CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-disabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available" lang="yue" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>句法學 - 維基百科，自由嘅百科全書</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-disabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )zh_yuewikimwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":["",""],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""],"wgDefaultDateFormat": "yue","wgMonthNames":["","1月","2月","3月","4月","5月","6月","7月","8月","9月","10月","11月","12月"],"wgRequestId":"f1da4bb4-c6a4-47e4-a2e0-a231fb33b51a","wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"句法學","wgTitle":"句法學","wgCurRevisionId":2206843,"wgRevisionId":2206843,"wgArticleId":87018,"wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":["有英文嘅文章","Pages using div col with small parameter","句法學"],"wgPageViewLanguage":"yue","wgPageContentLanguage":"yue","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgRelevantPageName":"句法學","wgRelevantArticleId":87018,"wgTempUserName":null,"wgIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRestrictionEdit":[],"wgRestrictionMove":[],"wgRedirectedFrom":"句法","wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia","wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive":true,"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true ,"wgPopupsFlags":0,"wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"yue","pageLanguageDir":"ltr","pageVariantFallbacks":"yue"},"wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true,"watchlist":true,"tagline":true,"nearby":true},"wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false,"wgWMEPageLength":50000,"wgInternalRedirectTargetUrl":"/wiki/%E5%8F%A5%E6%B3%95%E5%AD%B8","wgRelatedArticlesCompat":[],"wgCentralAuthMobileDomain":false,"wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true,"wgULSPosition":"interlanguage","wgULSisCompactLinksEnabled":false,"wgVector2022LanguageInHeader":true,"wgULSisLanguageSelectorEmpty":false,"wgWikibaseItemId":"Q37437","wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":["brands","architecture","bitness","fullVersionList","mobile","model","platform","platformVersion"],"GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics":true,"wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled":false,"wgGEStructuredTaskRejectionReasonTextInputEnabled":false,"wgGELevelingUpEnabledForUser":false};RLSTATE={"ext.gadget.charinsert-styles":"ready", "ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready","site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"loading","ext.cite.styles":"ready","skins.vector.search.codex.styles":"ready","skins.vector.styles":"ready","skins.vector.icons":"ready","ext.wikimediamessages.styles":"ready","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript":"ready","ext.uls.interlanguage":"ready","wikibase.client.init":"ready","ext.wikimediaBadges":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=["mediawiki.action.view.redirect","ext.cite.ux-enhancements","mediawiki.page.media","site","mediawiki.page.ready","mediawiki.toc","skins.vector.js","ext.centralNotice.geoIP","ext.centralNotice.startUp","ext.gadget.HanTS-conv","ext.gadget.refToolbar","ext.gadget.charinsert","ext.gadget.internalLinkHelper-altcolor","ext.urlShortener.toolbar","ext.centralauth.centralautologin","mmv.bootstrap","ext.popups","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.init","ext.visualEditor.targetLoader","ext.echo.centralauth", "ext.eventLogging","ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming","ext.uls.interface","ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns","ext.cx.uls.quick.actions","wikibase.client.vector-2022","ext.checkUser.clientHints","ext.growthExperiments.SuggestedEditSession","wikibase.sidebar.tracking"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=yue&modules=ext.cite.styles%7Cext.uls.interlanguage%7Cext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript%7Cext.wikimediaBadges%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cskins.vector.icons%2Cstyles%7Cskins.vector.search.codex.styles%7Cwikibase.client.init&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=yue&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=vector-2022"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=yue&modules=ext.gadget.charinsert-styles&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=yue&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.5"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1d/Speech_bubbles_clipart.png"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="1200"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="1200"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1d/Speech_bubbles_clipart.png"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="800"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="800"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="640"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="640"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=1120"> <meta property="og:title" content="句法學 - 維基百科，自由嘅百科全書"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="alternate" media="only screen and (max-width: 640px)" href="//zh-yue.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8F%A5%E6%B3%95%E5%AD%B8"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/x-wiki" title="編輯" href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8F%A5%E6%B3%95%E5%AD%B8&action=edit"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="維基百科 (yue)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//zh-yue.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8F%A5%E6%B3%95%E5%AD%B8"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.zh-yue"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="維基百科嘅Atom Feed" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:%E6%9C%80%E8%BF%91%E4%BF%AE%E6%94%B9&feed=atom"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//login.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject mw-editable page-句法學 rootpage-句法學 skin-vector-2022 action-view"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">跳去內容</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="站點"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="主目錄" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-menu mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-menu"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">主目錄</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">主目錄</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">移去側欄</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">收埋</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> 導覽 </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage-description" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%E9%A0%AD%E7%89%88" title="睇頭版[z]" accesskey="z"><span>頭版</span></a></li><li id="n-contents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:%E7%9B%AE%E9%8C%84"><span>目錄</span></a></li><li id="n-featuredcontent" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:%E6%AD%A3%E5%98%A2"><span>正嘢</span></a></li><li id="n-currentevents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:%E6%99%82%E4%BA%BA%E6%99%82%E4%BA%8B" title="提供而家發生嘅事嘅背景資料"><span>時人時事</span></a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E6%98%AF%E4%BD%86%E4%B8%80%E7%89%88" title="是但載入一版[x]" accesskey="x"><span>是但一版</span></a></li><li id="n-aboutsite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E9%97%9C%E6%96%BC"><span>關於維基百科</span></a></li><li id="n-聯絡處" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E8%81%AF%E7%B5%A1%E6%88%91%E5%93%8B"><span>聯絡處</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-interaction" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-interaction" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> 交流 </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-說明書" class="mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Help:Contents"><span>說明書</span></a></li><li id="n-城市論壇" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E5%9F%8E%E5%B8%82%E8%AB%96%E5%A3%87"><span>城市論壇</span></a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E7%A4%BE%E5%8D%80%E5%A4%A7%E5%A0%82" title="關於呢個計劃，你可以做乜，應該要點做"><span>社區大堂</span></a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E6%9C%80%E8%BF%91%E4%BF%AE%E6%94%B9" title="列出呢個 wiki 中嘅最近修改[r]" accesskey="r"><span>最近修改</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/%E9%A0%AD%E7%89%88" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <span class="mw-logo-container skin-invert"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="維基百科" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-zh_yue.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.625em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-zh_yue.svg" width="120" height="16" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1em;"> </span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Special:%E6%90%9C%E7%B4%A2" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="搵維基百科[f]" accesskey="f"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>查嘢</span> </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="搵維基百科" aria-label="搵維基百科" autocapitalize="sentences" title="搵維基百科[f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:搜索"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">搵嘢</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="個人架生"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="閱讀設定"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="閱讀設定" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-appearance mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-appearance"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">閱讀設定</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="//donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_zh-yue.wikipedia.org&uselang=yue" class=""><span>捐畀維基百科</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:%E9%96%8B%E6%88%B6&returnto=%E5%8F%A5%E6%B3%95%E5%AD%B8" title="建議你開返個戶口簽到，不過唔做都無所謂。" class=""><span>開戶口</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:%E7%B0%BD%E5%88%B0&returnto=%E5%8F%A5%E6%B3%95%E5%AD%B8" title="唔係是必要簽到，但建議你噉做。[o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>簽到</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out user-links-collapsible-item" title="多啲選項" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="個人架生" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">個人架生</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="用戶選單" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="//donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_zh-yue.wikipedia.org&uselang=yue"><span>捐畀維基百科</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:%E9%96%8B%E6%88%B6&returnto=%E5%8F%A5%E6%B3%95%E5%AD%B8" title="建議你開返個戶口簽到，不過唔做都無所謂。"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>開戶口</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:%E7%B0%BD%E5%88%B0&returnto=%E5%8F%A5%E6%B3%95%E5%AD%B8" title="唔係是必要簽到，但建議你噉做。[o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>簽到</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="站點"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="目錄" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">目錄</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">移去側欄</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">收埋</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">文頭</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-學科定位" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#學科定位"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>學科定位</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-學科定位-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>切換去學科定位細章節</span> </button> <ul id="toc-學科定位-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-語句概念" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#語句概念"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>語句概念</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-語句概念-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-句法分析" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#句法分析"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>句法分析</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-句法分析-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>切換去句法分析細章節</span> </button> <ul id="toc-句法分析-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-分析例子" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#分析例子"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>分析例子</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-分析例子-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-語句結構" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#語句結構"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>語句結構</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-語句結構-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>切換去語句結構細章節</span> </button> <ul id="toc-語句結構-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-詞性" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#詞性"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>詞性</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-詞性-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-句法成份" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#句法成份"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>句法成份</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-句法成份-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-結合" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#結合"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.1</span> <span>結合</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-結合-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-配合構詞" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#配合構詞"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>配合構詞</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-配合構詞-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-變格" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#變格"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3.1</span> <span>變格</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-變格-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-一致" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#一致"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3.2</span> <span>一致</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-一致-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-生成句法" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#生成句法"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>生成句法</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-生成句法-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>切換去生成句法細章節</span> </button> <ul id="toc-生成句法-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-論元" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#論元"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>論元</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-論元-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-主題關係" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#主題關係"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>主題關係</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-主題關係-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-回指綁實" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#回指綁實"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>回指綁實</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-回指綁實-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-其他理論" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#其他理論"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>其他理論</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-其他理論-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>切換去其他理論細章節</span> </button> <ul id="toc-其他理論-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-依存句法" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#依存句法"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>依存句法</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-依存句法-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-認知句法" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#認知句法"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>認知句法</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-認知句法-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-亦可以睇" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#亦可以睇"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>亦可以睇</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-亦可以睇-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-參考文獻" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#參考文獻"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>參考文獻</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-參考文獻-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-註釋" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#註釋"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>註釋</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-註釋-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-歐詞" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#歐詞"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>歐詞</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-歐詞-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-引述" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#引述"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>引述</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-引述-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-出面網頁" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#出面網頁"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>出面網頁</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-出面網頁-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="目錄" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="開/收內容一覽" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">開/收內容一覽</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">句法學</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="去睇另一種語文嘅文章。有115種語言版本。" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-115" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">115種語言</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinsbou" title="Sinsbou – 南非荷蘭文" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Sinsbou" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="南非荷蘭文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syntax" title="Syntax – 德文（瑞士）" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Syntax" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="德文（瑞士）" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sintaxi" title="Sintaxi – 阿拉貢文" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Sintaxi" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="阿拉貢文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%85_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%86%D8%AD%D9%88" title="علم النحو – 阿拉伯文" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="علم النحو" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="阿拉伯文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%8A%D9%86%D8%B7%D8%A7%D9%83%D8%B3" title="سينطاكس – 摩洛哥阿拉伯文" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="سينطاكس" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="摩洛哥阿拉伯文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>الدارجة</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sintaxis" title="Sintaxis – 阿斯圖里亞文" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Sintaxis" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="阿斯圖里亞文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sintaksis" title="Sintaksis – 亞塞拜然文" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Sintaksis" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="亞塞拜然文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%81" title="Синтаксис – 巴什客爾文" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Синтаксис" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="巴什客爾文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C4%97ntaks%C4%97" title="Sėntaksė – 薩莫吉希亞文" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Sėntaksė" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="薩莫吉希亞文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Žemaitėška</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%96%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%81%D1%96%D1%81_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%8B" title="Сінтаксіс мовы – 白俄羅斯文" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Сінтаксіс мовы" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="白俄羅斯文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%8B%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%81%D1%96%D1%81" title="Сынтаксіс – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Сынтаксіс" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bew mw-list-item"><a href="https://bew.