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class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Portuguese orthography</h1> <div class="tagline"></div> </div> <ul id="p-associated-pages" class="minerva__tab-container"> <li class="minerva__tab selected mw-list-item"> <a class="minerva__tab-text" href="/wiki/Portuguese_orthography" rel="" data-event-name="tabs.main">Article</a> </li> <li class="minerva__tab mw-list-item"> <a class="minerva__tab-text" href="/wiki/Talk:Portuguese_orthography" rel="discussion" data-event-name="tabs.talk">Talk</a> </li> </ul> <nav class="page-actions-menu"> <ul id="p-views" class="page-actions-menu__list"> <li id="language-selector" class="page-actions-menu__list-item"> <a role="button" href="#p-lang" data-mw="interface" data-event-name="menu.languages" title="Language" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet language-selector"> Language </a> </li> <li id="page-actions-watch" 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block=document.getElementById("mf-section-"+id);block.className+=" open-block";block.previousSibling.className+=" open-block";}</script><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><section class="mf-section-0" id="mf-section-0"> Portuguese orthography is based on the <a href="/wiki/Latin_alphabet" title="Latin alphabet">Latin alphabet</a> and makes use of the <a href="/wiki/Acute_accent" title="Acute accent">acute accent</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Circumflex_accent" class="mw-redirect" title="Circumflex accent">circumflex accent</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Grave_accent" title="Grave accent">grave accent</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Tilde" title="Tilde">tilde</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Cedilla" title="Cedilla">cedilla</a> to denote stress, <a href="/wiki/Vowel_height" class="mw-redirect" title="Vowel height">vowel height</a>, nasalization, and other sound changes. The <a href="/wiki/Diaeresis_(diacritic)" title="Diaeresis (diacritic)">diaeresis</a> was abolished by the last <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Language_Orthographic_Agreement_of_1990" class="mw-redirect" title="Portuguese Language Orthographic Agreement of 1990">Orthography Agreement</a>. Accented letters and digraphs are not counted as separate characters for <a href="/wiki/Collation" title="Collation">collation</a> purposes. <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:T%C3%ADtulo_de_Designa%C3%A7%C3%A3o_-_M%C3%A9dico_Chefe_da_Unidade_Sanit%C3%A1ria_de_Moc.jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/T%C3%ADtulo_de_Designa%C3%A7%C3%A3o_-_M%C3%A9dico_Chefe_da_Unidade_Sanit%C3%A1ria_de_Moc.jpeg/220px-T%C3%ADtulo_de_Designa%C3%A7%C3%A3o_-_M%C3%A9dico_Chefe_da_Unidade_Sanit%C3%A1ria_de_Moc.jpeg" decoding="async" width="220" height="128" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/T%C3%ADtulo_de_Designa%C3%A7%C3%A3o_-_M%C3%A9dico_Chefe_da_Unidade_Sanit%C3%A1ria_de_Moc.jpeg/330px-T%C3%ADtulo_de_Designa%C3%A7%C3%A3o_-_M%C3%A9dico_Chefe_da_Unidade_Sanit%C3%A1ria_de_Moc.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/T%C3%ADtulo_de_Designa%C3%A7%C3%A3o_-_M%C3%A9dico_Chefe_da_Unidade_Sanit%C3%A1ria_de_Moc.jpeg/440px-T%C3%ADtulo_de_Designa%C3%A7%C3%A3o_-_M%C3%A9dico_Chefe_da_Unidade_Sanit%C3%A1ria_de_Moc.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="1302" data-file-height="755"></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Typewriter" title="Typewriter">Typewritten</a> text in Portuguese; note the <a href="/wiki/Acute_accent" title="Acute accent">acute accent</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tilde" title="Tilde">tilde</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Circumflex_accent" class="mw-redirect" title="Circumflex accent">circumflex accent</a>.</figcaption></figure> The spelling of <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_language" title="Portuguese language">Portuguese</a> is largely <a href="/wiki/Phonemic_orthography" title="Phonemic orthography">phonemic</a>, but some <a href="/wiki/Phoneme" title="Phoneme">phonemes</a> can be spelled in more than one way. In ambiguous cases, the correct spelling is determined through a combination of <a href="/wiki/Etymology" title="Etymology">etymology</a> with <a href="/wiki/Morphology_(linguistics)" title="Morphology (linguistics)">morphology</a> and tradition; so there is not a perfect one-to-one correspondence between sounds and letters or digraphs. Knowing the main <a href="/wiki/Inflection" title="Inflection">inflectional</a> paradigms of Portuguese and being acquainted with the orthography of other Western European languages can be helpful. A full list of sounds, diphthongs, and their main spellings is given at <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_phonology" title="Portuguese phonology">Portuguese phonology</a>. This article addresses the less trivial details of the <a href="/wiki/Spelling" title="Spelling">spelling</a> of Portuguese as well as other issues of <a href="/wiki/Orthography" title="Orthography">orthography</a>, such as accentuation. <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><div class="side-box metadata side-box-right noprint selfref"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">This article contains <a href="/wiki/Phonetic_transcription" title="Phonetic transcription">phonetic transcriptions</a> in the <a href="/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet" title="International Phonetic Alphabet">International Phonetic Alphabet</a> (IPA). For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA" title="Help:IPA">Help:IPA</a>. For the distinction between [ ], / / and ⟨ ⟩, see <a href="/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet#Brackets_and_transcription_delimiters" title="International Phonetic Alphabet">IPA § Brackets and transcription delimiters</a>.</div></div> </div> <div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading"><input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none"><div class="toctitle" lang="en" dir="ltr"><h2 id="mw-toc-heading">Contents</h2><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label></div> <ul> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="#Letter_names_and_pronunciations">1 Letter names and pronunciations</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2"><a href="#Notes">1.1 Notes</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-3"><a href="#Digraphs">2 Digraphs</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-4"><a href="#Diacritics">3 Diacritics</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-5"><a href="#Stress">3.1 Stress</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-6"><a href="#Monosyllables">3.1.1 Monosyllables</a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-7"><a href="#Polysyllables">3.1.2 Polysyllables</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-8"><a href="#Personal_names">3.2 Personal names</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-9"><a href="#Consonants_with_more_than_one_spelling">4 Consonants with more than one spelling</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-10"><a href="#Velar_plosives">4.1 Velar plosives</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-11"><a href="#Rhotics">4.2 Rhotics</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-12"><a href="#Sibilants">4.3 Sibilants</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-13"><a href="#Vowels">5 Vowels</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-14"><a href="#Diacritics_2">5.1 Diacritics</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-15"><a href="#Diphthongs">5.2 Diphthongs</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-16"><a href="#Nasalization">5.3 Nasalization</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-17"><a href="#Morphological_considerations">6 Morphological considerations</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-18"><a href="#Etymological_considerations">7 Etymological considerations</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-19"><a href="#Syllabification_and_collation">8 Syllabification and collation</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-20"><a href="#Other_symbols">9 Other symbols</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-21"><a href="#Apostrophe">9.1 Apostrophe</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-22"><a href="#Hyphen">9.2 Hyphen</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-23"><a href="#Quotation_marks">9.3 Quotation marks</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-24"><a href="#Brazilian_vs._European_spelling">10 Brazilian vs. European spelling</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-25"><a href="#See_also">11 See also</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-26"><a href="#Notes_2">12 Notes</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-27"><a href="#Citations">13 Citations</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-28"><a href="#References">14 References</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-29"><a href="#External_links">15 External links</a></li> </ul> </div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(1)"><h2 id="Letter_names_and_pronunciations">Letter names and pronunciations</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Portuguese_orthography&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Letter names and pronunciations" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-1 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-1"> Only the most frequent sounds appear below since a listing of all cases and exceptions would become cumbersome. Portuguese is a <a href="/wiki/Pluricentric_language" title="Pluricentric language">pluricentric language</a>, and pronunciation of some of the letters differs. Apart from those variations, the pronunciation of most consonants is fairly straightforward. Although many letters have more than one pronunciation, their phonetic value is often predictable from their position within a word; that is normally the case for the consonants (except x). Since only five letters are available to write the fourteen vowel sounds of Portuguese, vowels have a more complex orthography, but even then, pronunciation is somewhat predictable. Knowing the main inflectional paradigms of Portuguese can help. In the following table and in the remainder of this article, the phrase "at the end of a <a href="/wiki/Syllable" title="Syllable">syllable</a>" can be understood as "before a consonant, or at the end of a word". For the letter r, "at the start of a syllable (not between vowels)" means "at the beginning of a word or after l, n, s, or a prefix ending in a consonant". For letters with more than one common pronunciation, their most common phonetic values are given on the left side of the <a href="/wiki/Semicolon" title="Semicolon">semicolon</a>; sounds after it occur only in a limited number of positions within a word. Sounds separated by "~" are <a href="/wiki/Allophone" title="Allophone">allophones</a> or <a href="/wiki/Dialect" title="Dialect">dialectal</a> variants. The names of the letters are <a href="/wiki/Grammatical_gender" title="Grammatical gender">masculine</a>. <dl><dd><table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th rowspan="2">Letter </th> <th colspan="2">European </th> <th colspan="2">Brazilian </th> <th rowspan="2">Phonemic values </th> <th rowspan="2">Example </th> <th rowspan="2">Example (IPA) </th></tr> <tr> <th>Name </th> <th>Name (<a href="/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet" title="International Phonetic Alphabet">IPA</a>) </th> <th>Name </th> <th>Name (<a href="/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet" title="International Phonetic Alphabet">IPA</a>) </th></tr> <tr> <td align="center">Aa</td> <td>á</td> <td>/a/</td> <td>á</td> <td>/a/</td> <td>/a/, /ɐ/ </td> <td>cara </td> <td>[ˈkaɾɐ] </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">Bb</td> <td>bê</td> <td>/be/</td> <td>bê</td> <td>/be/</td> <td>/b/ or [β] <a href="#endnote_nb1">nb 1</a> </td> <td>bato </td> <td>[ˈbatu(~ʊ)] </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">Cc</td> <td>cê</td> <td>/se/</td> <td>cê</td> <td>/se/</td> <td>/k/ <a href="#endnote_nb2">nb 2</a>; /s/ <a href="#endnote_nb3">nb 3</a> </td> <td>conciso </td> <td>[kõˈsi.zu(~ʊ)] </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">Dd</td> <td>dê</td> <td>/de/</td> <td>dê</td> <td>/de/</td> <td>/d/ ~ [dʒ] <a href="#endnote_nb4">nb 4</a> or [ð] <a href="#endnote_nb1">nb 1</a> </td> <td>dádiva </td> <td>[ˈdaðivɐ/ˈdad(ʒ)ivɐ] </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">Ee</td> <td>é</td> <td>/ɛ/</td> <td>é or ê</td> <td>/ɛ/, /e/</td> <td>/e/, /ɛ/, /i/ <a href="#endnote_nb5">nb 5</a>, /ɨ/, /ɐ/, /ɐi/ </td> <td>rente </td> <td>[ˈʀẽntə/ˈʁẽt(ʃ)i] </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">Ff</td> <td>efe</td> <td>/ˈɛfɨ/</td> <td>efe</td> <td>/ˈɛfi/</td> <td>/f/ <a href="#endnote_nb6">nb 6</a> </td> <td>fala </td> <td>[ˈfa(~ɑ)lɐ] </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">Gg</td> <td>gê or guê</td> <td>/ʒe/, /ɡe/</td> <td>gê or guê</td> <td>/ʒe/, /ɡe/</td> <td>/ɡ/ or [ɣ] <a href="#endnote_nb1">nb 1</a>; /ʒ/ <a href="#endnote_nb3">nb 3</a> </td> <td>ɡiɡante </td> <td>[ʒiˈɣɐ̃ntə/ʒiˈɡɐ̃t(ʃ)i] </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">Hh</td> <td>agá</td> <td>/ɐˈɡa/</td> <td>agá</td> <td>/aˈɡa/</td> <td>natively silent, /ʁ/ in loanwords <a href="#endnote_nb7">nb 7</a> </td> <td>homem </td> <td>[ˈɔmɐ̃j/ˈõmẽj~ˈomẽ(ɲ)] </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">Ii</td> <td>i</td> <td>/i/</td> <td>i</td> <td>/i/</td> <td>/i/ <a href="#endnote_nb5">nb 5</a> </td> <td>idade </td> <td>[iˈðaðə/iˈdad(ʒ)i] </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">Jj</td> <td>jota</td> <td>/ˈʒɔtɐ/</td> <td>jota</td> <td>/ˈʒɔtɐ/</td> <td>/ʒ/ <a href="#endnote_nb6">nb 6</a> </td> <td>janta </td> <td>[ˈʒɐ̃(n)tɐ] </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">Kk </td> <td>cápa </td> <td>/ˈkapɐ/ </td> <td>cá </td> <td>/ˈka/ </td> <td>/k/ </td> <td>kiwi </td> <td>[kiːwi] </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">Ll</td> <td>ele</td> <td>/ˈɛlɨ/</td> <td>éle</td> <td>/ˈɛli/</td> <td>/l/ ~ [ɫ ~ w] <a href="#endnote_nb6">nb 6</a> <a href="#endnote_nb9">nb 9</a> </td> <td>lamaçal </td> <td>[lɐmɐˈsa(~ɑ)ɫ/lamaˈsaw] </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">Mm</td> <td>eme</td> <td>/ˈɛmɨ/</td> <td>éme</td> <td>/ˈemi/</td> <td>/m/ <a href="#endnote_nb6">nb 6</a> <a href="#endnote_nb10">nb 10</a> </td> <td>mala </td> <td>[ˈma(~ɑ)lɐ] </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">Nn</td> <td>ene</td> <td>/ˈɛnɨ/</td> <td>éne</td> <td>/ˈeni/</td> <td>/n/ <a href="#endnote_nb5">nb 5</a> <a href="#endnote_nb10">nb 10</a> </td> <td>ninho </td> <td>[ˈniɲʊ], [ˈnĩj̃u] </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">Oo</td> <td>ó</td> <td>/ɔ/</td> <td>ó or ô</td> <td>/ɔ/, /o/</td> <td>/o/, /ɔ/, /u/ <a href="#endnote_nb5">nb 5</a> </td> <td>óculos </td> <td>[ˈɔkulu(~ʊ)s(/ʃ)] </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">Pp</td> <td>pê</td> <td>/pe/</td> <td>pê</td> <td>/pe/</td> <td>/p/ </td> <td>pato </td> <td>[ˈpatu(~ʊ)] </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">Qq</td> <td>quê</td> <td>/ke/</td> <td>quê</td> <td>/ke/</td> <td>/k/ <a href="#endnote_nb2">nb 2</a> </td> <td>quente </td> <td>[ˈkẽntə/ˈkẽt͡ʃi] </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">Rr</td> <td>erre or rê</td> <td>/ˈɛʁɨ/, /ʁe/</td> <td>érre</td> <td>/ˈɛʁi/</td> <td>/ɾ/, /ʁ/, /ʀ/, /r/ <a href="#endnote_nb6">nb 6</a> <a href="#endnote_nb11">nb 11</a> ~ /h/, /ɽ/ </td> <td>raro </td> <td>[ˈʁ/ʀ/raɾu], [ˈhaɾu(~ʊ)] </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">Ss</td> <td>esse</td> <td>/ˈɛsɨ/</td> <td>ésse</td> <td>/ˈɛsi/</td> <td>/s/, /z/ <a href="#endnote_nb12">nb 12</a>, [ʃ] <a href="#endnote_nb13">nb 13</a> ~ [ʒ] <a href="#endnote_nb6">nb 6</a> </td> <td>siso </td> <td>[ˈsizu(~ʊ)] </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">Tt</td> <td>tê</td> <td>/te/</td> <td>tê</td> <td>/te/</td> <td>/t/ ~ [tʃ] <a href="#endnote_nb4">nb 4</a> or [θ] <a href="#endnote_nb14">nb 14</a> </td> <td>tente </td> <td>[ˈtẽntə/ˈtẽt͡ʃi] </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">Uu</td> <td>u</td> <td>/u/</td> <td>u</td> <td>/u/</td> <td>/u/ <a href="#endnote_nb5">nb 5</a> </td> <td>urubu </td> <td>[uɾuˈbu] ([uɾuˈβu]) </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">Vv</td> <td>vê</td> <td>/ve/</td> <td>vê</td> <td>/ve/</td> <td>/v/ or /β~b/ <a href="#endnote_nb15">nb 15</a> </td> <td>vaca </td> <td>[ˈvakɐ] ([ˈbakɐ]) </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">Ww </td> <td>dâblio or duplo vê </td> <td>/ˈdɐbliu/, /ˈdupluˌve/ </td> <td>dáblio </td> <td>/ˈdabliu/ </td> <td>/u/, /v/ or /w/ </td> <td>watt </td> <td>[ˈwaːt] </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">Xx</td> <td>xis</td> <td>/ʃiʃ/</td> <td>xis</td> <td>/ʃis/</td> <td>/ʃ/, /ks/, /z/, /s/, /gz/ <a href="#endnote_nb12">nb 12</a> <a href="#endnote_nb16">nb 16</a> </td> <td>xale </td> <td>[ˈʃa(~ɑ)lə/ˈʃali] </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">Yy </td> <td>ípsilon or i grego </td> <td>/ˈipsɨlɔn/, /ˌi ˈgrɛgu/ </td> <td>ípsilon </td> <td>/ˈipsilõ/ </td> <td>/i/ or /j/ </td> <td>yeti </td> <td>[jɛtiː] </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">Zz</td> <td>zê</td> <td>/ze/</td> <td>zê</td> <td>/ze/</td> <td>/z/, /s/, /ʃ/ <a href="#endnote_nb13">nb 13</a> ~ [ʒ] </td> <td>zunir </td> <td>[zuˈniɾ̥(ə)/zũ.ˈ(n)iɾ~∅] </td></tr></tbody></table></dd></dl> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1096940132">.mw-parser-output .listen .side-box-text{line-height:1.1em}.mw-parser-output .listen-plain{border:none;background:transparent}.mw-parser-output .listen-embedded{width:100%;margin:0;border-width:1px 0 0 0;background:transparent}.mw-parser-output .listen-header{padding:2px}.mw-parser-output .listen-embedded .listen-header{padding:2px 0}.mw-parser-output .listen-file-header{padding:4px 0}.mw-parser-output .listen .description{padding-top:2px}.mw-parser-output .listen .mw-tmh-player{max-width:100%}@media(max-width:719px){.mw-parser-output .listen{clear:both}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .listen:not(.listen-noimage){width:320px}.mw-parser-output .listen-left{overflow:visible;float:left}.mw-parser-output .listen-center{float:none;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right listen noprint"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg/50px-Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="50" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="160" data-file-height="160"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 50px;height: 50px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg/50px-Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="50" data-height="50" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg/75px-Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg/100px-Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> <figcaption></figcaption></figure></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><div class="haudio"> <div class="listen-file-header"><a href="/wiki/File:Alfabeto_portugues_brasileiro.ogg" title="File:Alfabeto portugues brasileiro.ogg">Brazilian Portuguese Alphabet</a></div> <div><audio id="mwe_player_0" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="232" style="width:232px;" data-durationhint="30" data-mwtitle="Alfabeto_portugues_brasileiro.ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/5/52/Alfabeto_portugues_brasileiro.ogg/Alfabeto_portugues_brasileiro.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0"></source><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/52/Alfabeto_portugues_brasileiro.ogg" type='audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"' data-width="0" data-height="0"></source></audio></div> <div class="description">Listen to the alphabet recited by a native speaker from Brazil. The alphabet is spoken in a Brazilian dialect in which 'e' is pronounced /ɛ/</div></div></div></div> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"><hr>Problems playing this file? See <a href="/wiki/Help:Media" title="Help:Media">media help</a>.</div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1096940132"><div class="side-box side-box-right listen noprint"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg/50px-Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="50" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="160" data-file-height="160"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 50px;height: 50px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg/50px-Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="50" data-height="50" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg/75px-Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg/100px-Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> <figcaption></figcaption></figure></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><div class="haudio"> <div class="listen-file-header"><a href="/wiki/File:Abecedario_ptpt.wav" title="File:Abecedario ptpt.wav">European Portuguese Alphabet</a></div> <div><audio id="mwe_player_1" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="232" style="width:232px;" data-durationhint="30" data-mwtitle="Abecedario_ptpt.wav" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/c/ca/Abecedario_ptpt.wav/Abecedario_ptpt.wav.ogg" type='audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"' data-transcodekey="ogg" data-width="0" data-height="0"></source><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/c/ca/Abecedario_ptpt.wav/Abecedario_ptpt.wav.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0"></source><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/ca/Abecedario_ptpt.wav" type="audio/wav" data-width="0" data-height="0"></source></audio></div> <div class="description">Listen to the alphabet recited by a native speaker from Portugal. The alphabet is spoken in a European dialect in which 'g' is pronounced /ɡe/, 'r' is pronounced /ˈɛʁɨ/, 'w' is pronounced /ˈdɐbliu/ and 'y' is pronounced /ˈipsɨlɔn/</div></div></div></div> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"><hr>Problems playing this file? See <a href="/wiki/Help:Media" title="Help:Media">media help</a>.</div> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Notes">Notes</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Portuguese_orthography&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Notes" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <ol><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1041539562">.mw-parser-output .citation{word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}</style><a href="#ref_nb1">^</a> The letters b, d, g can denote [β], [ð], and [ɣ] in intervocalic positions, especially in northern and central Portugal. In <a href="/wiki/Mozambique" title="Mozambique">Mozambique</a> an intervocalic /d/ can be realized as [d.ð] or [dː], mostly before a final <a href="/w/index.php?title=E-caduc&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="E-caduc (page does not exist)">e-caduc</a> or reduced /o/. In other intervocalic schemes can be realized also as [ð] of European variety.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><a href="#ref_nb2">^</a> /k/ can be realized in <a href="/wiki/Mozambique" title="Mozambique">Mozambique</a> as [kʰ], mostly before a final <a href="/w/index.php?title=E-caduc&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="E-caduc (page does not exist)">e-caduc</a> or reduced /o/.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><a href="#ref_nb3">^</a> Before the letters e or i.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><a href="#ref_nb4">^</a> Allophonically <a href="/wiki/Affricate_consonant" class="mw-redirect" title="Affricate consonant">affricated</a> before the sound /i/ (spelled i, or sometimes e), in BP.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><a href="#ref_nb5">^</a> May become an <a href="/wiki/Approximant_consonant" class="mw-redirect" title="Approximant consonant">approximant</a> as a form of vowel reduction when unstressed before or after another vowel. Words such as bóia and proa are pronounced [ˈbɔj.jɐ] and [ˈpɾow.wɐ].<a href="#cite_note-delta-1">[1]</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><a href="#ref_nb6">^</a> The letters f, j, l, m, n, r and s are sometimes named differently in the northwest region of Brazil: fê, ji, lê, mê, nê, rê, sê.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><a href="#ref_nb7">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Silent_letter" title="Silent letter">Silent</a> at the start or at the end of a word. Also part of the digraphs ch, lh, nh. See below.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><a href="#ref_nb8">^</a> The letters K (called capa /ˈkapɐ/ in EP or cá /ka/ in BP), W (EP: dâblio /ˈdɐbliu/ or duplo vê /ˈduplu ˌve/, BP: dáblio /ˈdabliu/), and Y (EP: ípsilon /ˈipsɨlɔn/ or i grego /ˌi ˈgrɛgu/, BP: ípsilon /ˈipsilõ/) were not part of the official alphabet before 2009. Used only in foreign words, <a href="/wiki/Personal_name" title="Personal name">personal names</a>, and hybrid words derived from them. The letters K, W and Y will be included in the alphabet used in East Timor, Macau, Angola, Mozambique, Guinea-Bissau, and São Tomé and Príncipe, when the <a href="/wiki/1990_Portuguese_Language_Orthographic_Agreement" class="mw-redirect" title="1990 Portuguese Language Orthographic Agreement">1990 Portuguese Language Orthographic Agreement</a> comes into legal effect.