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</li> <li id="toc-Development_in_the_19th_century" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Development_in_the_19th_century"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.2 Development in the 19th century </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Development_in_the_19th_century-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Vegetarian_etymology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vegetarian_etymology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.3 Vegetarian etymology </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vegetarian_etymology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Formation_of_the_Vegetarian_Society" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Formation_of_the_Vegetarian_Society"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.4 Formation of the Vegetarian Society </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Formation_of_the_Vegetarian_Society-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Development_in_the_20th_century" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Development_in_the_20th_century"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.5 Development in the 20th century </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Development_in_the_20th_century-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Vegan_etymology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vegan_etymology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.6 Vegan etymology </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vegan_etymology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Founding_of_The_Vegan_Society" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Founding_of_The_Vegan_Society"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.7 Founding of The Vegan Society </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Founding_of_The_Vegan_Society-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Spread_to_the_United_States" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Spread_to_the_United_States"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.8 Spread to the United States </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Spread_to_the_United_States-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Definition" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Definition"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2 Definition </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Definition-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Increasing_interest" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Increasing_interest"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Increasing interest </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Increasing_interest-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Increasing interest subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Increasing_interest-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-History_of_alternative_food_movements" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History_of_alternative_food_movements"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 History of alternative food movements </div> </a> <ul id="toc-History_of_alternative_food_movements-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Into_the_mainstream" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Into_the_mainstream"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2 Into the mainstream </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Into_the_mainstream-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Prevalence_by_country" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Prevalence_by_country"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Prevalence by country </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Prevalence_by_country-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Vegan_diets,_substitutions,_and_meat_analogues" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vegan_diets,_substitutions,_and_meat_analogues"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Vegan diets, substitutions, and meat analogues </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Vegan_diets,_substitutions,_and_meat_analogues-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Vegan diets, substitutions, and meat analogues subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Vegan_diets,_substitutions,_and_meat_analogues-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Meat_substitutes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Meat_substitutes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1 Meat substitutes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Meat_substitutes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Plant_milk_and_dairy_product_alternatives" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Plant_milk_and_dairy_product_alternatives"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2 Plant milk and dairy product alternatives </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Plant_milk_and_dairy_product_alternatives-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Egg_replacements" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Egg_replacements"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.3 Egg replacements </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Egg_replacements-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Raw_veganism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Raw_veganism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.4 Raw veganism </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Raw_veganism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Animal_products" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Animal_products"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Animal products </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Animal_products-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Animal products subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Animal_products-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-General" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#General"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1 General </div> </a> <ul id="toc-General-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Meat,_eggs_and_dairy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Meat,_eggs_and_dairy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.2 Meat, eggs and dairy </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Meat,_eggs_and_dairy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Clothing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Clothing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.3 Clothing </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Clothing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Toiletries" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Toiletries"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.4 Toiletries </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Toiletries-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hair_extensions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hair_extensions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.5 Hair extensions </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hair_extensions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Insect_products" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Insect_products"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.6 Insect products </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Insect_products-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pet_food" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pet_food"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.7 Pet food </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pet_food-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_products_and_farming_practices" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_products_and_farming_practices"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.8 Other products and farming practices </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_products_and_farming_practices-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Animal_use" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Animal_use"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Animal use </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Animal_use-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Animal use subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Animal_use-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-General_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#General_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.1 General </div> </a> <ul id="toc-General_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Horseback_riding" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Horseback_riding"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.2 Horseback riding </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Horseback_riding-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Zoos_and_aquariums" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Zoos_and_aquariums"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.3 Zoos and aquariums </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Zoos_and_aquariums-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pets" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pets"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.4 Pets </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pets-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Research_and_guidance" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Research_and_guidance"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Research and guidance </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Research_and_guidance-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Research and guidance subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Research_and_guidance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Positions_of_dietetic_and_government_associations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Positions_of_dietetic_and_government_associations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.1 Positions of dietetic and government associations </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Positions_of_dietetic_and_government_associations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pregnancy,_infants_and_children" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pregnancy,_infants_and_children"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.2 Pregnancy, infants and children </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pregnancy,_infants_and_children-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Nutrients_and_potential_deficiencies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nutrients_and_potential_deficiencies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.3 Nutrients and potential deficiencies </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nutrients_and_potential_deficiencies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Philosophy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Philosophy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 Philosophy </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Philosophy-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Philosophy subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Philosophy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Ethical_veganism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ethical_veganism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.1 Ethical veganism </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ethical_veganism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Exploitation_concerns" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Exploitation_concerns"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.1.1 Exploitation concerns </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Exploitation_concerns-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Dietary_veganism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dietary_veganism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.2 Dietary veganism </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dietary_veganism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Environmental_veganism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Environmental_veganism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.3 Environmental veganism </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Environmental_veganism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Feminist_veganism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Feminist_veganism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.4 Feminist veganism </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Feminist_veganism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Pioneers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pioneers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.4.1 Pioneers </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pioneers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Animal_and_human_abuse_parallels" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Animal_and_human_abuse_parallels"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.4.2 Animal and human abuse parallels </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Animal_and_human_abuse_parallels-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Capitalism_and_feminist_veganism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Capitalism_and_feminist_veganism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.4.3 Capitalism and feminist veganism </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Capitalism_and_feminist_veganism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Religious_veganism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Religious_veganism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.5 Religious veganism </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Religious_veganism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Black_veganism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Black_veganism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.6 Black veganism </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Black_veganism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Politics_and_activism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Politics_and_activism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 Politics and activism </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Politics_and_activism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Demographics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Demographics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 Demographics </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Demographics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Prejudice_against_vegans" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Prejudice_against_vegans"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12 Prejudice against vegans </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Prejudice_against_vegans-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Vegan_rights" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vegan_rights"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13 Vegan rights </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vegan_rights-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Symbols" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Symbols"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 14 Symbols </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Symbols-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Media_depictions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Media_depictions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 15 Media depictions </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Media_depictions-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Media depictions subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Media_depictions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Literature" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Literature"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 15.1 Literature </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Literature-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-TV_shows" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#TV_shows"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 15.2 TV shows </div> </a> <ul id="toc-TV_shows-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Social_media" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Social_media"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 15.3 Social media </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Social_media-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Economics_of_veganism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Economics_of_veganism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 16 Economics of veganism </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Economics_of_veganism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 17 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 18 Notes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 19 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 20 Bibliography </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 21 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Veganism</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 81 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-81" aria-hidden="true" > 81 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Veganisme" title="Veganisme – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Veganisme" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Veganismus" title="Veganismus – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Veganismus" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Alemannisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wyrt%C7%A3t" title="Wyrtǣt – Old English" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="Wyrtǣt" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="Old English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ænglisc</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AE%D8%B6%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="خضرية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="خضرية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Veganismu" title="Veganismu – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Veganismu" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Veqanl%C4%B1q" title="Veqanlıq – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Veqanlıq" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AD%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%97%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A6" title="ভেগানবাদ – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="ভেগানবাদ" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B5%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Веганства – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Веганства" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D1%8D%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Вэганства – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Вэганства" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beganismo" title="Beganismo – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Beganismo" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bikol Central</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B5%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE" title="Веганство – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Веганство" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Veganstvo" title="Veganstvo – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Veganstvo" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Veganisme" title="Veganisme – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Veganisme" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beganismo" title="Beganismo – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Beganismo" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cebuano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Veganstv%C3%AD" title="Veganství – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Veganství" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Figaniaeth" title="Figaniaeth – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Figaniaeth" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Veganisme" title="Veganisme – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Veganisme" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Veganismus" title="Veganismus – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Veganismus" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Veganlus" title="Veganlus – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Veganlus" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%91%CF%85%CF%83%CF%84%CE%B7%CF%81%CE%AE_%CF%87%CE%BF%CF%81%CF%84%CE%BF%CF%86%CE%B1%CE%B3%CE%AF%CE%B1" title="Αυστηρή χορτοφαγία – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Αυστηρή χορτοφαγία" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Veganismo" title="Veganismo – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Veganismo" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Veganismo" title="Veganismo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Veganismo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beganismo" title="Beganismo – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Beganismo" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%DA%AF%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C%D8%B3%D9%85" title="وگانیسم – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="وگانیسم" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C3%A9ganisme" title="Véganisme – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Véganisme" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fur mw-list-item"><a href="https://fur.wikipedia.org/wiki/Veganisim" title="Veganisim – Friulian" lang="fur" hreflang="fur" data-title="Veganisim" data-language-autonym="Furlan" data-language-local-name="Friulian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Furlan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Veige%C3%A1nachas" title="Veigeánachas – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Veigeánachas" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Veganismo" title="Veganismo – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Veganismo" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%B9%84%EA%B1%B0%EB%8B%88%EC%A6%98" title="비거니즘 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="비거니즘" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8E%D5%A5%D5%A3%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6" title="Վեգանություն – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Վեգանություն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A6" title="वीगनवाद – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="वीगनवाद" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Veganstvo" title="Veganstvo – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Veganstvo" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Veganisme" title="Veganisme – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Veganisme" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Veganismo" title="Veganismo – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Veganismo" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingua</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gr%C3%A6nkeri" title="Grænkeri – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Grænkeri" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Veganismo" title="Veganismo – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Veganismo" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%98%D7%91%D7%A2%D7%95%D7%A0%D7%95%D7%AA" title="טבעונות – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="טבעונות" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Veganisme" title="Veganisme – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Veganisme" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Jawa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%95%E1%83%94%E1%83%92%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%9D%E1%83%91%E1%83%90" title="ვეგანობა – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ვეგანობა" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B5%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%88%D1%8B%D0%BB%D1%8B%D2%9B" title="Веганшылық – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Веганшылық" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Veganismus" title="Veganismus – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Veganismus" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Veg%C4%81nisms" title="Vegānisms – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Vegānisms" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Veganismus" title="Veganismus – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Veganismus" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lëtzebuergesch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Veganizmas" title="Veganizmas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Veganizmas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Veganisjme" title="Veganisjme – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Veganisjme" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Limburgs</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Veganizmus" title="Veganizmus – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Veganizmus" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B5%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE" title="Веганство – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Веганство" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Veganisme" title="Veganisme – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Veganisme" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Veganisme" title="Veganisme – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Veganisme" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%B4%E3%82%A3%E3%83%BC%E3%82%AC%E3%83%8B%E3%82%BA%E3%83%A0" title="ヴィーガニズム – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ヴィーガニズム" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Veganisme" title="Veganisme – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Veganisme" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%B5%E0%A9%80%E0%A8%97%E0%A8%A8%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%9C%E0%A8%BC%E0%A8%AE" title="ਵੀਗਨਿਜ਼ਮ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਵੀਗਨਿਜ਼ਮ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weganizm" title="Weganizm – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Weganizm" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Veganismo" title="Veganismo – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Veganismo" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Veganism" title="Veganism – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Veganism" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B5%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE" title="Веганство – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Веганство" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Veganism" title="Veganism – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Veganism" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target">Scots</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B7%80%E0%B7%93%E0%B6%9C%E0%B6%B1%E0%B7%8A%E0%B7%80%E0%B7%8F%E0%B6%AF%E0%B6%BA_(Veganism)" title="වීගන්වාදය (Veganism) – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="වීගන්වාදය (Veganism)" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target">සිංහල</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Veganism" title="Veganism – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Veganism" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Veg%C3%A1nstvo" title="Vegánstvo – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Vegánstvo" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Veganstvo" title="Veganstvo – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Veganstvo" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A4%DB%8C%DA%AF%D9%86%DB%8C%D8%B2%D9%85" title="ڤیگنیزم – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="ڤیگنیزم" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Veganstvo" title="Veganstvo – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Veganstvo" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Veganstvo" title="Veganstvo – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Veganstvo" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Veganismi" title="Veganismi – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Veganismi" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Veganism" title="Veganism – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Veganism" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Veganism" title="Veganism – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Veganism" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tagalog</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%A8%E0%AE%A9%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%88%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D" title="நனிசைவம் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="நனிசைவம்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%B5%E0%B1%80%E0%B0%97%E0%B0%A8%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%9C%E0%B0%82" title="వీగనిజం – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="వీగనిజం" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target">తెలుగు</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%99" title="วีกัน – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="วีกัน" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Veganl%C4%B1k" title="Veganlık – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Veganlık" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tk mw-list-item"><a href="https://tk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weganlik" title="Weganlik – Turkmen" lang="tk" hreflang="tk" data-title="Weganlik" data-language-autonym="Türkmençe" data-language-local-name="Turkmen" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkmençe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B5%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE" title="Веганство – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Веганство" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%AA_%D8%AE%D9%88%D8%B1%DB%8C" title="نبات خوری – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="نبات خوری" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a 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/></a></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle">(Redirected from <a href="/w/index.php?title=Vegan_diet&redirect=no" class="mw-redirect" title="Vegan diet">Vegan diet</a>)</div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Practice of abstaining from the use of animals</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Vegan" redirects here. For notable vegans, see <a href="/wiki/List_of_vegans" title="List of vegans">List of vegans</a>. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Vegan_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Vegan (disambiguation)">Vegan (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/Vegetarianism" title="Vegetarianism">Vegetarianism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Plant-based_diet" title="Plant-based diet">Plant-based diet</a>, <a href="/wiki/Abolitionism_(animal_rights)" title="Abolitionism (animal rights)">Abolitionism</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Vigan" title="Vigan">Vigan</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above">Veganism</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Vegan_friendly_icon.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Vegan friendly icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Vegan_friendly_icon.svg/150px-Vegan_friendly_icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Vegan_friendly_icon.svg/225px-Vegan_friendly_icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Vegan_friendly_icon.svg/300px-Vegan_friendly_icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="738" data-file-height="738" /></a><div class="infobox-caption">The symbol widely used to denote a vegan-friendly product</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Pronunciation</th><td class="infobox-data">Veganism <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/ˈviːɡənɪzəm/</a> <a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key">VEE-gə-niz-əm</a> Vegan <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/ˈviːɡən/</a> <a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key">VEE-gən</a><a href="#cite_note-6">[a]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Description</th><td class="infobox-data">Avoiding the use of <a href="/wiki/Animal_product" title="Animal product">animal products</a>, particularly in diet</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Earliest proponents</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Al-Ma%27arri" title="Al-Ma'arri">Al-Ma'arri</a> (<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/circa#English" class="extiw" title="wikt:circa">c.</a> 973 – c. 1057)<a href="#cite_note-Gelder2016-7">[b]</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Roger_Crab" title="Roger Crab">Roger Crab</a> (1621–1680)<a href="#cite_note-8">[6]</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Conrad_Beissel" title="Conrad Beissel">Johann Conrad Beissel</a> (1691–1768)<a href="#cite_note-9">[7]</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/James_Pierrepont_Greaves" title="James Pierrepont Greaves">James Pierrepont Greaves</a> (1777–1842)<a href="#cite_note-Latham1999p168-10">[8]</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Lewis_Gompertz" title="Lewis Gompertz">Lewis Gompertz</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1784–1861)<a href="#cite_note-Renier2012-11">[9]</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Amos_Bronson_Alcott" title="Amos Bronson Alcott">Amos Bronson Alcott</a> (1799–1888)<a href="#cite_note-Francis2010p11-12">[10]</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Donald_Watson" title="Donald Watson">Donald Watson</a> (1910–2005)<a href="#cite_note-WatsonInterviews-13">[11]</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Term coined by</th><td class="infobox-data">Dorothy Morgan and <a href="/wiki/Donald_Watson" title="Donald Watson">Donald Watson</a> (November 1944)<a href="#cite_note-VeganSociety2014-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-AdamsEtAl2014-4">[4]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Notable vegans</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/List_of_vegans" title="List of vegans">List of vegans</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Notable publications</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/List_of_vegan_and_plant-based_media" title="List of vegan and plant-based media">List of vegan and plant-based media</a></td></tr></tbody></table> Veganism is the practice of abstaining from the use of <a href="/wiki/Animal_product" title="Animal product">animal products</a>—particularly in <a href="/wiki/Diet_(nutrition)" title="Diet (nutrition)">diet</a>—and an associated philosophy that rejects the <a href="/wiki/Commodity_status_of_animals" title="Commodity status of animals">commodity status of animals</a>.<a href="#cite_note-17">[c]</a> A person who practices veganism is known as a vegan. The foundations of veganism include ethical, moral, environmental, health and humanitarian arguments. Veganism excludes all forms of <a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Animal_use">animal use</a>, whether in agriculture for labour or food (e.g., meat, fish, eggs, milk, <a href="/wiki/Dairy_product" title="Dairy product">dairy products</a>, and honey), in clothing and industry (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Leather" title="Leather">leather</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wool" title="Wool">wool</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fur" title="Fur">fur</a>, and some <a href="/wiki/Cosmetics" title="Cosmetics">cosmetics</a>), in entertainment (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Zoo" title="Zoo">zoos</a>, <a href="/wiki/Exotic_pet" title="Exotic pet">exotic pets</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Circus" title="Circus">circuses</a>), or in services (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Guide_dog" title="Guide dog">guide dogs</a>, <a href="/wiki/Police_dog" title="Police dog">police dogs</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hunting_dog" title="Hunting dog">hunting dogs</a>, <a href="/wiki/Working_animal" title="Working animal">working animals</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Animal_testing" title="Animal testing">animal testing</a>, including medical experimentation and the use of pharmaceuticals derived from or tested on animals). A person who practices veganism may do so for personal health benefits or to reduce animal deaths, minimize animal suffering, or minimize their <a href="/wiki/Ecological_footprint" title="Ecological footprint">ecological footprint</a>. Fruits, vegetables, legumes, nuts, grains and mushrooms are the basic elements of vegan food. Since ancient times individuals have been renouncing the consumption of products of animal origin, but the term "veganism" is modern: it was coined in 1944 by Donald Watson with the aim of differentiating it from <a href="/wiki/Vegetarianism" title="Vegetarianism">vegetarianism</a>, which rejects the consumption of meat but accepts the consumption of other products of animal origin, such as milk, dairy products and eggs.<a href="#cite_note-VeganSociety2014-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-Davis2016-18">[15]</a> Interest in veganism increased significantly in the 2010s. <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886046785">.mw-parser-output .toclimit-2 .toclevel-1 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-3 .toclevel-2 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-4 .toclevel-3 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-5 .toclevel-4 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-6 .toclevel-5 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-7 .toclevel-6 ul{display:none}</style><div class="toclimit-3"><meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Origins">Origins</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist 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dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1246091330">.mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:22em;float:right;clear:right;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.2em;text-align:center;line-height:1.4em;font-size:88%;border-collapse:collapse;display:table}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:table!important;float:right!important;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em!important}.mw-parser-output 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.sidebar-content-with-subgroup{padding:0.1em 0.4em 0.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-below{padding:0.3em 0.8em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-below{border-top:1px solid #aaa;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-navbar{text-align:right;font-size:115%;padding:0 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:left;font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6em;font-size:105%}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title-c{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:center;margin:0 3.3em}@media(max-width:640px){body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .sidebar a>img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-top-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Vegan_friendly_icon.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="A vegan symbol"><img alt="A vegan symbol" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Vegan_friendly_icon.svg/40px-Vegan_friendly_icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Vegan_friendly_icon.svg/60px-Vegan_friendly_icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Vegan_friendly_icon.svg/80px-Vegan_friendly_icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="738" data-file-height="738" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle-with-top-image">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Veganism" title="Category:Veganism">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Veganism</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_vegans" title="List of vegans">List of vegans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vegan_nutrition" title="Vegan nutrition">Vegan nutrition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vegan_studies" title="Vegan studies">Vegan studies</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> Groups <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Vegan_Society" title="American Vegan Society">American Vegan Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Physicians_Committee_for_Responsible_Medicine" title="Physicians Committee for Responsible Medicine">Physicians Committee for Responsible Medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Vegan_Society" title="The Vegan Society">The Vegan Society</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> Ideas <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abolitionism_(animal_rights)" title="Abolitionism (animal rights)">Abolitionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animal-free_agriculture" title="Animal-free agriculture">Animal-free agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animal_rights" title="Animal rights">Animal rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carnism" title="Carnism">Carnism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethical_eating" title="Ethical eating">Ethical eating</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sentientism" title="Sentientism">Sentientism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Speciesism" title="Speciesism">Speciesism</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vegan_organic_agriculture" title="Vegan organic agriculture">Vegan organic agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Veganuary" title="Veganuary">Veganuary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Vegan_Day" title="World Vegan Day">World Vegan Day</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> Related <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_vegan_and_plant-based_media" title="List of vegan and plant-based media">List of vegan and plant-based media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vegetarianism" title="Vegetarianism">Vegetarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plant-based_diet" title="Plant-based diet">Plant-based diet</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Veganism_sidebar" title="Template:Veganism sidebar"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Veganism_sidebar" title="Template talk:Veganism sidebar"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Veganism_sidebar" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Veganism sidebar"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Historical_background">Historical background</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/History_of_vegetarianism" title="History of vegetarianism">History of vegetarianism</a></div> <a href="/wiki/Vegetarianism" title="Vegetarianism">Vegetarianism</a> can be traced back to the <a href="/wiki/Indus_Valley_civilization" class="mw-redirect" title="Indus Valley civilization">Indus Valley civilization</a> in 3300–1300 BCE in the <a href="/wiki/Indian_subcontinent" title="Indian subcontinent">Indian subcontinent</a>,<a href="#cite_note-19">[16]</a><a href="#cite_note-20">[17]</a><a href="#cite_note-21">[18]</a> particularly in northern and western <a href="/wiki/Ancient_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient India">ancient India</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Singh2008-22">[19]</a> Early vegetarians included Indian philosophers such as <a href="/wiki/Parshvanatha" title="Parshvanatha">Parshavnatha</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mahavira" title="Mahavira">Mahavira</a>, Acharya <a href="/wiki/Kundakunda" title="Kundakunda">Kundakunda</a>, <a href="/wiki/Umaswati" title="Umaswati">Umaswati</a>, <a href="/wiki/Samantabhadra_(Jain_monk)" title="Samantabhadra (Jain monk)">Samantabhadra</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Valluvar" class="mw-redirect" title="Valluvar">Valluvar</a>; the Indian emperors <a href="/wiki/Chandragupta_Maurya" title="Chandragupta Maurya">Chandragupta Maurya</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ashoka" title="Ashoka">Ashoka</a>. The term "Pure Vegan" or "Pure Buddhist" (<a href="/wiki/Chinese_language" title="Chinese language">Chinese</a>: 纯净素; <a href="/wiki/Pinyin" title="Pinyin">pinyin</a>: chúnjìngsù) refers to the practice of non-consumption of meat in China. This term, which predates the <a href="/wiki/Western_Zhou" title="Western Zhou">Western Zhou Dynasty</a> (1027–771 BCE), originated from the humble diet of the poor and the rituals and rites of Chinese <a href="/wiki/Pure_Land_Buddhism" title="Pure Land Buddhism">Pure Land Buddhism</a> within monasteries, showing the dual cultivation of mindfulness and abstinence from killing or harming any sentient being. In the Chinese language, veganism and vegetarianism share the same initial interpretation and character, as the language's polymorphic nature denotes a path or journey that differs only by subjective consciousness. Initially centred on abstaining from meat, this concept evolved to include the exclusion of all <a href="/wiki/Animal_product" title="Animal product">animal by-products</a>, such as clothing, household items, and medicinal remedies, and extends to doing no harm in thought or action towards all sentient beings.<a href="#cite_note-23">[20]</a><a href="#cite_note-24">[21]</a><a href="#cite_note-25">[22]</a><a href="#cite_note-26">[23]</a> Greek philosophers such as <a href="/wiki/Empedocles" title="Empedocles">Empedocles</a>, <a href="/wiki/Theophrastus" title="Theophrastus">Theophrastus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Plutarch" title="Plutarch">Plutarch</a>, <a href="/wiki/Plotinus" title="Plotinus">Plotinus</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Porphyry_(philosopher)" title="Porphyry (philosopher)">Porphyry</a>; and the Roman poet <a href="/wiki/Ovid" title="Ovid">Ovid</a> and the playwright <a href="/wiki/Seneca_the_Younger" title="Seneca the Younger">Seneca the Younger</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Dombrowski1984-27">[24]</a><a href="#cite_note-28">[25]</a> The Greek sage <a href="/wiki/Pythagoras" title="Pythagoras">Pythagoras</a> may have advocated an early form of strict vegetarianism,<a href="#cite_note-29">[26]</a><a href="#cite_note-30">[27]</a> but his life is so obscure that it is disputed whether he ever advocated any form of vegetarianism.<a href="#cite_note-Zhmud-31">[28]</a> He almost certainly prohibited his followers from eating beans<a href="#cite_note-Zhmud-31">[28]</a> and wearing <a href="/wiki/Wool#History" title="Wool">woolen garments</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Zhmud-31">[28]</a> <a href="/wiki/Eudoxus_of_Cnidus" title="Eudoxus of Cnidus">Eudoxus of Cnidus</a>, a student of <a href="/wiki/Archytas" title="Archytas">Archytas</a> and <a href="/wiki/Plato" title="Plato">Plato</a>, writes, "Pythagoras was distinguished by such purity and so avoided killing and killers that he not only abstained from animal foods, but even kept his distance from cooks and hunters".<a href="#cite_note-Zhmud-31">[28]</a> One of the earliest known vegans was the Arab poet <a href="/wiki/Al-Ma%CA%BFarri" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Maʿarri">al-Ma'arri</a>, famous for his poem "I No Longer Steal From Nature". (<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/circa#English" class="extiw" title="wikt:circa">c.</a> 973 – c. 1057).<a href="#cite_note-32">[29]</a><a href="#cite_note-Gelder2016-7">[b]</a> Their arguments were based on health, the <a href="/wiki/Transmigration_of_souls" class="mw-redirect" title="Transmigration of souls">transmigration of souls</a>, <a href="/wiki/Animal_welfare" title="Animal welfare">animal welfare</a>, and the view—espoused by <a href="/wiki/Porphyry_(philosopher)" title="Porphyry (philosopher)">Porphyry</a> in De Abstinentia ab Esu Animalium ("<a href="/wiki/On_Abstinence_from_Eating_Animals" title="On Abstinence from Eating Animals">On Abstinence from Animal Food</a>", <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 268 – c. 270)—that if humans deserve justice, then so do animals.<a href="#cite_note-Dombrowski1984-27">[24]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Development_in_the_19th_century">Development in the 19th century</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Fruit_lands_Alcott_house,_2015_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="photograph of Fruitlands" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Fruit_lands_Alcott_house%2C_2015_2.jpg/260px-Fruit_lands_Alcott_house%2C_2015_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="195" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Fruit_lands_Alcott_house%2C_2015_2.jpg/390px-Fruit_lands_Alcott_house%2C_2015_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Fruit_lands_Alcott_house%2C_2015_2.jpg/520px-Fruit_lands_Alcott_house%2C_2015_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2448" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Fruitlands_(transcendental_center)" title="Fruitlands (transcendental center)">Fruitlands</a>; a short-lived vegan community established in 1844 by <a href="/wiki/Amos_Bronson_Alcott" title="Amos Bronson Alcott">Amos Bronson Alcott</a> in <a href="/wiki/Harvard,_Massachusetts" title="Harvard, Massachusetts">Harvard, Massachusetts</a></figcaption></figure> Vegetarianism established itself as a significant movement in 19th-century Britain and the United States.<a href="#cite_note-34">[31]</a> A minority of vegetarians avoided animal food entirely.<a href="#cite_note-MedicalTimes-35">[32]</a> In 1813, the poet <a href="/wiki/Percy_Bysshe_Shelley" title="Percy Bysshe Shelley">Percy Bysshe Shelley</a> published <a href="/wiki/A_Vindication_of_Natural_Diet" title="A Vindication of Natural Diet">A Vindication of Natural Diet</a>, advocating "abstinence from animal food and spirituous liquors", and in 1815, <a href="/wiki/William_Lambe_(physician)" title="William Lambe (physician)">William Lambe</a>, a London physician, said that his "water and vegetable diet" could cure anything from tuberculosis to acne.<a href="#cite_note-36">[33]</a> Lambe called animal food a "habitual irritation" and argued that "milk eating and flesh-eating are but branches of a common system and they must stand or fall together".<a href="#cite_note-37">[34]</a> <a href="/wiki/Sylvester_Graham" title="Sylvester Graham">Sylvester Graham</a>'s meatless Graham diet—mostly fruit, vegetables, water, and bread made at home with <a href="/wiki/Stoneground_flour" title="Stoneground flour">stoneground flour</a>—became popular as a health remedy in the 1830s in the United States.<a href="#cite_note-38">[35]</a> The first known vegan cookbook was <a href="/wiki/Asenath_Nicholson" title="Asenath Nicholson">Asenath Nicholson</a>'s Kitchen Philosophy for Vegetarians, published in 1849.<a href="#cite_note-39">[36]</a> Several vegan communities were established around this time. In Massachusetts, <a href="/wiki/Amos_Bronson_Alcott" title="Amos Bronson Alcott">Amos Bronson Alcott</a>, father of the novelist <a href="/wiki/Louisa_May_Alcott" title="Louisa May Alcott">Louisa May Alcott</a>, opened the <a href="/wiki/Temple_School_(Massachusetts)" title="Temple School (Massachusetts)">Temple School</a> in 1834 and <a href="/wiki/Fruitlands_(transcendental_center)" title="Fruitlands (transcendental center)">Fruitlands</a> in 1844,<a href="#cite_note-40">[37]</a><a href="#cite_note-42">[d]</a> and in England, <a href="/wiki/James_Pierrepont_Greaves" title="James Pierrepont Greaves">James Pierrepont Greaves</a> founded the Concordium, a vegan community at <a href="/wiki/Alcott_House" title="Alcott House">Alcott House</a> on <a href="/wiki/Ham_Common,_London" title="Ham Common, London">Ham Common</a>, in 1838.<a href="#cite_note-Latham1999p168-10">[8]</a><a href="#cite_note-43">[39]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Vegetarian_etymology">Vegetarian etymology</h3></div> The term "vegetarian" has been in use since around 1839 to refer to what was previously called a vegetable regimen or diet.<a href="#cite_note-44">[40]</a> Its origin is an irregular compound of <a href="/wiki/Vegetable" title="Vegetable">vegetable</a> and the suffix <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/-arian" class="extiw" title="wikt:-arian">-arian</a> (in the sense of "supporter, believer" as in <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/humanitarian" class="extiw" title="wikt:humanitarian">humanitarian</a>).<a href="#cite_note-45">[41]</a><a href="#cite_note-VegetusMyth-46">[42]</a> The earliest known written use is attributed to actress, writer and <a href="/wiki/Abolitionist" class="mw-redirect" title="Abolitionist">abolitionist</a> <a href="/wiki/Fanny_Kemble" title="Fanny Kemble">Fanny Kemble</a>, in her Journal of a Residence on a Georgian plantation in 1838–1839.<a href="#cite_note-49">[e]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Formation_of_the_Vegetarian_Society">Formation of the Vegetarian Society</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Vegetarian_Society#History" title="Vegetarian Society">Vegetarian Society § History</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Northwood_Villa,_Ramsgate.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Northwood_Villa%2C_Ramsgate.png/220px-Northwood_Villa%2C_Ramsgate.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="159" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Northwood_Villa%2C_Ramsgate.png/330px-Northwood_Villa%2C_Ramsgate.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Northwood_Villa%2C_Ramsgate.png/440px-Northwood_Villa%2C_Ramsgate.png 2x" data-file-width="2198" data-file-height="1588" /></a><figcaption>Northwood Villa; the site of the 1847 Ramsgate conference where the Vegetarian Society was founded.</figcaption></figure>In 1843, members of <a href="/wiki/Alcott_House" title="Alcott House">Alcott House</a> created the <a href="/wiki/British_and_Foreign_Society_for_the_Promotion_of_Humanity_and_Abstinence_from_Animal_Food" class="mw-redirect" title="British and Foreign Society for the Promotion of Humanity and Abstinence from Animal Food">British and Foreign Society for the Promotion of Humanity and Abstinence from Animal Food</a>,<a href="#cite_note-50">[45]</a> led by <a href="/wiki/Sophia_Chichester" title="Sophia Chichester">Sophia Chichester</a>, a wealthy benefactor of Alcott House.<a href="#cite_note-51">[46]</a> Alcott House also helped to establish the British <a href="/wiki/Vegetarian_Society" title="Vegetarian Society">Vegetarian Society</a>, which held its first meeting in 1847 in <a href="/wiki/Ramsgate,_Kent" class="mw-redirect" title="Ramsgate, Kent">Ramsgate, Kent</a>.<a href="#cite_note-52">[47]</a> <a href="/wiki/The_Medical_Times_and_Gazette" title="The Medical Times and Gazette">The Medical Times and Gazette</a> in London reported in 1884: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote">There are two kinds of Vegetarians—one an extreme form, the members of which eat no animal food products what-so-ever; and a less extreme sect, who do not object to eggs, milk, or fish. The Vegetarian Society ... belongs to the latter more moderate division.<a href="#cite_note-MedicalTimes-35">[32]</a></blockquote> An article in the Society's magazine, the Vegetarian Messenger, in 1851 discussed alternatives to shoe leather, which suggests the presence of vegans within the membership who rejected animal use entirely, not only in diet.<a href="#cite_note-53">[48]</a> <a href="/wiki/Henry_S._Salt" class="mw-redirect" title="Henry S. Salt">Henry S. Salt</a>'s 1886 A Plea for Vegetarianism and Other Essays asserts, "It is quite true that most—not all—Food Reformers admit into their diet such animal food as milk, butter, cheese, and eggs..."<a href="#cite_note-salt-54">[49]</a> Salt also argued that the primary objective of the vegetarian movement should be to eliminate meat, while contending that dairy and eggs are also unnecessary and could be phased out over time.<a href="#cite_note-55">[50]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Development_in_the_20th_century">Development in the 20th century</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gandhi_LVS_1931.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="photograph of Gandhi and Salt" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Gandhi_LVS_1931.jpg/260px-Gandhi_LVS_1931.