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%88lmu_nahwu" title="Èlmu nahwu – 貝塔維文" lang="bew" hreflang="bew" data-title="Èlmu nahwu" data-language-autonym="Betawi" data-language-local-name="貝塔維文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Betawi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%81" title="Синтаксис – 保加利亞文" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Синтаксис" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="保加利亞文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bjn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bjn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sintaksis" title="Sintaksis – 班亞爾文" lang="bjn" hreflang="bjn" data-title="Sintaksis" data-language-autonym="Banjar" data-language-local-name="班亞爾文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Banjar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AC" title="বাক্যতত্ত্ব – 孟加拉文" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="বাক্যতত্ত্ব" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="孟加拉文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kevreadurezh" title="Kevreadurezh – 布列塔尼文" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Kevreadurezh" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="布列塔尼文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sintaxi" title="Sintaxi – 加泰羅尼亞文" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Sintaxi" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="加泰羅尼亞文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%95%D8%B3%D8%AA%DB%95%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%B3%DB%8C" title="ڕستەناسی – 索拉尼庫爾德文" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="ڕستەناسی" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="索拉尼庫爾德文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syntax" title="Syntax – 捷克文" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Syntax" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="捷克文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cu mw-list-item"><a href="https://cu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%B7%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%AF%D1%8C" title="Сѷнтаѯь – 宗教斯拉夫文" lang="cu" hreflang="cu" data-title="Сѷнтаѯь" data-language-autonym="Словѣньскъ / ⰔⰎⰑⰂⰡⰐⰠⰔⰍⰟ" data-language-local-name="宗教斯拉夫文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Словѣньскъ / ⰔⰎⰑⰂⰡⰐⰠⰔⰍⰟ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%81" title="Синтаксис – 楚瓦什文" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Синтаксис" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="楚瓦什文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cystrawen" title="Cystrawen – 威爾斯文" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Cystrawen" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="威爾斯文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syntaks" title="Syntaks – 丹麥文" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Syntaks" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="丹麥文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syntax" title="Syntax – 德文" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Syntax" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="德文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A3%CF%8D%CE%BD%CF%84%CE%B1%CE%BE%CE%B7_(%CE%B3%CE%BB%CF%89%CF%83%CF%83%CE%BF%CE%BB%CE%BF%CE%B3%CE%AF%CE%B1)" title="Σύνταξη (γλωσσολογία) – 希臘文" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Σύνταξη (γλωσσολογία)" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="希臘文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syntax" title="Syntax – 英文" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Syntax" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="英文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sintakso" title="Sintakso – 世界文" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Sintakso" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="世界文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sintaxis" title="Sintaxis – 西班牙文" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Sintaxis" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="西班牙文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%BCntaks" title="Süntaks – 愛沙尼亞文" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Süntaks" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="愛沙尼亞文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sintaxi" title="Sintaxi – 巴斯克文" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Sintaxi" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="巴斯克文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D8%AD%D9%88" title="نحو – 波斯文" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="نحو" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="波斯文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syntaksi" title="Syntaksi – 芬蘭文" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Syntaksi" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="芬蘭文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syntaxe" title="Syntaxe – 法文" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Syntaxe" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="法文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinlear" title="Sinlear – 西弗里西亞文" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Sinlear" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="西弗里西亞文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comhr%C3%A9ir" title="Comhréir – 愛爾蘭文" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Comhréir" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="愛爾蘭文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sintaxe" title="Sintaxe – 加里西亞文" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Sintaxe" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="加里西亞文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%91e%27%E1%BA%BDjoajukatu" title="Ñe'ẽjoajukatu – 瓜拉尼文" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Ñe'ẽjoajukatu" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="瓜拉尼文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Avañe'ẽ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Co-ordrail" title="Co-ordrail – 曼島文" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Co-ordrail" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="曼島文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaelg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%AA%D7%97%D7%91%D7%99%D7%A8" title="תחביר – 希伯來文" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="תחביר" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="希伯來文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8" title="वाक्यविन्यास – 北印度文" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="वाक्यविन्यास" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="北印度文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syntax" title="Syntax – 斐濟印地文" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Syntax" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="斐濟印地文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Fiji Hindi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sintaksa" title="Sintaksa – 克羅埃西亞文" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Sintaksa" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="克羅埃西亞文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://hsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syntaksa" title="Syntaksa – 上索布文" lang="hsb" hreflang="hsb" data-title="Syntaksa" data-language-autonym="Hornjoserbsce" data-language-local-name="上索布文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hornjoserbsce</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sentaks" title="Sentaks – 海地文" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Sentaks" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="海地文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Szintaxis_(nyelv%C3%A9szet)" title="Szintaxis (nyelvészet) – 匈牙利文" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Szintaxis (nyelvészet)" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="匈牙利文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%87%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%B0%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%BD%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6" title="Շարահյուսություն – 亞美尼亞文" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Շարահյուսություն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="亞美尼亞文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hyw mw-list-item"><a href="https://hyw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%87%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%B0%D5%AB%D6%82%D5%BD%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%AB%D6%82%D5%B6" title="Շարահիւսութիւն – Western Armenian" lang="hyw" hreflang="hyw" data-title="Շարահիւսութիւն" data-language-autonym="Արեւմտահայերէն" data-language-local-name="Western Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Արեւմտահայերէն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syntaxe" title="Syntaxe – 國際文" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Syntaxe" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="國際文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sintaksis" title="Sintaksis – 印尼文" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Sintaksis" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="印尼文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sintaxo" title="Sintaxo – 伊多文" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Sintaxo" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="伊多文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Setningafr%C3%A6%C3%B0i" title="Setningafræði – 冰島文" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Setningafræði" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="冰島文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sintassi" title="Sintassi – 義大利文" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Sintassi" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="義大利文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%B5%B1%E8%AA%9E%E8%AB%96" title="統語論 – 日文" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="統語論" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="日文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jbo mw-list-item"><a href="https://jbo.wikipedia.org/wiki/genlalske" title="genlalske – 邏輯文" lang="jbo" hreflang="jbo" data-title="genlalske" data-language-autonym="La .lojban." data-language-local-name="邏輯文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>La .lojban.</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sintaksis" title="Sintaksis – 爪哇文" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Sintaksis" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="爪哇文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A1%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%A2%E1%83%90%E1%83%A5%E1%83%A1%E1%83%98" title="სინტაქსი – 喬治亞文" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="სინტაქსი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="喬治亞文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%81" title="Синтаксис – 哈薩克文" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Синтаксис" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="哈薩克文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%AA%E0%B2%A6%E0%B2%B5%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%A8%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%AF%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%B8" title="ಪದವಿನ್ಯಾಸ – 坎那達文" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಪದವಿನ್ಯಾಸ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="坎那達文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%86%B5%EC%82%AC%EB%A1%A0" title="통사론 – 韓文" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="통사론" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="韓文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-koi mw-list-item"><a href="https://koi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%81" title="Синтаксис – 科米-彼爾米亞克文" lang="koi" hreflang="koi" data-title="Синтаксис" data-language-autonym="Перем коми" data-language-local-name="科米-彼爾米亞克文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Перем коми</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%81" title="Синтаксис – 吉爾吉斯文" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Синтаксис" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="吉爾吉斯文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syntaxis" title="Syntaxis – 拉丁文" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Syntaxis" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="拉丁文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sintatica" title="Sintatica – 新共同語言" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Sintatica" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="新共同語言" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syntaxis" title="Syntaxis – 林堡文" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Syntaxis" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="林堡文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sintassi" title="Sintassi – 倫巴底文" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Sintassi" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="倫巴底文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sintaks%C4%97" title="Sintaksė – 立陶宛文" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Sintaksė" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="立陶宛文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sintakse" title="Sintakse – 拉脫維亞文" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Sintakse" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="拉脫維亞文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mdf mw-list-item"><a href="https://mdf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%81%D1%8C" title="Синтаксиссь – 莫克沙文" lang="mdf" hreflang="mdf" data-title="Синтаксиссь" data-language-autonym="Мокшень" data-language-local-name="莫克沙文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Мокшень</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rariteny" title="Rariteny – 馬拉加什文" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Rariteny" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="馬拉加什文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sintaksis" title="Sintaksis – 米南卡堡文" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="Sintaksis" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="米南卡堡文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Minangkabau</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B0" title="Синтакса – 馬其頓文" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Синтакса" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="馬其頓文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AF%E0%B4%98%E0%B4%9F%E0%B4%A8" title="വാക്യഘടന – 馬來亞拉姆文" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="വാക്യഘടന" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="馬來亞拉姆文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sintaksis" title="Sintaksis – 馬來文" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Sintaksis" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="馬來文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8" title="सिन्ट्याक्स – 尼瓦爾文" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="सिन्ट्याक्स" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="尼瓦爾文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाल भाषा</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syntaxis_(taalkunde)" title="Syntaxis (taalkunde) – 荷蘭文" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Syntaxis (taalkunde)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="荷蘭文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syntaks" title="Syntaks – 耐諾斯克挪威文" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Syntaks" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="耐諾斯克挪威文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syntaks" title="Syntaks – 巴克摩挪威文" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Syntaks" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="巴克摩挪威文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nov mw-list-item"><a href="https://nov.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sintaxe" title="Sintaxe – 諾維亞文" lang="nov" hreflang="nov" data-title="Sintaxe" data-language-autonym="Novial" data-language-local-name="諾維亞文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Novial</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pap mw-list-item"><a href="https://pap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sint%C3%A1ksis" title="Sintáksis – 帕皮阿門托文" lang="pap" hreflang="pap" data-title="Sintáksis" data-language-autonym="Papiamentu" data-language-local-name="帕皮阿門托文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Papiamentu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syntaktyka_(j%C4%99zykoznawstwo)" title="Syntaktyka (językoznawstwo) – 波蘭文" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Syntaktyka (językoznawstwo)" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="波蘭文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D8%AD%D9%88" title="نحو – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="نحو" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sintaxe" title="Sintaxe – 葡萄牙文" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Sintaxe" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="葡萄牙文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rm mw-list-item"><a href="https://rm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sintaxa" title="Sintaxa – 羅曼斯文" lang="rm" hreflang="rm" data-title="Sintaxa" data-language-autonym="Rumantsch" data-language-local-name="羅曼斯文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Rumantsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sintax%C4%83" title="Sintaxă – 羅馬尼亞文" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Sintaxă" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="羅馬尼亞文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%81" title="Синтаксис – 俄文" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Синтаксис" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="俄文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syntax" title="Syntax – 蘇格蘭文" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Syntax" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="蘇格蘭文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D8%AD%D9%88%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%AA" title="نحويات – 信德文" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="نحويات" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="信德文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sintaksa" title="Sintaksa – 塞爾維亞克羅埃西亞文" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Sintaksa" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="塞爾維亞克羅埃西亞文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syntax" title="Syntax – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Syntax" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syntax_(jazykoveda)" title="Syntax (jazykoveda) – 斯洛伐克文" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Syntax (jazykoveda)" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="斯洛伐克文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skladnja" title="Skladnja – 斯洛維尼亞文" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Skladnja" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="斯洛維尼亞文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sintaksa" title="Sintaksa – 阿爾巴尼亞文" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Sintaksa" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="阿爾巴尼亞文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B0" title="Синтакса – 塞爾維亞文" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Синтакса" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="塞爾維亞文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sintaksis" title="Sintaksis – 巽他文" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Sintaksis" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="巽他文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syntax" title="Syntax – 瑞典文" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Syntax" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="瑞典文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sintaksi" title="Sintaksi – 史瓦希里文" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Sintaksi" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="史瓦希里文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%8A%E0%AE%B1%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%B1%E0%AF%8A%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D" title="சொற்றொடரியல் – 坦米爾文" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="சொற்றொடரியல்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="坦米爾文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%8A%D0%B7%D0%BE%D0%B8_%D2%B7%D1%83%D0%BC%D0%BB%D0%B0" title="Аъзои ҷумла – 塔吉克文" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Аъзои ҷумла" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="塔吉克文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%98%E0%B9%8C" title="วากยสัมพันธ์ – 泰文" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="วากยสัมพันธ์" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="泰文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palaugnayan" title="Palaugnayan – 塔加路族文" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Palaugnayan" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="塔加路族文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%B6zdizim" title="Sözdizim – 土耳其文" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Sözdizim" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="土耳其文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-trv mw-list-item"><a href="https://trv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knklaan_gaya_nkari" title="Knklaan gaya nkari – 太魯閣文" lang="trv" hreflang="trv" data-title="Knklaan gaya nkari" data-language-autonym="Seediq" data-language-local-name="太魯閣文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Seediq</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%81" title="Синтаксис – 韃靼文" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Синтаксис" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="韃靼文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%81" title="Синтаксис – 烏克蘭文" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Синтаксис" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="烏克蘭文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D8%AD%D9%88" title="نحو – 烏都文" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="نحو" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="烏都文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sintaksis" title="Sintaksis – 烏茲別克文" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Sintaksis" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="烏茲別克文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sintasi" title="Sintasi – 威尼斯文" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Sintasi" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="威尼斯文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vèneto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C3%BA_ph%C3%A1p_h%E1%BB%8Dc" title="Cú pháp học – 越南文" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Cú pháp học" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="越南文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adjin%C3%A7aedje_del_fr%C3%A5ze" title="Adjinçaedje del fråze – 瓦隆文" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Adjinçaedje del fråze" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="瓦隆文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Walon</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sintaksis" title="Sintaksis – 瓦瑞文" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Sintaksis" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="瓦瑞文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8F%A5%E6%B3%95" title="句法 – 吳語" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="句法" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="吳語" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zgh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zgh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E2%B5%9C%E2%B4%B0%E2%B5%99%E2%B5%8F%E2%B4%B0%E2%B5%A2%E2%B5%9C" title="ⵜⴰⵙⵏⴰⵢⵜ – 標準摩洛哥塔馬塞特文" lang="zgh" hreflang="zgh" data-title="ⵜⴰⵙⵏⴰⵢⵜ" data-language-autonym="ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜ" data-language-local-name="標準摩洛哥塔馬塞特文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8F%A5%E6%B3%95" title="句法 – 中文" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="句法" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="中文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%AA%9E%E6%B3%95%E5%AD%B8" title="語法學 – 文言文" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="語法學" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="文言文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>文言</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%B9-hoat" title="Kù-hoat – 閩南語" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Kù-hoat" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="閩南語" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q37437#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="改跨語言拎" class="wbc-editpage">改拎</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="空間名"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%A5%E6%B3%95%E5%AD%B8" title="睇吓內容頁[c]" accesskey="c"><span>文章</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:%E5%8F%A5%E6%B3%95%E5%AD%B8" rel="discussion" title="關於內容頁嘅討論[t]" accesskey="t"><span>討論</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="改語言變體" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">粵語</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="外觀"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%A5%E6%B3%95%E5%AD%B8"><span>閱</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8F%A5%E6%B3%95%E5%AD%B8&action=edit" title="改呢版嘅代碼[e]" accesskey="e"><span>改</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8F%A5%E6%B3%95%E5%AD%B8&action=history" title="呢一頁之前嘅修訂[h]" accesskey="h"><span>睇返紀錄</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="頁面工具"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="架撐" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">架撐</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">架撐</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">移去側欄</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">收埋</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="多啲選項" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> 動作 </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%A5%E6%B3%95%E5%AD%B8"><span>閱</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8F%A5%E6%B3%95%E5%AD%B8&action=edit" title="改呢版嘅代碼[e]" accesskey="e"><span>改</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8F%A5%E6%B3%95%E5%AD%B8&action=history"><span>睇返紀錄</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> 基本 </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E9%82%8A%E5%BA%A6%E9%8F%88%E5%8E%BB%E5%91%A2%E7%89%88/%E5%8F%A5%E6%B3%95%E5%AD%B8" title="列出所有連接過嚟呢度嘅頁面[j]" accesskey="j"><span>有乜連過嚟</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E5%A4%96%E9%8F%88%E4%BF%AE%E6%94%B9/%E5%8F%A5%E6%B3%95%E5%AD%B8" rel="nofollow" title="由呢版連出去嘅版嘅最近修改[k]" accesskey="k"><span>連結頁嘅更改</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Project:%E4%B8%8A%E8%BC%89" title="上載檔案[u]" accesskey="u"><span>上載檔案</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E5%B0%88%E9%96%80%E7%89%88" title="所有專門版一覽[q]" accesskey="q"><span>專門版</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8F%A5%E6%B3%95%E5%AD%B8&oldid=2206843" title="呢版呢個修訂嘅永久網址"><span>固定連結</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8F%A5%E6%B3%95%E5%AD%B8&action=info" title="多啲同呢版有拏褦嘅資料"><span>此版明細</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:%E5%BC%95%E7%94%A8&page=%E5%8F%A5%E6%B3%95%E5%AD%B8&id=2206843&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="點樣引用呢頁嘅資訊"><span>引用呢篇文</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fzh-yue.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2F%25E5%258F%25A5%25E6%25B3%2595%25E5%25AD%25B8"><span>攞短網址</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fzh-yue.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2F%25E5%258F%25A5%25E6%25B3%2595%25E5%25AD%25B8"><span>下載QR code</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-electronpdfservice-sidebar-portlet-heading" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-electronpdfservice-sidebar-portlet-heading" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> 打印/匯出 </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="electron-print_pdf" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=%E5%8F%A5%E6%B3%95%E5%AD%B8&action=show-download-screen"><span>下載PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="javascript:print();" rel="alternate" title="呢一版印得嘅版本[p]" accesskey="p"><span>印得嘅版本</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> 第啲維基項目 </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Syntax" hreflang="en"><span>維基同享</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q37437" title="連到接住資料儲存庫嘅項目[g]" accesskey="g"><span>維基數據項</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="頁面工具"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="閱讀設定"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">閱讀設定</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">移去側欄</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">收埋</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">出自維基百科，自由嘅百科全書</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"><span class="mw-redirectedfrom">(由<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8F%A5%E6%B3%95&redirect=no" class="mw-redirect" title="句法">句法</a>跳轉過嚟)</span></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="yue" dir="ltr"><div role="note" class="hatnote"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E6%90%9E%E6%B8%85%E6%A5%9A" title="Wikipedia:搞清楚"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Disambig_gray.svg/25px-Disambig_gray.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Disambig_gray.svg/38px-Disambig_gray.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Disambig_gray.svg/50px-Disambig_gray.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="220" data-file-height="168" /></a></span>  「句法」跳轉到呢度。想搵程式語言嘅句法，請睇「<b><a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%A5%E6%B3%95_(%E7%A8%8B%E5%BC%8F%E8%AA%9E%E8%A8%80)" title="句法 (程式語言)">句法 (程式語言)</a></b>」。</div> <table class="vertical-navbox nowraplinks" cellspacing="5" cellpadding="0" style="float:right;clear:right;width:22.0em;margin:0 0 1.0em 1.0em;background:#f9f9f9;border:1px solid #aaa;padding:0.2em;border-spacing:0.4em 0;text-align:center;line-height:1.4em;font-size:88%;"><tbody><tr><td class="" style="padding:0.4em 0;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Speech_bubbles_clipart.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Speech_bubbles_clipart.png/290px-Speech_bubbles_clipart.png" decoding="async" width="290" height="290" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Speech_bubbles_clipart.png/435px-Speech_bubbles_clipart.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1d/Speech_bubbles_clipart.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span></td> </tr><tr><th class="" style=";padding:0.2em 0.4em 0.2em;;font-size:145%;line-height:1.2em;background:#efefef;padding:0.4em;"><a href="/wiki/%E8%AA%9E%E8%A8%80%E5%AD%B8" title="語言學">語言學</a>系列</th> </tr><tr><td class="" style="padding:0.3em 0.4em 0.3em;font-weight:bold;display:block; margin-bottom:0.55em;"> <div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E8%AA%9E%E8%A8%80" title="語言">語言</a>（<a href="/wiki/%E8%87%AA%E7%84%B6%E8%AA%9E%E8%A8%80" title="自然語言">自然語言</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%BA%E9%80%A0%E8%AA%9E%E8%A8%80" title="人造語言">人造語言</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E5%BD%A2%E5%BC%8F%E8%AA%9E%E8%A8%80" title="形式語言">形式語言</a>）<span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E8%AA%9E%E8%A8%80%E5%AD%B8%E5%8F%B2" title="語言學史">語言學史</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E8%AA%9E%E8%A8%80%E5%AD%B8%E5%AE%B6" class="mw-redirect" title="語言學家">語言學家</a>（<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_linguists" class="extiw" title="en:List of linguists">一覽</a>）<span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E8%AA%9E%E8%A8%80%E5%AD%B8%E5%98%85%E5%A4%A7%E7%B6%B1" title="語言學嘅大綱">語言學嘅大綱</a></li></ul></div></td> </tr><tr> <th class="" style="padding:0.1em;;background:#efefef;;"> 語言結構</th> </tr><tr> <td class="" style="padding:0 0.1em 0.4em;;"> <a href="/wiki/%E8%AA%9E%E9%9F%B3%E5%AD%B8" title="語音學">語音</a>（<a href="/wiki/%E8%AA%9E%E8%A8%80%E8%81%B2%E5%AD%B8" title="語言聲學">語言聲學</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E7%99%BC%E8%81%B2%E8%AA%9E%E9%9F%B3%E5%AD%B8" title="發聲語音學">發聲</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E8%81%BD%E8%A6%BA%E8%AA%9E%E9%9F%B3%E5%AD%B8" title="聽覺語音學">聽覺</a>）同<a href="/wiki/%E9%9F%B3%E7%B3%BB" title="音系">音系</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E6%A7%8B%E8%A9%9E%E5%AD%B8" title="構詞學">構詞</a>同<a class="mw-selflink selflink">句法</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E8%AA%9E%E7%BE%A9%E5%AD%B8" title="語義學">語義</a>（<a href="/wiki/%E8%A9%9E%E5%BD%99%E8%AA%9E%E7%BE%A9%E5%AD%B8" title="詞彙語義學">詞彙語義學</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%B5%90%E6%A7%8B%E8%AA%9E%E7%BE%A9%E5%AD%B8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="結構語義學 (無呢版)">結構語義學</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E5%8E%9F%E5%9E%8B%E7%90%86%E8%AB%96" title="原型理論">原型語義學</a>）同<a href="/wiki/%E8%AA%9E%E7%94%A8%E5%AD%B8" title="語用學">語用</a></td> </tr><tr> <th class="" style="padding:0.1em;;background:#efefef;;"> 語言學領域</th> </tr><tr> <td class="" style="padding:0 0.1em 0.4em;;"> <a href="/wiki/%E6%8F%8F%E8%BF%B0%E8%AA%9E%E8%A8%80%E5%AD%B8" title="描述語言學">描述</a>同<a href="/wiki/%E8%A6%8F%E7%AF%84%E8%AA%9E%E8%A8%80%E5%AD%B8" title="規範語言學">規範</a>語言學<span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E7%90%86%E8%AB%96%E8%AA%9E%E8%A8%80%E5%AD%B8" title="理論語言學">理論</a>同<a href="/wiki/%E6%87%89%E7%94%A8%E8%AA%9E%E8%A8%80%E5%AD%B8" title="應用語言學">應用</a>語言學<span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E6%AD%B7%E5%8F%B2%E8%AA%9E%E8%A8%80%E5%AD%B8" title="歷史語言學">歷史語言學</a>（<a href="/wiki/%E6%AF%94%E8%BC%83%E8%AA%9E%E8%A8%80%E5%AD%B8" title="比較語言學">比較語言學</a>）<span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E8%AA%9E%E8%A8%80%E9%A1%9E%E5%9E%8B%E5%AD%B8" title="語言類型學">語言類型學</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%9F%B3%E4%BD%8D%E5%AD%B8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="音位學 (無呢版)">音位學</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%A9%9E%E6%B3%95%E5%AD%B8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="詞法學 (無呢版)">詞法學</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E8%A8%88%E9%87%8F%E8%AA%9E%E8%A8%80%E5%AD%B8" title="計量語言學">計量語言學</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E6%8F%8F%E8%BF%B0%E8%AA%9E%E8%A8%80%E5%AD%B8" title="描述語言學">描述語言學</a>同<a href="/wiki/%E8%A6%8F%E7%AF%84%E8%AA%9E%E8%A8%80%E5%AD%B8" title="規範語言學">規範語言學</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E5%BF%83%E7%90%86%E8%AA%9E%E8%A8%80%E5%AD%B8" title="心理語言學">心理語言學</a>同<a href="/wiki/%E7%A5%9E%E7%B6%93%E8%AA%9E%E8%A8%80%E5%AD%B8" title="神經語言學">神經語言學</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E7%A4%BE%E6%9C%83%E8%AA%9E%E8%A8%80%E5%AD%B8" title="社會語言學">社會語言學</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E8%AA%9E%E8%A8%80%E7%BF%92%E5%BE%97" title="語言習得">語言習得</a>（<a href="/wiki/%E7%AC%AC%E4%BA%8C%E8%AA%9E%E8%A8%80%E7%BF%92%E5%BE%97" title="第二語言習得">SLA</a>）<span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%94%9F%E6%88%90%E8%AA%9E%E8%A8%80%E5%AD%B8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="生成語言學 (無呢版)">生成語言學</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E8%AA%8D%E7%9F%A5%E8%AA%9E%E8%A8%80%E5%AD%B8" title="認知語言學">認知語言學</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E9%81%8B%E7%AE%97%E8%AA%9E%E8%A8%80%E5%AD%B8" title="運算語言學">運算語言學</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%85%B1%E6%99%82%E8%AA%9E%E8%A8%80%E5%AD%B8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="共時語言學 (無呢版)">共時語言學</a>（<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%B0%8D%E7%85%A7%E8%AA%9E%E8%A8%80%E5%AD%B8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="對照語言學 (無呢版)">對照語言學</a>）<span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E6%96%87%E9%AB%94%E5%AD%B8" title="文體學">文體學</a>（<a href="/wiki/%E8%A6%8F%E7%AF%84%E8%AA%9E%E8%A8%80%E5%AD%B8" title="規範語言學">規範語言學</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E8%AA%9E%E6%BA%90%E5%AD%B8" title="語源學">語源學</a>）<span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E8%AA%9E%E6%96%99%E5%BA%AB%E8%AA%9E%E8%A8%80%E5%AD%B8" title="語料庫語言學">語料庫語言學</a></td> </tr><tr> <th class="" style="padding:0.1em;;background:#efefef;;"> 語言學應用</th> </tr><tr> <td class="" style="padding:0 0.1em 0.4em;;"> <a href="/wiki/%E8%A9%9E%E5%BD%99%E5%AD%B8" title="詞彙學">詞彙學</a>同<a href="/wiki/%E8%BE%AD%E5%85%B8%E5%AD%B8" title="辭典學">辭典學</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E6%AD%A3%E5%AD%97%E6%B3%95" title="正字法">正字法</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E8%AA%9E%E8%A8%80%E6%95%99%E8%82%B2" title="語言教育">語言教育</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E8%87%AA%E7%84%B6%E8%AA%9E%E8%A8%80%E8%99%95%E7%90%86" title="自然語言處理">自然語言處理</a></td> </tr><tr> <th class="" style="padding:0.1em;;background:#efefef;;"> 拉雜相關</th> </tr><tr> <td class="" style="padding:0 0.1em 0.4em;;"> <a href="/wiki/%E6%96%87%E6%B3%95" title="文法">文法</a>（<a href="/wiki/%E6%96%87%E6%B3%95%E7%AF%84%E7%96%87" title="文法範疇">文法範疇</a>）<span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E7%94%9F%E6%88%90%E6%96%87%E6%B3%95" title="生成文法">生成文法</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E7%A4%BE%E6%9C%83%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%B8" title="社會科學">社會科學</a>同<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%BA%E6%96%87%E5%AD%B8" title="人文學">人文學</a>（<a href="/wiki/%E6%96%87%E5%AD%B8" title="文學">文學</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E6%A8%82%E7%90%86" title="樂理">樂理</a>）<span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E8%81%B2%E5%AD%B8" title="聲學">聲學</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E9%80%B2%E5%8C%96%E8%AB%96" class="mw-redirect" title="進化論">進化論</a></td> </tr><tr><td class="" style="padding:0.3em 0.4em 0.3em;font-weight:bold;"> <span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Portal"><img alt="Portal" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Portal-puzzle.svg/16px-Portal-puzzle.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Portal-puzzle.svg/24px-Portal-puzzle.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Portal-puzzle.svg/32px-Portal-puzzle.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="32" data-file-height="28" /></span></span> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Portal:Linguistics&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Portal:Linguistics (無呢版)">Portal</a></td> </tr><tr><td style="text-align:right;font-size:115%;"><div class="noprint plainlinks navbar" style="background:none; padding:0; font-weight:normal;; font-size:xx-small;"><a href="/wiki/Template:%E8%AA%9E%E8%A8%80%E5%AD%B8" title="Template:語言學"><span title="睇呢個模" style="">睇</span></a> <span style="font-size:80%;">•</span> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Template_talk:%E8%AA%9E%E8%A8%80%E5%AD%B8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Template talk:語言學 (無呢版)"><span title="討論呢個模" style="">論</span></a> <span style="font-size:80%;">•</span> <a class="external text" href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:%E8%AA%9E%E8%A8%80%E5%AD%B8&action=edit"><span title="編輯呢個模" style=";">改</span></a> <span style="font-size:80%;">•</span> <a class="external text" href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:%E8%AA%9E%E8%A8%80%E5%AD%B8&action=history"><span title="睇呢個模嘅歷史" style=";">歷</span></a></div></td></tr> </tbody></table> <p><b>句法學</b>（<a href="/wiki/%E7%B2%B5%E6%8B%BC" class="mw-redirect" title="粵拼">粵拼</a>：<span>Geoi<span class="Jpingtone">3</span> faat<span class="Jpingtone">3</span> hok<span class="Jpingtone">6</span></span>；<a href="/wiki/%E8%8B%B1%E6%96%87" title="英文">英文</a>：<span lang="en">Syntax</span>）係<a href="/wiki/%E8%AA%9E%E8%A8%80%E5%AD%B8" title="語言學">語言學</a>其中一個最重要嘅分科，專門研究<a href="/wiki/%E8%AA%9E%E5%8F%A5" class="mw-redirect" title="語句">語句</a>嘅結構同規律。