<a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a> In Brazil, the Orthographic Agreement went into legal effect from 1 January 2009; in Portugal, from 13 May 2009; in Cabo Verde, from 1 October 2009. However, those letters were used before 1911 (see <a href="/wiki/Spelling_reforms_of_Portuguese#A_timeline_of_spelling_reforms" class="mw-redirect" title="Spelling reforms of Portuguese">the article on spelling reform in Portugal</a>).</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><a href="#ref_nb9">^</a> Velarized to [ɫ] in EP and conservative registers of southern BP. <a href="/wiki/L-vocalization" title="L-vocalization">Vocalized</a> to [u̯], [ʊ̯], or seldom [o̯] (as influence from Spanish or Japanese), at the end of syllables in most of Brazil.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><a href="#ref_nb10">^</a> Usually silent or <a href="/wiki/Voice_(phonetics)" title="Voice (phonetics)">voiceless</a> at the end of syllables (word-final n is fully pronounced by some speakers in a few <a href="/wiki/Loanword" title="Loanword">loaned words</a>). See Nasalization section, below.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><a href="#ref_nb11">^</a> At the start of syllables (not between vowels) in most of the dialects or at the end of syllables (in some dialects of BP), a single graphical r is pronounced /ʁ/ or /ɻ/~/ɽ/~/ɹ/ (see <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_phonology" title="Portuguese phonology">Portuguese phonology</a> for variants of this sound). However, in the dialect of <a href="/wiki/S%C3%A3o_Paulo" title="São Paulo">São Paulo</a> it can be realized as /ɽ/ even in consonant clusters, such as [bɽ], [dɽ], [fɽ], [gɽ], [kɽ], [pɽ], [tɽ], or after /j/. After /l/ can be assimiled and realized as [ɽ.r], e.g. melro [mˈɛɽ.rʊ]. In European dialects word-initial or preceded by /n/, /l/, /s/ ([ʒ]) or nasalisation can be pronounced as very intense /ʁ/, /ʀ/, or /r/ (latter — as in Galician). Elsewhere, it is pronounced as /ɾ/ and its variants. Word-final rhotics may also be silent when the last syllable is stressed, in casual and vernacular speech, especially in Brazil (pervasive nationwide, though not in educated and some colloquial registers) and in some African and Asian countries. In European variety a word-initial /r/ can be realised as [r̝] after /s/. Word(or coda)-final European variants of /ɾ/ include [ɾ̥], [r̝], [r̻], and [ɻ̊]. Sometimes a non-phonematic [ə] is added after a final /ɾ/.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><a href="#ref_nb12">^</a> A single s is pronounced voiced /z/ between vowels.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><a href="#ref_nb13">^</a> The opposition between the four <a href="/wiki/Sibilant_consonant" class="mw-redirect" title="Sibilant consonant">sibilants</a> /s/, /z/, /ʃ/, /ʒ/ is <a href="/wiki/Phoneme#Neutralization_and_archiphonemes" title="Phoneme">neutralized</a> at the end of syllables; see <a href="#Sibilants">below</a> for more information.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><a href="#ref_nb14">^</a> Letter t, surrounded by nasal vowels (realized always as <a href="/wiki/Nasal_vowels" class="mw-redirect" title="Nasal vowels">nasal vowel</a> + [n] before it), /f/, /j/, /l/, /r/, /ʃ/, /w/, and <a href="/wiki/Stop_consonant" class="mw-redirect" title="Stop consonant">stops</a>, can be read as <a href="/wiki/Allophones" class="mw-redirect" title="Allophones">allophonic</a> [θ] in some <a href="/wiki/Mozambican_Portuguese" title="Mozambican Portuguese">Mozambican varieties</a>. Mostly before final reduced vowels can be realized there also as [tʰ]. The same pattern of aspiration for /t/ occurs in <a href="/wiki/East_Timorese_Portuguese" title="East Timorese Portuguese">East Timorese Portuguese</a>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><a href="#ref_nb15">^</a> Northern Portuguese dialects share with <a href="/wiki/Galician_language" title="Galician language">Galician</a> and other, more distantly related, North Iberian languages (<a href="/wiki/Astur-Leonese_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Astur-Leonese language">Astur-Leonese</a>, including <a href="/wiki/Mirandese_language" title="Mirandese language">Mirandese</a>, <a href="/wiki/Castilian_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Castilian language">Castilian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Aragonese_language" title="Aragonese language">Aragonese</a>, <a href="/wiki/Catalan_language" title="Catalan language">Catalan</a> and, to some extent, <a href="/wiki/Basque_language" title="Basque language">Basque</a>) one common feature — merger of /b/ and /v/ into /β~b/.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><a href="#ref_nb16">^</a> The letter x may represent /ʃ/, /ks/, /z/, /s/, or /gz/ (peixe, fixar, exemplo, próximo, hexágono). It is always pronounced /ʃ/ at the beginning of words.</li></ol> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(2)"><h2 id="Digraphs">Digraphs</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Portuguese_orthography&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Digraphs" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-2 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-2"> Portuguese uses <a href="/wiki/Digraph_(orthography)" title="Digraph (orthography)">digraphs</a>, pairs of letters which represent a single sound different from the sum of their components. Digraphs are not included in the alphabet. <dl><dd><table class="wikitable" style="font-size:120%"> <tbody><tr> <th style="font-size:80%">Grapheme </th> <th style="font-size:80%">Pronunciation </th></tr> <tr align="center"> <td>ch</td> <td>/<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_postalveolar_fricative" title="Voiceless postalveolar fricative">ʃ</a>/ </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <td>lh</td> <td>/<a href="/wiki/Voiced_palatal_lateral_approximant" title="Voiced palatal lateral approximant">ʎ</a>/, /<a href="/wiki/Palatalization_(phonetics)" title="Palatalization (phonetics)">lʲ</a>/, /lj/ </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <td>nh</td> <td>/<a href="/wiki/Voiced_palatal_nasal" title="Voiced palatal nasal">ɲ</a>/, /<a href="/wiki/Nasal_palatal_approximant" title="Nasal palatal approximant">j̃</a>/ </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <td>rr</td> <td>/<a href="/wiki/Voiced_uvular_fricative" title="Voiced uvular fricative">ʁ</a>/ </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <td>ss</td> <td>/<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_fricative" title="Voiceless alveolar fricative">s</a>/ </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <td>qu</td> <td>/<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_velar_plosive" title="Voiceless velar plosive">k</a>/; /<a href="/wiki/Labialization" title="Labialization">kʷ</a>/ </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <td>gu</td> <td>/<a href="/wiki/Voiced_velar_plosive" title="Voiced velar plosive">ɡ</a>/; /<a href="/wiki/Labialization" title="Labialization">ɡʷ</a>/; /ɡu/ </td></tr></tbody></table></dd></dl> The digraphs ⟨qu⟩ and ⟨gu⟩, before ⟨e⟩ and ⟨i⟩, may represent both plain or labialised sounds (quebra /ˈkɛbɾɐ/, cinquenta /sĩˈkʷẽtɐ/, guerra /ˈɡɛʁɐ/, sagui /saˈɡʷi/), but they are always labialised before ⟨a⟩ and ⟨o⟩ (quase, quociente, guaraná). The trema used to be employed to explicitly indicate labialized sounds before ⟨e⟩ and ⟨i⟩ (quebra vs. cinqüenta), but since its elimination, such words have to be memorised. Pronunciation divergences mean some of these words may be spelled differently (quatorze / catorze and quotidiano / cotidiano).<a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a> The digraph ⟨ch⟩ is pronounced as an English ⟨sh⟩ by the overwhelming majority of speakers. The digraphs ⟨lh⟩ and ⟨nh⟩, of <a href="/wiki/Occitan_language" title="Occitan language">Occitan</a> origin, denote <a href="/wiki/Palatal_consonant" title="Palatal consonant">palatal consonants</a> that do not exist in English. The digraphs ⟨rr⟩ and ⟨ss⟩ are used only between vowels. The pronunciation of the digraph ⟨rr⟩ varies with dialect (see the note on the phoneme /ʁ/, above.<a href="#endnote_nb11">nb 11</a>) </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(3)"><h2 id="Diacritics">Diacritics</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Portuguese_orthography&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Diacritics" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-3 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-3"> Portuguese makes use of five <a href="/wiki/Diacritic" title="Diacritic">diacritics</a>: the <a href="/wiki/Cedilla" title="Cedilla">cedilla</a> (ç), <a href="/wiki/Acute_accent" title="Acute accent">acute accent</a> (á, é, í, ó, ú), <a href="/wiki/Circumflex_accent" class="mw-redirect" title="Circumflex accent">circumflex accent</a> (â, ê, ô), <a href="/wiki/Tilde" title="Tilde">tilde</a> (ã, õ), and <a href="/wiki/Grave_accent" title="Grave accent">grave accent</a> (almost abolished in the 1990 Orthography Reform) (à, rarely ò, formerly also è, ì, and ù). Its major use was on adverbial formations: Só->Sòmente, Última->Ùltimamente. Formerly the diaeresis was also used (ï, ü). <dl><dd><table class="wikitable" style="font-size:120%"> <tbody><tr> <th style="font-size:80%">Grapheme </th> <th style="font-size:80%">Pronunciation </th></tr> <tr align="center"> <td>á </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Open_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Open front unrounded vowel">a</a> </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <td>â </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Near-open_central_vowel" title="Near-open central vowel">ɐ</a> (<a href="/wiki/Nasal_vowel" title="Nasal vowel">ɐ̃</a>) </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <td>ã </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Nasal_vowel" title="Nasal vowel">ɐ̃</a> </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <td>à </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Open_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Open front unrounded vowel">a</a> </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <td>ç </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_fricative" title="Voiceless alveolar fricative">s</a> </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <td>é </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Open-mid_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Open-mid front unrounded vowel">ɛ</a> </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <td>ê </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Close-mid_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Close-mid front unrounded vowel">e</a> (<a href="/wiki/Nasal_vowel" title="Nasal vowel">ẽ</a>, ɐj) </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <td>í </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Close_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Close front unrounded vowel">i</a> (<a href="/wiki/Nasal_vowel" title="Nasal vowel">ĩ</a>) </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <td>ó </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Open-mid_back_rounded_vowel" title="Open-mid back rounded vowel">ɔ</a> </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <td>ô </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Close-mid_back_rounded_vowel" title="Close-mid back rounded vowel">o</a> (<a href="/wiki/Nasal_vowel" title="Nasal vowel">õ</a>) </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <td>õ </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Nasal_vowel" title="Nasal vowel">õ</a> </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <td>ú </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Close_back_rounded_vowel" title="Close back rounded vowel">u</a> (<a href="/wiki/Nasal_vowel" title="Nasal vowel">ũ</a>) </td></tr> </tbody></table></dd></dl> The cedilla indicates that ç is pronounced /s/ (from a <a href="/wiki/Palatalization_(sound_change)" title="Palatalization (sound change)">historic palatalization</a>). By convention, s is written instead of etymological ç at the beginning of words, as in "São", the hypocoristic form of the female name "Conceição". The <a href="/wiki/Acute_accent" title="Acute accent">acute accent</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Circumflex_accent" class="mw-redirect" title="Circumflex accent">circumflex accent</a> indicate that a vowel is <a href="/wiki/Stress_(linguistics)" title="Stress (linguistics)">stressed</a> and the quality of the accented vowel and, more precisely, its <a href="/wiki/Vowel_height" class="mw-redirect" title="Vowel height">height</a>: á, é, and ó are low vowels (except in nasal vowels); â, ê, and ô are high vowels. They also distinguish a few <a href="/wiki/Homonym" title="Homonym">homographs</a>: por "by" with pôr "to put", pode "[he/she/it] can" with pôde "[he/she/it] could". The <a href="/wiki/Tilde" title="Tilde">tilde</a> marks nasal vowels before glides such as in cãibra and nação, at the end of words, before final -s, and in some compounds: romãzeira "pomegranate tree", from romã "pomegranate", and vãmente "vainly", from vã "vain". It usually coincides with the stressed vowel unless there is an acute or circumflex accent elsewhere in the word or if the word is <a href="/wiki/Compound_word" class="mw-redirect" title="Compound word">compound</a>: órgão "organ", irmã + -zinha ("sister" + <a href="/wiki/Diminutive" title="Diminutive">diminutive</a> suffix) = irmãzinha "little sister". The form õ is used only in the plurals of nouns ending in -ão (nação → nações) and in the second person singular and third person forms of the verb pôr in the present tense (pões, põe, põem). The <a href="/wiki/Grave_accent" title="Grave accent">grave accent</a> marks the contraction of two consecutive vowels in adjacent words (<a href="/wiki/Crasis" title="Crasis">crasis</a>), normally the preposition a and an article or a demonstrative pronoun: a + aquela = àquela "at that", a + a = à "at the". It can also be used when indicating time: "às 4 horas" = "at 4 o'clock". It does not indicate stress. Sometimes à and ò are used in other contraction forms, e.g.: cò(s) and cà(s) (from the comparative conjunction ‘than’ and definite articles o and a).