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class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Continuity of Operations plan activated</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Continuity_of_Operations_plan_activated-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Lack_of_congressional_oversight" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lack_of_congressional_oversight"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Lack of congressional oversight</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lack_of_congressional_oversight-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Documents" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Documents"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Documents</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Documents-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Documents subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Documents-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Truman_administration" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Truman_administration"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Truman administration</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Truman_administration-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Eisenhower_administration" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Eisenhower_administration"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Eisenhower administration</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Eisenhower_administration-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Carter_administration" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Carter_administration"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Carter administration</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Carter_administration-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Reagan_administration" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reagan_administration"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>Reagan administration</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Reagan_administration-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-George_H._W._Bush_administration" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#George_H._W._Bush_administration"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.5</span> <span>George H. W. Bush administration</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-George_H._W._Bush_administration-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Clinton_administration" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Clinton_administration"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.6</span> <span>Clinton administration</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Clinton_administration-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-George_W._Bush_administration" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#George_W._Bush_administration"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.7</span> <span>George W. Bush administration</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-George_W._Bush_administration-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hardware_and_facilities" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hardware_and_facilities"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Hardware and facilities</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Hardware_and_facilities-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Hardware and facilities subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Hardware_and_facilities-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Facilities" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Facilities"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Facilities</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Facilities-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Airplanes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Airplanes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Airplanes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Airplanes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ships" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ships"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>Ships</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ships-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Communication" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Communication"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.4</span> <span>Communication</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Communication-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">United States federal government continuity of operations</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. 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class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><p> <b>Continuity of Operations</b> (<b>COOP</b>) is a <a href="/wiki/Federal_government_of_the_United_States" title="Federal government of the United States">United States federal government</a> initiative, required by U.S. <a href="/wiki/Presidential_Policy_Directive" class="mw-redirect" title="Presidential Policy Directive">Presidential Policy Directive</a> 40 (PPD-40), to ensure that agencies are able to continue performance of essential functions under a broad range of circumstances. PPD-40 specifies certain requirements for continuity plan development, including the requirement that all federal executive branch departments and agencies develop an integrated, overlapping continuity capability, that supports the eight National Essential Functions described in the document. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Federal_Emergency_Management_Agency" title="Federal Emergency Management Agency">Federal Emergency Management Agency</a> provides guidance to the private sector for <a href="/wiki/Business_continuity_planning" title="Business continuity planning">business continuity planning</a> purposes.<sup id="cite_ref-ready.gov_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ready.gov-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A continuity plan is essential to help identify critical functions and develop preventative measures to continue important functions should disruption occur.