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Jusqu'\u00e0 la fin du xviii e \u00a0si\u00e8cle, moment o\u00f9 il se fond avec le courant de la chanson fran\u00e7aise , le vaudeville se pr\u00e9sente sous deux aspects\u00a0: un aspect satirique inspir\u00e9 des anecdotes et des \u00e9v\u00e9nements de l'actualit\u00e9 (les troubles de la Fronde, par exemple), un aspect plus licencieux qui d\u00e9g\u00e9n\u00e9ra en chant bachique. Avant de devenir une com\u00e9die , il a une longue m\u00e9tamorphose \u00e0 subir. La transformation s'op\u00e9ra au th\u00e9\u00e2tre de la Foire. 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data-matomo-value="page 1" class="page-link" title="Abonnez-vous" data-loaded="true">1</a></li><li class="page-item "><a href="/abonnement" data-matomo-category="Article" data-matomo-name="Folio" data-matomo-value="page 2" class="page-link" title="Abonnez-vous" data-loaded="true">2</a></li><li class="page-item "><a href="/abonnement" data-matomo-category="Article" data-matomo-name="Folio" data-matomo-value="page 3" class="page-link" title="Abonnez-vous" data-loaded="true">3</a></li><li class="page-item "><a href="/abonnement" data-matomo-category="Article" data-matomo-name="Folio" data-matomo-value="page 4" class="page-link" title="Abonnez-vous" data-loaded="true">4</a></li><li class="page-item "><a href="/abonnement" data-matomo-category="Article" data-matomo-name="Folio" data-matomo-value="page 5" class="page-link" title="Abonnez-vous" data-loaded="true">5</a></li><li class="page-item "><a href="/abonnement" data-matomo-category="Article" data-matomo-name="Folio" data-matomo-value="page 6" class="page-link" title="Abonnez-vous" data-loaded="true">6</a></li></ul><div class="content whole type-article" ><div class="block_1" data-ucode="yT304161_0"><i class="anchor" id="yT304161_0"></i><p> A l'origine, au <span class="pc">xv</span><sup>e</sup> siècle, le vaudeville, ou vaudevire, du nom du lieu où il a pris naissance, est une <a data-bs-toggle="popover" data-bs-content="Chanson : un mot clé dans l'histoire de la sensibilité, un mot déconcertant aussi, tant le sens en est à la fois multiple et imprécis. Car le spécialiste qui voudrait récapituler toutes les significations du terme « chanson » devrait en appeler à la fois à la musique , aux lettres, à la philosophie , à la sociologie, à l'ethnologie, à l'histoire. La chanson a cessé d'être cet..." title="Article : CHANSON" href="/encyclopedie/chanson/">chanson</a> gaie et maligne. Jusqu'à la fin du <span class="pc">xviii</span><sup>e</sup> siècle, moment où il se fond avec le courant de la <a data-bs-toggle="popover" data-bs-content="Dans toutes les cultures, la parole chantée est le plus ancien mode d'expression poétique. La musique , expression en soi, constitue aussi un système mnémotechnique qui permet de mieux retenir les paroles, comme la versification ou la rime. La chanson française n'échappe pas à ces règles. Il ne nous reste rien de la culture poétique gauloise. Mais, dès l'époque des serments de St..." title="Article : CHANSON FRANÇAISE" href="/encyclopedie/chanson-francaise/">chanson française</a>, le vaudeville se présente sous deux aspects : un aspect satirique inspiré des anecdotes et des événements de l'actualité (les troubles de la Fronde, par exemple), un aspect plus licencieux qui dégénéra en chant bachique. Avant de devenir une <a data-bs-toggle="popover" data-bs-content="Si l'on peut suivre aisément la naissance et le développement de la comédie dans le monde occidental, il est impossible de donner une définition univoque et précise de ce terme. Tantôt il se comprend par opposition à la tragédie , pour désigner une pièce de théâtre dont les personnages appartiennent à une humanité moyenne et dont les péripéties trouvent une conclusion heureuse. Ta..." title="Article : COMÉDIE" href="/encyclopedie/comedie/">comédie</a>, il a une longue métamorphose à subir. La transformation s'opéra au théâtre de la Foire. Dans la première moitié du <span class="pc">xviii</span><sup>e</sup> siècle, la formule qui y triomphe est la comédie « à vaudevilles », c'est-à-dire entrecoupée de ballets et de couplets chantés sur un air connu et dont on change les paroles au gré de la représentation.