<a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a> (Although, these examples are rare and tend to be called unstandard or dialectal, as well as co(s) and coa/ca(s) from ‘with’ + definite articles). Other examples of its use are: prà, pràs (from para+a/as) and prò, pròs (from para+o/os).<a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a> According to the orthographic rules of 1990 (adopted only in Portugal, Brazil, and Cabo Verde in 2009), these forms should be spelled without the grave accent.<a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a><a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a> Some grammatists also used to denote unstressed [ɛ] and [ɔ] as è and ò respectively. This accentuation is not provided by the current orthographical standards. Until the spelling reforms of 1971 (Brazil) and 1973 (Portugal), the <a href="/wiki/Grave_accent" title="Grave accent">grave accent</a> was also used to denote accents in words with so-called irregular stress after some changes. E.g., in adverbs formed with -mente affix, as well as in some other cases of indication of slightly accented or yet unaccented vowels (mostly because of affixal word formation), all of the vowels can take the <a href="/wiki/Grave_accent" title="Grave accent">grave accent</a> mark, e.g.: provàvelmente, genèricamente, analìticamente, pròpriamente, ùnicamente. The main pattern is to change the <a href="/wiki/Acute_accent" title="Acute accent">acute accent</a> mark, if it graphically exists in any part of the word before the affixation to the grave one, e.g.: in penultimate syllable: notável › notàvelmente; in ultimate syllable: jacaré › jacarèzinho, and so on. The <a href="/wiki/Circumflex_accent" class="mw-redirect" title="Circumflex accent">circumflex accent</a> mark did not change: simultâneo/a › simultâneamente.<a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a> The graphemes â, ê, ô and é typically represent oral vowels, but before m or n followed by another consonant (or word final -m in the case of ê and é), the vowels represented are <a href="/wiki/Nasal_vowels" class="mw-redirect" title="Nasal vowels">nasal</a>. Elsewhere, nasal vowels are indicated with a tilde (ã, õ). The letters with <a href="/wiki/Diaeresis_(diacritic)" title="Diaeresis (diacritic)">diaeresis</a> are nowadays practically in disuse. Until 2009 they were still used in Brazilian Portuguese in the combinations güe/qüe and güi/qüi (European Portuguese in this case used the grave accent between 1911 and 1945, then abolished). In old orthography they were also used as in English, French and Dutch to separate diphthongs (e.g.: Raïnha, Luïsa,<a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a> saüde and so on). The other way to separate diphthongs and non-hiatic vowel combinations is to use acute (as in modern saúde) or circumflex (as in old-style Corôa). <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Stress">Stress</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Portuguese_orthography&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Stress" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> Below are the general rules for the use of the acute accent and the circumflex in Portuguese. Primary <a href="/wiki/Stress_(linguistics)" title="Stress (linguistics)">stress</a> may fall on any of the three final syllables of a word. A word is called <a href="/wiki/Oxytone" title="Oxytone">oxytone</a> if it is stressed on its last syllable, <a href="/wiki/Paroxytone" title="Paroxytone">paroxytone</a> if stress falls on the syllable before the last (the <a href="/wiki/Penult" title="Penult">penult</a>), and <a href="/wiki/Proparoxytone" title="Proparoxytone">proparoxytone</a> if stress falls on the third syllable from the end (the <a href="/wiki/Antepenult" class="mw-redirect" title="Antepenult">antepenult</a>). Most multisyllabic words are stressed on the penult. All words stressed on the antepenult take an <a href="/wiki/Accent_mark" class="mw-redirect" title="Accent mark">accent mark</a>. Words with two or more syllables, stressed on their last syllable, are not accented if they have any ending other than -a(s), -e(s), -o(s), -am, -em, -ens; except to indicate <a href="/wiki/Hiatus_(linguistics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hiatus (linguistics)">hiatus</a> as in açaí. With these endings paroxytonic words must then be accented to differentiate them from oxytonic words, as in amável, lápis, órgão. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Monosyllables">Monosyllables</h4> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Portuguese_orthography&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Monosyllables" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> Monosyllables are typically not accented, but those whose last vowel is a, e, or o, possibly followed by final -s, -m or -ns, may require an accent mark. <ul><li>The verb pôr is accented to distinguish it from the preposition por.</li> <li>Third-person plural forms of the verbs ter and vir, têm and vêm are accented to be distinguished from third-person singulars of the same verbs, tem, vem. Other monosyllables ending in -em are not accented.</li> <li>Monosyllables ending in -o(s) with the vowel pronounced /u/ (as in English "do") or in -e(s) with the vowel pronounced /i/ (as in English "be") or /ɨ/ (approximately as in English "roses") are not accented. Otherwise, they are accented.</li> <li>Monosyllables containing only the vowel a take an acute accent except for the contractions of the preposition a with the article a(s), which take the grave accent, à(s), and for the following <a href="/wiki/Clitic" title="Clitic">clitic</a> articles, pronouns, prepositions, or contractions, which are not accented (all pronounced with /ɐ/ in Europe): a(s), da(s), la(s), lha(s), ma(s), na(s), ta(s). Most of those words have a masculine equivalent ending in -o(s), also not accented: o(s), do(s), lo(s), lho(s), mo(s), no(s), to(s).</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Polysyllables">Polysyllables</h4> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Portuguese_orthography&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Polysyllables" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <ul><li>The endings -a(s), -e(s), -o(s), -am, -em, -ens are unstressed. The stressed vowel of words with such endings is assumed to be the first one before the ending itself: bonita, bonitas, gente, viveram, seria, serias (verbs), seriam. If the word happens to be stressed elsewhere, it requires an accent mark: será, serás, até, séria, sérias (adjectives), Inácio, Amazônia/Amazónia. The endings -em and -ens take the acute accent when stressed (contém, convéns), except in third-person plural forms of verbs derived from ter and vir, which take the circumflex (contêm, convêm). Words with other endings are regarded as oxytone by default: viver, jardim, vivi, bambu, pensais, pensei, pensou, pensão. They require an accent when they are stressed on a syllable other than their last: táxi, fácil, amáveis, râguebi.</li> <li>Rising diphthongs (which may also be pronounced as <a href="/wiki/Hiatus_(linguistics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hiatus (linguistics)">hiatuses</a>) containing stressed i or stressed u are accented so they will not be pronounced as falling diphthongs. Exceptions are those whose stressed vowel forms a syllable with a letter other than s. Thus, raízes (syllabified as ra-í-zes), incluído (in-clu-í-do), saía (sa-i-a) and saíste (sa-ís-te) are accented, but raiz (ra-iz), sairmos (sa-ir-mos) and saiu (sa-iu) are not. (There are a few more exceptions, not discussed here.)</li> <li>The stressed diphthongs ei, eu, oi take an acute accent on the first vowel whenever it is <a href="/wiki/Open-mid_vowel" title="Open-mid vowel">low</a>.</li> <li>Aside from those cases, there are a few more words that take an accent, usually to disambiguate frequent homographs such as pode (<a href="/wiki/Present_tense" title="Present tense">present tense</a> of the verb poder, with [<a href="/wiki/Open-mid_back_rounded_vowel" title="Open-mid back rounded vowel">ɔ</a>]) and pôde (<a href="/wiki/Preterite" title="Preterite">preterite</a> of the same verb, with [<a href="/wiki/Close-mid_back_rounded_vowel" title="Close-mid back rounded vowel">o</a>]). In European Portuguese, a distinction is made in the first person plural of verbs in -ar, between the present tense ending -amos /ˈɐmuʃ/ and the preterite -ámos /ˈamuʃ/. As these are pronounced identically in Brazilian Portuguese, this accent is not used.</li></ul> Accentuation rules of Portuguese are somewhat different regarding syllabification than those of Spanish (English "continuous" is Portuguese contínuo, Spanish continuo, and English "I continue" is Portuguese continuo, Spanish continúo, in both cases with the same syllable accented in Portuguese and Spanish). <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Personal_names">Personal names</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Portuguese_orthography&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Personal names" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> The use of diacritics in personal names is generally restricted to the combinations above, often also by the applicable Portuguese spelling rules. Portugal is more restrictive than Brazil in regard to given names. They must be Portuguese or adapted to the Portuguese orthography and sound and should also be easily discerned as either a masculine or feminine name by a Portuguese speaker. There are lists of previously accepted and refused names, and names that are both unusual and not included in the list of previously accepted names must be subject to consultation of the national director of registries.<a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a><a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a> The list of previously accepted names includes some of the most common names, like "Pedro" (Peter) and "Ana" (Anne).