<sup id="cite_ref-ready.gov_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ready.gov-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=United_States_federal_government_continuity_of_operations&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A Continuity of Operations Plan (or <a href="/wiki/Continuity_of_Government" class="mw-redirect" title="Continuity of Government">Continuity of Government</a> Plan) has been a part of U.S. government operations since President <a href="/wiki/Dwight_D._Eisenhower" title="Dwight D. Eisenhower">Dwight D. Eisenhower</a> provided (via <a href="/wiki/Executive_order" title="Executive order">executive order</a>) various measures designed to ensure that the <a href="/wiki/Government_of_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Government of the United States">government of the United States</a> would be able to continue operating after a <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_war" class="mw-redirect" title="Nuclear war">nuclear war</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-graff_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-graff-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>These measures included construction of underground facilities such as "<a href="/wiki/Mount_Weather" class="mw-redirect" title="Mount Weather">Mount Weather</a>", a putatively <a href="/wiki/Nuclear-weapon" class="mw-redirect" title="Nuclear-weapon">nuclear-weapon</a>-proof facility in a hollowed-out mountain in northeastern <a href="/wiki/Virginia" title="Virginia">Virginia</a>; and <a href="/wiki/Raven_Rock_Mountain_Complex" title="Raven Rock Mountain Complex">Raven Rock Mountain Complex</a> near Camp David in Maryland. The public can now tour <a href="/wiki/Project_Greek_Island" title="Project Greek Island">one such facility</a>, intended to house the entire <a href="/wiki/United_States_Congress" title="United States Congress">United States Congress</a>, on the grounds of the <a href="/wiki/Greenbrier_Resort" class="mw-redirect" title="Greenbrier Resort">Greenbrier Resort</a> in <a href="/wiki/White_Sulphur_Springs,_West_Virginia" title="White Sulphur Springs, West Virginia">White Sulphur Springs</a>, <a href="/wiki/West_Virginia" title="West Virginia">West Virginia</a>. Other provisions of the plans included executive orders designating certain government officials to assume <a href="/wiki/United_States_Cabinet" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Cabinet">Cabinet</a> and other executive-branch positions and carry out the responsibilities of the position if the primary officeholders are killed.<sup id="cite_ref-graff_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-graff-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There has been a formal <a href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_line_of_succession" title="United States presidential line of succession">line of succession</a> to the <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_United_States" title="President of the United States">presidency</a> since 1792 (currently found in the <a href="/wiki/Presidential_Succession_Act" title="Presidential Succession Act">Presidential Succession Act</a> of 1947, <a href="/wiki/Title_3_of_the_United_States_Code" title="Title 3 of the United States Code">3 U.S.C.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/3/19">§ 19</a>). This runs from the <a href="/wiki/Vice_President_of_the_United_States" title="Vice President of the United States">Vice President</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Speaker_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="Speaker of the United States House of Representatives">Speaker of the House of Representatives</a>, <a href="/wiki/President_pro_tempore_of_the_United_States_Senate" title="President pro tempore of the United States Senate">President <i>pro tempore</i> of the Senate</a>, and then through the Cabinet secretaries in a sequence specified by Congress. </p><p>Continuity of government plans are not limited to the federal government. The majority of states have constitutional provisions that provide for the succession of government in the event of an "enemy attack".<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Continuity_of_Operations_plan_activated">Continuity of Operations plan activated</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=United_States_federal_government_continuity_of_operations&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Continuity of Operations plan activated"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_George_W._Bush" title="Presidency of George W. Bush">George W. Bush administration</a> put the Continuity of Operations plan into effect for the first time directly following the <a href="/wiki/September_11_attacks" title="September 11 attacks">September 11 attacks</a>. Their implementation involved a rotating staff of 75 to 150 senior officials and other government workers from every <a href="/wiki/United_States_federal_executive_departments" title="United States federal executive departments">federal executive department</a> and other parts of the executive branch in two secure bunkers on the <a href="/wiki/East_Coast_of_the_United_States" title="East Coast of the United States">East Coast</a>. Friends, family, and co-workers were able to reach them only through a toll-free number and personal extensions. The Bush administration did not acknowledge the implementation of the COG plan until March 1, 2002.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2007, <a href="/wiki/Larry_Sabato" title="Larry Sabato">Larry Sabato</a>, a professor at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Virginia" title="University of Virginia">University of Virginia</a>, criticized the incomplete nature of the plan in his book <i><a href="/wiki/A_More_Perfect_Constitution" title="A More Perfect Constitution">A More Perfect Constitution</a></i>. In particular, he objected to the fact that there is no constitutional procedure for replacing <a href="/wiki/U.S._House" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. House">U.S. House</a> members in the case of a large-scale disaster that could potentially kill a large number of representatives. In regard to the Continuity of Operations Plan, Sabato said it "failed outright" during the September 11 attacks. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Lack_of_congressional_oversight">Lack of congressional oversight</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=United_States_federal_government_continuity_of_operations&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Lack of congressional oversight"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Update plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Update" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Ambox_current_red_Asia_Australia.svg/42px-Ambox_current_red_Asia_Australia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="42" height="34" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Ambox_current_red_Asia_Australia.svg/63px-Ambox_current_red_Asia_Australia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Ambox_current_red_Asia_Australia.svg/84px-Ambox_current_red_Asia_Australia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="360" data-file-height="290" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section needs to be <b>updated</b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">February 2016</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>On July 18, 2007, Rep. <a href="/wiki/Peter_DeFazio" title="Peter DeFazio">Peter DeFazio</a> (D-OR), a member of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_House_Appropriations_Subcommittee_on_Homeland_Security" title="United States House Appropriations Subcommittee on Homeland Security">U.S. House Committee on Homeland Security</a> at that time, requested the classified and more detailed version of the government's continuity-of-operations plan in a letter signed by him and the chairperson of the House Homeland Security Committee, which is supposed to have access to confidential government information. </p><p>The president, to the surprise of the congressional committee, refused to provide the information.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As of August 2007<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=United_States_federal_government_continuity_of_operations&action=edit">[update]</a></sup>, efforts by the committee to secure a copy of the plan continued.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Documents">Documents</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=United_States_federal_government_continuity_of_operations&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Documents"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Update plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Update" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Ambox_current_red_Asia_Australia.svg/42px-Ambox_current_red_Asia_Australia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="42" height="34" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Ambox_current_red_Asia_Australia.svg/63px-Ambox_current_red_Asia_Australia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Ambox_current_red_Asia_Australia.svg/84px-Ambox_current_red_Asia_Australia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="360" data-file-height="290" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section needs to be <b>updated</b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">August 2017</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>A document named in italics supersedes a previously published document. </p><p>The Federal Continuity Directive 1 (FCD 1) is a 2017 directive, released by the Department of Homeland Security (DHS), that provides doctrine and guidance to all federal organizations for developing continuity program plans and capabilities. FCD 1 also serves as guidance to state, local, and tribal governments. </p><p>The Federal Continuity Directive 2 (FCD 2) of June 2017 is a directive to assist federal Executive Branch organizations in identifying their Mission Essential Functions (MEFs) and candidate Primary Mission Essential Functions (PMEFs).<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The DHS together with the <a href="/wiki/Federal_Emergency_Management_Agency" title="Federal Emergency Management Agency">Federal Emergency Management Agency</a> (FEMA), and in coordination with other non-federal partners in July 2013, developed the Continuity Guidance Circular 1 (CGC 1) and CGC 2. </p><p>The preamble of the CGC 1 states that its function is to provide "direction to the non-Federal Governments (NFGs) for developing continuity plans and programs. Continuity planning facilitates the performance of essential functions during all-hazards emergencies or other situations that may disrupt normal operations. By continuing the performance of essential functions through a catastrophic emergency, the State, territorial, tribal, and local governments, and the private sector support the ability of the Federal Government to perform National Essential Functions (NEFs)." </p><p>CGC 1 parallels the information in FCD 1 closely, but is geared to states, territories, tribal and local governments, and private-sector organizations. </p><p>The purpose of Continuity Guidance Circular 2 (CGC 2) is to provide "non-Federal Governments (NFGs) with guidance on how to implement CGC 1, Annex D: ESSENTIAL FUNCTIONS. It provides them with guidance, a methodology, and checklists to identify, assess, and validate their essential functions. This CGC includes guidance for conducting a continuity Business Process Analysis (BPA), <a href="/wiki/Business_Impact_Analysis" class="mw-redirect" title="Business Impact Analysis">Business Impact Analysis</a> (BIA), and a <a href="/wiki/Risk_assessment" title="Risk assessment">risk assessment</a> that will identify essential function relationships, interdependencies, time sensitivities, threats and vulnerabilities, and mitigation strategies." <sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Truman_administration">Truman administration</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=United_States_federal_government_continuity_of_operations&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Truman administration"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Security_Act_of_1947" title="National Security Act of 1947">National Security Act of 1947</a>, July 26, 1947</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Eisenhower_administration">Eisenhower administration</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=United_States_federal_government_continuity_of_operations&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Eisenhower administration"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eisenhower_Ten" class="mw-redirect" title="Eisenhower Ten">Eisenhower Ten</a>, March 6, 1958</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Carter_administration">Carter administration</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=United_States_federal_government_continuity_of_operations&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Carter administration"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Executive_Order_12148" title="Executive Order 12148">Executive Order 12148</a>, "Federal Emergency Management", July 20, 1979</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Reagan_administration">Reagan administration</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=United_States_federal_government_continuity_of_operations&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Reagan administration"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>An unknown contingency plan (which some<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Words_to_watch#Unsupported_attributions" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Words to watch"><span title="The material near this tag possibly uses too-vague attribution or weasel words. (November 2020)">who?