</p><p>En 1712, Le Sage, Fuzelier et Dorneval commencent à composer des pièces avec vaudevilles qui portent le nom d'opéras-comiques. Les personnages, inspirés de la <a data-bs-toggle="popover" data-bs-content="La comédie italienne est le seul genre cinématographique à pouvoir être comparé, pour sa richesse, sa fidélité à certaines lignes de force et son enracinement dans une tradition nationale, aux grands genres du cinéma américain, tels le western ou la comédie musicale. Malgré sa relative ancienneté, elle n'a été pourtant pleinement appréciée dans sa propre patrie que par l'effet d..." title="Article : COMÉDIE ITALIENNE, cinéma" href="/encyclopedie/comedie-italienne-cinema/">comédie italienne</a>, sont mêlés à des situations cocasses à rebondissement. Par ailleurs, les allusions à l'actualité et les traits satiriques y sont nombreux. C'est déjà l'annonce du vaudeville tel qu'il va se présenter au <span class="pc">xix</span><sup>e</sup> siècle. En 1743, une nouvelle étape est franchie lorsque Jean Monnet, devenu directeur de l'<a data-bs-toggle="popover" data-bs-content="Le vocabulaire français étant le seul à avoir adopté l'expression « opéra-comique » pour désigner une forme de théâtre lyrique où les dialogues parlés alternent avec les scènes chantées, ce terme devrait s'appliquer à des œuvres aussi différentes que Fidelio , de Beethoven, et Carmen , de Bizet. En fait, la grande période de l'opéra-comique français proprement dit est la se..." title="Article : OPÉRA-COMIQUE" href="/encyclopedie/opera-comique/">Opéra-Comique</a>, fait appel à des artistes comme Grétry, Philidor et Monsigny, et à des auteurs de talent tels Pirou, Vadé, Favart et Sedaine qui, sur le modèle des chanteurs italiens, les bouffons, ont l'idée de faire composer une <a data-bs-toggle="popover" data-bs-content="La musique !... Qu'est-ce que cela veut dire ?... Il est permis de supposer que Bach aurait su tranquillement trouver la réponse à une telle question, et sans doute aussi Couperin, Lassus, Grégoire le Grand et Aristoxène. Plus près de nous, Rameau et Haydn devaient avoir quelque idée claire de la chose. Pour Mozart, cela est déjà moins sûr. Quant à Beethoven, il commence à s'interroge..." title="Article : MUSIQUE" href="/encyclopedie/musique/">musique</a> nouvelle pour leurs pièces. La naissance du véritable opéra-comique est consacrée. Toutefois, la simple comédie à vaudevilles subsiste, en donnant une part plus importante au dialogue parlé au détriment de la partie musicale, réduite à quelques couplets.</p><p>En 1792, la proclamation de la liberté du théâtre permit l'éclosion de scènes spécialement consacrées au genre : ce fut d'abord le théâtre du Vaudeville qui contribua au transfert de sens du terme vaudeville, désormais appliqué à la pièce elle-même. Contemporain du <a data-bs-toggle="popover" data-bs-content="Le mélodrame est un genre décrié. Sa réputation a été grande et René Charles Guilbert de Pixérécourt (1773-1844), le « Corneille du mélodrame », gagnait, à produire des mélodrames, plus de 25 000 francs par an. Somme énorme. De nos jours, le mélodrame « est victime d'un reproche majeur et général : il est populaire, boulevardier, vulgaire ; c'est la tragédie du pa..." title="Article : MÉLODRAME" href="/encyclopedie/melodrame/">mélodrame</a> et connaissant autant de succès que lui, le vaudeville se définit comme un genre facile dans lequel s'essayent plusieurs auteurs en collaboration. Aucune prétention littéraire ni moraliste ne vient entacher leur démarche, leur unique but étant d'amuser le public. Ouvert à tous les jeux de mots, aux plaisanteries les moins recherchées, exploitant une actualité immédiate, le vaudeville, au départ voisin des parades, tend à accorder de plus en plus d'importance à l'intrigue. Il a créé quelques types passés à la postérité, tel le valet balourd pourvoyeur de catastrophes du <em>Désespoir de Jocrisse</em> de Dorvigny (1792), ou la célèbre <em>Madame Angot ou la Poissarde parvenue </em>de Maillot (1797). Après la Révolution et sous la Restauration, ces auteurs foisonnent, les plus célèbres étant Piis, Barré, Radet, Desfontaines, Desaugiers.