<a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a> Brazilian birth registrars, on the other hand, are likely to accept names containing any (Latin) letters or diacritics and are limited only to the availability of such characters in their typesetting facility. </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(4)"><h2 id="Consonants_with_more_than_one_spelling">Consonants with more than one spelling</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Portuguese_orthography&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Consonants with more than one spelling" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-4 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-4"> Most consonants have the same values as in the <a href="/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet" title="International Phonetic Alphabet">International Phonetic Alphabet</a>, except for the <a href="/wiki/Palatal_consonant" title="Palatal consonant">palatals</a> /ʎ/ and /ɲ/, which are spelled ⟨lh⟩ and ⟨nh⟩, respectively, and the following velars, rhotics, and sibilants: <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Velar_plosives">Velar plosives</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Portuguese_orthography&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Velar plosives" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th rowspan="2">Phoneme </th> <th colspan="2">Default </th> <th colspan="2">Before ⟨e⟩ or ⟨i⟩ </th></tr> <tr> <th>Spelling </th> <th>Examples </th> <th>Spelling </th> <th>Examples </th></tr> <tr> <td align="center">/ɡ/</td> <td>g</td> <td>goano</td> <td rowspan="3">gu</td> <td>guerra, guitarra </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">/ɡʷ/</td> <td rowspan="2">gu</td> <td>guano</td> <td>unguento, sagui </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">/ɡu/</td> <td>averigua</td> <td>Guiana, averigue </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">/k/</td> <td>c</td> <td>cotidiano</td> <td rowspan="2">qu</td> <td>quente, aqui </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">/kʷ/</td> <td>qu</td> <td>adequado</td> <td>cinquenta, aquífero </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">/ku/ </td> <td>cu </td> <td>acuado </td> <td>cu </td> <td>cueca </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Rhotics">Rhotics</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Portuguese_orthography&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Rhotics" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> The <a href="/wiki/Alveolar_flap" class="mw-redirect" title="Alveolar flap">alveolar flap</a> /<a href="/wiki/Voiced_dental_and_alveolar_taps_and_flaps" title="Voiced dental and alveolar taps and flaps">ɾ</a>/ is always spelled as a single ⟨r⟩. The other <a href="/wiki/Rhotic_consonant" title="Rhotic consonant">rhotic</a> phoneme of Portuguese, which may be pronounced as a <a href="/wiki/Alveolar_trill" class="mw-redirect" title="Alveolar trill">trill</a> [<a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_trill" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar trill">r</a>] or as one of the <a href="/wiki/Fricative_consonant" class="mw-redirect" title="Fricative consonant">fricatives</a> [<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_velar_fricative" title="Voiceless velar fricative">x</a>], [<a href="/wiki/Voiced_uvular_fricative" title="Voiced uvular fricative">ʁ</a>], or [<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_glottal_fricative" title="Voiceless glottal fricative">h</a>], according to the <a href="/wiki/Idiolect" title="Idiolect">idiolect</a> of the speaker, is either written ⟨rr⟩ or ⟨r⟩, as described below. <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th rowspan="2">Phoneme </th> <th colspan="2">Start of syllable </th> <th colspan="2">Between vowels </th> <th colspan="2">Closed syllable </th> <th colspan="2">End of syllable </th></tr> <tr> <th>Spelling </th> <th>Examples </th> <th>Spelling </th> <th>Examples </th> <th>Spelling </th> <th>Examples </th> <th>Spelling </th> <th>Examples </th></tr> <tr> <td align="center">/<a href="/wiki/Voiced_uvular_fricative" title="Voiced uvular fricative">ʁ</a>/</td> <td>r</td> <td>rosa, tenro, guelra</td> <td>rr</td> <td>carro</td> <td rowspan="2">r</td> <td rowspan="2">sorte</td> <td rowspan="3">r</td> <td rowspan="3">mar </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">/<a href="/wiki/Voiced_dental_and_alveolar_taps_and_flaps" title="Voiced dental and alveolar taps and flaps">ɾ</a>/</td> <td>-</td> <td>-</td> <td>r</td> <td>caro </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center"><a href="/wiki/Zero_(linguistics)" title="Zero (linguistics)">∅</a></td> <td>-</td> <td>-</td> <td>-</td> <td>-</td> <td>-</td> <td>- </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sibilants">Sibilants</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Portuguese_orthography&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Sibilants" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> For the following phonemes, the phrase "at the start of a syllable" can be understood as "at the start of a word, or between a consonant and a vowel, in that order". <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th rowspan="2">Phoneme </th> <th colspan="2">Start of syllable<a href="#cite_note-13">[A]</a> </th> <th colspan="2">Between vowels </th> <th colspan="2">Closed syllables and end of syllable </th></tr> <tr> <th>Spelling </th> <th>Examples </th> <th>Spelling </th> <th>Examples </th> <th>Spelling </th> <th>Examples </th></tr> <tr> <td align="center">/s/</td> <td>s<a href="#cite_note-effn1-14">[B]</a>, c<a href="#cite_note-effn3-15">[C]</a></td> <td>sapo, psique, cedo</td> <td>ss, ç,<a href="#cite_note-16">[D]</a> c,<a href="#cite_note-effn3-15">[C]</a> x<a href="#cite_note-17">[E]</a></td> <td>assado, passe, açoite, alperce próximo</td> <td rowspan="2">s, x,<a href="#cite_note-effn5-18">[F]</a>, z<a href="#cite_note-effn6-19">[G]</a></td> <td rowspan="2">isto, externo, paz </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">/ʃ/</td> <td>ch, x</td> <td>chuva, cherne, xarope, xisto</td> <td>ch, x</td> <td>fecho, duche, caixa, mexilhão </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">/z/</td> <td>z</td> <td>zumbido, zero</td> <td>s, z, x<a href="#cite_note-20">[H]</a></td> <td>rosa, Brasil, prazo, azeite, exemplo</td> <td rowspan="2">s, x,<a href="#cite_note-effn8-21">[I]</a> z<a href="#cite_note-effn8-21">[I]</a></td> <td rowspan="2">turismo, ex-mulher, felizmente </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">/ʒ/</td> <td>j, g<a href="#cite_note-effn3-15">[C]</a></td> <td>jogo, jipe, gente</td> <td>j, g<a href="#cite_note-effn3-15">[C]</a></td> <td>ajuda, pajem, agenda </td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-upper-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-13"><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a> including consonant clusters that belong to a single syllable, like psique </li> <li id="cite_note-effn1-14"><a href="#cite_ref-effn1_14-0">^</a> including consonant clusters that belong to a single syllable, as in psique </li> <li id="cite_note-effn3-15">^ <a href="#cite_ref-effn3_15-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-effn3_15-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-effn3_15-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-effn3_15-3">d</a> before ⟨e, i⟩ </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a> before ⟨a, o, u⟩. ⟨ç⟩ never starts or ends a word. </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a> only in a very small number of words derived from Latin, such as trouxe and próximo </li> <li id="cite_note-effn5-18"><a href="#cite_ref-effn5_18-0">^</a> only in words derived from Latin or Greek, preceded by ⟨e⟩ and followed by one of the voiceless consonants ⟨c, p, s, t⟩ </li> <li id="cite_note-effn6-19"><a href="#cite_ref-effn6_19-0">^</a> only at the end of words and in rare compounds </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a> only in a few words derived from Latin or Greek that begin with ⟨ex⟩- or ⟨hex⟩- followed by a vowel, and in compounds made from such words </li> <li id="cite_note-effn8-21">^ <a href="#cite_ref-effn8_21-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-effn8_21-1">b</a> only in a few compound words </li> </ol></div></div> Note that there are two main groups of <a href="/wiki/Accent_(dialect)" class="mw-redirect" title="Accent (dialect)">accents</a> in Portuguese, one in which the sibilants are <a href="/wiki/Alveolar_consonant" title="Alveolar consonant">alveolar</a> at the end of syllables (/s/ or /z/), and another in which they are <a href="/wiki/Postalveolar_consonant" title="Postalveolar consonant">postalveolar</a> (/ʃ/ or /ʒ/). In this position, the sibilants occur in <a href="/wiki/Complementary_distribution" title="Complementary distribution">complementary distribution</a>, <a href="/wiki/Voice_(phonetics)" title="Voice (phonetics)">voiced</a> before voiced consonants, and voiceless before voiceless consonants or at the end of <a href="/wiki/Utterance" title="Utterance">utterances</a>. </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(5)"><h2 id="Vowels">Vowels</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Portuguese_orthography&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Vowels" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-5 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-5"> The vowels in the pairs /a, ɐ/, /e, ɛ/, /o, ɔ/ only contrast in <a href="/wiki/Stress_(linguistics)" title="Stress (linguistics)">stressed</a> syllables. In unstressed syllables, each element of the pair occurs in <a href="/wiki/Complementary_distribution" title="Complementary distribution">complementary distribution</a> with the other. Stressed /ɐ/ appears mostly before the nasal consonants ⟨m⟩, ⟨n⟩, ⟨nh⟩, followed by a vowel, and stressed /a/ appears mostly elsewhere although they have a limited number of <a href="/wiki/Minimal_pair" title="Minimal pair">minimal pairs</a> in EP. In Brazilian Portuguese, both nasal and unstressed vowel phonemes that only contrast when stressed tend to a mid height though [a] may be often heard in unstressed position (especially when singing or speaking emphatically). In pre-20th-century European Portuguese, they tended to be raised to [ɐ], [ɨ] and [u]. It still is the case of most Brazilian dialects in which the word elogio may be variously pronounced as [iluˈʒiu], [e̞lo̞ˈʒiu], [e̞luˈʒiu], etc. Some dialects, such as those of Northeastern and Southern Brazil, tend to do less pre-vocalic vowel reduction and in general the unstressed vowel sounds adhere to that of one of the stressed vowel pair, namely [ɛ, ɔ] and [e, o] respectively.<a href="#cite_note-delta-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-canepari-22">[13]</a> In educated speech, vowel reduction is used less often than in colloquial and vernacular speech though still more than the more distant dialects, and in general, mid vowels are dominant over close-mid ones and especially open-mid ones in unstressed environments when those are in free variation (that is, sozinho is always [sɔˈzĩɲu], even in Portugal, while elogio is almost certainly [e̞lo̞ˈʒi.u]). Mid vowels are also used as choice for stressed nasal vowels in both Portugal and Rio de Janeiro though not in São Paulo and southern Brazil, but in Bahia, Sergipe and neighboring areas, mid nasal vowels supposedly are close-mid like those of French. Veneno can thus vary as EP [vɯ̽ˈne̞nu], RJ [vẽ̞ˈnẽ̞nu], SP [veˈnenʊ] and <a href="/wiki/BR-BA" class="mw-redirect" title="BR-BA">BA</a> [vɛˈnɛ̃nu] according to the dialect. /ɐ̃/ also has significant variation, as shown in the respective dialect pronunciations of banana as [baˈnə̃nə], [bə̃ˈnə̃nə], and [bəˈnənə].<a href="#cite_note-canepari-22">[13]</a> Vowel reduction of unstressed nasal vowels is extremely pervasive nationwide in Brazil, in vernacular, colloquial and even most educated speech registers. It is slightly more resisted but still present in Portugal. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Diacritics_2">Diacritics</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Portuguese_orthography&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Diacritics" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> The pronunciation of the accented vowels is fairly stable except that they become nasal in certain conditions. See <a href="#Nasalization">#Nasalization</a> for further information about this regular phenomenon. In other cases, <a href="/wiki/Nasal_vowel" title="Nasal vowel">nasal vowels</a> are marked with a <a href="/wiki/Tilde" title="Tilde">tilde</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Grave_accent" title="Grave accent">grave accent</a> is only used on the letter ⟨a⟩ and is merely grammatical, meaning a <a href="/wiki/Crasis" title="Crasis">crasis</a> between two ⟨a⟩ such as the preposition a "a" and a "the (f.)" (vou a cidade → vou à cidade "I'm going to the city"). In dialects where unstressed ⟨a⟩ represents /ɐ/, ⟨à⟩ represents /a/; in dialects where unstressed ⟨a⟩ is /a/ the grave accent makes no difference in pronunciation. There was a proposal to use the grave for separation of unstressed diphthongs, e.g.: saìmento, paìsagem, saùdar.