</span></a></i>]</sup> believe was <a href="/wiki/Rex_84" title="Rex 84">Rex 84</a>) was publicly mentioned during the <a href="/wiki/Iran-Contra" class="mw-redirect" title="Iran-Contra">Iran-Contra</a> Hearings in 1987.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Transcripts from the hearing in the <i>New York Times</i> record the following dialogue between Congressman <a href="/wiki/Jack_Brooks_(American_politician)" title="Jack Brooks (American politician)">Jack Brooks</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oliver_North" title="Oliver North">Oliver North's</a> attorney <a href="/wiki/Brendan_Sullivan_(lawyer)" title="Brendan Sullivan (lawyer)">Brendan Sullivan</a> and Senator <a href="/wiki/Daniel_Inouye" title="Daniel Inouye">Daniel Inouye</a>, the Democratic Chair of the Committee:<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p><b>[Congressman Jack] Brooks:</b> Colonel North, in your work at the N.S.C. were you not assigned, at one time, to work on plans for the continuity of government in the event of a major disaster? </p><p><b>Brendan Sullivan [North's counsel, agitatedly]:</b> Mr. Chairman? </p><p><b>[Senator Daniel] Inouye:</b> I believe that question touches upon a highly sensitive and classified area so may I request that you not touch upon that? </p><p><b>Brooks:</b> I was particularly concerned, Mr. Chairman, because I read in Miami papers, and several others, that there had been a plan developed, by that same agency, a contingency plan in the event of emergency, that would suspend the American constitution. And I was deeply concerned about it and wondered if that was an area in which he had worked. I believe that it was and I wanted to get his confirmation. </p> <p><b>Inouye:</b> May I most respectfully request that that matter not be touched upon at this stage. If we wish to get into this, I'm certain arrangements can be made for an executive session.</p></blockquote> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Executive_order" title="Executive order">Executive Order</a> <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Executive_Order_12656" class="extiw" title="s:Executive Order 12656">12656</a>, "Assignment of Emergency Preparedness Responsibilities", November 18, 1988</li></ul> <blockquote> <p>Section 202 </p><p><cite>The head of each Federal department and agency shall ensure the continuity of essential functions in any national security emergency by providing for: succession to office and emergency delegation of authority in accordance with applicable law; safekeeping of essential resources, facilities, and records; and establishment of emergency operating capabilities.</cite> </p> </blockquote> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Executive_order" title="Executive order">Executive Order</a> <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Executive_Order_12472" class="extiw" title="s:Executive Order 12472">12472</a>, "Assignment of National Security and Emergency Preparedness Telecommunications Functions", April 3, 1984</li> <li><i>NSD 69</i> NSDD 55, "Enduring National Leadership" September 14, 1982</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="George_H._W._Bush_administration">George H. W. Bush administration</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=United_States_federal_government_continuity_of_operations&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: George H. W. Bush administration"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><i>PDD 67</i> National Security Directive 69, "Enduring Constitutional Government", June 2, 1992</li> <li><i>FPC 65</i> Federal Preparedness Circular 61, "Emergency Succession to Key Positions of the Federal Departments and Agencies", August 2, 1991</li> <li><i>FPC 65</i> Federal Preparedness Circular 62, "Delegation of Authorities for Emergency Situations", August 1, 1991</li> <li>Federal Preparedness Circular 60, "Continuity of the Executive Branch of the Federal Government at the Headquarters Level During National Security Emergencies", November 20, 1990</li> <li><i>NSD 69</i> National Security Directive 37, "Enduring Constitutional Government", April 18, 1990</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Clinton_administration">Clinton administration</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=United_States_federal_government_continuity_of_operations&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Clinton administration"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Federal Preparedness Circular 65, "Federal Executive Branch Continuity of Operations (COOP)", July 26, 1999</li> <li>"Federal Response Plan" [FEMA 9230.1-PL], April 1999</li> <li>Presidential Decision Directive 67, "Enduring Constitutional Government and Continuity of Government Operations", October 21, 1998</li> <li>41 Code of Federal Regulations 101-2, "Occupant Emergency Program", revised as of July 1, 1998</li> <li>36 Code of Federal Regulations 1236, "Management of Vital Records", revised as of July 1, 1998</li> <li>Presidential Decision Directive 63, "Critical Infrastructure Protection (CIP)", May 22, 1998</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidential_Decision_Directive_62" class="mw-redirect" title="Presidential Decision Directive 62">Presidential Decision Directive 62</a>, "Protection Against Unconventional Threats to the Homeland and Americans Overseas", May 22, 1998</li> <li><i>FPC 65</i> Federal Response Planning Guidance 01-94, "Continuity of Operations (COOP)", December 4, 1994</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="George_W._Bush_administration">George W. Bush administration</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=United_States_federal_government_continuity_of_operations&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: George W. Bush administration"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>NSPD 51 <a href="/wiki/National_Security_Presidential_Directive_51" class="mw-redirect" title="National Security Presidential Directive 51">National Security Presidential Directive 51</a>, "National Continuity Policy", May 9, 2007 (supersedes Presidential Decision Directive 67) (also known as HSPD 20 "Homeland Security Presidential Directive 20")<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Hardware_and_facilities">Hardware and facilities</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=United_States_federal_government_continuity_of_operations&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Hardware and facilities"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Post_Attack_Command_and_Control_System" class="mw-redirect" title="Post Attack Command and Control System">Post Attack Command and Control System</a></div> <p>The Continuity of Operations Plan involves numerous <a href="/wiki/Bunker" title="Bunker">bunkers</a>, special airplanes, and communication systems. Much of the information about them is classified; however, information on various systems has been released by the government or described to the public by reporters and writers. Since many of the details are classified, the public information may be incorrect. Also they are subject to change without public notice so this list may not reflect current plans. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Facilities">Facilities</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=United_States_federal_government_continuity_of_operations&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Facilities"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/United_States_Continuity_of_Operations_facilities" title="United States Continuity of Operations facilities">United States Continuity of Operations facilities</a></div> <p>During the Cold War, the United States constructed <a href="/wiki/Bunker" title="Bunker">bunkers</a> to help provide survivability to military command and government officials. Some have been decommissioned since the Cold War. The ones that are still considered to be in operation are listed here. </p><p>The United States Congress was formerly housed in the Greenbrier Bunker, but since it was discovered in the early 1990s the new location of the Congressional bunker is unknown. </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cheyenne_Mountain_Complex" title="Cheyenne Mountain Complex">Cheyenne Mountain Complex</a> - This underground facility is the former home of <a href="/wiki/NORAD" title="NORAD">NORAD</a>. Becoming fully operational on April 20, 1966, it is located in <a href="/wiki/Colorado_Springs,_Colorado" title="Colorado Springs, Colorado">Colorado Springs</a>, <a href="/wiki/Colorado" title="Colorado">Colorado</a>. Currently, the military has the goal of placing the operations center on "warm stand-by", meaning that the facility will be maintained and ready for use on short notice as necessary, but not used on a daily basis.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the event of an emergency deemed serious enough, NORAD and <a href="/wiki/United_States_Northern_Command" title="United States Northern Command">USNORTHCOM</a> would use the bunker for <a href="/wiki/Command_and_control#Derivative_terms" title="Command and control">C4ISTAR</a> (command and control) of the United States military.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raven_Rock_Mountain_Complex" title="Raven Rock Mountain Complex">Site R</a> (Raven Rock) - Near <a href="/wiki/Waynesboro,_Pennsylvania" title="Waynesboro, Pennsylvania">Waynesboro</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania" title="Pennsylvania">Pennsylvania</a>, Site R is the emergency home for <a href="/wiki/The_Pentagon" title="The Pentagon">the Pentagon</a>. Vice President Cheney is reported to have stayed there after the <a href="/wiki/September_11_attacks" title="September 11 attacks">September 11 attacks</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Weather_Emergency_Operations_Center" title="Mount Weather Emergency Operations Center">Mount Weather</a> - The <a href="/wiki/Mount_Weather_Emergency_Operations_Center" title="Mount Weather Emergency Operations Center">Mount Weather Emergency Operations Center</a> is a government facility located near <a href="/wiki/Bluemont,_Virginia" title="Bluemont, Virginia">Bluemont</a>, <a href="/wiki/Virginia" title="Virginia">Virginia</a>. It houses operations and training facilities above ground for the <a href="/wiki/Federal_Emergency_Management_Agency" title="Federal Emergency Management Agency">Federal Emergency Management Agency</a> (FEMA) and contains an underground facility designed to house key components of the American government in the case of <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_warfare" title="Nuclear warfare">nuclear war</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Airplanes">Airplanes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=United_States_federal_government_continuity_of_operations&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Airplanes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Air_Force_One" title="Air Force One">Air Force One</a> is the radio call sign of any <a href="/wiki/United_States_Air_Force" title="United States Air Force">Air Force</a> plane the President of the United States travels on. However, the term typically refers to a <a href="/wiki/Boeing_VC-25" title="Boeing VC-25">Boeing VC-25</a>A the president normally uses. While the VC-25A is equipped with numerous systems to ensure its survival, in an emergency it is recommended that the president use the <a href="/wiki/National_Airborne_Operations_Center" class="mw-redirect" title="National Airborne Operations Center">National Airborne Operations Center</a>.</li> <li><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:E_4b.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/E_4b.jpg/220px-E_4b.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/E_4b.jpg/330px-E_4b.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/E_4b.jpg/440px-E_4b.jpg 2x" data-file-width="788" data-file-height="528" /></a><figcaption>"Nightwatch" in flight</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/National_Airborne_Operations_Center" class="mw-redirect" title="National Airborne Operations Center">National Airborne Operations Center</a> (codenamed <i>Nightwatch</i>) is a <a href="/wiki/Boeing_E-4" title="Boeing E-4">Boeing E-4</a> specially built to serve as a survivable mobile command post for the <a href="/wiki/National_Command_Authority_(United_States)" title="National Command Authority (United States)">National Command Authority</a> (NCA). Either the President or the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_Defense" title="United States Secretary of Defense">Secretary of Defense</a> may use it. It is also possible that the president would authorize the <a href="/wiki/Vice_President_of_the_United_States" title="Vice President of the United States">vice president</a> or others to use it, depending on the circumstances.