語句嘅基本組成部分係<a href="/wiki/%E5%AD%97%E8%A9%9E" title="字詞">字詞</a>，而一隻<a href="/wiki/%E8%AA%9E%E8%A8%80" title="語言">語言</a>實會有一啲法則，指定字詞可以點樣組合埋一齊形成語句，當中「將啲基本意思單位組合埋一齊」係一樣好重要嘅特質——係非語言嘅<a href="/wiki/%E9%80%9A%E8%A8%8A" title="通訊">通訊</a>系統通常都冇嘅。 </p><p>句法學會研究語句當中嘅<a href="/wiki/%E8%AA%9E%E5%BA%8F" title="語序">字詞次序</a>、唔同字詞<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%80%E8%87%B4_(%E6%96%87%E6%B3%95)" title="一致 (文法)">喺構詞上要點互相配合</a>，仲有係<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%BB%E8%AA%9E" title="主語">主語</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E8%AC%82%E8%AA%9E" title="謂語">謂語</a>等嘅句子元素彼此之間有咩關係。除此之外，句法學唔單止會關注字詞望落係點排列嘅，仲會深入探討更深層次、更<a href="/wiki/%E6%8A%BD%E8%B1%A1" class="mw-redirect" title="抽象">抽象</a>嘅現象——<b>句法學家</b>亦成日研究<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%BA%E8%85%A6" title="人腦">人腦</a>點樣將句子唔同元素砌埋一齊，當中<a href="/wiki/%E7%94%9F%E6%88%90%E5%8F%A5%E6%B3%95" class="mw-redirect" title="生成句法">生成句法</a>呢套理論框架，就將句子構成嘅過程當係人腦由細元件（個別字詞）分層噉砌出更大嘅元件（<a href="/wiki/%E7%9F%AD%E8%AA%9E" title="短語">短語</a>至成句句子）。 </p><p>除咗喺理論上有價值之外，句法學仲有實用價值：例如生成句法等理論嘅分析，好興將句子當係分層結構噉睇；要教 <a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%BA%E5%B7%A5%E6%99%BA%E8%83%BD" title="人工智能">AI</a> <a href="/wiki/%E8%87%AA%E7%84%B6%E8%AA%9E%E8%A8%80%E8%99%95%E7%90%86" title="自然語言處理">處理語言</a>嗰陣時，呢種分析法亦都可以攞嚟<a href="/wiki/%E5%88%86%E6%9E%90%E6%A8%B9" title="分析樹">教 AI 分析句子</a>。 </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="學科定位"><span id=".E5.AD.B8.E7.A7.91.E5.AE.9A.E4.BD.8D"></span>學科定位</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8F%A5%E6%B3%95%E5%AD%B8&action=edit&section=1" title="編輯小節: 學科定位"><span>編輯</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div role="note" class="hatnote">内文：<a href="/wiki/%E8%AA%9E%E8%A8%80%E5%AD%B8" title="語言學">語言學</a>同<a href="/wiki/%E8%A4%87%E5%90%88%E5%8E%9F%E7%90%86" title="複合原理">複合原理</a></div> <div role="note" class="hatnote">睇埋：<a href="/wiki/%E6%A7%8B%E8%A9%9E%E5%AD%B8" title="構詞學">構詞學</a>同<a href="/wiki/%E5%AD%97%E8%A9%9E" title="字詞">字詞</a></div> <p>句法學係<a href="/wiki/%E8%AA%9E%E8%A8%80%E5%AD%B8" title="語言學">語言學</a>下嘅一個學科，專門研究<a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%A5%E5%AD%90" class="mw-redirect" title="句子">句子</a>，尤其係講到<a href="/wiki/%E5%AD%97%E8%A9%9E" title="字詞">字詞</a><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>註 1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>點樣組合埋一齊形成句子。响 2024 年，<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%8D%E5%88%97%E9%A1%9B%E7%99%BE%E7%A7%91%E5%85%A8%E6%9B%B8" title="不列顛百科全書">不列顛百科全書</a>係噉嚟形容<b>句法</b>嘅<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>： </p> <blockquote class="toccolours" style="float: none; padding: 0.3em 1em;"> <p><b>句法</b>係講緊<a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%A5%E5%AD%90" class="mw-redirect" title="句子">句子</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%AD%90%E5%8F%A5" title="子句">子句</a><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>e 1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>以及<a href="/wiki/%E7%9F%AD%E8%AA%9E" title="短語">短語</a><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>e 2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>入面點樣編排字詞，亦會研究句子嘅組成以及句子啲組成部份之間嘅關係。 </p></blockquote> <p>當中<b>組合</b>係一個重要關鍵字。例如想像<a href="/wiki/%E7%B4%85%E7%B6%A0%E7%87%88" title="紅綠燈">紅綠燈</a>，紅綠燈都係表達緊意思—<span style="color:red;">紅燈</span>表達<b>停車</b>、<span style="color:orange;">黃燈</span>表示<b>就行得</b>而<span style="color:green;">綠燈</span>就表示<b>行得喇</b>，但係呢啲<a href="/wiki/%E7%AC%A6%E8%99%9F" title="符號">符號</a>冇咩「以唔同方式組合埋一齊，意思會唔同咗」可言，所以「紅綠燈話」唔算係一隻<a href="/wiki/%E8%AA%9E%E8%A8%80" title="語言">語言</a>，其中一個重要理由就係呢套<a href="/wiki/%E9%80%9A%E8%A8%8A" title="通訊">通訊</a>系統爭咗句法<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p><p>句法學係語言學其中一個最重要嘅領域。語言本質上就係要表達<a href="/wiki/%E8%AA%9E%E7%BE%A9" class="mw-redirect" title="語義">意思</a>嘅。想像以下呢幾句<a href="/wiki/%E7%B2%B5%E8%AA%9E" title="粵語">粵語</a>語句<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>： </p> <ol><li>「明仔鍾意食<a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%89%E7%87%92%E5%8C%85" title="叉燒包">叉燒包</a>。」</li> <li>「明仔鍾意食<a href="/wiki/%E6%93%94%E6%93%94%E9%BA%B5" class="mw-redirect" title="擔擔麵">擔擔麵</a>。」</li> <li>「叉燒包鍾意食明仔。」</li> <li>「叉燒包食明仔鍾意。」</li></ol> <p>句 1 同句 2 都合乎粵語<a href="/wiki/%E6%96%87%E6%B3%95" title="文法">文法</a>，縱使佢哋「係咪合乎現實」有得拗，例如可能明仔實際上唔鍾意食擔擔麵。句 3 用咗嘅字詞同句 1 完全一樣，但係字詞排列方式唔同咗，意思就起咗大變化。句 4 就完全唔合文法，違反晒粵語嘅正常<a href="/wiki/%E8%AA%9E%E5%BA%8F" title="語序">字詞次序</a>法則，以粵語做<a href="/wiki/%E6%AF%8D%E8%AA%9E" title="母語">母語</a>嘅人根本唔明佢噏乜<sup id="cite_ref-miuseot_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-miuseot-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>註 2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p><p><br /> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1488945/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tnone center"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:488px;max-width:488px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:242px;max-width:242px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Marie-Antoinette,_1775_-_Mus%C3%A9e_Antoine_L%C3%A9cuyer.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Marie-Antoinette%2C_1775_-_Mus%C3%A9e_Antoine_L%C3%A9cuyer.jpg/240px-Marie-Antoinette%2C_1775_-_Mus%C3%A9e_Antoine_L%C3%A9cuyer.jpg" decoding="async" width="240" height="314" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Marie-Antoinette%2C_1775_-_Mus%C3%A9e_Antoine_L%C3%A9cuyer.jpg/360px-Marie-Antoinette%2C_1775_-_Mus%C3%A9e_Antoine_L%C3%A9cuyer.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Marie-Antoinette%2C_1775_-_Mus%C3%A9e_Antoine_L%C3%A9cuyer.jpg/480px-Marie-Antoinette%2C_1775_-_Mus%C3%A9e_Antoine_L%C3%A9cuyer.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1498" data-file-height="1961" /></a></span></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:242px;max-width:242px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Hickel_-_Marie_Antoinette.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Hickel_-_Marie_Antoinette.jpg/240px-Hickel_-_Marie_Antoinette.jpg" decoding="async" width="240" height="316" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Hickel_-_Marie_Antoinette.jpg/360px-Hickel_-_Marie_Antoinette.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Hickel_-_Marie_Antoinette.jpg/480px-Hickel_-_Marie_Antoinette.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2032" data-file-height="2673" /></a></span></div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flex"><div class="thumbcaption" style="background-color:"><b>大臣</b>：<a href="/wiki/%E7%91%AA%E9%BA%97%E5%AE%89%E6%9D%B1%E5%A6%AE" title="瑪麗安東妮">皇后陛下</a>，啲平民依家窮到連麵包都冇得食喇！ <p><b>清醒正常嘅瑪麗皇后</b>：噉呀？<a href="/wiki/%E7%95%80%E4%BD%A2%E5%93%8B%E9%A3%9F%E8%9B%8B%E7%B3%95%E5%9B%89" title="畀佢哋食蛋糕囉">畀啲平民食蛋糕囉</a>。 </p> <b>扻親個頭嘅瑪麗皇后</b>：噉呀？畀啲蛋糕食平民囉。</div></div></div></div><p><br /> </p><p>由上述例子睇得出，喺一隻自然語言入面，同樣嘅字詞用唔同方法<b>組合</b>，會強烈影響意思能唔能夠正確傳達。用技術化啲嘅詞彙講，即係話<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>： </p> <blockquote><p>一段表達式嘅意思，係<b>佢啲組成部份</b>以及<b>呢啲組成部份之間嘅句法編組方式</b>嘅<a href="/wiki/%E5%87%BD%E6%95%B8" title="函數">函數</a>（<a href="/wiki/%E8%A4%87%E5%90%88%E5%8E%9F%E7%90%86" title="複合原理">複合原理</a>）。</p></blockquote> <p>只認識字詞，<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1919394">.mw-parser-output .pin1ming4,.mw-parser-output .syu1ming4{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .pin1ming4>.zit3,.mw-parser-output .syu1ming4>.zit3,.mw-parser-output .zyun1ming4>.zit3,.mw-parser-output .zoek6zung6>.zit3{display:inline-block}.mw-parser-output .pin1ming4 .zit3>.zit3,.mw-parser-output .syu1ming4 .zit3>.zit3,.mw-parser-output .zyun1ming4 .zit3>.zit3,.mw-parser-output .zoek6zung6 .zit3>.zit3{display:inline-flex}.mw-parser-output .pin1ming4 .hoi1,.mw-parser-output .pin1ming4 .fan1gaak3,.mw-parser-output .pin1ming4 .saan1,.mw-parser-output .syu1ming4 .hoi1,.mw-parser-output .syu1ming4 .fan1gaak3,.mw-parser-output .syu1ming4 .saan1{display:inline-block;width:0;height:0;font-size:0.1px;color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .zyun1ming4 .fan1gaak3{font-size:0.125px}.mw-parser-output .pin1ming4+.pin1ming4,.mw-parser-output .pin1ming4+.syu1ming4,.mw-parser-output .syu1ming4+.pin1ming4,.mw-parser-output .syu1ming4+.syu1ming4,.mw-parser-output .zyun1ming4-b+.zyun1ming4-b,.mw-parser-output .zyun1ming4+.zyun1ming4{margin-left:0.0833em}.mw-parser-output .pin1ming4 .hai2tau4ge3.zit3 .hai2tau4ge3.zi6:after,.mw-parser-output .syu1ming4 .hai2tau4ge3.zit3 .hai2tau4ge3.zi6:after{clip-path:inset(0 0 0 0.05em)}.mw-parser-output .pin1ming4 .hai2zeoi3tau4ge3.hai2zeoi3mei1ge3.zit3 .hai2zeoi3tau4ge3.hai2zeoi3mei1ge3.zi6:after,.mw-parser-output .syu1ming4 .hai2zeoi3tau4ge3.hai2zeoi3mei1ge3.zit3 .hai2zeoi3tau4ge3.hai2zeoi3mei1ge3.zi6:after{clip-path:inset(0 0.14em 0 0.05em)}.mw-parser-output .pin1ming4 .hai2zeoi3mei1ge3.zit3 .hai2zeoi3mei1ge3.zi6:after,.mw-parser-output .syu1ming4 .hai2zeoi3mei1ge3.zit3 .hai2zeoi3mei1ge3.zi6:after{clip-path:inset(0 0.14em 0 0)}.mw-parser-output a[href$=".pdf"].external>span[aria-label]>.pin1ming4>.saan1,.mw-parser-output a[href$=".pdf?"].external>span[aria-label]>.pin1ming4>.saan1,.mw-parser-output a[href$=".pdf#"].external>span[aria-label]>.pin1ming4>.saan1,.mw-parser-output a[href$=".PDF"].external>span[aria-label]>.pin1ming4>.saan1,.mw-parser-output a[href$=".PDF?"].external>span[aria-label]>.pin1ming4>.saan1,.mw-parser-output a[href$=".PDF#"].external>span[aria-label]>.pin1ming4>.saan1,.mw-parser-output a[href$=".pdf"].external>span[aria-label]>.syu1ming4>.saan1,.mw-parser-output a[href$=".pdf?"].external>span[aria-label]>.syu1ming4>.saan1,.mw-parser-output a[href$=".pdf#"].external>span[aria-label]>.syu1ming4>.saan1,.mw-parser-output a[href$=".PDF"].external>span[aria-label]>.syu1ming4>.saan1,.mw-parser-output a[href$=".PDF?"].external>span[aria-label]>.syu1ming4>.saan1,.mw-parser-output a[href$=".PDF#"].external>span[aria-label]>.syu1ming4>.saan1{width:unset;font-size:unset}.mw-parser-output .zyun1ming4 .hai2tau4ge3.zit3 .hai2tau4ge3.zi6:after{overflow:hidden}.mw-parser-output .zyun1ming4 .hai2tau4ge3.hai2zeoi3mei1ge3.zit3{clip-path:inset(0 0 0 0)}.mw-parser-output .zyun1ming4 .hai2tau4ge3.hai2zeoi3mei1ge3.zit3 .hai2tau4ge3.hai2zeoi3mei1ge3.zi6:after{clip-path:inset(0.14em 0 0 0)}.mw-parser-output .zyun1ming4 .hai2zeoi3mei1ge3.zit3 .hai2zeoi3mei1ge3.zi6:after{transform:rotate(90deg)translate(-0.25em,0.5em)}.mw-parser-output .fan1gaak3+.zi6:after{clip-path:inset(0 0 0 0.1em)}.mw-parser-output .pin1ming4 .zi6:after,.mw-parser-output .syu1ming4 .zi6:after,.mw-parser-output .zyun1ming4 .zi6:after,.mw-parser-output .zoek6zung6 .zi6:after{position:absolute;align-self:baseline;margin-left:-1em}.mw-parser-output .pin1ming4 .zi6:after,.mw-parser-output .syu1ming4 .zi6:after{padding-top:1em;content:"﹋"}.mw-parser-output .zyun1ming4 .zi6:after{content:"︳";transform-origin:bottom left;transform:rotate(90deg)translate(-0.25em,0.35em)}.mw-parser-output .zoek6zung6 .zi6:after{padding-top:0.6em;content:"·";width:1em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .koen1zo2,.mw-parser-output .pin1ming4-b .hoi1-adj,.mw-parser-output .syu1ming4-b .hoi1-adj{margin-left:-0.4em}.mw-parser-output .koen1jau6,.mw-parser-output .pin1ming4-b .saan1-adj,.mw-parser-output .syu1ming4-b .saan1-adj{margin-right:-0.4em}.mw-parser-output .zyun1ming4-b{white-space:nowrap;border-bottom:0.05em solid currentColor}.mw-parser-output .zyun1ming4-b+link+.zyun1ming4-b,.mw-parser-output .zyun1ming4-b+.zyun1ming4-b{margin-left:0.083em}</style><span class="zoek6zung6" aria-label="唔"><span class="hai2tau4ge3 hai2zeoi3mei1ge3 zit3"><span class="zit3"><span class="hai2tau4ge3 hai2zeoi3mei1ge3 zi6">唔</span></span></span></span>能夠正確噉理解語言。而事實亦都表明，<a href="/wiki/%E8%87%AA%E7%84%B6%E8%AA%9E%E8%A8%80%E8%99%95%E7%90%86" title="自然語言處理">教 AI 處理語言</a>嗰陣設計者一定要用句法知識，先至可以教 AI 畀出正確嘅句子<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。因此語言學研究者可以得出一個結論：句法學有必要存在，做語言學嘅一個學科。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="語句概念"><span id=".E8.AA.9E.E5.8F.A5.E6.A6.82.E5.BF.B5"></span>語句概念</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8F%A5%E6%B3%95%E5%AD%B8&action=edit&section=2" title="編輯小節: 語句概念"><span>編輯</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div role="note" class="hatnote">内文：<a href="/wiki/%E8%AA%9E%E5%8F%A5" class="mw-redirect" title="語句">語句</a></div> <p>喺廿一世紀初嘅語言學上，<a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%A5%E5%AD%90" class="mw-redirect" title="句子">句子</a>，或者叫<a href="/wiki/%E8%AA%9E%E5%8F%A5" class="mw-redirect" title="語句">語句</a>，可以大致<a href="/wiki/%E7%95%8C%E5%AE%9A" class="mw-redirect" title="界定">界定</a>做「有最少一隻字詞、能夠表達一個完整諗法」嘅語言單位<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>，會描述一件事件<sup id="cite_ref-essential9-2_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-essential9-2-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p><p><b>句子</b>呢個概念成日畀人攞嚟同<a href="/wiki/%E5%AD%97%E8%A9%9E" title="字詞">字詞</a>或者<a href="/wiki/%E5%BD%A2%E6%85%8B%E7%B4%A0" title="形態素">形態素</a><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>e 3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>比較。一種講法可以噉想像：句子同形態素最大分別在於，一句句子嘅意思可以由組成佢嘅部份（形態素）推斷出嚟，但係形態素就<b>唔得</b>。好似以下嘅例子（呢度講緊語音上嘅字詞，唔好諗<a href="/wiki/%E6%96%87%E5%AD%97" title="文字">文字</a>住）。 </p> <ul><li>假想有一個以<a href="/wiki/%E8%8B%B1%E6%96%87" title="英文">英文</a>（或者是但一隻非粵語嘅語言）做母語嘅人，佢完全唔識粵語，從來未聽過<a href="/wiki/%E7%B2%B5%E6%8B%BC" class="mw-redirect" title="粵拼">粵拼</a> <span>faa<span class="Jpingtone">1</span></span>（<a href="/wiki/%E6%BC%A2%E5%AD%97" title="漢字">漢字</a><b>花</b>）呢隻形態素，佢唔會有能力淨係靠聽 <span>f</span> 或者 <span>aa</span> 等嘅<a href="/wiki/%E9%9F%B3%E7%B4%A0" title="音素">音素</a><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>e 4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>估得出嗰嚿形態素係咩意思，最多就係靠撞。</li> <li>又假想有個人，佢係以粵語做母語嘅，佢除咗粵語之外咩語言都唔識。依家佢要學<a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%B7%E6%96%87" title="德文">德文</a>，啱啱學識 <b>Ich</b>（<b>我</b>）、<b>esse</b>（<a href="/wiki/%E5%8B%95%E8%A9%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="動詞">動詞</a>指<b>食</b>）同埋 <b>Käse</b>（<a href="/wiki/%E5%90%8D%E8%A9%9E" title="名詞">名詞</a>指<a href="/wiki/%E8%8A%9D%E5%A3%AB" title="芝士">芝士</a>）呢幾隻生字，噉依家問佢 <b>Ich esse <a href="/wiki/%E6%8C%87%E5%AE%9A%E5%86%A0%E8%A9%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="指定冠詞">den</a> Käse</b> 呢句德文句子係乜嘢意思——佢好大機會能夠正確噉估到，句嘢嘅意思係<b>我食指定咗嗰件芝士</b>噉解。</li></ul> <p>由上述例子可見：音素組成形態素，而字詞（一隻字詞有最少一嚿形態素）組成句子；組成一嚿形態素嘅音素，唔能夠提供「嚿形態素係乜嘢意思」嘅<a href="/wiki/%E8%B3%87%E8%A8%8A" title="資訊">資訊</a>，而組成一句句子嘅形態素同字詞，就<b>能夠</b>提供「句嘢係乜嘢意思」嘅資訊<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p><p>字詞同句子嘅呢樣分別，造成兩者喺其他方面有重要差異：一隻語言啲形態素意思係乜，只有得死記（想像啲人背生字），所以是但搵一隻主流語言，隻語言有嘅形態素數量梗會係有限嘅；相比之下，一個人只要夠熟悉一隻語言，就能夠齋靠文法知識同字詞，判斷一句未見過嘅句子係乜嘢意思，唔需要死背隻語言有嘅可能句子，頂攏可能要記邊啲句子比較常見，噉就表示一隻語言可以有<a href="/wiki/%E7%84%A1%E9%99%90" class="mw-redirect" title="無限">無限</a>咁多句<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>註 3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>可能嘅句子<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="句法分析"><span id=".E5.8F.A5.E6.B3.95.E5.88.86.E6.9E.90"></span>句法分析</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8F%A5%E6%B3%95%E5%AD%B8&action=edit&section=3" title="編輯小節: 句法分析"><span>編輯</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div role="note" class="hatnote">睇埋：<a href="/wiki/%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%B8%E6%96%B9%E6%B3%95" title="科學方法">科學方法</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E8%AA%9E%E8%A8%80%E8%B3%87%E6%BA%90" title="語言資源">語言資源</a>同<a href="/wiki/%E8%AA%9E%E6%96%99%E5%BA%AB" title="語料庫">語料庫</a></div> <p>分析未知嘅句法，語言學家成日都要做：喺廿一世紀初，語言學家估計世上有約莫 7,000 隻語言咁多<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>，當中大部份都未有文獻詳細描述，噉就表示好多語言學家都要探索未知嘅句法。除此之外，就算係好似<a href="/wiki/%E7%B2%B5%E8%AA%9E" title="粵語">粵語</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E8%8B%B1%E6%96%87" title="英文">英文</a>同<a href="/wiki/%E8%91%A1%E6%96%87" class="mw-redirect" title="葡文">葡文</a>等語言學家詳盡分析咗嘅語言，佢哋都會<a href="/wiki/%E8%AA%9E%E8%A8%80%E6%BC%94%E8%AE%8A" title="語言演變">演變</a>，表示語言學家有必要定時定候去 update 佢哋對呢啲語言嘅知識<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p><p>有語言學家指，句法分析個過程就好似<a href="/wiki/%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%B8%E6%96%B9%E6%B3%95" title="科學方法">科學方法</a><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>e 5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>噉<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>：句法分析都係首先要提出<a href="/wiki/%E5%81%87%E8%AA%AA" title="假說">假說</a>，跟住搵<a href="/wiki/%E6%95%B8%E6%93%9A" title="數據">數據</a>測試假說，從而磨練理論。依個過程通常始於觀察：語言學家會睇吓目標語言啲句子係點，然後提出「依隻語言嘅句法規則，我估係噉噉噉」嘅諗法（預想法則），手上有咗預想法則，佢哋就會去搜集目標語言嘅句子返嚟，睇吓啲句子係咪冚唪唥都合符<sup id="cite_ref-miuseot_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-miuseot-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>註 2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>預想法則。唔合符嘅話條法則就要改，改到啲預想法則完美合符數據為止。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="分析例子"><span id=".E5.88.86.E6.9E.90.E4.BE.8B.E5.AD.90"></span>分析例子</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8F%A5%E6%B3%95%E5%AD%B8&action=edit&section=4" title="編輯小節: 分析例子"><span>編輯</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>簡化講，<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%BB%E8%AA%9E" title="主語">主語</a>係做出動詞（<b>食嘢</b>）嗰方，而<a href="/wiki/%E8%B3%93%E8%AA%9E" title="賓語">賓語</a>係承受動詞嘅動作（<b>被食</b>）嗰方。 </p><p>想像家陣要分析廿一世紀初嘅英文。句法研究者首先提出一套諗法， </p> <blockquote class="toccolours" style="float: none; padding: 0.3em 1em;"><p> 預想法則：<br /> </p><ol><li>英文嘅語句，永遠都係<a href="/wiki/SVO_%E5%9E%8B" title="SVO 型">主語行先、然後到動詞、賓語擺尾</a>嘅。</li></ol> </blockquote> <p>佢搵到大量嘅句子，係<a href="/wiki/%E6%8F%8F%E8%BF%B0%E8%AA%9E%E8%A8%80%E5%AD%B8" title="描述語言學">以英文做母語嘅人會自然噉用</a>，而且符合佢條預想法則嘅：<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1972763">.mw-parser-output table.sentence-gloss,.mw-parser-output table.sentence-gloss tr,.mw-parser-output table.sentence-gloss td{background:none;border:none}.mw-parser-output table.sentence-gloss td{line-height:1em}.mw-parser-output table.sentence-gloss .sentence{font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output table.sentence-gloss td[colspan]{text-align:center;background:rgba(0,0,0,0.05)}.mw-parser-output table.sentence-gloss td[colspan]+td[colspan]{border-left:1px dotted currentColor}.mw-parser-output table.sentence-gloss td.empty[colspan]{background:unset}.mw-parser-output table.sentence-gloss .part-of-speech,.mw-parser-output table.sentence-gloss .gloss{font-size:0.9em}.mw-parser-output table.sentence-gloss .gloss td:not(.empty):not(.annotation):before{content:"｢";margin-left:-0.25em;margin-right:0.0625em}.mw-parser-output table.sentence-gloss .gloss td:not(.empty):not(.annotation):after{content:"｣";margin-left:-0.125em}</style> </p> <dl><dd><table class="wikitable sentence-gloss"> <tbody><tr class="sentence"> <td>I </td> <td>enjoy </td> <td>the </td> <td>performance </td> <td>. </td></tr> <tr class="role"> <td>主 </td> <td>動 </td> <td colspan="2">賓 </td></tr> <tr class="gloss"> <td>我 </td> <td>鍾意 / 享受 </td> <td>嗰（場） </td> <td>表演 </td></tr></tbody></table></dd></dl> <dl><dd><table class="wikitable sentence-gloss"> <tbody><tr class="sentence"> <td>A-ming </td> <td>has </td> <td>eaten </td> <td>the </td> <td>hamburger </td> <td>. </td></tr> <tr class="role"> <td>主 </td> <td colspan="2">動 </td> <td colspan="2">賓 </td></tr> <tr class="gloss"> <td>阿明 </td> <td colspan="2">食咗 </td> <td>嗰（個） </td> <td><a href="/wiki/%E6%BC%A2%E5%A0%A1%E5%8C%85" title="漢堡包">漢堡包</a> </td></tr></tbody></table></dd></dl> <dl><dd><table class="wikitable sentence-gloss"> <tbody><tr class="sentence"> <td>He </td> <td>is </td> <td>reading </td> <td>the </td> <td>book </td> <td>. </td></tr> <tr class="role"> <td>主 </td> <td colspan="2">動 </td> <td colspan="2">賓 </td></tr> <tr class="gloss"> <td>佢（男性） </td> <td colspan="2">閱讀緊 </td> <td>嗰（本） </td> <td>書 </td></tr></tbody></table></dd></dl> <p>不過，佢一遇到英文嗰啲<a href="/wiki/%E7%A5%88%E4%BD%BF%E5%8F%A5" class="mw-redirect" title="祈使句">祈使句</a><sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>e 6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>，條法則就出事： </p> <dl><dd><table class="wikitable sentence-gloss"> <tbody><tr class="sentence"> <td>Wash </td> <td>the </td> <td>dishes </td> <td>! </td></tr> <tr class="role"> <td>動 </td> <td colspan="2">賓 </td></tr> <tr class="gloss"> <td>洗 </td> <td>嗰（啲） </td> <td>碟 </td></tr></tbody></table></dd></dl> <p>句嘢譯做粵語可作<b>洗咗啲碟佢！</b>。