</p><p>Au début du <span class="pc">xix</span><sup>e</sup> siècle, le genre ne s'améliore pas, et connaît un extraordinaire développement. Il faut attendre l'arrivée de Scribe qui, de 1815 à 1850, sans en renier les conventions (il garde la chanson et les procédés traditionnels), transforme le vaudeville en comédie sentimentale et brillante tout en en faisant le miroir des mœurs, des modes et des ridicules de son temps. À l'intrigue, il ajoute les ressources du quiproquo et, conscient de ses effets, il s'efforce de construire ses pièces avec une progression savante et calculée. Cette comédie-vaudeville, que Francisque Sarcey appellera plus tard « la pièce bien faite », est bâtie sur une intrigue dominée par les événements imprévus et le hasard. <a data-bs-toggle="popover" data-bs-content="Biographie d'EUGÈNE LABICHE (1815-1888). Successeur direct de Scribe dans la tradition du vaudeville et dans les faveurs du public parisien, Eugène Labiche a régné en maître sur le théâtre comique durant le second Empire. Cette célébrité ne déteint pas sur sa vie (« trop heureuse pour que [sa] biographie soit intéressante », dit-il lui-même), où le succès ne s'est pas fait a..." title="Article : EUGÈNE LABICHE (1815-1888)" href="/encyclopedie/eugene-labiche/">Eugène Labiche</a> recueille l'héritage de Scribe. Brossant le tableau de mœurs de la bourgeoisie du second Empire, il l'empreint d'une telle gaieté<a href="javascript:" title="Lire la suite" class="read-more ms-1">[...]</a></p></div><div class="clearfix"></div></div><ul class="pagination justify-content-center public-links "><li class="page-item active"><a href="/abonnement" data-matomo-category="Article" data-matomo-name="Folio" data-matomo-value="page 1" class="page-link" title="Abonnez-vous" data-loaded="true">1</a></li><li class="page-item "><a href="/abonnement" data-matomo-category="Article" data-matomo-name="Folio" data-matomo-value="page 2" class="page-link" title="Abonnez-vous" data-loaded="true">2</a></li><li class="page-item "><a href="/abonnement" data-matomo-category="Article" data-matomo-name="Folio" data-matomo-value="page 3" class="page-link" title="Abonnez-vous" data-loaded="true">3</a></li><li class="page-item "><a href="/abonnement" data-matomo-category="Article" data-matomo-name="Folio" data-matomo-value="page 4" class="page-link" title="Abonnez-vous" data-loaded="true">4</a></li><li class="page-item "><a href="/abonnement" data-matomo-category="Article" data-matomo-name="Folio" data-matomo-value="page 5" class="page-link" title="Abonnez-vous" data-loaded="true">5</a></li><li class="page-item "><a href="/abonnement" data-matomo-category="Article" data-matomo-name="Folio" data-matomo-value="page 6" class="page-link" title="Abonnez-vous" data-loaded="true">6</a></li></ul><div class="folio-block"><p class="folio-block-title text-center text-uc"><strong>La suite de cet article est accessible aux abonnés</strong></p><ul class="list-unstyled"><li><i class="fa fa-fw fa-check-circle"></i> Des contenus variés, complets et fiables</li><li><i class="fa fa-fw fa-check-circle"></i> Accessible sur tous les écrans</li><li><i class="fa fa-fw fa-check-circle"></i> Pas de publicité</li></ul><p class="text-center"><a href="/abonnement/" class="btn btn-cta text-uc" id="folio-button" data-matomo-category="Article" data-matomo-name="Folio" data-matomo-value="Block bottom">Découvrez nos offres </a></p><p class="text-center text-sm"> Déjà abonné ? <a href="/identification/" id="folio-login">Se connecter</a></p></div><div id="ad_mpuslot" class="pub-container text-center"><div class="pub-placeholder"></div></div><section class="mt-3 mb-5"><i class="anchor" id="T304161_AUTHORS"></i><p class="title-minor">Écrit par</p><ul class="list-group"><li class="list-group-item" data-dc-author="LACAS, Hélène"><a title="Auteur : Hélène LACAS" rel="author" href="/auteurs/helene-lacas/"><strong>Hélène LACAS</strong></a> : auteur </li></ul></section><section class="mb-5"><div class="text-center mb-3 d-print-none"><a class="d-inline-flex flex-row justify-content-center align-items-center btn btn-light btn-large text-start" title="Carte mentale : VAUDEVILLE" href="/carte-mentale/vaudeville/"><i class="fa fa-sitemap fa-rotate-270 me-1 fs-1 text-universalis"></i><p class="m-0"><strong class="fs-4">Carte mentale</strong><br /> Élargissez votre