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Looking_Glass" title="Operation Looking Glass">Looking Glass</a> is <a href="/wiki/United_States_Strategic_Command" title="United States Strategic Command">United States Strategic Command</a>'s Airborne Command Post, designed to take over in case <a href="/wiki/U.S._Strategic_Command" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Strategic Command">U.S. Strategic Command</a> is destroyed or incapable of communicating with strategic forces. Beginning February 3, 1961, an Air Force Looking Glass aircraft was in the air at all times 24 hours a day, 365 days a year. On July 24, 1990, Looking Glass ceased continuous airborne alert but remained on ground or airborne alert 24 hours a day. On October 1, 1998, the U.S. Navy replaced the U.S. Air Force in this duty.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="The text near this tag may need clarification or removal of jargon. (February 2016)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup> In addition, a battle staff now flies with the <a href="/wiki/TACAMO" title="TACAMO">TACAMO</a> crew.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ships">Ships</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=United_States_federal_government_continuity_of_operations&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Ships"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:USS_Wright_(CC-2)_underway_at_sea_on_25_September_1963_(KN-5885).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/USS_Wright_%28CC-2%29_underway_at_sea_on_25_September_1963_%28KN-5885%29.jpg/220px-USS_Wright_%28CC-2%29_underway_at_sea_on_25_September_1963_%28KN-5885%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/USS_Wright_%28CC-2%29_underway_at_sea_on_25_September_1963_%28KN-5885%29.jpg/330px-USS_Wright_%28CC-2%29_underway_at_sea_on_25_September_1963_%28KN-5885%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/USS_Wright_%28CC-2%29_underway_at_sea_on_25_September_1963_%28KN-5885%29.jpg/440px-USS_Wright_%28CC-2%29_underway_at_sea_on_25_September_1963_%28KN-5885%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5731" data-file-height="4417" /></a><figcaption>The USS Wright (CC-2)</figcaption></figure> <p>Two <a href="/wiki/National_Emergency_Command_Post_Afloat" title="National Emergency Command Post Afloat">National Emergency Command Posts Afloat</a> were: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/USS_Northampton_(CLC-1)" title="USS Northampton (CLC-1)">USS <i>Northampton</i></a> was converted into Command Ship CC-1 about 1962.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/USS_Wright_(CVL-49)" title="USS Wright (CVL-49)">USS <i>Wright</i></a> was converted into Command Ship CC-2 between 1962 and 1963 and included the National Military Command System.</li></ul> <p>These vessels were decommissioned in 1970. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Communication">Communication</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=United_States_federal_government_continuity_of_operations&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Communication"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Defense Communication Agency was tasked in 1963 with maintaining an active backup of all communications for any event that could disrupt communications and the management of command and control communications systems as the National Communications System. This mission was partially transferred to <a href="/wiki/Defense_Information_Systems_Agency" title="Defense Information Systems Agency">Defense Information Systems Agency</a> in charge of supporting command, control, communications, and information systems for the military in the 1990s and would support the <a href="/wiki/National_Command_Authority_(United_States)" title="National Command Authority (United States)">National Command Authority</a>. These functions were later transferred to Joint Forces Command and STRATCOM but the backup contingency systems continue to operate. It is assumed that the various bunkers and airplanes have been equipped with special communication equipment to survive a catastrophe. </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/National_Program_Office" title="National Program Office">National Program Office</a></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Internet" title="Internet">Internet</a> - The Internet began as the <a href="/wiki/ARPANET" title="ARPANET">ARPANET</a>, a program funded by the U.S. military. The Internet is designed with the capability to withstand losses of large portions of the underlying networks, but was never designed to withstand a nuclear attack. Due to the huge numbers of people using it, it would likely be jammed and unable to handle communication if it suffered a large amount of damage.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2013)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> During a localized emergency, it is highly useful. However, the loss of electrical power to an area can make accessing the Internet difficult or impossible.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communications_satellite" title="Communications satellite">Communications satellites</a> - Basically immune to any ground catastrophe, it is expected that military communication satellites would provide the government with the ability to communicate in any situation other than one that includes a direct attack upon the satellites.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/AN/URC-117_Ground_Wave_Emergency_Network" title="AN/URC-117 Ground Wave Emergency Network">AN/URC-117 Ground Wave Emergency Network</a> or GWEN, a retired military command and control communications system<sup id="cite_ref-nytimes1988_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nytimes1988-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-Attack_Command_and_Control_System" title="Post-Attack Command and Control System">Post-Attack Command and Control System</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Survivable_Low_Frequency_Communications_System" title="Survivable Low Frequency Communications System">Survivable Low Frequency Communications System</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=United_States_federal_government_continuity_of_operations&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Business_continuity" class="mw-redirect" title="Business continuity">Business continuity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Critical_infrastructure_protection" class="mw-redirect" title="Critical infrastructure protection">Critical infrastructure protection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Designated_survivor" title="Designated survivor">Designated survivor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emergency_management#Recovery" title="Emergency