上述句嘢顯然並非「主語行先、然後到動詞、賓語擺尾」噉嘅款。有見及此，句法研究者就改吓佢嘅法則，例如可能變成： </p> <blockquote class="toccolours" style="float: none; padding: 0.3em 1em;"><p> 預想法則 V2.0：<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>註 4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /> </p><ol><li>英文嘅語句除非另外講明，一定係主語行先、然後到動詞、賓語擺尾嘅。</li> <li>英文祈使句，係動詞行先、然後先至到賓語嘅。</li></ol> </blockquote> <p>手上有咗呢套新諗法，句法研究者就會繼續去搵更多英文語句返嚟，用呢啲語句驗證佢套諗法。如是者佢一直搵一直驗證，磨練佢嘅理論，目標係要搵到一套法則，做到完美描述英文句法。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="語句結構"><span id=".E8.AA.9E.E5.8F.A5.E7.B5.90.E6.A7.8B"></span>語句結構</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8F%A5%E6%B3%95%E5%AD%B8&action=edit&section=5" title="編輯小節: 語句結構"><span>編輯</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div role="note" class="hatnote">睇埋：<a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%B6_(%E8%AA%9E%E8%A8%80%E5%AD%B8)" title="零 (語言學)">零 (語言學)</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%AD%90%E5%8F%A5" title="子句">子句</a>同<a href="/wiki/%E8%AA%9E%E5%BA%8F" title="語序">語序</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="詞性"><span id=".E8.A9.9E.E6.80.A7"></span>詞性</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8F%A5%E6%B3%95%E5%AD%B8&action=edit&section=6" title="編輯小節: 詞性"><span>編輯</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table border="1" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" style="margin: 1em 1em 1em 1em; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1px #aaa solid; border-collapse: collapse; font-size: 95%;" class="wikitable floatright"> <caption align="top"> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th style="width:270px">粵語字典範例 </th></tr> <tr valign="top"> <td><b>語音</b>：<span>Faa<span class="Jpingtone">1</span></span>（<a href="/wiki/%E7%B2%B5%E6%8B%BC" class="mw-redirect" title="粵拼">粵拼</a>） / <b>漢字</b>：花<br /><b>意思</b>：<a href="/wiki/%E5%90%8D%E8%A9%9E" title="名詞">名詞</a>，指<a href="/wiki/%E8%8A%B1" title="花">開花植物嘅生殖用構造</a>，出晒名顏色鮮艷。<br /><b>例句</b>：你哋睇吓！成個公園啲花開晒！ <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1242160">.mw-parser-output .gallery-mod{background:transparent;margin-top:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .gallery-mod-center{margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto}.mw-parser-output .gallery-mod-title{text-align:center;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .gallery-mod-box{float:left;border-collapse:collapse;margin:3px}.mw-parser-output .gallery-mod-box .thumb{border:1px solid #ccc;background-color:#F8F8F8;padding:0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output tr.gallery-mod-text{vertical-align:top}.mw-parser-output tr.gallery-mod-text .core{display:block;font-size:small;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .gallery-mod-text .caption{line-height:1.25em;padding:6px 6px 1px 6px;margin:0;border:none;border-width:0}.mw-parser-output .gallery-mod-footer{text-align:right;font-size:80%;line-height:1em}</style><table class="gallery-mod gallery-mod-center"><tbody><tr><th class="gallery-mod-title">花嘅圖例</th></tr><tr><td><table class="gallery-mod-box" style="width:200px"><tbody><tr><td class="thumb" style="height:155px"><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:%E6%9C%A8%E6%A3%89_Bombax_ceiba_-%E9%A6%99%E6%B8%AF%E9%9D%92%E8%A1%A3%E5%85%AC%E5%9C%92_Tsing_Yi_Park,_Hong_Kong-_(9207616744).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="圖入面嘅係木棉花。"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/%E6%9C%A8%E6%A3%89_Bombax_ceiba_-%E9%A6%99%E6%B8%AF%E9%9D%92%E8%A1%A3%E5%85%AC%E5%9C%92_Tsing_Yi_Park%2C_Hong_Kong-_%289207616744%29.jpg/180px-%E6%9C%A8%E6%A3%89_Bombax_ceiba_-%E9%A6%99%E6%B8%AF%E9%9D%92%E8%A1%A3%E5%85%AC%E5%9C%92_Tsing_Yi_Park%2C_Hong_Kong-_%289207616744%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="135" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/%E6%9C%A8%E6%A3%89_Bombax_ceiba_-%E9%A6%99%E6%B8%AF%E9%9D%92%E8%A1%A3%E5%85%AC%E5%9C%92_Tsing_Yi_Park%2C_Hong_Kong-_%289207616744%29.jpg/270px-%E6%9C%A8%E6%A3%89_Bombax_ceiba_-%E9%A6%99%E6%B8%AF%E9%9D%92%E8%A1%A3%E5%85%AC%E5%9C%92_Tsing_Yi_Park%2C_Hong_Kong-_%289207616744%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/%E6%9C%A8%E6%A3%89_Bombax_ceiba_-%E9%A6%99%E6%B8%AF%E9%9D%92%E8%A1%A3%E5%85%AC%E5%9C%92_Tsing_Yi_Park%2C_Hong_Kong-_%289207616744%29.jpg/360px-%E6%9C%A8%E6%A3%89_Bombax_ceiba_-%E9%A6%99%E6%B8%AF%E9%9D%92%E8%A1%A3%E5%85%AC%E5%9C%92_Tsing_Yi_Park%2C_Hong_Kong-_%289207616744%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="1944" /></a><figcaption><center>圖入面嘅係<a href="/wiki/%E6%9C%A8%E6%A3%89" class="mw-redirect" title="木棉">木棉花</a>。</center></figcaption></figure></td></tr><tr class="gallery-mod-text"><td class="core"><div class="caption" style="min-height:3.1em;width:187px"><center>圖入面嘅係<a href="/wiki/%E6%9C%A8%E6%A3%89" class="mw-redirect" title="木棉">木棉花</a>。</center> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div role="note" class="hatnote">内文：<a href="/wiki/%E8%A9%9E%E6%80%A7" title="詞性">詞性</a></div> <p>一種常見嘅睇法係，語句嘅基本單位唔係字詞，而係字詞嘅<b>類型</b>。想像以下呢句粵語句子<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>註 5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>： </p> <dl><dd>「我食咗叉燒包。」</dd></dl> <p>如果將句嘢入面嘅<b>叉燒包</b>換做（例如）<b>三文魚</b>、<b>私家車</b>或者<b>阿明</b>等嘅字詞，句嘢依然會係啱文法嘅，縱使<b>我食咗私家車</b>呢句嘢喺意思上好怪異。相比之下，<b>咗</b>淨係可以黐落<a href="/wiki/%E5%8B%95%E8%A9%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="動詞">動詞</a>嘅尾<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>，如果將<b>食</b>換做<b>三文魚</b>變成<b>三文魚咗</b>，句嘢就會唔啱文法。由此可見，攞住一句句子，搵其中一隻字詞（X）嚟睇，都梗會响同一隻語言入便搵到一大拃字詞，就算將呢啲字詞是但一個<a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%A5%E6%B3%95%E6%88%90%E4%BB%BD" title="句法成份">代入去</a> X 個位度<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>註 6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>，句句子都仲會係啱文法嘅，同時唔同 X 屬同一類別嘅字詞如果換入去 X 個位，句嘢就會唔啱文法<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p><p>於是乎，語言研究上就有咗<a href="/wiki/%E8%A9%9E%E6%80%A7" title="詞性">詞性</a><sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>e 7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>嘅概念：隨便搵一隻語言，隻語言有嘅字詞數量閒閒哋數以萬計，但係呢啲數以萬計嘅字詞，可以按佢哋<b>喺句子入便扮演乜嘢角色</b><sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>註 7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>分類做名詞、動詞同<a href="/wiki/%E5%BD%A2%E5%AE%B9%E8%A9%9E" title="形容詞">形容詞</a>等數量少嘅幾個類別，而每個詞性亦有得再細分，例如名詞就可以分做<a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%AF%E6%95%B8%E5%90%8D%E8%A9%9E" title="可數名詞">可數名詞</a>同<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%8D%E5%8F%AF%E6%95%B8%E5%90%8D%E8%A9%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="不可數名詞">不可數名詞</a>；語句最基本嘅組成單位係詞性類別而非字詞，即係話 </p> <dl><dd>「我食咗叉燒包。」</dd> <dd>「我做咗家務。」</dd> <dd>「我上咗<a href="/wiki/%E7%B2%B5%E8%AA%9E%E7%B6%AD%E5%9F%BA%E7%99%BE%E7%A7%91" class="mw-redirect" title="粵語維基百科">粵維</a>。」</dd></dl> <p>呢幾句嘢喺句法上「相同」，冚唪唥都可以<a href="/wiki/%E6%8A%BD%E8%B1%A1%E5%8C%96" title="抽象化">抽象化</a>噉當係 {[名詞]-[動詞]-咗-[名詞]} 嘅形式。而噉亦表示，每一個字詞都有至少三個特性：<a href="/wiki/%E9%9F%B3%E7%B3%BB" title="音系">音系</a>（簡化講係點發音）、<a href="/wiki/%E8%AA%9E%E7%BE%A9" class="mw-redirect" title="語義">意思</a>同埋句法角色——喺廿一世紀，一本<a href="/wiki/%E5%AD%97%E5%85%B8" title="字典">字典</a>要講解字詞嗰陣，實會提及呢三樣資訊<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p><p>詞性可以分做兩大種，<a href="/wiki/%E9%96%8B%E6%94%BE%E5%AD%97%E9%A1%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="開放字類">開放字類</a><sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>e 8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>同<a href="/wiki/%E5%B0%81%E9%96%89%E5%AD%97%E9%A1%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="封閉字類">封閉字類</a><sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>e 9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>：開放詞性係指容易有<a href="/wiki/%E6%96%B0%E8%A9%9E" title="新詞">新詞</a>嘅詞性，而封閉詞性就係指唔易有新詞嘅詞性，例如名詞、動詞同形容詞就係開放詞性，成日都有新字詞，而相比之下<a href="/wiki/%E5%86%A0%E8%A9%9E" title="冠詞">冠詞</a>同<a href="/wiki/%E4%BB%A3%E5%90%8D%E8%A9%9E" title="代名詞">代名詞</a>就被指係封閉詞性，難有新詞出現<sup id="cite_ref-essential7-3_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-essential7-3-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。封閉字類比較傾向係喺文法上有重要功能嘅。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="句法成份"><span id=".E5.8F.A5.E6.B3.95.E6.88.90.E4.BB.BD"></span>句法成份</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8F%A5%E6%B3%95%E5%AD%B8&action=edit&section=7" title="編輯小節: 句法成份"><span>編輯</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div role="note" class="hatnote">内文：<a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%A5%E6%B3%95%E6%88%90%E4%BB%BD" title="句法成份">句法成份</a></div> <div role="note" class="hatnote">睇埋：<a href="/wiki/%E7%9F%AD%E8%AA%9E" title="短語">短語</a>同<a href="/wiki/%E7%9F%AD%E8%AA%9E%E4%B8%AD%E5%BF%83%E6%96%B9%E5%90%91" title="短語中心方向">短語中心方向</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%A5%E6%B3%95%E6%88%90%E4%BB%BD" title="句法成份">成份</a><sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>e 10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>係語句嘅「組成單位」。如果將一嚿成份換做一隻屬相同詞性嘅字，意思可能會變，但句嘢依然會啱文法。想像以下呢段英文<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>： <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1972763"> </p> <dl><dd><table class="wikitable sentence-gloss"> <tbody><tr class="sentence"> <td>Tasty </td> <td>pie </td></tr> <tr class="gloss"> <td>好食嘅 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/%E6%89%B9" title="批">批</a> </td></tr></tbody></table></dd></dl> <p>呢段嘢可以被 <b>pie</b> 取代，句嘢依然啱文法；佢前面可以黐多一個形容詞，變做例如 <b>cheap tasty pie</b>（<b>又平又好食嘅批</b>）；而且佢加起<a href="/wiki/%E6%95%B8%E8%A9%9E" title="數詞">數詞</a>上嚟好似一般嘅名詞噉——可以變做例如 <b>two tasty pies</b>（<b>兩個好食嘅批</b>）。由此可見，呢段嘢雖然唔係一個單一名詞，但係句法特性上似十足一個典型嘅名詞，可以想像成係呢段嘢由<b>批</b>（名詞）嗰度「繼承」咗句法特性。語言學家睇咗好多隻語言嘅語句，都留意到同樣嘅情況：當幾個細成份拼埋一齊做一個大成份嗰陣，通常都梗會有其中一個細成份負責將自己嘅句法特性「傳遞」畀大成份<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>註 8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>，呢個細成份就係所謂嘅<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%BF%83_(%E8%AA%9E%E8%A8%80%E5%AD%B8)" title="中心 (語言學)">頭</a><sup id="cite_ref-essential8-3_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-essential8-3-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> ——用返上面個例子，<b>pie</b> 就係 <b>tasty pie</b> 嘅頭。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="結合"><span id=".E7.B5.90.E5.90.88"></span>結合</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8F%A5%E6%B3%95%E5%AD%B8&action=edit&section=8" title="編輯小節: 結合"><span>編輯</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div role="note" class="hatnote">内文：<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%B5%90%E5%90%88_(%E8%AA%9E%E8%A8%80%E5%AD%B8)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="結合 (語言學) (無呢版)">結合 (語言學)</a></div> <div role="note" class="hatnote">睇埋：<a href="/wiki/%E7%94%9F%E6%88%90%E6%96%87%E6%B3%95" title="生成文法">生成文法</a></div> <p>用<a href="/wiki/%E7%94%9F%E6%88%90%E6%96%87%E6%B3%95" title="生成文法">生成文法</a><sup id="cite_ref-GG_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GG-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>e 11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>觀點睇，可以想像攞住兩嚿句法成份（<b>tasty</b> 同 <b>pie</b>）再將佢哋<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%B5%90%E5%90%88_(%E8%AA%9E%E8%A8%80%E5%AD%B8)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="結合 (語言學) (無呢版)">結合</a><sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>e 12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>埋一齊創造出一嚿新嘅句法成份，而組成佢嘅成份當中有一嚿會做頭或者包含個頭，噉嘅結合過程可以重複若干次，產生好似以下噉嘅物體： </p> <dl><dd><table class="wikitable sentence-gloss"> <tbody><tr class="sentence"> <td>Big </td> <td>hot </td> <td>tasty </td> <td>pie </td></tr> <tr class="gloss"> <td>大嘅 </td> <td>熱嘅 </td> <td>好食嘅 </td> <td>批 </td></tr></tbody></table></dd></dl> <p>一句<a href="/wiki/%E7%9F%AD%E8%AA%9E" title="短語">短語</a><sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>e 13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>可以<a href="/wiki/%E7%95%8C%E5%AE%9A" class="mw-redirect" title="界定">界定</a>為「有頭嘅句法成份」，而 <b>XX 短語</b>就係指句法行為上似 XX 嘅短語，例如<a href="/wiki/%E5%90%8D%E8%A9%9E%E7%9F%AD%E8%AA%9E" title="名詞短語">名詞短語</a>（NP）就係指<b>好食嘅批</b>噉行為似單一名詞嘅短語（就算畀一個單一名詞取代，句嘢依然啱文法）。即係話按呢種觀點，一句語句有一個<b>分層式</b><sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>e 14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>嘅構造，好似以下嘅<a href="/wiki/%E6%A8%B9%E7%8B%80%E5%9C%96" title="樹狀圖">樹狀圖</a>噉： </p> <figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:ParseTree.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/ParseTree.svg/330px-ParseTree.svg.png" decoding="async" width="330" height="330" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/ParseTree.svg/495px-ParseTree.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/ParseTree.svg/660px-ParseTree.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="120" data-file-height="120" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> <p>例子解釋：<b>The</b>（<a href="/wiki/%E6%B1%BA%E5%AE%9A%E8%A9%9E" title="決定詞">決定詞</a> Det）同 <b>ball</b>（名詞 N）結合，組成一個名詞短語（NP），而呢個短語跟住就同 <b>hit</b>（動詞 V）結合組成一個<a href="/wiki/%E5%8B%95%E8%A9%9E%E7%9F%AD%E8%AA%9E" title="動詞短語">動詞短語</a>（VP），而呢個動詞短語最後同 <b>John</b>（名詞）結合，組成一句語句（S）<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。用 <a href="/wiki/Python_%E7%A8%8B%E5%BC%8F%E8%AA%9E%E8%A8%80" class="mw-redirect" title="Python 程式語言">Python 程式語言</a><sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>註 9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>會用嘅<a href="/wiki/%E5%88%86%E6%9E%90%E6%A8%B9" title="分析樹">分析樹</a><sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>嚟表達嘅話，上面句例句可以表達成 </p> <dl><dd><code>(<b>S</b> (<b>NP</b> John) (<b>VP</b> (<b>V</b> hit) (<b>NP</b> (<b>DT</b> the) (<b>NN</b> ball))))</code></dd></dl> <p>噉款。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="配合構詞"><span id=".E9.85.8D.E5.90.88.E6.A7.8B.E8.A9.9E"></span>配合構詞</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8F%A5%E6%B3%95%E5%AD%B8&action=edit&section=9" title="編輯小節: 配合構詞"><span>編輯</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div role="note" class="hatnote">睇埋：<a href="/wiki/%E6%A7%8B%E8%A9%9E%E5%AD%B8" title="構詞學">構詞學</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E8%A9%9E%E5%BD%A2%E8%AE%8A%E5%8C%96" title="詞形變化">詞形變化</a>同<a href="/wiki/%E8%AA%9E%E8%A8%80%E5%86%97%E9%A4%98" title="語言冗餘">語言冗餘</a></div> <p>要思考句法成份可以點組合或者點郁，必然要講<a href="/wiki/%E5%AD%97%E8%A9%9E" title="字詞">字詞</a>。講字詞就會涉及<a href="/wiki/%E6%A7%8B%E8%A9%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="構詞">構詞</a>嘅嘢。事實表明，某啲構詞特徵同時亦係句法特徵，因為呢啲構詞特徵係咪要出現，取決於隻字詞嘅句法角色，或者取决於佢身邊啲字詞嘅特性。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="變格"><span id=".E8.AE.8A.E6.A0.BC"></span>變格</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8F%A5%E6%B3%95%E5%AD%B8&action=edit&section=10" title="編輯小節: 變格"><span>編輯</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div role="note" class="hatnote">内文：<a href="/wiki/%E6%96%87%E6%B3%95%E6%A0%BC" title="文法格">文法格</a>同<a href="/wiki/%E8%AE%8A%E6%A0%BC" title="變格">變格</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/%E6%96%87%E6%B3%95%E6%A0%BC" title="文法格">文法格</a><sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>e 15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>係一種好多語言都有嘅文法範疇，係句法嘅重要一部份。講一隻字詞屬於乜嘢文法格，可以想像成係講隻字詞「喺句子入便扮演咩角色」。例如英文就有文法格呢樣嘢，想像以下嘅句子 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1972763"> </p> <dl><dd><table class="wikitable sentence-gloss"> <tbody><tr class="sentence"> <td>He </td> <td>loves </td> <td>the </td> <td>dog </td> <td>. </td></tr> <tr class="gloss"> <td>佢（男性） </td> <td>愛 </td> <td>（指定） </td> <td><a href="/wiki/%E7%8B%97" title="狗">狗</a> </td></tr></tbody></table></dd></dl> <dl><dd><table class="wikitable sentence-gloss"> <tbody><tr class="sentence"> <td>The </td> <td>dog </td> <td>loves </td> <td>him </td> <td>. </td></tr> <tr class="gloss"> <td>（指定） </td> <td>狗 </td> <td>愛 </td> <td>佢（男性） </td></tr></tbody></table></dd></dl> <p>喺句 1 裡便，<b>He</b>（<b>男性佢</b>）係愛嗰一方，係句子嘅<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%BB%E8%AA%9E" title="主語">主語</a>，而句 2 裡便嘅 <b>him</b>（<b>男性佢</b>）係被愛嗰一方，係句子嘅<a href="/wiki/%E8%B3%93%E8%AA%9E" title="賓語">賓語</a>。即係話英文裡便<b>男性佢</b>呢隻字詞要視乎佢「做緊句子主語定係賓語」而變樣——做主語嗰陣要變做 <b>he</b> 而做賓語嗰陣就要變做 <b>him</b> <sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。英文嘅文法格系統相對簡單，好多<a href="/wiki/%E6%AD%90%E6%B4%B2%E8%AA%9E%E8%A8%80" title="歐洲語言">歐洲語言</a>有更複雜嘅文法格系統，例子可以睇吓<a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%B7%E6%96%87" title="德文">德文</a>等英文以外嘅<a href="/wiki/%E6%97%A5%E8%80%B3%E6%9B%BC%E8%AA%9E%E8%A8%80" class="mw-redirect" title="日耳曼語言">日耳曼語言</a>，或者係<a href="/wiki/%E6%96%AF%E6%8B%89%E5%A4%AB%E8%AA%9E%E8%A8%80" class="mw-redirect" title="斯拉夫語言">斯拉夫語言</a>（成員包括<a href="/wiki/%E6%8D%B7%E5%85%8B%E8%A9%B1" class="mw-redirect" title="捷克話">捷克話</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E7%83%8F%E5%85%8B%E8%98%AD%E8%A9%B1" class="mw-redirect" title="烏克蘭話">烏克蘭話</a>同埋<a href="/wiki/%E4%BF%84%E7%BE%85%E6%96%AF%E8%A9%B1" class="mw-redirect" title="俄羅斯話">俄羅斯話</a>等）呀噉。 </p><p>喺廿一世紀初，句法理論最低限度都要考慮埋文法格，先至有可能解釋得到句法現象。最基本上，文法格可以想像成係「某啲字詞（例如<a href="/wiki/%E5%8B%95%E8%A9%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="動詞">動詞</a>或者<a href="/wiki/%E4%BB%8B%E8%A9%9E" title="介詞">介詞</a>等）會分配嘅嘢」——即係例如想像上便講<b>佢</b>同<b>狗</b>嘅例句，表示<b>愛</b>嗰一隻動詞可以想像成係格嘅分配者<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="一致"><span id=".E4.B8.80.E8.87.B4"></span>一致</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8F%A5%E6%B3%95%E5%AD%B8&action=edit&section=11" title="編輯小節: 一致"><span>編輯</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div role="note" class="hatnote">内文：<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%80%E8%87%B4_(%E6%96%87%E6%B3%95)" title="一致 (文法)">一致 (文法)</a></div> <div role="note" class="hatnote">睇埋：<a href="/wiki/%CE%A6-%E7%89%B9%E5%BE%B5" title="Φ-特徵">Φ-特徵</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%80%E8%87%B4_(%E6%96%87%E6%B3%95)" title="一致 (文法)">一致</a><sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>e 16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>係好多語言都有嘅文法特徵，指某啲字詞要<a href="/wiki/%E8%A9%9E%E5%BD%A2%E8%AE%8A%E5%8C%96" title="詞形變化">變樣</a>，「就住另一隻同佢相連嘅字詞」<sup id="cite_ref-koeneman17521_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-koeneman17521-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。歐洲語言多數有一致文法規則。用<a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%95%E6%96%87" title="法文">法文</a>做例子，法文（同好多歐洲語言一樣）要求主語同佢掕住嘅動詞要一致，好似係動詞 <b>manger</b>（<b>食</b>噉解）噉，簡化講嘅話： </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>如果主語係...</th> <th>manger 要變做...</th> <th>例句 </th></tr> <tr> <td><b>Je</b>（<b>我</b>；第一身單數）</td> <td><b>mange</b></td> <td><b>Je mange...</b>（<b>我食...</b>） </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>Tu</b>（<b>你</b>；第二身單數）</td> <td><b>manges</b></td> <td><b>Tu manges...</b> （<b>你食...</b>） </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>Il/elle</b>（<b>佢</b>；第三身單數）</td> <td><b>mange</b></td> <td><b>Il mange / elle mange...</b> （<b>佢食...</b>） </td></tr> </tbody></table> <p>對於一致呢種文法現象，一種睇法係以下噉嘅<sup id="cite_ref-koeneman17521_50-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-koeneman17521-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>：一個帶有語義上唔重要嘅特徵嘅元素，必須要有返個語義上重要嘅單位（例如<b>我</b>同<b>你</b>呀噉）嚟對應，而且兩者喺某啲文法特徵上要配合，句嘢先會係文法正確嘅。例如上面法文例子嘅 <b>-s</b> 尾就可以當係一個「語義上唔重要嘅特徵」——就算冇咗 <b>-s</b> 尾，聽者都可以正確 <span>get<span class="Jpingtone">1</span></span> 到句嘢係咩意思，頂櫳係覺得句嘢「聽落怪」唔啱文法。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="生成句法"><span id=".E7.94.9F.E6.88.90.E5.8F.A5.E6.B3.95"></span>生成句法</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8F%A5%E6%B3%95%E5%AD%B8&action=edit&section=12" title="編輯小節: 生成句法"><span>編輯</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Noam_Chomsky,_2004.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Noam_Chomsky%2C_2004.jpg/240px-Noam_Chomsky%2C_2004.jpg" decoding="async" width="240" height="321" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Noam_Chomsky%2C_2004.jpg/360px-Noam_Chomsky%2C_2004.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Noam_Chomsky%2C_2004.jpg/480px-Noam_Chomsky%2C_2004.