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aria-controls="toc-Types-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Types subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Types-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Slavery_by_descent_and_chattel_slavery" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Slavery_by_descent_and_chattel_slavery"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 Slavery by descent and chattel slavery </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Slavery_by_descent_and_chattel_slavery-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Government-forced_labor" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Government-forced_labor"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2 Government-forced labor </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Government-forced_labor-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Prison_labor" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Prison_labor"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.3 Prison labor </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Prison_labor-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bonded_labor" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bonded_labor"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.4 Bonded labor </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bonded_labor-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Forced_migrant_labor" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Forced_migrant_labor"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.5 Forced migrant labor </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Forced_migrant_labor-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sex_slavery" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sex_slavery"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.6 Sex slavery </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sex_slavery-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Forced_marriage_and_child_marriage" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Forced_marriage_and_child_marriage"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.7 Forced marriage and child marriage </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Forced_marriage_and_child_marriage-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Child_labor" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Child_labor"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.8 Child labor </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Child_labor-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fishing_industry" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fishing_industry"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.9 Fishing industry </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fishing_industry-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Forced_begging" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Forced_begging"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.10 Forced begging </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Forced_begging-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Forced_fraud" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Forced_fraud"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.11 Forced fraud </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Forced_fraud-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Occupations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Occupations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Occupations </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Occupations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Trafficking" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Trafficking"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Trafficking </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Trafficking-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Organizational_efforts_against_slavery" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Organizational_efforts_against_slavery"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Organizational efforts against slavery </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Organizational_efforts_against_slavery-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Organizational efforts against slavery subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Organizational_efforts_against_slavery-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Government_actions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Government_actions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1 Government actions </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Government_actions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Private_initiatives" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Private_initiatives"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.2 Private initiatives </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Private_initiatives-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Statistics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Statistics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Statistics </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Statistics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_modern_slavery" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_modern_slavery"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on modern slavery </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_modern_slavery-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on modern slavery subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_modern_slavery-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Creation_of_new_risks_and_abuses_for_victims" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Creation_of_new_risks_and_abuses_for_victims"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.1 Creation of new risks and abuses for victims </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Creation_of_new_risks_and_abuses_for_victims-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Increased_susceptibility_to_slavery" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Increased_susceptibility_to_slavery"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.2 Increased susceptibility to slavery </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Increased_susceptibility_to_slavery-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Increase_in_risk_for_migrant_workers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Increase_in_risk_for_migrant_workers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.3 Increase in risk for migrant workers </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Increase_in_risk_for_migrant_workers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Disruption_to_anti-slavery_campaigns" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Disruption_to_anti-slavery_campaigns"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.4 Disruption to anti-slavery campaigns </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Disruption_to_anti-slavery_campaigns-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Impact_of_the_pandemic_on_modern_slavery_in_the_UK" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Impact_of_the_pandemic_on_modern_slavery_in_the_UK"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.5 Impact of the pandemic on modern slavery in the UK </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Impact_of_the_pandemic_on_modern_slavery_in_the_UK-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Media" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Media"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 Media </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Media-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12 External links </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-External_links-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle External links subsection </button> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Statistics_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Statistics_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12.1 Statistics </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Statistics_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Slavery in the 21st century</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 21 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-21" aria-hidden="true" > 21 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hedendaagse_slawerny" title="Hedendaagse slawerny – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Hedendaagse slawerny" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%A8%D9%88%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D9%81%D9%8A_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%82%D8%B1%D9%86_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD%D8%A7%D8%AF%D9%8A_%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%B4%D8%B1%D9%8A%D9%86" title="العبودية في القرن الحادي والعشرين – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="العبودية في القرن الحادي والعشرين" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esclavitud_contempor%C3%A0nia" title="Esclavitud contemporània – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Esclavitud contemporània" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esclavitud_en_la_actualidad" title="Esclavitud en la actualidad – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Esclavitud en la actualidad" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%AF%D9%87%E2%80%8C%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%B1%DB%8C_%D9%85%D8%B9%D8%A7%D8%B5%D8%B1" title="برده‌داری معاصر – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="برده‌داری معاصر" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esclavage_contemporain" title="Esclavage contemporain – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Esclavage contemporain" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perbudakan_modern" title="Perbudakan modern – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Perbudakan modern" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schiavit%C3%B9_moderna" title="Schiavitù moderna – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Schiavitù moderna" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Csicsk%C3%A1ztat%C3%A1s" title="Csicskáztatás – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Csicskáztatás" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BE_%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BF%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE" title="Современо ропство – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Современо ропство" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moderne_slavernij" title="Moderne slavernij – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Moderne slavernij" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moderne_slaveri" title="Moderne slaveri – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Moderne slaveri" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D9%87_%DB%8C%D9%88%D9%88%DB%90%D8%B4%D8%AA%D9%85%D9%87_%D9%BE%DB%90%DA%93%DB%8D_%DA%A9%DB%8C_%D8%BA%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%8A" title="په یووېشتمه پېړۍ کی غلامي – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="په یووېشتمه پېړۍ کی غلامي" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target">پښتو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niewolnictwo_w_XXI_wieku" title="Niewolnictwo w XXI wieku – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Niewolnictwo w XXI wieku" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt badge-Q70893996 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Escravid%C3%A3o_contempor%C3%A2nea" title="Escravidão contemporânea – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Escravidão contemporânea" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B0%D0%B1%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE_%D0%B2_XXI_%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%B5" title="Рабство в XXI веке – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Рабство в XXI веке" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slavery_in_the_21st_century" title="Slavery in the 21st century – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Slavery in the 21st century" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moderne_oblike_su%C5%BEenjstva" title="Moderne oblike suženjstva – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Moderne oblike suženjstva" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%BE%D0%BF%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE_%D1%83_21._%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%83" title="Ропство у 21. веку – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Ропство у 21. веку" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%B1%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B2_%E0%AE%85%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%88%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%B1%E0%AF%88" title="தற்கால அடிமைமுறை – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="தற்கால அடிமைமுறை" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ch%E1%BA%BF_%C4%91%E1%BB%99_n%C3%B4_l%E1%BB%87_trong_th%E1%BA%BF_k%E1%BB%B7_21" title="Chế độ nô lệ trong thế kỷ 21 – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Chế độ nô lệ trong thế kỷ 21" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q3369955#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit 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screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks hlist"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Slavery" title="Category:Slavery">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle"><a href="/wiki/Forced_labour" title="Forced labour">Forced labour</a> and <a href="/wiki/Slavery" title="Slavery">slavery</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><a href="/wiki/File:IJzeren_voetring_voor_gevangenen_transparent_background.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Shackles" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/IJzeren_voetring_voor_gevangenen_transparent_background.png/125px-IJzeren_voetring_voor_gevangenen_transparent_background.png" decoding="async" width="125" height="68" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/IJzeren_voetring_voor_gevangenen_transparent_background.png/188px-IJzeren_voetring_voor_gevangenen_transparent_background.