<a href="#cite_note-files.dre.pt-23">[14]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Diaeresis_(diacritic)" title="Diaeresis (diacritic)">trema</a> was official prior to the last orthographical reform and can still be found in older texts. It meant that the usually silent ⟨u⟩ between ⟨q⟩ or ⟨g⟩ and ⟨i⟩ or ⟨e⟩ is in fact pronounced: líqüido "liquid" and sangüíneo "related to blood". Some words have two acceptable pronunciations, varying largely by accents. It was also proposed to use the <a href="/wiki/Grave_accent" title="Grave accent">grave accent</a> instead of trema,<a href="#cite_note-files.dre.pt-23">[14]</a> e.g.: líqùido, sangùíneo. <dl><dd><table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Grapheme </th> <th>Pronunciation </th></tr> <tr align="center"> <td>ú </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Close_back_rounded_vowel" title="Close back rounded vowel">u</a> (<a href="/wiki/Nasal_vowel" title="Nasal vowel">ũ</a>) </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <td>ó </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Open-mid_back_rounded_vowel" title="Open-mid back rounded vowel">ɔ</a> </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <td>á </td> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Open_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Open front unrounded vowel">a</a> </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <td>à </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <td>é </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Open-mid_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Open-mid front unrounded vowel">ɛ</a> </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <td>í </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Close_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Close front unrounded vowel">i</a> (<a href="/wiki/Nasal_vowel" title="Nasal vowel">ĩ</a>) </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <td>ô </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Close-mid_back_rounded_vowel" title="Close-mid back rounded vowel">o</a> (<a href="/wiki/Nasal_vowel" title="Nasal vowel">õ</a>) </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <td>õ </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Nasal_vowel" title="Nasal vowel">õ</a> </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <td>â </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Near-open_central_vowel" title="Near-open central vowel">ɐ</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nasal_vowel" title="Nasal vowel">ɐ̃</a> </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <td>ã </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Nasal_vowel" title="Nasal vowel">ɐ̃</a> </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <td>ê </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Close-mid_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Close-mid front unrounded vowel">e</a>, əj </td></tr> </tbody></table></dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Diphthongs">Diphthongs</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Portuguese_orthography&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Diphthongs" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> The pronunciation of each <a href="/wiki/Diphthong" title="Diphthong">diphthong</a> is also fairly predictable, but one must know how to distinguish true diphthongs from adjacent vowels in <a href="/wiki/Hiatus_(linguistics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hiatus (linguistics)">hiatus</a>, which belong to separate syllables. For example, in the word saio /ˈsai.u/ ([ˈsaj.ju]), the ⟨i⟩ forms a clearer diphthong with the previous vowel (but a slight yod also in the next syllable is generally present),<a href="#cite_note-delta-1">[1]</a> but in saiu /sɐˈiu/ ([sɐˈiw]), it forms a diphthong with the next vowel. As in Spanish, a hiatus may be indicated with an acute accent, distinguishing <a href="/wiki/Homonym" title="Homonym">homographs</a> such as saia /ˈsai.ɐ/ ([ˈsaj.jɐ]) and saía /sɐˈi.ɐ/. <dl><dd><table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="4">Oral </th></tr> <tr> <th>Grapheme </th> <th>Pronunciation </th> <th>Grapheme </th> <th>Pronunciation </th></tr> <tr> <td align="center">ai</td> <td>[ɐi] </td> <td align="center">au</td> <td>[ɐu] </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">ei, êi</td> <td>[ei ~ eː], [əi]<a href="#cite_note-efffn1-24">[i]</a> </td> <td align="center">eu, êu</td> <td>[eu] </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">oi</td> <td>[oi] </td> <td align="center">ou</td> <td>[ou ~ oː] </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">ai, ái</td> <td>[ai] </td> <td align="center">au, áu</td> <td>[au] </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">ei, éi</td> <td>[ɛi], [əi]<a href="#cite_note-efffn1-24">[i]</a> </td> <td align="center">eu, éu</td> <td>[ɛu] </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">oi, ói</td> <td>[ɔi] </td> <td align="center"></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td align="center">iu </td> <td>[iu] </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">ui</td> <td>[ui] </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="4">Nasal </th></tr> <tr> <th>Grapheme </th> <th>Pronunciation </th> <th>Grapheme </th> <th>Pronunciation </th></tr> <tr> <td align="center">ãe, ãi</td> <td>[ɐ̃ĩ] </td> <td align="center">ão</td> <td>[ɐ̃ũ] </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">õe</td> <td>[õĩ] </td> <td style="text-align:center;" colspan="2">- </td></tr></tbody></table></dd></dl> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-lower-roman"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-efffn1-24">^ <a href="#cite_ref-efffn1_24-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-efffn1_24-1">b</a> In central Portugal. </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Nasalization">Nasalization</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Portuguese_orthography&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Nasalization" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> When a syllable ends with ⟨m⟩ or ⟨n⟩, the consonant is not fully pronounced but merely indicates the <a href="/wiki/Nasalization" title="Nasalization">nasalization</a> of the vowel which precedes it. At the end of words, it generally produces a nasal diphthong. <dl><dd><table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2">Monophthongs </th> <th colspan="3">Diphthongs </th></tr> <tr> <th>Grapheme </th> <th>Pronunciation </th> <th colspan="2">Grapheme </th> <th>Pronunciation </th></tr> <tr> <td>-un, -um, -ún, -úm<a href="#cite_note-efn3-25">[a]</a> </td> <td>/ũ/ </td> <td colspan="3" rowspan="2"> </td></tr> <tr> <td>-on, -om, -ôn, -ôm<a href="#cite_note-efn3-25">[a]</a> </td> <td>/õ/ </td></tr> <tr> <td>-an, -am, -ân, -âm<a href="#cite_note-efn1-26">[b]</a> </td> <td>/ɐ̃/ </td> <td colspan="2">-am<a href="#cite_note-efn2-27">[c]</a> </td> <td>/ɐ̃ũ/ </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2">-en, -em, -ên, -êm<a href="#cite_note-efn1-26">[b]</a> </td> <td rowspan="2">/ẽ/ </td> <td>-em, -êm<a href="#cite_note-efn2-27">[c]</a> </td> <td>-en-<a href="#cite_note-28">[d]</a> </td> <td rowspan="2">/ẽĩ/ ([ɐ̃ĩ]) </td></tr> <tr> <td>-ém<a href="#cite_note-efn2-27">[c]</a> </td> <td>-én-<a href="#cite_note-29">[e]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>-in, -im, -ín, -ím<a href="#cite_note-efn3-25">[a]</a> </td> <td>/ĩ/ </td> <td colspan="3"> </td></tr></tbody></table></dd></dl> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-efn3-25">^ <a href="#cite_ref-efn3_25-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-efn3_25-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-efn3_25-2">c</a> at the end of a syllable or word </li> <li id="cite_note-efn1-26">^ <a href="#cite_ref-efn1_26-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-efn1_26-1">b</a> at the end of a syllable </li> <li id="cite_note-efn2-27">^ <a href="#cite_ref-efn2_27-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-efn2_27-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-efn2_27-2">c</a> at the end of a word </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a> before final ⟨s⟩, for example in the words bens and parabéns </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a> before final ⟨s⟩, for example in the words bens and parabéns </li> </ol></div></div> The letter ⟨m⟩ is conventionally written before ⟨b⟩ or ⟨p⟩ or at the end of words (also in a few compound words such as comummente - comumente in Brazil), and ⟨n⟩ is written before other consonants. In the plural, the ending -⟨m⟩ changes into -⟨ns⟩; for example bem, rim, bom, um → bens, rins, bons, uns. Some loaned words end with -⟨n⟩ (which is usually pronounced in European Portuguese). Nasalization of ⟨ui⟩, according to modern orthography, is left unmarked in the six words muito, muita, muitos, muitas, mui, ruim (the latter one only in Brazilian Portuguese). During some periods, the nasal ⟨ui⟩ was marked as ⟨ũi⟩: mũi,<a href="#cite_note-Roquette_1838-30">[15]</a> mũita,<a href="#cite_note-31">[16]</a> mũito,<a href="#cite_note-32">[17]</a> mũitas,<a href="#cite_note-33">[18]</a> mũitos.<a href="#cite_note-Roquette_1838-30">[15]</a> The word endings -am, -em, -en(+s), with or without an accent mark on the vowel, represent nasal <a href="/wiki/Diphthong" title="Diphthong">diphthongs</a> derived from various Latin endings, often la-ant, -unt or -en(t)-. Final -⟨am⟩, which appears in polysyllabic verbs, is always unstressed. The grapheme -⟨en⟩- is also pronounced as a nasal diphthong in a few compound words, such as bendito (bem + dito), homenzinho (homem + zinho), and Benfica. </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(6)"><h2 id="Morphological_considerations">Morphological considerations</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Portuguese_orthography&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Morphological considerations" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-6 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-6"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Unreferenced_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section does not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a>. Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Portuguese_orthography" title="Special:EditPage/Portuguese orthography">improve this section</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>. (May 2024) (<a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a>)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> Nouns which end in -⟨gem⟩ often have a corresponding verb whose infinitive ends in -⟨jar⟩; these verbs retain ⟨j⟩ (rather than ⟨g⟩) in their conjugations, even in forms that are pronounced identically to the corresponding noun, e.g. viagem "voyage (noun)" but viajem (third person plural of the present subjunctive of the verb viajar "to travel"). Verbs whose <a href="/wiki/Vowel_stems" class="mw-redirect" title="Vowel stems">thematic vowel</a> becomes a stressed ⟨i⟩ in one of their inflections are spelled with an ⟨i⟩ in the whole conjugation, as are other words of the same family: crio "I create" implies criar "to create" and criatura "creature". Verbs whose thematic vowel becomes a stressed ⟨ei⟩ in one of their inflections are spelled with an ⟨e⟩ in the whole conjugation, as are other words of the same family: nomeio "I nominate" implies nomear "to nominate" and nomeação "nomination". </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(7)"><h2 id="Etymological_considerations">Etymological considerations</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Portuguese_orthography&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Etymological considerations" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-7 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-7"> The majority of the Portuguese lexicon is derived from Latin, <a href="/wiki/Celtic_languages" title="Celtic languages">Celtic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a>, some <a href="/wiki/Germanic_languages" title="Germanic languages">Germanic</a> and some <a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a>. Greek words are Latinized before being incorporated into the language, and many words of Latin or Greek origin have easily recognizable <a href="/wiki/Cognate" title="Cognate">cognates</a> in English and other western European languages and are spelled according to similar principles. For instance, glória "glory", glorioso "glorious", herança "inheritance", real "real/royal". Some general guidelines for spelling are given below: <ul><li>⟨cu⟩ vs. ⟨qu⟩: if ⟨u⟩ is pronounced syllabically, it is written with ⟨c⟩, as in cueca [kuˈɛkɐ] "male underwear", and if it represents a labialized velar plosive, it is written with ⟨q⟩, as in quando [ˈkwɐ̃du] "when".</li> <li>⟨g⟩ vs. ⟨j⟩: etymological ⟨g⟩, if representing a /ʒ/ phoneme, changes into ⟨j⟩ before ⟨a, o, u⟩.</li> <li>⟨h⟩: this letter is <a href="/wiki/Silent_letter" title="Silent letter">silent</a>; it appears for etymology at the start of a word, in a few <a href="/wiki/Interjection" title="Interjection">interjections</a>, and as part of the digraphs ⟨ch⟩, ⟨lh⟩, ⟨nh⟩. Latin or Greek ⟨ch⟩, ⟨ph⟩, ⟨rh⟩, ⟨th⟩, and ⟨y⟩ are usually converted into ⟨c/qu⟩, ⟨f⟩, ⟨r⟩, ⟨t⟩, and ⟨i⟩, respectively.</li> <li>⟨o⟩ vs. ⟨ou⟩: in many words, the variant ⟨ou⟩ normally corresponds to Latin and Arabic ⟨au⟩ or ⟨al⟩, more rarely to Latin ⟨ap⟩, ⟨oc⟩.</li> <li>⟨s⟩/⟨ss⟩ vs. ⟨c⟩/⟨ç⟩: the letter ⟨s⟩ and the digraph ⟨ss⟩ correspond to Latin ⟨s⟩, ⟨as⟩, or ⟨ns⟩, and to Spanish ⟨s⟩. The graphemes ⟨c⟩ (before ⟨e, i⟩) and ⟨ç⟩ (before ⟨a, o, u⟩) are usually derived from Latin ⟨c⟩ or ⟨t(i)⟩, or from ⟨s⟩ in non-European languages, such as Arabic and <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_languages_of_the_Americas" title="Indigenous languages of the Americas">Amerindian languages</a>. They often correspond to Spanish ⟨z⟩ in any position or ⟨c⟩ preceding ⟨i⟩ or ⟨e⟩. At the beginning of words, however, ⟨s⟩ is written instead of etymological ⟨ç⟩, by convention.