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Gandhi_LVS_1931.jpg/390px-Gandhi_LVS_1931.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Gandhi_LVS_1931.jpg/520px-Gandhi_LVS_1931.jpg 2x" data-file-width="737" data-file-height="482" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Mahatma_Gandhi" title="Mahatma Gandhi">Mahatma Gandhi</a>, <a href="/wiki/London_Vegetarian_Society" class="mw-redirect" title="London Vegetarian Society">London Vegetarian Society</a>, 20 November 1931, with <a href="/wiki/Henry_S._Salt" class="mw-redirect" title="Henry S. Salt">Henry S. Salt</a> on his right<a href="#cite_note-57">[f]</a></figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Charles_William_Daniel" title="Charles William Daniel">C. W. Daniel</a> published an early vegan cookbook, <a href="/wiki/Rupert_H._Wheldon" title="Rupert H. Wheldon">Rupert H. Wheldon</a>'s No Animal Food: Two Essays and 100 Recipes, in 1910.<a href="#cite_note-Leneman1999-58">[52]</a> The consumption of milk and eggs became a battleground over the following decades. There were regular discussions about it in the Vegetarian Messenger; it appears from the correspondence pages that many opponents of veganism were vegetarians.<a href="#cite_note-Leneman1999-58">[52]</a><a href="#cite_note-WatsonAutumn1965-59">[53]</a> During a visit to London in 1931, <a href="/wiki/Mahatma_Gandhi" title="Mahatma Gandhi">Mahatma Gandhi</a>—who had joined the <a href="/wiki/London_Vegetarian_Society" class="mw-redirect" title="London Vegetarian Society">London Vegetarian Society</a>'s executive committee when he lived in London from 1888 to 1891—gave a speech to the Society arguing that it ought to promote a meat-free diet as a matter of morality, not health.<a href="#cite_note-Gandhispeech-56">[51]</a><a href="#cite_note-60">[54]</a> Lacto-vegetarians acknowledged the ethical consistency of the vegan position but regarded a vegan diet as impracticable and were concerned that it might be an impediment to spreading vegetarianism if vegans found themselves unable to participate in social circles where no non-animal food was available. This became the predominant view of the Vegetarian Society, which in 1935 stated: "The <a href="/wiki/Lacto-vegetarian" class="mw-redirect" title="Lacto-vegetarian">lacto-vegetarians</a>, on the whole, do not defend the practice of consuming the dairy products except on the ground of expediency."<a href="#cite_note-Leneman1999-58">[52]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Vegan_etymology">Vegan etymology</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox" style="clear: right; float:right;margin:0 0 1.5em 1.5em"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:115%">External images</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="text-align: left"><img alt="image icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/61/Searchtool.svg/16px-Searchtool.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/61/Searchtool.svg/24px-Searchtool.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/61/Searchtool.svg/32px-Searchtool.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190528030736/http://www.ukveggie.com/vegan_news/vegan_news_1.pdf">The Vegan News</a>, first edition, 1944</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="text-align: left"><img alt="image icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/61/Searchtool.svg/16px-Searchtool.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/61/Searchtool.svg/24px-Searchtool.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/61/Searchtool.svg/32px-Searchtool.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ivu.org/congress/wvc47/delegates3.jpg">Donald Watson</a>, front row, fourth left, 1947<a href="#cite_note-61">[55]</a></td></tr></tbody></table> In August 1944, several members of the <a href="/wiki/Vegetarian_Society" title="Vegetarian Society">Vegetarian Society</a> asked that a section of its newsletter be devoted to non-dairy vegetarianism. When the request was denied, <a href="/wiki/Donald_Watson" title="Donald Watson">Donald Watson</a>, secretary of the Leicester branch, set up a new quarterly newsletter, The Vegan News, in November 1944, priced <a href="/wiki/Penny_(British_pre-decimal_coin)" title="Penny (British pre-decimal coin)">tuppence</a>.<a href="#cite_note-WatsonInterviews-13">[11]</a> The word vegan was invented by Watson and Dorothy Morgan, a schoolteacher he later married.<a href="#cite_note-VeganSociety2014-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-Davis2016-18">[15]</a> The word is based on "the first three and last two letters of 'vegetarian'" because it marked, in Watson's words, "the beginning and end of vegetarian".<a href="#cite_note-WatsonInterviews-13">[11]</a><a href="#cite_note-62">[56]</a> The Vegan News asked its readers if they could think of anything better than vegan to stand for "non-dairy vegetarian". They suggested allvega, neo-vegetarian, dairyban, vitan, benevore, sanivores, and beaumangeur.<a href="#cite_note-WatsonInterviews-13">[11]</a><a href="#cite_note-63">[57]</a> According to <a href="/wiki/Joanne_Stepaniak" title="Joanne Stepaniak">Joanne Stepaniak</a>, the word vegan was first published independently in 1962 by the Oxford Illustrated Dictionary, defined as "a vegetarian who eats no butter, eggs, cheese, or milk".<a href="#cite_note-64">[58]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Founding_of_The_Vegan_Society">Founding of The Vegan Society</h3></div> The first edition of The Vegan News attracted more than 100 letters, including from <a href="/wiki/George_Bernard_Shaw" title="George Bernard Shaw">George Bernard Shaw</a>, who resolved to give up eggs and dairy.<a href="#cite_note-WatsonAutumn1965-59">[53]</a> <a href="/wiki/The_Vegan_Society" title="The Vegan Society">The Vegan Society</a> held its first meeting in early November at the Attic Club, 144 <a href="/wiki/High_Holborn" title="High Holborn">High Holborn</a>, London. In attendance were <a href="/wiki/Donald_Watson" title="Donald Watson">Donald Watson</a>, <a href="/wiki/Elsie_B._Shrigley" class="mw-redirect" title="Elsie B. Shrigley">Elsie B. Shrigley</a>, Fay K. Henderson, Alfred Hy Haffenden, Paul Spencer and Bernard Drake, with Mme Pataleewa (<a href="/wiki/Barbara_Moore_(vegetarian_activist)" title="Barbara Moore (vegetarian activist)">Barbara Moore</a>, a Russian-British engineer) observing.<a href="#cite_note-Farhall1994-65">[59]</a> <a href="/wiki/World_Vegan_Day" title="World Vegan Day">World Vegan Day</a> is held every 1 November to mark the founding of the Society, and the Society considers November World Vegan Month.<a href="#cite_note-66">[60]</a><a href="#cite_note-67">[61]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Barbara_Moore_(1961).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="photograph of Moore in 1961" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Barbara_Moore_%281961%29.jpg/200px-Barbara_Moore_%281961%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="267" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Barbara_Moore_%281961%29.jpg/300px-Barbara_Moore_%281961%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Barbara_Moore_%281961%29.jpg/400px-Barbara_Moore_%281961%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2135" data-file-height="2846" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Barbara_Moore_(vegetarian_activist)" title="Barbara Moore (vegetarian activist)">Barbara Moore</a> attended the first meeting of <a href="/wiki/The_Vegan_Society" title="The Vegan Society">The Vegan Society</a> as an observer.<a href="#cite_note-Farhall1994-65">[59]</a></figcaption></figure> The Vegan News changed its name to The Vegan in November 1945, by which time it had 500 subscribers.<a href="#cite_note-68">[62]</a> It published recipes and a "vegan trade list" of animal-free products, such as toothpastes, shoe polishes, stationery and glue.<a href="#cite_note-69">[63]</a> Vegan books appeared, including Vegan Recipes by Fay K. Henderson (1946)<a href="#cite_note-70">[64]</a><a href="#cite_note-71">[65]</a> and Aids to a Vegan Diet for Children by Kathleen V. Mayo (1948).<a href="#cite_note-72">[66]</a><a href="#cite_note-73">[67]</a> The Vegan Society soon made clear that it rejected the use of animals for any purpose, not only in diet. In 1947, Watson wrote: "The vegan renounces it as superstitious that human life depends upon the exploitation of these creatures whose feelings are much the same as our own".<a href="#cite_note-Cole2014p203-74">[68]</a> From 1948, The Vegan's front page read: "Advocating living without exploitation", and in 1951, the Society published its definition of veganism as "the doctrine that man should live without exploiting animals".<a href="#cite_note-Cole2014p203-74">[68]</a><a href="#cite_note-Cross1951-75">[69]</a> In 1956, its vice-president, Leslie Cross, founded the Plantmilk Society and in 1965, as Plantmilk Ltd and later <a href="/wiki/Plamil_Foods" title="Plamil Foods">Plamil Foods</a>, it began production of one of the first widely distributed <a href="/wiki/Soy_milk" title="Soy milk">soy milks</a> in the Western world.<a href="#cite_note-Mather1986-76">[70]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Spread_to_the_United_States">Spread to the United States</h3></div> The first vegan society in the U.S. was founded in 1948 by <a href="/wiki/Catherine_Nimmo" title="Catherine Nimmo">Catherine Nimmo</a> and Rubin Abramowitz in California, who distributed Watson's newsletter.<a href="#cite_note-77">[71]</a><a href="#cite_note-AVS50-78">[72]</a> In 1960, <a href="/wiki/H._Jay_Dinshah" title="H. Jay Dinshah">H. Jay Dinshah</a> founded the <a href="/wiki/American_Vegan_Society" title="American Vegan Society">American Vegan Society</a> (AVS), linking veganism to the concept of <a href="/wiki/Ahimsa" title="Ahimsa">ahimsa</a>, "non-harming" in <a href="/wiki/Sanskrit" title="Sanskrit">Sanskrit</a>.<a href="#cite_note-AVS50-78">[72]</a><a href="#cite_note-79">[73]</a><a href="#cite_note-80">[74]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Definition">Definition</h2></div> Distinctions may be made between several categories of veganism. Dietary vegans, also known as "strict <a href="/wiki/Vegetarian" class="mw-redirect" title="Vegetarian">vegetarians</a>", refrain from consuming <a href="/wiki/Meat" title="Meat">meat</a>, <a href="/wiki/Egg_(food)" class="mw-redirect" title="Egg (food)">eggs</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dairy_product" title="Dairy product">dairy products</a>, and any other animal-derived substances.<a href="#cite_note-ethicaldietary-85">[g]</a> An "<a href="/wiki/Ethical_vegan" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethical vegan">ethical vegan</a>" is someone who not only excludes animal products from their diet but also tries to avoid using animals,<a href="#cite_note-86">[79]</a> animal products,<a href="#cite_note-89">[h]</a> and animal-tested products,<a href="#cite_note-90">[82]</a> when practical.<a href="#cite_note-91">[83]</a> Another term is "<a href="/wiki/Environmental_veganism" class="mw-redirect" title="Environmental veganism">environmental veganism</a>", which refers to the avoidance of animal products on the grounds that the <a href="/wiki/Intensive_animal_farming" title="Intensive animal farming">industrial farming of animals</a> is <a href="/wiki/Environmental_impacts_of_animal_agriculture" title="Environmental impacts of animal agriculture">environmentally damaging</a> and <a href="/wiki/Unsustainable" class="mw-redirect" title="Unsustainable">unsustainable</a>.<a href="#cite_note-environmental-92">[84]</a> Another motivation for veganism is concern about <a href="/wiki/Animal_welfare" title="Animal welfare">animal welfare</a>. Since 1988, The Vegan Society gives two definitions of veganism: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">Veganism is a philosophy and way of living which seeks to exclude—as far as is possible and practicable—all forms of exploitation of, and cruelty to, animals for food, clothing or any other purpose; and by extension, promotes the development and use of animal-free alternatives for the benefit of animals, humans and the environment. In dietary terms it denotes the practice of dispensing with all products derived wholly or partly from animals.<div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>The Vegan Society, Definition of veganism, <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.vegansociety.com/go-vegan/definition-veganism">https://www.vegansociety.com/go-vegan/definition-veganism</a></cite></div></blockquote> The first definition by The Vegan Society is accepted among ethical and environmental vegans and the second definition by The Vegan Society is accepted among dietary vegans.<a href="#cite_note-93">[85]</a> The <a href="/wiki/European_Commission" title="European Commission">European Commission</a> was granted the power to adopt an <a href="/wiki/Implementing_act" class="mw-redirect" title="Implementing act">implementing act</a> on food information related to suitability of a food for vegans by the <a href="/wiki/European_Parliament" title="European Parliament">European Parliament</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Council_of_the_European_Union" title="Council of the European Union">Council of the European Union</a> in article 36 of <a href="/wiki/Regulation_(EU)_No_1169/2011" title="Regulation (EU) No 1169/2011">Regulation (EU) No 1169/2011</a>.<a href="#cite_note-94">[86]</a> The German consumer protection minister conference approved a definition for food suitable for vegans on 22 April 2016.<a href="#cite_note-95">[87]</a> The <a href="/wiki/European_Vegetarian_Union" title="European Vegetarian Union">European Vegetarian Union</a> adopted this text for a proposal for a legally binding definition based on Regulation (EU) No 1169/2011 in July 2019.<a href="#cite_note-96">[88]</a> In 2021, the <a href="/wiki/International_Organization_for_Standardization" title="International Organization for Standardization">International Organization for Standardization</a> published standard ISO 23662 on "definitions and technical criteria for foods and food ingredients suitable for vegetarians or vegans and for labelling and claims".<a href="#cite_note-97">[89]</a> ISO 23662 was rejected by <a href="/wiki/Nederlandse_Vereniging_voor_Veganisme" title="Nederlandse Vereniging voor Veganisme">Nederlandse Vereniging voor Veganisme</a> who found the standard inconsistent with their vision.<a href="#cite_note-98">[90]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Increasing_interest">Increasing interest</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="History_of_alternative_food_movements">History of alternative food movements</h3></div> Wheat gluten originally called <a href="/wiki/Seitan" title="Seitan">miànjīn</a> (麵筋), is a way of preparation of wheat that has been documented in China since the 6th century to the present day. It is widely consumed by <a href="/wiki/Pure_Land_Buddhism" title="Pure Land Buddhism">Chinese Buddhist's</a>, monastics and lay people as a substitute for meat. The oldest reference to wheat gluten appears in the <a href="/wiki/Qimin_Yaoshu" title="Qimin Yaoshu">Qimin Yaoshu</a>, a Chinese agricultural encyclopedia written by Jia Sixie in 535.<a href="#cite_note-99">[91]</a>The encyclopedia mentions noodles prepared from wheat gluten called bótuō (餺飥). Wheat gluten was known as miànjīn (麵筋) by the <a href="/wiki/Song_dynasty" title="Song dynasty">Song dynasty</a> (960–1279).<a href="#cite_note-100">[92]</a><a href="#cite_note-101">[93]</a> In the 1960s and 1970s, a vegetarian food movement emerged as part of the <a href="/wiki/Counterculture_of_the_1960s" title="Counterculture of the 1960s">counterculture in the United States</a> that focused on concerns about diet, the environment, and a distrust of food producers, leading to increasing interest in organic gardening.<a href="#cite_note-VA-102">[94]</a><a href="#cite_note-103">[95]</a> One of the most influential vegetarian books of that time was <a href="/wiki/Frances_Moore_Lapp%C3%A9" title="Frances Moore Lappé">Frances Moore Lappé</a>'s 1971 <a href="/wiki/Diet_for_a_Small_Planet" title="Diet for a Small Planet">Diet for a Small Planet</a>.<a href="#cite_note-npr16-104">[96]</a> It sold more than three million copies and suggested "getting off the top of the food chain".<a href="#cite_note-105">[97]</a> The following decades saw research by a group of scientists and doctors in the U.S., including <a href="/wiki/Dean_Ornish" title="Dean Ornish">Dean Ornish</a>, <a href="/wiki/Caldwell_Esselstyn" title="Caldwell Esselstyn">Caldwell Esselstyn</a>, <a href="/wiki/Neal_D._Barnard" title="Neal D. Barnard">Neal D. Barnard</a>, <a href="/wiki/John_A._McDougall" title="John A. McDougall">John A. McDougall</a>, <a href="/wiki/Michael_Greger" title="Michael Greger">Michael Greger</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Biochemist" title="Biochemist">biochemist</a> <a href="/wiki/T._Colin_Campbell" title="T. Colin Campbell">T. Colin Campbell</a>, who argued that diets based on <a href="/wiki/Animal_fat" title="Animal fat">animal fat</a> and animal protein, such as the <a href="/wiki/Western_pattern_diet" title="Western pattern diet">Western pattern diet</a>, were unhealthy.<a href="#cite_note-106">[98]</a> They produced a series of books that recommend vegan or vegetarian diets, including McDougall's The McDougall Plan (1983), <a href="/wiki/John_Robbins_(author)" title="John Robbins (author)">John Robbins</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Diet_for_a_New_America" title="Diet for a New America">Diet for a New America</a> (1987), which associated meat eating with environmental damage, and Dr. Dean Ornish's Program for Reversing Heart Disease (1990).<a href="#cite_note-107">[99]</a> In 2003 two major North American dietitians' associations indicated that well-planned vegan diets were suitable for all life stages.<a href="#cite_note-108">[100]</a><a href="#cite_note-109">[101]</a> This was followed by the film <a href="/wiki/Earthlings_(film)" title="Earthlings (film)">Earthlings</a> (2005), Campbell's <a href="/wiki/The_China_Study" title="The China Study">The China Study</a> (2005), Rory Freedman and Kim Barnouin's <a href="/wiki/Skinny_Bitch" title="Skinny Bitch">Skinny Bitch</a> (2005), <a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Safran_Foer" title="Jonathan Safran Foer">Jonathan Safran Foer</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Eating_Animals" title="Eating Animals">Eating Animals</a> (2009), and the film <a href="/wiki/Forks_over_Knives" class="mw-redirect" title="Forks over Knives">Forks over Knives</a> (2011).<a href="#cite_note-110">[102]</a> In the 1980s, veganism became associated with <a href="/wiki/Punk_subculture" title="Punk subculture">punk subculture</a> and <a href="/wiki/Punk_ideologies" title="Punk ideologies">ideologies</a>, particularly <a href="/wiki/Straight_edge" title="Straight edge">straight edge</a> <a href="/wiki/Hardcore_punk" title="Hardcore punk">hardcore punk</a> in the U.S.<a href="#cite_note-111">[103]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Anarcho-punk" title="Anarcho-punk">anarcho-punk</a> in the United Kingdom.<a href="#cite_note-112">[104]</a> This association continues into the 21st century, as evidenced by the prominence of vegan punk events such as <a href="/wiki/Fluff_Fest" title="Fluff Fest">Fluff Fest</a> in Europe.<a href="#cite_note-sober-113">[105]</a><a href="#cite_note-bandcamp-114">[106]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Into_the_mainstream">Into the mainstream</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/2010s_in_food" class="mw-redirect" title="2010s in food">2010s in food</a> and <a href="/wiki/List_of_vegans" title="List of vegans">List of vegans</a></div> The vegan diet became increasingly mainstream in the 2010s,<a href="#cite_note-Early2010sMainstreaming-115">[107]</a><a href="#cite_note-Late2010sMainstreaming-116">[108]</a><a href="#cite_note-Pendergrast-117">[109]</a> especially in the latter half.<a href="#cite_note-Late2010sMainstreaming-116">[108]</a><a href="#cite_note-Hancox2018-118">[110]</a> <a href="/wiki/The_Economist" title="The Economist">The Economist</a> declared 2019 "the year of the vegan".<a href="#cite_note-parkerECON-119">[111]</a> Chain restaurants began marking vegan items on their menus and supermarkets improved their selection of vegan-processed food.<a href="#cite_note-120">[112]</a> The global <a href="/wiki/Meat_analogue" class="mw-redirect" title="Meat analogue">mock-meat</a> market increased by 18 percent between 2005 and 2010,<a href="#cite_note-Burt18May2012-121">[113]</a> and in the U.S. by eight percent between 2012 and 2015, to $553 million a year.<a href="#cite_note-Shah8Jan2016-122">[114]</a> The Vegetarian Butcher (De Vegetarische Slager), the first known vegetarian butcher shop, selling mock meats, opened in the Netherlands in 2010,<a href="#cite_note-Burt18May2012-121">[113]</a><a href="#cite_note-123">[115]</a> while America's first vegan butcher, the Herbivorous Butcher, opened in <a href="/wiki/Minneapolis" title="Minneapolis">Minneapolis</a> in 2016.<a href="#cite_note-Shah8Jan2016-122">[114]</a><a href="#cite_note-124">[116]</a> Since 2017, more than 12,500 chain restaurant locations have begun offering <a href="/wiki/Beyond_Meat" title="Beyond Meat">Beyond Meat</a> and <a href="/wiki/Impossible_Foods" title="Impossible Foods">Impossible Foods</a> products, including Carl's Jr. outlets offering Beyond Burgers and Burger King outlets serving Impossible Whoppers. Plant-based meat sales in the U.S. grew 37% between 2017 and 2019.<a href="#cite_note-125">[117]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Patrik_Baboumian_f%C3%BCr_PETA.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="photograph of Patrik Baboumian" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Patrik_Baboumian_f%C3%BCr_PETA.jpg/240px-Patrik_Baboumian_f%C3%BCr_PETA.jpg" decoding="async" width="240" height="338" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Patrik_Baboumian_f%C3%BCr_PETA.jpg/360px-Patrik_Baboumian_f%C3%BCr_PETA.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Patrik_Baboumian_f%C3%BCr_PETA.jpg/480px-Patrik_Baboumian_f%C3%BCr_PETA.jpg 2x" data-file-width="595" data-file-height="838" /></a><figcaption>German <a href="/wiki/Strongman_(strength_athlete)" class="mw-redirect" title="Strongman (strength athlete)">strongman</a> <a href="/wiki/Patrik_Baboumian" title="Patrik Baboumian">Patrik Baboumian</a>, who starred in the 2018 documentary <a href="/wiki/The_Game_Changers" title="The Game Changers">The Game Changers</a> to demonstrate that athletes can thrive on a vegan diet</figcaption></figure> In 2011, Europe's first vegan supermarkets appeared in Germany: <a href="/wiki/Veganz" title="Veganz">Veganz</a> in <a href="/wiki/Berlin" title="Berlin">Berlin</a> and Vegilicious in <a href="/wiki/Dortmund" title="Dortmund">Dortmund</a>.<a href="#cite_note-126">[118]</a><a href="#cite_note-Mesure8Dec2013-127">[119]</a> In 2013, the <a href="/wiki/Oktoberfest" title="Oktoberfest">Oktoberfest</a> in <a href="/wiki/Munich" title="Munich">Munich</a> (traditionally a meat-heavy event) offered vegan dishes for the first time in its 200-year history.<a href="#cite_note-Guttman4Oct2013-128">[120]</a> By 2016, 49% of Americans were drinking <a href="/wiki/Plant_milk" title="Plant milk">plant milk</a>, and 91% still drank dairy milk.<a href="#cite_note-MintelApril2016-129">[121]</a> In the U.K., the plant milk market increased by 155 percent in two years, from 36 million litres (63 million imperial pints) in 2011 to 92 million (162 million imperial pints) in 2013.<a href="#cite_note-Khomami8Feb2015-130">[122]</a> There was a 185% increase in new vegan products between 2012 and 2016 in the U.K.<a href="#cite_note-Hancox2018-118">[110]</a> In 2017, the United States School Nutrition Association found 14% of school districts across the country were serving <a href="/wiki/Vegan_school_meal" title="Vegan school meal">vegan school meals</a> compared to 11.5% of schools offering vegan lunch in 2016.<a href="#cite_note-131">[123]</a> In total, as of 2016<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Veganism&action=edit">[update]</a>, the largest share of vegan consumers globally currently reside in <a href="/wiki/Asia_Pacific" class="mw-redirect" title="Asia Pacific">Asia Pacific</a> with nine percent of people following a vegan diet.<a href="#cite_note-MarketGrowth2016-132">[124]</a> In 2017, veganism rose in popularity in Hong Kong and China, particularly among <a href="/wiki/Millennial" class="mw-redirect" title="Millennial">millennials</a>.<a href="#cite_note-HongKong2017-133">[125]</a> China's vegan market was estimated to rise by more than 17% between 2015 and 2020,<a href="#cite_note-HongKong2017-133">[125]</a><a href="#cite_note-MarketGrowth2016-132">[124]</a> which is expected to be "the fastest growth rate internationally in that period".<a href="#cite_note-HongKong2017-133">[125]</a> This exceeds the projected growth in the second and third fastest-growing vegan markets internationally in the same period, the United Arab Emirates (10.6%) and Australia (9.6%) respectively.<a href="#cite_note-MarketGrowth2016-132">[124]</a><a href="#cite_note-Cormack2016-134">[126]</a> In 2018, <a href="/wiki/Jacy_Reese_Anthis" title="Jacy Reese Anthis">Jacy Reese Anthis</a>'s book <a href="/wiki/The_End_of_Animal_Farming" title="The End of Animal Farming">The End of Animal Farming</a> argued that veganism will completely replace animal-based food by 2100.<a href="#cite_note-135">[127]</a> The book was featured in <a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a>,<a href="#cite_note-136">[128]</a> <a href="/wiki/The_New_Republic" title="The New Republic">The New Republic</a>,<a href="#cite_note-137">[129]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Forbes" title="Forbes">Forbes</a>, among other newspapers and magazines.<a href="#cite_note-138">[130]</a> The growth of schools serving <a href="/wiki/Vegan_school_meal" title="Vegan school meal">vegan school meals</a> has increased in recent years with the lunches added by <a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles" title="Los Angeles">Los Angeles</a>, California in 2018, <a href="/wiki/Portland,_Maine" title="Portland, Maine">Portland</a>, Maine in 2019, and <a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York City</a> in 2022.<a href="#cite_note-139">[131]</a> In January 2021, 582,538 people from 209 countries and territories signed up for Veganuary, breaking the previous year's record of 400,000.<a href="#cite_note-140">[132]</a> That month, <a href="/wiki/ONA_(restaurant)" title="ONA (restaurant)">ONA</a> in France became the first vegan restaurant in the country to receive a <a href="/wiki/Michelin_Guide" title="Michelin Guide">Michelin star</a>.<a href="#cite_note-141">[133]</a> That year, 79 more plant-based restaurants around the world received Michelin stars.<a href="#cite_note-142">[134]</a> At the end of the year, a poll conducted by <a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a> showed that a new high of 36% of the British public were interested in veganism.<a href="#cite_note-143">[135]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Prevalence_by_country">Prevalence by country</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Vegetarianism_by_country#Demographics" title="Vegetarianism by country">Vegetarianism by country § Demographics</a></div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="640" /> <a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a>: Australians topped Google's worldwide searches for the word "vegan" between mid-2015 and mid-2016.<a href="#cite_note-144">[136]</a> A Euromonitor International study concluded the market for packaged vegan food in Australia would rise 9.6% per year between 2015 and 2020, making Australia the third-fastest growing vegan market behind China and the United Arab Emirates.<a href="#cite_note-MarketGrowth2016-132">[124]</a><a href="#cite_note-Cormack2016-134">[126]</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_Austria.svg/23px-Flag_of_Austria.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_Austria.svg/35px-Flag_of_Austria.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_Austria.svg/45px-Flag_of_Austria.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Austria" title="Austria">Austria</a>: In 2013,<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Veganism&action=edit">[update]</a> <a href="/wiki/Kurier" title="Kurier">Kurier</a> estimated that 0.5 percent of Austrians practised veganism, and in the capital, <a href="/wiki/Vienna" title="Vienna">Vienna</a>, 0.7 percent.<a href="#cite_note-145">[137]</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Belgium" title="Belgium">Belgium</a>: A 2016 iVOX online study found that out of 1000 Dutch-speaking residents of <a href="/wiki/Flanders" title="Flanders">Flanders</a> and <a href="/wiki/Brussels" title="Brussels">Brussels</a> of 18 years and over, 0.3 percent were vegan.<a href="#cite_note-146">[138]</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Brazil.svg/22px-Flag_of_Brazil.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Brazil.svg/33px-Flag_of_Brazil.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Brazil.svg/43px-Flag_of_Brazil.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="700" /> <a href="/wiki/Brazil" title="Brazil">Brazil</a>: According to research by IBOPE Inteligência published in April 2018, 14% of Brazilians, or about 30 million people, considered themselves vegetarians, 7 million of them vegans.<a href="#cite_note-147">[139]</a><a href="#cite_note-148">[140]</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a>: In 2018, one survey estimated that 2.1 percent of adult Canadians considered themselves as vegans.<a href="#cite_note-149">[141]</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/23px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/35px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/46px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a>: A government-commissioned survey indicates that as of 2021<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Veganism&action=edit">[update]</a>, 2% of German residents follow a vegan diet.<a href="#cite_note-150">[i]</a><a href="#cite_note-151">[142]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:NOTRS" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:NOTRS">better source needed</a>]</li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/23px-Flag_of_India.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/35px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/45px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a>: In the 2005–06 National Health Survey, 1.6% of the surveyed population reported never consuming animal products. Veganism was most common in the states of <a href="/wiki/Gujarat" title="Gujarat">Gujarat</a> (4.9%) and <a href="/wiki/Maharashtra" title="Maharashtra">Maharashtra</a> (4.0%).<a href="#cite_note-Agrawal_2014-152">[143]</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Israel.svg/21px-Flag_of_Israel.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Israel.svg/32px-Flag_of_Israel.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Israel.svg/41px-Flag_of_Israel.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1100" data-file-height="800" /> <a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israel</a>: Five percent (approx. 300,000) in Israel said they were vegan in 2014, making it the highest <a href="/wiki/Per_capita" title="Per capita">per capita</a> vegan population in the world.<a href="#cite_note-Sales2014-153">[144]</a> A 2015 survey by Globes and Israel's Channel 2 News similarly found 5% of Israelis were vegan.<a href="#cite_note-154">[145]</a> Veganism increased among Israeli Arabs.<a href="#cite_note-155">[146]</a> The Israeli army made special provision for vegan soldiers in 2015, which included providing non-leather boots and wool-free berets.<a href="#cite_note-156">[147]</a> Veganism also simplifies adherence to the <a href="/wiki/Milk_and_meat_in_Jewish_law" title="Milk and meat in Jewish law">Judaic prohibition on combining meat and milk</a> in meals.</li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/23px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/35px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/45px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1000" /> <a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a>: Between 0.6 and 3 percent of Italians were reported to be vegan as of 2015<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Veganism&action=edit">[update]</a>.<a href="#cite_note-157">[148]</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a>: In 2018, the <a href="/wiki/Nederlandse_Vereniging_voor_Veganisme" title="Nederlandse Vereniging voor Veganisme">Dutch Society for Veganism</a> (Nederlandse Vereniging voor Veganisme, NVV) estimated there were more than 100,000 Dutch vegans (0.59 percent), based on their membership growth.<a href="#cite_note-158">[149]</a> In July 2020 the NVV estimated the number of vegans in the Netherlands at 150,000. That is approximately 0.9% of the Dutch population.<a href="#cite_note-2020NLvegans-159">[150]</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Romania.svg/23px-Flag_of_Romania.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Romania.svg/35px-Flag_of_Romania.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Romania.svg/45px-Flag_of_Romania.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /> <a href="/wiki/Romania" title="Romania">Romania</a>: Followers of the <a href="/wiki/Romanian_Orthodox_Church" title="Romanian Orthodox Church">Romanian Orthodox Church</a> keep <a href="/wiki/Fasting" title="Fasting">fast</a> during several periods throughout the ecclesiastical calendar amounting to a majority of the year. In the Romanian Orthodox tradition, devotees abstain from eating any animal products during these times. As a result, vegan foods are abundant in stores and restaurants; however, Romanians may not be familiar with a vegan diet as a full-time lifestyle choice.<a href="#cite_note-auto-160">[151]</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg/23px-Flag_of_Sweden.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg/35px-Flag_of_Sweden.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg/46px-Flag_of_Sweden.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1000" /> <a href="/wiki/Sweden" title="Sweden">Sweden</a>: Four percent said they were vegan in a 2014 Demoskop poll.<a href="#cite_note-161">[152]</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Flag_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg/16px-Flag_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Flag_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg/24px-Flag_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Flag_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg/32px-Flag_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" />  <a href="/wiki/Switzerland" title="Switzerland">Switzerland</a>: Market research company DemoSCOPE estimated in 2017 that three percent of the population was vegan.<a href="#cite_note-162">[153]</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a>: A 2016 <a href="/wiki/Ipsos_MORI" title="Ipsos MORI">Ipsos MORI</a> study commissioned by the Vegan Society, surveying almost 10,000 people aged 15 or over across England, Scotland, and Wales, found that 1.05 percent were vegan; the Vegan Society estimates that 542,000 in the UK follow a vegan diet.<a href="#cite_note-163">[154]</a> According to a 2018 survey by <a href="/wiki/Comparethemarket.com" title="Comparethemarket.com">Comparethemarket.com</a>, the number of people who identify as vegans in the United Kingdom has risen to over 3.5 million, which is approximately seven percent of the population, and environmental concerns were a major factor in this development.<a href="#cite_note-164">[155]</a> However, doubt was cast on this inflated figure by the UK-based Vegan Society, who perform their own regular survey: the Vegan Society themselves found in 2018 that there were 600,000 vegans in Great Britain (1.16%), which was seen as a dramatic increase on previous figures.<a href="#cite_note-165">[156]</a><a href="#cite_note-166">[157]</a> YouGov reported 3% vegans in 2021.<a href="#cite_note-167">[158]</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /> <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a>: Past estimates of vegans in the U.S. varied from 2% (<a href="/wiki/Gallup_(company)" class="mw-redirect" title="Gallup (company)">Gallup</a>, 2012)<a href="#cite_note-168">[159]</a> to 0.5% (<a href="/wiki/Faunalytics" title="Faunalytics">Faunalytics</a>, 2014).<a href="#cite_note-:1-169">[160]</a> According to the latter, 70% of those who adopted a vegan diet abandoned it.<a href="#cite_note-:1-169">[160]</a> But Top Trends in Prepared Foods 2017, a report by GlobalData, estimated that "6% of US consumers now claim to be vegan, up from just 1% in 2014."<a href="#cite_note-TopTrends2017-170">[161]</a> In 2020, <a href="/wiki/YouGov" title="YouGov">YouGov</a> published results of 2019 research that showed only 2.26% reported being vegan. Nearly 59% of the vegan respondents were female.<a href="#cite_note-171">[162]</a> According to Gallup, black Americans are three times as likely to be vegan and vegetarian as whites as of July 2018 (9% compared to 3%).<a href="#cite_note-BBC11sep2020-172">[163]</a><a href="#cite_note-173">[164]</a></li></ul> The city with the most vegan restaurants per resident in 2021 according to data collected from <a href="/wiki/HappyCow" title="HappyCow">HappyCow</a> was <a href="/wiki/Chiang_Mai" title="Chiang Mai">Chiang Mai</a> (Thailand), followed by <a href="/wiki/Ubud" title="Ubud">Ubud</a> (Bali, Indonesia), <a href="/wiki/Phuket_(city)" title="Phuket (city)">Phuket</a> (Thailand), <a href="/wiki/Tel_Aviv" title="Tel Aviv">Tel Aviv</a> (Israel), and <a href="/wiki/Lisbon" title="Lisbon">Lisbon</a> (Portugal).<a href="#cite_note-174">[165]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Vegan_diets,_substitutions,_and_meat_analogues">Vegan diets, substitutions, and meat analogues</h2></div> Vegan diets are based on <a href="/wiki/Grain" title="Grain">grains</a> and other <a href="/wiki/Seed" title="Seed">seeds</a>, <a href="/wiki/Legume" title="Legume">legumes</a> (particularly <a href="/wiki/Bean" title="Bean">beans</a>), <a href="/wiki/Fruit" title="Fruit">fruits</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vegetable" title="Vegetable">vegetables</a>, <a href="/wiki/Edible_mushroom" title="Edible mushroom">edible mushrooms</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Nut_(fruit)" title="Nut (fruit)">nuts</a>.<a href="#cite_note-175">[166]</a> The main difference between a vegan and vegetarian diet is that vegans exclude dairy products, eggs, and honey.<a href="#cite_note-176">[167]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:002-soymilk.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/002-soymilk.jpg/220px-002-soymilk.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/002-soymilk.jpg/330px-002-soymilk.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/002-soymilk.jpg/440px-002-soymilk.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6720" data-file-height="4480" /></a><figcaption>Soy milk</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Meat_substitutes">Meat substitutes</h3></div> Vegan <a href="/wiki/Meat_alternative" title="Meat alternative">meat alternatives</a> are commonly sold in forms like <a href="/wiki/Vegetarian_sausage" class="mw-redirect" title="Vegetarian sausage">vegetarian sausage</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ground_meat" title="Ground meat">mince</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Veggie_burger" title="Veggie burger">veggie burgers</a>.<a href="#cite_note-bw-177">[168]</a> They are often made from <a href="/wiki/Soybean" title="Soybean">soybeans</a>, <a href="/wiki/Seitan" title="Seitan">seitan</a> (wheat gluten), beans, lentils, rice, mushrooms or vegetables.<a href="#cite_note-178">[169]</a> Meat substitutes have been made in China since at least the <a href="/wiki/Tang_dynasty" title="Tang dynasty">Tang dynasty</a> (618 to 907 <a href="/wiki/Common_Era" title="Common Era">common era</a>), including <a href="/wiki/Mock_duck" title="Mock duck">mock duck</a> made from seitan. They are much newer to Western countries.<a href="#cite_note-179">[170]</a> Some famous Western producers of vegan meat alternatives include <a href="/wiki/Impossible_Foods" title="Impossible Foods">Impossible Foods</a> and <a href="/wiki/Beyond_Meat" title="Beyond Meat">Beyond Meat</a>. But in the late 2010s many meat producers and supermarkets also started making their own brands of vegan meat substitutes.<a href="#cite_note-180">[171]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Plant_milk_and_dairy_product_alternatives">Plant milk and dairy product alternatives</h3></div> <a href="/wiki/Plant_milk" title="Plant milk">Plant milks</a>—such as <a href="/wiki/Soy_milk" title="Soy milk">soy milk</a>, <a href="/wiki/Almond_milk" title="Almond milk">almond milk</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cashew_milk" class="mw-redirect" title="Cashew milk">cashew milk</a>, <a href="/wiki/Grain_milk" class="mw-redirect" title="Grain milk">grain milks</a> (<a href="/wiki/Oat_milk" title="Oat milk">oat milk</a>, flax milk and <a href="/wiki/Rice_milk" title="Rice milk">rice milk</a>), <a href="/wiki/Hemp_milk" title="Hemp milk">hemp milk</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Coconut_milk" title="Coconut milk">coconut milk</a>—are used in place of cow or goat milk.<a href="#cite_note-182">[j]</a> Soy milk provides around 7 g (<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1154941027">.mw-parser-output .frac{white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output .frac .num,.mw-parser-output .frac .den{font-size:80%;line-height:0;vertical-align:super}.mw-parser-output .frac .den{vertical-align:sub}.mw-parser-output .sr-only{border:0;clip:rect(0,0,0,0);clip-path:polygon(0px 0px,0px 0px,0px 0px);height:1px;margin:-1px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;position:absolute;width:1px}</style>1⁄4oz) of protein per <a href="/wiki/Cup_(unit)" title="Cup (unit)">cup</a> (240 mL or 8 fl oz), compared with 8 g (2/7oz) of protein per cup of cow's milk. Almond milk is lower in dietary energy, carbohydrates, and protein.<a href="#cite_note-Reinagel2011p20-21-183">[173]</a> Soy milk should not be used as a replacement for breast milk for babies. Babies who are not breastfed may be fed commercial <a href="/wiki/Infant_formula" title="Infant formula">infant formula</a>, normally based on cow milk or soy. The latter is known as <a href="/wiki/Soy-based_infant_formula" class="mw-redirect" title="Soy-based infant formula">soy-based infant formula</a> or SBIF.<a href="#cite_note-184">[174]</a><a href="#cite_note-185">[175]</a> Butter and <a href="/wiki/Margarine" title="Margarine">margarine</a> can be replaced with alternate vegan products.<a href="#cite_note-coscarelli-186">[176]</a> <a href="/wiki/Vegan_cheese" title="Vegan cheese">Vegan cheeses</a> are made from seeds, such as <a href="/wiki/Sesame" title="Sesame">sesame</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sunflower_seed" title="Sunflower seed">sunflower</a>; nuts, such as cashew,<a href="#cite_note-cashewbrie-187">[177]</a> <a href="/wiki/Pine_nut" title="Pine nut">pine nut</a>, and almond;<a href="#cite_note-188">[178]</a> and soybeans, coconut oil, <a href="/wiki/Nutritional_yeast" title="Nutritional yeast">nutritional yeast</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tapioca" title="Tapioca">tapioca</a>,<a href="#cite_note-189">[179]</a> and rice, among other ingredients; and can replicate the meltability of dairy cheese.<a href="#cite_note-190">[180]</a> Nutritional yeast is a common substitute for the taste of cheese in vegan recipes.<a href="#cite_note-coscarelli-186">[176]</a> Cheese substitutes can be made at home, including from nuts, such as <a href="/wiki/Cashew" title="Cashew">cashews</a>.<a href="#cite_note-cashewbrie-187">[177]</a> Yoghurt and cream products can be replaced with plant-based products such as <a href="/wiki/Soy_yogurt" title="Soy yogurt">soy yoghurt</a>.<a href="#cite_note-191">[181]</a><a href="#cite_note-192">[182]</a> Various types of <a href="/wiki/Plant_cream" title="Plant cream">plant cream</a> have been created to replace dairy <a href="/wiki/Cream" title="Cream">cream</a>, and some types of <a href="/wiki/Imitation_whipped_cream" class="mw-redirect" title="Imitation whipped cream">imitation whipped cream</a> are non-dairy. In the 2010s and 2020s, a number of companies have <a href="/wiki/Genetically_engineered" class="mw-redirect" title="Genetically engineered">genetically engineered</a> yeast to produce cow milk proteins, whey, or fat, without the use of cows. These include <a href="/wiki/Perfect_Day_(company)" title="Perfect Day (company)">Perfect Day</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Novacca&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Novacca (page does not exist)">Novacca</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Motif_FoodWorks&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Motif FoodWorks (page does not exist)">Motif FoodWorks</a>, <a href="/wiki/Remilk" title="Remilk">Remilk</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Final_Foods&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Final Foods (page does not exist)">Final Foods</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Imagindairy&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Imagindairy (page does not exist)">Imagindairy</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Nourish_Ingredients&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nourish Ingredients (page does not exist)">Nourish Ingredients</a>, and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Circe_(company)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Circe (company) (page does not exist)">Circe</a>.<a href="#cite_note-193">[183]</a> <table class="wikitable collapsible collapsed" style="text-align:center; font-size:10pt; float:center; width:60%"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="4">Nutritional content of cows', soy, and almond milk </th></tr> <tr> <th></th> <th>Cows' milk (whole, vitamin D added)<a href="#cite_note-194">[184]</a></th> <th>Soy milk (unsweetened; <a href="/wiki/Food_fortification" title="Food fortification">fortified</a>)<a href="#cite_note-195">[185]</a></th> <th><a href="/wiki/Silk_(brand)" title="Silk (brand)">Silk</a> almond milk (unsweetened original; fortified)<a href="#cite_note-196">[186]</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td>Dietary energy per 240 mL cup</td> <td>620 kJ (149 kcal)</td> <td>330 kJ (80 kcal)</td> <td>120 kJ (29 kcal) </td></tr> <tr> <td>Protein (g)</td> <td>7.69</td> <td>6.95</td> <td>1 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Fat (g)</td> <td>7.93</td> <td>3.91</td> <td>2.5 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Saturated fat (g)</td> <td>4.55</td> <td>0.5</td> <td>0 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Carbohydrate (g)</td> <td>11.71</td> <td>4.23</td> <td>1 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Fibre (g)</td> <td>0</td> <td>1.2</td> <td>1 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Sugars (g)</td> <td>12.32</td> <td>1</td> <td>0 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Calcium (mg)</td> <td>276</td> <td>301</td> <td>451 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Potassium (mg)</td> <td>322</td> <td>292</td> <td>36 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Sodium (mg)</td> <td>105</td> <td>90</td> <td>170 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Vitamin B12 (μg)</td> <td>1.10</td> <td>2.70</td> <td>3 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Vitamin A (IU)</td> <td>395</td> <td>503</td> <td>499 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Vitamin D (IU)</td> <td>124</td> <td>119</td> <td>101 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Cholesterol (mg)</td> <td>24</td> <td>0</td> <td>0 </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Egg_replacements">Egg replacements</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Egg_substitutes" title="Egg substitutes">Egg substitutes</a></div> As of 2019 in the U.S., many vegan egg substitutes were available, including products used for "scrambled" eggs, cakes, cookies, and doughnuts.<a href="#cite_note-zimb-197">[187]</a><a href="#cite_note-huffpost-198">[188]</a> Baking powder, silken (soft) tofu, mashed potato, bananas, <a href="/wiki/Flaxseed" class="mw-redirect" title="Flaxseed">flaxseeds</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Aquafaba" title="Aquafaba">aquafaba</a> from <a href="/wiki/Chickpea" title="Chickpea">chickpeas</a> can also be used as egg substitutes. Which one of these works depends on the egg property the replacement is meant to emulate. Scrambled tofu, for instance, replaces scrambled eggs, but tofu does not act as a binding agent for cakes like raw eggs, flaxseeds or bananas do.<a href="#cite_note-coscarelli-186">[176]</a><a href="#cite_note-huffpost-198">[188]</a><a href="#cite_note-vegansoc-199">[189]</a><a href="#cite_note-200">[190]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Raw_veganism">Raw veganism</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Raw_veganism" class="mw-redirect" title="Raw veganism">Raw veganism</a></div> Raw veganism, combining veganism and <a href="/wiki/Raw_foodism" title="Raw foodism">raw foodism</a>, excludes all animal products and food cooked above 48 °C (118 °F). A raw vegan diet includes vegetables, fruits, nuts, <a href="/wiki/Sprouting" title="Sprouting">grain and legume sprouts</a>, seeds, and sea vegetables. There are many variations of the diet, including <a href="/wiki/Fruitarianism" title="Fruitarianism">fruitarianism</a>.<a href="#cite_note-201">[191]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Animal_products">Animal products</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pflanzlicher_Fleischersatz.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="photograph of mock meats in Vienna" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Pflanzlicher_Fleischersatz.jpg/260px-Pflanzlicher_Fleischersatz.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="173" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Pflanzlicher_Fleischersatz.jpg/390px-Pflanzlicher_Fleischersatz.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Pflanzlicher_Fleischersatz.jpg/520px-Pflanzlicher_Fleischersatz.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3471" data-file-height="2314" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Meat_alternative" title="Meat alternative">Mock meats</a> in a supermarket in Vienna</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="General">General</h3></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1224211176">.mw-parser-output .quotebox{background-color:#F9F9F9;border:1px solid #aaa;box-sizing:border-box;padding:10px;font-size:88%;max-width:100%}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatleft{margin:.5em 1.4em .8em 0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatright{margin:.5em 0 .8em 1.4em}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.centered{overflow:hidden;position:relative;margin:.5em auto .8em auto}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatleft span,.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatright span{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .quotebox>blockquote{margin:0;padding:0;border-left:0;font-family:inherit;font-size:inherit}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-title{text-align:center;font-size:110%;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote>:first-child{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote:last-child>:last-child{margin-bottom:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote.quoted:before{font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-weight:bold;font-size:large;color:gray;content:" “ ";vertical-align:-45%;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote.quoted:after{font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-weight:bold;font-size:large;color:gray;content:" ” ";line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .left-aligned{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .right-aligned{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .center-aligned{text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .quote-title,.mw-parser-output .quotebox .quotebox-quote{display:block}.mw-parser-output .quotebox cite{display:block;font-style:normal}@media screen and (max-width:640px){.mw-parser-output .quotebox{width:100%!important;margin:0 0 .8em!important;float:none!important}}</style><div class="quotebox pullquote floatleft" style="width:300px; border-width: 1px; font-size: 98%; color: #202122;background-color: #F9F9F9;"> <div class="quotebox-title" style="color: #202122;background-color: #F9F9F9; color: #555555;">Logos</div> <blockquote class="quotebox-quote center-aligned" style=""> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vegansociety.com//sites/default/files/uploads/VeganTM-Palette1-PLUM.png">Vegan Society sunflower</a>: certified vegan, no animal testing <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.peta.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/02/New-BWB-Logos.png">PETA bunny</a>: certified vegan, no animal testing <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170628093653/https://www.onegreenplanet.org/wp-content/uploads/2010/10//2014/02/leapingbunny.gif">Leaping bunny</a>: no animal testing, might not be vegan </blockquote> </div> While vegans broadly abstain from animal products, there are many ways in which animal products are used, and different individuals and organizations that identify with the practice of veganism may use some limited animal products based on philosophy, means or other concerns. Philosopher <a href="/wiki/Gary_Steiner" title="Gary Steiner">Gary Steiner</a> argues that it is not possible to be entirely vegan, because animal use and products are "deeply and imperceptibly woven into the fabric of human society".<a href="#cite_note-202">[192]</a> Animal Ingredients A to Z (2004) and Veganissimo A to Z (2013) list which ingredients might be animal-derived. The British Vegan Society's sunflower logo and PETA's bunny logo mean the product is certified vegan, which includes no <a href="/wiki/Animal_testing" title="Animal testing">animal testing</a>. The Leaping Bunny logo signals no animal testing, but it might not be vegan.<a href="#cite_note-VAcert-203">[193]</a><a href="#cite_note-204">[194]</a> The Vegan Society criteria for vegan certification are that the product contain no animal products, and that neither the finished item nor its ingredients have been tested on animals by, or on behalf of, the manufacturer or by anyone over whom the manufacturer has control. Its website contains a list of certified products,<a href="#cite_note-VTS-205">[195]</a><a href="#cite_note-206">[196]</a> as does Australia's Choose Cruelty Free (CCF).<a href="#cite_note-207">[197]</a> The British Vegan Society will certify a product only if it is free of animal involvement as far as possible and practical, including <a href="/wiki/Animal_testing" title="Animal testing">animal testing</a>,<a href="#cite_note-VTS-205">[195]</a><a href="#cite_note-208">[198]</a><a href="#cite_note-AmVeg-209">[199]</a> but "recognises that it is not always possible to make a choice that avoids the use of animals",<a href="#cite_note-VSmedications-210">[200]</a> an issue that was highlighted in 2016 when it became known that the UK's newly introduced <a href="/wiki/Bank_of_England_%C2%A35_note#Ingredients_controversy" title="Bank of England £5 note">£5 note</a> contained tallow.<a href="#cite_note-Guardian_29_November_2016-211">[201]</a><a href="#cite_note-BBC_News_8_December_2016-212">[202]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Meat,_eggs_and_dairy">Meat, eggs and dairy</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Animal_Abuse_Battery_Cage_02.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="photograph of farm hens in battery cages" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Animal_Abuse_Battery_Cage_02.jpg/220px-Animal_Abuse_Battery_Cage_02.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Animal_Abuse_Battery_Cage_02.jpg/330px-Animal_Abuse_Battery_Cage_02.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Animal_Abuse_Battery_Cage_02.jpg/440px-Animal_Abuse_Battery_Cage_02.jpg 2x" data-file-width="570" data-file-height="427" /></a><figcaption>Modern methods of factory farming are considered highly unethical by most vegans.</figcaption></figure> Like <a href="/wiki/Vegetarianism" title="Vegetarianism">vegetarians</a>, vegans do not eat meat (including <a href="/wiki/Beef" title="Beef">beef</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pork" title="Pork">pork</a>, <a href="/wiki/Poultry" title="Poultry">poultry</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fowl" title="Fowl">fowl</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Game_(hunting)" title="Game (hunting)">game</a>). Vegan groups disagree over whether vegans can eat oysters.<a href="#cite_note-213">[203]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Clothing">Clothing</h3></div> Many clothing products may be made of animal products such as <a href="/wiki/Silk" title="Silk">silk</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wool" title="Wool">wool</a> (including <a href="/wiki/Lambswool" title="Lambswool">lambswool</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shearling" title="Shearling">shearling</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cashmere_wool" title="Cashmere wool">cashmere</a>, <a href="/wiki/Angora_wool" title="Angora wool">angora</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mohair" title="Mohair">mohair</a>, and a number of other fine wools), fur, feathers, pearls, animal-derived dyes, <a href="/wiki/Leather" title="Leather">leather</a>, snakeskin, or other kinds of skin or animal product. Most leather clothing is made from cow skins. Vegans discourage the use of leather but may continue to wear leather they bought before adopting the diet on the grounds that they are not financially supporting the <a href="/wiki/Meat_industry" title="Meat industry">meat industry</a>.<a href="#cite_note-214">[204]</a> However, vegans try to work towards a point where they no longer own animal products.<a href="#cite_note-215">[205]</a> Ethical vegans may wear clothing items and accessories made of non-animal-derived materials such as hemp, linen, cotton, canvas, polyester, <a href="/wiki/Artificial_leather" title="Artificial leather">artificial leather</a> (pleather), rubber, and vinyl.<a href="#cite_note-Stepaniak-216">[206]</a>: 16  Leather alternatives can come from materials such as cork, <a href="/wiki/Pi%C3%B1a" title="Piña">piña</a> (from pineapples), cactus, and mushroom leather.<a href="#cite_note-217">[207]</a><a href="#cite_note-218">[208]</a><a href="#cite_note-219">[209]</a> Some vegan clothes, in particular leather alternatives, are made of petroleum-based products, which has triggered criticism because of the environmental damage involved in their production.<a href="#cite_note-220">[210]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Toiletries">Toiletries</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Testing_cosmetics_on_animals" title="Testing cosmetics on animals">Testing cosmetics on animals</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Oliivi%C3%B6ljysaippua.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="photograph of vegan soap bar" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Oliivi%C3%B6ljysaippua.JPG/220px-Oliivi%C3%B6ljysaippua.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Oliivi%C3%B6ljysaippua.JPG/330px-Oliivi%C3%B6ljysaippua.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Oliivi%C3%B6ljysaippua.JPG/440px-Oliivi%C3%B6ljysaippua.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3024" data-file-height="3024" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Vegan_soap" title="Vegan soap">Vegan soap</a> made from <a href="/wiki/Olive_oil" title="Olive oil">olive oil</a>; soap is usually made from <a href="/wiki/Tallow" title="Tallow">tallow</a> (animal fat).</figcaption></figure> While dietary vegans might use animal products in toiletries, ethical veganism extends not only to matters of food but also to the use of animal products, and rejects the <a href="/wiki/Commodification" title="Commodification">commodification</a> of animals altogether.<a href="#cite_note-Francione2010-87">[80]</a>: <span title="Page / location: 62