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1712" data-file-height="2288" /></a><figcaption>喺 2004 年影到嘅美國<a href="/wiki/%E7%8C%B6%E5%A4%AA%E4%BA%BA" title="猶太人">猶太裔</a><a href="/wiki/%E8%AA%9E%E8%A8%80%E5%AD%B8%E5%AE%B6" class="mw-redirect" title="語言學家">語言學家</a><a href="/wiki/%E6%9D%AD%E5%A3%AB%E5%9F%BA" title="杭士基">杭士基</a></figcaption></figure> <div role="note" class="hatnote">内文：<a href="/wiki/%E7%94%9F%E6%88%90%E5%8F%A5%E6%B3%95" class="mw-redirect" title="生成句法">生成句法</a></div> <div role="note" class="hatnote">睇埋：<a href="/wiki/%E6%A8%B9%E7%8B%80%E5%9C%96" title="樹狀圖">樹狀圖</a>同<a href="/wiki/%E5%88%86%E6%9E%90%E6%A8%B9" title="分析樹">分析樹</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/%E7%94%9F%E6%88%90%E6%96%87%E6%B3%95" title="生成文法">生成文法</a><sup id="cite_ref-GG_39-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GG-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>e 11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>係一套講<a href="/wiki/%E6%96%87%E6%B3%95" title="文法">文法</a>嘅理論框架，由<a href="/wiki/%E6%9D%AD%E5%A3%AB%E5%9F%BA" title="杭士基">杭士基</a><sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>e 17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>嘅諗法發展出嚟嘅。生成文法旨在要描述語言使用者擁有嘅<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%A7%E9%9A%B1%E7%9F%A5%E8%AD%98" title="內隱知識">內隱知識</a>，用形式化嘅規則（有啲似<a href="/wiki/%E9%82%8F%E8%BC%AF%E5%AD%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="邏輯學">邏輯學</a>嗰種分析方法）去述說一隻語言所有合文法嘅句子。生成文法建基於<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%B5%90%E5%90%88_(%E8%AA%9E%E8%A8%80%E5%AD%B8)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="結合 (語言學) (無呢版)">結合</a>嘅概念，將細小嘅單位（例如字詞）結合變成更大嘅結構。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="論元"><span id=".E8.AB.96.E5.85.83"></span>論元</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8F%A5%E6%B3%95%E5%AD%B8&action=edit&section=13" title="編輯小節: 論元"><span>編輯</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div role="note" class="hatnote">内文：<a href="/wiki/%E8%AB%96%E5%85%83" title="論元">論元</a>同<a href="/wiki/%E8%AC%82%E8%AA%9E" title="謂語">謂語</a></div> <div role="note" class="hatnote">睇埋：<a href="/wiki/Adjunct_(%E6%96%87%E6%B3%95)" title="Adjunct (文法)">Adjunct (文法)</a></div> <p>有咗結合嘅概念，就可以思考一個明顯嘅事實：唔同嘅動詞，喺「可以同乜嘢結合」呢一點上有分別<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。思考吓粵語表示<b>送嘢</b>嘅<b>畀</b><sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>註 10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>，以下係正常嘅廿一世紀初粵語句子<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>： </p> <dl><dd>「我畀咗本書阿明。」「我畀張咭佢。」「佢畀咗個飯盒我。」</dd></dl> <p>跟住又想像以下嘅句子，呢啲句子（假設<b>畀</b>依然係指緊<b>送嘢</b>嘅意思）如果單獨存在，往往會畀人覺得佢哋唔合文法或者「聽落怪怪哋」： </p> <dl><dd>「我畀本書。」「我畀佢。」「佢畀咗我。」<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>註 11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd></dl> <p>其他語言同<a href="/wiki/%E6%96%B9%E8%A8%80" title="方言">方言</a>都有噉嘅情況。有關呢種現象，廿一世紀初語言學有用<a href="/wiki/%E8%AB%96%E5%85%83" title="論元">論元</a><sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>e 18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>嘅概念嚟想像。根據呢個諗法，每一個動詞都要掕住若干嚿嘢做佢嘅論元，句子先至會啱文法，而論元嘅數量就視乎個別動詞而定；就算唔係粵語，表示<b>送嘢</b>嘅<b>畀</b>一般都要掕三嚿論元——送嘢方、收嘢方以及送咗嘅嘢，例如喺「佢畀咗個飯盒我」當中，<b>佢</b>係送嘢方，<b>我</b>係收嘢方，而<b>個飯盒</b>就係送咗嘅嘢。<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E6%96%87%E6%9B%B8%E9%9D%A2%E8%AA%9E" title="中文書面語">中文書面語</a>入面嘅<b>給</b>或者英文入面嘅 <b>give</b> 都可以用同樣嘅道理嚟思考<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>註 12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p><p>論元並<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1919394"><span class="zoek6zung6" aria-label="唔"><span class="hai2tau4ge3 hai2zeoi3mei1ge3 zit3"><span class="zit3"><span class="hai2tau4ge3 hai2zeoi3mei1ge3 zi6">唔</span></span></span></span>包括 <a href="/wiki/Adjunct_(%E6%96%87%E6%B3%95)" title="Adjunct (文法)">adjunct</a>：adjunct 係指句子入便一啲部份，可以提供額外資訊，但係就算甩咗出嚟，句嘢仲會啱文法<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>；例如粵語 </p> <dl><dd>「我<b>今朝</b>同阿爺去晨運。」「我<b>真係</b>好鍾意食<a href="/wiki/%E9%AD%9A%E7%94%9F" title="魚生">魚生</a>。」「<a href="/wiki/%E9%A6%99%E6%B8%AF" title="香港">香港</a>嘅 <a href="/wiki/%E6%9C%AC%E5%9C%B0%E7%94%9F%E7%94%A2%E7%B8%BD%E5%80%BC" title="本地生產總值">GDP</a> <b>穩定噉</b>升緊。」</dd></dl> <p>當中粗體嗰啲字詞提供到有用嘅資訊，但係就算佢哋消失咗，句子嘅文法正確程度都唔會下降。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="主題關係"><span id=".E4.B8.BB.E9.A1.8C.E9.97.9C.E4.BF.82"></span>主題關係</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8F%A5%E6%B3%95%E5%AD%B8&action=edit&section=14" title="編輯小節: 主題關係"><span>編輯</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div role="note" class="hatnote">内文：<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%BB%E9%A1%8C%E9%97%9C%E4%BF%82" title="主題關係">主題關係</a></div> <p>每隻語言都會限住邊啲論元組合先至算係啱文法。對於呢啲結構背後有乜法則<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>註 13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>，一種常見觀點係唔再純考慮<a href="/wiki/%E6%A7%8B%E8%A9%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="構詞">構詞</a>同句法，加入<a href="/wiki/%E8%AA%9E%E7%BE%A9" class="mw-redirect" title="語義">語義</a>方面嘅考慮，主張動詞負責同每個相連嘅名詞分配<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%BB%E9%A1%8C%E9%97%9C%E4%BF%82" title="主題關係">主題關係</a><sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>e 19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。首先撇除<a href="/wiki/%E8%A2%AB%E5%8B%95%E8%AA%9E%E6%85%8B" title="被動語態">被動語態</a>或者<a href="/wiki/%E7%A5%88%E4%BD%BF%E8%AA%9E%E6%B0%A3" title="祈使語氣">祈使語氣</a>嘅語句，根據主題關係嘅睇法，一個<a href="/wiki/%E8%AC%82%E8%AA%9E" title="謂語">謂語</a>負責嘅係表達佢啲論元之間成乜嘢關係<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。常見嘅主題關係包括咗 </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E6%96%BD%E4%BA%8B" title="施事">施事</a>同<a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%97%E4%BA%8B" title="受事">受事</a>：表示其中一個論元係（可能有意圖噉）做出動詞指嗰樣行動嘅主體，喺粵語同英文當中，主體正常會<a href="/wiki/%E8%AA%9E%E5%BA%8F" title="語序">擺喺</a>隻動詞前面。例句： <dl><dd>「阿標起咗一間屋。」（主體係<b>阿標</b>）</dd></dl></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%BB%E9%A1%8C%E9%97%9C%E4%BF%82" title="主題關係">體驗者</a>：表示其中一個論元執行一個非主動嘅動作或者體驗到一種感覺，喺粵語同英文當中，呢個主體通常會擺喺隻動詞前面。例句： <dl><dd>「阿標鍾意咗瑪莉。」（主體係<b>阿標</b>）</dd></dl></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%BB%E9%A1%8C%E9%97%9C%E4%BF%82" title="主題關係">主題</a>：籠統啲講係表示其中一個論元「處於某個狀態」，喺粵語同英文當中，呢個主體通常會擺喺隻動詞前面。例句： <dl><dd>「個波係藍色嘅。」（主體係<b>個波</b>）</dd></dl></li></ul> <p>等等<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>註 14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。<a href="/w/index.php?title=%CE%98-%E8%A7%92%E8%89%B2&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Θ-角色 (無呢版)">θ-角色</a>係一個同主題關係角色好相似嘅概念<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>註 15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>，而所謂嘅 <a href="/w/index.php?title=%CE%98-%E6%A8%99%E6%BA%96&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Θ-標準 (無呢版)">θ-標準</a><sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>e 20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>講緊嘅就係<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>： </p> <blockquote><p>每個論元只係承擔一個 θ-角色，冇多冇少。同時，一個謂語嘅每一個 θ-角色只能夠有一個論元咁多，冇多冇少。</p></blockquote> <p>主張呢種觀點嘅學者仲有進一步分析，講唔同嘅句法現象可以點樣解釋。例如有關被動語態，一種諗法係話被動語態（至少喺某啲語言當中）可以想像成<b>必要嘅 θ-角色</b>數量減少。想像下便嘅英文語句，當中第一句係<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%BB%E5%8B%95%E8%AA%9E%E6%85%8B" title="主動語態">主動語態</a>而第二句係<a href="/wiki/%E8%A2%AB%E5%8B%95%E8%AA%9E%E6%85%8B" title="被動語態">被動語態</a>。主動嗰句有齊晒<b>愛</b>必要有嘅兩個 θ-角色，而被動嗰句就淨係得返一個 θ-角色<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>： <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1972763"> </p> <dl><dd><table class="wikitable sentence-gloss"> <tbody><tr class="sentence"> <td>Peter </td> <td>loves </td> <td>Mary </td> <td>. </td></tr> <tr class="gloss"> <td>彼得 </td> <td>愛（謂語） </td> <td>瑪莉 </td></tr></tbody></table></dd></dl> <dl><dd><table class="wikitable sentence-gloss"> <tbody><tr class="sentence"> <td>Mary </td> <td>is </td> <td>loved </td> <td>. </td></tr> <tr class="gloss"> <td>瑪莉 </td> <td>被 </td> <td>愛（謂語） </td></tr></tbody></table></dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="回指綁實"><span id=".E5.9B.9E.E6.8C.87.E7.B6.81.E5.AF.A6"></span>回指綁實</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8F%A5%E6%B3%95%E5%AD%B8&action=edit&section=15" title="編輯小節: 回指綁實"><span>編輯</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div role="note" class="hatnote">内文：<a href="/wiki/%E5%9B%9E%E6%8C%87%E7%B6%81%E5%AF%A6" title="回指綁實">回指綁實</a></div> <div role="note" class="hatnote">睇埋：<a href="/wiki/%E5%9B%9E%E6%8C%87" title="回指">回指</a></div> <p>無論邊種語言，都梗會限住代名詞可以點用。<a href="/wiki/%E5%9B%9E%E6%8C%87%E7%B6%81%E5%AF%A6" title="回指綁實">回指綁實</a><sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>e 21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>講緊嘅係句法特性點樣限制一隻代名詞「可以指乜」。呢個概念源自對英文做嘅研究。例如係以下呢兩句英文語句<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>： </p> <dl><dd><table class="wikitable sentence-gloss"> <tbody><tr class="sentence"> <td>He </td> <td>voted for </td> <td>himself </td> <td>. </td></tr> <tr class="gloss"> <td>佢（男性） </td> <td>投票畀...（<a href="/wiki/%E9%81%8E%E5%8E%BB%E5%BC%8F" title="過去式">過去式</a>） </td> <td>佢自己 </td></tr></tbody></table></dd></dl> <dl><dd><table class="wikitable sentence-gloss"> <tbody><tr class="sentence"> <td>He </td> <td>voted for </td> <td>him </td> <td>. </td></tr> <tr class="gloss"> <td>佢（男性） </td> <td>投票畀...（<a href="/wiki/%E9%81%8E%E5%8E%BB%E5%BC%8F" title="過去式">過去式</a>） </td> <td>佢（男性） </td></tr></tbody></table></dd></dl> <p>對英文有返咁上下熟嘅人，一聽就知第一句係講<b>佢</b>投緊票畀自己，而第二句係講主語嗰個<b>佢</b>投票畀另一個人。好似英文 <b>himself</b> <b>herself</b> 等嘅代名詞，一定要指同一句語句入便嘅某啲<a href="/wiki/%E5%90%8D%E8%A9%9E%E7%9F%AD%E8%AA%9E" title="名詞短語">名詞短語</a>，噉嘅代名詞就係所謂嘅<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8F%8D%E5%B0%84%E4%BB%A3%E5%90%8D%E8%A9%9E&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="反射代名詞 (無呢版)">反射代名詞</a><sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>e 22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。事實表明，句法會限住反射代名詞可以指啲乜，例如以下嘅例句： </p> <dl><dd>「阿偉話，阿明投咗票畀佢自己。」</dd></dl> <p>喺呢句嘢入便，<b>佢自己</b>指緊嘅好明顯係阿明而唔係阿偉。句法學研究者分析英文入便嘅語句，提出咗三條法則，解釋英文當中「反射代名詞可以指乜」同相關嘅現象<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>： </p> <ol><li>好似反射代名詞噉有<a href="/wiki/%E5%9B%9E%E6%8C%87" title="回指">回指</a>嘅物體，只能夠「綁」落一嚿 local（同佢屬同一區域）嘅物體嗰度——<b>阿明投咗票畀佢自己</b>係一句<a href="/wiki/%E5%AD%90%E5%8F%A5" title="子句">子句</a>，畫做樹狀圖嘅話<b>佢自己</b>會同<b>阿明</b>屬同一個<b>子句</b>下。</li> <li>非反射嘅代名詞唔可以「綁」落去一嚿 local 嘅物體度。</li> <li>非代名詞嘅物體唔可以「綁」落任何嘢嗰度。</li></ol> <p>有關語句當中嘅物體之間「邊個喺邊個之下，邊個算係 local」，可以睇睇 <a href="/wiki/C-%E7%B5%B1%E5%BE%A1" title="C-統御">C-統御</a><sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>e 23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>嘅概念。回指綁實相關嘅研究，對於分析代名詞相關嘅文法法則嚟講相當有用。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="其他理論"><span id=".E5.85.B6.E4.BB.96.E7.90.86.E8.AB.96"></span>其他理論</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8F%A5%E6%B3%95%E5%AD%B8&action=edit&section=16" title="編輯小節: 其他理論"><span>編輯</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <blockquote><p>語言學家唔應該諗住某一套解釋語言現象嘅分析方法行得通，就必然要排斥其他分析方法。<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>喺廿一世紀初嘅句法學界，<a href="/wiki/%E6%9D%AD%E5%A3%AB%E5%9F%BA" title="杭士基">杭士基</a>嗰套<a href="/wiki/%E7%94%9F%E6%88%90%E6%96%87%E6%B3%95" title="生成文法">生成文法</a>廣受採用，但係句法學遠遠唔淨只係有生成文法呢一套理論觀點<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="依存句法"><span id=".E4.BE.9D.E5.AD.98.E5.8F.A5.E6.B3.95"></span>依存句法</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8F%A5%E6%B3%95%E5%AD%B8&action=edit&section=17" title="編輯小節: 依存句法"><span>編輯</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div role="note" class="hatnote">内文：<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BE%9D%E5%AD%98%E6%96%87%E6%B3%95&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="依存文法 (無呢版)">依存文法</a></div> <p><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BE%9D%E5%AD%98%E6%96%87%E6%B3%95&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="依存文法 (無呢版)">依存文法</a><sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>e 24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>嘅重點前提係話喺每個句子裏面，只有一隻字詞係「獨立」嘅，其他字詞冚唪唥都「依存於」其他字詞，呢種關係令到句嘢成一個層次結構。句子嘅<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BE%9D%E5%AD%98%E6%96%87%E6%B3%95&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="依存文法 (無呢版)">頭</a>（或者叫<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BE%9D%E5%AD%98%E6%96%87%E6%B3%95&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="依存文法 (無呢版)">根</a>）通常係<a href="/wiki/%E5%8B%95%E8%A9%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="動詞">動詞</a>（<a href="/wiki/%E8%AC%82%E8%AA%9E" title="謂語">謂語</a>）。依存文法著重個別字詞之間嘅句法關係，唔似得生成文法噉在意將字詞砌埋一齊做短語等嘅句法單位。一種常見嘅諗法係，依存文法基於以下四條<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%AC%E7%90%86" title="公理">公理</a><sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>： </p> <ol><li>句子入面只有一個元素係獨立嘅。</li> <li>所有其他元素，每一個都直接依存於某個元素。</li> <li>每個元素只依存於<b>一個</b>元素。</li> <li>如果 A 直接依存於 B，而有個元素 C 喺佢哋之間，噉 C 就一定直接依存於 A 或者 B，又或者係其他夾咗喺中間嘅元素。</li></ol> <p>於是是但喺句嘢入便搵個字詞，個字詞都包保有一條單一（冇分叉）嘅「依存關係線」連到去句子嘅頭。好多語言學家都喜好依存文法多過喜好生成文法，理由有好多，其中一個常見嘅理由係依存文法比較應付得到<a href="/wiki/%E8%87%AA%E7%94%B1%E8%AA%9E%E5%BA%8F" class="mw-redirect" title="自由語序">語序自由度</a>高嘅語言，唔似得廿世紀嗰陣嘅生成文法噉，吓吓都假設咗手上嗰種語言嘅句子啲<a href="/wiki/%E8%AA%9E%E5%BA%8F" title="語序">字詞次序</a>好似<a href="/wiki/%E8%8B%B1%E6%96%87" title="英文">英文</a>咁固定<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1242160"><table class="gallery-mod gallery-mod-center"><tbody><tr><td><table class="gallery-mod-box" style="width:620px"><tbody><tr><td class="thumb" style="height:300px"><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wearetryingtounderstandthedifference_(2).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="對比依存文法（左）同生成文法（右），用兩種做法分析同一句英文語句："We are trying to understand the difference."（粵譯：我哋喺度嘗試理解嗰樣差異。）生成文法嘅思路：the 同 difference 砌埋一齊，當中 difference 負責做頭，形成一句短語，然後佢哋再同 understand 砌埋一齊... 依存文法嘅思路：主動詞 are 係成句嘢嘅根，we 同 trying 依存於佢身上，而 to 又依存於 trying 身上..."><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Wearetryingtounderstandthedifference_%282%29.jpg/597px-Wearetryingtounderstandthedifference_%282%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="597" height="280" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/0d/Wearetryingtounderstandthedifference_%282%29.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="624" data-file-height="293" /></a><figcaption>對比依存文法（左）同生成文法（右），用兩種做法分析同一句英文語句："We are trying to understand the difference."（粵譯：我哋喺度嘗試理解嗰樣差異。）<br /><b>生成文法嘅思路</b>：the 同 difference 砌埋一齊，當中 difference 負責做頭，形成一句短語，然後佢哋再同 understand 砌埋一齊...<br /><b>依存文法嘅思路</b>：主動詞 are 係成句嘢嘅根，we 同 trying 依存於佢身上，而 to 又依存於 trying 身上...</figcaption></figure></td></tr><tr class="gallery-mod-text"><td class="core"><div class="caption" style="min-height:3.1em;width:607px">對比依存文法（左）同生成文法（右），用兩種做法分析同一句英文語句："We are trying to understand the difference."（粵譯：我哋喺度嘗試理解嗰樣差異。）<br /><b>生成文法嘅思路</b>：the 同 difference 砌埋一齊，當中 difference 負責做頭，形成一句短語，然後佢哋再同 understand 砌埋一齊...<br /><b>依存文法嘅思路</b>：主動詞 are 係成句嘢嘅根，we 同 trying 依存於佢身上，而 to 又依存於 trying 身上... </div></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><br /> <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BE%9D%E5%AD%98%E6%96%87%E6%B3%95&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="依存文法 (無呢版)">依存語法解析</a><sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>e 25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>係<a href="/wiki/%E8%87%AA%E7%84%B6%E8%AA%9E%E8%A8%80%E8%99%95%E7%90%86" title="自然語言處理">自然語言處理</a>（教 <a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%BA%E5%B7%A5%E6%99%BA%E8%83%BD" title="人工智能">AI</a> 處理語言）上嘅一種<a href="/wiki/%E8%A7%A3%E6%9E%90" title="解析">解析</a>方法。呢種技術用已經訓練好嘅<a href="/wiki/%E6%A9%9F%E5%99%A8%E5%AD%B8%E7%BF%92" class="mw-redirect" title="機器學習">模型</a>，教電腦自動噉按照依存文法，分析啲句子嘅結構。即係例如而家攞住以下呢句嘢，輸入落去個程式度<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>： </p> <dl><dd>"We are trying to understand the difference."</dd></dl> <p>個程式出嘅嘢，望落會類似噉： </p> <dl><dd><code>are --> (根), we --> are (<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%BB%E6%A0%BC" title="主格">n</a><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%BB%E8%AA%9E" title="主語">subj</a>), the --> difference (<a href="/wiki/%E6%8C%87%E5%AE%9A%E5%86%A0%E8%A9%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="指定冠詞">det</a>)...</code></dd></dl> <p><a href="/wiki/%E8%87%AA%E7%84%B6%E8%AA%9E%E8%A8%80%E5%B7%A5%E5%85%B7%E7%AE%B1" title="自然語言工具箱">自然語言工具箱</a><sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>e 26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>同類似嘅工具，仲有功能可以畫圖嚟表述啲字詞間嘅關係。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="認知句法"><span id=".E8.AA.8D.E7.9F.A5.E5.8F.A5.E6.B3.95"></span>認知句法</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8F%A5%E6%B3%95%E5%AD%B8&action=edit&section=18" title="編輯小節: 認知句法"><span>編輯</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div role="note" class="hatnote">内文：<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%AA%8D%E7%9F%A5%E6%96%87%E6%B3%95&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="認知文法 (無呢版)">認知文法</a></div> <div role="note" class="hatnote">睇埋：<a href="/wiki/%E8%AA%8D%E7%9F%A5%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%B8" title="認知科學">認知科學</a></div> <p><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%AA%8D%E7%9F%A5%E6%96%87%E6%B3%95&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="認知文法 (無呢版)">認知文法</a><sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>e 27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>嘅基礎理念係將文法（包括句子嘅組成）視為一種<a href="/wiki/%E8%AA%8D%E7%9F%A5%E9%81%8E%E7%A8%8B" class="mw-redirect" title="認知過程">認知過程</a>，即係話<sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>認知文法將語言想像成一大拃<a href="/wiki/%E7%AC%A6%E8%99%9F" title="符號">符號</a>單位<sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>e 28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>，每個符號單位都將<b>形式</b>（例如講嘢嘅聲）同意義配對；而語言知識本質上就係由語言使用者「將聲同意義配對嘅符號單位」嘅網絡組成嘅。</li> <li>喺呢套理論框架入面，語言可以當係一個系統，喺呢個系統入便，文法同<a href="/wiki/Lexicon" class="mw-redirect" title="Lexicon">詞彙</a>互相關聯，成一個連續體，而唔係清楚分開嘅。</li> <li>文法係透過重複使用語言而產生嘅。認知文法強調語言係<b>基於使用</b><sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>e 29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>嘅。噉就表示人透過喺日常交流中重複接觸語言嚟學習同理解語言。語言結構唔係由啲咩固定規則主導，而係由經驗同使用頻率塑造嘅，會根據講者喺實際生活環境中點樣使用語言而隨時間調整。</li></ul> <p>認知文法有樣嘢同比較形式化嘅句法理論好唔同：認知文法主張語言嘅文法並唔係由咩形式化嘅「法則」主宰，所以認知文法唔會提出一大堆法則，講字詞要點樣組合埋一齊形成短語（生成文法）或者講啲依存線要點樣連（依存文法）；而認知文法嘅諗法話，句法以及文法嘅其他部份，只不過係符號單位組絡嘅一部份。 </p><p>提倡認知文法嘅研究者，好多時亦會主張文法可以「<a href="/wiki/%E9%82%84%E5%8E%9F%E8%AB%96" title="還原論">還原</a>」做一般嘅認知概念：認知功能包含咗一大拃<a href="/wiki/%E8%85%A6%E9%83%A8" class="mw-redirect" title="腦部">腦部</a>處理資訊嘅功能，好似係<a href="/wiki/%E6%84%9F%E7%9F%A5" title="感知">感知</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E8%A8%98%E6%86%B6%E5%8A%9B" class="mw-redirect" title="記憶力">記憶力</a>同埋<a href="/wiki/%E5%88%86%E9%A1%9E" title="分類">分類</a>呀噉，而根據呢啲學者嘅睇法，文法並唔係一種獨特嘅腦功能，只不過係呢啲基礎認知功能以某啲方式一齊做嘢而形成嘅結果<sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="亦可以睇"><span id=".E4.BA.A6.E5.8F.AF.E4.BB.A5.E7.9D.87"></span>亦可以睇</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8F%A5%E6%B3%95%E5%AD%B8&action=edit&section=19" title="編輯小節: 亦可以睇"><span>編輯</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E6%A7%8B%E8%A9%9E%E5%AD%B8" title="構詞學">構詞學</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%AA%9E%E7%BE%A9%E5%AD%B8" title="語義學">語義學</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%82%8F%E8%BC%AF%E5%AD%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="邏輯學">邏輯學</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%AC%A6%E8%99%9F%E5%AD%B8" title="符號學">符號學</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%81%9E%E6%AD%B8" title="遞歸">遞歸</a><sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%87%AA%E7%84%B6%E8%AA%9E%E8%A8%80%E8%99%95%E7%90%86" title="自然語言處理">自然語言處理</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%A5%E6%B3%95_(%E7%A8%8B%E5%BC%8F%E8%AA%9E%E8%A8%80)" title="句法 (程式語言)">程式語言句法</a></li></ul> <div style="clear: both;"></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="參考文獻"><span id=".E5.8F.83.E8.80.83.E6.96.87.E7.8D.BB"></span>參考文獻</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8F%A5%E6%B3%95%E5%AD%B8&action=edit&section=20" title="編輯小節: 參考文獻"><span>編輯</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="div-col columns column-count column-count-2" style="-moz-column-count: 2; -webkit-column-count: 2; column-count: 2; font-size:90%; column-count:1"> <ul><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r2190673">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-free a{background:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-registration a{background:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-subscription a{background:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#3a3;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .references-small,.