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/IJzeren_voetring_voor_gevangenen_transparent_background.png/250px-IJzeren_voetring_voor_gevangenen_transparent_background.png 2x" data-file-width="498" data-file-height="272" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Contemporary</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Child_labour" title="Child labour">Child Labour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Children_in_the_military" title="Children in the military">Child soldiers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conscription" title="Conscription">Conscription</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Debt_bondage" title="Debt bondage">Debt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forced_marriage" title="Forced marriage">Forced marriage</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bride_buying" title="Bride buying">Bride buying</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Child_marriage" title="Child marriage">Child marriage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wife_selling" title="Wife selling">Wife selling</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forced_prostitution" title="Forced prostitution">Forced prostitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_trafficking" title="Human trafficking">Human trafficking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Involuntary_servitude" title="Involuntary servitude">Involuntary servitude</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peon" title="Peon">Peonage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Penal_labour" title="Penal labour">Penal labour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_contemporary_Africa" title="Slavery in contemporary Africa">Contemporary Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_21st-century_jihadism" title="Slavery in 21st-century jihadism">21st-century jihadism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_slavery" title="Sexual slavery">Sexual slavery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wage_slavery" title="Wage slavery">Wage slavery</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/History_of_slavery" title="History of slavery">Historical</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_antiquity" title="Slavery in antiquity">Antiquity</a></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_ancient_Egypt" title="Slavery in ancient Egypt">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Babylonian_law#Three_classes" title="Babylonian law">Babylonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_ancient_Greece" title="Slavery in ancient Greece">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_ancient_Rome" title="Slavery in ancient Rome">Rome</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_medieval_Europe" title="Slavery in medieval Europe">Medieval Europe</a></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancillae" title="Ancillae">Ancillae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Sea_slave_trade" title="Black Sea slave trade">Black Sea slave trade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_the_Byzantine_Empire" title="Slavery in the Byzantine Empire">Byzantine Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kholop" title="Kholop">Kholop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prague_slave_trade" title="Prague slave trade">Prague slave trade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serfdom" title="Serfdom">Serfs</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_serfdom" title="History of serfdom">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serfdom_in_Russia" title="Serfdom in Russia">In Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emancipation_reform_of_1861" title="Emancipation reform of 1861">Emancipation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thrall" title="Thrall">Thrall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genoese_slave_trade" title="Genoese slave trade">Genoese slave trade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venetian_slave_trade" title="Venetian slave trade">Venetian slave trade</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Balkan_slave_trade" title="Balkan slave trade">Balkan slave trade</a></li></ul></li></ul> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/History_of_slavery_in_the_Muslim_world" title="History of slavery in the Muslim world">Muslim world</a></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_the_Abbasid_Caliphate" title="Slavery in the Abbasid Caliphate">Slavery in the Abbasid Caliphate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_al-Andalus" title="Slavery in al-Andalus">Slavery in al-Andalus</a> ‎</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baqt" title="Baqt">Baqt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mukataba" title="Mukataba">Contract of manumission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bukhara_slave_trade" title="Bukhara slave trade">Bukhara slave trade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crimean_slave_trade" class="mw-redirect" title="Crimean slave trade">Crimean slave trade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khazar_slave_trade" title="Khazar slave trade">Khazar slave trade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khivan_slave_trade" title="Khivan slave trade">Khivan slave trade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="Slavery in the Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Avret_Pazarlar%C4%B1" title="Avret Pazarları">Avret Pazarları</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_on_the_Barbary_Coast" title="Slavery on the Barbary Coast">Barbary Coast</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Barbary_slave_trade" title="Barbary slave trade">slave trade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbary_pirates" title="Barbary pirates">pirates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sack_of_Baltimore" title="Sack of Baltimore">Sack of Baltimore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slave_raid_of_Su%C3%B0uroy" title="Slave raid of Suðuroy">Slave raid of Suðuroy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_Abductions" title="Turkish Abductions">Turkish Abductions</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_views_on_concubinage" title="Islamic views on concubinage">Concubinage</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_concubinage_in_the_Muslim_world" title="History of concubinage in the Muslim world">history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ma_malakat_aymanukum" class="mw-redirect" title="Ma malakat aymanukum">Ma malakat aymanukum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avret_Pazarlar%C4%B1" title="Avret Pazarları">Avret Pazarları</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harem" title="Harem">Harem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abbasid_harem" title="Abbasid harem">Abbasid harem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Imperial_Harem" title="Ottoman Imperial Harem">Ottoman Imperial Harem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Safavid_imperial_harem" title="Safavid imperial harem">Safavid imperial harem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qajar_harem" title="Qajar harem">Qajar harem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jarya" title="Jarya">Jarya</a>/<a href="/wiki/Cariye" title="Cariye">Cariye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Odalisque" title="Odalisque">Odalisque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qiyan" title="Qiyan">Qiyan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Umm_al-walad" title="Umm al-walad">Umm al-walad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Circassian_slave_trade" class="mw-redirect" title="Circassian slave trade">Circassian slave trade</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saqaliba" title="Saqaliba">Saqaliba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_the_Rashidun_Caliphate" title="Slavery in the Rashidun Caliphate">Slavery in the Rashidun Caliphate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_the_Umayyad_Caliphate" title="Slavery in the Umayyad Caliphate">Slavery in the Umayyad Caliphate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_the_Abbasid_Caliphate" title="Slavery in the Abbasid Caliphate">Slavery in the Abbasid Caliphate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volga_Bulgarian_slave_trade" title="Volga Bulgarian slave trade">Volga Bulgarian slave trade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_21st-century_jihadism" title="Slavery in 21st-century jihadism">21st century</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Atlantic_slave_trade" title="Atlantic slave trade">Atlantic slave trade</a></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bristol_slave_trade" title="Bristol slave trade">Bristol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atlantic_slave_trade_to_Brazil" title="Atlantic slave trade to Brazil">Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voyages:_The_Trans-Atlantic_Slave_Trade_Database" title="Voyages: The Trans-Atlantic Slave Trade Database">Database</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_Slave_Coast" title="Dutch Slave Coast">Dutch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_Passage" title="Middle Passage">Middle Passage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nantes_slave_trade" title="Nantes slave trade">Nantes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_New_France" title="Slavery in New France">New France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panyarring" title="Panyarring">Panyarring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_colonial_Spanish_America" title="Slavery in colonial Spanish America">Spanish Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slave_Coast_of_West_Africa" title="Slave Coast of West Africa">Slave Coast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_the_colonial_history_of_the_United_States" title="Slavery in the colonial history of the United States">Thirteen colonies</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>Topics and practice</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Conscription" title="Conscription">Conscription</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ghilman" title="Ghilman">Ghilman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mamluk" title="Mamluk">Mamluk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Devshirme" title="Devshirme">Devshirme</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blackbirding" title="Blackbirding">Blackbirding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coolie" title="Coolie">Coolie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corv%C3%A9e" title="Corvée">Corvée labour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Field_slaves_in_the_United_States" title="Field slaves in the United States">Field slaves in the United States</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Treatment_of_slaves_in_the_United_States" title="Treatment of slaves in the United States">Treatment</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/House_slave" title="House slave">House slaves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saqaliba" title="Saqaliba">Saqaliba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slave_market" title="Slave market">Slave market</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slave_raiding" title="Slave raiding">Slave raiding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_children_in_the_military" title="History of children in the military">Child soldiers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_slavery" title="White slavery">White slavery</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>Naval</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Galley_slave" title="Galley slave">Galley slave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Impressment" title="Impressment">Impressment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbary_pirates" title="Barbary pirates">Pirates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shanghaiing" title="Shanghaiing">Shanghaiing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slave_ship" title="Slave ship">Slave ship</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">By country or region</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Africa" title="Slavery in Africa">Sub-Saharan Africa</a></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_contemporary_Africa" title="Slavery in contemporary Africa">Contemporary Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trans-Saharan_slave_trade" title="Trans-Saharan slave trade">Trans-Saharan slave trade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_Sea_slave_trade" title="Red Sea slave trade">Red Sea slave trade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Ocean_slave_trade" title="Indian Ocean slave trade">Indian Ocean slave trade</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zanzibar_slave_trade" class="mw-redirect" title="Zanzibar slave trade">Zanzibar slave trade</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Angola" title="Slavery in Angola">Angola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_trafficking_in_Chad" title="Human trafficking in Chad">Chad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_the_Comoros" title="Slavery in the Comoros">Comoros</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Ethiopia" title="Slavery in Ethiopia">Ethiopia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Mali" title="Slavery in Mali">Mali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Mauritania" title="Slavery in Mauritania">Mauritania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Niger" title="Slavery in Niger">Niger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Nigeria" title="Slavery in Nigeria">Nigeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Seychelles" title="Slavery in Seychelles">Seychelles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Somalia" title="Slavery in Somalia">Somalia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Somali_slave_trade" class="mw-redirect" title="Somali slave trade">Somali slave trade</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_South_Africa" title="Slavery in South Africa">South Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Sudan" title="Slavery in Sudan">Sudan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Zanzibar" title="Slavery in Zanzibar">Zanzibar</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_the_Americas" class="mw-redirect" title="Slavery in the Americas">North and South America</a></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Pre-Columbian_America" title="Slavery in Pre-Columbian America">Pre-Columbian America</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aztec_slavery" class="mw-redirect" title="Aztec slavery">Aztec</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_among_the_indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas" class="mw-redirect" title="Slavery among the indigenous peoples of the Americas">Americas indigenous</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_among_Native_Americans_in_the_United_States" title="Slavery among Native Americans in the United States">U.S. Natives</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_the_United_States" title="Slavery in the United States">United States</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Field_slaves_in_the_United_States" title="Field slaves in the United States">Field slaves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Female_slavery_in_the_United_States" title="Female slavery in the United States">female</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contemporary_slavery_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Contemporary slavery in the United States">Contemporary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slave_states_and_free_states" title="Slave states and free states">maps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Partus_sequitur_ventrem" title="Partus sequitur ventrem">partus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Penal_labor_in_the_United_States" title="Penal labor in the United States">prison labour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slave_codes" title="Slave codes">Slave codes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treatment_of_the_enslaved_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Treatment of the enslaved in the United States">Treatment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slave_trade_in_the_United_States" title="Slave trade in the United States">interregional</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_trafficking_in_the_United_States" title="Human trafficking in the United States">Human trafficking</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_the_Bahamas" title="Slavery in the Bahamas">The Bahamas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Canada" title="Slavery in Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_the_British_and_French_Caribbean" title="Slavery in the British and French Caribbean">Caribbean</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Barbados_Slave_Code" title="Barbados Slave Code">Barbados</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_the_British_Virgin_Islands" title="Slavery in the British Virgin Islands">British Virgin Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Trinidad" class="mw-redirect" title="Slavery in Trinidad">Trinidad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Code_Noir" title="Code Noir">Code Noir</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Latin_America" title="Slavery in Latin America">Latin America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Brazil" title="Slavery in Brazil">Brazil</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lei_%C3%81urea" title="Lei Áurea">Lei Áurea</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Colombia" title="Slavery in Colombia">Colombia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Cuba" title="Slavery in Cuba">Cuba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Haiti" title="Slavery in Haiti">Haiti</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Haitian_Revolution" title="Haitian Revolution">revolt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Restavek" title="Restavek">Restavek</a></li></ul></li> <li>(<a href="/wiki/Encomienda" title="Encomienda">Encomienda</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afro%E2%80%93Puerto_Ricans" title="Afro–Puerto Ricans">Puerto Rico</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Asia" title="Slavery in Asia">East, Southeast, and South Asia</a></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Human_trafficking_in_Southeast_Asia" title="Human trafficking in Southeast Asia">Human trafficking in Southeast