Quotation: "L. Francione: Although veganism may represent a matter of diet or lifestyle for some, ethical veganism is a profound moral and political commitment to abolition on the individual level and extends not only to matters of food but also to the wearing or using of animal products. Ethical veganism is the personal rejection of the commodity status of nonhuman animals, of the notion that animals have only external value, and of the notion that animals have less moral value than do humans."" class="tooltip tooltip-dashed" style="border-bottom: 1px dashed;">62  Ethical vegans replace <a href="/wiki/Personal_care" class="mw-redirect" title="Personal care">personal care</a> products and <a href="/wiki/Household_cleaner" class="mw-redirect" title="Household cleaner">household cleaners</a> containing animal products with vegan products. Animal ingredients are ubiquitous because they are relatively inexpensive. After animals are slaughtered for meat, the leftovers are put through a <a href="/wiki/Rendering_(animals)" class="mw-redirect" title="Rendering (animals)">rendering</a> process and some of that material, particularly the fat, is used in toiletries. Vegans also avoid using <a href="/wiki/Sea_sponge" class="mw-redirect" title="Sea sponge">sea sponges</a>.<a href="#cite_note-221">[211]</a> Common animal-derived ingredients include <a href="/wiki/Tallow" title="Tallow">tallow</a> in soap; <a href="/wiki/Collagen" title="Collagen">collagen</a>-derived <a href="/wiki/Glycerine" class="mw-redirect" title="Glycerine">glycerine</a>, which used as a lubricant and <a href="/wiki/Humectant" title="Humectant">humectant</a> in many haircare products, moisturizers, shaving foams, soaps and toothpastes;<a href="#cite_note-toiletries-222">[212]</a> <a href="/wiki/Lanolin" title="Lanolin">lanolin</a> from sheep's wool, often found in lip balm and moisturizers; <a href="/wiki/Stearic_acid" title="Stearic acid">stearic acid</a>, a common ingredient in face creams, shaving foam and shampoos (like glycerine, it can be plant-based, but is usually animal-derived); <a href="/wiki/Lactic_acid" title="Lactic acid">lactic acid</a>, an <a href="/wiki/Alpha-hydroxy_acid" class="mw-redirect" title="Alpha-hydroxy acid">alpha-hydroxy acid</a> derived from animal milk, used in moisturizers; <a href="/wiki/Allantoin" title="Allantoin">allantoin</a>—from the <a href="/wiki/Comfrey" class="mw-redirect" title="Comfrey">comfrey</a> plant or cow urine—found in shampoos, moisturizers and toothpaste;<a href="#cite_note-toiletries-222">[212]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Carmine" title="Carmine">carmine</a> from <a href="/wiki/Scale_insect" title="Scale insect">scale insects</a>, such as the female <a href="/wiki/Cochineal" title="Cochineal">cochineal</a>, used in food and cosmetics to produce red and pink shades;<a href="#cite_note-223">[213]</a><a href="#cite_note-224">[214]</a> <a href="/wiki/Beauty_Without_Cruelty" title="Beauty Without Cruelty">Beauty Without Cruelty</a>, founded as a charity in 1959, was one of the earliest manufacturers and certifiers of animal-free personal care products.<a href="#cite_note-225">[215]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hair_extensions">Hair extensions</h3></div> Hair extensions are generally avoided by ethical vegans since they are made from human hair, but ethical vegans may use synthetic alternatives. Environmental vegans avoid synthetic hair extensions due to their biodegradability.<a href="#cite_note-226">[216]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Insect_products">Insect products</h3></div> Vegan groups disagree about insect products.<a href="#cite_note-Slate-227">[217]</a> Neither the Vegan Society nor the American Vegan Society considers honey, silk, and other insect products suitable for vegans.<a href="#cite_note-AmVeg-209">[199]</a><a href="#cite_note-VeganSoc-228">[218]</a> Some vegans believe that exploiting the labor of bees and harvesting their energy source is immoral, and that commercial beekeeping operations can harm and even kill bees.<a href="#cite_note-WashingtonPost-229">[219]</a> Insect products can be defined much more widely, as commercial bees are used to pollinate about 100 different food crops.<a href="#cite_note-Slate-227">[217]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pet_food">Pet food</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Vegetarian_and_vegan_dog_diet" title="Vegetarian and vegan dog diet">Vegetarian and vegan dog diet</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dog_food#Vegetarian_and_vegan_dog_diet" title="Dog food">Dog food § Vegetarian and vegan dog diet</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cat_food#Vegetarian_and_vegan_diet" title="Cat food">Cat food § Vegetarian and vegan diet</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Cat_health#Diet_and_nutrition" title="Cat health">Cat health § Diet and nutrition</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Number_and_years_of_publication_of_studies_involving_dogs_and_cats_fed_vegan_diets.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Number_and_years_of_publication_of_studies_involving_dogs_and_cats_fed_vegan_diets.png/220px-Number_and_years_of_publication_of_studies_involving_dogs_and_cats_fed_vegan_diets.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Number_and_years_of_publication_of_studies_involving_dogs_and_cats_fed_vegan_diets.png/330px-Number_and_years_of_publication_of_studies_involving_dogs_and_cats_fed_vegan_diets.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Number_and_years_of_publication_of_studies_involving_dogs_and_cats_fed_vegan_diets.png/440px-Number_and_years_of_publication_of_studies_involving_dogs_and_cats_fed_vegan_diets.png 2x" data-file-width="3515" data-file-height="2635" /></a><figcaption>Number and years of publication of studies involving dogs and cats fed vegan diets<a href="#cite_note-Veterinary_Sciences_2023-230">[220]</a></figcaption></figure> Some environmental vegans do not use meat-based pet food to feed their pets due to its environmental impact,<a href="#cite_note-PetFoodEnvironment-231">[221]</a><a href="#cite_note-Rastogi2010-232">[222]</a> and ethical vegans do not use meat-based pet food.<a href="#cite_note-237">[227]</a><a href="#cite_note-241">[231]</a> This is particularly true for domesticated cats<a href="#cite_note-242">[232]</a> and dogs,<a href="#cite_note-243">[233]</a> for which vegan pet food is available.<a href="#cite_note-Rastogi2010-232">[222]</a><a href="#cite_note-Eluxe-238">[228]</a><a href="#cite_note-Knight2015-239">[229]</a> This practice has been met with caution and criticism,<a href="#cite_note-Eluxe-238">[228]</a><a href="#cite_note-VeganPetFoodCriticism-244">[234]</a> especially regarding vegan cat diets because, unlike omnivorous dogs, <a href="/wiki/Felid" class="mw-redirect" title="Felid">felids</a> are <a href="/wiki/Obligate_carnivore" class="mw-redirect" title="Obligate carnivore">obligate carnivores</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Capps2015-236">[226]</a><a href="#cite_note-Eluxe-238">[228]</a><a href="#cite_note-VeganPetFoodCriticism-244">[234]</a> A 2015 study found that 6 out of 24 commercial vegan pet food brands do not meet the Association of American Feed Control Officials (AAFCO) labeling regulations for <a href="/wiki/Amino_acid" title="Amino acid">amino acid</a> adequacy.<a href="#cite_note-AVMA2015-245">[235]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers">needs update</a>] A 2023 systematic review found no evidence of considerable effects on health; however, it was pointed out that there were issues with selection bias, studies not being long term, and low sample sizes and recommended larger scale studies.<a href="#cite_note-Veterinary_Sciences_2023-230">[220]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_products_and_farming_practices">Other products and farming practices</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Vegan_organic_agriculture" title="Vegan organic agriculture">Vegan organic agriculture</a></div> A concern is the case of medications, which are routinely tested on animals to ensure they are effective and safe,<a href="#cite_note-FDAdrugs-246">[236]</a> and may also contain animal ingredients, such as <a href="/wiki/Lactose" title="Lactose">lactose</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gelatine" class="mw-redirect" title="Gelatine">gelatine</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Stearate" class="mw-redirect" title="Stearate">stearates</a>.<a href="#cite_note-VSmedications-210">[200]</a> There may be no alternatives to prescribed medication or these alternatives may be unsuitable, less effective, or have more adverse side effects.<a href="#cite_note-VSmedications-210">[200]</a> Experimentation with laboratory animals is also used for evaluating the safety of vaccines, food additives, cosmetics, household products, workplace chemicals, and many other substances.<a href="#cite_note-NRC2004-247">[237]</a> Vegans may avoid certain vaccines, such as the <a href="/wiki/Flu_vaccine" class="mw-redirect" title="Flu vaccine">flu vaccine</a>, which is commonly produced in chicken eggs.<a href="#cite_note-flublok-248">[238]</a> An effective alternative, Flublok, is widely available in the United States.<a href="#cite_note-flublok-248">[238]</a> Farming of fruits and vegetables may include <a href="/wiki/Fertilizer" title="Fertilizer">fertilizing</a> the soil with <a href="/wiki/Animal_manure" class="mw-redirect" title="Animal manure">animal manure</a> – even on <a href="/wiki/Organic_farm" class="mw-redirect" title="Organic farm">organic farms</a>,<a href="#cite_note-charles-249">[239]</a> possibly causing a concern to vegans for ethical or environmental reasons.<a href="#cite_note-barkham-250">[240]</a> <a href="/wiki/Animal-free_agriculture" title="Animal-free agriculture">"Vegan" (or "animal-free") farming</a> uses plant compost only.<a href="#cite_note-barkham-250">[240]</a> <table class="wikitable" style="font-size: 92%; float:right; clear:right; margin:1em; margin-right:0em;"> <caption>Comparison of selected vegetarian and semi-vegetarian diets (<a href="/wiki/Template:Comparison_of_vegetarian_and_semi-vegetarian_diets" title="Template:Comparison of vegetarian and semi-vegetarian diets">view template</a>) </caption> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2"> </th> <th style="width: 4em;">Plants</th> <th style="width: 4em;"><a href="/wiki/Dairy_product" title="Dairy product">Dairy</a></th> <th style="width: 4em;"><a href="/wiki/Eggs_as_food" title="Eggs as food">Eggs</a></th> <th style="width: 4em;"><a href="/wiki/Seafood" title="Seafood">Seafood</a></th> <th style="width: 4em;"><a href="/wiki/Poultry" title="Poultry">Poultry</a></th> <th style="width: 4.5em; line-height: 1em;">All other animals </th></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="4"><a href="/wiki/Vegetarianism" title="Vegetarianism">Vegetarianism</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Lacto-ovo_vegetarianism" title="Lacto-ovo vegetarianism">Lacto-ovo vegetarianism</a> </th> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#FFF; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-no">No</td> <td style="background:#FFF; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-no">No</td> <td style="background:#FFF; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-no">No </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Lacto_vegetarianism" title="Lacto vegetarianism">Lacto vegetarianism</a> </th> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#FFF; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-no">No</td> <td style="background:#FFF; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-no">No</td> <td style="background:#FFF; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-no">No</td> <td style="background:#FFF; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-no">No </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Ovo_vegetarianism" title="Ovo vegetarianism">Ovo vegetarianism</a> </th> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#FFF; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-no">No</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#FFF; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-no">No</td> <td style="background:#FFF; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-no">No</td> <td style="background:#FFF; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-no">No </td></tr> <tr> <th><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Veganism</a> </th> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#FFF; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-no">No</td> <td style="background:#FFF; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-no">No</td> <td style="background:#FFF; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-no">No</td> <td style="background:#FFF; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-no">No</td> <td style="background:#FFF; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-no">No </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="3"><a href="/wiki/Semi-vegetarianism" class="mw-redirect" title="Semi-vegetarianism">Semi-vegetarianism</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Flexitarianism" title="Flexitarianism">Flexitarianism</a> </th> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background: #FFB; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="partial table-partial">Sometimes</td> <td style="background: #FFB; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="partial table-partial">Sometimes</td> <td style="background: #FFB; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="partial table-partial">Sometimes </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Pollotarianism" title="Pollotarianism">Pollotarianism</a> </th> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background: #FF8; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-maybe">Maybe</td> <td style="background: #FF8; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-maybe">Maybe</td> <td style="background: #FF8; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-maybe">Maybe</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#FFF; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-no">No </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Pescetarianism" title="Pescetarianism">Pescetarianism</a> </th> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background: #FF8; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-maybe">Maybe</td> <td style="background: #FF8; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-maybe">Maybe</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#FFF; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-no">No</td> <td style="background:#FFF; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-no">No </td></tr></tbody></table> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Animal_use">Animal use</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="General_2">General</h3></div> Vegans oppose the use of animals for any purpose, including food, clothing, toiletries, testing, and places that use animals for entertainment.<a href="#cite_note-251">[241]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Horseback_riding">Horseback riding</h3></div> Vegans oppose horseback riding on the basis that it is unnecessary and exploitative. While The Vegan Society acknowledges that there are ways to minimize cruelty in "breaking" a horse, they believe that the fact that horses need to be broken at all shows that horses do not naturally expect to be ridden. The Vegan Society also points out that in the modern age, horseback riding is a hobby rather than a legitimate means of transportation.<a href="#cite_note-252">[242]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Zoos_and_aquariums">Zoos and aquariums</h3></div> Vegans avoid visiting zoos and aquariums on the belief that they exploit animals for entertainment. Some vegans may visit animal sanctuaries as an alternative.<a href="#cite_note-253">[243]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pets">Pets</h3></div> Vegans do not purchase pets but may adopt or rescue a domestic animal that cannot live independently.<a href="#cite_note-254">[244]</a> Vegans do not keep <a href="/wiki/Exotic_pet" title="Exotic pet">exotic pets</a>, such as birds, tortoises, and fish, believing that because they have not been domesticated, they do not belong in captivity.<a href="#cite_note-255">[245]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Research_and_guidance">Research and guidance</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Vegan_dish_(42019058960).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Vegan dish" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Vegan_dish_%2842019058960%29.jpg/220px-Vegan_dish_%2842019058960%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Vegan_dish_%2842019058960%29.jpg/330px-Vegan_dish_%2842019058960%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Vegan_dish_%2842019058960%29.jpg/440px-Vegan_dish_%2842019058960%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6000" data-file-height="4000" /></a><figcaption>Vegan dish</figcaption></figure> Conclusions in scientific review articles range from stating benefits, to concluding that evidence is not yet sufficient, to identifying possible health problems. One review reported moderate evidence that adhering to a vegan diet for at least 12 weeks may be effective in individuals with overweight or type 2 diabetes to induce a meaningful decrease in body weight and improve glycemia.<a href="#cite_note-256">[246]</a> A second reported that vegetarian diets, including vegan diets, are associated with lower risk for vascular disease, obesity, dyslipidemia, hypertension, and type 2 diabetes.<a href="#cite_note-257">[247]</a> A third indicated that a vegan diet may be effective for reducing body weight, lowering the risk of cancer, and providing a lower risk of all-cause mortality. People on a vegan diet with diabetes or <a href="/wiki/Cardiovascular_disease" title="Cardiovascular disease">cardiovascular diseases</a> may have lower levels of disease <a href="/wiki/Biomarker" title="Biomarker">biomarkers</a>.<a href="#cite_note-sel-258">[248]</a> A <a href="/wiki/Cochrane_(organisation)" title="Cochrane (organisation)">Cochrane</a> review of <a href="/wiki/Randomized_controlled_trial" title="Randomized controlled trial">randomized controlled trials</a> found that there is "currently insufficient information to draw conclusions about the effects of vegan dietary interventions on cardiovascular disease risk factors".<a href="#cite_note-259">[249]</a> There is inconsistent evidence for vegan diets providing an effect on <a href="/wiki/Metabolic_syndrome" title="Metabolic syndrome">metabolic syndrome</a>.<a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-260">[250]</a> A meta-analysis of prospective cohort studies concluded that vegan diets are associated with reduced risk of <a href="/wiki/Ischemic_heart_disease" class="mw-redirect" title="Ischemic heart disease">ischemic heart disease</a>, but no clear association was found for cardiovascular disease and stroke.<a href="#cite_note-261">[251]</a> There is tentative evidence of an association between vegan diets and reduced risk of cancer.<a href="#cite_note-dinu-262">[252]</a> Vegans may be at risk of low <a href="/wiki/Bone_mineral_density" class="mw-redirect" title="Bone mineral density">bone mineral density</a>.<a href="#cite_note-CraigMay2009-263">[253]</a><a href="#cite_note-264">[254]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Positions_of_dietetic_and_government_associations">Positions of dietetic and government associations</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Vegan_Plate.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Vegan_Plate.svg/220px-Vegan_Plate.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Vegan_Plate.svg/330px-Vegan_Plate.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Vegan_Plate.svg/440px-Vegan_Plate.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1058" data-file-height="1058" /></a><figcaption>Healthy vegan meal composition shown using the food plate method</figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/Academy_of_Nutrition_and_Dietetics" title="Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics">Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dietitians_of_Canada" title="Dietitians of Canada">Dietitians of Canada</a> say that properly planned vegetarian or vegan diets are appropriate for all life stages, including pregnancy and lactation.<a href="#cite_note-MelinaCraig2016-265">[255]</a><a href="#cite_note-266">[256]</a> The Australian <a href="/wiki/National_Health_and_Medical_Research_Council" title="National Health and Medical Research Council">National Health and Medical Research Council</a> similarly recognizes a well-planned vegan diet as viable for any age,<a href="#cite_note-Vegan_Australia2-267">[257]</a> as does the <a href="/wiki/British_Dietetic_Association" title="British Dietetic Association">British Dietetic Association</a>,<a href="#cite_note-268">[258]</a> British <a href="/wiki/National_Health_Service" title="National Health Service">National Health Service</a><a href="#cite_note-269">[259]</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Pediatric_Society" class="mw-redirect" title="Canadian Pediatric Society">Canadian Pediatric Society</a>.<a href="#cite_note-pmid215327962-270">[260]</a> As of 2024 the <a href="/w/index.php?title=German_Society_for_Nutrition&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="German Society for Nutrition (page does not exist)">German Society for Nutrition</a> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deutsche_Gesellschaft_f%C3%BCr_Ern%C3%A4hrung" class="extiw" title="de:Deutsche Gesellschaft für Ernährung">de</a>] (DGE) holds that for healthy adults a vegan diet can be healthful, when B12 is supplemented and the diet is well-planned so that critical nutrients are provided. Because data is lacking the DGE does not recommend for or against vegan diets for vulnerable groups like children, young people, elderly and pregnant or breastfeeding women. If individuals in these groups decide for a vegan diet, they are suggested to seek professional advice, as planning the diet in these cases is complex and irreversible consequences cannot be ruled out, when the diet is not well planned. The DGE highlights that a vegan diet is exceptionally environmental friendly and can reduce greenhouse cases by about 70-80%, while having other environmental benefits, too.<a href="#cite_note-271">[261]</a> As of 2022, 45% of government nutritional guidelines discuss vegan meat or milk alternatives, or both.<a href="#cite_note-272">[262]</a><a href="#cite_note-273">[263]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pregnancy,_infants_and_children">Pregnancy, infants and children</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Vegan_nutrition#Pregnancy,_infants_and_children" title="Vegan nutrition">Vegan nutrition § Pregnancy, infants and children</a>; and <a href="/wiki/Nutrition_and_pregnancy" title="Nutrition and pregnancy">Nutrition and pregnancy</a></div> The <a href="/wiki/Academy_of_Nutrition_and_Dietetics" title="Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics">Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics</a> consider well-planned vegetarian and vegan diets "appropriate for all stages of the life cycle, including pregnancy, lactation, infancy, childhood, adolescence, older adulthood, and for athletes.<a href="#cite_note-MelinaCraig2016-265">[255]</a> The German Society for Nutrition cautioned against a vegan diet for pregnant women, breastfeeding women, babies, children, and adolescents.<a href="#cite_note-GermanyDGE-274">[264]</a> The position of the <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Pediatric_Society" class="mw-redirect" title="Canadian Pediatric Society">Canadian Pediatric Society</a> is that "well-planned vegetarian and vegan diets with appropriate attention to specific nutrient components can provide a healthy alternative lifestyle at all stages of fetal, infant, child and adolescent growth. It is recommended that attention should be given to nutrient intake, particularly protein, vitamins B12 and D, essential fatty acids, iron, zinc, and calcium.<a href="#cite_note-pmid215327962-270">[260]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Nutrients_and_potential_deficiencies">Nutrients and potential deficiencies</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Vegan_nutrition" title="Vegan nutrition">Vegan nutrition</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Granola_oatmeal_with_soymilk_flickr_user_daisybush.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Granola_oatmeal_with_soymilk_flickr_user_daisybush.jpg/220px-Granola_oatmeal_with_soymilk_flickr_user_daisybush.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Granola_oatmeal_with_soymilk_flickr_user_daisybush.jpg/330px-Granola_oatmeal_with_soymilk_flickr_user_daisybush.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Granola_oatmeal_with_soymilk_flickr_user_daisybush.jpg/440px-Granola_oatmeal_with_soymilk_flickr_user_daisybush.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2848" data-file-height="2136" /></a><figcaption>Granola oatmeal with soy milk. <a href="/wiki/Oatmeal" title="Oatmeal">Oatmeal</a> is a rich source of <a href="/wiki/Manganese" title="Manganese">manganese</a> and a moderate source of <a href="/wiki/Protein_(nutrient)" title="Protein (nutrient)">protein</a>, fiber, <a href="/wiki/Phosphorus" title="Phosphorus">phosphorus</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Zinc" title="Zinc">zinc</a>.</figcaption></figure> Vegan diets tend to be higher in <a href="/wiki/Dietary_fiber" title="Dietary fiber">dietary fiber</a>, <a href="/wiki/Magnesium" title="Magnesium">magnesium</a>, <a href="/wiki/Folate" title="Folate">folic acid</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vitamin_C" title="Vitamin C">vitamin C</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vitamin_E" title="Vitamin E">vitamin E</a>, <a href="/wiki/Iron" title="Iron">iron</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Phytochemical" title="Phytochemical">phytochemicals</a>, and lower in <a href="/wiki/Dietary_energy_supply" title="Dietary energy supply">dietary energy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Saturated_fat" title="Saturated fat">saturated fat</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cholesterol" title="Cholesterol">cholesterol</a>, <a href="/wiki/Omega-3_fatty_acid" title="Omega-3 fatty acid">omega-3 fatty acid</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vitamin_D" title="Vitamin D">vitamin D</a>, <a href="/wiki/Calcium" title="Calcium">calcium</a>, <a href="/wiki/Zinc" title="Zinc">zinc</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Vitamin_B12" title="Vitamin B12">vitamin B12</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Craigvegandiets-275">[k]</a> As a result of the elimination of all animal products, a poorly planned vegan diet can lead to nutritional deficiencies that counteract its beneficial effects and cause serious health issues,<a href="#cite_note-CraigMay2009-263">[253]</a><a href="#cite_note-DiGenovaGuyda2007-276">[265]</a><a href="#cite_note-RizzoLagana2016-277">[266]</a> some of which can only be prevented with <a href="/wiki/Fortified_food" class="mw-redirect" title="Fortified food">fortified foods</a> or <a href="/wiki/Dietary_supplement" title="Dietary supplement">dietary supplements</a>.<a href="#cite_note-CraigMay2009-263">[253]</a><a href="#cite_note-MelinaCraig2016-265">[255]</a> Vitamin B12 supplementation is important because <a href="/wiki/Vitamin_B12_deficiency" title="Vitamin B12 deficiency">its deficiency</a> can cause blood disorders and potentially irreversible neurological damage; this danger is also one of the most common in poorly planned non-vegan diets.<a href="#cite_note-RizzoLagana2016-277">[266]</a><a href="#cite_note-HannibalLysne2016-278">[267]</a><a href="#cite_note-Gille2015rev-279">[268]</a><a href="#cite_note-CraigMay2009-263">[253]</a> The American <a href="/wiki/Academy_of_Nutrition_and_Dietetics" title="Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics">Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics</a> states that special attention may be necessary to ensure that a vegan diet provides adequate amounts of <a href="/wiki/Vitamin_B12" title="Vitamin B12">vitamin B12</a>, omega-3 fatty acids, vitamin D, calcium, iodine, iron, and zinc. It also states that concern that vegans and vegan athletes may not consume an adequate amount and quality of protein is unsubstantiated.<a href="#cite_note-melina2-280">[269]</a> These nutrients are available in plant foods, with the exception of vitamin B12, which can be obtained only from B12-fortified vegan foods or supplements. <a href="/wiki/Vitamin_B12_deficiency" title="Vitamin B12 deficiency">Vitamin B12 deficiency</a> occurs in up to 80% of all vegans in some Asian countries.<a href="#cite_note-281">[270]</a> <a href="/wiki/Iodine" title="Iodine">Iodine</a> may also require supplementation, such as using iodized salt.<a href="#cite_note-melina2-280">[269]</a><a href="#cite_note-282">[271]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Philosophy">Philosophy</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ethical_veganism">Ethical veganism</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks" style="width:22.0em;"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Animal_rights" title="Category:Animal rights">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle"><a href="/wiki/Animal_rights" title="Animal rights">Animal rights</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image" style="padding-top:0.6em;"><a href="/wiki/File:Paw_(Animal_Rights_symbol).svg" class="mw-file-description" title="A paw"><img alt="A paw" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Paw_%28Animal_Rights_symbol%29.svg/40px-Paw_%28Animal_Rights_symbol%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Paw_%28Animal_Rights_symbol%29.svg/60px-Paw_%28Animal_Rights_symbol%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Paw_%28Animal_Rights_symbol%29.svg/80px-Paw_%28Animal_Rights_symbol%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Overview</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Animal_welfare" title="Animal welfare">Animal welfare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animal_rights_by_country_or_territory" title="Animal rights by country or territory">Around the world</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_animal_rights" title="History of animal rights">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_animal_rights" class="mw-redirect" title="Timeline of animal rights">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cruelty_to_animals" title="Cruelty to animals">Animal cruelty</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Veganism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vegetarianism" title="Vegetarianism">Vegetarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Ape_Project" title="Great Ape Project">Primate rights</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Great_ape_research_ban" class="mw-redirect" title="Great ape research ban">in research</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Animal_rights_movement" title="Animal rights movement">Movement</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_animal_rights_advocates" title="List of animal rights advocates">Advocates</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_vegans" title="List of vegans">Vegans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_vegetarians" title="List of vegetarians">Vegetarians</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_animal_rights_groups" title="List of animal rights groups">Groups</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Animal abuse</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Animal%E2%80%93industrial_complex" title="Animal–industrial complex">Animal–industrial complex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animal_slaughter" title="Animal slaughter">Killing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Overview_of_discretionary_invasive_procedures_on_animals" title="Overview of discretionary invasive procedures on animals">Mutilation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wild_animal_suffering" title="Wild animal suffering">Wild animals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethics_of_eating_meat" title="Ethics of eating meat">Consumption</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dog_meat" title="Dog meat">Dogs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horse_meat" title="Horse meat">Horses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cat_meat" title="Cat meat">Cats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cattle_slaughter_in_India" title="Cattle slaughter in India">Cattle</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bloodsports" class="mw-redirect" title="Bloodsports">Bloodsports</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bullfights" class="mw-redirect" title="Bullfights">Bullfighting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opposition_to_hunting" title="Opposition to hunting">Hunting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pain_in_fish" title="Pain in fish">Fishing</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animal_testing#Ethics" title="Animal testing">Animal testing</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Testing_cosmetics_on_animals" title="Testing cosmetics on animals">Cosmetic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Captivity_(animal)" title="Captivity (animal)">Captivity</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zoo#Animal_welfare_concerns" title="Zoo">Zoos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Circus#Animal_acts" title="Circus">Circuses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marine_mammal_park#Criticism_and_animal_welfare" title="Marine mammal park">Oceanariums</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Overpopulation_in_domestic_pets" class="mw-redirect" title="Overpopulation in domestic pets">Companion animals</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Puppy_mills" class="mw-redirect" title="Puppy mills">Puppy mills</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abandoned_pets" title="Abandoned pets">Abandonment</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Ideas</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abolitionism_(animal_rights)" title="Abolitionism (animal rights)">Abolitionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animal_protectionism" title="Animal protectionism">Animal protectionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carnism" title="Carnism">Carnism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Personism" title="Personism">Personism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sentiocentrism" class="mw-redirect" title="Sentiocentrism">Sentiocentrism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Speciesism" title="Speciesism">Speciesism</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Related topics</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cultured_meat" title="Cultured meat">Cultured meat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmentalism" title="Environmentalism">Environmentalism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Radical_environmentalism" title="Radical environmentalism">Radical</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deep_ecology" title="Deep ecology">Deep ecology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humanism" title="Humanism">Humanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welfarism" title="Welfarism">Welfarism</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below plainlist" style="padding-bottom:0.22em;border-top:1px solid #aaa;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;font-weight:bold;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/File:Wapiti_from_Wagon_Trails.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Wapiti_from_Wagon_Trails.jpg/32px-Wapiti_from_Wagon_Trails.jpg" decoding="async" width="32" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Wapiti_from_Wagon_Trails.jpg/48px-Wapiti_from_Wagon_Trails.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Wapiti_from_Wagon_Trails.jpg/64px-Wapiti_from_Wagon_Trails.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2064" data-file-height="1413" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Animals" title="Portal:Animals">Animals portal</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Animal_rights_sidebar" title="Template:Animal rights sidebar"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Animal_rights_sidebar" title="Template talk:Animal rights sidebar"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Animal_rights_sidebar" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Animal rights sidebar"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Animal_rights" title="Animal rights">Animal rights</a>, <a href="/wiki/Carnism" title="Carnism">Carnism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cruelty_to_animals#Welfare_concerns_of_farm_animals" title="Cruelty to animals">Cruelty to animals § Welfare concerns of farm animals</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Ethics_of_eating_meat" title="Ethics of eating meat">Ethics of eating meat</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hog_confinement_barn_interior.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="photograph of pigs in barn" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Hog_confinement_barn_interior.jpg/220px-Hog_confinement_barn_interior.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="157" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Hog_confinement_barn_interior.jpg/330px-Hog_confinement_barn_interior.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Hog_confinement_barn_interior.jpg/440px-Hog_confinement_barn_interior.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1079" data-file-height="771" /></a><figcaption>Pigs, as well as chickens and cattle, often have their movement restricted.</figcaption></figure> Ethical veganism is based on opposition to <a href="/wiki/Speciesism" title="Speciesism">speciesism</a>, the assignment of value to individuals based on (animal) species membership alone. Divisions within <a href="/wiki/Animal_rights" title="Animal rights">animal rights</a> theory include the <a href="/wiki/Animal_rights#Utilitarian_approach" title="Animal rights">utilitarian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Animal_protectionism" title="Animal protectionism">protectionist</a> approach, which pursues improved conditions for animals. It also pertains to the rights-based <a href="/wiki/Abolitionism_(animal_rights)" title="Abolitionism (animal rights)">abolitionism</a>, which seeks to end human ownership of non-humans. Abolitionists argue that protectionism serves only to make the public feel that animal use can be morally unproblematic (the "happy meat" position).<a href="#cite_note-Francione2010-87">[80]</a>: 62–63  <a href="/wiki/Donald_Watson" title="Donald Watson">Donald Watson</a>, co-founder of <a href="/wiki/The_Vegan_Society" title="The Vegan Society">The Vegan Society</a>, asked why he was an ethical vegan, replied, "If an open-minded, honest person pursues a course long enough, and listens to all the criticisms, and in one's own mind can satisfactorily meet all the criticisms against that idea, sooner or later one's resistance against what one sees as evil tradition has to be discarded."<a href="#cite_note-vegansociety-283">[272]</a> Of <a href="/wiki/Blood_sport" title="Blood sport">bloodsports</a>, he has said that "to kill creatures for fun must be the very dregs" and that <a href="/wiki/Vivisection" title="Vivisection">vivisection</a> and <a href="/wiki/Animal_testing" title="Animal testing">animal experimentation</a> "is probably the cruelest of all Man's attack on the rest of Creation." He has also said, "<a href="/wiki/Vegetarianism" title="Vegetarianism">vegetarianism</a>, whilst being a necessary stepping-stone between meat eating and veganism, is only a stepping stone."<a href="#cite_note-vegansociety-283">[272]</a> <a href="/wiki/Alex_Hershaft" title="Alex Hershaft">Alex Hershaft</a>, co-founder of the <a href="/wiki/Farm_Animal_Rights_Movement" title="Farm Animal Rights Movement">Farm Animal Rights Movement</a> and <a href="/wiki/Holocaust_survivors" title="Holocaust survivors">Holocaust survivor</a>, says he "was always bothered by the idea of hitting a beautiful, living, innocent animal over the head, cutting him up into pieces, then shoving the pieces into [his] mouth" and that his experiences in the Nazi Holocaust allowed him "to empathize with the conditions of animals in factory farms, auction yards, and slaughterhouses" because he "knows firsthand what it's like to be treated like a worthless object."<a href="#cite_note-284">[273]</a> Several animal rights activists, including <a href="/wiki/Isaac_Bashevis_Singer" title="Isaac Bashevis Singer">Isaac Bashevis Singer</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gary_Yourofsky" title="Gary Yourofsky">Gary Yourofsky</a> and <a href="/wiki/Karen_Davis_(activist)" title="Karen Davis (activist)">Karen Davis</a>, have <a href="/wiki/Animal_cruelty_and_the_Holocaust_analogy" class="mw-redirect" title="Animal cruelty and the Holocaust analogy">compared</a> the cruel treatment of animals in <a href="/wiki/Concentrated_animal_feeding_operation" title="Concentrated animal feeding operation">CAFOs</a> and <a href="/wiki/Slaughterhouse" title="Slaughterhouse">slaughterhouses</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Holocaust" class="mw-redirect" title="Holocaust">Holocaust</a>.<a href="#cite_note-285">[274]</a><a href="#cite_note-286">[275]</a><a href="#cite_note-287">[276]</a> Law professor <a href="/wiki/Gary_Francione" class="mw-redirect" title="Gary Francione">Gary Francione</a>, an abolitionist, argues that all sentient beings should have the right not to be treated as property, and that veganism must be the baseline for anyone who believes that non-humans have intrinsic moral value.<a href="#cite_note-289">[l]</a><a href="#cite_note-Francione2010-87">[80]</a>: <span title="Page / location: 62
Quotation: "L. Francione: Ethical veganism must be the unequivocal moral baseline of any social and political movement that recognizes that nonhuman animals have inherent or intrinsic moral value and are not resources for human use."" class="tooltip tooltip-dashed" style="border-bottom: 1px dashed;">62  Philosopher <a href="/wiki/Tom_Regan" title="Tom Regan">Tom Regan</a>, also a rights theorist, argues that animals possess value as "subjects-of-a-life", because they have beliefs, desires, memory and the ability to initiate action in pursuit of goals. The right of subjects-of-a-life not to be harmed can be overridden by other moral principles, but Regan argues that pleasure, convenience and the economic interests of farmers are not weighty enough.<a href="#cite_note-290">[278]</a> Philosopher <a href="/wiki/Peter_Singer" title="Peter Singer">Peter Singer</a>, a protectionist and <a href="/wiki/Utilitarianism" title="Utilitarianism">utilitarian</a>, argues that there is no moral or logical justification for failing to count animal suffering as a consequence when making decisions, and that killing animals should be rejected unless necessary for survival.<a href="#cite_note-291">[279]</a> Despite this, he writes that "ethical thinking can be sensitive to circumstances" and that he is "not too concerned about trivial infractions".<a href="#cite_note-292">[280]</a> An argument by <a href="/wiki/Bruce_Friedrich" title="Bruce Friedrich">Bruce Friedrich</a>, also a protectionist, holds that strict veganism harms animals because it focuses on personal purity rather than encouraging people to give up whatever animal products they can.<a href="#cite_note-293">[281]</a> For Francione, this is similar to arguing that, because human-rights abuses can never be eliminated, we should not defend human rights in situations we control. By failing to ask a server whether something contains animal products, we reinforce that the moral rights of animals are a matter of convenience, he argues. He concludes from this that the protectionist position fails on its own <a href="/wiki/Consequentialist" class="mw-redirect" title="Consequentialist">consequentialist</a> terms.<a href="#cite_note-Francione2010-87">[80]</a>: <span title="Page / location: 72–73
Quotation: "L. Francione: The PETA/Singer position is problematic on its own consequentialist terms because it assumes that not observing veganism will make it easier to persuade others to go vegan. But it is as likely that the opposite is true. ... It is just as likely as a matter of consequence alone that such an event may serve as an opportunity for the animal advocate to educate her companions about why she views the moral issue as she does and thereby influence their thinking about the issue."" class="tooltip tooltip-dashed" style="border-bottom: 1px dashed;">72–73  Philosopher <a href="/wiki/Val_Plumwood" title="Val Plumwood">Val Plumwood</a> maintained that ethical veganism is "subtly <a href="/wiki/Anthropocentrism" title="Anthropocentrism">human-centred</a>", an example of what she called "human/nature dualism", because it views humanity as separate from the rest of nature. Ethical vegans want to admit non-humans into the category that deserves special protection rather than recognize the "ecological embeddedness" of all.<a href="#cite_note-294">[282]</a> Plumwood wrote that animal food may be an "unnecessary evil" from the perspective of the consumer who "draws on the whole planet for nutritional needs"—and she strongly opposed factory farming—but for anyone relying on a much smaller ecosystem, it is very difficult or impossible to be vegan.<a href="#cite_note-295">[283]</a> <a href="/wiki/Bioethicist" class="mw-redirect" title="Bioethicist">Bioethicist</a> Ben Mepham,<a href="#cite_note-FEC-296">[284]</a> in his review of Francione and <a href="/wiki/Robert_Garner" title="Robert Garner">Garner</a>'s book The Animal Rights Debate: Abolition or Regulation?, concludes, "if the aim of ethics is to choose the right, or best, course of action in specific circumstances 'all things considered', it is arguable that adherence to such an absolutist agenda is simplistic and open to serious self-contradictions. Or, as Farlie puts it, with characteristic panache: 'to conclude that veganism is the "only ethical response" is to take a big leap into a very muddy pond'."<a href="#cite_note-Mepham2011-297">[285]</a> He cites as examples the adverse effects on animal wildlife derived from the agricultural practices necessary to sustain most vegan diets and the ethical contradiction of favoring the welfare of domesticated animals but not that of wild animals; the imbalance between the resources that are used to promote the welfare of animals as opposed to those destined to alleviate the suffering of the approximately one billion human beings who undergo malnutrition, abuse and exploitation; the focus on attitudes and conditions in Western developed countries, leaving out the rights and interests of societies whose economy, culture and, in some cases, survival rely on a symbiotic relationship with animals.<a href="#cite_note-Mepham2011-297">[285]</a> <a href="/wiki/David_Pearce_(philosopher)" title="David Pearce (philosopher)">David Pearce</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Transhumanist" class="mw-redirect" title="Transhumanist">transhumanist</a> philosopher, has argued that humanity has a "hedonistic imperative" not merely to avoid cruelty to animals caused by humans but also to redesign the global ecosystem such that <a href="/wiki/Wild_animal_suffering" title="Wild animal suffering">wild animal suffering</a> in nature ceases to exist.<a href="#cite_note-298">[286]</a> In pursuit of abolishing suffering, Pearce promotes <a href="/wiki/Predation" title="Predation">predation</a> elimination among animals and the "cross-species global analogue of the welfare state". Fertility regulation could maintain herbivore populations at sustainable levels, "a more civilised and compassionate policy option than famine, predation, and disease".<a href="#cite_note-Dvorsky2014-299">[287]</a> The increasing number of vegans and vegetarians in the transhumanism movement has been attributed in part to Pearce's influence.<a href="#cite_note-300">[288]</a> A growing <a href="/wiki/Political_philosophy" title="Political philosophy">political philosophy</a> that incorporates veganism as part of its <a href="/wiki/Social_revolution" title="Social revolution">revolutionary</a> <a href="/wiki/Praxis_(process)" title="Praxis (process)">praxis</a> is <a href="/wiki/Veganarchism" class="mw-redirect" title="Veganarchism">veganarchism</a>, which seeks "total abolition" or "<a href="/wiki/Total_liberationism" class="mw-redirect" title="Total liberationism">total liberation</a>" for all animals, including humans. Veganarchists identify the <a href="/wiki/State_(polity)" title="State (polity)">state</a> as unnecessary and harmful to animals, both human and non-human, and advocate for the adoption of veganism in a <a href="/wiki/Stateless_society" title="Stateless society">stateless society</a>. The term was popularized in 1995 by Brian A. Dominick's pamphlet Animal Liberation and Social Revolution, described as "a vegan perspective on anarchism or an anarchist perspective on veganism".<a href="#cite_note-Brian-301">[289]</a> <a href="/wiki/Direct_action" title="Direct action">Direct action</a> is a common practice among veganarchists (and anarchists generally) with groups like the <a href="/wiki/Animal_Liberation_Front" title="Animal Liberation Front">Animal Liberation Front</a> (ALF), the <a href="/wiki/Animal_Rights_Militia" title="Animal Rights Militia">Animal Rights Militia</a> (ARM), the <a href="/wiki/Justice_Department_(animal_rights)" title="Justice Department (animal rights)">Justice Department</a> (JD) and <a href="/wiki/Revolutionary_Cells_%E2%80%93_Animal_Liberation_Brigade" title="Revolutionary Cells – Animal Liberation Brigade">Revolutionary Cells – Animal Liberation Brigade</a> (RCALB) often engaging in such activities, sometimes criminally, to further their goals.<a href="#cite_note-302">[290]</a> <a href="/wiki/Steven_Best" title="Steven Best">Steven Best</a>, animal rights activist and professor of philosophy at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Texas_at_El_Paso" title="University of Texas at El Paso">University of Texas at El Paso</a>, advocates this approach, and has been critical of vegan activists like Francione for supporting animal liberation but not total liberation, which would include not only opposition to "the property status of animals" but also "a serious critique of capitalism, the state, property relations, and commodification dynamics in general." In particular, he criticizes the focus on the simplistic and apolitical "Go Vegan" message directed mainly at wealthy Western audiences, while ignoring people of color, the working class and the poor, especially in the developing world, noting that "for every person who becomes vegan, a thousand flesh eaters arise in China, India and Indonesia." The "faith in the singular efficacy of conjectural education and moral persuasion," Best writes, is no substitute for "direct action, mass confrontation, civil disobedience, alliance politics, and struggle for radical change."<a href="#cite_note-303">[291]</a> <a href="/wiki/Donald_Watson" title="Donald Watson">Donald Watson</a> has said he "respects the people enormously who do it, believing that it's the most direct and quick way to achieve their ends."<a href="#cite_note-vegansociety-283">[272]</a> Sociologist <a href="/wiki/David_Nibert" title="David Nibert">David Nibert</a> of <a href="/wiki/Wittenberg_University" title="Wittenberg University">Wittenberg University</a> posits that any movement towards global justice would necessitate not only the abolition of animal exploitation, particularly as a food source for humans, but also transitioning towards a <a href="/wiki/Post-capitalism" title="Post-capitalism">socioeconomic alternative to the capitalist system</a>, both of which dovetail into what he calls the <a href="/wiki/Animal%E2%80%93industrial_complex" title="Animal–industrial complex">animal–industrial complex</a>.<a href="#cite_note-304">[292]</a><a href="#cite_note-305">[293]</a> Some vegans also embrace the philosophy of <a href="/wiki/Anti-natalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-natalism">anti-natalism</a>, as they see the two as complementary in terms of "harm reduction" to animals and the environment.<a href="#cite_note-306">[294]</a> Vegan social psychologist <a href="/wiki/Melanie_Joy" title="Melanie Joy">Melanie Joy</a> described the ideology in which people support the use and consumption of <a href="/wiki/Animal_product" title="Animal product">animal products</a> as <a href="/wiki/Carnism" title="Carnism">carnism</a>,<a href="#cite_note-307">[295]</a> as a sort of opposite to veganism.<a href="#cite_note-308">[296]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Exploitation_concerns">Exploitation concerns</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Animal_slaughter#Effects_on_livestock_workers" title="Animal slaughter">Animal slaughter § Effects on livestock workers</a></div> <a href="/wiki/The_Vegan_Society" title="The Vegan Society">The Vegan Society</a> has written, "by extension, [veganism] promotes the development and use of animal-free alternatives for the benefit of humans."<a href="#cite_note-309">[297]</a> Many ethical vegans and vegan organizations cite the poor working conditions of slaughterhouse workers as a reason to reject animal products.<a href="#cite_note-310">[298]</a> The first vegan activist, <a href="/wiki/Donald_Watson" title="Donald Watson">Donald Watson</a>, has asked, "If these butchers and vivisectors weren't there, could we perform the acts that they are doing? And, if we couldn't, we have no right to expect them to do it on our behalf. Full stop! That simply compounds the issue. It means that we're not just exploiting animals; we're exploiting human beings."