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .pin1ming4,.mw-parser-output .syu1ming4{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .pin1ming4>.zit3,.mw-parser-output .syu1ming4>.zit3,.mw-parser-output .zyun1ming4>.zit3,.mw-parser-output .zoek6zung6>.zit3{display:inline-block}.mw-parser-output .pin1ming4 .zit3>.zit3,.mw-parser-output .syu1ming4 .zit3>.zit3,.mw-parser-output .zyun1ming4 .zit3>.zit3,.mw-parser-output .zoek6zung6 .zit3>.zit3{display:inline-flex}.mw-parser-output .pin1ming4 .hoi1,.mw-parser-output .pin1ming4 .fan1gaak3,.mw-parser-output .pin1ming4 .saan1,.mw-parser-output .syu1ming4 .hoi1,.mw-parser-output .syu1ming4 .fan1gaak3,.mw-parser-output .syu1ming4 .saan1{display:inline-block;width:0;height:0;font-size:0.1px;color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .zyun1ming4 .fan1gaak3{font-size:0.125px}.mw-parser-output .pin1ming4+.pin1ming4,.mw-parser-output .pin1ming4+.syu1ming4,.mw-parser-output .syu1ming4+.pin1ming4,.mw-parser-output .syu1ming4+.syu1ming4,.mw-parser-output .zyun1ming4-b+.zyun1ming4-b,.mw-parser-output .zyun1ming4+.zyun1ming4{margin-left:0.0833em}.mw-parser-output .pin1ming4 .hai2tau4ge3.zit3 .hai2tau4ge3.zi6:after,.mw-parser-output .syu1ming4 .hai2tau4ge3.zit3 .hai2tau4ge3.zi6:after{clip-path:inset(0 0 0 0.05em)}.mw-parser-output .pin1ming4 .hai2zeoi3tau4ge3.hai2zeoi3mei1ge3.zit3 .hai2zeoi3tau4ge3.hai2zeoi3mei1ge3.zi6:after,.mw-parser-output .syu1ming4 .hai2zeoi3tau4ge3.hai2zeoi3mei1ge3.zit3 .hai2zeoi3tau4ge3.hai2zeoi3mei1ge3.zi6:after{clip-path:inset(0 0.14em 0 0.05em)}.mw-parser-output .pin1ming4 .hai2zeoi3mei1ge3.zit3 .hai2zeoi3mei1ge3.zi6:after,.mw-parser-output .syu1ming4 .hai2zeoi3mei1ge3.zit3 .hai2zeoi3mei1ge3.zi6:after{clip-path:inset(0 0.14em 0 0)}.mw-parser-output a[href$=".pdf"].external>span[aria-label]>.pin1ming4>.saan1,.mw-parser-output a[href$=".pdf?"].external>span[aria-label]>.pin1ming4>.saan1,.mw-parser-output a[href$=".pdf#"].external>span[aria-label]>.pin1ming4>.saan1,.mw-parser-output a[href$=".PDF"].external>span[aria-label]>.pin1ming4>.saan1,.mw-parser-output a[href$=".PDF?"].external>span[aria-label]>.pin1ming4>.saan1,.mw-parser-output a[href$=".PDF#"].external>span[aria-label]>.pin1ming4>.saan1,.mw-parser-output a[href$=".pdf"].external>span[aria-label]>.syu1ming4>.saan1,.mw-parser-output a[href$=".pdf?"].external>span[aria-label]>.syu1ming4>.saan1,.mw-parser-output a[href$=".pdf#"].external>span[aria-label]>.syu1ming4>.saan1,.mw-parser-output a[href$=".PDF"].external>span[aria-label]>.syu1ming4>.saan1,.mw-parser-output a[href$=".PDF?"].external>span[aria-label]>.syu1ming4>.saan1,.mw-parser-output a[href$=".PDF#"].external>span[aria-label]>.syu1ming4>.saan1{width:unset;font-size:unset}.mw-parser-output .zyun1ming4 .hai2tau4ge3.zit3 .hai2tau4ge3.zi6:after{overflow:hidden}.mw-parser-output .zyun1ming4 .hai2tau4ge3.hai2zeoi3mei1ge3.zit3{clip-path:inset(0 0 0 0)}.mw-parser-output .zyun1ming4 .hai2tau4ge3.hai2zeoi3mei1ge3.zit3 .hai2tau4ge3.hai2zeoi3mei1ge3.zi6:after{clip-path:inset(0.14em 0 0 0)}.mw-parser-output .zyun1ming4 .hai2zeoi3mei1ge3.zit3 .hai2zeoi3mei1ge3.zi6:after{transform:rotate(90deg)translate(-0.25em,0.5em)}.mw-parser-output .fan1gaak3+.zi6:after{clip-path:inset(0 0 0 0.1em)}.mw-parser-output .pin1ming4 .zi6:after,.mw-parser-output .syu1ming4 .zi6:after,.mw-parser-output .zyun1ming4 .zi6:after,.mw-parser-output .zoek6zung6 .zi6:after{position:absolute;align-self:baseline;margin-left:-1em}.mw-parser-output .pin1ming4 .zi6:after,.mw-parser-output .syu1ming4 .zi6:after{padding-top:1em;content:"﹋"}.mw-parser-output .zyun1ming4 .zi6:after{content:"︳";transform-origin:bottom left;transform:rotate(90deg)translate(-0.25em,0.35em)}.mw-parser-output .zoek6zung6 .zi6:after{padding-top:0.6em;content:"·";width:1em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .koen1zo2,.mw-parser-output .pin1ming4-b .hoi1-adj,.mw-parser-output .syu1ming4-b .hoi1-adj{margin-left:-0.4em}.mw-parser-output .koen1jau6,.mw-parser-output .pin1ming4-b .saan1-adj,.mw-parser-output .syu1ming4-b .saan1-adj{margin-right:-0.4em}.mw-parser-output .zyun1ming4-b{white-space:nowrap;border-bottom:0.05em solid currentColor}.mw-parser-output .zyun1ming4-b+link+.zyun1ming4-b,.mw-parser-output .zyun1ming4-b+.zyun1ming4-b{margin-left:0.083em}.mw-parser-output .references-small>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .references-small>ul>li{margin-left:3em;text-indent:-3em;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}</style><cite id="CITEREFCarnie2006" class="citation book cs1">Carnie, Andrew (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/syntaxgenerative0000carn"><i>Syntax: A Generative Introduction</i></a>. Oxford: Wiley-Blackwell. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:%E6%9B%B8%E6%9C%AC%E4%BE%86%E6%BA%90/1405133848" title="Special:書本來源/1405133848"><bdi>1405133848</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Syntax%3A+A+Generative+Introduction&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Wiley-Blackwell&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=1405133848&rft.aulast=Carnie&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsyntaxgenerative0000carn&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh-yue.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%8F%A5%E6%B3%95%E5%AD%B8" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>De Marneffe, M. C., & Nivre, J. (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.annualreviews.org/content/journals/10.1146/annurev-linguistics-011718-011842">Dependency grammar</a>. <i>Annual Review of Linguistics</i>, 5(1), 197-218，呢篇文概覽式噉講解<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BE%9D%E5%AD%98%E6%96%87%E6%B3%95&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="依存文法 (無呢版)">依存文法</a>。</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2190673"><cite id="CITEREFGraffi2001" class="citation book cs1">Graffi, Giorgio (2001). <i>200 Years of Syntax. A Critical Survey</i>. Studies in the History of the Language Sciences 98. Amsterdam: Benjamins. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:%E6%9B%B8%E6%9C%AC%E4%BE%86%E6%BA%90/90-272-4587-8" title="Special:書本來源/90-272-4587-8"><bdi>90-272-4587-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=200+Years+of+Syntax.+A+Critical+Survey&rft.place=Amsterdam&rft.series=Studies+in+the+History+of+the+Language+Sciences+98&rft.pub=Benjamins&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=90-272-4587-8&rft.aulast=Graffi&rft.aufirst=Giorgio&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh-yue.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%8F%A5%E6%B3%95%E5%AD%B8" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Hopper, Paul J., and Sandra A. Thompson. "The discourse basis for lexical categories in universal grammar." <i>Language</i> (1984): 703-752，搵一大拃有名詞嘅句子，可以留意到唔同句子「有幾多名詞文法特性可以出現」都唔同，而將上述句嘢入便嘅<b>名詞</b>換做其他<a href="/wiki/%E8%A9%9E%E6%80%A7" title="詞性">詞性</a>，句嘢都成立。根據呢篇文講到嘅主張，一嚿語言物體本質上冇咩詞性可言，要等到佢哋身處嘅<a href="/wiki/%E8%AA%9E%E5%A2%83" title="語境">語境</a>迫佢哋要有詞性，先至會出現（例如）名詞或者動詞有嘅文法同句構特性<sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>，噉即係話詞性並非字詞嘅特性，而係句子結構入便可以有嘅 slot，可以畀語言使用者擺啲嘢入去。</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2190673"><cite id="CITEREFIsac2008" class="citation book cs1">Isac, Daniela (2008). <i>I-language: An Introduction to Linguistics as Cognitive Science</i>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:%E6%9B%B8%E6%9C%AC%E4%BE%86%E6%BA%90/978-0199534203" title="Special:書本來源/978-0199534203"><bdi>978-0199534203</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=I-language%3A+An+Introduction+to+Linguistics+as+Cognitive+Science&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0199534203&rft.aulast=Isac&rft.aufirst=Daniela&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh-yue.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%8F%A5%E6%B3%95%E5%AD%B8" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Wong, T. S., Gerdes, K., Leung, H., & Lee, J. S. (2017, September). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aclanthology.org/W17-6530.pdf">Quantitative comparative syntax on the Cantonese-Mandarin parallel dependency treebank</a> (PDF). In <i>Proceedings of the fourth international conference on Dependency Linguistics (Depling 2017)</i> (pp. 266-275)，講到<a href="/wiki/%E7%B2%B5%E8%AA%9E" title="粵語">粵語</a>同<a href="/wiki/%E6%A8%99%E6%BA%96%E5%AE%98%E8%A9%B1" title="標準官話">標準官話</a>喺句法上嘅幾個分別。</li> <li>Yip, V., & Matthews, S. J. (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.lingref.com/isb/4/190ISB4.PDF">Dual input and learnability: null objects in Cantonese-English bilingual children</a> (PDF). In <i>ISB4: Proceedings of the 4th International Symposium on Bilingualism</i>. Cascadilla Press，同英文比起嚟，粵語成日都容許一句語句嘅<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%BB%E8%AA%9E" title="主語">主語</a>或者<a href="/wiki/%E8%B3%93%E8%AA%9E" title="賓語">賓語</a>係<a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%B6_(%E8%AA%9E%E8%A8%80%E5%AD%B8)" title="零 (語言學)">無</a>（簡單講即係個主語或者個賓語冇講出嚟），而呢點被指係影響咗以粵語做<a href="/wiki/%E6%AF%8D%E8%AA%9E" title="母語">母語</a>嘅細路<a href="/wiki/%E5%AD%B8%E7%AC%AC%E4%BA%8C%E8%AA%9E%E8%A8%80" class="mw-redirect" title="學第二語言">學英文</a>，令呢啲細路用英文嗰時傾向不時會用主語或者賓語係零嘅句子，呢點亦令佢哋用起英文上嚟唔似係以英文做母語嘅。</li> <li><span style="font-family: sans-serif; cursor: default; color: var(--color-subtle, #555); font-size: 0.8em; position: relative; bottom: 0.1em; font-weight: bold;" title="連到香港繁體網頁">（香港繁體）</span> 鄧思穎. (2015). 粵語語法講義. 商務印書館 (香港) 有限公司.</li> <li><span style="font-family: sans-serif; cursor: default; color: var(--color-subtle, #555); font-size: 0.8em; position: relative; bottom: 0.1em; font-weight: bold;" title="連到大陸簡體網頁">（大陸簡體）</span> 劉丹青. (2000). 粵語句法的類型學特點. 亞太語文教育學報, 2.</li> <li><span style="font-family: sans-serif; cursor: default; color: var(--color-subtle, #555); font-size: 0.8em; position: relative; bottom: 0.1em; font-weight: bold;" title="連到大陸簡體網頁">（大陸簡體）</span> 石定栩, 王燦龍, & 朱志瑜. (2002). 香港書面漢語句法變異: 粵語的移用, 文言的保留及其他. 語言文字應用, 3.</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="註釋"><span id=".E8.A8.BB.E9.87.8B"></span>註釋</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8F%A5%E6%B3%95%E5%AD%B8&action=edit&section=21" title="編輯小節: 註釋"><span>編輯</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r2020813">.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%;margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-columns-2"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-1">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">响廿一世紀初嘅語言學界，<b>字詞</b>嘅<a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%9A%E7%BE%A9" title="定義">定義</a>有些少爭議性。詳情可以睇<a href="/wiki/%E6%A7%8B%E8%A9%9E%E5%AD%B8" title="構詞學">構詞學</a>。</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-miuseot-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-miuseot_7-0">2.0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-miuseot_7-1">2.1</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text">可以睇睇<a href="/wiki/%E6%8F%8F%E8%BF%B0%E8%AA%9E%E8%A8%80%E5%AD%B8" title="描述語言學">描述語言學</a>嘅觀點：如果一位研究者跟從描述語言學，即係話佢判斷對錯嘅依歸係「母語使用者係點樣用隻語言嘅」。</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-15">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">或者至少數量極龐大。可以睇睇<a href="/wiki/%E7%B5%84%E5%90%88%E7%88%86%E7%99%BC" title="組合爆發">組合爆發</a>嘅概念。</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-22">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">假設第啲因素不變，<a href="/wiki/%E5%A5%A7%E5%9D%8E%E5%89%83%E5%88%80" title="奧坎剃刀">法則數量係愈少愈好</a>，所以加新法則係要諗清諗楚先做嘅。</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-23">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">亦有啲觀點主張，好似粵語噉嘅<a href="/wiki/%E6%BC%A2%E8%AA%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="漢語">漢語</a>冇<a href="/wiki/%E8%A9%9E%E6%80%A7" title="詞性">詞性</a>之分。</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-25">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">呢度講緊假設撇除咗<a href="/wiki/%E8%A9%9E%E5%BD%A2%E8%AE%8A%E5%8C%96" title="詞形變化">詞形變化</a>：例如英文 <b>a car</b> 可接受但 <b>a cars</b> 唔可以，因為後者做咗詞形變化變<a href="/wiki/%E7%9C%BE%E6%95%B8_(%E6%96%87%E6%B3%95)" title="眾數 (文法)">眾數</a>而 <b>a</b> 呢個<a href="/wiki/%E9%9D%9E%E6%8C%87%E5%AE%9A%E5%86%A0%E8%A9%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="非指定冠詞">非指定冠詞</a>後只可以跟<a href="/wiki/%E5%96%AE%E6%95%B8_(%E6%96%87%E6%B3%95)" class="mw-redirect" title="單數 (文法)">單數</a>名詞。噉嘅現象亦表示，一隻字詞有至少兩個對句法嚟講重要嘅 feature ——詞性同「做咗邊種詞形變化」。</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-29">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">喺廿一世紀初語言學上，分詞性唔係睇<a href="/wiki/%E8%AA%9E%E7%BE%A9" class="mw-redirect" title="語義">語義</a>嘅。傳統上啲人成日諗住名詞實係指物件，動詞實係指動作，但事實表明，指動作嘅字詞可以做名詞。</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-36">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">一個例外係英文嘅<a href="/wiki/%E4%BB%8B%E8%A9%9E%E7%9F%AD%E8%AA%9E" title="介詞短語">介詞短語</a>。</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-44">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">精確啲講，係 Python 個<a href="/wiki/%E8%87%AA%E7%84%B6%E8%AA%9E%E8%A8%80%E5%B7%A5%E5%85%B7%E7%AE%B1" title="自然語言工具箱">自然語言工具箱</a>。</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-53">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">而非表示<a href="/wiki/%E8%A2%AB%E5%8B%95%E5%BC%8F" class="mw-redirect" title="被動式">被動式</a>嗰個<b>畀</b>。被動式<b>畀</b>嘅例句：「我畀佢呃咗。」</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-55">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><b>單獨存在</b>：事實表明，如果前面嘅句子已經講明咗送嘢方、收嘢方或者係送嘅嘢係乜，手上嘅句子可以省略<b>畀</b>嘅其中一啲論元。可以想像以下對話：<br />「我送咗個飯盒畀人喇。」<br />「畀邊個？」<br />「畀阿明。」<br />——第三句省略咗送嘢方同送嘅嘢。可以睇吓<a href="/wiki/%E7%94%A9%E4%BB%A3%E8%AA%9E%E8%A8%80" title="甩代語言">甩代語言</a>同<a href="/wiki/%E7%A9%BA%E7%AF%84%E7%96%87" title="空範疇">空範疇</a>。</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-57">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">有啲動詞可能喺論元數量上有些少彈性，例如係可以有兩個論元或者三個論元都得。</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-59">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">以下嘅分析以動詞做重心，但其他詞性嘅字詞都可以黐論元。</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-62">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%8A%E7%89%A9" title="及物">及物</a>嘅概念被指可以當係一隻動詞「容許幾多個 θ-角色」。如果一隻動詞<a href="/wiki/%E5%94%94%E5%8F%8A%E7%89%A9" class="mw-redirect" title="唔及物">唔及物</a>，即係話佢只容許一個 θ-角色。</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-63">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><b>θ-角色</b>：好多人當呢隻字詞係<b>主題關係角色</b>嘅<a href="/wiki/%E5%90%8C%E7%BE%A9%E8%A9%9E" title="同義詞">同義詞</a>，但有唔少研究者都反對呢種睇法。例如根據某啲分析，<b>體驗者</b>喺 θ-角色上算係受事。</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="歐詞"><span id=".E6.AD.90.E8.A9.9E"></span>歐詞</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8F%A5%E6%B3%95%E5%AD%B8&action=edit&section=22" title="編輯小節: 歐詞"><span>編輯</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>文中嘅詞彙嘅外語（主要係英文）版： </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2020813"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-columns-2"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-3">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">clause</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-4">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">phrase</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-12">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">morpheme，指有意思嘅最細單位，可以係一隻字詞。</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-13">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">phoneme</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-19">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">scientific method</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-21">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">imperative，指叫人幫自己做嘢嘅語句。</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-28">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">part of speech，PoS</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-31">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">open class</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-32">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">closed class</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-34">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">constituent</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-GG-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-GG_39-0">11.0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-GG_39-1">11.1</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text">generative grammar，GG</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-40">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">merge</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-41">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">phrase</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-42">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">hierarchical</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-46">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">grammatical case</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-49">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">agreement</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-51">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Noam Chomsky</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-56">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">argument</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-60">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">thematic relation</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-64">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">θ-criterion / theta-criterion</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-68">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">binding</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-70">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">reflexive pronoun</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-73">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">C-command</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-78">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">dependency grammar，DG</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-81">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">dependency parsing</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-83">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">NLTK</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-84">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">cognitive grammar，CG</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-86">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">linguistic unit</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-87">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">usage-based</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="引述"><span id=".E5.BC.95.E8.BF.B0"></span>引述</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8F%A5%E6%B3%95%E5%AD%B8&action=edit&section=23" title="編輯小節: 引述"><span>編輯</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>文中引用咗嘅<a href="/wiki/%E5%AD%B8%E8%A1%93%E6%96%87%E7%8D%BB" class="mw-redirect" title="學術文獻">學術文獻</a>或者<a href="/wiki/%E7%B6%B2%E9%A0%81" title="網頁">網頁</a>： </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2020813"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-columns-2"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-2">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/topic/syntax">syntax</a>. <i>Encyclopedia Britannica</i>，引咗嗰段："<b>Syntax</b>, the arrangement of words in sentences, clauses, and phrases, and the study of the formation of sentences and the relationship of their component parts."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-5">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Mark R. B. <i>Intro. to Syntax Lecture Notes</i>. NYU Arts & Science.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-6">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span style="font-family: sans-serif; cursor: default; color: var(--color-subtle, #555); font-size: 0.8em; position: relative; bottom: 0.1em; font-weight: bold;" title="連到香港繁體網頁">（香港繁體）</span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.swtang.net/doc/paper_2011_cantonese.pdf">粵語句法學研究的原因、方法、課題</a> (PDF)，中國語文研究。佢哋<b>四</b>嗰一部份亦有提到粵語嘅<a href="/wiki/%E8%A9%9E%E5%B0%BE" title="詞尾">詞尾</a>。