Asia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Bhutan" title="Slavery in Bhutan">Bhutan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Brunei" title="Slavery in Brunei">Brunei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_China" title="Slavery in China">China</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Booi_Aha" title="Booi Aha">Booi Aha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laogai" title="Laogai">Laogai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Penal_system_in_China" title="Penal system in China">penal system</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_India" title="Slavery in India">India</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Debt_bondage_in_India" title="Debt bondage in India">Debt bondage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chukri_System" class="mw-redirect" title="Chukri System">Chukri System</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Indonesia" title="Slavery in Indonesia">Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Japan" title="Slavery in Japan">Japan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Comfort_women" title="Comfort women">comfort women</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Korea" title="Slavery in Korea">Korea</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kwalliso" title="Kwalliso">Kwalliso</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Malaysia" title="Slavery in Malaysia">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_the_Maldives" class="mw-redirect" title="Slavery in the Maldives">Maldives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_the_Mongol_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Slavery in the Mongol Empire">Slavery in the Mongol Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Thailand" title="Slavery in Thailand">Thailand</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_military_and_prostitution_in_South_Korea" title="United States military and prostitution in South Korea">Yankee princess</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Vietnam" title="Slavery in Vietnam">Vietnam</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Oceania" class="mw-redirect" title="Slavery in Oceania">Australia and Oceania</a></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Australia" title="Slavery in Australia">Australia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Human_trafficking_in_Australia" title="Human trafficking in Australia">Human trafficking</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blackbirding" title="Blackbirding">Blackbirding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slave_raiding_in_Easter_Island" class="mw-redirect" title="Slave raiding in Easter Island">Slave raiding in Easter Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_trafficking_in_Papua_New_Guinea" title="Human trafficking in Papua New Guinea">Human trafficking in Papua New Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blackbirding_in_Polynesia" class="mw-redirect" title="Blackbirding in Polynesia">Blackbirding in Polynesia</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>Europe and North Asia</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sex_trafficking_in_Europe" title="Sex trafficking in Europe">Sex trafficking in Europe</a></li> <li>United Kingdom <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Penal_labour_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Penal labour in the United Kingdom">Penal Labour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Britain" title="Slavery in Britain">Slavery</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Danish_slave_trade" title="Danish slave trade">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_Slave_Coast" title="Dutch Slave Coast">Dutch Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forced_labour_under_German_rule_during_World_War_II" title="Forced labour under German rule during World War II">Germany in World War II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Malta" title="Slavery in Malta">Malta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thrall" title="Thrall">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Poland" title="Slavery in Poland">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Portugal" title="Slavery in Portugal">Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Romania" title="Slavery in Romania">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Russia" title="Slavery in Russia">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Spain" title="Slavery in Spain">Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swedish_slave_trade" title="Swedish slave trade">Sweden</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>North Africa and West Asia</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Afghanistan" title="Slavery in Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Algeria" title="Slavery in Algeria">Algeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Bahrain" title="Slavery in Bahrain">Bahrain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Egypt" title="Slavery in Egypt">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_trafficking_in_the_Middle_East" title="Human trafficking in the Middle East">Human trafficking in the Middle East</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Iran" title="Slavery in Iran">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Iraq" title="Slavery in Iraq">Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Jordan" title="Slavery in Jordan">Jordan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Kuwait" title="Slavery in Kuwait">Kuwait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Lebanon" title="Slavery in Lebanon">Lebanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Libya" title="Slavery in Libya">Libya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Morocco" title="Slavery in Morocco">Morocco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Oman" title="Slavery in Oman">Oman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Palestine" title="Slavery in Palestine">Palestine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Saudi_Arabia" title="Slavery in Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Syria" title="Slavery in Syria">Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Tunisia" title="Slavery in Tunisia">Tunisia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Qatar" title="Slavery in Qatar">Qatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Yemen" title="Slavery in Yemen">Yemen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_the_United_Arab_Emirates" class="mw-redirect" title="Slavery in the United Arab Emirates">United Arab Emirates</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Slavery_and_religion" title="Slavery and religion">Religion</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Bible_and_slavery" title="The Bible and slavery">Bible</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_views_on_slavery" title="Christian views on slavery">Christianity</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_and_slavery" title="Catholic Church and slavery">Catholicism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mormonism_and_slavery" title="Mormonism and slavery">Mormonism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_views_on_slavery" title="Islamic views on slavery">Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_views_on_slavery" title="Jewish views on slavery">Judaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bah%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%AD_Faith_and_slavery" class="mw-redirect" title="Baháʼí Faith and slavery">Baháʼí Faith</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Abolitionism" title="Abolitionism">Opposition and resistance</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abolitionism" title="Abolitionism">Abolitionism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abolitionism_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Abolitionism in the United Kingdom">U.K.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abolitionism_in_the_United_States" title="Abolitionism in the United States">U.S.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brussels_Anti-Slavery_Conference_1889%E2%80%9390" title="Brussels Anti-Slavery Conference 1889–90">Brussels Anti-Slavery Conference 1889–90</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temporary_Slavery_Commission" title="Temporary Slavery Commission">Temporary Slavery Commission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1926_Slavery_Convention" title="1926 Slavery Convention">1926 Slavery Convention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Committee_of_Experts_on_Slavery" title="Committee of Experts on Slavery">Committee of Experts on Slavery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Advisory_Committee_of_Experts_on_Slavery" title="Advisory Committee of Experts on Slavery">Advisory Committee of Experts on Slavery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ad_Hoc_Committee_on_Slavery" title="Ad Hoc Committee on Slavery">Ad Hoc Committee on Slavery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supplementary_Convention_on_the_Abolition_of_Slavery" title="Supplementary Convention on the Abolition of Slavery">Supplementary Convention on the Abolition of Slavery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_abolitionists" title="List of abolitionists">Abolitionists</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Egyptian_Slave_Trade_Convention" title="Anglo-Egyptian Slave Trade Convention">Anglo-Egyptian Slave Trade Convention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Slavery_International" title="Anti-Slavery International">Anti-Slavery International</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blockade_of_Africa" title="Blockade of Africa">Blockade of Africa</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/West_Africa_Squadron" title="West Africa Squadron">U.K.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Slave_Trade_Patrol" title="African Slave Trade Patrol">U.S.</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Colonization_Society" title="American Colonization Society">Colonization</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Liberia" title="Liberia">Liberia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sierra_Leone" title="Sierra Leone">Sierra Leone</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compensated_emancipation" title="Compensated emancipation">Compensated emancipation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedman" title="Freedman">Freedman</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Manumission" title="Manumission">Manumission</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_suit" title="Freedom suit">Freedom suit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slave_Power" title="Slave Power">Slave Power</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underground_Railroad" title="Underground Railroad">Underground Railroad</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Songs_of_the_Underground_Railroad" title="Songs of the Underground Railroad">songs</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slave_rebellion" title="Slave rebellion">Slave rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slave_Trade_Act" title="Slave Trade Act">Slave Trade Acts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_international_law" title="Slavery in international law">International law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Servile_War" title="Third Servile War">Third Servile War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thirteenth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Thirteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution">13th Amendment to the United States Constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_abolition_of_slavery_and_serfdom" title="Timeline of abolition of slavery and serfdom">Timeline of abolition of slavery and serfdom</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Abolition_of_slave_trade_in_Persian_gulf&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Abolition of slave trade in Persian gulf (page does not exist)">Abolition of slave trade in Persian gulf</a> [<a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%85%D9%86%D9%88%D8%B9%DB%8C%D8%AA_%D8%AA%D8%AC%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AA_%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%AF%D9%87_%D8%AF%D8%B1_%D8%AE%D9%84%DB%8C%D8%AC_%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%B3" class="extiw" title="fa:ممنوعیت تجارت برده در خلیج فارس">fa</a>]</li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Related</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_at_common_law" title="Slavery at common law">Common law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indentured_servitude" title="Indentured servitude">Indentured servitude</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forced_labour" title="Forced labour">Forced labour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fugitive_slaves_in_the_United_States" title="Fugitive slaves in the United States">Fugitive slaves</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fugitive_slave_laws_in_the_United_States" title="Fugitive slave laws in the United States">laws</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fugitive_Slave_Convention" title="Fugitive Slave Convention">convention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Dismal_Swamp_maroons" title="Great Dismal Swamp maroons">Great Dismal Swamp maroons</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_slaves" title="List of slaves">List of slaves</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_slave_owners" title="List of slave owners">owners</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_last_survivors_of_American_slavery" title="List of last survivors of American slavery">last survivors of American slavery</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_slavery-related_memorials_and_museums" title="List of slavery-related memorials and museums">List of slavery-related memorials and museums</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slave_marriages_in_the_United_States" title="Slave marriages in the United States">Slave marriages in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slave_narrative" title="Slave narrative">Slave narrative</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_films_featuring_slavery" title="List of films featuring slavery">films</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slave_Songs_of_the_United_States" title="Slave Songs of the United States">songs</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slave_name" title="Slave name">Slave name</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slave_catcher" title="Slave catcher">Slave catcher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slave_patrol" title="Slave patrol">Slave patrol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Slave_Route_Project" title="The Slave Route Project">Slave Route Project</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Slave_breeding_in_the_United_States" title="Slave breeding in the United States">breeding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_court_cases_in_the_United_States_involving_slavery" title="List of court cases in the United States involving slavery">court cases</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Washington_and_slavery" title="George Washington and slavery">Washington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson_and_slavery" title="Thomas Jefferson and slavery">Jefferson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Quincy_Adams_and_abolitionism" title="John Quincy Adams and abolitionism">J.Q. Adams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln_and_slavery" title="Abraham Lincoln and slavery">Lincoln</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Emancipation_Proclamation" title="Emancipation Proclamation">Emancipation Proclamation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forty_acres_and_a_mule" title="Forty acres and a mule">40 acres</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedmen%27s_Bureau" title="Freedmen's Bureau">Freedmen's Bureau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slave_iron_bit" title="Slave iron bit">Iron bit</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emancipation_Day" title="Emancipation Day">Emancipation Day</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Forced_labour" title="Template:Forced labour"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Forced_labour" title="Template talk:Forced labour"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Forced_labour" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Forced labour"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Maps_Global_Slavery_Index_2024.