recherche dans Universalis </p></a></div></section> <section class="mb-5 article-classification" data-print-label="la classification" data-print-target=".article-classification"> <i class="anchor" id="yT304161_ROOT_LINES"></i> <p class="title-minor">Classification</p> <nav aria-label="Classification 1"> <ol class="breadcrumb"> <li class="breadcrumb-item"> <a title="Classification : Littératures" href="/classification/litteratures/"> Littératures </a> </li> <li class="breadcrumb-item"> <a title="Classification : Genres littéraires" href="/classification/litteratures/genres-litteraires/"> Genres littéraires </a> </li> <li class="breadcrumb-item"> <a title="Classification : Genres dramatiques en Occident" href="/classification/litteratures/genres-litteraires/genres-dramatiques-en-occident/"> Genres dramatiques en Occident </a> </li> <li class="breadcrumb-item active" data-dc-subject="Vaudeville"> <a title="Classification : Vaudeville" href="/classification/litteratures/genres-litteraires/genres-dramatiques-en-occident/vaudeville/"> Vaudeville </a> </li> </ol> </nav> </section> <section class="mb-5 d-print-none learn-more"> <i class="anchor" id="yT304161_REFERENCES"></i> <p class="title-minor">Autres références</p> <ul class="list-group"> <li class="list-group-item"> <h3 class="fs-5 m-0 mt-1"> <a href="/encyclopedie/theatre-de-boulevard/#c2812"> <span class="rg">BOULEVARD </span><span class="pc">THÉÂTRE DE</span> </a> </h3> <ul class="list-inline list-inline-bullet mb-1 text-muted"> <li class="list-inline-item text-sm">Écrit par <span rel="author">Daniel ZERKI</span> </li> <li class="list-inline-item text-sm">5 988 mots</li> </ul> <div class="snippet-content mt-3"> Issu du théâtre de la foire et d'une tradition qui remonte au Moyen Âge, le vaudeville, comédie mêlée de couplets souvent repris en chœur par le public, est si populaire qu'en 1792 un théâtre lui est consacré. Il connaîtra bien des transformations : Scribe, habile fabricant, en fera une comédie de... </div> </li> <li class="list-group-item"> <h3 class="fs-5 m-0 mt-1"> <a href="/encyclopedie/comedie/#c2812"> <span class="rg">COMÉDIE</span> </a> </h3> <ul class="list-inline list-inline-bullet mb-1 text-muted"> <li class="list-inline-item text-sm">Écrit par <span rel="author">Robert ABIRACHED</span> </li> <li class="list-inline-item text-sm">5 412 mots</li> <li class="list-inline-item text-sm">1 média </li> </ul> <div class="d-none d-md-inline-block float-start me-3"> <a class="protected" title="Article : COM&Eacute;DIE" href="/encyclopedie/comedie/"> <img class="rounded shadow" loading="lazy" alt="O'Casey - crédits : Hulton Archive/ Getty Images" width="125" height="125" src="/media_src/ph993672.jpg"/> </a> </div> <div class="snippet-content mt-3"> ...superbe à partir du second Empire. Au sortir de la Révolution, on avait assisté au succès du <a data-bs-toggle="popover" data-bs-content="Le mélodrame est un genre décrié. Sa réputation a été grande et René Charles Guilbert de Pixérécourt (1773-1844), le « Corneille du mélodrame », gagnait, à produire des mélodrames, plus de 25 000 francs par an. Somme énorme. De nos jours, le mélodrame « est victime d'un reproche majeur et général : il est populaire, boulevardier, vulgaire ; c'est la tragédie du pa..." title="Article : MÉLODRAME" href="/encyclopedie/melodrame/">mélodrame</a> et de son équivalent dans le genre comique, le vaudeville : mi-chantée mi-parlée, cette dernière formule était destinée à distraire à bon compte les spectateurs en usant des moyens les plus éprouvés.... </div> </li> <li class="list-group-item"> <h3 class="fs-5 m-0 mt-1"> <a href="/encyclopedie/comedie-musicale/#c2812"> <span class="rg">COMÉDIE MUSICALE</span> </a> </h3> <ul class="list-inline list-inline-bullet mb-1 text-muted"> <li class="list-inline-item text-sm">Écrit par <span rel="author">Laurent VALIÈRE</span> </li> <li class="list-inline-item text-sm">5 973 mots</li> <li class="list-inline-item text-sm">6 médias </li> </ul> <div class="d-none d-md-inline-block float-start me-3"> <a class="protected" title="Article : COM&Eacute;DIE MUSICALE" href="/encyclopedie/comedie-musicale/"> <img class="rounded shadow" loading="lazy" alt="<it>Hair</it>, musical rock de Galt MacDermot, Gerome Ragni