Story_of_Pakistan_(Mirza_became_Governor_General)-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Story_of_Pakistan_(Mirza_became_Governor_General)_36-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Story_of_Pakistan_(Mirza_became_Governor_General)_36-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Story_of_Pakistan_(Mirza_became_Governor_General)_36-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Story_of_Pakistan_(Mirza_became_Governor_General)_36-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.storyofpakistan.com/articletext.asp?artid=A059">"Iskander Mirza Becomes Governor-General [1955]"</a>. <i>Story of Pakistan</i>. 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S. Suhrawardy Becomes Prime Minister"</a>. <i>Story of Pakistan</i>. 1 July 2003<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 April</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Story+of+Pakistan&rft.atitle=H.+S.+Suhrawardy+Becomes+Prime+Minister&rft.date=2003-07-01&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fstoryofpakistan.com%2Fh-s-suhrawardy-becomes-prime-minister&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIskandar+Ali+Mirza" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://storyofpakistan.com/i-i-chundrigar-becomes-prime-minister">"I. I. Chundrigar Becomes Prime Minister"</a>. <i>Story of Pakistan</i>. 1 June 2003<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Oxford University Press. p. 394. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-579300-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-579300-0"><bdi>978-0-19-579300-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Mirage+of+Power&rft.pages=394&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-19-579300-0&rft.aulast=Hassan&rft.aufirst=Mubashir&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIskandar+Ali+Mirza" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIqbal_Academy_Pakistan" class="citation web cs1">Iqbal Academy Pakistan. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130602153442/http://therepublicofrumi.com/archives/58abdication.htm">"Lengthy Text of President Iskander Ali Mirza's speech"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://therepublicofrumi.com/archives/58abdication.htm">the original</a> on 2 June 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 February</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Lengthy+Text+of+President+Iskander+Ali+Mirza%27s+speech&rft.au=Iqbal+Academy+Pakistan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftherepublicofrumi.com%2Farchives%2F58abdication.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIskandar+Ali+Mirza" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Story_of_Pakistan_(Ouster_of_President_Iskander_Mirza)-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Story_of_Pakistan_(Ouster_of_President_Iskander_Mirza)_44-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Story_of_Pakistan_(Ouster_of_President_Iskander_Mirza)_44-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Story_of_Pakistan_(Ouster_of_President_Iskander_Mirza)_44-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Story_of_Pakistan_(Ouster_of_President_Iskander_Mirza)_44-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Story_of_Pakistan_(Ouster_of_President_Iskander_Mirza)_44-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Story_of_Pakistan_(Ouster_of_President_Iskander_Mirza)_44-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Story_of_Pakistan_(Ouster_of_President_Iskander_Mirza)_44-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Story_of_Pakistan_(Ouster_of_President_Iskander_Mirza)_44-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Story_of_Pakistan_(Ouster_of_President_Iskander_Mirza)_44-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Story_of_Pakistan_(Ouster_of_President_Iskander_Mirza)_44-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Story_of_Pakistan_(Ouster_of_President_Iskander_Mirza)_44-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.storyofpakistan.com/articletext.asp?artid=A117">"Ouster of President Iskander Mirza"</a>. <i>Story of Pakistan</i>. June 2003<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 February</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Story+of+Pakistan&rft.atitle=Ouster+of+President+Iskander+Mirza&rft.date=2003-06&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.storyofpakistan.com%2Farticletext.asp%3Fartid%3DA117&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIskandar+Ali+Mirza" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Nation_Books,_Hiro-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Nation_Books,_Hiro_45-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHiro2015" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Dilip_Hiro" title="Dilip Hiro">Hiro, Dilip</a> (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=PpPCBAAAQBAJ&q=Mirza++Ayub+Khan%E2%80%99s+rivals&pg=PA149"><i>The Longest August: The Unflinching Rivalry Between India and Pakistan</i></a>. Nation Books. p. 149. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-56858-503-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-56858-503-1"><bdi>978-1-56858-503-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Longest+August%3A+The+Unflinching+Rivalry+Between+India+and+Pakistan&rft.pages=149&rft.pub=Nation+Books&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-1-56858-503-1&rft.aulast=Hiro&rft.aufirst=Dilip&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DPpPCBAAAQBAJ%26q%3DMirza%2B%2BAyub%2BKhan%25E2%2580%2599s%2Brivals%26pg%3DPA149&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIskandar+Ali+Mirza" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAqil_Shah2014" class="citation book cs1">Aqil Shah (2014). <i>Army and Democracy: Military Politics in Pakistan</i>. Harvard University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-674-72893-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-674-72893-6"><bdi>978-0-674-72893-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Army+and+Democracy%3A+Military+Politics+in+Pakistan&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-0-674-72893-6&rft.au=Aqil+Shah&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIskandar+Ali+Mirza" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Springer,_Rizvi-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Springer,_Rizvi_47-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Springer,_Rizvi_47-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRizvi2000" class="citation book cs1">Rizvi, H. (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ZwGIDAAAQBAJ&q=Afzal+Rahman+Khan+admiral&pg=PA104"><i>Military, State and Society in Pakistan</i></a>. Springer, Rizvi. p. 104. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780230599048" title="Special:BookSources/9780230599048"><bdi>9780230599048</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 November</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Military%2C+State+and+Society+in+Pakistan&rft.pages=104&rft.pub=Springer%2C+Rizvi&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=9780230599048&rft.aulast=Rizvi&rft.aufirst=H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DZwGIDAAAQBAJ%26q%3DAfzal%2BRahman%2BKhan%2Badmiral%26pg%3DPA104&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIskandar+Ali+Mirza" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Jang_Publications-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Jang_Publications_48-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Jang_Publications_48-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Jang_Publications_48-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHumair_Ishtiaq2005" class="citation web cs1">Humair Ishtiaq (25 December 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archives.dawn.com/weekly/books/archive/051225/books15.htm">"Rewviews: Rehabilitation overdue"</a>. <i>Dawn</i>. Karachi, Pakistan: Jang Publications. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20130121084926/http://archives.dawn.com/weekly/books/archive/051225/books15.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 21 January 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 February</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Dawn&rft.atitle=Rewviews%3A+Rehabilitation+overdue&rft.date=2005-12-25&rft.au=Humair+Ishtiaq&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farchives.dawn.com%2Fweekly%2Fbooks%2Farchive%2F051225%2Fbooks15.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIskandar+Ali+Mirza" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Humayun_Mirza_1999-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Humayun_Mirza_1999_49-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Humayun_Mirza_1999_49-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Humayun_Mirza_1999_49-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Humayun_Mirza_1999_49-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Humayun Mirza, From Plassey to Pakistan: The Family History of Iskander Mirza, 1999, Ferozsons, Lahore</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Times_of_India-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Times_of_India_50-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKabita_Chowdhury2011" class="citation news cs1">Kabita Chowdhury (29 December 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/First-Pakistani-presidents-Bengal-home-in-a-shambles/articleshow/11286894.cms">"First Pakistan president's Bengal home in a shambles"</a>. <i>The Times of India</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130505230755/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-12-29/kolkata/30568408_1_house-national-property-pratibha-patil">Archived</a> from the original on 5 May 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 February</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Times+of+India&rft.atitle=First+Pakistan+president%27s+Bengal+home+in+a+shambles&rft.date=2011-12-29&rft.au=Kabita+Chowdhury&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftimesofindia.indiatimes.com%2Fcity%2Fkolkata%2FFirst-Pakistani-presidents-Bengal-home-in-a-shambles%2Farticleshow%2F11286894.cms&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIskandar+Ali+Mirza" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bucknell.edu/news/grounding-humanities">"Grounding the Humanities"</a>. <i>www.bucknell.edu</i>. 12 July 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 March</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.bucknell.edu&rft.atitle=Grounding+the+Humanities&rft.date=2017-07-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bucknell.edu%2Fnews%2Fgrounding-humanities&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIskandar+Ali+Mirza" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ZAB_calls_Iskander_Mirza-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ZAB_calls_Iskander_Mirza_52-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ZAB_calls_Iskander_Mirza_52-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110908185318/http://talkhaba.com/2011/06/iskander-mirza-was-greater-than-muhammad-ali-jinnah-z-a-bhutto-asserts.html">"ZAB calls Iskander Mirza 'Greater Than Jinnah'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. Indian Press News. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://talkhaba.com/2011/06/iskander-mirza-was-greater-than-muhammad-ali-jinnah-z-a-bhutto-asserts.html">the original</a> on 8 September 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 February</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=ZAB+calls+Iskander+Mirza+%27Greater+Than+Jinnah%27&rft.pub=Indian+Press+News&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftalkhaba.com%2F2011%2F06%2Fiskander-mirza-was-greater-than-muhammad-ali-jinnah-z-a-bhutto-asserts.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIskandar+Ali+Mirza" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Enisen_Publishing,_Roraback-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Enisen_Publishing,_Roraback_53-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoraback2004" class="citation book cs1">Roraback, Amanda (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=OmClf6kOfA0C&pg=PA16"><i>Pakistan in a Nutshell</i></a>. Enisen Publishing. p. 16. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780970290892" title="Special:BookSources/9780970290892"><bdi>9780970290892</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 March</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Pakistan+in+a+Nutshell&rft.pages=16&rft.pub=Enisen+Publishing&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=9780970290892&rft.aulast=Roraback&rft.aufirst=Amanda&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DOmClf6kOfA0C%26pg%3DPA16&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIskandar+Ali+Mirza" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hindustan_Times,_2016-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Hindustan_Times,_2016_54-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/house-of-pakistan-s-first-prez-in-murshidabad-now-in-ruins/story-KOBTNcPkXeN1OTMeSEBxFO.html">"House of Pakistan's first president in Murshidabad in ruins"</a>. <i>Hindustan Times</i>. 27 June 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 April</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Hindustan+Times&rft.atitle=House+of+Pakistan%27s+first+president+in+Murshidabad+in+ruins&rft.date=2016-06-27&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hindustantimes.com%2Findia-news%2Fhouse-of-pakistan-s-first-prez-in-murshidabad-now-in-ruins%2Fstory-KOBTNcPkXeN1OTMeSEBxFO.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIskandar+Ali+Mirza" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iskandar_Ali_Mirza&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Iskander_Mirza" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Iskander Mirza"><span style="font-style:italic; font-weight:bold;">Iskander Mirza</span></a>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShahab2005" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Qudrat-Ullah_Shahab" class="mw-redirect" title="Qudrat-Ullah Shahab">Shahab, Qudrat-Ullah</a> (2005). <i>Shahabnama</i> (21st ed.). Karachi: Sang-e-Meel. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-969-35-0025-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-969-35-0025-7"><bdi>978-969-35-0025-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Shahabnama&rft.place=Karachi&rft.edition=21st&rft.pub=Sang-e-Meel&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-969-35-0025-7&rft.aulast=Shahab&rft.aufirst=Qudrat-Ullah&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIskandar+Ali+Mirza" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMirza2002" class="citation book cs1">Mirza, Humayun (2002). <i>From Plassey to Pakistan</i>. Washington, D.C.: <a href="/wiki/University_Press_of_America" title="University Press of America">University Press of America</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7618-1509-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7618-1509-9"><bdi>978-0-7618-1509-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=From+Plassey+to+Pakistan&rft.place=Washington%2C+D.C.&rft.pub=University+Press+of+America&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-7618-1509-9&rft.aulast=Mirza&rft.aufirst=Humayun&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIskandar+Ali+Mirza" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <table class="wikitable succession-box noprint" style="margin:0.5em auto; font-size:small;clear:both;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #ccccff;">Political offices </th></tr> <tr> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b>New office</b> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Defence_Secretary_of_Pakistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Defence Secretary of Pakistan">Defence Secretary of Pakistan</a> </b><br />1947–1954 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Akhter_Husain" title="Akhter Husain">Akhter Husain</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Chaudhry_Khaliquzzaman" title="Chaudhry Khaliquzzaman">Chaudhry Khaliquzzaman</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> Governor of <a href="/wiki/East_Bengal" title="East Bengal">East Bengal</a> </b><br />1954 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Shahabuddin" title="Muhammad Shahabuddin">Muhammad Shahabuddin</a></span><br /><small>Acting</small></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Mushtaq_Ahmed_Gurmani" title="Mushtaq Ahmed Gurmani">Mushtaq Ahmed Gurmani</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Interior_(Pakistan)" title="Ministry of Interior (Pakistan)">Minister of the Interior</a> </b><br />1954–1955 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/A._K._Fazlul_Huq" title="A. K. Fazlul Huq">Fazlul Huq</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Malik_Ghulam_Muhammad" title="Malik Ghulam Muhammad">Malik Ghulam Muhammad</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Governor-General_of_Pakistan" title="Governor-General of Pakistan">Governor-General of Pakistan</a> </b><br />1955–1956 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;"><b>Position abolished. Himself as first <a href="/wiki/President_of_Pakistan" title="President of Pakistan">President of Pakistan</a> </b> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b>New title</b> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/President_of_Pakistan" title="President of Pakistan">President of Pakistan</a> </b><br />1956–1958 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Ayub_Khan_(Field_Marshal)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ayub Khan (Field Marshal)">Ayub Khan</a></div> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline 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href="/wiki/Template:Presidents_of_Pakistan" title="Template:Presidents of Pakistan"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Presidents_of_Pakistan" title="Template talk:Presidents of Pakistan"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Presidents_of_Pakistan" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Presidents of Pakistan"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Presidents_of_Pakistan" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/President_of_Pakistan" title="President of Pakistan">Presidents of Pakistan</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="1" style="width:1px;padding:0 2px 0 0"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Pakistan.