佢哋亦有略提粵語同<a href="/wiki/%E6%A8%99%E6%BA%96%E4%B8%AD%E6%96%87" class="mw-redirect" title="標準中文">標準中文</a>（文法上建基於<a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%98%E8%A9%B1" title="官話">官話</a>）嘅一啲分別。</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-8">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">von Stechow, A. (2009). <i>Syntax and semantics: an overview</i>. Manuscript, University of Tübingen. <b>2. A Fregian Conception of Syntax/Semantics</b></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-9">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Parsing, C. (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://people.cs.pitt.edu/~litman/courses/cs1671f18/cs1671/lec/slp11.pdf">Speech and language processing</a> (PDF). Power Point Slides.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-10">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/english/sentence">sentence</a>. <i>Cambridge Dictionary</i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-essential9-2-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-essential9-2_11-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pressbooks.pub/essentialsoflinguistics/chapter/9-3-events-participants-and-thematic-roles/">9.2 Events, Participants, and Thematic Roles</a>. <i>Essentials of Linguistics</i>. Open Library.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-14">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://assets.cambridge.org/97805218/55426/excerpt/9780521855426_excerpt.pdf"><i>Introduction to morphology and syntax</i></a> (PDF). Cambridge University Press & Assessment.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-16">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Thompson, Henry. "D. T. Langendoen and P. M. Postal, The Vastness of Natural Languages. Oxford: Basil Blackwell, 1984. Pp. Ix 189." <i>Journal of Linguistics</i>, vol. 22, no. 1, 1986, pp. 241-242.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-17">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Leben, W. R. (2018). Languages of the World. In <i>Oxford research encyclopedia of linguistics</i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-18">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Van Kemenade, A. (2007). Formal syntax and language change: Developments and outlook. <i>Diachronica</i>, 24(1), 155-169.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-20">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pressbooks.pub/syntax/front-matter/being-a-syntactician-and-being-a-scientist/#:~:text=Syntactic%20theory%20is%20scientific%20because,at%20one%20or%20more%20languages.">The Science of Syntax</a>. The Press Books.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-24">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span style="font-family: sans-serif; cursor: default; color: var(--color-subtle, #555); font-size: 0.8em; position: relative; bottom: 0.1em; font-weight: bold;" title="連到英文網頁">（英文）</span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cantonese.ca/verbs.php">粵語動詞</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-26">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Koeneman, O., & Zeijlstra, H. (2017). <i>Introducing syntax</i>. Cambridge University Press. <b>1.2.1</b></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-27">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kathrynschuler.com/ling001/resources/studyguide-week12.pdf">Week 12: Syntax</a> (PDF), LING001. <b>Substitution test</b>: "The substitution test asks whether a group of words can be replaced by a single word (or simple phrase). If yes, then you have a constituent."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-30">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Koeneman, O., & Zeijlstra, H. (2017). <i>Introducing syntax</i>. Cambridge University Press. <b>1.2.2</b>，有提到用所謂嘅<b>卡通測試</b>（cartoon test）嚟分辨一句嘢係錯文法定錯意思。</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-essential7-3-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-essential7-3_33-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pressbooks.pub/essentialsoflinguistics/chapter/7-4-closed-class-categories-function-words/">7.3 Closed Class Categories (Function Words)</a>. <i>Essentials of Linguistics</i>. Open Library.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-35">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Koeneman, O., & Zeijlstra, H. (2017). <i>Introducing syntax</i>. Cambridge University Press. <b>2.1 - 2.2</b> | "(7) Every constituent has a feature that is the same as the feature of one of the words in it."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-essential8-3-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-essential8-3_37-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ecampusontario.pressbooks.pub/essentialsoflinguistics/chapter/8-4-constituents/">8.3 Constituents</a>. <i>Essentials of Linguistics</i>. Open Library.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-38">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dictionary.cambridge.org/grammar/british-grammar/heads">Heads</a>. Cambridge Dictionary.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-43">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Koeneman, O., & Zeijlstra, H. (2017). <i>Introducing syntax</i>. Cambridge University Press. <b>2.3.1</b></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-45">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://medium.com/@eric_abell/day-50-week-10-parse-trees-d9f5bb251f9e">Day 50 (week 10) — Parse Trees</a>. Medium.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-47">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Comrie, B., & Thompson, S. A. (1985). Lexical nominalization. <i>Language typology and syntactic description</i>, 3, 349-398.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-48">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Koeneman, O., & Zeijlstra, H. (2017). <i>Introducing syntax</i>. Cambridge University Press. <b>4</b></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-koeneman17521-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-koeneman17521_50-0">25.0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-koeneman17521_50-1">25.1</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text">Koeneman, O., & Zeijlstra, H. (2017). <i>Introducing syntax</i>. Cambridge University Press. <b>5.2.1</b> 有講到一致性似係涉及唔同字詞之間嘅「同意度」，亦有簡短講咗幾個「另類<a href="/wiki/%E5%81%87%E8%AA%AA" title="假說">假說</a>」——例如「主語名詞同 <b>-s</b> 尾查實都係做緊主語」噉嘅主張——點解企唔住腳。<br />佢提出咗噉嘅主張："(11) Any clause in which some element carries an uninterpretable feature [uF] requires the presence of a matching interpretable feature [F]; otherwise the clause is ungrammatical."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-52">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Koeneman, O., & Zeijlstra, H. (2017). <i>Introducing syntax</i>. Cambridge University Press. <b>3.2</b></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-54">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Lam, O. S. C. (2007). Ditransitive constructions in Cantonese: The give-construction as the non-prototypical example. In <i>Conference on Ditransitive Constructions</i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-58">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Kroeger, P. 2004. <i>Analyzing syntax: A lexical-functional approach</i>. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-61">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sfu.ca/person/dearmond/322/322.theta.roles.htm">Theta Roles - Linguistics 322/481</a>, Simon Fraser University.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-65">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Chomsky, Noam (1981). <i>Lectures on Government and Binding</i>. Dordrecht: Foris Publications. p. 35.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-66">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Koeneman, O., & Zeijlstra, H. (2017). <i>Introducing syntax</i>. Cambridge University Press. <b>3.2.3</b>，有簡介 <b>θ-角色</b>係乜，睇得出佢呢度嘅 θ-角色概念有異於主題關係。</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-67">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Koeneman, O., & Zeijlstra, H. (2017). <i>Introducing syntax</i>. Cambridge University Press. <b>3.3.1</b></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-69">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span style="font-family: sans-serif; cursor: default; color: var(--color-subtle, #555); font-size: 0.8em; position: relative; bottom: 0.1em; font-weight: bold;" title="連到英文網頁">（英文）</span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sas.rochester.edu/lin/sites/asudeh/pdf/asudeh-dalrymple06-ell2.pdf">回指綁實理論</a>，呢個 PDF 快勞講<a href="/wiki/%E5%9B%9E%E6%8C%87%E7%B6%81%E5%AF%A6" title="回指綁實">回指綁實</a>。</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-71">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Chomsky N (1981). <i>Lectures on government and binding</i>. Dordrecht: Foris Publications.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-72">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span style="font-family: sans-serif; cursor: default; color: var(--color-subtle, #555); font-size: 0.8em; position: relative; bottom: 0.1em; font-weight: bold;" title="連到英文網頁">（英文）</span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sas.rochester.edu/lin/sites/asudeh/pdf/asudeh-dalrymple06-ell2.pdf">回指綁實理論</a> (PDF)，<b>Command</b>, "All versions of binding theory incorporate some notion of structural domination or superiority as a component of the binding relation."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-74">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Langacker Ronald, W. (1987). <i>Foundation of Cognitive Grammar (Vol. 1). Theoretical Prerequisites</i>. Stanford: Stanford University Press，亦可以睇睇佢呢度講到，語言學研究者唔應該相信 "'one analysis, motivation, categorization, cause, function or explanation for a linguistic phenomenon necessarily precludes another'" 噉嘅諗法。</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-75">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">De Marneffe, M. C., & Nivre, J. (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.annualreviews.org/content/journals/10.1146/annurev-linguistics-011718-011842">Dependency grammar</a>. <i>Annual Review of Linguistics</i>, 5(1), 197-218.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-76">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.stanford.edu/~jurafsky/slp3/old_oct19/15.pdf">Chapter 15: Dependency Parsing</a> (PDF), Stanford University.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-77">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://thedecisionlab.com/reference-guide/linguistics/cognitive-grammar">Cognitive Grammar</a>, The Decision Lab.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-79">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Robinson, J. J. (1970), 'Dependency structures and transformation rules', <i>Language</i> 46, 259-285.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-80">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Debusmann, R. (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/document?repid=rep1&type=pdf&doi=b9cc6e5f82d30162f9f1857e77c3045542fcf0d3"><i>An Introduction to Dependency Grammar</i></a>, Hausarbeit für das Hauptseminar Dependenzgrammatik.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-82">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://towardsdatascience.com/natural-language-processing-dependency-parsing-cf094bbbe3f7">Natural Language Processing — Dependency Parsing</a>. Towards Data Science.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-85">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oxfordbibliographies.com/display/document/obo-9780199772810/obo-9780199772810-0321.xml">Cognitive Grammar</a>. Oxford Bibliographies</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-88">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Chapman, S., & Routledge, C. (2009). <i>Key Ideas in Linguistics and the Philosophy of Language</i>. Edinburgh University Press.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-89">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Hauser, M. D., Chomsky, N., & Fitch, W. T. (2002). The faculty of language: what is it, who has it, and how did it evolve? <i>Science</i>, 298(5598), 1569-1579，有啲學者主張，話語言嘅文法（包括句法）本質上就有遞歸嘅成份。可以睇睇<a href="/wiki/%E7%94%9F%E6%88%90%E6%96%87%E6%B3%95" title="生成文法">生成文法</a>嘅觀點。</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-90">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">原句："... linguistic forms are in principle to be considered as LACKING CATEGORIALITY completely unless nounhood or verbhood is forced on them by their discourse functions..."</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="出面網頁"><span id=".E5.87.BA.E9.9D.A2.E7.B6.B2.E9.A0.81"></span>出面網頁</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8F%A5%E6%B3%95%E5%AD%B8&action=edit&section=24" title="編輯小節: 出面網頁"><span>編輯</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r2018312">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:#f9f9f9;display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r2018311">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/%E9%A0%AD%E7%89%88" class="extiw" title="commons:頭版">維基同享</a>有多媒體嘅嘢：<br /><b><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Syntax" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Syntax"><span style="">句法</span></a></b></div></div> </div> <ul><li><span style="font-family: sans-serif; cursor: default; color: var(--color-subtle, #555); font-size: 0.8em; position: relative; bottom: 0.1em; font-weight: bold;" title="連到英文網頁">（英文）</span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7X7V8wpjaGI&list=WL&index=9">句法 - 格理論</a>，<a href="/wiki/YouTube" title="YouTube">YouTube</a> 視頻講解有關<a href="/wiki/%E6%96%87%E6%B3%95%E6%A0%BC" title="文法格">文法格</a>嘅理論。</li> <li><span style="font-family: sans-serif; cursor: default; color: var(--color-subtle, #555); font-size: 0.8em; position: relative; bottom: 0.1em; font-weight: bold;" title="連到英文網頁">（英文）</span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ling.upenn.edu/~beatrice/syntax-textbook">自然語言嘅句法</a>，網上句法學簡介</li> <li><span style="font-family: sans-serif; cursor: default; color: var(--color-subtle, #555); font-size: 0.8em; position: relative; bottom: 0.1em; font-weight: bold;" title="連到英文網頁">（英文）</span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.eva.mpg.de/lingua/pdf/Glossing-Rules.pdf">The Leipzig Glossing Rules</a>，呢個 <a href="/wiki/PDF" title="PDF">PDF</a> 快勞講到點樣同第啲語言嘅語句做<a href="/wiki/%E8%A1%8C%E9%96%93%E8%A8%BB%E9%87%8B" title="行間註釋">行間註釋</a>。</li> <li><span style="font-family: sans-serif; cursor: default; color: var(--color-subtle, #555); font-size: 0.8em; position: relative; bottom: 0.1em; font-weight: bold;" title="連到英文網頁">（英文）</span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sas.rochester.edu/lin/sites/asudeh/pdf/asudeh-dalrymple06-ell2.pdf">回指綁實理論</a>，呢個 PDF 快勞講<a href="/wiki/%E5%9B%9E%E6%8C%87%E7%B6%81%E5%AF%A6" title="回指綁實">回指綁實</a>。</li> <li><span style="font-family: sans-serif; cursor: default; color: var(--color-subtle, #555); font-size: 0.8em; position: relative; bottom: 0.1em; font-weight: bold;" title="連到英文網頁">（英文）</span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/document?repid=rep1&type=pdf&doi=b9cc6e5f82d30162f9f1857e77c3045542fcf0d3">依存文法入門</a>，呢個 PDF 快勞講<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BE%9D%E5%AD%98%E6%96%87%E6%B3%95&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="依存文法 (無呢版)">依存文法</a>。</li> <li><span style="font-family: sans-serif; cursor: default; color: var(--color-subtle, #555); font-size: 0.8em; position: relative; bottom: 0.1em; font-weight: bold;" title="連到英文網頁">（英文）</span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wisegeek.com/what-is-syntax.htm">乜嘢係句法學？</a> at WiseGeek</li></ul>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">由「<a dir="ltr" href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=句法學&oldid=2206843">https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=句法學&oldid=2206843</a>」收</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E5%88%86%E9%A1%9E" title="Special:分類">屬於2類</a>：<ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Category:Pages_using_div_col_with_small_parameter&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Category:Pages using div col with small parameter (無呢版)">Pages using div col with small parameter</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:%E5%8F%A5%E6%B3%95%E5%AD%B8" title="Category:句法學">句法學</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">屬於1隱類：<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:%E6%9C%89%E8%8B%B1%E6%96%87%E5%98%85%E6%96%87%E7%AB%A0" title="Category:有英文嘅文章">有英文嘅文章</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> 呢版上次改係2024年11月15號 (禮拜五) 03:01 嘅事。</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">呢度嘅所有文字係根據<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 牌照 4.0</a>嘅條款發佈；可能會有附加嘅條款。利用呢個網站，你同意<a class="external text" href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use">利用條款</a>同埋<a class="external text" href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">私隱政策</a>。Wikipedia® 係<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wikimediafoundation.org/">Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.</a> 嘅註冊商標，一個非牟利機構。</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">私隱政策</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E9%97%9C%E6%96%BC">關於維基百科</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E4%B8%80%E8%88%AC%E5%85%8D%E8%B2%AC%E8%81%B2%E6%98%8E">免責聲明</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">行為準則</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">開發人員</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/zh-yue.wikipedia.org">統計</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Cookie聲明</a></li> <li id="footer-places-mobileview"><a href="//zh-yue.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=%E5%8F%A5%E6%B3%95%E5%AD%B8&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">手提版</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg" width="84" height="29" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" loading="lazy"></a></li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" width="88" height="31" loading="lazy"></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-settings" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul></ul> </div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-74cc59cb9d-lf2zj","wgBackendResponseTime":148,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"0.598","walltime":"0.713","ppvisitednodes":{"value":3140,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":48801,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":9382,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":13,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":1,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":0,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":77557,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":1,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 562.337 1 -total"," 23.60% 132.702 3 Template:Cite_book"," 16.45% 92.527 1 Template:Lang-en"," 9.73% 54.725 2 Template:着重"," 7.38% 41.511 3 Template:Reflist"," 5.93% 33.365 1 Template:Commonscat"," 5.38% 30.242 1 Template:Sister_project"," 5.24% 29.491 1 Template:Redirect"," 5.11% 28.759 1 Template:Side_box"," 4.76% 26.743 1 Template:語言學"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"0.294","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":17467250,"limit":52428800}},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-api-int.codfw.main-849f99967d-zv7j6","timestamp":"20241124045021","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"\u53e5\u6cd5\u5b78","url":"https:\/\/zh-yue.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%E5%8F%A5%E6%B3%95%E5%AD%B8","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q37437","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q37437","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2013-07-08T07:41:18Z","dateModified":"2024-11-15T03:01:15Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/1\/1d\/Speech_bubbles_clipart.png","headline":"\u8ca0\u8cac\u5c07\u5572\u8a9e\u7d20\u7d44\u5408\u57cb\u4e00\u9f4a\u800c\u6210\u5605\u8907\u96dc\u7d50\u69cb\u5605\u7cfb\u7d71"}</script> </body> </html>