management">Disaster recovery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Response_Framework" title="National Response Framework">National Response Framework</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Security_and_Homeland_Security_Presidential_Directive" title="National Security and Homeland Security Presidential Directive">National Security and Homeland Security Presidential Directive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidential_directive" title="Presidential directive">Presidential directive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidential_Emergency_Action_Documents" title="Presidential Emergency Action Documents">Presidential Emergency Action Documents</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=United_States_federal_government_continuity_of_operations&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-ready.gov-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ready.gov_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ready.gov_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ready.gov/business/implementation/continuity">"Business Continuity Plan"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Ready.gov" class="mw-redirect" title="Ready.gov">Ready.gov</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Ready.gov&rft.atitle=Business+Continuity+Plan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ready.gov%2Fbusiness%2Fimplementation%2Fcontinuity&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+federal+government+continuity+of+operations" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://drii.org/resources/professionalpractices/EN">"Professional Practices | DRI International"</a>. <i>drii.org</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=drii.org&rft.atitle=Professional+Practices+%26%23124%3B+DRI+International&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdrii.org%2Fresources%2Fprofessionalpractices%2FEN&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+federal+government+continuity+of+operations" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-graff-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-graff_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-graff_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGarrett_M._Graff2017" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Garrett_M._Graff" class="mw-redirect" title="Garrett M. Graff">Garrett M. Graff</a> (2017). <i>Raven Rock: The Story of the U.S. Government's Secret Plan to Save Itself</i>. Simon & Schuster.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Raven+Rock%3A+The+Story+of+the+U.S.+Government%27s+Secret+Plan+to+Save+Itself&rft.pub=Simon+%26+Schuster&rft.date=2017&rft.au=Garrett+M.+Graff&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+federal+government+continuity+of+operations" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Eric R. Daleo, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://heinonline.org/HOL/LandingPage?collection=journals&handle=hein.journals/deplr58&div=42&id=&page=">State Constitutions and Legislative Continuity in a 9/11 World: Surviving an Enemy Attack</a>, 58 DePaul L. Rev. 919 (2009). Accessed May 23, 2011.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGellmanSchmidt2002" class="citation news cs1">Gellman, Barton; Schmidt, Susan (March 1, 2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20120714143851/http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/washingtonpost/109965333.html?did=109965333&FMT=ABS&FMTS=FT&date=Mar+1,+2002&author=Barton+Gellman+and+Susan+Schmidt&pub=The+Washington+Post&desc=Shadow+Government+Is+at+Work+in+Secret;+After+Attacks,+Bush+Ordered+100+Officials+to+Bunkers+Away+From+Capital+to+Ensure+Federal+Survival">"Shadow Government Is at Work in Secret; After Attacks, Bush Ordered 100 Officials to Bunkers Away From Capital to Ensure Federal Survival"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/washingtonpost/109965333.html?did=109965333&FMT=ABS&FMTS=FT&date=Mar+1%2C+2002&author=Barton+Gellman+and+Susan+Schmidt&pub=The+Washington+Post&desc=Shadow+Government+Is+at+Work+in+Secret%3B+After+Attacks%2C+Bush+Ordered+100+Officials+to+Bunkers+Away+From+Capital+to+Ensure+Federal+Survival">the original</a> on July 14, 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Shadow+Government+Is+at+Work+in+Secret%3B+After+Attacks%2C+Bush+Ordered+100+Officials+to+Bunkers+Away+From+Capital+to+Ensure+Federal+Survival&rft.date=2002-03-01&rft.aulast=Gellman&rft.aufirst=Barton&rft.au=Schmidt%2C+Susan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpqasb.pqarchiver.com%2Fwashingtonpost%2F109965333.html%3Fdid%3D109965333%26FMT%3DABS%26FMTS%3DFT%26date%3DMar%2B1%252C%2B2002%26author%3DBarton%2BGellman%2Band%2BSusan%2BSchmidt%26pub%3DThe%2BWashington%2BPost%26desc%3DShadow%2BGovernment%2BIs%2Bat%2BWork%2Bin%2BSecret%253B%2BAfter%2BAttacks%252C%2BBush%2BOrdered%2B100%2BOfficials%2Bto%2BBunkers%2BAway%2BFrom%2BCapital%2Bto%2BEnsure%2BFederal%2BSurvival&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+federal+government+continuity+of+operations" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cbsnews.com/news/the-shadow-government/">"The Shadow Government"</a>. <i>CBS News</i>. March 2, 2002.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=CBS+News&rft.atitle=The+Shadow+Government&rft.date=2002-03-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cbsnews.com%2Fnews%2Fthe-shadow-government%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+federal+government+continuity+of+operations" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKosseff2007" class="citation web cs1">Kosseff, Jeff (July 20, 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070810100224/http://www.oregonlive.com/news/oregonian/index.ssf?%2Fbase%2Fnews%2F118489654058910.xml&coll=7">"DeFazio asks, but he's denied access"</a>. <i>The Oregonian</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oregonlive.com/news/oregonian/index.ssf?/base/news/118489654058910.xml&coll=7">the original</a> on 2007-08-10<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2011-01-15</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Oregonian&rft.atitle=DeFazio+asks%2C+but+he%27s+denied+access&rft.date=2007-07-20&rft.aulast=Kosseff&rft.aufirst=Jeff&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.oregonlive.com%2Fnews%2Foregonian%2Findex.ssf%3F%2Fbase%2Fnews%2F118489654058910.xml%26coll%3D7&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+federal+government+continuity+of+operations" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">AMERICA NEEDS A PLAN TO PROVIDE FOR CONTINUITY OF GOVERNMENT, <i>Congressional Record</i>: August 2, 2007, Page H9548.