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Pakistan.svg/100px-Flag_of_Pakistan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="67" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Pakistan.svg/150px-Flag_of_Pakistan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Pakistan.svg/200px-Flag_of_Pakistan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></div></td><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Mirza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ayub_Khan" title="Ayub Khan">Ayub Khan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yahya_Khan" title="Yahya Khan">Yahya Khan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zulfikar_Ali_Bhutto" title="Zulfikar Ali Bhutto">Bhutto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fazal_Ilahi_Chaudhry" title="Fazal Ilahi Chaudhry">Ilahi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Zia-ul-Haq" class="mw-redirect" title="Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq">Zia-ul-Haq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghulam_Ishaq_Khan" title="Ghulam Ishaq Khan">Ghulam Ishaq Khan</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Wasim_Sajjad" title="Wasim Sajjad">Sajjad</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Farooq_Leghari" title="Farooq Leghari">Leghari</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Wasim_Sajjad" title="Wasim Sajjad">Sajjad</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Rafiq_Tarar" title="Muhammad Rafiq Tarar">Tarar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pervez_Musharraf" title="Pervez Musharraf">Musharraf</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Mian_Soomro" title="Muhammad Mian Soomro">Soomro</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asif_Ali_Zardari" title="Asif Ali Zardari">Zardari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mamnoon_Hussain" title="Mamnoon Hussain">Mamnoon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arif_Alvi" title="Arif Alvi">Alvi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asif_Ali_Zardari" title="Asif Ali Zardari">Zardari</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="1" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a 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role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Governors-general_of_Pakistan" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Governors-general_of_Pakistan" title="Template:Governors-general of Pakistan"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Governors-general_of_Pakistan" title="Template talk:Governors-general of Pakistan"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Governors-general_of_Pakistan" 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title="Template talk:Governors of East Bengal"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Governors_of_East_Bengal" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Governors of East Bengal"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Governor_of_East_Bengal" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Governor of <a href="/wiki/East_Bengal" title="East Bengal">East Bengal</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="1" style="width:1px;padding:0 2px 0 0"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Pakistan.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Pakistan.svg/80px-Flag_of_Pakistan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="53" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Pakistan.svg/120px-Flag_of_Pakistan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Pakistan.svg/160px-Flag_of_Pakistan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></div></td><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_Chalmers_Bourne" title="Frederick Chalmers Bourne">Bourne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feroz_Khan_Noon" title="Feroz Khan Noon">Noon</a> <i>(<a href="/wiki/Abdur_Rahman_Siddiqui" title="Abdur Rahman Siddiqui">Siddiqui</a>)</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chaudhry_Khaliquzzaman" title="Chaudhry Khaliquzzaman">Choudhry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iskander_Mirza" class="mw-redirect" title="Iskander Mirza">Mirza</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Shahabuddin" title="Muhammad Shahabuddin">M. Shahabuddin</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amiruddin_Ahmad" title="Amiruddin Ahmad">Amiruddin Ahmad</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="1" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:State_emblem_of_Pakistan.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/State_emblem_of_Pakistan.svg/80px-State_emblem_of_Pakistan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="92" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/State_emblem_of_Pakistan.svg/120px-State_emblem_of_Pakistan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/State_emblem_of_Pakistan.svg/160px-State_emblem_of_Pakistan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="587" /></a></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Interior_ministers_of_Pakistan" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Interior_Minister_of_Pakistan" title="Template:Interior Minister of Pakistan"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Interior_Minister_of_Pakistan" title="Template talk:Interior Minister of Pakistan"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Interior_Minister_of_Pakistan" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Interior Minister of Pakistan"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Interior_ministers_of_Pakistan" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Interior_Minister_of_Pakistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Interior Minister of Pakistan">Interior ministers of Pakistan</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fazlur_Rahman_(politician)" title="Fazlur Rahman (politician)">Fazlur Rahman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khwaja_Shahabuddin" class="mw-redirect" title="Khwaja Shahabuddin">Khwaja Shahabuddin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mushtaq_Ahmed_Gurmani" title="Mushtaq