<a href="#cite_note-vegansociety-283">[272]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Dietary_veganism">Dietary veganism</h3></div> Some people follow a vegan diet but not other aspects of veganism. Dietary veganism is limited to following a <a href="/wiki/Plant-based_diet" title="Plant-based diet">plant-based diet</a>.<a href="#cite_note-311">[299]</a><a href="#cite_note-312">[300]</a><a href="#cite_note-313">[301]</a> Dietary veganism is in contrast to ethical veganism which is defined as a philosophical belief that is a protected characteristic under the UK's <a href="/wiki/Equality_Act_2010" title="Equality Act 2010">Equality Act 2010</a>.<a href="#cite_note-314">[302]</a> Authors like <a href="/wiki/Richard_Twine_(sociologist)" title="Richard Twine (sociologist)">Richard Twine</a> and <a href="/wiki/A._Breeze_Harper" title="A. Breeze Harper">Breeze Harper</a> argue that dietary veganism cannot be called veganism, as veganism is more than a diet.<a href="#cite_note-315">[303]</a><a href="#cite_note-316">[304]</a> <a href="/wiki/Gary_L._Francione" title="Gary L. Francione">Gary L. Francione</a> has argued that the promotion of "dietary veganism" lacks the moral imperative expressed by Leslie J. Cross, an early and influential vice-president of The Vegan Society, who said in 1949 that veganism was "the abolition of the exploitation of animals by man".<a href="#cite_note-317">[305]</a> The Vegan Society of Canada have criticized dietary veganism stating, "since veganism is not a list of ingredients there is also no such thing as a dietary vegan. Veganism cannot be split into sub-components; this is a case where the whole is greater than the sum of its parts".<a href="#cite_note-318">[306]</a> Others have suggested that the arguments for dietary veganism can be extended to support ethical veganism.<a href="#cite_note-319">[307]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Environmental_veganism">Environmental veganism</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Environmental_vegetarianism" title="Environmental vegetarianism">Environmental vegetarianism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Environmental_impact_of_meat_production" class="mw-redirect" title="Environmental impact of meat production">Environmental impact of meat production</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Vegan_organic_gardening" class="mw-redirect" title="Vegan organic gardening">Vegan organic gardening</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Land-use-of-different-diets-Poore-Nemecek.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Land-use-of-different-diets-Poore-Nemecek.png/220px-Land-use-of-different-diets-Poore-Nemecek.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="135" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Land-use-of-different-diets-Poore-Nemecek.png/330px-Land-use-of-different-diets-Poore-Nemecek.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Land-use-of-different-diets-Poore-Nemecek.png/440px-Land-use-of-different-diets-Poore-Nemecek.png 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1259" /></a><figcaption>The amount of globally needed agricultural land would be reduced by three-quarters if the entire population adopted a vegan diet.<a href="#cite_note-Carrington2018-320">[308]</a></figcaption></figure>Environmental vegans focus on <a href="/wiki/Conservation_(ethic)" class="mw-redirect" title="Conservation (ethic)">conservation</a>, rejecting the use of animal products on the premise that <a href="/wiki/Fishing" title="Fishing">fishing</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hunting" title="Hunting">hunting</a>, trapping and farming, particularly <a href="/wiki/Factory_farming" class="mw-redirect" title="Factory farming">factory farming</a>, are environmentally unsustainable. According to a 2006 United Nations <a href="/wiki/Food_and_Agriculture_Organization" title="Food and Agriculture Organization">Food and Agriculture Organization</a> report, <a href="/wiki/Livestock%27s_Long_Shadow" title="Livestock's Long Shadow">Livestock's Long Shadow</a>, around 26% of the planet's terrestrial surface is devoted to livestock grazing.<a href="#cite_note-321">[309]</a> The report also concluded that livestock farming (mostly of cows, chickens and pigs) affects the air, land, soil, water, <a href="/wiki/Biodiversity" title="Biodiversity">biodiversity</a> and <a href="/wiki/Climate_change" title="Climate change">climate change</a>.<a href="#cite_note-322">[310]</a> Livestock consumed 1,174 million tonnes of food in 2002—including 7.6 million tonnes of fishmeal and 670 million tonnes of cereals, one-third of the global cereal harvest.<a href="#cite_note-323">[311]</a> <a href="/wiki/Paul_Watson" title="Paul Watson">Paul Watson</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Sea_Shepherd_Conservation_Society" title="Sea Shepherd Conservation Society">Sea Shepherd Conservation Society</a> called pigs and chicken "major aquatic predators", because livestock eat 40 percent of the fish that are caught.<a href="#cite_note-environmental-92">[84]</a> A 2010 UN report, <a href="/wiki/Priority_Products_and_Materials_report" class="mw-redirect" title="Priority Products and Materials report">Assessing the Environmental Impacts of Consumption and Production</a>, argued that animal products "in general require more resources and cause higher emissions than plant-based alternatives".<a href="#cite_note-UNEP2010-324">[312]</a>: 80  It proposed a move away from animal products to reduce environmental damage.<a href="#cite_note-325">[m]</a><a href="#cite_note-326">[313]</a><figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Wynes_Nicholas_CO2_emissions_savings.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Wynes_Nicholas_CO2_emissions_savings.svg/250px-Wynes_Nicholas_CO2_emissions_savings.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="294" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Wynes_Nicholas_CO2_emissions_savings.svg/375px-Wynes_Nicholas_CO2_emissions_savings.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Wynes_Nicholas_CO2_emissions_savings.svg/500px-Wynes_Nicholas_CO2_emissions_savings.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="602" /></a><figcaption>Reduction of one's carbon footprint for various actions. A plant-based diet in this study referred to a lacto-ovo vegetarian diet. Vegan diets are known to have lower carbon footprints.<a href="#cite_note-327">[314]</a></figcaption></figure> A 2015 study determined that <a href="/wiki/Holocene_extinction" title="Holocene extinction">significant biodiversity loss</a> can be attributed to the growing demand for meat, a significant driver of <a href="/wiki/Deforestation" title="Deforestation">deforestation</a> and habitat destruction, with species-rich habitats converted to agriculture for livestock production.<a href="#cite_note-328">[315]</a><a href="#cite_note-329">[316]</a><a href="#cite_note-330">[317]</a> A 2017 <a href="/wiki/World_Wildlife_Fund" class="mw-redirect" title="World Wildlife Fund">World Wildlife Fund</a> study found that 60% of biodiversity loss can be attributed to the vast scale of feed crop cultivation needed to rear tens of billions of farm animals, which puts enormous strain on natural resources, resulting in extensive loss of lands and species.<a href="#cite_note-331">[318]</a> In 2017, 15,364 world scientists signed a <a href="/wiki/World_Scientists%27_Warning_to_Humanity" title="World Scientists' Warning to Humanity">warning to humanity</a> calling for, among other things, "promoting dietary shifts towards mostly plant-based foods".<a href="#cite_note-332">[319]</a> A 2018 study found that global adoption of plant-based diets would reduce agricultural land use by 76% (3.1 billion hectares, an area the size of Africa) and cut total global <a href="/wiki/Greenhouse_gas_emissions" title="Greenhouse gas emissions">greenhouse gas emissions</a> by 28%. Half of this emissions reduction came from avoided emissions from animal production including <a href="/wiki/Methane" title="Methane">methane</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nitrous_oxide" title="Nitrous oxide">nitrous oxide</a>, and half from trees re-growing on abandoned farmlands that remove carbon dioxide from the air.<a href="#cite_note-333">[320]</a><a href="#cite_note-Carrington2018-320">[308]</a> The authors conclude that avoiding meat and dairy is the "single biggest way" to reduce one's impact on Earth.<a href="#cite_note-:4-334">[321]</a> The 2019 <a href="/wiki/IPBES" class="mw-redirect" title="IPBES">IPBES</a> <a href="/wiki/Global_Assessment_Report_on_Biodiversity_and_Ecosystem_Services" title="Global Assessment Report on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services">Global Assessment Report on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services</a> found that <a href="/wiki/Industrial_agriculture" title="Industrial agriculture">industrial agriculture</a> and <a href="/wiki/Overfishing" title="Overfishing">overfishing</a> are the primary drivers of the extinction crisis, with the meat and dairy industries having a substantial impact.<a href="#cite_note-335">[322]</a><a href="#cite_note-336">[323]</a> On 8 August 2019, the IPCC released a summary of the 2019 special report which asserted that a shift towards plant-based diets would help to mitigate and adapt to climate change.<a href="#cite_note-337">[324]</a> A 2022 study found that for high-income nations alone 100 billion tons of carbon dioxide could be removed from the air by the end of the century through a shift to plant-based diets and re-wilding of farmlands. The researchers coined the term double climate dividend to describe the effect that re-wilding after a diet shift can have.<a href="#cite_note-338">[325]</a><a href="#cite_note-339">[326]</a> But they note: "We don't have to be purist about this, even just cutting animal intake would be helpful. If half of the public in richer regions cut half the animal products in their diets, you're still talking about a massive opportunity in environmental outcomes and public health".<a href="#cite_note-340">[327]</a> A 2023 study published in <a href="/wiki/Nature_Food" title="Nature Food">Nature Food</a> found that a vegan diet vastly decreases the impact on the environment from food production, such as reducing emissions, water pollution and land use by 75%, reducing the destruction of wildlife by 66% and the usage of water by 54%.<a href="#cite_note-341">[328]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Feminist_veganism">Feminist veganism</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Vegetarian_ecofeminism" title="Vegetarian ecofeminism">Vegetarian ecofeminism</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Pioneers">Pioneers</h4></div> One leading activist and scholar of feminist animal rights is <a href="/wiki/Carol_J._Adams" title="Carol J. Adams">Carol J. Adams</a>. Her premier work, <a href="/wiki/The_Sexual_Politics_of_Meat" title="The Sexual Politics of Meat">The Sexual Politics of Meat: A Feminist-Vegetarian Critical Theory</a> (1990), noted the relationship between feminism and meat consumption. Since its release, Adams has published several other works, including essays, books, and keynote addresses. In one of her speeches, "Why feminist-vegan now?"<a href="#cite_note-342">[329]</a>—adapted from her original address at the "Minding Animals" conference in Newcastle, Australia (2009)—she said, "the idea that there was a connection between feminism and vegetarianism came to [her] in October 1974". Other authors have echoed Adams's ideas and expanded on them. Feminist scholar Angella Duvnjak wrote in "Joining the Dots: Some Reflections on Feminist-Vegan Political Practice and Choice" (2011) that she was met with opposition when she pointed out the connection between feminist and vegan ideals, even though the connection seemed more than obvious to her and other scholars.<a href="#cite_note-uwa-343">[330]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Animal_and_human_abuse_parallels">Animal and human abuse parallels</h4></div> One of the central concepts that animates feminist veganism is the idea that there is a connection between the oppression of women and the oppression of animals. For example, Marjorie Spiegal compared the consumption or servitude of animals for human gain to <a href="/wiki/Slavery" title="Slavery">slavery</a>.<a href="#cite_note-uwa-343">[330]</a> This connection is further mirrored by feminist vegan writers like Carrie Hamilton, who wrote that violent "rapists sometimes exhibit behavior that seems to be patterned on the mutilation of animals", suggesting there is a parallel between <a href="/wiki/Rape" title="Rape">rape</a> and <a href="/wiki/Animal_cruelty" class="mw-redirect" title="Animal cruelty">animal cruelty</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:0-344">[331]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Capitalism_and_feminist_veganism">Capitalism and feminist veganism</h4></div> Feminist veganism also relates to feminist thought through the common critique of the <a href="/wiki/Capitalism" title="Capitalism">capitalist</a> means of production. In an interview, Carol J. Adams highlighted "meat eating as the ultimate capitalist product, because it takes so much to make the product, it uses up so many resources".<a href="#cite_note-345">[332]</a> This extensive use of resources for meat production is discouraged in favor of using that productive capacity for other food products that have a less detrimental impact on the environment. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Religious_veganism">Religious veganism</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Religion_and_vegetarianism" class="mw-redirect" title="Religion and vegetarianism">Religion and vegetarianism</a></div>Streams within a number of religious traditions encourage veganism, sometimes on ethical or environmental grounds. Scholars have especially noted the growth in the 21st century of <a href="/wiki/Jewish_vegetarianism" title="Jewish vegetarianism">Jewish veganism</a>,<a href="#cite_note-346">[333]</a> as well as <a href="/wiki/Jain_vegetarianism" title="Jain vegetarianism">Jain veganism</a>.<a href="#cite_note-347">[334]</a> Some religious interpretations, such as <a href="/wiki/Christian_vegetarianism" title="Christian vegetarianism">Christian vegetarianism</a>,<a href="#cite_note-348">[335]</a> <a href="/wiki/Hindu_vegetarianism" class="mw-redirect" title="Hindu vegetarianism">Hindu vegetarianism</a>,<a href="#cite_note-349">[336]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Buddhist_vegetarianism" title="Buddhist vegetarianism">Buddhist vegetarianism</a>,<a href="#cite_note-350">[337]</a> also recommend or mandate a vegan diet. Donald Watson argued, "If Jesus were alive today, he'd be an itinerant vegan propagandist instead of an itinerant preacher of those days, spreading the message of compassion, which, as I see it, is the only useful part of what religion has to offer and, sad as it seems, I doubt if we have to enroll our priest as a member of the Vegan Society."<a href="#cite_note-vegansociety-283">[272]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Black_veganism">Black veganism</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Black_veganism" title="Black veganism">Black veganism</a></div> In the U.S., Black veganism is a social and political philosophy as well as a diet.<a href="#cite_note-seversonNYT28nov2017-351">[338]</a> It connects the use of nonhuman animals with other social justice concerns such as <a href="/wiki/Racism" title="Racism">racism</a>, and with the lasting effects of slavery, such as the subsistence diets of enslaved people enduring as familial and cultural food traditions.<a href="#cite_note-seversonNYT28nov2017-351">[338]</a><a href="#cite_note-BBC11sep2020-172">[163]</a><a href="#cite_note-:12-352">[339]</a> Dietary changes caused by the <a href="/wiki/Great_Migration_(African_American)" title="Great Migration (African American)">Great Migration</a> also meant former farmers, who had previously been able to grow or forage vegetables, became reliant on processed foods.<a href="#cite_note-shahTHRILL26jan2018-353">[340]</a><a href="#cite_note-:12-352">[339]</a> According to Oakland activist AshEL Eldridge, the movement is about the Black community reclaiming its <a href="/wiki/Food_sovereignty" title="Food sovereignty">food sovereignty</a> and "decolonizing" Black Americans' diet.<a href="#cite_note-reileyWAPO24jan2020-354">[341]</a> According to Shah, the area where most vegans of color feel the greatest rift with mainstream veganism is in its failure to recognize the intersectionality with other social justice issues, such as <a href="/wiki/Food_desert" title="Food desert">food access</a>.<a href="#cite_note-shahTHRILL26jan2018-353">[340]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Politics_and_activism">Politics and activism</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Plant-based_diet#Politics" title="Plant-based diet">Plant-based diet § Politics</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Animal_rights_movement" title="Animal rights movement">Animal rights movement</a></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Marsz_Wyzwolenia_Zwierzat_-_Go_Vegan.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Marsz_Wyzwolenia_Zwierzat_-_Go_Vegan.jpg/250px-Marsz_Wyzwolenia_Zwierzat_-_Go_Vegan.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="333" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Marsz_Wyzwolenia_Zwierzat_-_Go_Vegan.jpg/375px-Marsz_Wyzwolenia_Zwierzat_-_Go_Vegan.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Marsz_Wyzwolenia_Zwierzat_-_Go_Vegan.jpg/500px-Marsz_Wyzwolenia_Zwierzat_-_Go_Vegan.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3096" data-file-height="4128" /></a><figcaption>Participant of the Animal Liberation March in Warsaw encouraging veganism, 2022</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Vegan_activism_Madrid.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Vegan_activism_Madrid.jpg/250px-Vegan_activism_Madrid.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="333" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Vegan_activism_Madrid.jpg/375px-Vegan_activism_Madrid.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Vegan_activism_Madrid.jpg/500px-Vegan_activism_Madrid.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="1600" /></a><figcaption>Vegan activism sticker in Madrid: My body is not meal</figcaption></figure> In 2021, vegan climate activist <a href="/wiki/Greta_Thunberg" title="Greta Thunberg">Greta Thunberg</a> called for more vegan food production and consumption worldwide.<a href="#cite_note-355">[342]</a> Parties like <a href="/wiki/Human_Environment_Animal_Protection" class="mw-redirect" title="Human Environment Animal Protection">Tierschutzpartei</a> in Germany and <a href="/wiki/Animalist_Party_Against_Mistreatment_of_Animals" class="mw-redirect" title="Animalist Party Against Mistreatment of Animals">PACMA</a> in Spain have pro-vegan agendas. They cooperate via <a href="/wiki/Animal_Politics_EU" title="Animal Politics EU">Animal Politics EU</a>.<a href="#cite_note-356">[343]</a> In the European Union, meat producers and vegans debate whether vegan food products should be allowed to use terms like "sausages" or "burgers".<a href="#cite_note-357">[344]</a> The EU bans labeling vegan products with dairy-related words like "almond milk", a rule instated in 2017.<a href="#cite_note-358">[345]</a> As of 2019<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Veganism&action=edit">[update]</a>, six countries in Europe apply higher <a href="/wiki/Value-added_tax" title="Value-added tax">value-added tax</a> (VAT) rates to vegan <a href="/wiki/Plant_milk" title="Plant milk">plant milk</a> than to cow milk, which pro-vegan activists have called discrimination.<a href="#cite_note-359">[346]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Demographics">Demographics</h2></div> One out of 10 Americans over 18 consider themselves vegan or vegetarian as of January 2022.<a href="#cite_note-360">[347]</a> A study comparing personality traits of vegans, vegetarians and omnivores found that vegans were higher in openness and agreeableness than omnivores.<a href="#cite_note-361">[348]</a> In the below chart, polls with larger sample sizes are preferred over those with smaller sample size. <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Veganism by demographic subgroup </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Subgroup </th> <th> </th> <th> </th> <th> </th> <th> </th> <th> </th> <th> </th> <th>Sample size </th> <th>Ref </th></tr> <tr> <th>Gender </th> <th>Male </th> <th>Female </th> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>Over 8,000 </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-:3-362">[349]</a><a href="#cite_note-363">[350]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th> </th> <td>21% </td> <td>79% </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Religion (general) </th> <th>Atheist or Agnostic </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Spiritual_but_not_religious" title="Spiritual but not religious">Spiritual but not religious</a> </th> <th>Major religion </th> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>Over 8,000 </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-:3-362">[349]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th> </th> <td>43% </td> <td>45% </td> <td>11% </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Religion (specific) </th> <th>Christianity </th> <th>Judaism </th> <th>Other religion </th> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>287, American </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-:2-364">[351]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th> </th> <td>8% </td> <td>7% </td> <td>12% </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Political orientation </th> <th>Liberal </th> <th>Apolitical </th> <th>Conservative </th> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>Over 8,000 </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-:3-362">[349]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th> </th> <td>62% </td> <td>33% </td> <td>5% </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Motivation </th> <th>Animal rights </th> <th>Other </th> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>Over 8,000 </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-:3-362">[349]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th> </th> <td>69% </td> <td>31% </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Parenting </th> <th>Don't want or have children </th> <th>Might have children </th> <th>Is raising vegan children </th> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>Over 8,000 </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-:3-362">[349]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th> </th> <td>39% </td> <td>33% </td> <td>10% </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Age </th> <th>18 to 25 </th> <th>24 to 35 </th> <th>35 to 44 </th> <th>45 to 54 </th> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>287, American </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-:2-364">[351]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th> </th> <td>22% </td> <td>35% </td> <td>21% </td> <td>14% </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th>How long vegan </th> <th>Five years or more </th> <th>One to five years </th> <th>Less than one year </th> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>287, American </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-:2-364">[351]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th> </th> <td>49% </td> <td>42% </td> <td>8% </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Sexual orientation </th> <th>Heterosexual </th> <th>Bisexual </th> <th>Homosexual </th> <th>Queer/other </th> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>287, American </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-:2-364">[351]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th> </th> <td>65% </td> <td>13% </td> <td>7% </td> <td>15% </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Race (United States) </th> <th>White </th> <th>Hispanic </th> <th>Black </th> <th>Asian </th> <th>Native American </th> <th>Mixed </th> <td>287, American </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-:2-364">[351]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th> </th> <td>79% </td> <td>5% </td> <td>2.5% </td> <td>6% </td> <td>1% </td> <td>5% </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Area type </th> <th>Urban </th> <th>Suburban </th> <th>Rural </th> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>287, American </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-:2-364">[351]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th> </th> <td>52% </td> <td>40% </td> <td>8% </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Income </th> <th>Under $35,000 </th> <th>$35,000 to $55,000 </th> <th>$56,000 to $75,000 </th> <th>$76,000 to $100,000 </th> <th>over $100,000 </th> <td> </td> <td>287, American </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-:2-364">[351]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td>29% </td> <td>18% </td> <td>13% </td> <td>14% </td> <td>25% </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Prejudice_against_vegans">Prejudice against vegans</h2></div> <div class="excerpt-block"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1066933788">.mw-parser-output .excerpt-hat .mw-editsection-like{font-style:normal}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable dablink excerpt-hat selfref">This section is an excerpt from <a href="/wiki/Vegaphobia" title="Vegaphobia">Vegaphobia</a>.[<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vegaphobia&action=edit">edit</a>]</div><div class="excerpt"> Vegaphobia, vegephobia, veganphobia, or veganophobia is an aversion to, or dislike of, vegetarians and vegans.<a href="#cite_note-Vegaphobia_cole-365">[352]</a><a href="#cite_note-366">[353]</a><a href="#cite_note-367">[354]</a> The term first appeared in the 2010s, coinciding with the rise in veganism in the late 2010s.<a href="#cite_note-368">[355]</a><a href="#cite_note-Vegaphobia_vice-369">[356]</a> Several studies have found an incidence of vegaphobic sentiments in the general population.<a href="#cite_note-Vegaphobia_:0-370">[357]</a><a href="#cite_note-Vegaphobia_:1-371">[358]</a><a href="#cite_note-Vegaphobia_:2-372">[359]</a> Positive feelings regarding vegetarians and vegans also exist. Because of their diet, others may perceive them as more virtuous or principled.<a href="#cite_note-373">[360]</a></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Vegan_rights">Vegan rights</h2></div> In some countries, vegans have some rights to meals and legal protections against <a href="/wiki/Discrimination" title="Discrimination">discrimination</a>. <ul><li>The <a href="/wiki/Federal_Police_(Germany)" title="Federal Police (Germany)">German police</a> sometimes provides on-duty staff with food. After not being provided a vegan option in this context, a vegan employee has been granted an additional food allowance.<a href="#cite_note-374">[361]</a></li> <li>In <a href="/wiki/Portugal" title="Portugal">Portugal</a>, starting in 2017, public administration canteens and cafeterias such as schools, prisons and social services must offer at least one vegan option at every meal.<a href="#cite_note-375">[362]</a></li> <li>In <a href="/wiki/Ontario" title="Ontario">Ontario</a>, a province of <a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a>, there were reports<a href="#cite_note-376">[363]</a> that ethical veganism became protected under the <a href="/wiki/Human_Rights_Code_(Ontario)" title="Human Rights Code (Ontario)">Ontario Human Rights Code</a>, following a 2015 update to legal guidance by the <a href="/wiki/Ontario_Human_Rights_Commission" title="Ontario Human Rights Commission">Ontario Human Rights Commission</a>. However, said body later issued a statement that this question is for a judge or tribunal to decide on a case-by-case basis.<a href="#cite_note-377">[364]</a></li> <li>In the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a>, an employment tribunal ruled in 2020 that the <a href="/wiki/Equality_Act_2010" title="Equality Act 2010">Equality Act 2010</a> protects "ethical veganism", a belief it defined as veganism that extends beyond diet to all areas of life and is motivated by a concern for animals.<a href="#cite_note-378">[365]</a><a href="#cite_note-379">[366]</a></li> <li>In the United Kingdom, prisoners who are vegan must be given a vegan meal with enough nutrients to sustain a healthy life. Vegan prisoners should also be given clothing which is made from non-animal materials. This also applies to toiletries, medication and it also means that they should not have to work on prison farms involving animals.<a href="#cite_note-380">[367]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Symbols">Symbols</h2></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Anarchist_and_Ecological_Symbols_-_Graffiti_-_Lisbon,_Portugal_(4633434450).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="photograph of circle-A and circle-V graffiti on wall" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Anarchist_and_Ecological_Symbols_-_Graffiti_-_Lisbon%2C_Portugal_%284633434450%29.jpg/140px-Anarchist_and_Ecological_Symbols_-_Graffiti_-_Lisbon%2C_Portugal_%284633434450%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="140" height="210" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Anarchist_and_Ecological_Symbols_-_Graffiti_-_Lisbon%2C_Portugal_%284633434450%29.jpg/210px-Anarchist_and_Ecological_Symbols_-_Graffiti_-_Lisbon%2C_Portugal_%284633434450%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Anarchist_and_Ecological_Symbols_-_Graffiti_-_Lisbon%2C_Portugal_%284633434450%29.jpg/280px-Anarchist_and_Ecological_Symbols_-_Graffiti_-_Lisbon%2C_Portugal_%284633434450%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2304" data-file-height="3456" /></a><figcaption>Vegan graffiti showing an enclosed V below a <a href="/wiki/Anarchist_symbolism#Circle-A" title="Anarchist symbolism">circle-A</a> in <a href="/wiki/Lisbon,_Portugal" class="mw-redirect" title="Lisbon, Portugal">Lisbon, Portugal</a></figcaption></figure><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Vegetarian_and_vegan_symbolism" title="Vegetarian and vegan symbolism">Vegetarian and vegan symbolism</a></div> Multiple symbols have been developed to represent veganism. Several are used on <a href="/wiki/Packaging_and_labeling" class="mw-redirect" title="Packaging and labeling">consumer packaging</a>, including the <a href="/wiki/Vegan_Society" class="mw-redirect" title="Vegan Society">Vegan Society</a> trademark<a href="#cite_note-VTS-205">[195]</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Vegan_Action" class="mw-redirect" title="Vegan Action">Vegan Action</a> logo,<a href="#cite_note-VAcert-203">[193]</a> to indicate products without animal-derived ingredients.<a href="#cite_note-Yacoubou-381">[368]</a><a href="#cite_note-Basas-382">[369]</a> Various symbols may also be used by members of the vegan community to represent their identity and in the course of animal rights activism,[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] such as a vegan flag.<a href="#cite_note-383">[370]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Media_depictions">Media depictions</h2></div> Veganism is often misrepresented in media. Some argue that veganism has been dismissed in news media<a href="#cite_note-384">[371]</a> or that <a href="/wiki/Clickbait" title="Clickbait">clickbait</a> culture often portrays feminists and vegans as "irrational extremists."<a href="#cite_note-385">[372]</a> This is because in Western societies, "meat-based diets are the norm" with those who avoid meat still representing "a small minority,"<a href="#cite_note-Consumer_Attitudes_Towards_Environm-386">[373]</a><a href="#cite_note-387">[374]</a> with more women than men as vegan and vegetarian, with women being "under-represented in the mass media," the latter influencing more to be vegetarians.<a href="#cite_note-388">[375]</a> Others have noted those who are vegetarian and vegan are met with "acceptance, tolerance, or hostility" after they divulge they are vegetarian or vegan.<a href="#cite_note-389">[376]</a> There are a number of vegan stereotypes, including claims they hate meat-eaters, are always hungry, weak, angry, or moralistic.<a href="#cite_note-390">[377]</a> The hatred of vegans has been termed as <a href="/wiki/Vegaphobia" title="Vegaphobia">vegaphobia</a> by some individuals. <a href="/wiki/Farhad_Manjoo" title="Farhad Manjoo">Farhad Manjoo</a>, in 2019, stated that "preachy vegans are something of a myth," and argued that in pop culture, and generally, it is "still widely acceptable to make fun of vegans."<a href="#cite_note-391">[378]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Literature">Literature</h3></div> Often vegan or vegetarian characters are portrayed as fringe characters, although other novels cast them as protagonists or encourage people to become vegetarians or vegans.<a href="#cite_note-392">[379]</a><a href="#cite_note-393">[380]</a> Some have argued that there are more vegan cookbooks than "vegan literature"<a href="#cite_note-394">[381]</a> There are also books that introduce "vegan identity to children"<a href="#cite_note-395">[382]</a> or encourage people to "write for" animals.<a href="#cite_note-396">[383]</a> Also, <a href="/wiki/Hulk" title="Hulk">Bruce Banner</a> in <a href="/wiki/Ultimate_Wolverine_vs._Hulk" title="Ultimate Wolverine vs. Hulk">Ultimate Wolverine vs. Hulk</a><a href="#cite_note-Gerber-397">[384]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Karolina_Dean" title="Karolina Dean">Karolina Dean</a> in <a href="/wiki/Runaways_(comics)" title="Runaways (comics)">Runaways</a>, who is also known as Lucy in the Sky or L.S.D., are vegans. The latter is a lesbian, a vegan, and "an ardent animal lover...committed to a life completely free of meat and dairy."<a href="#cite_note-Gerber-397">[384]</a><a href="#cite_note-Dean-398">[385]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="TV_shows">TV shows</h3></div> <a href="/wiki/Jessica_Cruz" title="Jessica Cruz">Jessica Cruz</a> / Green Lantern, a lead character in the animated series, <a href="/wiki/DC_Super_Hero_Girls_(TV_series)" title="DC Super Hero Girls (TV series)">DC Super Hero Girls</a> is not only pacifist, but also a vegan and environmentalist,<a href="#cite_note-399">[386]</a><a href="#cite_note-400">[387]</a> resulting in her becoming friends with <a href="/wiki/Poison_Ivy_(character)" title="Poison Ivy (character)">Pam Isley</a>. She often professes her commitment to the environment and plant-based meals.<a href="#cite_note-401">[388]</a><a href="#cite_note-402">[389]</a> The series <a href="/wiki/City_of_Ghosts_(TV_series)" title="City of Ghosts (TV series)">City of Ghosts</a> featured a chef, Sonya, who runs a vegan cafe in <a href="/wiki/Leimert_Park,_Los_Angeles" title="Leimert Park, Los Angeles">Leimert Park, Los Angeles</a>.<a href="#cite_note-403">[390]</a><a href="#cite_note-404">[391]</a> <a href="/wiki/List_of_Monster_High_characters#Draculaura" title="List of Monster High characters">Draculaura</a> in <a href="/wiki/Monster_High_(web_series)" title="Monster High (web series)">Monster High</a> has also been called "one of the very few outspoken vegan cartoon characters out there".<a href="#cite_note-405">[392]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Social_media">Social media</h3></div> By the 2010s, <a href="/wiki/Social_media" title="Social media">social media</a> sites like <a href="/wiki/Instagram" title="Instagram">Instagram</a> became prominent in the promotion of veganism, more than a <a href="/wiki/Fad" title="Fad">fad</a>, with people trying to "change the world by being vegan" as stated by various media outlets.<a href="#cite_note-406">[393]</a><a href="#cite_note-407">[394]</a><a href="#cite_note-408">[395]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Economics_of_veganism">Economics of veganism</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Economic_vegetarianism" title="Economic vegetarianism">Economic vegetarianism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Food_vs._feed" title="Food vs. feed">Food vs. feed</a></div> According to a 2016 study, if everyone in the U.S. switched to a vegan diet, the country would save $208.2 billion in direct health-care savings, $40.5 billion in indirect health-care savings, $40.5 billion in environmental savings, and $289.1 billion in total savings by 2050. The study also found that if everybody in the world switched to a vegan diet, the global economy would save $684.4 billion in direct health-care savings, $382.6 billion in indirect health-care savings, $569.5 billion in environmental savings, and $1.63 trillion in total savings by 2050.<a href="#cite_note-409">[396]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1259569809">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><a href="/wiki/File:Foodlogo2.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Foodlogo2.svg/32px-Foodlogo2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="23" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Foodlogo2.svg/48px-Foodlogo2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Foodlogo2.svg/64px-Foodlogo2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="146" data-file-height="106" /></a><a href="/wiki/Portal:Food" title="Portal:Food">Food portal</a></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Goblet_Glass_%28Banquet%29.svg/16px-Goblet_Glass_%28Banquet%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Goblet_Glass_%28Banquet%29.svg/24px-Goblet_Glass_%28Banquet%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Goblet_Glass_%28Banquet%29.svg/33px-Goblet_Glass_%28Banquet%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="239" data-file-height="408" /><a href="/wiki/Portal:Drink" title="Portal:Drink">Drink portal</a></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/WHO_Rod.svg/12px-WHO_Rod.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/WHO_Rod.svg/18px-WHO_Rod.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/WHO_Rod.svg/24px-WHO_Rod.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="107" data-file-height="250" /><a href="/wiki/Portal:Medicine" title="Portal:Medicine">Medicine portal</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ahimsa" title="Ahimsa">Ahimsa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Ma%27arri" title="Al-Ma'arri">al-Ma'arri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_cuisine" title="Buddhist cuisine">Buddhist cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_diets" title="List of diets">List of diets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_vegan_media" class="mw-redirect" title="List of vegan media">List of vegan media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raw_veganism" class="mw-redirect" title="Raw veganism">Raw veganism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_food_system" title="Sustainable food system">Sustainable food system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vegan_nutrition" title="Vegan nutrition">Vegan nutrition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vegan_school_meal" title="Vegan school meal">Vegan school meal</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-6"><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a> Other common but less frequent pronunciations recorded by the Merriam-Webster Online Dictionary and the Random House Dictionary are <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/ˈveɪɡən/</a> <a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key">VAY-gən</a> and <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/ˈvɛdʒən/</a> <a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key">VEJ-ən</a>.<a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a> The word was coined in Britain by Dorothy Morgan and <a href="/wiki/Donald_Watson" title="Donald Watson">Donald Watson</a>,<a href="#cite_note-VeganSociety2014-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-AdamsEtAl2014-4">[4]</a> who preferred the pronunciation <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/ˈviːɡən/</a> <a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key">VEE-gən</a>, and the 1997 edition of the Random House Dictionary reported that this pronunciation was considered "especially British" and that <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/ˈvɛdʒən/</a> <a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key">VEJ-ən</a> was the most frequent and only other common American pronunciation.<a href="#cite_note-rh1997-5">[5]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-Gelder2016-7">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Gelder2016_7-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gelder2016_7-1">b</a> "[Al-Maʿarri's] diet was extremely frugal, consisting chiefly of lentils, with figs for sweet; and, very unusually for a Muslim, he was not only a vegetarian, but a vegan who abstained from meat, fish, dairy products, eggs, and honey, because he did not want to kill or hurt animals, or deprive them of their food."<a href="#cite_note-Gelder2016-33">[30]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a> For veganism and animals as commodities:<div class="paragraphbreak" style="margin-top:0.5em"></div> Helena Pedersen, Vasile Staescu (The Rise of Critical Animal Studies, 2014): "[W]e are vegan because we are ethically opposed to the notion that life (human or otherwise) can, or should, ever be rendered as a buyable or sellable commodity."<a href="#cite_note-14">[12]</a><div class="paragraphbreak" style="margin-top:0.5em"></div> <a href="/wiki/Gary_Steiner" title="Gary Steiner">Gary Steiner</a> (Animals and the Limits of Postmodernism, 2013): " ... ethical veganism, the principle that we ought as far as possible to eschew the use of animals as sources of food, labour, entertainment and the like ... [This means that animals] ... are entitled not to be eaten, used as forced field labor, experimented upon, killed for materials to make clothing and other commodities of use to human beings, or held captive as entertainment."<a href="#cite_note-15">[13]</a><div class="paragraphbreak" style="margin-top:0.5em"></div> <a href="/wiki/Gary_Francione" class="mw-redirect" title="Gary Francione">Gary Francione</a> ("Animal Welfare, Happy Meat and Veganism as the Moral Baseline", 2012): "Ethical veganism is the personal rejection of the commodity status of nonhuman animals ..."<a href="#cite_note-16">[14]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a> In 1838 <a href="/wiki/William_Alcott" title="William Alcott">William Alcott</a>, Amos's cousin, published Vegetable Diet: As Sanctioned by Medical Men and By Experience in All Ages (1838).<a href="#cite_note-41">[38]</a> The word vegetarian appears in the second edition but not the first. </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a> Fanny Kemble (Journal of a Residence on a Georgian Plantation in 1838–1839, 1839): "The sight and smell of raw meat are especially odious to me, and I have often thought that if I had had to be my own cook, I should inevitably become a vegetarian, probably, indeed, return entirely to my green and salad days."<a href="#cite_note-47">[43]</a><div class="paragraphbreak" style="margin-top:0.5em"></div> Another early use was by <a href="/wiki/Charles_Lane_(transcendentalist)" title="Charles Lane (transcendentalist)">the editor</a> of The Healthian, a journal published by <a href="/wiki/Alcott_House" title="Alcott House">Alcott House</a>, in April 1842: "To tell a man, who is in the stocks for a given fault, that he cannot be so confined for such an offence, is ridiculous enough; but not more so than to tell a healthy vegetarian that his diet is very uncongenial with the wants of his nature, and contrary to reason."<a href="#cite_note-48">[44]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Mahatma_Gandhi" title="Mahatma Gandhi">Mahatma Gandhi</a>, address to the <a href="/wiki/Vegetarian_Society" title="Vegetarian Society">Vegetarian Society</a>, 20 November 1931: "I feel especially honoured to find on my right, Mr. Henry Salt. It was Mr. Salt's book 'A Plea for Vegetarianism', which showed me why apart from a hereditary habit, and apart from my adherence to a vow administered to me by my mother, it was right to be a vegetarian. He showed me why it was a moral duty incumbent on vegetarians not to live upon fellow-animals. It is, therefore, a matter of additional pleasure to me that I find Mr. Salt in our midst."<a href="#cite_note-Gandhispeech-56">[51]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-ethicaldietary-85"><a href="#cite_ref-ethicaldietary_85-0">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Laura_Wright_(academic)" class="mw-redirect" title="Laura Wright (academic)">Laura Wright</a> (The Vegan Studies Project, 2015): "[The Vegan Society] definition simplifies the concept of veganism in that it assumes that all vegans choose to be vegan for ethical reasons, which may be the case for the majority, but there are other reasons, including health and religious mandates, people choose to be vegan. Veganism exists as a dietary and lifestyle choice with regard to what one consumes, but making this choice also constitutes participation in the identity category of 'vegan'."<a href="#cite_note-81">[75]</a><div class="paragraphbreak" style="margin-top:0.5em"></div> Brenda Davis, <a href="/wiki/Vesanto_Melina" title="Vesanto Melina">Vesanto Melina</a> (Becoming Vegan, 2013): "There are degrees of veganism. A pure vegetarian or dietary vegan is someone who consumes a vegan diet but doesn't lead a vegan lifestyle. Pure vegetarians may use animal products, support the use of animals in research, wear leather clothing, or have no objection to the exploitation of animals for entertainment. They are mostly motivated by personal health concerns rather than by ethical objections. Some may adopt a more vegan lifestyle as they are exposed to vegan philosophy."<a href="#cite_note-82">[76]</a><div class="paragraphbreak" style="margin-top:0.5em"></div> Laura H. Kahn, Michael S. Bruner ("Politics on Your Plate", 2012): "A vegetarian is a person who abstains from eating NHA [non-human animal] flesh of any kind. A vegan goes further, abstaining from eating anything made from NHA. Thus, a vegan does not consume eggs and dairy foods. Going beyond dietary veganism, 'lifestyle' vegans also refrain from using leather, wool or any NHA-derived ingredient."<a href="#cite_note-83">[77]</a><div class="paragraphbreak" style="margin-top:0.5em"></div> Vegetarian and vegan diets may be referred to as plant-based and vegan diets as entirely plant-based.<a href="#cite_note-84">[78]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Gary_Francione" class="mw-redirect" title="Gary Francione">Gary Francione</a> (The Animal Rights Debate, 2010): "Although veganism may represent a matter of diet or lifestyle for some, ethical veganism is a profound moral and political commitment to abolition on the individual level and extends not only to matters of food but also to the wearing or using of animal products."<a href="#cite_note-Francione2010-87">[80]</a>: 62 <div class="paragraphbreak" style="margin-top:0.5em"></div> This terminology is controversial within the vegan community. While some vegan leaders, such as <a href="/wiki/Karen_Dawn" title="Karen Dawn">Karen Dawn</a>, endorse efforts to avoid animal consumption for any reason; others, including Francione, believe that veganism must be part of an <a href="/wiki/Holistic" class="mw-redirect" title="Holistic">holistic</a> ethical and political movement in order to support animal liberation. Accordingly, the latter group rejects the label "dietary vegan", referring instead to "strict vegetarians", "pure vegetarians", or followers of a plant-based diet.<a href="#cite_note-88">[81]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-150"><a href="#cite_ref-150">^</a> The small size of the study means these conclusions should be treated with some caution. </li> <li id="cite_note-182"><a href="#cite_ref-182">^</a> Plant-milk brands include <a href="/wiki/Dean_Foods" title="Dean Foods">Dean Foods</a>' <a href="/wiki/Silk_(soy_milk)" class="mw-redirect" title="Silk (soy milk)">Silk</a> soy milk and almond milk; <a href="/wiki/Blue_Diamond_Growers" title="Blue Diamond Growers">Blue Diamond</a>'s Almond Breeze, Taste the Dream's Almond Dream, and Rice Dream; and Plamil Foods' Organic Soya and <a href="/wiki/Alpro" title="Alpro">Alpro</a>'s Soya. Vegan ice-creams include Swedish Glace, Food Heaven, <a href="/wiki/Tofutti" title="Tofutti">Tofutti</a>, Turtle Mountain's So Delicious and Luna & Larry's Coconut Bliss.<a href="#cite_note-181">[172]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-Craigvegandiets-275"><a href="#cite_ref-Craigvegandiets_275-0">^</a> Winston J. Craig (<a href="/wiki/The_American_Journal_of_Clinical_Nutrition" title="The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition">The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition</a>, 2009): "Vegan diets are usually higher in dietary fiber, magnesium, folic acid, vitamins C and E, iron, and phytochemicals, and they tend to be lower in calories, saturated fat and cholesterol, long-chain n–3 (omega-3) fatty acids, vitamin D, calcium, zinc, and vitamin B-12. ... A vegan diet appears to be useful for increasing the intake of protective nutrients and phytochemicals and for minimizing the intake of dietary factors implicated in several chronic diseases."<a href="#cite_note-CraigMay2009-263">[253]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-289"><a href="#cite_ref-289">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Gary_Francione" class="mw-redirect" title="Gary Francione">Gary Francione</a> (2009): "We all believe it's wrong to inflict unnecessary suffering and death on animals. ... So now the next question becomes 'what do we mean by necessity?' Well, whatever it means, whatever abstract meaning it has, if it has any meaning whatsoever, its minimal meaning has to be that it's wrong to inflict suffering and death on animals for reasons of pleasure, amusement or convenience ... Problem is 99.9999999 percent of our animal use can only be justified by reasons of pleasure, amusement or convenience."<a href="#cite_note-288">[277]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-325"><a href="#cite_ref-325">^</a> <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Environment_Programme" title="United Nations Environment Programme">United Nations Environment Programme</a> (2010): "Impacts from agriculture are expected to increase substantially due to population growth, increasing consumption of animal products. Unlike fossil fuels, it is difficult to look for alternatives: people have to eat. A substantial reduction of impacts would only be possible with a substantial worldwide diet change, away from animal products."<a href="#cite_note-UNEP2010-324">[312]</a>: 82  </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/veganism">"Definition of Veganism"</a>. Merriam-Webster.com. 25 April 2023. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231203084816/https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/veganism">Archived</a> from the original on 3 December 2023. Retrieved 4 May 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Merriam-Webster.com&rft.atitle=Definition+of+Veganism&rft.date=2023-04-25&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.merriam-webster.com%2Fdictionary%2Fveganism&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVeganism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dictionary.com/browse/veganism">"The definition of veganism"</a>. Dictionary.com. 2016. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230521200803/https://www.dictionary.com/browse/veganism">Archived</a> from the original on 21 May 2023. Retrieved 4 May 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Dictionary.com&rft.atitle=The+definition+of+veganism&rft.date=2016&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.dictionary.com%2Fbrowse%2Fveganism&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVeganism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-VeganSociety2014-3">^ <a href="#cite_ref-VeganSociety2014_3-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-VeganSociety2014_3-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-VeganSociety2014_3-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-VeganSociety2014_3-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vegansociety.com/sites/default/files/uploads/Ripened%20by%20human%20determination.pdf#page=5">"Ripened by human determination. 70 years of The Vegan Society"</a> (PDF). <a href="/wiki/Vegan_Society" class="mw-redirect" title="Vegan Society">Vegan Society</a>. p. 3. Retrieved 14 February 2021. <q>Watson and his wife Dorothy came up with the word 'vegan'</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Vegan+Society&rft.atitle=Ripened+by+human+determination.+70+years+of+The+Vegan+Society&rft.pages=3&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.vegansociety.com%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2Fuploads%2FRipened%2520by%2520human%2520determination.pdf%23page%3D5&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVeganism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-AdamsEtAl2014-4">^ <a href="#cite_ref-AdamsEtAl2014_4-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-AdamsEtAl2014_4-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAdams2014" class="citation book cs1">Adams CJ (2014). Never too late to go vegan: the over-50 guide to adopting and thriving on a plant-based diet. Patti Breitman, Virginia Messina. New York: The Experiment. p. 8. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-61519-098-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-61519-098-0"><bdi>978-1-61519-098-0</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/864299353">864299353</a>. <q>In 1944, the word vegan (pronounced VEEgan) was coined. A group was forming and needed a name. Donald Watson and Dorothy Morgan, members of the group, were at a dance, discussing the need for a word that denoted the kind of vegetarian who used no animal products. What if the first three and last two letters of the word vegetarian were taken to describe people who at the time were called nondairy vegetarians? Morgan proposed the name; Watson liked it, as did the other members. Morgan and Watson married, and along with twenty-three other people, they founded the Vegan Society in England.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Never+too+late+to+go+vegan%3A+the+over-50+guide+to+adopting+and+thriving+on+a+plant-based+diet&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=8&rft.pub=The+Experiment&rft.date=2014&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F864299353&rft.isbn=978-1-61519-098-0&rft.aulast=Adams&rft.aufirst=Carol+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVeganism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-rh1997-5"><a href="#cite_ref-rh1997_5-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.infoplease.com/dictionary/vegan">"Meaning of vegan"</a>. Infoplease.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Infoplease&rft.atitle=Meaning+of+vegan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.infoplease.com%2Fdictionary%2Fvegan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVeganism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a> Records of Buckinghamshire, Volume 3, BPC Letterpress, 1870, 68. </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a> Karen Iacobbo, Michael Iacobbo, Vegetarian America: A History, Greenwood Publishing Group, 2004, 3. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-275-97519-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-275-97519-7">978-0-275-97519-7</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-Latham1999p168-10">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Latham1999p168_10-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Latham1999p168_10-1">b</a> J. E. M. Latham, Search for a New Eden, Madison: Fairleigh Dickinson University Press, 1999, 168. </li> <li id="cite_note-Renier2012-11"><a href="#cite_ref-Renier2012_11-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRenier2012" class="citation web cs1">Renier H (March 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.londonhistorians.org/index.php?s=file_download&id=55">"An Early Vegan: Lewis Gompertz"</a>. London Historians. Retrieved 22 April 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=London+Historians&rft.atitle=An+Early+Vegan%3A+Lewis+Gompertz&rft.date=2012-03&rft.aulast=Renier&rft.aufirst=Hannah&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.londonhistorians.org%2Findex.php%3Fs%3Dfile_download%26id%3D55&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVeganism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Francis2010p11-12"><a href="#cite_ref-Francis2010p11_12-0">^</a> Richard Francis, Fruitlands: The Alcott Family and their Search for Utopia, New Haven: Yale University Press, 2010, 11. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-300-17790-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-300-17790-9">978-0-300-17790-9</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-WatsonInterviews-13">^ <a href="#cite_ref-WatsonInterviews_13-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-WatsonInterviews_13-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-WatsonInterviews_13-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-WatsonInterviews_13-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWatson2002" class="citation interview cs1"><a href="/wiki/Donald_Watson" title="Donald Watson">Watson D</a> (15 December 2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vegansociety.com/sites/default/files/DW_Interview_2002_Unabridged_Transcript.pdf">"Interview with Donald Watson"</a> (PDF) (Transcript). Interviewed by George D. Rodger. The Vegan Society. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180314041736/https://www.vegansociety.com/sites/default/files/DW_Interview_2002_Unabridged_Transcript.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 14 March 2018. Retrieved 13 March 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Interview+with+Donald+Watson&rft.pub=The+Vegan+Society&rft.date=2002-12-15&rft.aulast=Watson&rft.aufirst=Donald&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.vegansociety.com%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2FDW_Interview_2002_Unabridged_Transcript.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVeganism" class="Z3988"><div class="paragraphbreak" style="margin-top:0.5em"></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWatson2004" class="citation interview cs1">Watson D (11 August 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180314034642/https://www.vegparadise.com/24carrot610.html">"24 Carrot Award: Donald Watson"</a>. Vegetarians in Paradise (<a href="/wiki/E-Zine" class="mw-redirect" title="E-Zine">e-Zine</a>). Vol. 6, no. 10. Interviewed by George D. Rodger. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vegparadise.com/24carrot610.html">the original</a> on 14 March 2018. Retrieved 13 March 2018. <q>I invited my early readers to suggest a more concise word to replace 'non-dairy vegetarian.' Some bizarre suggestions were made like 'dairyban, vitan, benevore, sanivore, beaumangeur', et cetera. I settled for my own word, 'vegan', containing the first three and last two letters of 'vegetarian'—'the beginning and end of vegetarian.' The word was accepted by the Oxford English Dictionary and no one has tried to improve it.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Vegetarians+in+Paradise&rft.atitle=24+Carrot+Award%3A+Donald+Watson&rft.volume=6&rft.issue=10&rft.date=2004-08-11&rft.aulast=Watson&rft.aufirst=Donald&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.vegparadise.com%2F24carrot610.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVeganism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPedersenStaescu2014" class="citation book cs1">Pedersen H, Staescu V (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=vQNgAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA262">"Conclusion: Future Directions for Critical Animal Studies"</a>. In Taylor N, <a href="/wiki/Richard_Twine_(sociologist)" title="Richard Twine (sociologist)">Twine R</a> (eds.). The Rise of Critical Animal Studies: From the Margins to the Centre. Routledge. pp. 262–276. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-135-10087-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-135-10087-2"><bdi>978-1-135-10087-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Conclusion%3A+Future+Directions+for+Critical+Animal+Studies&rft.btitle=The+Rise+of+Critical+Animal+Studies%3A+From+the+Margins+to+the+Centre&rft.pages=262-276&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-1-135-10087-2&rft.aulast=Pedersen&rft.aufirst=Helena&rft.au=Staescu%2C+Vasile&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DvQNgAwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA262&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVeganism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a> Gary Steiner, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=SfFnIsnSEIQC&pg=PA206">206 Animals and the Limits of Postmodernism</a>, Columbia University Press, 2013. </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a> Gary Francione, "Animal Welfare, Happy Meat and Veganism as the Moral Baseline", in <a href="/wiki/David_Kaplan_(philosopher)" title="David Kaplan (philosopher)">David M. Kaplan</a>, The Philosophy of Food, University of California Press, 2012 (169–189) 182. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-231-16790-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-231-16790-1">978-0-231-16790-1</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-Davis2016-18">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Davis2016_18-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Davis2016_18-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavis2016" class="citation web cs1">Davis J (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://staging.vegsoc.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/03/Origins-of-the-vegans.pdf#page=8">"The Origins of the Vegans: 1944–46"</a> (PDF). Vegetarian Society. pp. 8, 12. <q>Dorothy, nee Morgan, had passed away about ten years before Donald, having long since retired as head of a small village primary school. ... The Vegan Society AGM on Sunday November 10, 1946, at Friends House, Euston, London (TV Spring 1947 pp.4–5) was reminded that Donald Watson had already said he could not continue running everything himself (He had married Dorothy two weeks earlier).</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Vegetarian+Society&rft.atitle=The+Origins+of+the+Vegans%3A+1944%E2%80%9346&rft.pages=8%2C+12&rft.date=2016&rft.aulast=Davis&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fstaging.vegsoc.org%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2019%2F03%2FOrigins-of-the-vegans.pdf%23page%3D8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVeganism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBajpai2011" class="citation book cs1">Bajpai S (2011). The History of India – From Ancient to Modern Times. Himalayan Academy Publications (Hawaii, USA). <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-934145-38-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-934145-38-8"><bdi>978-1-934145-38-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+History+of+India+%E2%80%93+From+Ancient+to+Modern+Times&rft.pub=Himalayan+Academy+Publications+%28Hawaii%2C+USA%29&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-1-934145-38-8&rft.aulast=Bajpai&rft.aufirst=Shiva&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVeganism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSpencer1996" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Colin_Spencer" title="Colin Spencer">Spencer C</a> (1996). The Heretic's Feast: A History of Vegetarianism. Fourth Estate Classic House. pp. 33–68, 69–84. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87451-760-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-87451-760-6"><bdi>978-0-87451-760-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Heretic%27s+Feast%3A+A+History+of+Vegetarianism&rft.pages=33-68%2C+69-84&rft.pub=Fourth+Estate+Classic+House&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-0-87451-760-6&rft.aulast=Spencer&rft.aufirst=Colin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVeganism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTähtinen1976" class="citation book cs1">Tähtinen U (1976). Ahimsa: Non-violence in Indian tradition. London: [1976], Rider and Company. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-09-123340-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-09-123340-2"><bdi>978-0-09-123340-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ahimsa%3A+Non-violence+in+Indian+tradition&rft.pub=London%3A+%5B1976%5D%2C+Rider+and+Company&rft.date=1976&rft.isbn=978-0-09-123340-2&rft.aulast=T%C3%A4htinen&rft.aufirst=Unto&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVeganism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Singh2008-22"><a href="#cite_ref-Singh2008_22-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSingh2008" class="citation book cs1">Singh U (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=H3lUIIYxWkEC">A History of Ancient and Early medieval India: from the Stone Age to the 12th century</a>. New Delhi: Pearson Education. p. 137. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-317-1120-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-317-1120-0"><bdi>978-81-317-1120-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Ancient+and+Early+medieval+India%3A+from+the+Stone+Age+to+the+12th+century&rft.place=New+Delhi&rft.pages=137&rft.pub=Pearson+Education&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-81-317-1120-0&rft.aulast=Singh&rft.aufirst=Upinder&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DH3lUIIYxWkEC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVeganism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.chinavegans.org/news/how-do-you-say-vegan-in-chinese">"Chinese Veganism"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Chinese+Veganism&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.chinavegans.org%2Fnews%2Fhow-do-you-say-vegan-in-chinese&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVeganism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGreenwood2019" class="citation book cs1">Greenwood GC (2019). Just Enough Vegan Recipes and Stories from Japan’s Buddhist Temples. New World Library. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781608685837" title="Special:BookSources/9781608685837"><bdi>9781608685837</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Just+Enough+Vegan+Recipes+and+Stories+from+Japan%E2%80%99s+Buddhist+Temples&rft.pub=New+World+Library&rft.date=2019&rft.isbn=9781608685837&rft.aulast=Greenwood&rft.aufirst=Gesshin+Claire&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVeganism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHolmes1967" class="citation book cs1">Holmes W (1967). The Practice of Chinese Buddhism, 1900-1950. Harvard University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780674697003" title="Special:BookSources/9780674697003"><bdi>9780674697003</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Practice+of+Chinese+Buddhism%2C+1900-1950&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=1967&rft.isbn=9780674697003&rft.aulast=Holmes&rft.aufirst=Welch&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVeganism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.zihuzhe.com/index.php?m=content&c=content_s&a=view&id=2466&isen=1">"Chinese character translation"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Chinese+character+translation&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.zihuzhe.com%2Findex.php%3Fm%3Dcontent%26c%3Dcontent_s%26a%3Dview%26id%3D2466%26isen%3D1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVeganism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Dombrowski1984-27">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Dombrowski1984_27-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dombrowski1984_27-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDombrowski1984" class="citation journal cs1">Dombrowski DA (January 1984). "Vegetarianism and the Argument from Marginal Cases in Porphyry". Journal of the History of Ideas. 45 (1): 141–143. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2709335">10.2307/2709335</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0022-5037">0022-5037</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2709335">2709335</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11611354">11611354</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+History+of+Ideas&rft.atitle=Vegetarianism+and+the+Argument+from+Marginal+Cases+in+Porphyry&rft.volume=45&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=141-143&rft.date=1984-01&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F11611354&rft.issn=0022-5037&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2709335%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F2709335&rft.aulast=Dombrowski&rft.aufirst=Daniel+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVeganism" class="Z3988"><div class="paragraphbreak" style="margin-top:0.5em"></div> Daniel A. Dombrowski, The Philosophy of Vegetarianism, University of Massachusetts Press, 1984, 2. </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a> For Valluvar, see Kamil Zvelebil, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=degUAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA155">The Smile of Murugan: On Tamil Literature of South India</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-03591-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-03591-1">978-90-04-03591-1</a>, E. J. Brill, 1973, pp. 156–171.<div class="paragraphbreak" style="margin-top:0.5em"></div>P. S. Sundaram, Tiruvalluvar Kural, Penguin, 1990, p. 13. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-14-400009-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-14-400009-8">978-0-14-400009-8</a><div class="paragraphbreak" style="margin-top:0.5em"></div>A. A. Manavalan, Essays and Tributes on Tirukkural (1886–1986 AD) (1 ed.). Chennai: International Institute of Tamil Studies, 2009, pp. 127–129. </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKahn2001" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Charles_H._Kahn" title="Charles H. Kahn">Kahn CH</a> (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=GKUtAwAAQBAJ&q=Pythagoreanism&pg=PA72">Pythagoras and the Pythagoreans: A Brief History</a>. Indianapolis, Indiana and Cambridge, England: Hackett Publishing Company. p. 9. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87220-575-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-87220-575-8"><bdi>978-0-87220-575-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Pythagoras+and+the+Pythagoreans%3A+A+Brief+History&rft.place=Indianapolis%2C+Indiana+and+Cambridge%2C+England&rft.pages=9&rft.pub=Hackett+Publishing+Company&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-87220-575-8&rft.aulast=Kahn&rft.aufirst=Charles+H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DGKUtAwAAQBAJ%26q%3DPythagoreanism%26pg%3DPA72&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVeganism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCornelliMcKirahan2013" class="citation book cs1">Cornelli G, McKirahan R (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=p0ihjZufKncC&q=Pythagoreanism&pg=PA50">In Search of Pythagoreanism: Pythagoreanism as an Historiographical Category</a>. Berlin, Germany: Walter de Gruyter. p. 168. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-11-030650-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-11-030650-7"><bdi>978-3-11-030650-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=In+Search+of+Pythagoreanism%3A+Pythagoreanism+as+an+Historiographical+Category&rft.place=Berlin%2C+Germany&rft.pages=168&rft.pub=Walter+de+Gruyter&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-3-11-030650-7&rft.aulast=Cornelli&rft.aufirst=Gabriele&rft.au=McKirahan%2C+Richard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dp0ihjZufKncC%26q%3DPythagoreanism%26pg%3DPA50&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVeganism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Zhmud-31">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Zhmud_31-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Zhmud_31-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Zhmud_31-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Zhmud_31-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZhmud2012" class="citation book cs1">Zhmud L (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=of-ghBD9q1QC&q=Pythagoras">Pythagoras and the Early Pythagoreans</a>. Translated by Windle K, Ireland R. Oxford, England: Oxford University Press. pp. 200, 235. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-928931-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-928931-8"><bdi>978-0-19-928931-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Pythagoras+and+the+Early+Pythagoreans&rft.place=Oxford%2C+England&rft.pages=200%2C+235&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-0-19-928931-8&rft.aulast=Zhmud&rft.aufirst=Leonid&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dof-ghBD9q1QC%26q%3DPythagoras&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVeganism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMargoliouth2011" class="citation journal cs1">Margoliouth DS (15 March 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://zenodo.org/record/1428642">"Art. XI.—Abu'l-'Alā al- Ma'arrī's Correspondence on Vegetarianism"</a>. Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain & Ireland. 34 (2): 289–332. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2Fs0035869x0002921x">10.1017/s0035869x0002921x</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/25208409">25208409</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:163229071">163229071</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+Royal+Asiatic+Society+of+Great+Britain+%26+Ireland&rft.atitle=Art.+XI.%E2%80%94Abu%27l-%27Al%C4%81+al-+Ma%27arr%C4%AB%27s+Correspondence+on+Vegetarianism&rft.volume=34&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=289-332&rft.date=2011-03-15&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A163229071%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F25208409%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2Fs0035869x0002921x&rft.aulast=Margoliouth&rft.aufirst=D.+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fzenodo.org%2Frecord%2F1428642&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVeganism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Gelder2016-33"><a href="#cite_ref-Gelder2016_33-0">^</a> Geert Jan van Gelder, Gregor Schoeler, "Introduction", in Abu l-Ala al-Maarri, The Epistle of Forgiveness Or A Pardon to Enter the Garden, Volume 2, New York and London: New York University Press, 2016, xxvii. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4798-3494-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4798-3494-5">978-1-4798-3494-5</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a> James Gregory, Of Victorians and Vegetarians, I. B. Tauris, 2007. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84511-379-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84511-379-7">978-1-84511-379-7</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-MedicalTimes-35">^ <a href="#cite_ref-MedicalTimes_35-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-MedicalTimes_35-1">b</a> "International Health Exhibition", The Medical Times and Gazette, 24 May 1884, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=2rdXAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA712">712</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a> James C. Whorton, Crusaders for Fitness: The History of American Health Reformers, Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2014, 69–70: "Word of these cures of pimples, consumption, and virtually all ailments in between was widely distributed by his several publications ..."<div class="paragraphbreak" style="margin-top:0.5em"></div> <a href="/wiki/Percy_Bysshe_Shelley" title="Percy Bysshe Shelley">Percy Bysshe Shelley</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/38727">A Vindication of Natural Diet</a>, London: F. Pitman, 1884 [1813]; William Lambe, Joel Shew, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=E9anzEClAaYC">Water and Vegetable Diet</a>, New York: Fowler's and Wells, 1854 [London, 1815]. </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a> Lambe 1854, 55, 94. </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a> Andrew F. Smith, Eating History, New York: Columbia University Press, 2013, 29–35 (33 for popularity); Whorton 2014, 38ff. </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vegansociety.com/about-us/further-information/key-facts">"Key facts"</a>. The Vegan Society. Retrieved 12 July 2023. </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a> Hart 1995, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=hvmfshZxPf0C&pg=PA14">14</a>; Francis, Fruitlands: The Alcott Family and their Search for Utopia, 2010. </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a> William A. Alcott, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/vegetabledietas01alcogoog">Vegetable Diet: As Sanctioned by Medical Men and By Experience in All Ages</a>, Boston: Marsh, Capen & Lyon, 1838; <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/vegetabledietass00alco#page/n5/mode/2up">Vegetable Diet</a>, New York: Fowlers and Wells, 1851. </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a> Gregory 2007, 22. </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a> Rod Preece, Sins of the Flesh: A History of Ethical Vegetarian Thought, Vancouver: University of British Columbia Press, 2008, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=uMnubkF5HjAC&pg=PA12">12</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7748-1510-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7748-1510-9">978-0-7748-1510-9</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/vegetable">"Definition of Vegetable"</a>. Merriam-Webster. 2005. Retrieved 4 May 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Merriam-Webster&rft.atitle=Definition+of+Vegetable&rft.date=2005&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.merriam-webster.com%2Fdictionary%2Fvegetable&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVeganism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-VegetusMyth-46"><a href="#cite_ref-VegetusMyth_46-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavis2011" class="citation web cs1">Davis J (1 June 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vegsource.com/john-davis/the-vegetus-myth.html">"The Vegetus Myth"</a>. VegSource. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180318213259/https://www.vegsource.com/john-davis/the-vegetus-myth.html">Archived</a> from the original on 18 March 2018. Retrieved 18 March 2018. <q>Vegetarian can equally be seen as derived from the late Latin 'vegetabile' – meaning plant – as in Regnum Vegetabile / Plant Kingdom. Hence vegetable, vegetation – and vegetarian. Though others suggest that 'vegetable' itself is derived from 'vegetus'. But it's very unlikely that the originators went through all that either – they really did just join 'vegetable+arian', as the dictionaries have said all along.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=VegSource&rft.atitle=The+Vegetus+Myth&rft.date=2011-06-01&rft.aulast=Davis&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.vegsource.com%2Fjohn-davis%2Fthe-vegetus-myth.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVeganism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a> Fanny Kemble, Journal of a Residence on a Georgian Plantation in 1838–1839, Harper and Brothers, New York, 1863, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=WaFiAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA197">197–198</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100709210135/http://www.ivu.org/history/england19a/healthian.pdf">The Healthian</a>, 1(5), April 1842, 34–35.<div class="paragraphbreak" style="margin-top:0.5em"></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavis" class="citation web cs1">Davis J. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ivu.org/history/vegetarian.html">"History of Vegetarianism: Extracts from some journals 1842–48 – the earliest known uses of the word 'vegetarian'"</a>. <a href="/wiki/International_Vegetarian_Union" title="International Vegetarian Union">International Vegetarian Union</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180318223303/https://ivu.org/history/vegetarian.html">Archived</a> from the original on 18 March 2018. Retrieved 18 March 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=History+of+Vegetarianism%3A+Extracts+from+some+journals+1842%E2%80%9348+%E2%80%93+the+earliest+known+uses+of+the+word+%27vegetarian%27&rft.pub=International+Vegetarian+Union&rft.aulast=Davis&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fivu.org%2Fhistory%2Fvegetarian.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVeganism" class="Z3988"><div class="paragraphbreak" style="margin-top:0.5em"></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavis" class="citation web cs1">Davis J. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ivu.org/history/kemble.html">"History of Vegetarianism: Extracts from some journals 1842–48 – the earliest known uses of the word 'vegetarian' (Appendix 2 – The 1839 journal of Fanny Kemble)"</a>. International Vegetarian Union. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180318222547/https://ivu.org/history/kemble.html">Archived</a> from the original on 18 March 2018. Retrieved 18 March 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=History+of+Vegetarianism%3A+Extracts+from+some+journals+1842%E2%80%9348+%E2%80%93+the+earliest+known+uses+of+the+word+%27vegetarian%27+%28Appendix+2+%E2%80%93+The+1839+journal+of+Fanny+Kemble%29&rft.pub=International+Vegetarian+Union&rft.aulast=Davis&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fivu.org%2Fhistory%2Fkemble.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVeganism" class="Z3988"><div class="paragraphbreak" style="margin-top:0.5em"></div> John Davis, "Prototype Vegans", <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://issuu.com/vegan_society/docs/the-vegan-winter-2010/24">The Vegan</a>, Winter 2010, 22–23 (also <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110928044045/http://www.vegansociety.com/feature-articles/prototype%20vegans.pdf">here</a>). </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAxon1893" class="citation magazine cs1"><a href="/wiki/William_Axon" class="mw-redirect" title="William Axon">Axon WE</a> (December 1893). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ivu.org/history/societies/britfor.html">"A Forerunner of the Vegetarian Society"</a>. Vegetarian Messenger. Manchester, England: <a href="/wiki/Vegetarian_Society" title="Vegetarian Society">Vegetarian Society</a>. pp. 453–55. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180224100639/https://ivu.org/history/societies/britfor.html">Archived</a> from the original on 24 February 2018. 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Women's History Review. 8 (3): 469–487. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F09612029900200216">10.1080/09612029900200216</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22619793">22619793</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Women%27s+History+Review&rft.atitle=The+political+and+the+personal%3A+the+radicalism+of+Sophia+Chichester+and+Georgiana+Fletcher+Welch&rft.volume=8&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=469-487&rft.date=1999-09&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F09612029900200216&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F22619793&rft.aulast=Latham&rft.aufirst=Jackie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1080%252F09612029900200216&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVeganism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGrumettMuers2010" class="citation book cs1">Grumett D, Muers R (2010). 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Society & Animals. 7 (3): 219–228. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1163%2F156853099X00095">10.1163/156853099X00095</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Society+%26+Animals&rft.atitle=No+Animal+Food%3A+The+Road+to+Veganism+in+Britain%2C+1909%E2%80%931944&rft.volume=7&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=219-228&rft.date=1999&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1163%2F156853099X00095&rft.aulast=Leneman&rft.aufirst=Leah&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVeganism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-WatsonAutumn1965-59">^ <a href="#cite_ref-WatsonAutumn1965_59-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-WatsonAutumn1965_59-1">b</a> Donald Watson, "The Early History of the Vegan Movement", <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://issuu.com/vegan_society/docs/the-vegan-autumn-1965---21st-anniversary-issue">The Vegan</a>, Autumn 1965, 5–7; Donald Watson, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://issuu.com/vegan_society/docs/the_vegan_news_1944">Vegan News</a>, first issue, November 1944. </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWolpert2002" class="citation book cs1">Wolpert S (2002). Gandhi's Passion: The Life and Legacy of Mahatma Gandhi. Oxford University Press. pp. 21–22, 161. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-515634-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-515634-8"><bdi>978-0-19-515634-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Gandhi%27s+Passion%3A+The+Life+and+Legacy+of+Mahatma+Gandhi&rft.pages=21-22%2C+161&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-19-515634-8&rft.aulast=Wolpert&rft.aufirst=Stanley&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVeganism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ivu.org/congress/wvc47/card.html">"11th IVU World Vegetarian Congress 1947"</a>, <a href="/wiki/Stonehouse,_Gloucestershire" title="Stonehouse, Gloucestershire">Stonehouse, Gloucestershire</a>, <a href="/wiki/International_Vegetarian_Union" title="International Vegetarian Union">International Vegetarian Union</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLowbridge2017" class="citation news cs1">Lowbridge C (30 December 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-leicestershire-40722965">"Veganism: How a maligned movement went mainstream"</a>. <a href="/wiki/BBC_News" title="BBC News">BBC News</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180314050438/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-leicestershire-40722965">Archived</a> from the original on 14 March 2018. Retrieved 14 March 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Veganism%3A+How+a+maligned+movement+went+mainstream&rft.date=2017-12-30&rft.aulast=Lowbridge&rft.aufirst=Caroline&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fuk-england-leicestershire-40722965&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVeganism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a> Donald Watson, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://issuu.com/vegan_society/docs/the-vegan-news-no.-2-february-1945">Vegan News</a>, February 1945, 2–3. </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a> Stepaniak 2000, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=6Ia5eZIlgLUC&pg=PA3">3</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-Farhall1994-65">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Farhall1994_65-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Farhall1994_65-1">b</a> Richard Farhall, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://issuu.com/vegan_society/docs/the-vegan-autumn-1994---50th-anniversary">"The First Fifty Years: 1944–1994"</a>, iii (full names of members on following pages), published with The Vegan, 10(3), Autumn 1994, between pp. 12 and 13. </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vegansociety.com/take-action/campaigns/world-vegan-month">"World Vegan Month"</a>. The Vegan Society. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180314051539/https://www.vegansociety.com/take-action/campaigns/world-vegan-month">Archived</a> from the original on 14 March 2018. Retrieved 14 March 2018. <q>Every November we celebrate World Vegan Day and World Vegan Month, as well as the formation of The Vegan Society.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=World+Vegan+Month&rft.pub=The+Vegan+Society&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.vegansociety.com%2Ftake-action%2Fcampaigns%2Fworld-vegan-month&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVeganism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://vegconomist.com/fairs-and-events/sponsored-post-plant-based-alternatives-take-centre-stage-at-fffhi-returning-to-amsterdam-nov-23-24/">"advertising framework for featured article, cites all of November as World Vegan Month. The Vegconomist. Accessed 11/1/2021"</a>. 29 October 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=advertising+framework+for+featured+article%2C+cites+all+of+November+as+World+Vegan+Month.+The+Vegconomist.+Accessed+11%2F1%2F2021.&rft.date=2021-10-29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fvegconomist.com%2Ffairs-and-events%2Fsponsored-post-plant-based-alternatives-take-centre-stage-at-fffhi-returning-to-amsterdam-nov-23-24%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVeganism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://issuu.com/vegan_society/docs/the-vegan-no.-5-november-1945">The Vegan</a>, 1(5), November 1945; for 500, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://issuu.com/vegan_society/docs/the-vegan-autumn-1994---50th-anniversary">The Vegan</a>, 10(3), Autumn 1994, iv. </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a> For an example of the vegan trade list, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://issuu.com/vegan_society/docs/the-vegan-summer-1946">The Vegan</a>, 2(2), Summer 1946, 6–7. </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.happycow.net/blog/vegan-recipes/">"Vegan Recipes by Fay K. Henderson"</a>. Ernest Bell Library. July 2016. Retrieved 1 May 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Ernest+Bell+Library&rft.atitle=Vegan+Recipes+by+Fay+K.+Henderson&rft.date=2016-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.happycow.net%2Fblog%2Fvegan-recipes%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVeganism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHENDERSON1946" class="citation book cs1">HENDERSON FK (1946). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/559462905">Vegan Recipes, etc</a>. H.H. Greaves: London. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/559462905">559462905</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Vegan+Recipes%2C+etc.&rft.place=H.H.+Greaves&rft.pub=London&rft.date=1946&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F559462905&rft.aulast=HENDERSON&rft.aufirst=Fay+Keeling&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F559462905&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVeganism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Joanne_Stepaniak" title="Joanne Stepaniak">Joanne Stepaniak</a>, The Vegan Sourcebook, McGraw Hill Professional, 2000, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=6Ia5eZIlgLUC&pg=PA5">5</a>; The Vegan, Autumn 1949, 22. </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMayo" class="citation book cs1">Mayo K. Aids to a Vegan Diet for Children. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/14663134">14663134</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Aids+to+a+Vegan+Diet+for+Children&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F14663134&rft.aulast=Mayo&rft.aufirst=Kathleen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVeganism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Cole2014p203-74">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Cole2014p203_74-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cole2014p203_74-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCole2014" class="citation book cs1">Cole M (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=vQNgAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA203">"'The greatest cause on earth': The historical formation of veganism as an ethical practice"</a>. In Taylor N, <a href="/wiki/Richard_Twine_(sociologist)" title="Richard Twine (sociologist)">Twine R</a> (eds.). The Rise of Critical Animal Studies: From the Margins to the Centre. Routledge. pp. 203–224. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-135-10087-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-135-10087-2"><bdi>978-1-135-10087-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=%3Cspan+style%3D%22padding-left%3A0.15em%3B%22%3E%26%2339%3B%3C%2Fspan%3EThe+greatest+cause+on+earth%27%3A+The+historical+formation+of+veganism+as+an+ethical+practice&rft.btitle=The+Rise+of+Critical+Animal+Studies%3A+From+the+Margins+to+the+Centre&rft.pages=203-224&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-1-135-10087-2&rft.aulast=Cole&rft.aufirst=Matthew&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DvQNgAwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA203&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVeganism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Cross1951-75"><a href="#cite_ref-Cross1951_75-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCross1951" class="citation journal cs1">Cross L (1951). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ivu.org/history/world-forum/1951vegan.html">"Veganism Defined"</a>. The Vegetarian World Forum. 5 (1): 6–7.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Vegetarian+World+Forum&rft.atitle=Veganism+Defined&rft.volume=5&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=6-7&rft.date=1951&rft.aulast=Cross&rft.aufirst=Leslie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ivu.org%2Fhistory%2Fworld-forum%2F1951vegan.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVeganism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Mather1986-76"><a href="#cite_ref-Mather1986_76-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLing1986" class="citation interview cs1">Ling A (Autumn 1986). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.veganviews.org.uk/vv37/vv37arthurling.html">"The Milk of Human Kindness"</a>. Vegan Views (Interview). Vol. 37, no. Autumn 1986. Interviewed by Harry Mather. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180314052519/https://www.veganviews.org.uk/vv37/vv37arthurling.html">Archived</a> from the original on 14 March 2018. Retrieved 14 March 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Vegan+Views&rft.atitle=The+Milk+of+Human+Kindness&rft.ssn=fall&rft.volume=37&rft.issue=Autumn+1986&rft.date=1986&rft.aulast=Ling&rft.aufirst=Arthur&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.veganviews.org.uk%2Fvv37%2Fvv37arthurling.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVeganism" class="Z3988"><div class="paragraphbreak" style="margin-top:0.5em"></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.plamilfoods.co.uk/news/arthurling">"Arthur Ling, Plamil"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Plamil_Foods" title="Plamil Foods">Plamil Foods</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180314053315/https://www.plamilfoods.co.uk/news/arthurling">Archived</a> from the original on 14 March 2018. Retrieved 14 March 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Arthur+Ling%2C+Plamil&rft.pub=Plamil+Foods&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.plamilfoods.co.uk%2Fnews%2Farthurling&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVeganism" class="Z3988"><div class="paragraphbreak" style="margin-top:0.5em"></div>"The Plantmilk Society", The Vegan, X(3), Winter 1956, 14–16. </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a> Stepaniak 2000, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=6Ia5eZIlgLUC&pg=PA6">6–7</a>; Linda Austin and Norm Hammond, Oceano, Arcadia Publishing, 2010, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=B51SjziDRGQC&pg=PA39">39</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-AVS50-78">^ <a href="#cite_ref-AVS50_78-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-AVS50_78-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDinshah2010" class="citation magazine cs1">Dinshah F (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110722213651/http://www.americanvegan.org/AV1001.pdf#page=31">"American Vegan Society: 50 Years"</a> (PDF). American Vegan. 2. Vol. 10, no. 1 (Summer 2010). Vineland, NJ: <a href="/wiki/American_Vegan_Society" title="American Vegan Society">American Vegan Society</a>. p. 31. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1536-3767">1536-3767</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.americanvegan.org/AV1001.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 22 July 2011. Retrieved 14 March 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Vegan&rft.atitle=American+Vegan+Society%3A+50+Years&rft.volume=10&rft.issue=1+%28Summer+2010%29&rft.pages=31&rft.date=2010&rft.issn=1536-3767&rft.aulast=Dinshah&rft.aufirst=Freya&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.americanvegan.org%2FAV1001.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVeganism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a> Stepaniak 2000, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=6Ia5eZIlgLUC&pg=PA6">6–7</a>; Preece 2008, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=uMnubkF5HjAC&pg=PA323">323</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140827105211/http://www.americanvegan.org/history.htm">"History"</a>. American Vegan Society. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.americanvegan.org/history.htm">the original</a> on 27 August 2014. Retrieved 14 March 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=History&rft.pub=American+Vegan+Society&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.americanvegan.org%2Fhistory.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVeganism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Laura_Wright_(academic)" class="mw-redirect" title="Laura Wright (academic)">Laura Wright</a>, The Vegan Studies Project: Food, Animals, and Gender in the Age of Terror, University of Georgia Press, 2015, 2. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8203-4856-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8203-4856-8">978-0-8203-4856-8</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a> Brenda Davis, Vesanto Melina, Becoming Vegan: Express Edition, Summertown: Book Publishing Company, 2013, 3. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4596-9625-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4596-9625-9">978-1-4596-9625-9</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a> Laura H. Kahn, Michael S. Bruner, "Politics on Your Plate: Building and Burning Bridges across Organics, Vegetarian, and Vegan Discourse", in Joshua Frye (ed.), The Rhetoric of Food: Discourse, Materiality, and Power, Routledge, 2012, 46. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-203-11345-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-203-11345-5">978-0-203-11345-5</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTusoIsmailHaBartolotto2013" class="citation journal cs1">Tuso PJ, Ismail MH, Ha BP, Bartolotto C (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3662288">"Nutritional Update for Physicians: Plant-Based Diets"</a>. The Permanente Journal. 17 (2): 61–66. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.7812%2FTPP%2F12-085">10.7812/TPP/12-085</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3662288">3662288</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23704846">23704846</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Permanente+Journal&rft.atitle=Nutritional+Update+for+Physicians%3A+Plant-Based+Diets&rft.volume=17&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=61-66&rft.date=2013&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3662288%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F23704846&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.7812%2FTPP%2F12-085&rft.aulast=Tuso&rft.aufirst=P.+J.&rft.au=Ismail%2C+M.+H.&rft.au=Ha%2C+B.+P.&rft.au=Bartolotto%2C+C&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3662288&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVeganism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ethicalveganeducation.com/ethical-veganism/">"Ethical Veganism"</a>. Ethical Vegan Education. Generate Press. 27 January 2020. Retrieved 30 March 2023. <q>Therefore, Ethical Veganism, the Animal Rights position, is based on these two simple ideas: Using animals is not acceptable. How we treat them is irrelevant.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Ethical+Vegan+Education&rft.atitle=Ethical+Veganism&rft.date=2020-01-27&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fethicalveganeducation.com%2Fethical-veganism%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVeganism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Francione2010-87">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Francione2010_87-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Francione2010_87-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Francione2010_87-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Francione2010_87-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Francione2010_87-4">e</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFrancioneGarner2010" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Gary_Francione" class="mw-redirect" title="Gary Francione">Francione GL</a>, <a href="/wiki/Robert_Garner" title="Robert Garner">Garner R</a> (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180420174910/https://cup.columbia.edu/book/the-animal-rights-debate/9780231149556">"The Abolition of Animal Exploitation"</a>. The Animal Rights Debate: Abolition Or Regulation? (Paperback). Critical Perspectives on Animals: Theory, Culture, Science, and Law. New York: <a href="/wiki/Columbia_University_Press" title="Columbia University Press">Columbia University Press</a> (published 26 October 2010). <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-231-14955-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-231-14955-6"><bdi>978-0-231-14955-6</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/705765194">705765194</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cup.columbia.edu/book/the-animal-rights-debate/9780231149556">the original</a> on 20 April 2018. Retrieved 20 April 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Abolition+of+Animal+Exploitation&rft.btitle=The+Animal+Rights+Debate%3A+Abolition+Or+Regulation%3F&rft.place=New+York&rft.series=Critical+Perspectives+on+Animals%3A+Theory%2C+Culture%2C+Science%2C+and+Law&rft.pub=Columbia+University+Press&rft.date=2010&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F705765194&rft.isbn=978-0-231-14955-6&rft.aulast=Francione&rft.aufirst=Gary+Lawrence&rft.au=Garner%2C+Robert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcup.columbia.edu%2Fbook%2Fthe-animal-rights-debate%2F9780231149556&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVeganism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGreenebaum2015" class="citation journal cs1">Greenebaum J (29 April 2015). "Veganism, Identity and the Quest for Authenticity". Food, Culture & Society. 15 (1): 129–144. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2752%2F175174412x13190510222101">10.2752/175174412x13190510222101</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:145011543">145011543</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Food%2C+Culture+%26+Society&rft.atitle=Veganism%2C+Identity+and+the+Quest+for+Authenticity&rft.volume=15&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=129-144&rft.date=2015-04-29&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2752%2F175174412x13190510222101&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A145011543%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Greenebaum&rft.aufirst=Jessica&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVeganism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFB.,_Daniel2022" class="citation web cs1">B., Daniel (21 March 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://canveganseat.com/is-impossible-burger-vegan/">"Is Impossible Burger Vegan? Can Vegans Eat Impossible Burger?"</a>. Can Vegans Eat. Retrieved 25 March 2023. <q>Soy leghemoglobin does sound like good news because it is as vegan as a meat-flavored plant-based ingredient can get. Unfortunately, this same ingredient will strip Impossible Burger of its vegan status. It appears that Impossible Foods performed tests on rats to make sure that the Impossible Burger is safe for human consumption.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Can+Vegans+Eat&rft.atitle=Is+Impossible+Burger+Vegan%3F+Can+Vegans+Eat+Impossible+Burger%3F&rft.date=2022-03-21&rft.au=B.%2C+Daniel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcanveganseat.com%2Fis-impossible-burger-vegan%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVeganism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJenni2022" class="citation web cs1">Jenni (May 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.chooseveganism.org/vegan-cars/">"Can Vegans Drive Cars?"</a>. Choose Veganism. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230207145831/https://www.chooseveganism.org/vegan-cars/">Archived</a> from the original on 7 February 2023. Retrieved 7 February 2023. <q>Sorry to break it to you, but it's impossible to buy a car that is 100% vegan. However, as it's often not practical for many people to avoid having a car in today's society, vegans who need to drive a car should look for the most vegan-friendly car options.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Can+Vegans+Drive+Cars%3F&rft.pub=Choose+Veganism&rft.date=2022-05&rft.au=Jenni&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.chooseveganism.org%2Fvegan-cars%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVeganism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-environmental-92">^ <a href="#cite_ref-environmental_92-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-environmental_92-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWatson2010" class="citation interview cs1"><a href="/wiki/Paul_Watson" title="Paul Watson">Watson P</a> (21 September 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2010/sep/21/sea-shepherd-paul-watson-whales">"Sea Shepherd's Paul Watson: 'You don't watch whales die and hold signs and do nothing'"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a> (Interview). Interviewed by Michael Shapiro. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180301181850/https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2010/sep/21/sea-shepherd-paul-watson-whales">Archived</a> from the original on 1 March 2018. Retrieved 1 March 2018. <q>Stop eating the ocean. Don't eat anything out of the ocean – there is no such thing as a sustainable fishery. If people eat meat, make sure it's organic and isn't contributing to the destruction of the ocean because 40 percent of all the fish that's caught out of the ocean is fed to livestock – chickens on factory farms are fed fish meal. And be cognizant of the fact that if the oceans die, we die. Therefore our ultimate responsibility is to protect biodiversity in our world's oceans.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Sea+Shepherd%27s+Paul+Watson%3A+%27You+don%27t+watch+whales+die+and+hold+signs+and+do+nothing%27&rft.date=2010-09-21&rft.aulast=Watson&rft.aufirst=Paul&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fenvironment%2F2010%2Fsep%2F21%2Fsea-shepherd-paul-watson-whales&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVeganism" class="Z3988"><div class="paragraphbreak" style="margin-top:0.5em"></div> Matthew Cole, "Veganism", in Margaret Puskar-Pasewicz (ed.), Cultural Encyclopedia of Vegetarianism, ABC-Clio, 2010 (239–241), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=3-braqoek0AC&pg=PA241">241</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNorthKotheKlasLing2021" class="citation journal cs1">North M, Kothe E, Klas A, Ling M (1 October 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0950329321001294">"How to define 'Vegan': An exploratory study of definition preferences among omnivores, vegetarians, and vegans"</a>. Food Quality and Preference. 93: 104246. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.foodqual.2021.104246">10.1016/j.foodqual.2021.104246</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0950-3293">0950-3293</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Food+Quality+and+Preference&rft.atitle=How+to+define+%27Vegan%27%3A+An+exploratory+study+of+definition+preferences+among+omnivores%2C+vegetarians%2C+and+vegans&rft.volume=93&rft.pages=104246&rft.date=2021-10-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.foodqual.2021.104246&rft.issn=0950-3293&rft.aulast=North&rft.aufirst=Madelon&rft.au=Kothe%2C+Emily&rft.au=Klas%2C+Anna&rft.au=Ling%2C+Mathew&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sciencedirect.com%2Fscience%2Farticle%2Fabs%2Fpii%2FS0950329321001294&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVeganism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-94"><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://eur-lex.europa.eu/eli/reg/2011/1169/oj">"Regulation (EU) No 1169/2011 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 25 October 2011 on the provision of food information to consumers"</a>. EUR-Lex. Official Journal of the European Union. 22 November 2011. Retrieved 8 April 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=EUR-Lex&rft.atitle=Regulation+%28EU%29+No+1169%2F2011+of+the+European+Parliament+and+of+the+Council+of+25+October+2011+on+the+provision+of+food+information+to+consumers&rft.date=2011-11-22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Feur-lex.europa.eu%2Feli%2Freg%2F2011%2F1169%2Foj&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVeganism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-95"><a href="#cite_ref-95">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.verbraucherschutzministerkonferenz.de/VSMK-Dokumente.html">"Definitionen sowie Gründe und Ziele der Definitionen 'vegan' und 'vegetarisch'"</a> [Definitions as well as reasons and objectives of the definitions 'vegan' and 'vegetarian'] (in German). Thüringer Ministerium für Migration, Justiz und Verbraucherschutz. 22 April 2016. Retrieved 20 March 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Definitionen+sowie+Gr%C3%BCnde+und+Ziele+der+Definitionen+%27vegan%27+und+%27vegetarisch%3Cspan+style%3D%22padding-right%3A0.15em%3B%22%3E%26%2339%3B%3C%2Fspan%3E&rft.pub=Th%C3%BCringer+Ministerium+f%C3%BCr+Migration%2C+Justiz+und+Verbraucherschutz&rft.date=2016-04-22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.verbraucherschutzministerkonferenz.de%2FVSMK-Dokumente.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVeganism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-96"><a href="#cite_ref-96">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.euroveg.eu/vegan-and-vegetarian-definitions/">"Vegan and Vegetarian Definitions"</a>. European Vegetarian Union e.V. July 2019. Retrieved 20 March 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Vegan+and+Vegetarian+Definitions&rft.pub=European+Vegetarian+Union+e.V.&rft.date=2019-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.euroveg.eu%2Fvegan-and-vegetarian-definitions%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVeganism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-97"><a href="#cite_ref-97">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.iso.org/standard/76574.html">"ISO 23662:2021"</a>. ISO. 9 March 2021. Retrieved 20 March 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=ISO+23662%3A2021&rft.pub=ISO&rft.date=2021-03-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.iso.org%2Fstandard%2F76574.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVeganism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-98"><a href="#cite_ref-98">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.veganworldalliance.org/news/article/2020/06/07/vwa-iso-23662-rejection.html">"Vegan World Alliance rejects ISO-23662"</a>. Vegan World Alliance. 7 June 2020. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201001191445/https://www.veganworldalliance.org/news/article/2020/06/07/vwa-iso-23662-rejection.html">Archived</a> from the original on 1 October 2020. Retrieved 10 February 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Vegan+World+Alliance&rft.atitle=Vegan+World+Alliance+rejects+ISO-23662&rft.date=2020-06-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.veganworldalliance.org%2Fnews%2Farticle%2F2020%2F06%2F07%2Fvwa-iso-23662-rejection.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVeganism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-99"><a href="#cite_ref-99">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNeedhamHuang2000" class="citation book cs1">Needham J, Huang HT (2000). Science and civilisation in China. Cambridge: Cambridge university press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-65270-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-65270-4"><bdi>978-0-521-65270-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Science+and+civilisation+in+China&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pub=Cambridge+university+press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-521-65270-4&rft.aulast=Needham&rft.aufirst=Joseph&rft.au=Huang%2C+Hsing-Tsung&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVeganism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-100"><a href="#cite_ref-100">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFreedmanChaplinAlbala2014" class="citation book cs1">Freedman P, Chaplin JE, Albala K, eds. (2014). Food in time and place: the American Historical Association companion to food history. Oakland, California: University of California Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-27745-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-520-27745-8"><bdi>978-0-520-27745-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Food+in+time+and+place%3A+the+American+Historical+Association+companion+to+food+history&rft.place=Oakland%2C+California&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-0-520-27745-8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVeganism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-101"><a href="#cite_ref-101">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFH.T._Huang_William_Shurtleff_Akiko_Aoyagi2014" class="citation book cs1">H.T. Huang William Shurtleff Akiko Aoyagi (2014). History of Soybeans and Soyfoods in China and Taiwan, and in Chinese Cookbooks, Restaurants, and Chinese Work with Soyfoods Outside China (1024 BCE to 2014): Extensively Annotated Bibliography and Sourcebook, Including Manchuria, Hong Kong and Tibet. Soyinfo Center. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781928914686" title="Special:BookSources/9781928914686"><bdi>9781928914686</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+Soybeans+and+Soyfoods+in+China+and+Taiwan%2C+and+in+Chinese+Cookbooks%2C+Restaurants%2C+and+Chinese+Work+with+Soyfoods+Outside+China+%281024+BCE+to+2014%29%3A+Extensively+Annotated+Bibliography+and+Sourcebook%2C+Including+Manchuria%2C+Hong+Kong+and+Tibet&rft.pub=Soyinfo+Center&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=9781928914686&rft.au=H.T.+Huang+William+Shurtleff+Akiko+Aoyagi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVeganism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-VA-102"><a href="#cite_ref-VA_102-0">^</a> Iacobbo, Karen and Michael Iacobbo. "Chapter 9: Peace, Love, and Vegetarianism: The Counterculture of the 1960s and 1970s", In Vegetarian America: A History. Westport: Praeger, 2004. </li> <li id="cite_note-103"><a href="#cite_ref-103">^</a> Andrew F. Smith, Eating History, New York: Columbia University Press, 2013, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=IH6KFJ4Om0oC&pg=PA197">197</a>; Wright 2015, 34. </li> <li id="cite_note-npr16-104"><a href="#cite_ref-npr16_104-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAubrey2016" class="citation news cs1">Aubrey A (22 September 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.npr.org/sections/thesalt/2016/09/22/494984095/70s-food-movement-promoted-benefits-of-plant-based-diet">"If You Think Eating Is A Political Act, Say Thanks To Frances Moore Lappe"</a>. NPR.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=NPR&rft.atitle=If+You+Think+Eating+Is+A+Political+Act%2C+Say+Thanks+To+Frances+Moore+Lappe&rft.date=2016-09-22&rft.aulast=Aubrey&rft.aufirst=Allison&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.npr.org%2Fsections%2Fthesalt%2F2016%2F09%2F22%2F494984095%2F70s-food-movement-promoted-benefits-of-plant-based-diet&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVeganism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-105"><a href="#cite_ref-105">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Frances_Moore_Lapp%C3%A9" title="Frances Moore Lappé">Frances Moore Lappé</a>, Diet for a Small Planet: How to Enjoy a Rich Protein Harvest by Getting Off the Top of the Food Chain, Friends of the Earth/Ballantine, 1971; Smith 2013, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=IH6KFJ4Om0oC&pg=PA197">197</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-106"><a href="#cite_ref-106">^</a> For health professionals' interest in vegetarian diets in the last quarter of the 20th century: Donna Maurer, Vegetarianism: Movement or Moment?, Temple University Press, 2002, 23; for Ornish and Barnard, 99–101.<div class="paragraphbreak" style="margin-top:0.5em"></div> For McDougall: Karen Iacobbo, Michael Iacobbo, Vegetarians and Vegans in America Today, Greenwood Publishing Group, 2006, 75.<div class="paragraphbreak" style="margin-top:0.5em"></div> For Ornish, Campbell, Esselstyn, Barnard, and Greger: <a href="/wiki/Kathy_Freston" title="Kathy Freston">Kathy Freston</a>, Veganist, Weinstein Publishing, 2011. Ornish, from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=E8XpM5fFBrYC&pg=PA21">21</a>; Campbell, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=E8XpM5fFBrYC&pg=PA41">41</a>; Esselstyn, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=E8XpM5fFBrYC&pg=PA57">57</a>; Barnard, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=E8XpM5fFBrYC&pg=PA73">73</a>; Greger, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=E8XpM5fFBrYC&pg=PA109">109</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-107"><a href="#cite_ref-107">^</a> For McDougall Plan: Iacobbo and Iacobbo 2006, 75; for Robbins: Wright 2015, 35, and Preece 2008, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=uMnubkF5HjAC&pg=PA327">327</a>; for Ornish: Maurer 2002, 99–101. </li> <li id="cite_note-108"><a href="#cite_ref-108">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSabaté2003" class="citation journal cs1">Sabaté J (September 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fajcn%2F78.3.502S">"The contribution of vegetarian diets to health and disease: a paradigm shift?"</a>. The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 78 (3): 502S–507S. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fajcn%2F78.3.502S">10.1093/ajcn/78.3.502S</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12936940">12936940</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+American+Journal+of+Clinical+Nutrition&rft.atitle=The+contribution+of+vegetarian+diets+to+health+and+disease%3A+a+paradigm+shift%3F&rft.volume=78&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=502S-507S&rft.date=2003-09&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fajcn%2F78.3.502S&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F12936940&rft.aulast=Sabat%C3%A9&rft.aufirst=Joan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1093%252Fajcn%252F78.3.502S&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVeganism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-109"><a href="#cite_ref-109">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAmerican_Dietetic_AssociationDietitians_of_Canada2003" class="citation journal cs1">American Dietetic Association, Dietitians of Canada (June 2003). "Position of the American Dietetic Association and Dietitians of Canada: Vegetarian diets". Journal of the American Dietetic Association. 103 (6): 748–765. <a href="/wiki/CiteSeerX_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="CiteSeerX (identifier)">CiteSeerX</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.739.2592">10.1.1.739.2592</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1053%2Fjada.2003.50142">10.1053/jada.2003.50142</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12778049">12778049</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+American+Dietetic+Association&rft.atitle=Position+of+the+American+Dietetic+Association+and+Dietitians+of+Canada%3A+Vegetarian+diets&rft.volume=103&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=748-765&rft.date=2003-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fciteseerx.ist.psu.edu%2Fviewdoc%2Fsummary%3Fdoi%3D10.1.1.739.2592%23id-name%3DCiteSeerX&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F12778049&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1053%2Fjada.2003.50142&rft.au=American+Dietetic+Association&rft.au=Dietitians+of+Canada&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVeganism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-110"><a href="#cite_ref-110">^</a> For Freedman and Barnouin: Wright 2015, 104; for Earthlings: Wright 2015, 149.<div class="paragraphbreak" style="margin-top:0.5em"></div> For Campbell and Esselstyn: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGupta2011" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Sanjay_Gupta" title="Sanjay Gupta">Gupta S</a> (25 August 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180312220402/http://thechart.blogs.cnn.com/2011/08/25/becoming-heart-attack-proof/">"Gupta: Becoming heart attack proof"</a>. <a href="/wiki/CNN" title="CNN">CNN</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://thechart.blogs.cnn.com/2011/08/25/becoming-heart-attack-proof/">the original</a> on 12 March 2018. Retrieved 12 March 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Gupta%3A+Becoming+heart+attack+proof&rft.pub=CNN&rft.date=2011-08-25&rft.aulast=Gupta&rft.aufirst=Sanjay&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fthechart.blogs.cnn.com%2F2011%2F08%2F25%2Fbecoming-heart-attack-proof%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVeganism" class="Z3988"><div class="paragraphbreak" style="margin-top:0.5em"></div> For Eating Animals: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYonan2009" class="citation news cs1">Yonan J (22 November 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2009/11/20/AR2009112001684.html">"Book Review: Eating Animals by Jonathan Safran Foer"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Washington_Post" title="The Washington Post">The Washington Post</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180312220800/http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2009/11/20/AR2009112001684.html">Archived</a> from the original on 12 March 2018. Retrieved 12 March 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=Book+Review%3A+Eating+Animals+by+Jonathan+Safran+Foer&rft.date=2009-11-22&rft.aulast=Yonan&rft.aufirst=Joe&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fwp-dyn%2Fcontent%2Farticle%2F2009%2F11%2F20%2FAR2009112001684.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVeganism" class="Z3988"><div class="paragraphbreak" style="margin-top:0.5em"></div> For Esselystyn and Forks over Knives: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMartin2011" class="citation web cs1">Martin DS (25 November 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cnn.com/2011/HEALTH/08/19/heart.attack.proof.diet/">"The 'heart attack proof' diet?"</a>. CNN. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180312221202/http://www.cnn.com/2011/HEALTH/08/19/heart.attack.proof.diet/">Archived</a> from the original on 12 March 2018. Retrieved 12 March 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=CNN&rft.atitle=The+%27heart+attack+proof%27+diet%3F&rft.date=2011-11-25&rft.aulast=Martin&rft.aufirst=David+S.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cnn.com%2F2011%2FHEALTH%2F08%2F19%2Fheart.attack.proof.diet%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVeganism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-111"><a href="#cite_ref-111">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHaenfler2006" class="citation book cs1">Haenfler R (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/straightedgeclea00haen_179">Straight Edge: Hardcore Punk, Clean Living Youth, and Social Change</a>. Rutgers University Press. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/straightedgeclea00haen_179/page/n65">53</a>, 427–8. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8135-3851-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8135-3851-8"><bdi>978-0-8135-3851-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Straight+Edge%3A+Hardcore+Punk%2C+Clean+Living+Youth%2C+and+Social+Change&rft.pages=53%2C+427-8&rft.pub=Rutgers+University+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-8135-3851-8&rft.aulast=Haenfler&rft.aufirst=Ross&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fstraightedgeclea00haen_179&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVeganism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-112"><a href="#cite_ref-112">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTilbürgerKale2014" class="citation book cs1">Tilbürger L, Kale CP (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://theanarchistlibrary.org/library/len-tilburger-and-chris-p-kale-nailing-descartes-to-the-wall-animal-rights-veganism-and-punk-cu">'Nailing Descartes to the Wall': animal rights, veganism and punk culture</a> (<a href="/wiki/Zine" title="Zine">Zine</a>). Active Distribution. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180312223555/https://theanarchistlibrary.org/library/len-tilburger-and-chris-p-kale-nailing-descartes-to-the-wall-animal-rights-veganism-and-punk-cu">Archived</a> from the original on 12 March 2018. Retrieved 12 March 2018 – via The Anarchist Library.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%27Nailing+Descartes+to+the+Wall%27%3A+animal+rights%2C+veganism+and+punk+culture&rft.pub=Active+Distribution&rft.date=2014&rft.aulast=Tilb%C3%BCrger&rft.aufirst=Len&rft.au=Kale%2C+Chris+P.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftheanarchistlibrary.org%2Flibrary%2Flen-tilburger-and-chris-p-kale-nailing-descartes-to-the-wall-animal-rights-veganism-and-punk-cu&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVeganism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-sober-113"><a href="#cite_ref-sober_113-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKuhn2010" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Gabriel_Kuhn" title="Gabriel Kuhn">Kuhn G</a> (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200726044944/https://books.google.com/books?id=YWb7BgAAQBAJ&pg=PA137">Sober Living for the Revolution: Hardcore Punk, Straight Edge, and Radical Politics</a>. PM Press. p. 137. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-60486-051-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-60486-051-1"><bdi>978-1-60486-051-1</bdi></a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=YWb7BgAAQBAJ&pg=PA137">the original</a> on 26 July 2020. Retrieved 7 October 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sober+Living+for+the+Revolution%3A+Hardcore+Punk%2C+Straight+Edge%2C+and+Radical+Politics&rft.pages=137&rft.pub=PM+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-1-60486-051-1&rft.aulast=Kuhn&rft.aufirst=Gabriel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DYWb7BgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA137&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVeganism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-bandcamp-114"><a href="#cite_ref-bandcamp_114-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSanna2017" class="citation web cs1">Sanna J (20 September 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180312223729/https://daily.bandcamp.com/2017/09/20/czech-diy-list/">"The Sincere and Vibrant World of the Czech DIY Scene"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Bandcamp" title="Bandcamp">Bandcamp</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://daily.bandcamp.com/2017/09/20/czech-diy-list/">the original</a> on 12 March 2018. Retrieved 12 March 2018. <q>Every year, at the end of July, the small and grassy airport of Rokycany, a small Czech town a few miles east of Plzeň, fills with people for a gathering called Fluff Fest. Attendance is a summer ritual for many European fans of punk, hardcore, crust, and screamo. Featuring more than a hundred bands, tons of vegan food, a fanzine library, and various workshops, Fluff Fest has established itself as the main DIY hardcore punk event in Europe, growing every year since its inaugural edition in 2000.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Sincere+and+Vibrant+World+of+the+Czech+DIY+Scene&rft.pub=Bandcamp&rft.date=2017-09-20&rft.aulast=Sanna&rft.aufirst=Jacopo&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdaily.bandcamp.com%2F2017%2F09%2F20%2Fczech-diy-list%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVeganism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Early2010sMainstreaming-115"><a href="#cite_ref-Early2010sMainstreaming_115-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cbsnews.com/news/vegan-diets-become-more-popular-more-mainstream/">"Vegan Diets Become More Popular, More Mainstream"</a>. <a href="/wiki/CBS_News" title="CBS News">CBS News</a>. <a href="/wiki/Associated_Press" title="Associated Press">Associated Press</a>. 5 January 2011. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180301171201/https://www.cbsnews.com/news/vegan-diets-become-more-popular-more-mainstream/">Archived</a> from the original on 1 March 2018. Retrieved 1 March 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Vegan+Diets+Become+More+Popular%2C+More+Mainstream&rft.pub=CBS+News&rft.date=2011-01-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cbsnews.com%2Fnews%2Fvegan-diets-become-more-popular-more-mainstream%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVeganism" class="Z3988"><div class="paragraphbreak" style="margin-top:0.5em"></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNijjar2011" class="citation web cs1">Nijjar R (4 June 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/from-pro-athletes-to-ceos-and-doughnut-cravers-the-rise-of-the-vegan-diet-1.1049116">"From pro athletes to CEOs and doughnut cravers, the rise of the vegan diet"</a>. <a href="/wiki/CBC_News" title="CBC News">CBC News</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180301170652/http://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/from-pro-athletes-to-ceos-and-doughnut-cravers-the-rise-of-the-vegan-diet-1.1049116">Archived</a> from the original on 1 March 2018. Retrieved 1 March 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=From+pro+athletes+to+CEOs+and+doughnut+cravers%2C+the+rise+of+the+vegan+diet&rft.pub=CBC+News&rft.date=2011-06-04&rft.aulast=Nijjar&rft.aufirst=Raman&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cbc.ca%2Fnews%2Fcanada%2Ffrom-pro-athletes-to-ceos-and-doughnut-cravers-the-rise-of-the-vegan-diet-1.1049116&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVeganism" class="Z3988"><div class="paragraphbreak" style="margin-top:0.5em"></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMolloy2013" class="citation web cs1">Molloy A (31 December 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.independent.co.uk/life-style/food-and-drink/features/no-meat-no-dairy-no-problem-is-2014-the-year-vegans-become-mainstream-9032064.html">"No meat, no dairy, no problem: is 2014 the year vegans become mainstream?"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Independent" title="The Independent">The Independent</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180322231210/https://www.independent.co.uk/life-style/food-and-drink/features/no-meat-no-dairy-no-problem-is-2014-the-year-vegans-become-mainstream-9032064.html">Archived</a> from the original on 22 March 2018. 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Retrieved 1 March 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Globe+and+Mail&rft.atitle=Vegan+cuisine+moves+into+the+mainstream+%E2%80%93+and+it%27s+actually+delicious&rft.date=2015-01-13&rft.aulast=Tancock&rft.aufirst=Kat&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theglobeandmail.com%2Flife%2Ffood-and-wine%2Ffood-trends%2Fvegan-cuisine-moves-into-the-mainstream%2Farticle22430440%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVeganism" class="Z3988"><div class="paragraphbreak" style="margin-top:0.5em"></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCrawford2015" class="citation news cs1">Crawford E (17 March 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.foodnavigator-usa.com/Article/2015/03/17/Vegan-is-going-mainstream-trend-data-suggests">"Vegan is going mainstream, trend data suggests"</a>. FoodNavigator-USA. <a href="/wiki/William_Reed_Business_Media" class="mw-redirect" title="William Reed Business Media">William Reed Business Media</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180414003926/https://www.foodnavigator-usa.com/Article/2015/03/17/Vegan-is-going-mainstream-trend-data-suggests">Archived</a> from the original on 14 April 2018. Retrieved 13 April 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=FoodNavigator-USA&rft.atitle=Vegan+is+going+mainstream%2C+trend+data+suggests&rft.date=2015-03-17&rft.aulast=Crawford&rft.aufirst=Elizabeth&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.foodnavigator-usa.com%2FArticle%2F2015%2F03%2F17%2FVegan-is-going-mainstream-trend-data-suggests&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVeganism" class="Z3988"><div class="paragraphbreak" style="margin-top:0.5em"></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOberst2018" class="citation news cs1">Oberst L (18 January 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://foodrevolution.org/blog/vegan-statistics-global/">"Why the Global Rise in Vegan and Plant-Based Eating Isn't A Fad (600% Increase in U.S. Vegans + Other Astounding Stats)"</a>. Future of Food. 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WalesOnline. <a href="/wiki/Media_Wales" title="Media Wales">Media Wales</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180414005141/https://www.walesonline.co.uk/business/business-opinion/rise-rise-veganism-global-market-14199168">Archived</a> from the original on 14 April 2018. Retrieved 13 April 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=WalesOnline&rft.atitle=The+rise+and+rise+of+veganism+and+a+global+market+worth+billions&rft.date=2018-01-24&rft.aulast=Jones-Evans&rft.aufirst=Dylan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.walesonline.co.uk%2Fbusiness%2Fbusiness-opinion%2Frise-rise-veganism-global-market-14199168&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVeganism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Pendergrast-117"><a href="#cite_ref-Pendergrast_117-0">^</a> Nick Pendergrast, "Environmental Concerns and the Mainstreaming of Veganism", in T. 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Retrieved 2 April 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=The+unstoppable+rise+of+veganism%3A+how+a+fringe+movement+went+mainstream&rft.date=2018-04-01&rft.aulast=Hancox&rft.aufirst=Dan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Flifeandstyle%2F2018%2Fapr%2F01%2Fvegans-are-coming-millennials-health-climate-change-animal-welfare&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVeganism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-parkerECON-119"><a href="#cite_ref-parkerECON_119-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFParker" class="citation news cs1">Parker J. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://worldin2019.economist.com/theyearofthevegan">"The year of the vegan"</a>. The Economist. Retrieved 19 February 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Economist&rft.atitle=The+year+of+the+vegan&rft.aulast=Parker&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fworldin2019.economist.com%2Ftheyearofthevegan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVeganism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-120"><a href="#cite_ref-120">^</a> Rynn Berry, "Veganism", The Oxford Companion to American Food and Drink, Oxford University Press, 2007, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=AoWlCmNDA3QC&pg=PA604">604–605</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-Burt18May2012-121">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Burt18May2012_121-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Burt18May2012_121-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBurt2012" class="citation web cs1">Burt K (18 May 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.independent.co.uk/life-style/food-and-drink/features/is-this-the-end-of-meat-7765871.html">"Is this the end of meat?"</a>. The Independent. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180312235936/https://www.independent.co.uk/life-style/food-and-drink/features/is-this-the-end-of-meat-7765871.html">Archived</a> from the original on 12 March 2018. Retrieved 12 March 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Independent&rft.atitle=Is+this+the+end+of+meat%3F&rft.date=2012-05-18&rft.aulast=Burt&rft.aufirst=Kate&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.independent.co.uk%2Flife-style%2Ffood-and-drink%2Ffeatures%2Fis-this-the-end-of-meat-7765871.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVeganism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Shah8Jan2016-122">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Shah8Jan2016_122-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Shah8Jan2016_122-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShah2016" class="citation news cs1">Shah A (8 January 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.startribune.com/nation-s-first-vegan-butcher-shop-to-open-in-minneapolis-jan-23/364641531/">"Nation's first vegan butcher shop to open in Minneapolis January 23"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Star_Tribune" class="mw-redirect" title="Star Tribune">Star Tribune</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180313000004/http://www.startribune.com/nation-s-first-vegan-butcher-shop-to-open-in-minneapolis-jan-23/364641531/">Archived</a> from the original on 13 March 2018. Retrieved 12 March 2018. <q>The Herbivorous Butcher is scheduled to open on January 23 [2016] in northeast Minneapolis. [...] The opening of a vegan butcher shop is yet another sign of the rise of fake meat in American diets. Since 2012, sales of plant-based meat alternatives have grown 8 percent, to $553 million annually, according to the market research firm, Mintel.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Star+Tribune&rft.atitle=Nation%27s+first+vegan+butcher+shop+to+open+in+Minneapolis+January+23&rft.date=2016-01-08&rft.aulast=Shah&rft.aufirst=Allie&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.startribune.com%2Fnation-s-first-vegan-butcher-shop-to-open-in-minneapolis-jan-23%2F364641531%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVeganism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-123"><a href="#cite_ref-123">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWalraven2011" class="citation news cs1">Walraven M (14 September 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140404112944/https://www.rnw.nl/english/article/vegetarian-butchers-make-a-killing">"Vegetarian butchers make a killing"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Radio_Netherlands_Worldwide" title="Radio Netherlands Worldwide">Radio Netherlands Worldwide</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rnw.nl/english/article/vegetarian-butchers-make-a-killing">the original</a> on 4 April 2014. Retrieved 12 March 2018. <q>The first Vegetarian Butcher shop opened its doors in October 2010 in The Hague. Now, less than a year later, there are 30 spread all over the country. The display counter of these shops challenges even a staunchly carnivorous stomach not to rumble; the fake meat products are almost indistinguishable from the real thing.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Vegetarian+butchers+make+a+killing&rft.date=2011-09-14&rft.aulast=Walraven&rft.aufirst=Michel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.rnw.nl%2Fenglish%2Farticle%2Fvegetarian-butchers-make-a-killing&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVeganism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-124"><a href="#cite_ref-124">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLocker2016" class="citation news cs1">Locker M (7 January 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://time.com/4171727/a-vegan-butcher-shop-is-opening-in-minnesota/">"A Vegan 'Butcher Shop' Is Opening in Minnesota"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Time_(magazine)" title="Time (magazine)">TIME</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180313002730/http://time.com/4171727/a-vegan-butcher-shop-is-opening-in-minnesota/">Archived</a> from the original on 13 March 2018. Retrieved 12 March 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=TIME&rft.atitle=A+Vegan+%27Butcher+Shop%27+Is+Opening+in+Minnesota&rft.date=2016-01-07&rft.aulast=Locker&rft.aufirst=Melissa&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftime.com%2F4171727%2Fa-vegan-butcher-shop-is-opening-in-minnesota%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVeganism" class="Z3988"><div class="paragraphbreak" style="margin-top:0.5em"></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGajanan2016" class="citation news cs1">Gajanan M (29 January 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/lifeandstyle/2016/jan/29/the-herbivorous-butcher-minneapolis-minnesota-vegan-meats">"The Herbivorous Butcher: sausage and steak – but hold the slaughter"</a>. The Guardian. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180313002813/https://www.theguardian.com/lifeandstyle/2016/jan/29/the-herbivorous-butcher-minneapolis-minnesota-vegan-meats">Archived</a> from the original on 13 March 2018. Retrieved 12 March 2018. <q>The Walches soon took their products on the road, selling them at farmers' markets and breweries across the midwest, before returning to Minneapolis and opening the Herbivorous Butcher on 23 January [2016]. More than 5,000 patrons visited the shop on its opening weekend.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=The+Herbivorous+Butcher%3A+sausage+and+steak+%E2%80%93+but+hold+the+slaughter&rft.date=2016-01-29&rft.aulast=Gajanan&rft.aufirst=Mahita&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Flifeandstyle%2F2016%2Fjan%2F29%2Fthe-herbivorous-butcher-minneapolis-minnesota-vegan-meats&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVeganism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-125"><a href="#cite_ref-125">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAdele_Peters2019" class="citation web cs1">Adele Peters (18 September 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.fastcompany.com/90396177/think-fake-burgers-are-just-for-vegetarians-95-of-impossible-foods-customers-are-meat-eaters">"Think fake burgers are just for vegetarians? 95% of Impossible Foods' customers are meat eaters"</a>. Fast Company. Retrieved 25 November 2019. <q>Since 2017, more than 12,500 chain restaurant locations have begun offering Beyond Meat and Impossible Foods products. Carl's Jr. outlets offer Beyond Burgers. Burger King outlets begin serving Impossible Whoppers. 37% The amount plant-based meat sales in the U.S. grew in the past two years.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Fast+Company&rft.atitle=Think+fake+burgers+are+just+for+vegetarians%3F+95%25+of+Impossible+Foods%27+customers+are+meat+eaters&rft.date=2019-09-18&rft.au=Adele+Peters&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.fastcompany.com%2F90396177%2Fthink-fake-burgers-are-just-for-vegetarians-95-of-impossible-foods-customers-are-meat-eaters&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVeganism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-126"><a href="#cite_ref-126">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWandel2011" class="citation news cs1">Wandel H (10 March 2011). Witkop N (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180127090327/http://www.dw.com/en/europes-first-vegan-supermarket-opens-in-dortmund/a-14903137">"Europe's first vegan supermarket opens in Dortmund"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Deutsche_Welle" title="Deutsche Welle">Deutsche Welle</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dw.com/en/europes-first-vegan-supermarket-opens-in-dortmund/a-14903137">the original</a> on 27 January 2018. Retrieved 12 March 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Europe%27s+first+vegan+supermarket+opens+in+Dortmund&rft.date=2011-03-10&rft.aulast=Wandel&rft.aufirst=Hannah&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dw.com%2Fen%2Feuropes-first-vegan-supermarket-opens-in-dortmund%2Fa-14903137&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVeganism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Mesure8Dec2013-127"><a href="#cite_ref-Mesure8Dec2013_127-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMesure2013" class="citation news cs1">Mesure S (8 December 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.independent.co.uk/life-style/food-and-drink/news/veganism-20-let-them-eat-kale-8990874.html">"Veganism 2.0: Let them eat kale"</a>. The Independent. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180313002821/https://www.independent.co.uk/life-style/food-and-drink/news/veganism-20-let-them-eat-kale-8990874.html">Archived</a> from the original on 13 March 2018. Retrieved 12 March 2018. <q>One further example of how plant-based diets are becoming mainstream will arrive in Britain next year, when a German-owned chain of vegan supermarkets opens its first outlet in London. Veganz, which is a European first in offering a full range of vegan grocery products, opened its first store in Berlin in 2011. It is expanding fast and aims to have 21 outlets across Europe by the end of 2015.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Independent&rft.atitle=Veganism+2.0%3A+Let+them+eat+kale&rft.date=2013-12-08&rft.aulast=Mesure&rft.aufirst=Susie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.independent.co.uk%2Flife-style%2Ffood-and-drink%2Fnews%2Fveganism-20-let-them-eat-kale-8990874.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVeganism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Guttman4Oct2013-128"><a href="#cite_ref-Guttman4Oct2013_128-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGuttman2013" class="citation news cs1">Guttman A (4 October 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.npr.org/sections/thesalt/2013/10/04/229181556/meat-drenched-oktoberfest-warms-to-vegans">"Meat-Drenched Oktoberfest Warms To Vegans"</a>. The Salt. NPR. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180313070451/https://www.npr.org/sections/thesalt/2013/10/04/229181556/meat-drenched-oktoberfest-warms-to-vegans">Archived</a> from the original on 13 March 2018. Retrieved 13 March 2018. <q>The culinary cornerstones of the Munich festival, which runs this year from Sept. 21 to Oct. 6, include roast pork, ham hock, and weisswurst—a white sausage that complements the 40 different types of local beer. But this year, breaking with a 200-year-old tradition, Oktoberfest is catering to vegans. Claudia Bauer of the Munich City Council, which organizes the festival, says the move is a sign of the times.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Meat-Drenched+Oktoberfest+Warms+To+Vegans&rft.date=2013-10-04&rft.aulast=Guttman&rft.aufirst=Amy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.npr.org%2Fsections%2Fthesalt%2F2013%2F10%2F04%2F229181556%2Fmeat-drenched-oktoberfest-warms-to-vegans&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVeganism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-MintelApril2016-129"><a href="#cite_ref-MintelApril2016_129-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180126012935/https://www.mintel.com/press-centre/food-and-drink/us-sales-of-dairy-milk-turn-sour-as-non-dairy-milk-sales-grow-9-in-2015">"US sales of dairy milk turn sour as non-dairy milk sales grow 9% in 2015"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Mintel" title="Mintel">Mintel</a>. April 2016. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.mintel.com/press-centre/food-and-drink/us-sales-of-dairy-milk-turn-sour-as-non-dairy-milk-sales-grow-9-in-2015">the original</a> on 26 January 2018. Retrieved 12 March 2018. <q>The continued popularity of non-dairy milk is troubling for the dairy milk category with Mintel research revealing that half (49 percent) of Americans consume non-dairy milk, including 68 percent of parents and 54 percent of children under age 18. What's more, seven in 10 (69 percent) consumers agree that non-dairy milk is healthy for kids compared to 62 percent who agree that dairy milk is healthy for kids. [...] While an overwhelming majority of Americans consume dairy milk (91 percent), it is most commonly used as an addition to other food (69 percent), such as cereal, or as an ingredient (61 percent). Just 57 percent of consumers drink dairy milk by itself.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=US+sales+of+dairy+milk+turn+sour+as+non-dairy+milk+sales+grow+9%25+in+2015&rft.date=2016-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.mintel.com%2Fpress-centre%2Ffood-and-drink%2Fus-sales-of-dairy-milk-turn-sour-as-non-dairy-milk-sales-grow-9-in-2015&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVeganism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Khomami8Feb2015-130"><a href="#cite_ref-Khomami8Feb2015_130-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKhomami2015" class="citation news cs1">Khomami N (8 February 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/lifeandstyle/2015/feb/08/veganism-celebrities-baftas-beyonce-health-animal-welfare">"From Beyoncé to the Baftas, vegan culture gets star status"</a>. The Guardian. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180313002807/https://www.theguardian.com/lifeandstyle/2015/feb/08/veganism-celebrities-baftas-beyonce-health-animal-welfare">Archived</a> from the original on 13 March 2018. Retrieved 12 March 2018. <q>In 2012 there were an estimated 150,000 vegans in the UK, a number thought to have increased dramatically. Mintel's 2014 report on the market for dairy drinks, milk and cream, showed the non-dairy market jumping from 36m litres in 2011 to 92m litres in 2013, an increase of 155%. Plant-based, non-dairy foods are worth £150.6m a year and sales of soya-based alternatives to yoghurt are rising by 8% year on year.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=From+Beyonc%C3%A9+to+the+Baftas%2C+vegan+culture+gets+star+status&rft.date=2015-02-08&rft.aulast=Khomami&rft.aufirst=Nadia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Flifeandstyle%2F2015%2Ffeb%2F08%2Fveganism-celebrities-baftas-beyonce-health-animal-welfare&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVeganism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-131"><a href="#cite_ref-131">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPovich2019" class="citation web cs1">Povich ES (30 September 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pew.org/2nUhsvx">"Vegan School Lunches Expand Despite Opposition From Meat Industry"</a>. Stateline. Retrieved 18 February 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Stateline&rft.atitle=Vegan+School+Lunches+Expand+Despite+Opposition+From+Meat+Industry&rft.date=2019-09-30&rft.aulast=Povich&rft.aufirst=Elaine+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpew.org%2F2nUhsvx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVeganism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-MarketGrowth2016-132">^ <a href="#cite_ref-MarketGrowth2016_132-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-MarketGrowth2016_132-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-MarketGrowth2016_132-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-MarketGrowth2016_132-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWhite2016" class="citation news cs1">White V (24 May 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newfoodmagazine.com/news/24639/euromonitor-ethical-labels-database/">"Euromonitor launches new Ethical Labels database"</a>. New Food. Russell Publishing. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180412070322/https://www.newfoodmagazine.com/news/24639/euromonitor-ethical-labels-database/">Archived</a> from the original on 12 April 2018. Retrieved 12 April 2018. <q>The top three fastest growing vegan markets between 2015 and 2020 are China at 17.2 percent, United Arab Emirates at 10.6 percent, and Australia at 9.6 percent.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=New+Food&rft.atitle=Euromonitor+launches+new+Ethical+Labels+database&rft.date=2016-05-24&rft.aulast=White&rft.aufirst=Victoria&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newfoodmagazine.com%2Fnews%2F24639%2Feuromonitor-ethical-labels-database%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVeganism" class="Z3988"><div class="paragraphbreak" style="margin-top:0.5em"></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.statista.com/statistics/562911/global-sales-growth-of-the-vegan-market-by-country/">"Sales growth of the vegan market between 2015 and 2020 worldwide, by country"</a>. Euromonitor International. May 2016. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180412060358/https://www.statista.com/statistics/562911/global-sales-growth-of-the-vegan-market-by-country/">Archived</a> from the original on 12 April 2018. Retrieved 12 April 2018 – via <a href="/wiki/Statista" title="Statista">Statista</a>. <q>According to the report, China was projected to be the fastest growing market for vegan products between 2015 and 2020, with a growth rate of 17.2 percent. As of 2016, Asia Pacific held the largest share of vegan consumers globally, with approximately nine percent of people following a vegan diet in this area. [...] China, the United Arab Emirates and Australia were forecast to be the fastest growing markets for vegan products between 2015 and 2020. Australia's vegan market was projected to have a growth rate of 9.6 percent during the period considered.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Sales+growth+of+the+vegan+market+between+2015+and+2020+worldwide%2C+by+country&rft.pub=Euromonitor+International&rft.date=2016-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.statista.com%2Fstatistics%2F562911%2Fglobal-sales-growth-of-the-vegan-market-by-country%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVeganism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-HongKong2017-133">^ <a href="#cite_ref-HongKong2017_133-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-HongKong2017_133-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-HongKong2017_133-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMoon2017" class="citation news cs1">Moon L (28 October 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.scmp.com/news/hong-kong/health-environment/article/2117326/inside-hong-kongs-growing-appetite-veganism">"Inside Hong Kong's growing appetite for veganism"</a>. Hong Kong (Health & Environment). <a href="/wiki/South_China_Morning_Post" title="South China Morning Post">South China Morning Post</a>. <a href="/wiki/Alibaba_Group" title="Alibaba Group">Alibaba Group</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180410210738/http://www.scmp.com/news/hong-kong/health-environment/article/2117326/inside-hong-kongs-growing-appetite-veganism">Archived</a> from the original on 10 April 2018. Retrieved 10 April 2018. <q>In contrast, Hong Kong residents in 2015 consumed the highest amount of meat and seafood in the world, at 140 kg per capita, a study by global market research company Euromonitor found. Yet in the five years from 2015 to 2020, China's vegan market is expected to rise by more than 17 per cent – marking the fastest growth rate internationally in that period and offering proof the trend has filtered into the region in recent years.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=South+China+Morning+Post&rft.atitle=Inside+Hong+Kong%27s+growing+appetite+for+veganism&rft.date=2017-10-28&rft.aulast=Moon&rft.aufirst=Louise&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.scmp.com%2Fnews%2Fhong-kong%2Fhealth-environment%2Farticle%2F2117326%2Finside-hong-kongs-growing-appetite-veganism&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVeganism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Cormack2016-134">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Cormack2016_134-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cormack2016_134-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCormack2016" class="citation news cs1">Cormack L (4 June 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.smh.com.au/business/consumer-affairs/australia-is-the-thirdfastest-growing-vegan-market-in-the-world-20160601-gp972u.html">"Australia is the third-fastest growing vegan market in the world"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Sydney_Morning_Herald" title="The Sydney Morning Herald">The Sydney Morning Herald</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180412060449/https://www.smh.com.au/business/consumer-affairs/australia-is-the-thirdfastest-growing-vegan-market-in-the-world-20160601-gp972u.html">Archived</a> from the original on 12 April 2018. Retrieved 12 April 2018. <q>The Brewers are an example of the increasing move towards veganism in Australia, now the third-fastest growing vegan market in the world, after the United Arab Emirates and China. Data from market researcher Euromonitor International has shown Australia's packaged vegan food market is currently worth almost $136 million, set to reach $215 million by 2020.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Sydney+Morning+Herald&rft.atitle=Australia+is+the+third-fastest+growing+vegan+market+in+the+world&rft.date=2016-06-04&rft.aulast=Cormack&rft.aufirst=Lucy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.smh.com.au%2Fbusiness%2Fconsumer-affairs%2Faustralia-is-the-thirdfastest-growing-vegan-market-in-the-world-20160601-gp972u.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVeganism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-135"><a href="#cite_ref-135">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFReese2018" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Jacy_Reese_Anthis" title="Jacy Reese Anthis">Reese J</a> (6 November 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.penguinrandomhouse.com/books/567165/the-end-of-animal-farming-by-jacy-reese/">The End of Animal Farming: How Scientists, Entrepreneurs, and Activists are Building an Animal-Free Food System</a>. Boston: <a href="/wiki/Beacon_Press" title="Beacon Press">Beacon Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8070-3987-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8070-3987-8"><bdi>978-0-8070-3987-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+End+of+Animal+Farming%3A+How+Scientists%2C+Entrepreneurs%2C+and+Activists+are+Building+an+Animal-Free+Food+System&rft.place=Boston&rft.pub=Beacon+Press&rft.date=2018-11-06&rft.isbn=978-0-8070-3987-8&rft.aulast=Reese&rft.aufirst=Jacy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.penguinrandomhouse.com%2Fbooks%2F567165%2Fthe-end-of-animal-farming-by-jacy-reese%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVeganism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-136"><a href="#cite_ref-136">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFReese2018" class="citation web cs1">Reese J (16 November 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/food/2018/nov/16/theres-no-such-thing-as-humane-meat-or-eggs-stop-kidding-yourself">"There's no such thing as humane meat or eggs. Stop kidding yourself"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a>. 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Tel Aviv. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20180305012048/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-israel-food-vegan-idUSKCN0PV1H020150721">Archived</a> from the original on 5 March 2018. Retrieved 4 March 2018. <q>A study prepared for the Globes newspaper and Israel's Channel Two found 5 percent of Israelis identify as vegan and 8 percent as vegetarian while 13 percent are weighing going vegan or vegetarian. In 2010 just 2.6 percent were vegetarian or vegan.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Reuters&rft.atitle=In+the+land+of+milk+and+honey%2C+Israelis+turn+vegan&rft.date=2015-07-21&rft.aulast=Cohen&rft.aufirst=Tova&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.reuters.com%2Farticle%2Fus-israel-food-vegan-idUSKCN0PV1H020150721&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVeganism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-154"><a href="#cite_ref-154">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/veganism-in-israel">"Veganism in Israel (Society & Culture: Veganism)"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Jewish_Virtual_Library" class="mw-redirect" title="The Jewish Virtual Library">The Jewish Virtual Library</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=American%E2%80%93Israeli_Cooperative_Enterprise&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="American–Israeli Cooperative Enterprise (page does not exist)">AICE</a>. February 2016. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180305012943/https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/veganism-in-israel">Archived</a> from the original on 5 March 2018. Retrieved 4 March 2018. <q>Israel is home to the largest percentage of vegans per capita in the world. Approximately 5 percent of Israelis (approximately 300,000) are vegans according to a 2015 survey by Globes and Israel's Channel 2 News, compared to 2 percent of U.S. and U.K. citizens and only 1 percent of Germans. Hence, it's not surprising that more than 400 certified vegan restaurants can be found in Tel Aviv alone.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Veganism+in+Israel+%28Society+%26+Culture%3A+Veganism%29&rft.btitle=The+Jewish+Virtual+Library&rft.pub=AICE&rft.date=2016-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jewishvirtuallibrary.org%2Fveganism-in-israel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVeganism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-155"><a href="#cite_ref-155">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShpigel2015" class="citation news cs1">Shpigel N (13 September 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.haaretz.com/.premium-veganism-on-the-rise-among-israeli-arabs-1.5397532">"Veganism on the Rise Among Israeli Arabs"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Haaretz" title="Haaretz">Haaretz</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180305014456/https://www.haaretz.com/.premium-veganism-on-the-rise-among-israeli-arabs-1.5397532">Archived</a> from the original on 5 March 2018. Retrieved 4 March 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Haaretz&rft.atitle=Veganism+on+the+Rise+Among+Israeli+Arabs&rft.date=2015-09-13&rft.aulast=Shpigel&rft.aufirst=Noa&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.haaretz.com%2F.premium-veganism-on-the-rise-among-israeli-arabs-1.5397532&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVeganism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-156"><a href="#cite_ref-156">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKamin2015" class="citation magazine cs1">Kamin D (December 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/2015/12/big-in-israel-vegan-warriors/413149/">"Big in Israel: Vegan Soldiers"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Atlantic" title="The Atlantic">The Atlantic</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20180305015346/https://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/2015/12/big-in-israel-vegan-warriors/413149/">Archived</a> from the original on 5 March 2018. Retrieved 4 March 2018. <q>The IDF is also issuing leather-free combat boots and wool-free berets to soldiers who register as vegan, so they can march into battle knowing that no living creature has been harmed in their provisioning. (What happens during battle is, of course, harder to control.)</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Atlantic&rft.atitle=Big+in+Israel%3A+Vegan+Soldiers&rft.date=2015-12&rft.aulast=Kamin&rft.aufirst=Debra&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theatlantic.com%2Fmagazine%2Farchive%2F2015%2F12%2Fbig-in-israel-vegan-warriors%2F413149%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVeganism" class="Z3988"><div class="paragraphbreak" style="margin-top:0.5em"></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCheslow2015" class="citation web cs1">Cheslow D (10 December 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.npr.org/sections/thesalt/2015/12/10/459212839/why-so-many-israeli-soldiers-are-going-vegan">"As More Israelis Go Vegan, Their Military Adjusts Its Menu"</a>. The Salt. NPR. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180305020644/https://www.npr.org/sections/thesalt/2015/12/10/459212839/why-so-many-israeli-soldiers-are-going-vegan">Archived</a> from the original on 5 March 2018. Retrieved 4 March 2018. <q>The Israeli military, it turns out, was surprisingly eager to help. A military spokesman tells The Salt that vegans serve in all capacities, including as combat soldiers. Vegan soldiers wear wool-free berets and leather-free boots, and they get an additional stipend to supplement their food, the military says.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=As+More+Israelis+Go+Vegan%2C+Their+Military+Adjusts+Its+Menu&rft.pub=NPR&rft.date=2015-12-10&rft.aulast=Cheslow&rft.aufirst=Daniella&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.npr.org%2Fsections%2Fthesalt%2F2015%2F12%2F10%2F459212839%2Fwhy-so-many-israeli-soldiers-are-going-vegan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVeganism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-157"><a href="#cite_ref-157">^</a> (in Italian) Vera Schiavazzi, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.repubblica.it/salute/2015/10/02/news/e_tu_quanto_sei_vegano_-124177488/">"Addio carne e pesce: in aumento il popolo dei vegetariani e vegani in Italia"</a>, La Repubblica, 2 October 2015. </li> <li id="cite_note-158"><a href="#cite_ref-158">^</a> (in Dutch) NVV, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.veganisme.org/2017/12/27/vegan-jaaroverzicht-2017/">"Vegan jaaroverzicht 2017"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180612141756/https://www.veganisme.org/2017/12/27/vegan-jaaroverzicht-2017/">Archived</a> 12 June 2018 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, 2018. </li> <li id="cite_note-2020NLvegans-159"><a href="#cite_ref-2020NLvegans_159-0">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.veganisme.org/faq-items/hoeveel-veganisten-zijn-er-op-de-wereld">Hoeveel veganisten zijn er (in Dutch)</a>, Nederlandse Vereniging voor Veganisme </li> <li id="cite_note-auto-160"><a href="#cite_ref-auto_160-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.huffingtonpost.com/entry/what-vegan-travelers-need-to-know-about-dining-in-romania_us_58a368c2e4b0e172783aa180?guccounter=1">"What Vegan Travelers Need to Know about Dining in Romania"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Huffington_Post" class="mw-redirect" title="Huffington Post">Huffington Post</a>. 14 February 2017. Retrieved 30 July 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Huffington+Post&rft.atitle=What+Vegan+Travelers+Need+to+Know+about+Dining+in+Romania&rft.date=2017-02-14&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.huffingtonpost.com%2Fentry%2Fwhat-vegan-travelers-need-to-know-about-dining-in-romania_us_58a368c2e4b0e172783aa180%3Fguccounter%3D1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVeganism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-161"><a href="#cite_ref-161">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMolloy2014" class="citation news cs1">Molloy A (24 March 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/europe/one-in-ten-swedes-is-vegetarian-or-vegan-according-to-study-9212176.html">"One in ten Swedes is vegetarian or vegan, according to study"</a>. The Independent. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180322232126/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/europe/one-in-ten-swedes-is-vegetarian-or-vegan-according-to-study-9212176.html">Archived</a> from the original on 22 March 2018. Retrieved 22 March 2018. <q>In the poll conducted by Demoskop, six per cent of respondents said they were vegetarians, while four per cent said they were vegans. The highest prevalence was seen among 15–34 year-olds, with 17 per cent describing themselves as vegetarian or vegan.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Independent&rft.atitle=One+in+ten+Swedes+is+vegetarian+or+vegan%2C+according+to+study&rft.date=2014-03-24&rft.aulast=Molloy&rft.aufirst=Antonia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.independent.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fworld%2Feurope%2Fone-in-ten-swedes-is-vegetarian-or-vegan-according-to-study-9212176.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVeganism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-162"><a href="#cite_ref-162">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.swissveg.ch/veg-umfrage">"Veg-Umfrage 2017"</a> (in German). swissveg. Retrieved 17 October 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Veg-Umfrage+2017&rft.pub=swissveg&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.swissveg.ch%2Fveg-umfrage&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVeganism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-163"><a href="#cite_ref-163">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vegansociety.com/whats-new/news/find-out-how-many-vegans-are-great-britain">"Find out how many vegans are in Great Britain"</a>. The Vegan Society. 17 May 2016. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180305022033/https://www.vegansociety.com/whats-new/news/find-out-how-many-vegans-are-great-britain">Archived</a> from the original on 5 March 2018. Retrieved 4 March 2018. <q>There are over half a million vegans in Britain—at least 1.05% of the 15 and over population*—new research commissioned by The Vegan Society in partnership with Vegan Life magazine, has found. At least 542,000 people in Britain are now following a vegan diet and never consume any animal products including meat, fish, milk, cheese, eggs and honey. This is a whopping increase since the last estimate of 150,000 ten years ago, making veganism one of Britain's fastest growing lifestyle movements. [...] *There are 51 million people in England, Scotland and Wales aged 15 and over.