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Maps_Global_Slavery_Index_2024.svg/307px-Maps_Global_Slavery_Index_2024.svg.png" decoding="async" width="307" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Maps_Global_Slavery_Index_2024.svg/461px-Maps_Global_Slavery_Index_2024.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Maps_Global_Slavery_Index_2024.svg/614px-Maps_Global_Slavery_Index_2024.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="782" data-file-height="338" /></a><figcaption>The prevalence of modern slavery as percentage of the population, by country according to <a href="/wiki/Global_Slavery_Index" title="Global Slavery Index">Global Slavery Index</a> by the <a href="/wiki/Walk_Free_Foundation" class="mw-redirect" title="Walk Free Foundation">Walk Free Foundation</a>.</figcaption></figure> Contemporary slavery, also sometimes known as modern slavery or neo-slavery, refers to institutional <a href="/wiki/Slavery" title="Slavery">slavery</a> that continues to occur in present-day society. Estimates of the number of enslaved people today range from around 38 million<a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a> to 49.6 million,<a href="#cite_note-Guardian46-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-ASI46m-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a> depending on the method used to form the estimate and the definition of slavery being used.<a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a> The estimated number of enslaved people is debated, as there is no universally agreed definition of modern slavery;<a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a> those in slavery are often difficult to identify, and adequate statistics are often not available. The <a href="/wiki/International_Labour_Organization" title="International Labour Organization">International Labour Organization</a><a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a> estimates that, by their definitions, over 40 million people are in some form of slavery today. Some 24.9 million people are in forced labor, of whom 16 million people are exploited in the private sector such as domestic work, construction or agriculture,<a href="#cite_note-auto4-8">[8]</a> 4.8 million people in forced sexual exploitation, and 4 million people in forced labour imposed by state authorities.<a href="#cite_note-auto4-8">[8]</a> An additional 15.4 million people are in forced marriages. <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Definition">Definition</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Slavery_in_the_21st_century&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Definition">edit</a>]</div> The <a href="/wiki/Office_to_Monitor_and_Combat_Trafficking_in_Persons" title="Office to Monitor and Combat Trafficking in Persons">Office to Monitor and Combat Trafficking in Persons</a>, an agency of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_State" title="United States Department of State">United States Department of State</a>, says that "'modern slavery', 'trafficking in persons', and '<a href="/wiki/Human_trafficking" title="Human trafficking">human trafficking</a>' have been used as umbrella terms for the act of recruiting, harbouring, transporting, providing or obtaining a person for compelled labour or commercial sex acts through the use of force, fraud, or coercion". Besides these, a number of different terms are used in the US federal <a href="/wiki/Victims_of_Trafficking_and_Violence_Protection_Act_of_2000" title="Victims of Trafficking and Violence Protection Act of 2000">Victims of Trafficking and Violence Protection Act of 2000</a> and the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a> <a href="/wiki/Protocol_to_Prevent,_Suppress_and_Punish_Trafficking_in_Persons,_especially_Women_and_Children" class="mw-redirect" title="Protocol to Prevent, Suppress and Punish Trafficking in Persons, especially Women and Children">Protocol to Prevent, Suppress and Punish Trafficking in Persons, especially Women and Children</a>, including "involuntary servitude", "slavery" or "practices similar to slavery", "debt bondage", and "forced labor".<a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a> According to American professor <a href="/wiki/Kevin_Bales" title="Kevin Bales">Kevin Bales</a>, co-founder and former president of the <a href="/wiki/Non-governmental_organization" title="Non-governmental organization">non-governmental organization</a> and <a href="/wiki/Advocacy_group" title="Advocacy group">advocacy group</a> <a href="/wiki/Free_the_Slaves" title="Free the Slaves">Free the Slaves</a>, modern slavery occurs "when a person is under the control of another person who applies violence and force to maintain that control, and the goal of that control is exploitation".<a href="#cite_note-NRC-10">[10]</a> The impact of slavery is expanded when targeted at vulnerable groups such as children. According to this definition, research from the <a href="/wiki/Walk_Free" title="Walk Free">Walk Free</a> Foundation based on its <a href="/wiki/Global_Slavery_Index" title="Global Slavery Index">Global Slavery Index</a> 2018 estimated that there were about 40.3 million slaves around the world.<a href="#cite_note-NRC-10">[10]</a><a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a> In another estimate that suggests the number is around 13 million, it is estimated that around 12.3 million of these contemporary slaves are children.<a href="#cite_note-ASI46m-3">[3]</a> Bales warned that, because slavery is officially abolished everywhere, the practice is illegal, and more hidden from the public and authorities. This makes it impossible to obtain exact figures from primary sources. The best that can be done is to estimate based on secondary sources, such as UN investigations, newspaper articles, government reports, and figures from <a href="/wiki/NGO" class="mw-redirect" title="NGO">NGOs</a>.<a href="#cite_note-NRC-10">[10]</a> Modern slavery persists for many of the same reasons older variations did: it is an economically beneficial practice for enslavers, despite the ethical concerns. The problem has been able to escalate in recent years due to the disposability of slaves and the fact that the cost of slaves has dropped significantly.<a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Causes">Causes</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Slavery_in_the_21st_century&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Causes">edit</a>]</div> Since slavery has been officially abolished, enslavement no longer revolves around legal ownership, but around illegal control. Two fundamental changes are the move away from the forward purchase of slave labour, and the existence of slaves as an employment category. While the statistics suggest that the 'market' for exploitative labour is booming, the notion that humans are purposefully sold and bought from an existing pool is outdated. While such basic transactions do still occur, in contemporary cases people become trapped in slavery-like conditions in various ways.<a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a> Modern slavery is often seen as a by-product of <a href="/wiki/Poverty" title="Poverty">poverty</a>. In countries that lack education and the rule of law, poor societal structure can create an environment that fosters the acceptance and propagation of slavery. Slavery is most prevalent in impoverished countries and those with vulnerable minority communities, though it also exists in developed countries. Tens of thousands toil in slave-like conditions in industries such as mining, farming, and factories, producing goods for domestic consumption or export to more prosperous nations.<a href="#cite_note-14">[14]</a> In the older form of slavery, slave-owners spent more on getting slaves. It was more difficult for them to be disposed of. The cost of keeping them healthy was considered a better investment than getting another slave to replace them. In modern slavery people are easier to get at a lower price so replacing them when exploiters run into problems becomes easier. Slaves are then used in areas where they could easily be hidden while also creating a profit for the exploiter.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Words_to_watch#Unsupported_attributions" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Words to watch">according to whom?</a>] Modern slavery can be quite profitable,<a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a> and corrupt governments tacitly allow it, despite its being outlawed by international treaties such as <a href="/wiki/Supplementary_Convention_on_the_Abolition_of_Slavery" title="Supplementary Convention on the Abolition of Slavery">Supplementary Convention on the Abolition of Slavery</a> and local laws. Total annual revenues of traffickers were estimated in 2014 to over $150 billion,<a href="#cite_note-16">[16]</a> though profits are substantially lower. American slaves in 1809 were sold for around the equivalent of <a href="/wiki/US$" class="mw-redirect" title="US$">US$</a>40,000 in today's money.<a href="#cite_note-Economics_and_Slavery2-17">[17]</a> Today, a slave can be bought for $90–$100.<a href="#cite_note-18">[18]</a> Bales explains, in the context of modern slavery, "This is an economic crime ... People do not enslave people to be mean to them; they do it to make a profit."<a href="#cite_note-19">[19]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Types">Types</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Slavery_in_the_21st_century&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Types">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Slavery_by_descent_and_chattel_slavery">Slavery by descent and chattel slavery</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Slavery_in_the_21st_century&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Slavery by descent and chattel slavery">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_contemporary_Africa" title="Slavery in contemporary Africa">Slavery in contemporary Africa</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Chattel_slavery" class="mw-redirect" title="Chattel slavery">Chattel slavery</a> and <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_abolition_of_slavery_and_serfdom" title="Timeline of abolition of slavery and serfdom">Timeline of abolition of slavery and serfdom</a></div> Slavery by descent, also called chattel slavery, is the form most often associated with the word "slavery". In chattel slavery, the enslaved person is considered the <a href="/wiki/Personal_property" title="Personal property">personal property</a> (chattel) of someone else, and can usually be bought and sold. It stems historically either from conquest, where a conquered person is enslaved, as in the <a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_ancient_Rome" title="Slavery in ancient Rome">Roman Empire</a> or <a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="Slavery in the Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a>, or from slave trading, as in the <a href="/wiki/Trans-Saharan_slave_trade" title="Trans-Saharan slave trade">Saharan</a> or <a href="/wiki/Atlantic_slave_trade" title="Atlantic slave trade">Atlantic slave trades</a>.<a href="#cite_note-20">[20]</a> Since the <a href="/wiki/Libyan_Civil_War_(2014%E2%80%93present)" class="mw-redirect" title="Libyan Civil War (2014–present)">2014 Civil War</a> in <a href="/wiki/Libya" title="Libya">Libya</a>, and the subsequent breakdown of law and order, there have been reports of enslaved migrants <a href="/wiki/Libyan_slave_trade" class="mw-redirect" title="Libyan slave trade">being sold in public</a>, including open slave markets in the country.<a href="#cite_note-21">[21]</a> <a href="/wiki/Mauritania" title="Mauritania">Mauritania</a> has a <a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Mauritania" title="Slavery in Mauritania">long history with slavery</a>. Chattel slavery was formally made illegal in the country but the laws against it have gone largely <a href="/wiki/Unenforced" class="mw-redirect" title="Unenforced">unenforced</a>. It is estimated that around 90,000 people (over 2% of Mauritania's population) are slaves.<a href="#cite_note-22">[22]</a> <a href="/wiki/Debt_bondage" title="Debt bondage">Debt bondage</a> can also be passed down to descendants, like chattel slavery. Those trapped in the system of <a href="/wiki/Sexual_slavery" title="Sexual slavery">sexual slavery</a> in the modern world are often effectively chattel, especially when they are forced into prostitution. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Government-forced_labor">Government-forced labor</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Slavery_in_the_21st_century&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Government-forced labor">edit</a>]</div> Government-forced labor, also known as state-sponsored labor, is defined by the International Labour Organization as events "which persons are coerced to work through the use of violence or intimidation, or by more subtle means such as accumulated debt, retention of identity papers or threats of denunciation to immigration authorities."<a href="#cite_note-23">[23]</a> When the threats come from the government the threats can be much different. Many governments that participate in forced labor shut down their connections with the surrounding countries to prevent citizens from leaving. In <a href="/wiki/North_Korea" title="North Korea">North Korea</a>, the government forces many people to work for the state, both inside and outside North Korea itself, sometimes for many years. The 2018 Global Slavery Index estimated that 2.8 million people were slaves in the country.<a href="#cite_note-24">[24]</a> The value of all the labor done by North Koreans for the government is estimated at US$975 million, with dulgyeokdae (youth workers) forced to do dangerous construction work, and inminban (women and girl workers) forced to make clothing in <a href="/wiki/Sweatshops" class="mw-redirect" title="Sweatshops">sweatshops</a>. The workers are often unpaid.<a href="#cite_note-auto-25">[25]</a> Additionally, North Korea's army of 1.2 million conscripted soldiers is often made to work on construction projects unrelated to defense, including building private villas for the elite.<a href="#cite_note-auto-25">[25]</a> The government has had as many as 100,000 workers abroad.<a href="#cite_note-26">[26]</a> In <a href="/wiki/Eritrea" title="Eritrea">Eritrea</a>, an estimated 300,000 to 400,000 people are in an <a href="/wiki/Conscription_in_Eritrea" title="Conscription in Eritrea">indefinite military service program</a> which amounts to mass slavery, according to UN investigators. Their report also found sexual slavery and other forced labor.<a href="#cite_note-27">[27]</a> Government-forced labor comes in different forms, as governments have also been known to participate in forced-labor practices that do not include military service. In <a href="/wiki/Uzbekistan" title="Uzbekistan">Uzbekistan</a>, for example, the government coerces students and state workers to harvest cotton, of which the country is a <a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Uzbekistan" title="Economy of Uzbekistan">main exporter</a>, every year, forcing them to abandon their other responsibilities in the process.<a href="#cite_note-28">[28]</a> In this example the use of students, including those in primary, secondary, and higher education, means that <a href="/wiki/Child_labour" title="Child labour">child labor</a> is also prominent.<a href="#cite_note-29">[29]</a> Uzbekistan's government has worked to reduce the forced labor in recent years, and in March 2022 a major boycott of Uzbek cotton was lifted, upon reports that coerced labor had been almost eliminated.<a href="#cite_note-30">[30]</a><a href="#cite_note-31">[31]</a><a href="#cite_note-32">[32]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Prison_labor">Prison labor</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Slavery_in_the_21st_century&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Prison labor">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Penal_labour" title="Penal labour">Penal labour</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Neixiang_Yamen_Jail_-_Forced_Labor.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Neixiang_Yamen_Jail_-_Forced_Labor.jpg/220px-Neixiang_Yamen_Jail_-_Forced_Labor.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Neixiang_Yamen_Jail_-_Forced_Labor.jpg/330px-Neixiang_Yamen_Jail_-_Forced_Labor.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Neixiang_Yamen_Jail_-_Forced_Labor.jpg/440px-Neixiang_Yamen_Jail_-_Forced_Labor.