Ahmed Gurmani">Gurmani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iskander_Mirza" class="mw-redirect" title="Iskander Mirza">Mirza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A._K._Fazlul_Huq" title="A. K. Fazlul Huq">A. K. Fazlul Huq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdus_Sattar_(president)" title="Abdus Sattar (president)">Abdus Sattar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mir_Ghulam_Ali_Talpur_(senior)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mir Ghulam Ali Talpur (senior)">Talpur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jalal_Baba" title="Jalal Baba">Jalal Baba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zakir_Husain_(governor)" title="Zakir Husain (governor)">Zakir Husain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Habibullah_Khan_Marwat" title="Habibullah Khan Marwat">Marwat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ayub_Khan_(general)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ayub Khan (general)">Ayub Khan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chaudhry_Ali_Akbar_Khan" title="Chaudhry Ali Akbar Khan">Chaudhry Ali Akbar Khan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afzal_Rahman_Khan" title="Afzal Rahman Khan">Afzal Rahman Khan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdul_Hamid_Khan_(general)" title="Abdul Hamid Khan (general)">Abdul Hamid Khan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdur_Rashid_Khan_(politician)" title="Abdur Rashid Khan (politician)">Abdur Rashid Khan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zulfikar_Ali_Bhutto" title="Zulfikar Ali Bhutto">Bhutto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdul_Qayyum_Khan" title="Abdul Qayyum Khan">Abdul Qayyum Khan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zulfikar_Ali_Bhutto" title="Zulfikar Ali Bhutto">Bhutto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inamul_Haque_Khan" title="Inamul Haque Khan">Inamul Haq Khan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahmoud_Haroon" title="Mahmoud Haroon">Mahmoud Haroon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/F._S._Lodhi" title="F. S. Lodhi">F. S. Lodhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Khan_Junejo" title="Muhammad Khan Junejo">Junejo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aslam_Khattak" title="Aslam Khattak">Khattak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wasim_Sajjad" title="Wasim Sajjad">Wasim Sajjad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malik_Naseem_Ahmed_Aheer" title="Malik Naseem Ahmed Aheer">Aheer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aitzaz_Ahsan" title="Aitzaz Ahsan">Aitzaz Ahsan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chaudhry_Shujaat_Hussain" class="mw-redirect" title="Chaudhry Shujaat Hussain">Chaudhry Shujaat Hussain</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Fateh_Khan_Bandial" title="Fateh Khan Bandial">Bandial</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naseerullah_Babar" title="Naseerullah Babar">Naseerullah Babar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chaudhry_Shujaat_Hussain" class="mw-redirect" title="Chaudhry Shujaat Hussain">Chaudhry Shujaat Hussain</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Moinuddin_Haider" title="Moinuddin Haider">Moinuddin Haider</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faisal_Saleh_Hayat" title="Faisal Saleh Hayat">Faisal Saleh Hayat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aftab_Ahmad_Sherpao" class="mw-redirect" title="Aftab Ahmad Sherpao">Sherpao</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hamid_Nawaz_Khan" title="Hamid Nawaz Khan">Hamid Nawaz Khan</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rehman_Malik" title="Rehman Malik">Rehman Malik</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Malik_Habib" title="Malik Habib">Malik Habib</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chaudhary_Nisar_Ali_Khan" title="Chaudhary Nisar Ali Khan">Chaudhary Nisar Ali Khan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahsan_Iqbal" title="Ahsan Iqbal">Ahsan Iqbal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imran_Khan" title="Imran Khan">Imran Khan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ijaz_Ahmed_Shah" title="Ijaz Ahmed Shah">Ijaz Ahmed Shah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sheikh_Rasheed_Ahmad" title="Sheikh Rasheed Ahmad">Sheikh Rasheed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rana_Sanaullah" title="Rana Sanaullah">Rana Sanaullah</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sarfaraz_Bugti" class="mw-redirect" title="Sarfaraz Bugti">Bugti</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Gohar_Ejaz" title="Gohar Ejaz">Gohar Ejaz</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohsin_Naqvi" title="Mohsin Naqvi">Naqvi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><i>Italics</i> indicate caretaker or acting ministers</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <p><br /> </p> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q155111#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q155111#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q155111#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, 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style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/121931439">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n89136865">United States</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/pnd121931439.html?language=en">Deutsche Biographie</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://islamansiklopedisi.org.tr/iskender-mirza">İslâm Ansiklopedisi</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&useformat=desktop" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Iskandar_Ali_Mirza&oldid=1259865506">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Iskandar_Ali_Mirza&oldid=1259865506</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1899_births" title="Category:1899 births">1899 births</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1969_deaths" 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