</li> <li>⟨z⟩ vs. ⟨s⟩ between vowels: the letter ⟨z⟩ corresponds to Latin ⟨c⟩ (+ ⟨e⟩, ⟨i⟩) or ⟨t(i)⟩, to Greek or Arabic ⟨z⟩. Intervocalic ⟨s⟩ corresponds to Latin ⟨s⟩.</li> <li>⟨x⟩ vs. ⟨ch⟩: the letter ⟨x⟩ derives from Latin ⟨x⟩ or ⟨s⟩, or from Arabic ⟨dh⟩ and usually corresponds to Spanish ⟨j⟩. The digraph ⟨ch⟩ (before vowels) derives from Latin ⟨cl⟩, ⟨fl⟩, ⟨pl⟩ or from French ⟨ch⟩ and corresponds to Spanish ⟨ll⟩ (like in Rioplatense Spanish) or ⟨ch⟩ (like some varieties of Spanish).</li> <li>⟨s⟩ vs. ⟨x⟩ vs. ⟨z⟩ at the end of syllables: ⟨s⟩ is the most common spelling for all sibilants. The letter ⟨x⟩ appears, preceded by ⟨e⟩ and followed by one of the voiceless consonants ⟨c, p, s, t⟩, in some words derived from Latin or Greek. The letter ⟨z⟩ occurs only at the end of <a href="/wiki/Oxytone" title="Oxytone">oxytone</a> words and in <a href="/wiki/Compound_word" class="mw-redirect" title="Compound word">compounds</a> derived from them, corresponding to Latin ⟨x⟩, ⟨c⟩ (+ ⟨e⟩, ⟨i⟩) or to Arabic ⟨z⟩.</li></ul> Loanwords with a /ʃ/ in their original languages receive the letter ⟨x⟩ to represent it when they are nativised: xampu "shampoo". While many dialects merged the pronunciations of ⟨ch⟩ and ⟨x⟩ long ago, some Galician-Portuguese dialects like Uruguayan Portuguese and the speech registers of northeastern Portugal and Galicia still preserve the difference as ⟨ch⟩ /tʃ/ vs. ⟨x⟩ /ʃ/, as do other Iberian languages. When one wants to stress the sound difference in dialects in which it merged the convention is to use ⟨tch⟩: tchau "<a href="/wiki/Ciao" title="Ciao">ciao</a>" and República Tcheca "Czech Republic". In most loanwords, it merges with /ʃ/ (or /t/: moti "<a href="/wiki/Mochi" title="Mochi">mochi</a>"), just as [dʒ] most often merges with /ʒ/. Alveolar affricates [ts] and [dz], though, are more likely to be preserved (pizza, Zeitgeist, tsunami, kudzu, adzuki, etc.), although not all of these hold up across some dialects (/zaitʃiˈgaiʃtʃi/ for 'Zeitgeist, /tʃisuˈnɐ̃mi/ for tsunami and /aˈzuki/ for adzuki [along with spelling azuki]) </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(8)"><h2 id="Syllabification_and_collation">Syllabification and collation</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Portuguese_orthography&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Syllabification and collation" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-8 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-8"> Portuguese <a href="/wiki/Syllabification" title="Syllabification">syllabification</a> rules require a syllable break between double letters: ⟨cc⟩, ⟨cç⟩, ⟨mm⟩, ⟨nn⟩, ⟨rr⟩, ⟨ss⟩, or other combinations of letters that may be pronounced as a single sound: fric-ci-o-nar, pro-ces-so, car-ro, ex-ce(p)-to, ex-su-dar. Only the digraphs ⟨ch⟩, ⟨lh⟩, ⟨nh⟩, ⟨gu⟩, ⟨qu⟩, and ⟨ou⟩ are indivisible. All digraphs are however broken down into their constituent letters for the purposes of <a href="/wiki/Collation" title="Collation">collation</a>, <a href="/wiki/Spelling" title="Spelling">spelling</a> aloud, and in <a href="/wiki/Crossword_puzzles" class="mw-redirect" title="Crossword puzzles">crossword puzzles</a>. </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(9)"><h2 id="Other_symbols">Other symbols</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Portuguese_orthography&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Other symbols" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-9 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-9"> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Apostrophe">Apostrophe</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Portuguese_orthography&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Apostrophe" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> The apostrophe (') appears as part of certain phrases, usually to indicate the <a href="/wiki/Elision" title="Elision">elision</a> of a vowel in the contraction of a preposition with the word that follows it: de + água = d'água. It is used almost exclusively in poetry. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hyphen">Hyphen</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Portuguese_orthography&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Hyphen" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> The hyphen (-) is used to make compound words, especially plants and animal names like papagaio-de-rabo-vermelho "red-tailed parrot". It is also extensively used to append <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_pronouns" class="mw-redirect" title="Portuguese pronouns">clitic pronouns</a> to the verb, as in quero-o "I want it" (enclisis), or even to embed them within the verb (mesoclisis), as in levaria + vos + os = levar-vo-los-ia "I would take them to you". Proclitic pronouns are not connected graphically to the verb: não o quero "I do not want it". Each element in such compounds is treated as an individual word for accentuation purposes: matarias + o = matá-lo-ias "You would kill it/him", beberá + a = bebê-la-á "He/she will drink it". <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Quotation_marks">Quotation marks</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Portuguese_orthography&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Quotation marks" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> In European Portuguese, as in many other European languages, angular <a href="/wiki/Quotation_mark,_non-English_usage" class="mw-redirect" title="Quotation mark, non-English usage">quotation marks</a> are used for general quotations in literature: <dl><dd>«Isto é um exemplo de como fazer uma citação em português europeu.»</dd> <dd>“This is an example of how to make a quotation in European Portuguese.”</dd></dl> Although American-style (“…”) or British-style (‘…’) quotation marks are sometimes used as well, especially in less formal types of writing (they are more easily produced in keyboards) or inside nested quotations, they are less common in careful writing. In Brazilian Portuguese, only American and British-style quote marks are used. <dl><dd>“Isto é um exemplo de como fazer uma citação em português brasileiro.”</dd> <dd>“This is an example of how to make a quotation in Brazilian Portuguese.”</dd></dl> In both varieties of the language, dashes are normally used for direct speech rather than quotation marks: <dl><dd>― Aborreço-me tanto ― disse ela.</dd> <dd>― Não tenho culpa disso ― retorquiu ele.</dd> <dd>“I’m so bored,” she said.</dd> <dd>“That’s not my fault,” he shot back.</dd></dl> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(10)"><h2 id="Brazilian_vs._European_spelling">Brazilian vs. European spelling</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Portuguese_orthography&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Brazilian vs. European spelling" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-10 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-10"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Spelling_reforms_of_Portuguese" class="mw-redirect" title="Spelling reforms of Portuguese">Spelling reforms of Portuguese</a></div> Prior to the <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Language_Orthographic_Agreement_of_1990" class="mw-redirect" title="Portuguese Language Orthographic Agreement of 1990">Portuguese Language Orthographic Agreement of 1990</a>, Portuguese had two orthographic standards: <ul><li>The Brazilian orthography, official in Brazil.</li> <li>The European orthography, official in Portugal, Macau,<a href="#cite_note-34">[a]</a> East Timor and the five African <a href="/wiki/Lusophone" class="mw-redirect" title="Lusophone">Lusophone</a> countries (Angola, Mozambique, Guinea-Bissau, São Tomé and Príncipe, and Cape Verde).</li></ul> The table to the right illustrates typical differences between the two <a href="/wiki/Orthography" title="Orthography">orthographies</a>. Some are due to different pronunciations, but others are merely graphic. The main ones are: <ul><li>Presence or absence of certain consonants: The letters ⟨c⟩ and ⟨p⟩ appear in some words before ⟨c⟩, ⟨ç⟩ or ⟨t⟩ in one orthography, but are absent from the other. Normally, the letter is written down in the European spelling, but not in the Brazilian spelling.</li> <li>Different use of diacritics: the Brazilian spelling has ⟨a⟩, ⟨ê⟩ or ⟨ô⟩ followed by ⟨m⟩ or ⟨n⟩ before a vowel, in several words where the European orthography has ⟨á⟩, ⟨é⟩ or ⟨ó⟩, due to different pronunciation.</li> <li>Different usage of double letters: also due to different pronunciation, Brazilian spelling has only ⟨cc⟩, ⟨rr⟩ and ⟨ss⟩ as double letters. So, Portuguese connosco becomes Brazilian conosco and words ended in ⟨m⟩ with suffix -mente added, (like ruimmente and comummente) become ruimente and comumente in Brazilian spelling.</li></ul> As of 2016, the reformed orthography under the 1990 agreement is obligatory in Brazil, Cape Verde, and Portugal, but most adult people do not use it. <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Written varieties </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Convention </th> <th>Portuguese-speaking countries except Brazil before the 1990 agreement </th> <th>Brazil before the 1990 agreement </th> <th>All countries after the 1990 agreement </th> <th>translation </th></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="4">Different pronunciation </td> <td>anónimo </td> <td>anônimo </td> <td>Both forms remain </td> <td>anonymous </td></tr> <tr> <td>Vénus </td> <td>Vênus </td> <td>Both forms remain </td> <td>Venus </td></tr> <tr> <td>facto </td> <td>fato </td> <td>Both forms remain </td> <td>fact </td></tr> <tr> <td>ideia </td> <td>idéia </td> <td>ideia </td> <td>idea </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="4">Silent consonants </td> <td>acção </td> <td>ação </td> <td>ação </td> <td>action </td></tr> <tr> <td>direcção </td> <td>direção </td> <td>direção </td> <td>direction </td></tr> <tr> <td>eléctrico </td> <td>elétrico </td> <td>elétrico </td> <td>electric </td></tr> <tr> <td>óptimo </td> <td>ótimo </td> <td>ótimo </td> <td>optimal </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2">Diacritics </td> <td>pinguim </td> <td>pingüim </td> <td>pinguim </td> <td>penguin </td></tr> <tr> <td>voo </td> <td>vôo </td> <td>voo </td> <td>flight </td></tr> <tr> <td>Non-personal and non-geographical names </td> <td>Janeiro </td> <td>janeiro </td> <td>janeiro </td> <td>January </td></tr></tbody></table> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(11)"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Portuguese_orthography&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: See also" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-11 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-11"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Academia_Brasileira_de_Letras" title="Academia Brasileira de Letras">Academia Brasileira de Letras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Differences_between_Spanish_and_Portuguese" class="mw-redirect" title="Differences between Spanish and Portuguese">Differences between Spanish and Portuguese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_names" class="mw-redirect" title="Portuguese names">Portuguese names</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_phonology" title="Portuguese phonology">Portuguese phonology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spelling_reforms_of_Portuguese" class="mw-redirect" title="Spelling reforms of Portuguese">Spelling reforms of Portuguese</a></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_alphabet" title="Vietnamese alphabet">Vietnamese orthography</a>, partly based on the orthography of Portuguese, through the work of 16th-century Catholic missionaries.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Language_Orthographic_Agreement_of_1990" class="mw-redirect" title="Portuguese Language Orthographic Agreement of 1990">Acordo Ortográfico de 1990</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1943_Portuguese_Orthographic_Form" title="1943 Portuguese Orthographic Form">1943 Portuguese Orthographic Form</a></li> <li><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ortografia_da_l%C3%ADngua_portuguesa" class="extiw" title="pt:Ortografia da língua portuguesa">Wikipedia in Portuguese: Ortografia da língua portuguesa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Portuguese" title="Help:IPA/Portuguese">Help:IPA/Portuguese</a></li></ul> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(12)"><h2 id="Notes_2">Notes</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Portuguese_orthography&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Notes" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-12 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-12"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-34"><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a> The official spelling of the Portuguese language in Macau is fixed by <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bo.io.gov.mo/bo/i/99/50/declei103.asp">Decree-Law No. 103/99/M</a> </li> </ol></div></div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(13)"><h2 id="Citations">Citations</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Portuguese_orthography&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Citations" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-13 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-13"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-delta-1">^ <a href="#cite_ref-delta_1-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-delta_1-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-delta_1-2">c</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output 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Retrieved 12 November 2006.