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4752" data-file-height="3168" /></a><figcaption>Neixiang Yamen Jail - Forced Labor</figcaption></figure> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Expand_section plainlinks metadata ambox mbox-small-left ambox-content" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="[icon]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/20px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/30px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/40px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="44" data-file-height="31" /></a></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section needs expansion. You can help by <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Slavery_in_the_21st_century&action=edit&section=">adding to it</a>. (December 2019)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> In 1865, the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> ratified the <a href="/wiki/Thirteenth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Thirteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution">13th Amendment</a> to the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Constitution" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Constitution">United States Constitution</a>, which banned slavery and involuntary servitude "except as punishment for a crime whereof the party shall have been duly convicted",<a href="#cite_note-33">[33]</a> providing a legal basis for slavery, now referred to as penal labor, to continue in the country.<a href="#cite_note-Economist-34">[34]</a> Historically, this led to the system of <a href="/wiki/Convict_leasing" title="Convict leasing">convict leasing</a> which still primarily affects African-Americans. The <a href="/wiki/Prison_Policy_Initiative" title="Prison Policy Initiative">Prison Policy Initiative</a>, an American criminal justice think tank, cites the 2020 US prison population at being 2.3 million individuals,<a href="#cite_note-35">[35]</a> and nearly all able-bodied inmates work in some fashion. <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:13th_amendment_slave_labor_states.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/13th_amendment_slave_labor_states.png/220px-13th_amendment_slave_labor_states.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="125" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/13th_amendment_slave_labor_states.png/330px-13th_amendment_slave_labor_states.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/13th_amendment_slave_labor_states.png/440px-13th_amendment_slave_labor_states.png 2x" data-file-width="796" data-file-height="452" /></a><figcaption>Map of US states where slave <a href="/wiki/Penal_labor_in_the_United_States" title="Penal labor in the United States">prison labor</a> is permitted in the state constitution as of November 2022<a href="#cite_note-36">[36]</a><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r981673959">.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}</style><div class="legend">  permitted</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  forbidden</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  no mention in constitution</div></figcaption></figure> In <a href="/wiki/Texas" title="Texas">Texas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Georgia_(U.S._state)" title="Georgia (U.S. state)">Georgia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alabama" title="Alabama">Alabama</a> and <a href="/wiki/Arkansas" title="Arkansas">Arkansas</a>, prisoners are not paid at all for their work.<a href="#cite_note-37">[37]</a> In other states, prisoners are paid between $0.12 and $1.15 per hour (as of 2013).<a href="#cite_note-38">[38]</a> <a href="/wiki/Federal_Prison_Industries" title="Federal Prison Industries">Federal Prison Industries</a> paid inmates an average of $0.90 per hour in 2017.<a href="#cite_note-Economist-34">[34]</a> Inmates who refuse to work may be indefinitely remanded into <a href="/wiki/Solitary_confinement" title="Solitary confinement">solitary confinement</a>,<a href="#cite_note-39">[39]</a> or have family visitation revoked.<a href="#cite_note-40">[40]</a> From 2010 to 2015<a href="#cite_note-41">[41]</a> and <a href="/wiki/2016_U.S._prison_strike" title="2016 U.S. prison strike">again in 2016</a><a href="#cite_note-42">[42]</a> and <a href="/wiki/2018_U.S._prison_strike" title="2018 U.S. prison strike">in 2018</a>,<a href="#cite_note-43">[43]</a> some prisoners in the US <a href="/wiki/Strike_action" title="Strike action">refused to work</a>, protesting for better pay, better conditions, and for the end of forced labor. Strike leaders were punished with indefinite solitary confinement.<a href="#cite_note-44">[44]</a><a href="#cite_note-45">[45]</a> Forced prison labor occurs in both public/government-run prisons and <a href="/wiki/Private_prisons_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Private prisons in the United States">private prisons</a>. <a href="/wiki/CoreCivic" title="CoreCivic">CoreCivic</a> and <a href="/wiki/GEO_Group" title="GEO Group">GEO Group</a> constitute half of the market share of private prisons, and they made a combined revenue of $3.5 billion in 2015.<a href="#cite_note-46">[46]</a> The value of all the labor done by inmates in the United States is estimated to be in the billions.<a href="#cite_note-47">[47]</a> In <a href="/wiki/California" title="California">California</a> in 2018, 2,500 incarcerated workers fought wildfires for $1 per hour through the CDCR's <a href="/wiki/California_fire_camps" class="mw-redirect" title="California fire camps">Conservation Camp Program</a>, which saved the state as much as $100 million a year.<a href="#cite_note-48">[48]</a> In <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Republic_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="People's Republic of China">China's</a> system of labor prisons (formerly called <a href="/wiki/Laogai" title="Laogai">laogai</a>), millions of prisoners have been subject to forced, unpaid labor. The laogai system is estimated to currently house between 500,000 and 2 million prisoners,<a href="#cite_note-LRF6-49">[49]</a> and to have caused tens of millions of deaths.<a href="#cite_note-Jung_Chang-50">[50]</a> In parallel with laogai, China operated the smaller <a href="/wiki/Re-education_through_labor" title="Re-education through labor">re-education through labor</a> system of prisons up until 2013.<a href="#cite_note-telegraph2014-51">[51]</a> In addition to both of these, China is also operating <a href="/wiki/Xinjiang_reeducation_camps" class="mw-redirect" title="Xinjiang reeducation camps">forced labor camps in Xinjiang</a>, imprisoning hundreds of thousands (possibly as many as a million) of <a href="/wiki/Muslims" title="Muslims">Muslims</a>, <a href="/wiki/Uyghurs" title="Uyghurs">Uyghurs</a>, Tibetans and other ethnic minorities and political dissidents.<a href="#cite_note-52">[52]</a><a href="#cite_note-53">[53]</a> In North Korea, tens of thousands of prisoners may be held in forced labor camps. Prisoners suffer harsh conditions and have been forced to dig their own graves<a href="#cite_note-54">[54]</a> and to throw rocks at the dead body of another prisoner.<a href="#cite_note-independent.co.uk-55">[55]</a> At <a href="/wiki/Yodok_Concentration_Camp" class="mw-redirect" title="Yodok Concentration Camp">Yodok Concentration Camp</a>, children and political prisoners were subject to forced labor.<a href="#cite_note-independent.co.uk-55">[55]</a> Yodok closed in 2014 and its prisoners were transferred to other prisons.<a href="#cite_note-56">[56]</a> In the UK, there are three key types of prison labour. First, prisoners can be made to maintain the jail—for example cleaning, maintenance, or working in the kitchens. Second, prisoners have the option to do mundane/repetitive work for external companies; this includes tasks such as bagging nails and packing boxes. Finally, prisoners can work in specialist workshops run by third parties, in which the prisoners can do tasks such as building window-frames, graphic design and other tasks requiring some form of machinery.<a href="#cite_note-57">[57]</a> A 2013 report suggest prisoners in the UK can earn as little as £10 for a 40-hour week's worth of work.<a href="#cite_note-58">[58]</a> In Australia, prison labour occurs in at least <a href="/wiki/New_South_Wales" title="New South Wales">New South Wales</a>, <a href="/wiki/Victoria_(Australia)" class="mw-redirect" title="Victoria (Australia)">Victoria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Queensland" title="Queensland">Queensland</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Northern_Territory" title="Northern Territory">Northern Territory</a>. Some prisoners work for private companies. As of 2017, in NSW some are paid as little as $0.82 per hour, while in the NT some are paid as much as $16 per hour (compared to $35 per hour for a regular union employee in the same job).<a href="#cite_note-59">[59]</a><a href="#cite_note-newsprisonlabour-60">[60]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bonded_labor">Bonded labor</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Slavery_in_the_21st_century&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Bonded labor">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Debt_bondage_in_India" title="Debt bondage in India">Debt bondage in India</a></div> Bonded labor, also known as <a href="/wiki/Debt_bondage" title="Debt bondage">debt bondage</a> and peonage, occurs when people give themselves into slavery as a security against a loan or when they inherit a debt from a relative.<a href="#cite_note-:0-61">[61]</a> The cycle begins when people take extreme loans under the condition that they work off the debt. The "loan" is designed so that it can never be paid off, and is often passed down for generations. People become trapped in this system working ostensibly towards repayment though they are often forced to work far past the original amount they owe. They work under the force of threats and abuse. Sometimes the debts last a few years, and sometimes the debts are even passed onto future generations.<a href="#cite_note-:1-62">[62]</a> Bonded labor is used across a variety of industries in order to produce products for consumption around the world.<a href="#cite_note-:0-61">[61]</a> It is most common in India, Pakistan and Nepal. In India, the majority of bonded laborers are <a href="/wiki/Dalit" title="Dalit">Dalits</a> (Untouchables) and <a href="/wiki/Adivasi" title="Adivasi">Adivasis</a> (tribespeople).<a href="#cite_note-:1-62">[62]</a> Puspal, a former brick kiln worker in Punjab, India, stated in an interview to antislavery.org; "We do not stop even if we are ill – what if our debt is increasing? So we don't dare to stop."<a href="#cite_note-63">[63]</a> In India, when compared to the price of land, paid labor or oxen, the price of slaves is currently 95% less than it was in the past. [<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Forced_migrant_labor">Forced migrant labor</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Slavery_in_the_21st_century&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Forced migrant labor">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Migrant_worker#Exploitation_and_enslavement_of_migrant_workers" title="Migrant worker">Migrant worker § Exploitation and enslavement of migrant workers</a></div> People may be enticed to migrate with the promise of work, only to have their documents seized and be <a href="/wiki/Unfree_labor" class="mw-redirect" title="Unfree labor">forced to work</a> under the threat of violence to them or their families.<a href="#cite_note-64">[64]</a> Undocumented immigrants may also be taken advantage of, as without legal residency they often have no legal recourse. Along with sex slavery, this is the form of slavery most often encountered in wealthy countries such as the United States, in Western Europe, and in the Middle East. In the <a href="/wiki/United_Arab_Emirates" title="United Arab Emirates">United Arab Emirates</a>, some foreign workers are exploited and more or less enslaved. The majority of the UAE resident population are foreign migrant workers rather than local <a href="/wiki/Emiratis" title="Emiratis">Emirati</a> citizens, with there being over 1.7 million migrant workers, making up 90% of the constructive workforce.<a href="#cite_note-auto5-65">[65]</a> The country has a <a href="/wiki/Kafala" class="mw-redirect" title="Kafala">kafala</a> system, which is associated with outdated laws and procedures, which ties migrant workers to local Emirati sponsors with very little government oversight. This has often led to forced labor and human trafficking.<a href="#cite_note-66">[66]</a> As of 2017, the <a href="/wiki/United_Arab_Emirates" title="United Arab Emirates">UAE</a> is pushing towards a better labor system as it has recently passed laws to protect the rights of domestic workers.<a href="#cite_note-67">[67]</a> Allegations of forced migrant labor have been highlighted within the preparations of stadiums for the <a href="/wiki/Qatar" title="Qatar">Qatar</a> <a href="/wiki/FIFA" title="FIFA">FIFA</a> <a href="/wiki/2022_FIFA_World_Cup" title="2022 FIFA World Cup">2022 World Cup</a>.<a href="#cite_note-auto5-65">[65]</a> There have been over 6,500 recorded migrant deaths during the construction of the stadiums.<a href="#cite_note-68">[68]</a> Amnesty International researched into the construction of the stadiums and found 3,200 migrant workers work on the stadiums everyday, in which at least 224 of them have reported abusive and exploitative behaviour.<a href="#cite_note-auto5-65">[65]</a> Workers reported issues of expensive recruitment fees, poor living conditions, false salaries, delayed payments of salary, being unable to leave the stadium or camp, being unable to leave the country or change jobs, being threatened, and most importantly forced labour.<a href="#cite_note-69">[69]</a> In October 2019 <a href="/wiki/Qatar" title="Qatar">Qatar</a> abolished <a href="/wiki/Kafala_system" title="Kafala system">Kafala system</a> and introduced basic minimum wage and wage protection system for migrant workers. Under these reforms workers can change jobs without employer's permission and are now paid basic minimum wage regardless of their nationality. The basic minimum wage is set to 1,000 QAR and allowances for food and accommodation must be provided by employers which is 300 QAR and 500 QAR respectively. Moreover, Qatar introduced a wage protection system to ensure the employers are complying with the reforms. The wage protection system monitors the workers in the private sector. This new system has reduced wage abuses and disputes among migrant labours.<a href="#cite_note-70">[70]</a> Additionally in the UK two individuals in Kent were found guilty of trafficking six Lithuanian men.<a href="#cite_note-guardian-2016-06-10-modern-slavery-71">[71]</a> They were forced to work back to back 8 hour shifts as chicken catchers. Further investigations into this highlighted that the farms these individuals were working at were supplying eggs to large supermarket chains such as Tesco's, Asda and M&S.<a href="#cite_note-guardian-2016-06-10-modern-slavery-71">[71]</a> Vietnamese teenagers are trafficked to the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a> and forced to work in illegal <a href="/wiki/Cannabis" title="Cannabis">cannabis</a> farms. When police raid the cannabis farms, trafficked victims are typically sent to prison.<a href="#cite_note-hemp-72">[72]</a><a href="#cite_note-73">[73]</a> In the United States, various industries have been known to take advantage of forced migrant labor. During the 2010 <a href="/wiki/Great_New_York_State_Fair" class="mw-redirect" title="Great New York State Fair">New York State Fair</a>, 19 migrants who were in the country legally from Mexico were forced to work in a food truck. and essentially enslaved by their employer.<a href="#cite_note-74">[74]</a> The men were paid around ten percent of what they were promised, worked far longer days than they were contracted to, and would be deported if they quit their job, as this would be a violation of their visas.<a href="#cite_note-75">[75]</a> A 2021 multi-agency federal investigation dubbed <a href="/wiki/Operation_Blooming_Onion" title="Operation Blooming Onion">Operation Blooming Onion</a> revealed that a years-long human trafficking ring forced migrant workers from Mexico and Central America into "modern day slavery" on various agricultural sites in southern <a href="/wiki/Georgia_(U.S._state)" title="Georgia (U.S. state)">Georgia</a>. The indictment alleges that in the fields the migrant workers were forced at gunpoint to dig for onions with their bare hands for 20 cents per bucket. They were held in work camps surrounded by electrified fences and subjected to squalid and crammed living conditions, with no access to safe food or water.