et James Rado - crédits : J. Marcus" width="125" height="125" src="/typo3temp/assets/_processed_/8/a/csm_ph120304e_367f738cf5.webp"/> </a> </div> <div class="snippet-content mt-3"> ...comiques, danses, jonglages et acrobaties. Après la guerre de Sécession, la forme, nettoyée de ses composantes les plus vulgaires, gagne, sous le nom de <em>vaudeville</em>, des théâtres plus familiaux, sous la houlette du producteur précurseur Tony Pastor. Les artistes qui se produisent passent des accords avec... </div> </li> <li class="list-group-item"> <h3 class="fs-5 m-0 mt-1"> <a href="/encyclopedie/antoine-desaugiers/"> <span class="rg">DÉSAUGIERS </span><span class="pc">ANTOINE </span><span class="rm">(1772-1827)</span> </a> </h3> <ul class="list-inline list-inline-bullet mb-1 text-muted"> <li class="list-inline-item text-sm">Écrit par <span rel="author">Jean-Claude KLEIN</span> </li> <li class="list-inline-item text-sm">268 mots</li> </ul> <div class="snippet-content mt-3"> <p> Fils d'un compositeur, Antoine Désaugiers s'affirme très vite hostile à la Révolution et s'exile à Saint-Domingue puis aux États-Unis. Lorsqu'il revient en France, en 1797, le temps est redevenu plus clément pour les talents aimables. Il s'impose alors comme un des vaudevillistes les plus appréciés,...</p> </div> </li> <li class="list-unstyled text-center mt-3"> <a class="btn btn-sm btn-primary" title="Afficher la liste complète des références" rel="related" href="/index/vaudeville/"> Afficher les 15 références <i aria-hidden="true" class="fa fa-fw fa-chevron-right"></i> </a> </li> </ul> </section> </div> <div class="col-lg-4 col-xl-3 px-0 d-none d-lg-block side-bar position-relative"> <div id="ad_rightslot" class="pub-container text-center"> <div class="pub-placeholder"></div> </div> <div id="ad_rightslot2" class="pub-container text-center"> <div class="pub-placeholder"></div> </div> <a class="wrapper cta" href="/abonnement" title="Abonnez-vous à Universalis pour 1 euro" data-matomo-category="CTA" data-matomo-name="Clic" data-matomo-value="Col right"> <img src="/typo3temp/assets/_processed_/b/6/csm_abo-3_f303c484f7.webp" class="full-height" loading="lazy" width="290" height="476" alt="Abonnez-vous à Universalis pour 1 euro"> </a> <div id="newsletter_subscription" class="wrapper p-3"> <p class="fs-3 fw-bold text-center text-light mb-1">Rejoignez-nous</p> <p class="text-center"> Inscrivez-vous à notre <strong>newsletter</strong></p> <div class="input-group mb-3"> <input type="text" class="form-control" placeholder="votre email"> <div class="input-group-append"> <button id="newsletter_subscription_button" class="btn btn-primary text-uppercase" type="button"> <strong>S'inscrire</strong></button> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </main> <div id="bandeau-footer"> <div class="container"> <p><a href="/abonnement" title="Abonnez-vous à Universalis pour 1 euro">Accédez à l'intégralité d'Universalis.fr <strong>sans publicité</strong></a></p> </div> </div> <footer class="container footer text-center d-print-none"> <ul class="list-inline list-inline-bullet mb-2"> <li class="list-inline-item"> <a href="http://www.encyclopaedia-universalis.fr/" title="Encyclopædia Universalis" rel="noopener" target="_blank">Encyclopædia Universalis </a> </li> <li class="list-inline-item"> <a href="https://www.encyclopaedia-universalis.fr/nous-contacter/infos/" title="Contactez-nous" rel="noopener nofollow" target="_blank">Contact</a></li> <li class="list-inline-item"> <a title="Mentions légales" rel="nofollow" href="/mentions-legales/">Mentions légales et politique de confidentialité</a> </li> <li class="list-inline-item"> <a href="https://abonnement.universalis.fr/typo3conf/ext/mailer/Resources/Public/Pdf/cgv.pdf" rel="noopener nofollow" target="_blank" title="Conditions générales de vente">CGV</a> </li> <li class="list-inline-item d-none d-md-inline-block"> <a href="javascript:" id="rgpd" rel="nofollow" title="Consentement RGPD">RGPD</a> </li> </ul> <p class="mb-2">Consulter le <a title="Dictionnaire de l'Encyclopædia Universalis" href="/dictionnaire/"> dictionnaire de l'Encyclopædia Universalis </a> </p> <p class="mb-3">© 2024 Encyclopædia Universalis France. 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