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Portal+do+Cidad%C3%A3o&rft.atitle=Atribui%C3%A7%C3%A3o+do+Nome+a+um+Rec%C3%A9m+Nascido&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.portaldocidadao.pt%2FPORTAL%2Fpt%2Fcidadao%2Fsituacoes%2Bde%2Bvida%2Fnascimento%2Be%2Badopcao%2Fescolher%2Bo%2Bnome%2FSER_atribuicao%2Bdo%2Bnome%2Ba%2Bum%2Brecem%2Bnascido.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APortuguese+orthography" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230620122603/https://eportugal.gov.pt/pt/servicos/pedir-a-atribuicao-de-nome-no-nascimento">"Pedir a atribuição de nome no nascimento"</a> [Requesting the attribution of a name after birth]. ePortugal (in Portuguese). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://eportugal.gov.pt/pt/servicos/pedir-a-atribuicao-de-nome-no-nascimento">the original</a> on 20 June 2023. Retrieved 20 June 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ePortugal&rft.atitle=Pedir+a+atribui%C3%A7%C3%A3o+de+nome+no+nascimento&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Feportugal.gov.pt%2Fpt%2Fservicos%2Fpedir-a-atribuicao-de-nome-no-nascimento&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APortuguese+orthography" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://irn.justica.gov.pt/Portals/33/Regras%20Nome%20Proprio/Lista%20Nomes%20Pr%C3%B3prios.pdf?ver=WNDmmwiSO3uacofjmNoxEQ%3d%3d">"Lista dos nomes próprios de cidadãos portugueses nos últimos três anos"</a> [List of the first names of Portuguese citizens in the last three years] (PDF). IRN (in Portuguese).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=IRN&rft.atitle=Lista+dos+nomes+pr%C3%B3prios+de+cidad%C3%A3os+portugueses+nos+%C3%BAltimos+tr%C3%AAs+anos&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Firn.justica.gov.pt%2FPortals%2F33%2FRegras%2520Nome%2520Proprio%2FLista%2520Nomes%2520Pr%25C3%25B3prios.pdf%3Fver%3DWNDmmwiSO3uacofjmNoxEQ%253d%253d&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APortuguese+orthography" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-canepari-22">^ <a href="#cite_ref-canepari_22-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-canepari_22-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCanepari" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Canepari, Luciano. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120330082716/http://venus.unive.it/canipa/pdf/02_3_Portog.pdf">"Accenti romanze: Portogallo e Brasile (portoghese)"</a> [Romance Accents: Portugal and Brazil (Portuguese)] (PDF). Pronunce straniere dell'italiano [Foreign Pronunciations of Italian] (in Italian). pp. 174–181. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://venus.unive.it/canipa/pdf/02_3_Portog.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 30 March 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Accenti+romanze%3A+Portogallo+e+Brasile+%28portoghese%29&rft.btitle=Pronunce+straniere+dell%27italiano&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E174-%3C%2Fspan%3E181&rft.aulast=Canepari&rft.aufirst=Luciano&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fvenus.unive.it%2Fcanipa%2Fpdf%2F02_3_Portog.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APortuguese+orthography" class="Z3988">—The influence of foreign accents on Italian language acquisition </li> <li id="cite_note-files.dre.pt-23">^ <a href="#cite_ref-files.dre.pt_23-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-files.dre.pt_23-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://files.dre.pt/gratuitos/1s/1911/09/21300.pdf">"Diario do Governo"</a> (PDF). dre.pt. Retrieved 26 September 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=dre.pt&rft.atitle=Diario+do+Governo&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffiles.dre.pt%2Fgratuitos%2F1s%2F1911%2F09%2F21300.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APortuguese+orthography" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Roquette_1838-30">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Roquette_1838_30-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Roquette_1838_30-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoquette1838" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Roquette, J. P. (1838). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Aw4NAAAAYAAJ&q=+mui&pg=PA162">Cartas selectas do padre António Vieira</a> (in Portuguese). Paris: J. P. Aillaud.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cartas+selectas+do+padre+Ant%C3%B3nio+Vieira&rft.place=Paris&rft.pub=J.+P.+Aillaud&rft.date=1838&rft.aulast=Roquette&rft.aufirst=J.+P.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DAw4NAAAAYAAJ%26q%3D%2Bmui%26pg%3DPA162&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APortuguese+orthography" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoquette1838" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Roquette, J. P. (1838). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Aw4NAAAAYAAJ&q=mu%CC%83ita&pg=PA162">Cartas selectas do padre António Vieira</a> (in Portuguese). Paris: J. P. Aillaud.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cartas+selectas+do+padre+Ant%C3%B3nio+Vieira&rft.place=Paris&rft.pub=J.+P.+Aillaud&rft.date=1838&rft.aulast=Roquette&rft.aufirst=J.+P.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DAw4NAAAAYAAJ%26q%3Dmu%25CC%2583ita%26pg%3DPA162&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APortuguese+orthography" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoquette1838" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Roquette, J. P. (1838). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Aw4NAAAAYAAJ&q=mu%CC%83ito&pg=PA162">Cartas selectas do padre António Vieira</a> (in Portuguese). Paris: J. P. Aillaud.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cartas+selectas+do+padre+Ant%C3%B3nio+Vieira&rft.place=Paris&rft.pub=J.+P.+Aillaud&rft.date=1838&rft.aulast=Roquette&rft.aufirst=J.+P.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DAw4NAAAAYAAJ%26q%3Dmu%25CC%2583ito%26pg%3DPA162&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APortuguese+orthography" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoquette1838" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Roquette, J. P. (1838). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Aw4NAAAAYAAJ&q=mu%CC%83itas&pg=PA162">Cartas selectas do padre António Vieira</a> (in Portuguese). Paris: J. P. Aillaud.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cartas+selectas+do+padre+Ant%C3%B3nio+Vieira&rft.place=Paris&rft.pub=J.+P.+Aillaud&rft.date=1838&rft.aulast=Roquette&rft.aufirst=J.+P.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DAw4NAAAAYAAJ%26q%3Dmu%25CC%2583itas%26pg%3DPA162&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APortuguese+orthography" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div></div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(14)"><h2 id="References">References</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Portuguese_orthography&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: References" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-14 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-14"> <ul><li>Bergström, Magnus & Reis, Neves Prontuário Ortográfico Editorial Notícias, 2004.</li> <li>Estrela, Edite A questão ortográfica — Reforma e acordos da língua portuguesa (1993) Editorial Notícias</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.academia.org.br/abl/cgi/cgilua.exe/sys/start.htm?sid=20">Formulário Ortográfico</a> (Orthographic Form) published by the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.academia.org.br">Brazilian Academy of Letters</a> in 1943 - the pre-2009 spelling rules in Brazil</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.academia.org.br/abl/cgi/cgilua.exe/sys/start.htm?infoid=2453&sid=19">Text of the decree</a> of the Brazilian government, in 1971, amending the orthography adopted in 1943</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.portaldalinguaportuguesa.org/?action=acordo&version=1945">Orthographic Agreement of 1945</a> (in Portuguese) - the present day spelling rules in all Portuguese speaking countries except Portugal, Brazil, and Cabo Verde</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cplp.org/Files/Filer/cplp/Acordos/maisAcordos/AcordoOrtogrLinguaPortug.pdf">Orthographic Agreement of 1990</a> (PDF - in Portuguese) - the present day spelling rules in Portugal, Brazil, and Cabo Verde, to be adopted by other Portuguese-speaking countries</li></ul> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(15)"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Portuguese_orthography&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: External links" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-15 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-15"> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.omniglot.com/writing/portuguese.htm">Omniglot's page on Portuguese</a> Includes a recording with the names of the letters of the alphabet, and most phonemes, by a Brazilian speaker.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://rudhar.com/foneport/en/foneport.htm">The pronunciation of the Portuguese of Portugal</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.incks.com/en/portuguese.html">Online Keyboard for Portuguese</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.raskraska.ru/azbuka/portuguese/index_eng.html">Portuguese alphabet. Printable color and outline Portuguese letters.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190115234330/http://www.raskraska.ru/azbuka/portuguese/index_eng.html">Archived</a> 15 January 2019 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul 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class="minerva-languages"></ul> <ul class="minerva-languages"><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ortograf%C3%ADa_del_portugu%C3%A9s" title="Ortografía del portugués – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Ortografía del portugués" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ortograf%C3%ADa_del_portugu%C3%A9s" title="Ortografía del portugués – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Ortografía del portugués" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orthographe_du_portugais" title="Orthographe du portugais – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Orthographe du portugais" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ortografia_della_lingua_portoghese" title="Ortografia della lingua portoghese – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Ortografia della lingua portoghese" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%AA%E0%A9%81%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%A4%E0%A8%97%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B2%E0%A9%80_%E0%A8%AC%E0%A9%8B%E0%A8%B2%E0%A9%80_%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%BC%E0%A8%AC%E0%A8%A6-%E0%A8%9C%E0%A9%8B%E0%A9%9C" title="ਪੁਰਤਗਾਲੀ ਬੋਲੀ ਸ਼ਬਦ-ਜੋੜ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਪੁਰਤਗਾਲੀ ਬੋਲੀ ਸ਼ਬਦ-ਜੋੜ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ortografia_da_l%C3%ADngua_portuguesa" title="Ortografia da língua portuguesa – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Ortografia da língua portuguesa" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%91%A1%E8%90%84%E7%89%99%E8%AF%AD%E6%AD%A3%E5%86%99%E6%B3%95" title="葡萄牙语正写法 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="葡萄牙语正写法" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li></ul> </section> </div> <div class="minerva-footer-logo"><img src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" alt="Wikipedia" width="120" height="18" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"/> </div> <ul id="footer-info" class="footer-info hlist hlist-separated"> <li 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