<a href="#cite_note-76">[76]</a> Reports of migrant abuse and neglect surfaced in <a href="/wiki/Kenya" title="Kenya">Kenya</a> in early September 2022, when pictures of a frail looking young Kenyan worker from <a href="/wiki/Saudi_Arabia" title="Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a>, Diana Chepkemoi went viral. Following growing pressure from the public, the government repatriated Chepkemoi along with a few other domestic workers facing a similar fate in the Kingdom. Among those rescued was Joy Simiyu, who went to Saudi Arabia to work as a domestic help, but within months returned to Kenya with a harrowing but known tale of abuse by her employer. According to reports, migrant housekeepers complained of being subjected to physical, mental as well as sexual abuse while working in the Gulf state.<a href="#cite_note-77">[77]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sex_slavery">Sex slavery</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Slavery_in_the_21st_century&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Sex slavery">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Sexual_slavery" title="Sexual slavery">Sexual slavery</a> and <a href="/wiki/Forced_prostitution" title="Forced prostitution">forced prostitution</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Geromeslavemarket.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Geromeslavemarket.jpg/220px-Geromeslavemarket.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="295" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Geromeslavemarket.jpg/330px-Geromeslavemarket.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Geromeslavemarket.jpg/440px-Geromeslavemarket.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4674" data-file-height="6265" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/The_Slave_Market_(G%C3%A9r%C3%B4me_painting)" title="The Slave Market (Gérôme painting)">The Slave Market</a>, by Jean-Léon Gérôme</figcaption></figure> Along with migrant slavery, forced prostitution is the form of slavery most often encountered in wealthy regions such as the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a>, in Western Europe, and in the Middle East. It is the primary form of slavery in Eastern Europe and Southeast Asia, particularly in Moldova and Laos. Many <a href="/wiki/Child_sex_slaves" class="mw-redirect" title="Child sex slaves">child sex slaves</a> are trafficked from these areas to the West and the Middle East. An estimated 20% of slaves to date are active in the sex industry.<a href="#cite_note-auto1-78">[78]</a> Sexual exploitation can also become a form of debt bondage when enslavers insist that victims work in the sex industry to pay for basic needs and transportation.<a href="#cite_note-79">[79]</a> In 2005, the <a href="/wiki/Gulf_Times" title="Gulf Times">Gulf Times</a> reported that boys from Nepal had been lured to India and enslaved for sex. Many of these boys had also been subject to male genital mutilation (<a href="/wiki/Castration" title="Castration">castration</a>).<a href="#cite_note-80">[80]</a> Many of those who become victims of sex slavery initially do so willingly under the guise that they will be performing traditional sex work, only to become trapped for extended periods of time, such as those involved in <a href="/wiki/Human_trafficking_in_Nigeria" title="Human trafficking in Nigeria">Nigeria's human trafficking</a> circuit.<a href="#cite_note-81">[81]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Forced_marriage_and_child_marriage">Forced marriage and child marriage</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Slavery_in_the_21st_century&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Forced marriage and child marriage">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Bride-buying" class="mw-redirect" title="Bride-buying">bride-buying</a>, <a href="/wiki/Child_marriage" title="Child marriage">child marriage</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Forced_marriage" title="Forced marriage">forced marriage</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_child_slaves_of_britain.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/The_child_slaves_of_britain.jpg/220px-The_child_slaves_of_britain.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="177" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/The_child_slaves_of_britain.jpg/330px-The_child_slaves_of_britain.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/42/The_child_slaves_of_britain.jpg 2x" data-file-width="425" data-file-height="342" /></a><figcaption>Illustration from the book The Child Slaves of Britain. Child slavery and forced labor continues to be a problem in the 21st century</figcaption></figure> Mainly driven by the culture in certain regions, early or <a href="/wiki/Forced_marriage" title="Forced marriage">forced marriage</a> is a form of slavery that affects millions of women and girls all over the world. When families cannot support their children, the daughters are often married off to the males of wealthier, more powerful families. These men are often significantly older than the girls. The females are forced into lives whose main purpose is to serve their husbands. This often fosters an environment for physical, verbal and <a href="/wiki/Sexual_abuse" title="Sexual abuse">sexual abuse</a>. Forced marriages also happen in developed nations. In the United Kingdom there were 3,546 reports to the police of forced marriage over three years from 2014 to 2016.<a href="#cite_note-82">[82]</a> <a href="/wiki/Child_marriage_in_the_United_States" title="Child marriage in the United States">In the United States over 200,000 minors</a> were legally married from 2002 to 2017, with the youngest being only 10 years old. Most were married to adults.<a href="#cite_note-83">[83]</a> Currently 48 <a href="/wiki/US_states" class="mw-redirect" title="US states">US states</a>, as well as <a href="/wiki/Washington,_D.C." title="Washington, D.C.">D.C.</a> and <a href="/wiki/Puerto_Rico" title="Puerto Rico">Puerto Rico</a>, allow marriage of minors as long as there is judicial consent, parental consent or if the minor is pregnant.<a href="#cite_note-84">[84]</a><a href="#cite_note-85">[85]</a> In 2017–2018, several states began passing laws to either restrict child marriage<a href="#cite_note-86">[86]</a><a href="#cite_note-87">[87]</a><a href="#cite_note-88">[88]</a> or ban it altogether.<a href="#cite_note-89">[89]</a> <a href="/wiki/Bride-buying" class="mw-redirect" title="Bride-buying">Bride-buying</a> is the act of purchasing a <a href="/wiki/Bride" title="Bride">bride</a> as property, in a similar manner to chattel slavery. It can also be related to human trafficking. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Child_labor">Child labor</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Slavery_in_the_21st_century&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Child labor">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Child_labour" title="Child labour">child labour</a>, <a href="/wiki/Restavec" class="mw-redirect" title="Restavec">restavec</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Children_in_the_military" title="Children in the military">children in the military</a></div> Children comprise about 26% of the slaves today.<a href="#cite_note-auto1-78">[78]</a> Although children can legally engage in certain forms of work, children can also be found in slavery or slavery-like situations; although child labor isn't considered slavery, it inevitably hinders their education.<a href="#cite_note-auto6-90">[90]</a> Forced begging is a common way that children are forced to participate in labor without their consent. Most are domestic workers or work in <a href="/wiki/Cocoa_bean" title="Cocoa bean">cocoa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cotton" title="Cotton">cotton</a> or <a href="/wiki/Fishing" title="Fishing">fishing</a> industries.<a href="#cite_note-91">[91]</a> Many are trafficked and sexually exploited. Forced child labor is the dominant form of slavery in <a href="/wiki/Haiti" title="Haiti">Haiti</a>.<a href="#cite_note-92">[92]</a> In war-torn countries, children have been kidnapped and sold to political parties to use as <a href="/wiki/Child_soldiers" class="mw-redirect" title="Child soldiers">child soldiers</a>.<a href="#cite_note-93">[93]</a> <a href="/wiki/Child_soldiers_in_Africa" title="Child soldiers in Africa">Child soldiers</a> are children who may be trafficked from their homes and forced or coerced by armed forces. The armed forces could be government armed forces, paramilitary organizations, or rebel groups. While in these groups the children may be forced to work as cooks, guards, servants or spies.<a href="#cite_note-94">[94]</a> It is common for both boys and girls to be sexually abused while in these groups. Situations where young people work in unpaid <a href="/wiki/Internships" class="mw-redirect" title="Internships">internships</a> have been likened to modern slavery.<a href="#cite_note-95">[95]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Fishing_industry">Fishing industry</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Slavery_in_the_21st_century&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Fishing industry">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Human_trafficking_in_Thailand#Fishing_industry_trafficking" title="Human trafficking in Thailand">Human trafficking in Thailand § Fishing industry trafficking</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Thai_fishing_boat.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Thai_fishing_boat.jpg/220px-Thai_fishing_boat.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Thai_fishing_boat.jpg/330px-Thai_fishing_boat.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Thai_fishing_boat.jpg/440px-Thai_fishing_boat.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1022" data-file-height="681" /></a><figcaption>A Thai fishing vessel. <a href="/wiki/Human_trafficking_in_Thailand#Fishing_industry_trafficking" title="Human trafficking in Thailand">Workers can be kept on the ships for years</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Guardian-2014-06-10-96">[96]</a></figcaption></figure> According to <a href="/wiki/Human_Rights_Watch" title="Human Rights Watch">Human Rights Watch</a>, Thailand's billion-dollar fish export industry remains plagued with human rights maltreatment in spite of government vows to stamp out servitude in its angling industry.<a href="#cite_note-97">[97]</a> Human Rights Watch conducted interviews with 248 fishermen, it documented the forced labor of trafficked workers in the Thai fishing industry.<a href="#cite_note-98">[98]</a> Trafficking victims are often tricked by brokers' false promises of "good" factory jobs, then forced onto fishing boats where they are trapped, bought and sold like livestock, and held against their will for months or years at a time, forced to work grueling 22-hour days in dangerous conditions.<a href="#cite_note-99">[99]</a> Those who resist or try to run away are beaten, tortured, and often killed.<a href="#cite_note-100">[100]</a> This is commonplace because of the disposability of <a href="/wiki/Unfree_labor" class="mw-redirect" title="Unfree labor">unfree laborers</a>. Despite some improvements, the situation has not changed much<a href="#cite_note-101">[101]</a> since a large-scale survey of almost 500 fishers in 2012, that found almost one in five "reported working against their will with the penalty that would prevent them from leaving".<a href="#cite_note-102">[102]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Forced_begging">Forced begging</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Slavery_in_the_21st_century&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Forced begging">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Girl-beggar-india.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Girl-beggar-india.jpg/220px-Girl-beggar-india.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Girl-beggar-india.jpg/330px-Girl-beggar-india.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Girl-beggar-india.jpg/440px-Girl-beggar-india.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="1600" /></a><figcaption>Girl begging for money in India</figcaption></figure> Victims of human trafficking can be made to beg on the streets with the earnings being given back to the traffickers.<a href="#cite_note-103">[103]</a> It has been suggested many children across Europe, Asia, Africa, Latin America and the Middle East are forced to beg on the streets.<a href="#cite_note-104">[104]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Forced_fraud">Forced fraud</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Slavery_in_the_21st_century&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Forced fraud">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Fraud_factory" title="Fraud factory">Fraud factory</a></div> There are significant reports of forced fraud in Southeast Asia (<a href="/wiki/Cambodia" title="Cambodia">Cambodia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Myanmar" title="Myanmar">Myanmar</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Laos" title="Laos">Laos</a>). Currently, forced fraud activities are mainly found in <a href="/wiki/Fraud_factory" title="Fraud factory">fraud factories</a> or fraud parks, notably in Southeast Asian countries, which involve human trafficking and typically run by Chinese criminal gangs. Fraud factory victims are forced to scam internet users around the world into fraudulently buying cryptocurrencies or withdrawing cash, via social media and online dating apps. Trafficking victims' passports are confiscated, and they are threatened with organ theft, organ harvesting or forced prostitution if they do not scam sufficiently successfully.<a href="#cite_note-105">[105]</a><a href="#cite_note-:12-106">[106]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Occupations">Occupations</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Slavery_in_the_21st_century&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Occupations">edit</a>]</div> In addition to sex slavery, modern slaves are often forced to work in certain occupations. Common occupations include: <ul><li>Small-scale <a href="/wiki/Construction" title="Construction">building</a> work, such as laying driveways, and other labor.<a href="#cite_note-khan-107">[107]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Car_wash" title="Car wash">Car washing</a> by hand<a href="#cite_note-khan-107">[107]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domestic_servitude" class="mw-redirect" title="Domestic servitude">Domestic servitude</a>, sometimes with sexual exploitation.<a href="#cite_note-khan-107">[107]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nail_salon" title="Nail salon">Nail salons</a> (cosmetic). Many people are trafficked from Vietnam to the UK for this work.<a href="#cite_note-khan-107">[107]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fishing" title="Fishing">Fishing</a>, mainly associated with Thailand's sea food industry.<a href="#cite_note-guardian-108">[108]</a><a href="#cite_note-109">[109]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manufacturing" title="Manufacturing">Manufacturing</a> – Many prisoners in the US are forced to manufacture products as diverse as mattresses, spectacles, underwear, road signs, licence plates, and body armour.<a href="#cite_note-110">[110]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture" title="Agriculture">Agriculture</a> and <a href="/wiki/Forestry" title="Forestry">forestry</a> – Prisoners in the United States and China are often forced to do farming and forestry work. See <a href="/wiki/Prison_farm" title="Prison farm">prison farm</a>.</li> <li>In North Korea, dulgyeokdae (youth workers) are often forced to work in construction, and inminban (women workers) are forced to work in clothing <a href="/wiki/Sweatshops" class="mw-redirect" title="Sweatshops">sweatshops</a>.<a href="#cite_note-auto-25">[25]</a></li></ul> Signs that someone may have been forced into slavery include a lack of identity documents, lack of personal possessions, clothing that is unsuitable or has seen much wear, poor living conditions, a reluctance to make eye contact, unwillingness to talk, and unwillingness to seek help. In the UK, people are encouraged to report suspicions to a modern-slavery telephone helpline.