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"<a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.currycountyreporter.com/news/results.cfm?story_no=2834">[1]</a>", <i>Curry County Reporter</i>. Accessed September 7. 2007.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>The Oregonian</i>, 2007 July 27, "DeFazio Demands Access to Classified Information," <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://blog.oregonlive.com/politics/2007/07/defazio_demands_access_to_clas.html">http://blog.oregonlive.com/politics/2007/07/defazio_demands_access_to_clas.html</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Federal Continuity Directives and Continuity of Operations documents collection <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.fema.gov/media-library/assets/documents/86284">https://www.fema.gov/media-library/assets/documents/86284</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Continuity Guidance Circular 1 PDF download <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.fema.gov/media-library-data/1386609058803-b084a7230663249ab1d6da4b6472e691/CGC-1-Signed-July-2013.pdf">http://www.fema.gov/media-library-data/1386609058803-b084a7230663249ab1d6da4b6472e691/CGC-1-Signed-July-2013.pdf</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Continuity Guidance Circular 2 PDF download <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.fema.gov/media-library-data/1386609058826-b084a7230663249ab1d6da4b6472e691/Continuity-Guidance-Circular2.pdf">http://www.fema.gov/media-library-data/1386609058826-b084a7230663249ab1d6da4b6472e691/Continuity-Guidance-Circular2.pdf</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Chip Berlet: <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.publiceye.org/rightwoo/rwooz9-14.html">The Right-Wing Roots of Sheehan's "Secret Team" Theory</a>.</i> In: <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.publiceye.org/rightwoo/rwooz9_TOC.html">Right Woos Left</a>.</i> 1990/1999</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">[Transcript from the House Select Committee to Investigate Covert Arms Transactions with Iran, New York Times, July 14, 1987]</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://georgewbush-whitehouse.archives.gov/news/releases/2007/05/20070509-12.html">"National Security and Homeland Security Presidential Directive"</a>. <i>georgewbush-whitehouse.archives.gov</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=georgewbush-whitehouse.archives.gov&rft.atitle=National+Security+and+Homeland+Security+Presidential+Directive&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fgeorgewbush-whitehouse.archives.gov%2Fnews%2Freleases%2F2007%2F05%2F20070509-12.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+federal+government+continuity+of+operations" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120726070521/http://www.norad.mil/about/CMOC.html">"North American Aerospace Defense Command"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.norad.mil/about/CMOC.html">the original</a> on July 26, 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=North+American+Aerospace+Defense+Command&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.norad.mil%2Fabout%2FCMOC.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+federal+government+continuity+of+operations" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ludb.clui.org/ex/i/PA3183/">Raven Rock Underground Command Center (Site R)</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tacamo.navy.mil/wing/index.asp">TACAMO - Take Charge And Move Out</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-nytimes1988-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-nytimes1988_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1988/09/12/us/us-to-complete-emergency-radio-network.html">"Associated Press: "U.S. to Complete Emergency Radio Network"<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>. 12 September 1988.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Associated+Press%3A+%22U.S.+to+Complete+Emergency+Radio+Network%22&rft.date=1988-09-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1988%2F09%2F12%2Fus%2Fus-to-complete-emergency-radio-network.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+federal+government+continuity+of+operations" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=United_States_federal_government_continuity_of_operations&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://drii.org/">"Disaster Recovery Institute International"</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.fema.gov/media-library/assets/documents/86284">"Federal Continuity Directive 1 (FCD 1) 2012"</a> - Federal Continuity Directive 1 (FCD 1) 2012, a PDF download of the Directive.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://fas.org/irp/offdocs/pdd/pdd-67.htm">"Enduring Constitutional Government and Continuity of Government Operations"</a> - Description of the secret Presidential Decision Directive 67, October 21, 1998</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://fas.org/irp/offdocs/pdd/fpc-65.htm">"Federal Executive Branch Continuity of Operations (COOP)"</a> - Federal Preparedness Circular 65, July 26, 1999</li> <li><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Transwiki:Federal_Preparedness_Circular_65" class="extiw" title="s:Transwiki:Federal Preparedness Circular 65">FEDERAL PREPAREDNESS CIRCULAR 65, June 15, 2004</a> (from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fema.gov/txt/government/coop/fpc65_0604.txt">FEMA site</a>)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://georgewbush-whitehouse.archives.gov/news/releases/2007/05/20070509-12.html">National Security and Homeland Security Presidential Directive</a> Subject: National Continuity Policy May 9, 2007 - Revocation. Presidential Decision Directive 67 of October 21, 1998 ("Enduring Constitutional Government and Continuity of Government Operations"), including all Annexes thereto, is hereby revoked.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.e-publishing.af.mil/shared/media/epubs/afi10-208.pdf">"AFI 10-208"</a> USAF Continuity of Operations (COOP) Program</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://pegasus.rutgers.edu/~review/vol62n3/Conaty_vol62n3.pdf">"The Atomic Midwife: The Eisenhower Administration’s Continuity-of-Government Plans and the Legacy of ‘Constitutional Dictatorship’"</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ssrn.com/abstract=2056822">"Toward Comprehensive Reform of America's Emergency Law Regime & Compendium of National Emergency Powers"</a></li></ul>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: 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