<a href="#cite_note-khan-107">[107]</a> The <a href="/wiki/European_Parliament" title="European Parliament">European Parliament</a> condemned, 386 — 236 with 59 abstentions, the humanitarian practice of sending Cuban doctors to fight the <a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic" title="COVID-19 pandemic">COVID-19 pandemic</a> around the world as <a href="/wiki/Human_trafficking" title="Human trafficking">human trafficking</a> and modern slavery.<a href="#cite_note-111">[111]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Trafficking">Trafficking</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Slavery_in_the_21st_century&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Trafficking">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Human_trafficking" title="Human trafficking">Human trafficking</a></div> The United Nations have defined human trafficking as follows:<blockquote>The recruitment, transportation, transfer, harbouring or receipt of persons, by means of the threat or use of force or other forms of coercion, of abduction, of fraud, of deception, of the abuse of power or of a position of vulnerability or of the giving or receiving of payments or benefits to achieve the consent of a person having control over another person, for the purpose of exploitation. Exploitation shall include, at a minimum, the exploitation of the prostitution of others or other forms of sexual exploitation, forced labor or services, slavery or practices similar to slavery, servitude or the removal of organs.<a href="#cite_note-112">[112]</a></blockquote> According to <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_State" title="United States Department of State">United States Department of State</a> data, as of 2013, an "estimated 600,000 to 820,000 men, women, and children [are] trafficked across international borders each year, approximately 70 percent are women and girls and up to 50 percent are minors. The data also illustrates that the majority of transnational victims are trafficked into commercial sexual exploitation."<a href="#cite_note-113">[113]</a> However, "the alarming enslavement of people for purposes of labor exploitation, often in their own countries, is a form of human trafficking that can be hard to track from afar". It is estimated that 50,000 people are trafficked every year in the United States.<a href="#cite_note-Economics_and_Slavery-114">[114]</a> In recent years, the internet and popular social networking sites have become tools that traffickers use to find vulnerable people who they can then exploit. A 2017 Reuters report discusses how a woman is suing <a href="/wiki/Facebook" title="Facebook">Facebook</a> for negligence as she speculated that executives were aware of a situation that occurred back in 2012 where she was sexually abused and trafficked by someone posing as her "friend".<a href="#cite_note-115">[115]</a> Social media and smartphone apps are also used to sell the slaves.<a href="#cite_note-116">[116]</a> In 2016, a <a href="/wiki/The_Washington_Post" title="The Washington Post">Washington Post</a> article exposed that the Obama administration placed migrant children with human traffickers;<a href="#cite_note-117">[117]</a> they failed to do proper background checks of adults who claimed the children, allowed sponsors to take custody of multiple unrelated children, and regularly placed children in homes without visiting the locations. Several Guatemalan teens were found being held captive by traffickers and forced to work at a local egg farm in Ohio. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Organizational_efforts_against_slavery">Organizational efforts against slavery</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Slavery_in_the_21st_century&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Organizational efforts against slavery">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Government_actions">Government actions</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Slavery_in_the_21st_century&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Government actions">edit</a>]</div> In the last two decades, as slavery has become more widely recognized as a formidable global epidemic, multiple governmental organizations have begun taking action to address the problem. The US <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_State" title="United States Department of State">State Department</a>'s annual <a href="/wiki/Trafficking_in_Persons_Report" title="Trafficking in Persons Report">Trafficking In Persons Report</a> assigns grades to every nation in a tier-system based "not on the size of the country's problem but on the extent of governments' efforts to meet the TVPA's minimum standards for the elimination of human trafficking".<a href="#cite_note-118">[118]</a> The governments credited with the strongest response to modern slavery are the <a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a>, the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a>, the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sweden" title="Sweden">Sweden</a>, <a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Portugal" title="Portugal">Portugal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Croatia" title="Croatia">Croatia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a>, <a href="/wiki/Belgium" title="Belgium">Belgium</a>, <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a> and <a href="/wiki/Norway" title="Norway">Norway</a>.<a href="#cite_note-post.in-119">[119]</a> In the United Kingdom, the British government passed the <a href="/wiki/Modern_Slavery_Act_2015" title="Modern Slavery Act 2015">Modern Slavery Act 2015</a>, supported by major reforms in the legal system instituted through the <a href="/wiki/Criminal_Finances_Act_2017" title="Criminal Finances Act 2017">Criminal Finances Act 2017</a>, effective from September 30, 2017. Under the latter act, there is transparency in regards to interbank information sharing with law enforcement agencies to help to crack down on money laundering agencies related to contemporary slavery. The Act also aims at reducing the incidence of tax evasion attributed to the modern slave trade conducted under the domain of the law.<a href="#cite_note-120">[120]</a> Despite this, the government has been refusing asylum and deporting children trafficked to the UK as slaves. Several British charities have claimed this puts the deportees at risk of being subject to control by slavery gangs a second time, and deters child victims from coming forward with information.<a href="#cite_note-121">[121]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Government_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Government of the United Kingdom">British government</a> has taken specific steps to ensure that modern slavery risks are identified and managed in government <a href="/wiki/Supply_chains" class="mw-redirect" title="Supply chains">supply chains</a>.<a href="#cite_note-122">[122]</a><a href="#cite_note-123">[123]</a> The government also initiated a nationwide campaign against modern slavery: the "Modern slavery is closer than you think" campaign.<a href="#cite_note-124">[124]</a> In contrast, the governments accused of taking the least action against it are <a href="/wiki/North_Korea" title="North Korea">North Korea</a>, China, <a href="/wiki/Eritrea" title="Eritrea">Eritrea</a>, <a href="/wiki/Equatorial_Guinea" title="Equatorial Guinea">Equatorial Guinea</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong" title="Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a>, <a href="/wiki/Central_African_Republic" title="Central African Republic">Central African Republic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Papua_New_Guinea" title="Papua New Guinea">Papua New Guinea</a>, <a href="/wiki/Guinea" title="Guinea">Guinea</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Democratic Republic of the Congo">Democratic Republic of the Congo</a> and <a href="/wiki/South_Sudan" title="South Sudan">South Sudan</a>.<a href="#cite_note-post.in-119">[119]</a> The highest court in UK stripped diplomats with a history of domestic worker abuse from claiming diplomatic immunity, saving them from compensatory claims. The July 2022 ruling concerned the case of a London-based Saudi diplomat, Khalid Basfar, who allegedly treated a Filipino staff member hired by him, to slavery, forcing her to wear a bell throughout the day to be available at for his "family's beck and call". The employee, Josephine Wong, was first hired by the Basfar household in November 2015 in Saudi Arabia and brought to the UK to work for him in August 2016. According to court's hearing, Wong was confined to the house except to take the rubbish out. She was allegedly subjected to incessant shouting, offensive names and given leftover food only. The court was requested to judge the issue and determine whether Basfar's treatment of Wong was protected by diplomatic immunity or not, if the case did amount to modern slavery. The concluded that Ms Wong's was a case of modern slavery.<a href="#cite_note-125">[125]</a><a href="#cite_note-126">[126]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Private_initiatives">Private initiatives</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Slavery_in_the_21st_century&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Private initiatives">edit</a>]</div> In September 2013, the three anti-slavery donors, the <a href="/wiki/Legatum" title="Legatum">Legatum</a> Foundation, Humanity United and the <a href="/wiki/Walk_Free" title="Walk Free">Walk Free</a> Foundation founded the <a href="/wiki/Freedom_Fund" title="Freedom Fund">Freedom Fund</a>. As of December 2019, the Freedom Fund is reported to have impacted 686,468 lives, liberated 27,397 people from modern slavery and helped 56,181 previously out-of-school children to receive either formal or non-formal education, in Nepal, Ethiopia, India and Thailand. Meanwhile, in October 2014, the Freedom Fund, Polaris and the Walk Free Foundation launched the Global Modern Slavery Directory, which was the first publicly searchable database of over 770 organisations working to end forced labor and human trafficking.<a href="#cite_note-127">[127]</a><a href="#cite_note-128">[128]</a><a href="#cite_note-129">[129]</a> <a href="/wiki/BT_Group" title="BT Group">BT</a> also teamed up with anti-modern slavery campaigners <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.unseenuk.org/what-we-do/helpline-resource-centre">free the unseen</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Statistics">Statistics</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Slavery_in_the_21st_century&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Statistics">edit</a>]</div> Modern slavery is a multibillion-dollar industry with just the forced labor aspect generating US $150 billion each year.<a href="#cite_note-130">[130]</a> The Global Slavery Index (2018) estimated that roughly 40.3 million individuals are currently caught in modern slavery, with 71% of those being female, and 1 in 4 being children.<a href="#cite_note-:2-131">[131]</a><a href="#cite_note-132">[132]</a> As of 2018, the countries with the most slaves were: India (8 million),<a href="#cite_note-133">[133]</a> China (3.86 million), Pakistan (3.19 million), North Korea (2.64 million), Nigeria (1.39 million), Indonesia (1.22 million), Democratic Republic of the Congo (1 million), Russia (794,000) and the Philippines (784,000).<a href="#cite_note-134">[134]</a> Various jurisdictions now require large commercial organizations to publish a slavery and human trafficking statement in regard to their supply chains each financial year (e.g. California,<a href="#cite_note-135">[135]</a> <a href="/wiki/Modern_Slavery_Act_2015" title="Modern Slavery Act 2015">UK</a>,<a href="#cite_note-136">[136]</a> Australia<a href="#cite_note-137">[137]</a>). The Walk Free Foundation reported in 2018 that 40.3 million people worldwide live in conditions that can be described as slavery. According to the foundation, more than 400,000 of those are in the United States. Andrew Forrest, founder of the organisation, was quoted as saying that "the United States is one of the most advanced countries in the world yet has more than 400,000 modern slaves working under forced labor conditions".<a href="#cite_note-138">[138]</a> In March 2020, released <a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Law enforcement in the United Kingdom">British police</a> records showed that the number of modern slavery offences recorded has increased by more than 50%, from 3,412 cases in 2018 to 5,144 cases in 2019. This coincided with a 68% increase in calls and submissions to the modern slavery helpline over the same time period.<a href="#cite_note-139">[139]</a> There is an estimate of 10,000 potential victims of modern slavery in the UK.<a href="#cite_note-auto6-90">[90]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_modern_slavery">Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on modern slavery</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Slavery_in_the_21st_century&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on modern slavery">edit</a>]</div> Since the <a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic" title="COVID-19 pandemic">COVID-19 pandemic</a>, there has been an impact on the global supply chains including factories in <a href="/wiki/Malaysia" title="Malaysia">Malaysia</a> providing PPE to the <a href="/wiki/National_Health_Service" title="National Health Service">NHS</a> in the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">UK</a>, and an influx of online clothing shopping, which has led factories in third world countries to rapidly expand to deal with the influx of demand.<a href="#cite_note-auto3-140">[140]</a> A result, this rapid increase in demand for clothes and PPE has led to some companies using the pandemic as an excuse to exploit vulnerable workers, even forcing them to work through the pandemic, putting them at risk of contracting the disease.<a href="#cite_note-auto3-140">[140]</a> The pandemic has led to multiple impacts across the globe.<a href="#cite_note-auto7-141">[141]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Creation_of_new_risks_and_abuses_for_victims">Creation of new risks and abuses for victims</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Slavery_in_the_21st_century&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Creation of new risks and abuses for victims">edit</a>]</div> Self-isolation and social isolation is a major aspect of the pandemic, and it may increase the chances for young people being vulnerable to grooming and abuse due to a lack of contact with friends and family.<a href="#cite_note-auto7-141">[141]</a> Ordinarily some Quranic schools in <a href="/wiki/West_Africa" title="West Africa">West Africa</a> practice forced begging.<a href="#cite_note-auto7-141">[141]</a> Since many of the pupils began to reside within the school premises due to the pandemic, they are subject to further abuse/punishment as a result of them not bringing in as much income.<a href="#cite_note-auto7-141">[141]</a> Wealthy families in <a href="/wiki/Mauritania" title="Mauritania">Mauritania</a> have exploited the pandemic as well, by firing Haratine domestic workers, or allowing them to work on the condition that they are confined within the workplace to avoid travel. This entraps the Haratine people, since if they do not take the work they starve, but if they continue to work they leave their families without resources.<a href="#cite_note-auto7-141">[141]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Increased_susceptibility_to_slavery">Increased susceptibility to slavery</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Slavery_in_the_21st_century&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Increased susceptibility to slavery">edit</a>]</div> The use of lockdowns has been implemented to attempt to stop the spread of the virus. This has led to mass firings as a result of global brands cancelling orders resulting in factories shutting down.<a href="#cite_note-142">[142]</a> By March 2020 over 1 million workers in <a href="/wiki/Bangladesh" title="Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a> were fired or suspended.<a href="#cite_note-auto7-141">[141]</a> Workers in <a href="/wiki/Cambodia" title="Cambodia">Cambodia</a>, <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a>, <a href="/wiki/Myanmar" title="Myanmar">Myanmar</a> and <a href="/wiki/Vietnam" title="Vietnam">Vietnam</a> have experienced similar problems. A lack of government support for citizens has led to an increase of human trafficking<a href="#cite_note-143">[143]</a> as a result of people turning to bonded labour for survival.<a href="#cite_note-auto7-141">[141]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Increase_in_risk_for_migrant_workers">Increase in risk for migrant workers</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Slavery_in_the_21st_century&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Increase in risk for migrant workers">edit</a>]</div> Victims of modern-day slavery are often hesitant to go to the authorities for help due to a fear of being criminalised, detained or deported rather than being treated as victims of a crime. Victims of modern-day slavery often live in cramped conditions in which the Covid virus can spread quickly.<a href="#cite_note-auto7-141">[141]</a> This, along with the combination of being fearful to get help from the authorities such as the NHS, leads to victims catching diseases and potentially dying as a result.<a href="#cite_note-auto7-141">[141]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Disruption_to_anti-slavery_campaigns">Disruption to anti-slavery campaigns</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Slavery_in_the_21st_century&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Disruption to anti-slavery campaigns">edit</a>]</div> Since most countries have adopted lockdowns, this has led to limited operations of anti-slavery organisations since people were not allowed to meet up during the lockdown. Anti-slavery support services and educational centres have also shut down as a result of the lockdown.<a href="#cite_note-auto7-141">[141]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Impact_of_the_pandemic_on_modern_slavery_in_the_UK">Impact of the pandemic on modern slavery in the UK</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Slavery_in_the_21st_century&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Impact of the pandemic on modern slavery in the UK">edit</a>]</div> The Home Office has stated the number of suspected modern slavery victims in the UK has fallen for the first time in 4 years, as a result of the pandemic.<a href="#cite_note-auto2-144">[144]</a> Officials say this is due to the restrictions implemented in the UK and an increase of self-isolation and businesses shutting.<a href="#cite_note-auto2-144">[144]</a> The national referral mechanism has recorded 2,871 referrals of potential modern day slavery victims in the 1st quarter of 2020, which is a 14% fall from the previous 3 months.<a href="#cite_note-auto2-144">[144]</a> There has been an increase of child victims "partially driven"<a href="#cite_note-auto2-144">[144]</a> by an increase of <a href="/wiki/County_lines_drug_trafficking" title="County lines drug trafficking">county lines</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Media">Media</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Slavery_in_the_21st_century&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Media">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li>The <a href="/wiki/Documentary_film" title="Documentary film">documentary film</a> <a href="/wiki/13th_(film)" title="13th (film)">13th</a> explores the "intersection of race, justice, and <a href="/wiki/Mass_incarceration" class="mw-redirect" title="Mass incarceration">mass incarceration</a> in the United States;"<a href="#cite_note-dargis-145">[145]</a> It is titled after the <a href="/wiki/Thirteenth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Thirteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution">Thirteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution</a>, adopted in 1865, which abolished slavery throughout the United States and ended <a href="/wiki/Involuntary_servitude" title="Involuntary servitude">involuntary servitude</a>. But slavery has been silently perpetuated since that time until the present, through criminalizing behavior, and enabling police to arrest poor <a href="/wiki/Freedmen" class="mw-redirect" title="Freedmen">freedmen</a>, forcing them to work for the states plus the prevalence of massive "carceral states" managed by <a href="/wiki/Private_prison" title="Private prison">for profit prison corporations</a> that have created the current carceral capitalism in the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a>.<a href="#cite_note-146">[146]</a></li> <li>The documentary film <a href="/wiki/A_Woman_Captured" title="A Woman Captured">A Woman Captured</a> follows the life of a 52-year-old woman in Hungary who is kept as a modern-day slave.</li> <li>There have been a number of documentaries that highlight worker abuse and other human rights issues in <a href="/wiki/Arab_states_of_the_Persian_Gulf" title="Arab states of the Persian Gulf">Arab states of the Persian Gulf</a>, for example Qatar. There are also calls to boycott the <a href="/wiki/2022_FIFA_World_Cup" title="2022 FIFA World Cup">2022 FIFA World cup</a> in Qatar.<a href="#cite_note-147">[147]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Slavery_in_the_21st_century&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Child_slavery" title="Child slavery">Child slavery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/County_lines_drug_trafficking" title="County lines drug trafficking">County lines drug trafficking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_slavery" title="History of slavery">History of slavery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labor_trafficking_in_the_United_States" title="Labor trafficking in the United States">Labor trafficking in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_Slavery_Act_2015" title="Modern Slavery Act 2015">Modern Slavery Act 2015</a> (UK)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery" title="Slavery">Slavery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_antiquity" title="Slavery in antiquity">Slavery in antiquity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Libya#Slavery_in_the_post-Gaddafi_era" title="Slavery in Libya">Slavery in the post-Gaddafi era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_the_United_States#Reconstruction_to_the_present" title="Slavery in the United States">Slavery in the United States § Reconstruction to the present</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unfree_labour" class="mw-redirect" title="Unfree labour">Unfree labour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wage_slavery" title="Wage slavery">Wage slavery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xinjiang_internment_camps" title="Xinjiang internment camps">Xinjiang internment camps</a> - According to many sources, human rights violations similar to slavery are occurring frequently.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Slavery_in_the_21st_century&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100209072059/http://www.ilo.org/global/Themes/Forced_Labour/lang--en/index.htm">"Forced labour – Themes"</a>. 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International Labour Organization. 2017. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190416155104/http://www.ilo.org/global/topics/forced-labour/lang--en/index.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 16 April 2019. 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Council on Foreign Relations. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190421211343/https://www.cfr.org/blog/human-trafficking-and-slavery-21st-century">Archived</a> from the original on 21 April 2019. 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Retrieved 13 September 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Economist&rft.atitle=Prison+labour+is+a+billion-dollar+industry%2C+with+uncertain+returns+for+inmates&rft.date=2017-03-16&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.economist.com%2Funited-states%2F2017%2F03%2F16%2Fprison-labour-is-a-billion-dollar-industry-with-uncertain-returns-for-inmates&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASlavery+in+the+21st+century" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-111"><a href="#cite_ref-111">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.infobae.com/america/america-latina/2021/06/11/el-parlamento-europeo-califico-como-trata-de-personas-y-esclavitud-moderna-a-las-misiones-de-medicos-cubanos-en-el-extranjero/">"El Parlamento Europeo calificó como trata de personas y esclavitud moderna a las misiones de médicos cubanos en el extranjero"</a>. infobae (in European Spanish). 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Retrieved 5 October 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.unodc.org&rft.atitle=What+is+Human+Trafficking%3F&rft.au=martin.margesin&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.unodc.org%2Funodc%2Fen%2Fhuman-trafficking%2Fwhat-is-human-trafficking.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASlavery+in+the+21st+century" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-113"><a href="#cite_ref-113">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://2001-2009.state.gov/g/tip/rls/tiprpt/2005/46606.htm">"Introduction – Trafficking in Persons Report"</a>. <a href="/wiki/US_Department_of_State" class="mw-redirect" title="US Department of State">US Department of State</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190819034240/https://2001-2009.state.gov/g/tip/rls/tiprpt/2005/46606.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 19 August 2019. 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Retrieved 7 March 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Reuters&rft.atitle=Woman+sues+Facebook%2C+claims+site+enabled+sex+trafficking&rft.date=2018-10-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.reuters.com%2Farticle%2Fus-sex-trafficking-facebook-lawsuit-idUSKCN1MD080&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASlavery+in+the+21st+century" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-116"><a href="#cite_ref-116">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/technology-50228549">Slave markets found on Instagram and other apps</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191102104915/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/technology-50228549">Archived</a> 2019-11-02 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> BBC, 2019 </li> <li id="cite_note-117"><a href="#cite_ref-117">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/national/obama-administration-placed-children-with-human-traffickers-report-says/2016/01/28/39465050-c542-11e5-9693-933a4d31bcc8_story.html">"Obama administration placed children with human traffickers, report says"</a>. The Washington Post. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200122034258/https://www.washingtonpost.com/national/obama-administration-placed-children-with-human-traffickers-report-says/2016/01/28/39465050-c542-11e5-9693-933a4d31bcc8_story.html">Archived</a> from the original on 22 January 2020. Retrieved 10 February 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=Obama+administration+placed+children+with+human+traffickers%2C+report+says&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fnational%2Fobama-administration-placed-children-with-human-traffickers-report-says%2F2016%2F01%2F28%2F39465050-c542-11e5-9693-933a4d31bcc8_story.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASlavery+in+the+21st+century" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-118"><a href="#cite_ref-118">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.issuelab.org/permalink/resource/27683">"Global Report on Trafficking in Persons 2018"</a>. Global Report on Trafficking in Persons. 29 January 2019. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.18356%2F9805f543-en">10.18356/9805f543-en</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789210475525" title="Special:BookSources/9789210475525"><bdi>9789210475525</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2411-8443">2411-8443</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220418024010/https://search.issuelab.org/resource/global-report-on-trafficking-in-persons-2016.html">Archived</a> from the original on 18 April 2022. 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The Guardian. 6 July 2022. Retrieved 6 July 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Diplomats+who+exploit+domestic+staff+cannot+rely+on+immunity%2C+says+UK+supreme+court&rft.date=2022-07-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fworld%2F2022%2Fjul%2F06%2Fdiplomats-who-exploit-domestic-staff-cannot-rely-on-immunity-says-uk-supreme-court&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASlavery+in+the+21st+century" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-126"><a href="#cite_ref-126">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.supremecourt.uk/press-summary/uksc-2020-0155.html">"Basfar (Respondent) v Wong (Appellant) [2022] UKSC 20 On appeal from: UKEAT/223/19/BA"</a>. The Supreme Court UK. 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Retrieved 12 October 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.prnewswire.com&rft.atitle=%24100+Million+Freedom+Fund+to+Combat+Modern-Day+Slavery&rft.aulast=Foundation&rft.aufirst=Humanity+United%3B+Legatum+Foundation%3B+Walk+Free&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.prnewswire.com%2Fnews-releases%2F100-million-freedom-fund-to-combat-modern-day-slavery-225397722.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASlavery+in+the+21st+century" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-128"><a href="#cite_ref-128">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCaspani2014" class="citation news cs1">Caspani, Maria (9 October 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.reuters.com/article/us-foundation-humantrafficking-idUSKCN0HY2GZ20141009">"Campaigners launch first anti-slavery organizations database"</a>. 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Retrieved February 20, 2017 </li> <li id="cite_note-146"><a href="#cite_ref-146">^</a> Copied from the article <a href="/wiki/13th_(film)" title="13th (film)">13th (film)</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-147"><a href="#cite_ref-147">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/global-development/2022/sep/20/workers-qatar-world-cup-football-stadiums-toil-in-debt-and-squalor">"Workers at Qatar's World Cup stadiums toil in debt and squalor"</a>. <a href="/wiki/TheGuardian.com" class="mw-redirect" title="TheGuardian.com">TheGuardian.com</a>. 20 September 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=TheGuardian.com&rft.atitle=Workers+at+Qatar%27s+World+Cup+stadiums+toil+in+debt+and+squalor&rft.date=2022-09-20&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fglobal-development%2F2022%2Fsep%2F20%2Fworkers-qatar-world-cup-football-stadiums-toil-in-debt-and-squalor&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASlavery+in+the+21st+century" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Slavery_in_the_21st_century&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ohchr.org/EN/Issues/Slavery/SRSlavery/Pages/SRSlaveryIndex.aspx">UN Human Rights Council Special Rapporteur on Contemporary forms of slavery – Ohvhr.org</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110309095146/http://thecnnfreedomproject.blogs.cnn.com/">The CNN Freedom Project: Ending Modern-Day Slavery</a>, <a href="/wiki/CNN" title="CNN">CNN</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/slavery">Slavery</a> collected news and commentary at <a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3369955#P3106" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://topics.nytimes.com/top/reference/timestopics/subjects/s/slave_labor/index.html">Slave Labor</a> collected news and commentary at <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ec.europa.eu/anti-trafficking/entity.action?path=EU+Policy%2FEU_slow_to_respond">Report on trafficking in human beings in Europe</a> European Commission</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.historiansagainstslavery.org/main/">Historians Against Slavery</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://modernslaverylaws.com/">Modern Slavery Laws: 21st Century Plague</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Statistics_2">Statistics</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Slavery_in_the_21st_century&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Statistics">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ilo.org/wcmsp5/groups/public/---dgreports/---dcomm/documents/publication/wcms_575479.pdf">Global Estimates of Modern Slavery</a>, 2016, including means of oppression – <a href="/wiki/International_Labour_Organization" title="International Labour Organization">International Labour Organization</a> and <a href="/wiki/Walk_Free_Foundation" class="mw-redirect" title="Walk Free Foundation">Walk Free Foundation</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.globalslaveryindex.org/resources/downloads/">Global Slavery Index reports</a> – <a href="/wiki/Walk_Free_Foundation" class="mw-redirect" title="Walk Free Foundation">Walk Free Foundation</a></li></ul>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; 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