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Find+out+how+many+vegans+are+in+Great+Britain&rft.pub=The+Vegan+Society&rft.date=2016-05-17&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.vegansociety.com%2Fwhats-new%2Fnews%2Ffind-out-how-many-vegans-are-great-britain&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVeganism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-164"><a href="#cite_ref-164">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPetter2018" class="citation news cs1">Petter O (3 April 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.independent.co.uk/life-style/food-and-drink/vegans-uk-rise-popularity-plant-based-diets-veganism-figures-survey-compare-the-market-a8286471.html">"Number of vegans in UK soars to 3.5 million, survey finds"</a>. Indy/Eats. <a href="/wiki/The_Independent" title="The Independent">The Independent</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180403173810/https://www.independent.co.uk/life-style/food-and-drink/vegans-uk-rise-popularity-plant-based-diets-veganism-figures-survey-compare-the-market-a8286471.html">Archived</a> from the original on 3 April 2018. Retrieved 3 April 2018. <q>[A]ccording to a new survey by <a href="/wiki/Comparethemarket.com" title="Comparethemarket.com">comparethemarket.com</a>, there has been a significant spike in the number of people going vegan in the UK since 2016, with more than 3.5 million Brits now identifying as such. The research means that seven per cent of Great Britain's population are now shunning animal products altogether for life less meaty—and cheesy. [...] Supported by Gresham College professor Carolyn Roberts, the research suggests that environmental concerns are largely responsible for edging people towards a vegan diet, as Brits strive to reduce their carbon footprint.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Independent&rft.atitle=Number+of+vegans+in+UK+soars+to+3.5+million%2C+survey+finds&rft.date=2018-04-03&rft.aulast=Petter&rft.aufirst=Olivia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.independent.co.uk%2Flife-style%2Ffood-and-drink%2Fvegans-uk-rise-popularity-plant-based-diets-veganism-figures-survey-compare-the-market-a8286471.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVeganism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-165"><a href="#cite_ref-165">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://sustainablebrands.com/read/behavior-change/80-of-brits-would-give-up-meat-over-their-car-to-help-the-environment">"80% of Brits Would Give Up Meat Over Their Car to Help the Environment"</a>. Sustainable Brands. 29 March 2018. Retrieved 20 February 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Sustainable+Brands&rft.atitle=80%25+of+Brits+Would+Give+Up+Meat+Over+Their+Car+to+Help+the+Environment&rft.date=2018-03-29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsustainablebrands.com%2Fread%2Fbehavior-change%2F80-of-brits-would-give-up-meat-over-their-car-to-help-the-environment&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVeganism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-166"><a href="#cite_ref-166">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vegansociety.com/news/media/statistics">"Statistics"</a>. The Vegan Society. Retrieved 3 September 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Vegan+Society&rft.atitle=Statistics&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.vegansociety.com%2Fnews%2Fmedia%2Fstatistics&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVeganism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-167"><a href="#cite_ref-167">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://yougov.co.uk/topics/food/trackers/dietery-choices-of-brits-eg-vegeterian-flexitarian-meat-eater-etc">"Dietary choices of Brits (e.g. vegeterian, flexitarian, meat-eater etc)?"</a>. yougov.co.uk. Retrieved 27 December 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=yougov.co.uk&rft.atitle=Dietary+choices+of+Brits+%28e.g.+vegeterian%2C+flexitarian%2C+meat-eater+etc%29%3F&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fyougov.co.uk%2Ftopics%2Ffood%2Ftrackers%2Fdietery-choices-of-brits-eg-vegeterian-flexitarian-meat-eater-etc&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVeganism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-168"><a href="#cite_ref-168">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNewport2012" class="citation news cs1">Newport F (26 July 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.gallup.com/poll/156215/consider-themselves-vegetarians.aspx">"In U.S., 5% Consider Themselves Vegetarians"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Gallup_(company)" class="mw-redirect" title="Gallup (company)">Gallup</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180305022730/http://news.gallup.com/poll/156215/consider-themselves-vegetarians.aspx">Archived</a> from the original on 5 March 2018. Retrieved 4 March 2018. <q>Vegetarianism in the U.S. remains quite uncommon and a lifestyle that is neither growing nor waning in popularity. The 5% of the adult population who consider themselves to be vegetarians is no larger than it was in previous Gallup surveys conducted in 1999 and 2001. The incidence of veganism is even smaller, at a scant 2% of the adult population.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=In+U.S.%2C+5%25+Consider+Themselves+Vegetarians&rft.date=2012-07-26&rft.aulast=Newport&rft.aufirst=Frank&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.gallup.com%2Fpoll%2F156215%2Fconsider-themselves-vegetarians.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVeganism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-169">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_169-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_169-1">b</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://faunalytics.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/06/Faunalytics_Current-Former-Vegetarians_Full-Report.pdf">"Study of Current and Former Vegetarians and Vegans"</a>, Faunalytics, December 2014, 4; <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://faunalytics.org/how-many-former-vegetarians-and-vegans-are-there/">"How Many Former Vegetarians and Vegans Are There?"</a>, Faunalytics, 2 December 2014. </li> <li id="cite_note-TopTrends2017-170"><a href="#cite_ref-TopTrends2017_170-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNeff2017" class="citation news cs1">Neff M (27 June 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.onegreenplanet.org/news/six-percent-of-americans-identify-as-vegan/">"6 Percent of Americans Now Identify as Vegan – Why This Is a Huge Deal for the Planet"</a>. One Green Planet. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180403202947/https://www.onegreenplanet.org/news/six-percent-of-americans-identify-as-vegan/">Archived</a> from the original on 3 April 2018. Retrieved 3 April 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=6+Percent+of+Americans+Now+Identify+as+Vegan+%E2%80%93+Why+This+Is+a+Huge+Deal+for+the+Planet&rft.date=2017-06-27&rft.aulast=Neff&rft.aufirst=Michelle&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.onegreenplanet.org%2Fnews%2Fsix-percent-of-americans-identify-as-vegan%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVeganism" class="Z3988"><div class="paragraphbreak" style="margin-top:0.5em"></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.reportbuyer.com/product/4959853/top-trends-in-prepared-foods-2017-exploring-trends-in-meat-fish-and-seafood-pasta-noodles-and-rice-prepared-meals-savory-deli-food-soup-and-meat-substitutes.html">"Top Trends in Prepared Foods 2017: Exploring trends in meat, fish and seafood; pasta, noodles and rice; prepared meals; savory deli food; soup; and meat substitutes"</a>. Research and Markets. June 2017. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180403203437/https://www.reportbuyer.com/product/4959853/top-trends-in-prepared-foods-2017-exploring-trends-in-meat-fish-and-seafood-pasta-noodles-and-rice-prepared-meals-savory-deli-food-soup-and-meat-substitutes.html">Archived</a> from the original on 3 April 2018. Retrieved 3 April 2018 – via Report Buyer. <q>Consumers' diets are diverse, and while most claim not to follow a specific diet, there is a gradual shift occurring in response to health trends. Interestingly, 44% of consumers in Germany follow a low-meat diet, which is a significant increase from 2014 (26%). 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Retrieved 14 March 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=How+to+Read+a+Cruelty-Free+Cosmetics+Label&rft.pub=One+Green+Planet&rft.date=2014-02-05&rft.aulast=Croswell&rft.aufirst=Alexis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.onegreenplanet.org%2Flifestyle%2Fhow-to-read-a-cruelty-free-cosmetics-label%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVeganism" class="Z3988"><div class="paragraphbreak" style="margin-top:0.5em"></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.leapingbunny.org/about/faq#answer-7">"FAQ: Are all Leaping Bunny companies vegan (i.e., manufactured without animal by-products)?"</a>. Leaping Bunny. 27 February 2014. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180315023941/http://www.leapingbunny.org/about/faq#answer-7">Archived</a> from the original on 15 March 2018. Retrieved 14 March 2018. <q>The Leaping Bunny list does not provide information about the composition of ingredients. Because ingredient information is available—and required by law—we know that conscientious consumers can read labels to discover whether products are vegan or not. For this reason, Leaping Bunny chooses to focus its resources on validating information that is not readily available to consumers, such as animal testing claims. Many Leaping Bunny companies are committed to manufacturing natural and vegan products; however, the Leaping Bunny Program can only certify the animal testing component of this process.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=FAQ%3A+Are+all+Leaping+Bunny+companies+vegan+%28i.e.%2C+manufactured+without+animal+by-products%29%3F&rft.pub=Leaping+Bunny&rft.date=2014-02-27&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.leapingbunny.org%2Fabout%2Ffaq%23answer-7&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVeganism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-VTS-205">^ <a href="#cite_ref-VTS_205-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-VTS_205-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-VTS_205-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://vegansociety.com/your-business/vegan-trademark-standards">"Vegan Trademark standards"</a>. The Vegan Society. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180314010829/https://vegansociety.com/your-business/vegan-trademark-standards">Archived</a> from the original on 14 March 2018. Retrieved 13 March 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Vegan+Trademark+standards&rft.pub=The+Vegan+Society&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fvegansociety.com%2Fyour-business%2Fvegan-trademark-standards&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVeganism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-206"><a href="#cite_ref-206">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://vegansociety.com/resources/lifestyle/shopping/trademark-search">"Trademark search"</a>. The Vegan Society. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180315025809/https://vegansociety.com/resources/lifestyle/shopping/trademark-search">Archived</a> from the original on 15 March 2018. Retrieved 14 March 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Trademark+search&rft.pub=The+Vegan+Society&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fvegansociety.com%2Fresources%2Flifestyle%2Fshopping%2Ftrademark-search&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVeganism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-207"><a href="#cite_ref-207">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://choosecrueltyfree.org.au/lists/vegan/">"Choose Cruelty Free list (vegan) Archives"</a>. Choose Cruelty Free. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180315024633/https://choosecrueltyfree.org.au/lists/vegan/">Archived</a> from the original on 15 March 2018. Retrieved 14 March 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Choose+Cruelty+Free+list+%28vegan%29+Archives&rft.pub=Choose+Cruelty+Free&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fchoosecrueltyfree.org.au%2Flists%2Fvegan%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVeganism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-208"><a href="#cite_ref-208">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100207022227/http://vegansociety.com/Lifestyle-And-Nutrition/Food/Criteria-for-Vegan-Food.aspx">"Criteria for Vegan Food"</a>. The Vegan Society. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://vegansociety.com/Lifestyle-And-Nutrition/Food/Criteria-for-Vegan-Food.aspx">the original</a> on 7 February 2010. Retrieved 13 March 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Criteria+for+Vegan+Food&rft.pub=The+Vegan+Society&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fvegansociety.com%2FLifestyle-And-Nutrition%2FFood%2FCriteria-for-Vegan-Food.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVeganism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-AmVeg-209">^ <a href="#cite_ref-AmVeg_209-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-AmVeg_209-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180317065205/http://www.americanvegan.org/vegan.htm">"What is Vegan?"</a>. <a href="/wiki/American_Vegan_Society" title="American Vegan Society">American Vegan Society</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.americanvegan.org/vegan.htm">the original</a> on 17 March 2018. Retrieved 17 March 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=What+is+Vegan%3F&rft.pub=American+Vegan+Society&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.americanvegan.org%2Fvegan.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVeganism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-VSmedications-210">^ <a href="#cite_ref-VSmedications_210-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-VSmedications_210-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-VSmedications_210-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vegansociety.com/resources/nutrition-and-health/medications">"Medications"</a>. The Vegan Society. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180314011249/https://www.vegansociety.com/resources/nutrition-and-health/medications">Archived</a> from the original on 14 March 2018. Retrieved 13 March 2018. <q>Vegans avoid using animals 'as far as is practicable and possible'. This definition recognises that it is not always possible to make a choice that avoids the use of animals. Sometimes, you may have no alternative to taking prescribed medication.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Medications&rft.pub=The+Vegan+Society&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.vegansociety.com%2Fresources%2Fnutrition-and-health%2Fmedications&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVeganism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Guardian_29_November_2016-211"><a href="#cite_ref-Guardian_29_November_2016_211-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKollewe2016" class="citation news cs1">Kollewe J (29 November 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/business/2016/nov/29/bank-of-england-urged-to-make-new-5-note-vegan-friendly">"Bank of England urged to make new £5 note vegan-friendly"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a>. London. Retrieved 7 January 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Bank+of+England+urged+to+make+new+%C2%A35+note+vegan-friendly&rft.date=2016-11-29&rft.aulast=Kollewe&rft.aufirst=Julia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fbusiness%2F2016%2Fnov%2F29%2Fbank-of-england-urged-to-make-new-5-note-vegan-friendly&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVeganism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-BBC_News_8_December_2016-212"><a href="#cite_ref-BBC_News_8_December_2016_212-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHalford2016" class="citation web cs1">Halford J (8 December 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-38205600">"How difficult is it to avoid animal products in everyday life?"</a>. <a href="/wiki/BBC_News_Online" title="BBC News Online">BBC News Online</a>. Retrieved 7 January 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=BBC+News+Online&rft.atitle=How+difficult+is+it+to+avoid+animal+products+in+everyday+life%3F&rft.date=2016-12-08&rft.aulast=Halford&rft.aufirst=Jodie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fuk-england-38205600&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVeganism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-213"><a href="#cite_ref-213">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMichael_La_Corte2023" class="citation web cs1">Michael La Corte (6 September 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.salon.com/2023/09/06/no-brain-no-pain-unpacking-the-murky-ethics-of-whether-or-not-vegans-should-eat-oysters/">"No brain, no pain? Unpacking the murky ethics of whether or not vegans should eat oysters"</a>. Salon. Retrieved 23 December 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Salon&rft.atitle=No+brain%2C+no+pain%3F+Unpacking+the+murky+ethics+of+whether+or+not+vegans+should+eat+oysters&rft.date=2023-09-06&rft.au=Michael+La+Corte&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.salon.com%2F2023%2F09%2F06%2Fno-brain-no-pain-unpacking-the-murky-ethics-of-whether-or-not-vegans-should-eat-oysters%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVeganism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-214"><a href="#cite_ref-214">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vegansociety.com/go-vegan/veguide">"Can you be a 'real' vegan if you still own leather products?"</a>. The Vegan Society. 1 November 2018. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240416000000/https://www.vegansociety.com/go-vegan/veguide">Archived</a> from the original on 16 April 2024. Retrieved 21 May 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Vegan+Society&rft.atitle=Can+you+be+a+%27real%27+vegan+if+you+still+own+leather+products%3F&rft.date=2018-11-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.vegansociety.com%2Fgo-vegan%2Fveguide&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVeganism" class="Z3988"> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/258-f-9646-4208-4658-8-ca-3-29593-cc-50-e-07/258F9646-4208-4658-8CA3-29593CC50E07.png">Alt URL</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-215"><a href="#cite_ref-215">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vegansociety.com/resources/general-faqs">"Answers to common questions about us and the vegan lifestyle"</a>. The Vegan Society. 2023. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230221074914/https://www.vegansociety.com/resources/general-faqs">Archived</a> from the original on 21 February 2023. Retrieved 21 May 2024. <q>Continuing to use products that are not vegan – such as wool clothing and leather footwear or accessories – can make it seem that these items are acceptable or even desirable. For example, why not wear a fur coat that is inherited if the animal died 50 years ago? The problem is that doing so suggests that fur coats are attractive, glamorous, desirable and that the fur of animals should be worn on the backs of humans rather than animals. Veganism is an ethical belief, and many of those who decide to go vegan, particularly for animal rights issues, would not be comfortable wearing leather or wool items anymore. Many feel that it is best to work towards a point where they no longer own animal products, replacing them with vegan alternatives as and when they can afford to do so.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Vegan+Society&rft.atitle=Answers+to+common+questions+about+us+and+the+vegan+lifestyle&rft.date=2023&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.vegansociety.com%2Fresources%2Fgeneral-faqs&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVeganism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Stepaniak-216"><a href="#cite_ref-Stepaniak_216-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJoanne_Stepaniak2000" class="citation book cs1">Joanne Stepaniak (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=6Ia5eZIlgLUC&pg=PA115">The Vegan Sourcebook</a>. McGraw Hill Professional. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-07-139221-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-07-139221-1"><bdi>978-0-07-139221-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Vegan+Sourcebook&rft.pub=McGraw+Hill+Professional&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-07-139221-1&rft.au=Joanne+Stepaniak&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D6Ia5eZIlgLUC%26pg%3DPA115&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVeganism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-217"><a href="#cite_ref-217">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPhloem2017" class="citation news cs1">Phloem (29 June 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theflamingvegan.com/view-post/These-are-the-five-most-innovative-materials-being-used-in-vegan-fashion-1">"These are the five most innovative materials being used in vegan fashion"</a>. The Flaming Vegan. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180315032300/https://www.theflamingvegan.com/view-post/These-are-the-five-most-innovative-materials-being-used-in-vegan-fashion-1">Archived</a> from the original on 15 March 2018. Retrieved 14 March 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=These+are+the+five+most+innovative+materials+being+used+in+vegan+fashion&rft.date=2017-06-29&rft.au=Phloem&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theflamingvegan.com%2Fview-post%2FThese-are-the-five-most-innovative-materials-being-used-in-vegan-fashion-1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVeganism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-218"><a href="#cite_ref-218">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHickey2014" class="citation news cs1">Hickey S (21 December 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/business/2014/dec/21/wearable-pineapple-leather-alternative">"Wearable pineapple fibres could prove sustainable alternative to leather"</a>. The Guardian.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Wearable+pineapple+fibres+could+prove+sustainable+alternative+to+leather&rft.date=2014-12-21&rft.aulast=Hickey&rft.aufirst=Shane&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fbusiness%2F2014%2Fdec%2F21%2Fwearable-pineapple-leather-alternative&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVeganism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-219"><a href="#cite_ref-219">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSophie_Hirsh" class="citation news cs1">Sophie Hirsh. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.greenmatters.com/p/vegan-cactus-leather-desserto">"Cactus Leather Is the Newest Eco-Friendly Fabric"</a>. 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Retrieved 27 May 2024. <q>Our definition of veganism is "a way of living which seeks to exclude, as far as is possible and practicable, all forms of exploitation of, and cruelty to, animals for food, clothing or any other purpose." Horses must be 'broken' before they can be ridden. There are various ways of minimizing the cruelty involved in that process but certainly horses do not naturally expect to carry humans. Riding can cause suffering even to a broken horse, particularly if there is not adequate care taken or if someone lacks knowledge of how to care for a horse. Many people who have become vegan give up horse riding, as they do not feel that it is a suitable activity for vegans. While we recognise that there are far worse cruelties happening in the animal farming world than a lot of what horses experience, ultimately horse riding is unnecessary and exploitative. Most people involved in riding in the UK do so only as a hobby, meaning it is both possible and practicable for them to give it up.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Vegan+Society&rft.atitle=Answers+to+common+questions+about+us+and+the+vegan+lifestyle&rft.date=2023&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.vegansociety.com%2Fresources%2Fgeneral-faqs&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVeganism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-253"><a href="#cite_ref-253">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vegansociety.com/resources/general-faqs">"Definition of veganism"</a>. 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A great alternative is visiting and supporting animal sanctuaries that provide safe and loving homes for rescued animals.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Vegan+Society&rft.atitle=Definition+of+veganism&rft.date=2023&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.vegansociety.com%2Fresources%2Fgeneral-faqs&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVeganism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-254"><a href="#cite_ref-254">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vegansociety.com/resources/general-faqs">"Answers to common questions about us and the vegan lifestyle"</a>. The Vegan Society. 2023. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230221074914/https://www.vegansociety.com/resources/general-faqs">Archived</a> from the original on 21 February 2023. Retrieved 27 May 2024. <q>Many vegans share their homes with domesticated animals who cannot live independently. If you are looking for a non-human companion, why not welcome a rescued animal from your local animal sanctuary into your home?</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Vegan+Society&rft.atitle=Answers+to+common+questions+about+us+and+the+vegan+lifestyle&rft.date=2023&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.vegansociety.com%2Fresources%2Fgeneral-faqs&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVeganism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-255"><a href="#cite_ref-255">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://veganfta.com/2023/12/15/why-vegans-dont-keep-exotic-pets/">"Why Vegans Don't Keep Exotic Pets"</a>. Vegan FTA. 15 December 2023. 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Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr. 57 (17): 3640–3649. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F10408398.2016.1138447">10.1080/10408398.2016.1138447</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/2158%2F1079985">2158/1079985</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26853923">26853923</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:10073754">10073754</a>. <q>vegan diet seems to be associated with a lower rate of cancer incidence, but this result must be interpreted with caution, because of the very small sample size and the low number of studies evaluating this aspect.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Crit+Rev+Food+Sci+Nutr&rft.atitle=Vegetarian%2C+vegan+diets+and+multiple+health+outcomes%3A+A+systematic+review+with+meta-analysis+of+observational+studies&rft.volume=57&rft.issue=17&rft.pages=3640-3649&rft.date=2017-11&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F2158%2F1079985&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A10073754%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F26853923&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F10408398.2016.1138447&rft.aulast=Dinu&rft.aufirst=M&rft.au=Abbate%2C+R&rft.au=Gensini%2C+GF&rft.au=Casini%2C+A&rft.au=Sofi%2C+F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVeganism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-CraigMay2009-263">^ <a href="#cite_ref-CraigMay2009_263-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-CraigMay2009_263-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-CraigMay2009_263-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-CraigMay2009_263-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-CraigMay2009_263-4">e</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCraig2009" class="citation journal cs1">Craig WJ (May 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3945%2Fajcn.2009.26736N">"Health effects of vegan diets"</a>. The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 89 (5): 1627S–1633S. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3945%2Fajcn.2009.26736N">10.3945/ajcn.2009.26736N</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19279075">19279075</a>. <q>However, eliminating all animal products from the diet increases the risk of certain nutritional deficiencies. </q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+American+Journal+of+Clinical+Nutrition&rft.atitle=Health+effects+of+vegan+diets&rft.volume=89&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=1627S-1633S&rft.date=2009-05&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3945%2Fajcn.2009.26736N&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F19279075&rft.aulast=Craig&rft.aufirst=Winston+J&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.3945%252Fajcn.2009.26736N&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVeganism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-264"><a href="#cite_ref-264">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIguacelMiguel-BergesGómez-BrutonMoreno2019" class="citation journal cs1">Iguacel I, Miguel-Berges ML, Gómez-Bruton A, Moreno LA, Julián C (January 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://zaguan.unizar.es/record/84310">"Veganism, vegetarianism, bone mineral density, and fracture risk: a systematic review and meta-analysis"</a>. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.international.to/index.php?option=com_content&id=8942%3Agovernment-recognises-vegan-diet-as-viable-option-for-all-australians&Itemid=307">the original</a> on 22 September 2013 – via News International.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Government+recognises+vegan+diet+as+viable+option+for+all+Australians&rft.pub=Vegan+Australia&rft.date=2013-07-12&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.international.to%2Findex.php%3Foption%3Dcom_content%26id%3D8942%253Agovernment-recognises-vegan-diet-as-viable-option-for-all-australians%26Itemid%3D307&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVeganism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-268"><a href="#cite_ref-268">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bda.uk.com/resource/british-dietetic-association-confirms-well-planned-vegan-diets-can-support-healthy-living-in-people-of-all-ages.html">"British Dietetic Association confirms well-planned vegan diets can support healthy living in people of all ages"</a>. bda.uk.com. 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Animals (Book Review). 1 (4): 200–204. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3390%2Fani1010200">10.3390/ani1010200</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4552207">4552207</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Animals&rft.atitle=The+Animal+Rights+Debate%3A+Abolition+or+Regulation%3F&rft.volume=1&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=200-204&rft.date=2011-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4552207%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3390%2Fani1010200&rft.au=Mepham%2C+B&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4552207&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVeganism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-298"><a href="#cite_ref-298">^</a> Thweatt-Bates, Jeanine (2016). Cyborg Selves: A Theological Anthropology of the Posthuman. London: Routledge, 100–101 (first published 2012). </li> <li id="cite_note-Dvorsky2014-299"><a href="#cite_ref-Dvorsky2014_299-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPearce2014" class="citation interview cs1">Pearce D (30 July 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://io9.gizmodo.com/the-radical-plan-to-eliminate-earths-predatory-species-1613342963">"The Radical Plan to Phase Out Earth's Predatory Species"</a> (Interview). Interviewed by <a href="/wiki/George_Dvorsky" title="George Dvorsky">George Dvorsky</a>. <a href="/wiki/Io9" title="Io9">io9</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180304195650/https://io9.gizmodo.com/the-radical-plan-to-eliminate-earths-predatory-species-1613342963">Archived</a> from the original on 4 March 2018. Retrieved 4 March 2018. <q>Carnivorous predators keep populations of herbivores in check. <a href="/wiki/Plasmodium" title="Plasmodium">Plasmodium</a>-carrying species of the <a href="/wiki/Anopheles" title="Anopheles">Anopheles</a> mosquito keep human populations in check. In each case, a valuable ecological role is achieved at the price of immense suffering and the loss of hundreds of millions of lives. What's in question isn't the value of the parasite or predator's ecological role, but whether intelligent moral agents can perform that role better. On some fairly modest assumptions, fertility regulation via family planning or cross-species <a href="/wiki/Immunocontraception" title="Immunocontraception">immunocontraception</a> is a more civilised and compassionate policy option than famine, predation and disease. The biggest obstacle to a future of compassionate ecosystems is the ideology of traditional conservation biology—and unreflective <a href="/wiki/Status_quo_bias" title="Status quo bias">status quo bias</a>.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Radical+Plan+to+Phase+Out+Earth%27s+Predatory+Species&rft.pub=io9&rft.date=2014-07-30&rft.aulast=Pearce&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fio9.gizmodo.com%2Fthe-radical-plan-to-eliminate-earths-predatory-species-1613342963&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVeganism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-300"><a href="#cite_ref-300">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFairlie2010" class="citation book cs1">Fairlie S (2010). Meat: A Benign Extravagance. Chelsea Green Publishing. 230–231. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-60358-325-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-60358-325-1"><bdi>978-1-60358-325-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Meat%3A+A+Benign+Extravagance&rft.pages=230-231&rft.pub=Chelsea+Green+Publishing&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-1-60358-325-1&rft.aulast=Fairlie&rft.aufirst=Simon&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVeganism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Brian-301"><a href="#cite_ref-Brian_301-0">^</a> Dominick, Brian. Animal Liberation and Social Revolution: A vegan perspective on anarchism or an anarchist perspective on veganism, third edition, Firestarter Press, 1997, pp. 5–6. </li> <li id="cite_note-302"><a href="#cite_ref-302">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBestNocella_II2004" class="citation book cs1">Best S, Nocella II AJ, eds. (2004). Terrorists or Freedom Fighters? Reflections on the Liberation of Animals. <a href="/wiki/Lantern_Books" title="Lantern Books">Lantern Books</a>. p. 301. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-59056-054-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-59056-054-9"><bdi>978-1-59056-054-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Terrorists+or+Freedom+Fighters%3F+Reflections+on+the+Liberation+of+Animals&rft.pages=301&rft.pub=Lantern+Books&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-1-59056-054-9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVeganism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-303"><a href="#cite_ref-303">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBest2014" class="citation book cs1">Best S (2014). "The New Abolitionism: Capitalism, Slavery, and Animal Liberation". The Politics of Total Liberation: Revolution for the 21st Century. <a href="/wiki/Palgrave_Macmillan" title="Palgrave Macmillan">Palgrave Macmillan</a>. pp. 21–49. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1057%2F9781137440723_2">10.1057/9781137440723_2</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-137-47111-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-137-47111-6"><bdi>978-1-137-47111-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+New+Abolitionism%3A+Capitalism%2C+Slavery%2C+and+Animal+Liberation&rft.btitle=The+Politics+of+Total+Liberation%3A+Revolution+for+the+21st+Century&rft.pages=21-49&rft.pub=Palgrave+Macmillan&rft.date=2014&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1057%2F9781137440723_2&rft.isbn=978-1-137-47111-6&rft.aulast=Best&rft.aufirst=Steven&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVeganism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-304"><a href="#cite_ref-304">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNibert2011" class="citation book cs1">Nibert D (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=3ZM3gTCIWb0C&pg=PA197">"Origins and Consequences of the Animal Industrial Complex"</a>. 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(2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=F6UxDwAAQBAJ&pg=RA1-PA306">Animal Oppression and Capitalism</a>. <a href="/wiki/Praeger_Publishing" class="mw-redirect" title="Praeger Publishing">Praeger Publishing</a>. p. 306. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4408-5073-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4408-5073-8"><bdi>978-1-4408-5073-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Animal+Oppression+and+Capitalism&rft.pages=306&rft.pub=Praeger+Publishing&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-1-4408-5073-8&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DF6UxDwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DRA1-PA306&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVeganism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-306"><a href="#cite_ref-306">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPelley2018" class="citation magazine cs1">Pelley V (29 January 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.marieclaire.com/culture/a14751412/antinatalism/">"This Extreme Sect of Vegans Thinks Your Baby Will Destroy the Planet"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Marie_Claire" title="Marie Claire">Marie Claire</a>. Retrieved 30 July 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Marie+Claire&rft.atitle=This+Extreme+Sect+of+Vegans+Thinks+Your+Baby+Will+Destroy+the+Planet&rft.date=2018-01-29&rft.aulast=Pelley&rft.aufirst=Virginia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.marieclaire.com%2Fculture%2Fa14751412%2Fantinatalism%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVeganism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-307"><a href="#cite_ref-307">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJoy2010" class="citation book cs1">Joy M (2010). Why we love dogs, eat pigs, and wear cows : an introduction to carnism: the belief system that enables us to eat some animals and not others. San Francisco: Conari Press. p. 9. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-57324-461-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-57324-461-9"><bdi>978-1-57324-461-9</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/316832932">316832932</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Why+we+love+dogs%2C+eat+pigs%2C+and+wear+cows+%3A+an+introduction+to+carnism%3A+the+belief+system+that+enables+us+to+eat+some+animals+and+not+others&rft.place=San+Francisco&rft.pages=9&rft.pub=Conari+Press&rft.date=2010&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F316832932&rft.isbn=978-1-57324-461-9&rft.aulast=Joy&rft.aufirst=Melanie&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVeganism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-308"><a href="#cite_ref-308">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGibertDesaulniers2014" class="citation cs2">Gibert M, Desaulniers É (2014), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://link.springer.com/10.1007/978-94-007-0929-4_83">"Carnism"</a>, in Thompson PB, Kaplan DM (eds.), Encyclopedia of Food and Agricultural Ethics, Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, pp. 292–298, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-94-007-0929-4_83">10.1007/978-94-007-0929-4_83</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-94-007-0928-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-94-007-0928-7"><bdi>978-94-007-0928-7</bdi></a>, retrieved 3 April 2021, <q>Carnism refers to the ideology conditioning people to consume certain animal products. It is essentially the opposite of veganism</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Carnism&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Food+and+Agricultural+Ethics&rft.place=Dordrecht&rft.pages=292-298&rft.pub=Springer+Netherlands&rft.date=2014&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2F978-94-007-0929-4_83&rft.isbn=978-94-007-0928-7&rft.aulast=Gibert&rft.aufirst=Martin&rft.au=Desaulniers%2C+%C3%89lise&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flink.springer.com%2F10.1007%2F978-94-007-0929-4_83&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVeganism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-309"><a href="#cite_ref-309">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vegansociety.com/go-vegan/definition-veganism">"Definition of veganism"</a>. vegansociety.com.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=vegansociety.com&rft.atitle=Definition+of+veganism&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.vegansociety.com%2Fgo-vegan%2Fdefinition-veganism&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVeganism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-310"><a href="#cite_ref-310">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSareen2012" class="citation news cs1">Sareen A (15 August 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.huffpost.com/entry/vegan-lifestyle_n_1771404">"Why Don't Vegans Care About People?"</a>. The Huffington Post. Retrieved 27 May 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Huffington+Post&rft.atitle=Why+Don%27t+Vegans+Care+About+People%3F&rft.date=2012-08-15&rft.aulast=Sareen&rft.aufirst=Anjaji&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.huffpost.com%2Fentry%2Fvegan-lifestyle_n_1771404&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVeganism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-311"><a href="#cite_ref-311">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231207161903/https://www.herrington-carmichael.com/can-employers-force-veganism-on-employees/">"Can employers force veganism on employees?"</a>. herrington-carmichael.com. Retrieved 6 December 2023. </li> <li id="cite_note-312"><a href="#cite_ref-312">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231207162430/https://www.hrsolutions-uk.com/ethical-veganism-is-a-protected-belief/">"Ethical veganism is a Protected Belief"</a>. hrsolutions-uk.com. Retrieved 6 December 2023. </li> <li id="cite_note-313"><a href="#cite_ref-313">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231207162354/https://parissmith.co.uk/blog/what-is-ethical-veganism/">"What is ethical veganism?"</a>. parissmith.co.uk. Retrieved 6 December 2023. "Dietary vegans eat a plant-based diet but ethical vegans will try to exclude all forms of animal exploitation as far as possible. Dietary veganism is therefore incorporated into ethical veganism but not vice-versa." </li> <li id="cite_note-314"><a href="#cite_ref-314">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231207164722/https://www.hcrlaw.com/web/20231207164722/https://www.hcrlaw.com/blog/veganism-is-a-philosophical-belief/">"Veganism is a philosophical belief"</a>. hcrlaw.com. Retrieved 6 December 2023. </li> <li id="cite_note-315"><a href="#cite_ref-315">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTwine2012" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Richard_Twine_(sociologist)" title="Richard Twine (sociologist)">Twine R</a> (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/1364155">"Revealing the 'animal-industrial complex' — A concept and method for critical animal studies"</a> (PDF). Journal for Critical Animal Studies. 10 (1): 12–39. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1948-352X">1948-352X</a>. <q>…veganism is more than 'just a diet' and is better seen and practised as a systemic and intersectional mode of critical analysis and a useful lived philosophy counter to anthropocentrism, hierarchy and violence</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+for+Critical+Animal+Studies&rft.atitle=Revealing+the+%27animal-industrial+complex%27+%E2%80%94+A+concept+and+method+for+critical+animal+studies.&rft.volume=10&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=12-39&rft.date=2012&rft.issn=1948-352X&rft.aulast=Twine&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F1364155&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVeganism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-316"><a href="#cite_ref-316">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarper2010" class="citation journal cs1">Harper AB (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.criticalanimalstudies.org/wp-content/uploads/2009/09/JCAS-Special-Issue-Women-of-Color-November-3-FINAL-2010.pdf#page=6">"Race as a 'Feeble Matter' in Veganism: Interrogating whiteness, geopolitical priviledge, and consumption philosophy of 'cruelty-free' products"</a> (PDF). Journal for Critical Animal Studies. III (3): 5–27. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1948-352X">1948-352X</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+for+Critical+Animal+Studies&rft.atitle=Race+as+a+%27Feeble+Matter%27+in+Veganism%3A+Interrogating+whiteness%2C+geopolitical+priviledge%2C+and+consumption+philosophy+of+%27cruelty-free%27+products&rft.volume=III&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=5-27&rft.date=2010&rft.issn=1948-352X&rft.aulast=Harper&rft.aufirst=Amie+Breeze&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.criticalanimalstudies.org%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2009%2F09%2FJCAS-Special-Issue-Women-of-Color-November-3-FINAL-2010.pdf%23page%3D6&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVeganism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-317"><a href="#cite_ref-317">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFrancione2017" class="citation web cs1">Francione GL (29 October 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.abolitionistapproach.com/veganism-history-contemporary-views-and-common-objections/">"Veganism: History, Contemporary Views, and Common Objections – Animal Rights The Abolitionist Approach"</a>. Retrieved 10 February 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Veganism%3A+History%2C+Contemporary+Views%2C+and+Common+Objections+%E2%80%93+Animal+Rights+The+Abolitionist+Approach&rft.date=2017-10-29&rft.aulast=Francione&rft.aufirst=Gary+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.abolitionistapproach.com%2Fveganism-history-contemporary-views-and-common-objections%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVeganism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-318"><a href="#cite_ref-318">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231207163400/https://www.vegancanada.org/news/article/2021/10/15/veganism-reflection.html">"Veganism"</a>. vegancanada.org. Retrieved 6 December 2023. </li> <li id="cite_note-319"><a href="#cite_ref-319">^</a> Hooley, Daniel; Nobis, Nathan. (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231014124440/https://www.wellbeingintlstudiesrepository.org/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1005&context=acwp_aafhh">A Moral Argument for Veganism</a>. In Andrew Chignell, Matthew Halteman, Terence Cuneo. Philosophy Comes to Dinner: Arguments about the Ethics of Eating. Routledge. pp. 92-108. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0415806831" title="Special:BookSources/978-0415806831">978-0415806831</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-Carrington2018-320">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Carrington2018_320-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Carrington2018_320-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCarrington2018" class="citation news cs1">Carrington D (31 May 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2018/may/31/avoiding-meat-and-dairy-is-single-biggest-way-to-reduce-your-impact-on-earth">"Avoiding meat and dairy is 'single biggest way' to reduce your impact on Earth"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a>. Retrieved 12 March 2019. <q>A vegan diet is probably the single biggest way to reduce your impact on planet Earth, not just greenhouse gases, but global acidification, eutrophication, land use and water use. It is far bigger than cutting down on your flights or buying an electric car</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Avoiding+meat+and+dairy+is+%27single+biggest+way%27+to+reduce+your+impact+on+Earth&rft.date=2018-05-31&rft.aulast=Carrington&rft.aufirst=Damian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fenvironment%2F2018%2Fmay%2F31%2Favoiding-meat-and-dairy-is-single-biggest-way-to-reduce-your-impact-on-earth&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVeganism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-321"><a href="#cite_ref-321">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBland2012" class="citation web cs1">Bland A (1 August 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.smithsonianmag.com/travel/is-the-livestock-industry-destroying-the-planet-11308007/">"Is the Livestock Industry Destroying the Planet?"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Smithsonian_(magazine)" title="Smithsonian (magazine)">Smithsonian</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20180303135407/https://www.smithsonianmag.com/travel/is-the-livestock-industry-destroying-the-planet-11308007/">Archived</a> from the original on 3 March 2018. Retrieved 3 March 2018. <q>The global scope of the livestock issue is huge. A 212-page online report published by the United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization says 26 percent of the earth's terrestrial surface is used for livestock grazing.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Smithsonian&rft.atitle=Is+the+Livestock+Industry+Destroying+the+Planet%3F&rft.date=2012-08-01&rft.aulast=Bland&rft.aufirst=Alastair&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.smithsonianmag.com%2Ftravel%2Fis-the-livestock-industry-destroying-the-planet-11308007%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVeganism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-322"><a href="#cite_ref-322">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fao.org/docrep/010/a0701e/a0701e00.htm">Steinfeld et al. 2006</a>, 3, 74. </li> <li id="cite_note-323"><a href="#cite_ref-323">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fao.org/docrep/010/a0701e/a0701e00.htm">Steinfeld et al. 2006</a>, 12, 42. The roots, vegetables and pulses are mostly <a href="/wiki/Cassava" title="Cassava">cassava</a>, potatoes, sweet potatoes, cabbage, <a href="/wiki/Cooking_banana" title="Cooking banana">plantain</a>, peas, and beans. </li> <li id="cite_note-UNEP2010-324">^ <a href="#cite_ref-UNEP2010_324-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-UNEP2010_324-1">b</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120616221700/http://www.unep.org/resourcepanel/Portals/24102/PDFs/PriorityProductsAndMaterials_Report.pdf">Assessing the Environmental Impacts of Consumption and Production</a>, International Panel for Resource Management, United Nations Environment Programme, June 2010. </li> <li id="cite_note-326"><a href="#cite_ref-326">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCarus2010" class="citation news cs1">Carus F (2 June 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2010/jun/02/un-report-meat-free-diet">"UN urges global move to meat and dairy-free diet"</a>. The Guardian. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180303145344/https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2010/jun/02/un-report-meat-free-diet">Archived</a> from the original on 3 March 2018. Retrieved 3 March 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=UN+urges+global+move+to+meat+and+dairy-free+diet&rft.date=2010-06-02&rft.aulast=Carus&rft.aufirst=Felicity&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fenvironment%2F2010%2Fjun%2F02%2Fun-report-meat-free-diet&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVeganism" class="Z3988"><div class="paragraphbreak" style="margin-top:0.5em"></div><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.unep.org/Documents.Multilingual/Default.asp?DocumentID=628&ArticleID=6595&l=en&t=long">"Energy and Agriculture Top Resource Panel's Priority List for Sustainable 21st Century"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161019230121/http://www.unep.org/Documents.Multilingual/Default.asp?DocumentID=628&ArticleID=6595&l=en&t=long">Archived</a> 19 October 2016 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP), Brussels, 2 June 2010.<div class="paragraphbreak" style="margin-top:0.5em"></div>For an opposing position, <a href="/wiki/Simon_Fairlie" class="mw-redirect" title="Simon Fairlie">Simon Fairlie</a>, Meat: A Benign Extravagance, Chelsea Green Publishing, 2010. </li> <li id="cite_note-327"><a href="#cite_ref-327">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFScarboroughApplebyMizdrakBriggs2014" class="citation journal cs1">Scarborough P, Appleby PN, Mizdrak A, Briggs AD, Travis RC, Bradbury KE, et al. 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Texas A&M University. pp. ii, iii, 2, 22–23, 39, 41, 57. Retrieved 6 September 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adissertation&rft.title=Vegetarianism%2FVeganism%3A+A+Sociological+Analysis&rft.inst=Texas+A%26M+University&rft.date=2016-06-01&rft.aulast=Reymond&rft.aufirst=Stephane&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Foaktrust.library.tamu.edu%2Fbitstream%2Fhandle%2F1969.1%2F157868%2FREYMOND-THESIS-2016.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVeganism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-389"><a href="#cite_ref-389">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLindquist2013" class="citation thesis cs1">Lindquist A (May 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://soundideas.pugetsound.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1004&context=csoc_theses">"Introduction"</a>. Beyond Hippies and Rabbit Food: The Social Effects of Vegetarianism and Veganism (Undergraduate). <a href="/wiki/University_of_Puget_Sound" title="University of Puget Sound">University of Puget Sound</a>. pp. 1, 3, 6. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201009005124/https://soundideas.pugetsound.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1004&context=csoc_theses">Archived</a> from the original on 9 October 2020. Retrieved 3 December 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adissertation&rft.title=Beyond+Hippies+and+Rabbit+Food%3A+The+Social+Effects+of+Vegetarianism+and+Veganism&rft.inst=University+of+Puget+Sound&rft.date=2013-05&rft.aulast=Lindquist&rft.aufirst=Anna&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsoundideas.pugetsound.edu%2Fcgi%2Fviewcontent.cgi%3Farticle%3D1004%26context%3Dcsoc_theses&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVeganism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-390"><a href="#cite_ref-390">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThomas2016" class="citation news cs1">Thomas M (July 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://vegnews.com/2016/7/5-crazy-vegan-stereotypessmashed">"5 Crazy Vegan Stereotypes—Smashed!"</a>. <a href="/wiki/VegNews" title="VegNews">VegNews</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190531155858/https://vegnews.com/2016/7/5-crazy-vegan-stereotypessmashed">Archived</a> from the original on 31 May 2019. Retrieved 6 September 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=VegNews&rft.atitle=5+Crazy+Vegan+Stereotypes%E2%80%94Smashed%21&rft.date=2016-07&rft.aulast=Thomas&rft.aufirst=Matt&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fvegnews.com%2F2016%2F7%2F5-crazy-vegan-stereotypessmashed&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVeganism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-391"><a href="#cite_ref-391">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFManjoo2019" class="citation news cs1">Manjoo F (28 August 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2019/08/28/opinion/vegan-food.html">"Stop Mocking Vegans"</a>. <a href="/wiki/New_York_Times" class="mw-redirect" title="New York Times">New York Times</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200616225259/https://www.nytimes.com/2019/08/28/opinion/vegan-food.html">Archived</a> from the original on 16 June 2020. Retrieved 6 September 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Stop+Mocking+Vegans&rft.date=2019-08-28&rft.aulast=Manjoo&rft.aufirst=Farhad&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2019%2F08%2F28%2Fopinion%2Fvegan-food.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVeganism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-392"><a href="#cite_ref-392">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ashlandcreekpress.com/books/veglit/">"Vegan & Vegetarian Fiction"</a>. Ashland Creek Press. 2020. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201008023737/https://ashlandcreekpress.com/books/veglit/">Archived</a> from the original on 8 October 2020. Retrieved 4 December 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Ashland+Creek+Press&rft.atitle=Vegan+%26+Vegetarian+Fiction&rft.date=2020&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fashlandcreekpress.com%2Fbooks%2Fveglit%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVeganism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-393"><a href="#cite_ref-393">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPassell2013" class="citation web cs1">Passell L (21 February 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.barnesandnoble.com/blog/7-books-that-might-make-you-a-vegetarian/">"7 Books That Might Make You A Vegetarian"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Barnes_and_Noble" class="mw-redirect" title="Barnes and Noble">Barnes and Noble</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201108011234/https://www.barnesandnoble.com/blog/7-books-that-might-make-you-a-vegetarian/">Archived</a> from the original on 8 November 2020. Retrieved 4 December 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Barnes+and+Noble&rft.atitle=7+Books+That+Might+Make+You+A+Vegetarian&rft.date=2013-02-21&rft.aulast=Passell&rft.aufirst=Lauren&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.barnesandnoble.com%2Fblog%2F7-books-that-might-make-you-a-vegetarian%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVeganism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-394"><a href="#cite_ref-394">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAltman2018" class="citation web cs1">Altman T (22 June 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://tessaaltman.com/2018/06/22/where-is-my-fictional-vegan-heroine/">"Where is My Fictional Vegan Heroine?"</a>. Tessa Altman's official website. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200923222452/https://tessaaltman.com/2018/06/22/where-is-my-fictional-vegan-heroine/">Archived</a> from the original on 23 September 2020. Retrieved 4 December 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Tessa+Altman%27s+official+website&rft.atitle=Where+is+My+Fictional+Vegan+Heroine%3F&rft.date=2018-06-22&rft.aulast=Altman&rft.aufirst=Tessa&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftessaaltman.com%2F2018%2F06%2F22%2Fwhere-is-my-fictional-vegan-heroine%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVeganism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-395"><a href="#cite_ref-395">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKoljonen2019" class="citation journal cs1">Koljonen M (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://muse.jhu.edu/article/731339/pdf">"Thinking and Caring Boys Go Vegan: Two European Books That Introduce Vegan Identity to Children"</a>. Bookbird: A Journal of International Children's Literature. 57 (3): 13–22. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1353%2Fbkb.2019.0052">10.1353/bkb.2019.0052</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:202254232">202254232</a>. Retrieved 4 December 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Bookbird%3A+A+Journal+of+International+Children%27s+Literature&rft.atitle=Thinking+and+Caring+Boys+Go+Vegan%3A+Two+European+Books+That+Introduce+Vegan+Identity+to+Children&rft.volume=57&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=13-22&rft.date=2019&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1353%2Fbkb.2019.0052&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A202254232%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Koljonen&rft.aufirst=Marianna&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmuse.jhu.edu%2Farticle%2F731339%2Fpdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVeganism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-396"><a href="#cite_ref-396">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYunker2020" class="citation book cs1">Yunker J (2020). "Introduction". In Yunker J (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/36864838">Writing for Animals: An anthology for writers and instructors to educate and inspire</a>. <a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a>: Ashland Creek Press. pp. 1–8. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-61822-058-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-61822-058-5"><bdi>978-1-61822-058-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Introduction&rft.btitle=Writing+for+Animals%3A+An+anthology+for+writers+and+instructors+to+educate+and+inspire&rft.place=London&rft.pages=1-8&rft.pub=Ashland+Creek+Press&rft.date=2020&rft.isbn=978-1-61822-058-5&rft.aulast=Yunker&rft.aufirst=Joshua&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F36864838&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVeganism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Gerber-397">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Gerber_397-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gerber_397-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGerber2016" class="citation web cs1">Gerber J (27 October 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://screenrant.com/comic-book-superheroes-supervillains-vegetarian-wonder-woman/">"15 Superheroes (And Villains) You Didn't Know Were Vegetarian"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Screen_Rant" title="Screen Rant">Screen Rant</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200517020958/https://screenrant.com/comic-book-superheroes-supervillains-vegetarian-wonder-woman/">Archived</a> from the original on 17 May 2020. Retrieved 6 September 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Screen+Rant&rft.atitle=15+Superheroes+%28And+Villains%29+You+Didn%27t+Know+Were+Vegetarian&rft.date=2016-10-27&rft.aulast=Gerber&rft.aufirst=Jamie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fscreenrant.com%2Fcomic-book-superheroes-supervillains-vegetarian-wonder-woman%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVeganism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Dean-398"><a href="#cite_ref-Dean_398-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDean2017" class="citation web cs1">Dean A (5 November 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.diversetechgeek.com/10-vegetarian-cartoon-characters/">"10 noteworthy vegetarian cartoon characters"</a>. Diverse Tech Geek. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200906204226/https://www.diversetechgeek.com/10-vegetarian-cartoon-characters/">Archived</a> from the original on 6 September 2020. Retrieved 6 September 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Diverse+Tech+Geek&rft.atitle=10+noteworthy+vegetarian+cartoon+characters&rft.date=2017-11-05&rft.aulast=Dean&rft.aufirst=Anthony&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.diversetechgeek.com%2F10-vegetarian-cartoon-characters%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVeganism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-399"><a href="#cite_ref-399">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcLean2019" class="citation web cs1">McLean T (8 March 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200822103716/https://www.animationmagazine.net/tv/teen-girls-to-the-rescue-lauren-faust-powers-up-dc-super-hero-girls/">"Teen Girls to the Rescue: Lauren Faust Powers Up 'DC Super Hero Girls'"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Animation_Magazine" title="Animation Magazine">Animation Magazine</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.animationmagazine.net/tv/teen-girls-to-the-rescue-lauren-faust-powers-up-dc-super-hero-girls/">the original</a> on 22 August 2020. Retrieved 6 September 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Animation+Magazine&rft.atitle=Teen+Girls+to+the+Rescue%3A+Lauren+Faust+Powers+Up+%27DC+Super+Hero+Girls%27&rft.date=2019-03-08&rft.aulast=McLean&rft.aufirst=Tom&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.animationmagazine.net%2Ftv%2Fteen-girls-to-the-rescue-lauren-faust-powers-up-dc-super-hero-girls%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVeganism" class="Z3988"> Although Faust calls her a vegetarian, Cruz has expressed she is a vegan multiple times. For instance, she says in the episode "#Retreat" that she is vegan and "eats plants for breakfast." </li> <li id="cite_note-400"><a href="#cite_ref-400">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBarraclough2019" class="citation web cs1">Barraclough L (19 October 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://variety.com/2019/tv/global/mipcom-dc-super-hero-girls-warner-bros-animation-cartoon-network-1203368691/">"'DC Super Hero Girls' Shows Girls As They Really Are, But With Superpowers"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Variety_(magazine)" title="Variety (magazine)">Variety</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191012212103/https://variety.com/2019/tv/global/mipcom-dc-super-hero-girls-warner-bros-animation-cartoon-network-1203368691/">Archived</a> from the original on 12 October 2019. Retrieved 6 September 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Variety&rft.atitle=%27DC+Super+Hero+Girls%27+Shows+Girls+As+They+Really+Are%2C+But+With+Superpowers&rft.date=2019-10-19&rft.aulast=Barraclough&rft.aufirst=Leo&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fvariety.com%2F2019%2Ftv%2Fglobal%2Fmipcom-dc-super-hero-girls-warner-bros-animation-cartoon-network-1203368691%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVeganism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-401"><a href="#cite_ref-401">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDC_Super_Hero_Girls_(TV_series)2020" class="citation web cs1">DC Super Hero Girls (TV series) [@dcshg] (2 January 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://x.com/dcshg/status/1212750415885938689">"Vegetarian Jessica Cruz offers to fill in for Barbara Gordon at the Burrito Bucket. Check out VEGGIE MEAT BURRITO: http://bit.ly/38Sz0Lw Be sure to catch the #DCSuperHeroGirls animated series, now streaming on @Netflix in the U.S. 🎉 @NetflixFamily #Netflix"</a> (<a href="/wiki/Tweet_(social_media)" title="Tweet (social media)">Tweet</a>). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200107211143/https://twitter.com/dcshg/status/1212750415885938689">Archived</a> from the original on 7 January 2020 – via <a href="/wiki/Twitter" title="Twitter">Twitter</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Vegetarian+Jessica+Cruz+offers+to+fill+in+for+Barbara+Gordon+at+the+Burrito+Bucket.+Check+out+VEGGIE+MEAT+BURRITO%3A+http%3A%2F%2Fbit.ly%2F38Sz0Lw+Be+sure+to+catch+the+%23DCSuperHeroGirls+animated+series%2C+now+streaming+on+%40Netflix+in+the+U.S.+%F0%9F%8E%89+%40NetflixFamily+%23Netflix&rft.date=2020-01-02&rft.au=DC+Super+Hero+Girls+%28TV+series%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fx.com%2Fdcshg%2Fstatus%2F1212750415885938689&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVeganism" class="Z3988"> This tweet refers to the December 3, 2019 short for the show "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-nbErPFnsBY">#VeggieBurritoBucket</a>". </li> <li id="cite_note-402"><a href="#cite_ref-402">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDC_Super_Hero_Girls_(TV_series)2019" class="citation web cs1">DC Super Hero Girls (TV series) [@dcshg] (19 September 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://x.com/dcshg/status/1174729106761469953">"Jessica Cruz battles against her own smoothie when Poison Ivy wreaks havoc on a vegan restaurant. Check out VEGECIDE on YouTube: http://bit.ly/2mkuul3 Be sure to catch the #DCSuperHeroGirls animated series, now streaming on @Netflix in the U.S. 🎉 @netflixfamily #Netflix"</a> (<a href="/wiki/Tweet_(social_media)" title="Tweet (social media)">Tweet</a>). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190919175707/https://twitter.com/DCSHG/status/1174729106761469953">Archived</a> from the original on 19 September 2019 – via <a href="/wiki/Twitter" title="Twitter">Twitter</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Jessica+Cruz+battles+against+her+own+smoothie+when+Poison+Ivy+wreaks+havoc+on+a+vegan+restaurant.+Check+out+VEGECIDE+on+YouTube%3A+http%3A%2F%2Fbit.ly%2F2mkuul3+Be+sure+to+catch+the+%23DCSuperHeroGirls+animated+series%2C+now+streaming+on+%40Netflix+in+the+U.S.+%F0%9F%8E%89+%40netflixfamily+%23Netflix&rft.date=2019-09-19&rft.au=DC+Super+Hero+Girls+%28TV+series%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fx.com%2Fdcshg%2Fstatus%2F1174729106761469953&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVeganism" class="Z3988"> This tweet refers to the September 13, 2019 short for the show "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=g1ATWXlEo80">#Vegecide"</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-403"><a href="#cite_ref-403">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrown2021" class="citation web cs1">Brown T (12 March 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.latimes.com/entertainment-arts/tv/story/2021-03-12/city-of-ghosts-netflix-los-angeles-elizabeth-ito">"The story behind Netflix's quirky, kid-friendly answer to 'whitewashed' L.A."</a> <a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles_Times" title="Los Angeles Times">Los Angeles Times</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210331110048/https://www.latimes.com/entertainment-arts/tv/story/2021-03-12/city-of-ghosts-netflix-los-angeles-elizabeth-ito">Archived</a> from the original on 31 March 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Los+Angeles+Times&rft.atitle=The+story+behind+Netflix%27s+quirky%2C+kid-friendly+answer+to+%27whitewashed%27+L.A.&rft.date=2021-03-12&rft.aulast=Brown&rft.aufirst=Tracy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.latimes.com%2Fentertainment-arts%2Ftv%2Fstory%2F2021-03-12%2Fcity-of-ghosts-netflix-los-angeles-elizabeth-ito&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVeganism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-404"><a href="#cite_ref-404">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThomas2021" class="citation web cs1">Thomas R (16 March 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://madison.com/ct/ct/writers/rob-thomas/in-netflixs-huggable-city-of-ghosts-these-are-the-spirits-in-your-neighborhood/article_51240bb4-bb09-552b-bef8-86cb08128619.html">"Netflix's City of Ghosts Maps a Better Way to See LA—and Everywhere Else"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Capital_Times" title="The Capital Times">The Capital Times</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210318213407/https://madison.com/ct/ct/writers/rob-thomas/in-netflixs-huggable-city-of-ghosts-these-are-the-spirits-in-your-neighborhood/article_51240bb4-bb09-552b-bef8-86cb08128619.html">Archived</a> from the original on 18 March 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Capital+Times&rft.atitle=Netflix%27s+City+of+Ghosts+Maps+a+Better+Way+to+See+LA%E2%80%94and+Everywhere+Else&rft.date=2021-03-16&rft.aulast=Thomas&rft.aufirst=Rob&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmadison.com%2Fct%2Fct%2Fwriters%2Frob-thomas%2Fin-netflixs-huggable-city-of-ghosts-these-are-the-spirits-in-your-neighborhood%2Farticle_51240bb4-bb09-552b-bef8-86cb08128619.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVeganism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-405"><a href="#cite_ref-405">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBowie2018" class="citation web cs1">Bowie R (1 July 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://vegnews.com/2018/7/top-14-greatest-vegan-cartoon-characters-ever">"Top 14 Greatest Vegan Cartoon Characters Ever"</a>. VegNews. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220518001926/https://vegnews.com/2018/7/top-14-greatest-vegan-cartoon-characters-ever">Archived</a> from the original on 18 May 2022. Retrieved 11 December 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=VegNews&rft.atitle=Top+14+Greatest+Vegan+Cartoon+Characters+Ever&rft.date=2018-07-01&rft.aulast=Bowie&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fvegnews.com%2F2018%2F7%2Ftop-14-greatest-vegan-cartoon-characters-ever&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVeganism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-406"><a href="#cite_ref-406">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJones2018" class="citation web cs1">Jones L (10 June 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/business-44488051">"Veganism: Why are vegan diets on the rise?"</a>. <a href="/wiki/BBC_News" title="BBC News">BBC News</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200724131847/https://www.bbc.com/news/business-44488051">Archived</a> from the original on 24 July 2020. Retrieved 10 December 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Veganism%3A+Why+are+vegan+diets+on+the+rise%3F&rft.date=2018-06-10&rft.aulast=Jones&rft.aufirst=Lora&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fnews%2Fbusiness-44488051&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVeganism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-407"><a href="#cite_ref-407">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarsh2016" class="citation web cs1">Marsh S (27 May 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/lifeandstyle/2016/may/27/the-rise-of-vegan-teenagers-more-people-are-into-it-because-of-instagram">"The rise of vegan teenagers: 'More people are into it because of Instagram'"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201108093701/https://www.theguardian.com/lifeandstyle/2016/may/27/the-rise-of-vegan-teenagers-more-people-are-into-it-because-of-instagram">Archived</a> from the original on 8 November 2020. Retrieved 10 December 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=The+rise+of+vegan+teenagers%3A+%27More+people+are+into+it+because+of+Instagram%27&rft.date=2016-05-27&rft.aulast=Marsh&rft.aufirst=Sarah&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Flifeandstyle%2F2016%2Fmay%2F27%2Fthe-rise-of-vegan-teenagers-more-people-are-into-it-because-of-instagram&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVeganism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-408"><a href="#cite_ref-408">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://vegconomist.com/society/veganism-is-the-most-popular-nutrition-topic-on-social-media/">"Veganism is the Most Popular Nutrition Topic on Social Media"</a>. Vegconomist. <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a>: vegconom GmbH. 7 September 2018. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201011060951/https://vegconomist.com/society/veganism-is-the-most-popular-nutrition-topic-on-social-media/">Archived</a> from the original on 11 October 2020. Retrieved 10 December 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Vegconomist&rft.atitle=Veganism+is+the+Most+Popular+Nutrition+Topic+on+Social+Media&rft.date=2018-09-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fvegconomist.com%2Fsociety%2Fveganism-is-the-most-popular-nutrition-topic-on-social-media%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVeganism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-409"><a href="#cite_ref-409">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSpringmannGodfrayRaynerScarborough2016" class="citation journal cs1">Springmann M, Godfray HC, Rayner M, Scarborough P (12 April 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4839446">"Analysis and valuation of the health and climate change cobenefits of dietary change"</a>. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 113 (15): 4146–4151. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016PNAS..113.4146S">2016PNAS..113.4146S</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1073%2Fpnas.1523119113">10.1073/pnas.1523119113</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4839446">4839446</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27001851">27001851</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Proceedings+of+the+National+Academy+of+Sciences&rft.atitle=Analysis+and+valuation+of+the+health+and+climate+change+cobenefits+of+dietary+change&rft.volume=113&rft.issue=15&rft.pages=4146-4151&rft.date=2016-04-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4839446%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F27001851&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1073%2Fpnas.1523119113&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2016PNAS..113.4146S&rft.aulast=Springmann&rft.aufirst=Marco&rft.au=Godfray%2C+H.+Charles+J.&rft.au=Rayner%2C+Mike&rft.au=Scarborough%2C+Peter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4839446&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVeganism" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2></div> <ul><li>Monbiot, George (2022). Regenesis: Feeding the World without Devouring the Planet. London. <a href="/wiki/Penguin_Books" title="Penguin Books">Penguin Books</a>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0143135968" title="Special:BookSources/978-0143135968">978-0143135968</a>.</li> <li>Williams, Howard (2019). The Ethics of Diet: A Catena of Authorities Deprecatory of the Practice of Flesh Eating. Czechia. Good Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9389614305" title="Special:BookSources/978-9389614305">978-9389614305</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output 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srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/41px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/54px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="391" data-file-height="391" /><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/vegan" class="extiw" title="wikt:vegan">Definitions</a> from Wiktionary</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/20px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Veganism" class="extiw" title="c:Category:Veganism">Media</a> from Commons</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/23px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/35px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/46px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Veganism" class="extiw" title="q:Veganism">Quotations</a> from Wikiquote</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/26px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="26" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/39px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/51px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Category:Vegetarianism" class="extiw" title="s:Category:Vegetarianism">Texts</a> from Wikisource</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/27px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/41px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/54px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /><a href="https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Category:Vegan_recipes" class="extiw" title="b:Category:Vegan recipes">Textbooks</a> from Wikibooks</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/27px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/41px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/54px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="193" data-file-height="193" /><a href="https://en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Travel_as_a_vegetarian" class="extiw" title="voy:Travel as a vegetarian">Travel information</a> from Wikivoyage</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/27px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/41px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/54px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1050" data-file-height="590" /><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q181138" class="extiw" title="d:Q181138">Data</a> from Wikidata</li></ul></div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vegansociety.com/">Official website</a> of <a href="/wiki/The_Vegan_Society" title="The Vegan Society">The Vegan Society</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Veganism_and_vegetarianism" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible expanded navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Veganism_and_vegetarianism" title="Template:Veganism and vegetarianism"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Veganism_and_vegetarianism" title="Template talk:Veganism and vegetarianism"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Veganism_and_vegetarianism" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Veganism and vegetarianism"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Veganism_and_vegetarianism" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Veganism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Vegetarianism" title="Vegetarianism">vegetarianism</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Perspectives</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Veganism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Animal-free_agriculture" title="Animal-free agriculture">Animal-free agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_veganism" title="Black veganism">Black veganism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fruitarianism" title="Fruitarianism">Fruitarianism</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#History">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raw_veganism" class="mw-redirect" title="Raw veganism">Raw veganism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Straight_edge" title="Straight edge">Straight edge</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hardline_(subculture)" title="Hardline (subculture)">Hardline</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vegan_nutrition" title="Vegan nutrition">Nutrition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vegan_organic_agriculture" title="Vegan organic agriculture">Vegan organic agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vegan_school_meal" title="Vegan school meal">Vegan school meal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vegan_studies" title="Vegan studies">Vegan studies</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Vegetarianism" title="Vegetarianism">Vegetarianism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Economic_vegetarianism" title="Economic vegetarianism">Economic vegetarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_vegetarianism" title="Environmental vegetarianism">Environmental vegetarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_vegetarianism" title="History of vegetarianism">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orthopathy" title="Orthopathy">Orthopathy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lacto_vegetarianism" title="Lacto vegetarianism">Lacto vegetarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lacto-ovo_vegetarianism" title="Lacto-ovo vegetarianism">Lacto-ovo vegetarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ovo_vegetarianism" title="Ovo vegetarianism">Ovo vegetarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vegetarian_cuisine" title="Vegetarian cuisine">Cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vegetarian_Diet_Pyramid" title="Vegetarian Diet Pyramid">Vegetarian Diet Pyramid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vegetarian_ecofeminism" title="Vegetarian ecofeminism">Ecofeminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vegetarian_nutrition" title="Vegetarian nutrition">Nutrition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vegetarianism_by_country" title="Vegetarianism by country">By country</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Lists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_vegetarians" title="List of vegetarians">Vegetarians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_vegans" title="List of vegans">Vegans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_fictional_vegetarian_and_vegan_characters" title="List of fictional vegetarian and vegan characters">Fictional characters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_vegetarian_festivals" class="mw-redirect" title="List of vegetarian festivals">Festivals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_vegetarian_and_vegan_organizations" title="List of vegetarian and vegan organizations">Organizations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_vegetarian_and_vegan_restaurants" title="List of vegetarian and vegan restaurants">Restaurants</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_vegan_and_plant-based_media" title="List of vegan and plant-based media">Vegan media</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ethics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Secular_ethics" title="Secular ethics">Secular</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Animal_rights" title="Animal rights">Animal rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animal_welfare" title="Animal welfare">Animal welfare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carnism" title="Carnism">Carnism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deep_ecology" title="Deep ecology">Deep ecology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_vegetarianism" title="Environmental vegetarianism">Environmental vegetarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethics_of_eating_meat" title="Ethics of eating meat">Ethics of eating meat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meat_paradox" class="mw-redirect" title="Meat paradox">Meat paradox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nonviolence" title="Nonviolence">Nonviolence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Replaceability_argument" title="Replaceability argument">Replaceability argument</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sentientism" title="Sentientism">Sentientism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Speciesism" title="Speciesism">Speciesism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tirukku%E1%B9%9Fa%E1%B8%B7" class="mw-redirect" title="Tirukkuṟaḷ">Tirukkuṟaḷ</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Vegetarianism_and_religion" title="Vegetarianism and religion">Religious</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_vegetarianism" title="Buddhist vegetarianism">Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_vegetarianism" title="Christian vegetarianism">Christianity</a> (<a href="/wiki/Seventh-day_Adventist_Church" title="Seventh-day Adventist Church">Seventh-day Adventist Church</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diet_in_Hinduism" title="Diet in Hinduism">Hinduism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sattvic_diet" title="Sattvic diet">Sattvic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahimsa" title="Ahimsa">Ahimsa</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_vegetarianism" title="Islamic vegetarianism">Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jain_vegetarianism" title="Jain vegetarianism">Jainism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_vegetarianism" title="Jewish vegetarianism">Judaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pythagoreanism#Vegetarianism" title="Pythagoreanism">Pythagoreanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ital" title="Ital">Rastafari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diet_in_Sikhism" title="Diet in Sikhism">Sikhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taoist_diet" title="Taoist diet">Taoism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Food and drink</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agave_syrup" title="Agave syrup">Agave syrup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vegan_chicken_fillet_roll" class="mw-redirect" title="Vegan chicken fillet roll">Chicken fillet roll</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coconut_burger" class="mw-redirect" title="Coconut burger">Coconut burger</a></li> <li>Dairy alternatives <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coconut_milk" title="Coconut milk">Coconut milk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plant_cream" title="Plant cream">Plant cream</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plant_milk" title="Plant milk">Plant milk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soy_yogurt" title="Soy yogurt">Soy yogurt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vegan_cheese" title="Vegan cheese">Cheese</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fruit" title="Fruit">Fruits</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grain" title="Grain">Grains</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cereal" title="Cereal">cereals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legume" title="Legume">legumes</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gelatin_dessert#Gelatin_substitutes" title="Gelatin dessert">Gelatin substitutes</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agar" title="Agar">Agar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carrageenan" title="Carrageenan">Carrageenan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulaman" title="Gulaman">Gulaman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Konjac#Fruit_jelly" class="mw-redirect" title="Konjac">Konjac jelly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bacterial_cellulose#Food" title="Bacterial cellulose">Microbial cellulose</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vegan_jambon" class="mw-redirect" title="Vegan jambon">Jambon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meat_alternative" title="Meat alternative">Meat alternative</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_meat_substitutes" title="List of meat substitutes">List of meat substitutes</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miso" title="Miso">Miso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mochi" title="Mochi">Mochi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mock_duck" title="Mock duck">Mock duck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nutritional_yeast" title="Nutritional yeast">Nutritional yeast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quinoa" title="Quinoa">Quinoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quorn" title="Quorn">Quorn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wheat_gluten_(food)" class="mw-redirect" title="Wheat gluten (food)">Seitan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tempeh" title="Tempeh">Tempeh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tofu" title="Tofu">Tofu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tofurkey" title="Tofurkey">Tofurkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vegetable" title="Vegetable">Vegetables</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vegetarian_bacon" title="Vegetarian bacon">Vegetarian bacon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vegetarian_hot_dog" title="Vegetarian hot dog">Hot dog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vegetarian_and_non-vegetarian_marks" class="mw-redirect" title="Vegetarian and non-vegetarian marks">Vegetarian mark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vegetarian_sausage" class="mw-redirect" title="Vegetarian sausage">Sausage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meat-free_sausage_roll" title="Meat-free sausage roll">Sausage roll</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vegetarianism_and_beer" title="Vegetarianism and beer">Beer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vegetarianism_and_wine" title="Vegetarianism and wine">Wine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Veggie_burger" title="Veggie burger">Veggie burger</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_vegetarian_organizations" class="mw-redirect" title="List of vegetarian organizations">Groups</a> and <a href="/wiki/List_of_vegetarian_festivals" class="mw-redirect" title="List of vegetarian festivals">events</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.5em;font-weight:normal;">Vegan</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Vegan_Society" title="American Vegan Society">American Vegan Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beauty_Without_Cruelty" title="Beauty Without Cruelty">Beauty Without Cruelty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China_Vegan_Society" class="mw-redirect" title="China Vegan Society">China Vegan Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Food_Empowerment_Project" title="Food Empowerment Project">Food Empowerment Project</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Go_Vegan" title="Go Vegan">Go Vegan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nederlandse_Vereniging_voor_Veganisme" title="Nederlandse Vereniging voor Veganisme">Nederlandse Vereniging voor Veganisme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Our_Hen_House" class="mw-redirect" title="Our Hen House">Our Hen House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Physicians_Committee_for_Responsible_Medicine" title="Physicians Committee for Responsible Medicine">Physicians Committee for Responsible Medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plamil_Foods" title="Plamil Foods">Plamil Foods</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vegan_Awareness_Foundation" title="Vegan Awareness Foundation">Vegan Awareness Foundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vegan_flag" class="mw-redirect" title="Vegan flag">Vegan flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vegan_Outreach" title="Vegan Outreach">Vegan Outreach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vegan_Prisoners_Support_Group" title="Vegan Prisoners Support Group">Vegan Prisoners Support Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Vegan_Society" title="The Vegan Society">The Vegan Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Veganmania" title="Veganmania">Veganmania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Veganuary" title="Veganuary">Veganuary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Veganz" title="Veganz">Veganz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Vegan_Day" title="World Vegan Day">World Vegan Day</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.5em;font-weight:normal;">Vegetarian</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alcott_House" title="Alcott House">Alcott House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bible_Christian_Church_(vegetarian)" title="Bible Christian Church (vegetarian)">Bible Christian Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boston_Vegetarian_Society" title="Boston Vegetarian Society">Boston Vegetarian Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Vegetarian_Association" title="Christian Vegetarian Association">Christian Vegetarian Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Vegetarian_Union" title="European Vegetarian Union">European Vegetarian Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Vegetarian_Society" title="French Vegetarian Society">French Vegetarian Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hare_Krishna_Food_for_Life" class="mw-redirect" title="Hare Krishna Food for Life">Hare Krishna Food for Life</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Vegetarian_Union" title="International Vegetarian Union">International Vegetarian Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Veg" title="Jewish Veg">Jewish Veg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meat-free_days" title="Meat-free days">Meat-free days</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Meatless_Monday" title="Meatless Monday">Meatless Monday</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friday_Fast" class="mw-redirect" title="Friday Fast">Friday Fast</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_American_Vegetarian_Society" title="North American Vegetarian Society">North American Vegetarian Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Golden_Age" title="Order of the Golden Age">Order of the Golden Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ProVeg_Deutschland" title="ProVeg Deutschland">ProVeg Deutschland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ProVeg_International" title="ProVeg International">ProVeg International</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ProVeg_Nederland" title="ProVeg Nederland">ProVeg Nederland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_Vegetarian_Society" title="Scottish Vegetarian Society">Scottish Vegetarian Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swissveg" title="Swissveg">Swissveg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toronto_Vegetarian_Association" title="Toronto Vegetarian Association">Toronto Vegetarian Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vegetarian_Federal_Union" title="Vegetarian Federal Union">Vegetarian Federal Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vegetarian_Society" title="Vegetarian Society">Vegetarian Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vegetarian_Society_(Singapore)" title="Vegetarian Society (Singapore)">Vegetarian Society (Singapore)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Veggie_Pride" title="Veggie Pride">Veggie Pride</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viva!_Health" title="Viva! Health">Viva! Health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Esperantist_Vegetarian_Association" title="World Esperantist Vegetarian Association">World Esperantist Vegetarian Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Vegetarian_Day" title="World Vegetarian Day">World Vegetarian Day</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Companies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_vegetarian_and_vegan_companies" title="List of vegetarian and vegan companies">List of vegetarian and vegan companies</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Books, reports, journals</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/On_Abstinence_from_Eating_Animals" title="On Abstinence from Eating Animals">On Abstinence from Eating Animals</a> (3rd century)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/An_Essay_on_Abstinence_from_Animal_Food,_as_a_Moral_Duty" title="An Essay on Abstinence from Animal Food, as a Moral Duty">An Essay on Abstinence from Animal Food, as a Moral Duty</a> (1802)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vegetable_Cookery" title="Vegetable Cookery">Vegetable Cookery</a> (1812)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/A_Vindication_of_Natural_Diet" title="A Vindication of Natural Diet">A Vindication of Natural Diet</a> (1813)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reasons_for_not_Eating_Animal_Food" class="mw-redirect" title="Reasons for not Eating Animal Food">Reasons for not Eating Animal Food</a> (1814)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moral_Inquiries_on_the_Situation_of_Man_and_of_Brutes" title="Moral Inquiries on the Situation of Man and of Brutes">Moral Inquiries on the Situation of Man and of Brutes</a> (1824)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nature%27s_Own_Book" class="mw-redirect" title="Nature's Own Book">Nature's Own Book</a> (1835)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fruits_and_Farinacea" title="Fruits and Farinacea">Fruits and Farinacea</a> (1845)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Pleasure_Boat" title="The Pleasure Boat">The Pleasure Boat</a> (1845)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Ethics_of_Diet" title="The Ethics of Diet">The Ethics of Diet</a> (1883)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/What_is_Vegetarianism%3F" title="What is Vegetarianism?">What is Vegetarianism?</a> (1886)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shelley%27s_Vegetarianism" title="Shelley's Vegetarianism">Shelley's Vegetarianism</a> (1891)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Behind_the_Scenes_in_Slaughter-Houses" title="Behind the Scenes in Slaughter-Houses">Behind the Scenes in Slaughter-Houses</a> (1892)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Why_I_Am_a_Vegetarian" title="Why I Am a Vegetarian">Why I Am a Vegetarian</a> (1895)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Figs_or_Pigs%3F" title="Figs or Pigs?">Figs or Pigs?</a> (1896)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fifty_Years_of_Food_Reform" class="mw-redirect" title="Fifty Years of Food Reform">Fifty Years of Food Reform</a> (1898)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thirty-nine_Reasons_Why_I_Am_a_Vegetarian" title="Thirty-nine Reasons Why I Am a Vegetarian">Thirty-nine Reasons Why I Am a Vegetarian</a> (1903)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Meat_Fetish" title="The Meat Fetish">The Meat Fetish</a> (1904)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_New_Ethics" title="The New Ethics">The New Ethics</a> (1907)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/A_Fleshless_Diet" class="mw-redirect" title="A Fleshless Diet">A Fleshless Diet</a> (1910)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Benefits_of_Vegetarianism" title="The Benefits of Vegetarianism">The Benefits of Vegetarianism</a> (1927)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Living_the_Good_Life" title="Living the Good Life">Living the Good Life</a> (1954)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ten_Talents_(cookbook)" title="Ten Talents (cookbook)">Ten Talents</a> (1968)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diet_for_a_Small_Planet" title="Diet for a Small Planet">Diet for a Small Planet</a> (1971)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Vegetarian_Epicure" title="The Vegetarian Epicure">The Vegetarian Epicure</a> (1972)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moosewood_Restaurant" title="Moosewood Restaurant">Moosewood Collective Cookbooks</a> (1973)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Farm_Vegetarian_Cookbook" title="The Farm Vegetarian Cookbook">The Farm Vegetarian Cookbook</a> (1975)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laurel%27s_Kitchen" title="Laurel's Kitchen">Laurel's Kitchen</a> (1976)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moosewood_Cookbook" title="Moosewood Cookbook">Moosewood Cookbook</a> (1977)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fit_for_Life" title="Fit for Life">Fit for Life</a> (1985)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diet_for_a_New_America" title="Diet for a New America">Diet for a New America</a> (1987)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Sexual_Politics_of_Meat" title="The Sexual Politics of Meat">The Sexual Politics of Meat</a> (1990)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vegetarian_Cooking_for_Everyone" title="Vegetarian Cooking for Everyone">Vegetarian Cooking for Everyone</a> (1997)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_China_Study" title="The China Study">The China Study</a> (2005)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skinny_Bitch" title="Skinny Bitch">Skinny Bitch</a> (2005)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Livestock%27s_Long_Shadow" title="Livestock's Long Shadow">Livestock's Long Shadow</a> (2006)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Bloodless_Revolution_(book)" title="The Bloodless Revolution (book)">The Bloodless Revolution</a> (2006)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eating_Animals" title="Eating Animals">Eating Animals</a> (2009)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Why_We_Love_Dogs,_Eat_Pigs,_and_Wear_Cows" title="Why We Love Dogs, Eat Pigs, and Wear Cows">Why We Love Dogs, Eat Pigs, and Wear Cows</a> (2009)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Vegan_Studies_Project" title="The Vegan Studies Project">The Vegan Studies Project</a> (2015)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animal_(De)liberation" title="Animal (De)liberation">Animal (De)liberation</a> (2016)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_End_of_Animal_Farming" title="The End of Animal Farming">The End of Animal Farming</a> (2018)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vegetable_Kingdom:_The_Abundant_World_of_Vegan_Recipes" class="mw-redirect" title="Vegetable Kingdom: The Abundant World of Vegan Recipes">Vegetable Kingdom</a> (2020)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Making_a_Stand_for_Animals" title="Making a Stand for Animals">Making a Stand for Animals</a> (2022)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meat_Atlas" title="Meat Atlas">Meat Atlas</a> (annual)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_vegan_media" class="mw-redirect" title="List of vegan media">Films and shows</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Animals_Film" title="The Animals Film">The Animals Film</a> (1981)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diet_for_a_New_America_(film)" title="Diet for a New America (film)">Diet for a New America (film)</a> (1991)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/A_Cow_at_My_Table" title="A Cow at My Table">A Cow at My Table</a> (1998)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meet_Your_Meat" title="Meet Your Meat">Meet Your Meat</a> (2002)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post_Punk_Kitchen" title="Post Punk Kitchen">Post Punk Kitchen</a> (2003–2005)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peaceable_Kingdom_(film)" title="Peaceable Kingdom (film)">Peaceable Kingdom</a> (2004)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Earthlings_(film)" title="Earthlings (film)">Earthlings</a> (2005)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/A_Sacred_Duty" title="A Sacred Duty">A Sacred Duty</a> (2007)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fat,_Sick_and_Nearly_Dead" title="Fat, Sick and Nearly Dead">Fat, Sick and Nearly Dead</a> (2010)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Planeat" title="Planeat">Planeat</a> (2010)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forks_Over_Knives" title="Forks Over Knives">Forks Over Knives</a> (2011)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vegucated" title="Vegucated">Vegucated</a> (2011)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Live_and_Let_Live_(2013_film)" title="Live and Let Live (2013 film)">Live and Let Live</a> (2013)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cowspiracy" title="Cowspiracy">Cowspiracy</a> (2014)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/PlantPure_Nation" title="PlantPure Nation">PlantPure Nation</a> (2015)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/What_the_Health" title="What the Health">What the Health</a> (2017)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carnage_(2017_film)" title="Carnage (2017 film)">Carnage</a> (2017)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominion_(2018_film)" title="Dominion (2018 film)">Dominion</a> (2018)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eating_You_Alive" title="Eating You Alive">Eating You Alive</a> (2018)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Game_Changers" title="The Game Changers">The Game Changers</a> (2018)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maa_Ka_Doodh" title="Maa Ka Doodh">Maa Ka Doodh</a> (2023)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/You_Are_What_You_Eat:_A_Twin_Experiment" title="You Are What You Eat: A Twin Experiment">You Are What You Eat: A Twin Experiment</a> (2024)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Magazines</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Naked_Food" title="Naked Food">Naked Food</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satya_(magazine)" title="Satya (magazine)">Satya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vegetarian_Times" title="Vegetarian Times">Vegetarian Times</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/VegNews" title="VegNews">VegNews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Animals%27_Agenda" class="mw-redirect" title="The Animals' Agenda">The Animals' Agenda</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Academics, activists, authors, physicians</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.5em;font-weight:normal;">Vegan</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Elisa_Aaltola" title="Elisa Aaltola">Elisa Aaltola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carol_J._Adams" title="Carol J. Adams">Carol J. Adams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suzanne_M._Babich" title="Suzanne M. Babich">Suzanne M. Babich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Balluch" title="Martin Balluch">Martin Balluch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neal_D._Barnard" title="Neal D. Barnard">Neal D. Barnard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Benatar" title="David Benatar">David Benatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steven_Best" title="Steven Best">Steven Best</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yves_Bonnardel" title="Yves Bonnardel">Yves Bonnardel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Will_Bonsall" title="Will Bonsall">Will Bonsall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Will_Bulsiewicz" title="Will Bulsiewicz">Will Bulsiewicz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georges_Butaud" title="Georges Butaud">Georges Butaud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jodey_Castricano" title="Jodey Castricano">Jodey Castricano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T._Colin_Campbell" title="T. Colin Campbell">T. Colin Campbell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Cook_(vegan)" title="Robert Cook (vegan)">Robert Cook</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brenda_Davis" title="Brenda Davis">Brenda Davis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garth_Davis_(surgeon)" title="Garth Davis (surgeon)">Garth Davis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jan_Deckers" title="Jan Deckers">Jan Deckers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alan_Desmond" title="Alan Desmond">Alan Desmond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freya_Dinshah" title="Freya Dinshah">Freya Dinshah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H._Jay_Dinshah" title="H. Jay Dinshah">H. Jay Dinshah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Dornbusch" title="George Dornbusch">George Dornbusch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mylan_Engel" title="Mylan Engel">Mylan Engel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caldwell_Esselstyn" title="Caldwell Esselstyn">Caldwell Esselstyn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gary_L._Francione" title="Gary L. Francione">Gary L. Francione</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joel_Fuhrman" title="Joel Fuhrman">Joel Fuhrman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kristi_Funk" title="Kristi Funk">Kristi Funk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Val%C3%A9ry_Giroux" title="Valéry Giroux">Valéry Giroux</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lewis_Gompertz" title="Lewis Gompertz">Lewis Gompertz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Greger" title="Michael Greger">Michael Greger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A._Breeze_Harper" title="A. Breeze Harper">A. Breeze Harper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oscar_Horta" title="Oscar Horta">Oscar Horta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melanie_Joy" title="Melanie Joy">Melanie Joy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joel_Kahn" title="Joel Kahn">Joel Kahn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avery_Yale_Kamila" title="Avery Yale Kamila">Avery Yale Kamila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Klaper" title="Michael Klaper">Michael Klaper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aph_Ko" title="Aph Ko">Aph Ko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renan_Larue" title="Renan Larue">Renan Larue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maxwell_G._Lee" title="Maxwell G. Lee">Maxwell G. Lee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Lepeltier" title="Thomas Lepeltier">Thomas Lepeltier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Howard_Lyman" title="Howard Lyman">Howard Lyman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Ma%27arri" title="Al-Ma'arri">Al-Ma'arri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reed_Mangels" title="Reed Mangels">Reed Mangels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_A._McDougall" title="John A. McDougall">John A. McDougall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_E._McWilliams" title="James E. McWilliams">James E. McWilliams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vesanto_Melina" title="Vesanto Melina">Vesanto Melina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gemma_Newman" title="Gemma Newman">Gemma Newman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Nibert" title="David Nibert">David Nibert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jack_Norris_(activist)" title="Jack Norris (activist)">Jack Norris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Olivier" title="David Olivier">David Olivier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Pearce_(philosopher)" title="David Pearce (philosopher)">David Pearce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emelia_Quinn" title="Emelia Quinn">Emelia Quinn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tom_Regan" title="Tom Regan">Tom Regan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C3%A9r%C3%B4me_Segal" title="Jérôme Segal">Jérôme Segal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Singer" title="Peter Singer">Peter Singer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Sztybel" title="David Sztybel">David Sztybel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sunaura_Taylor" title="Sunaura Taylor">Sunaura Taylor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Twine_(sociologist)" title="Richard Twine (sociologist)">Richard Twine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kim_A._Williams" title="Kim A. Williams">Kim A. Williams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corey_Lee_Wrenn" title="Corey Lee Wrenn">Corey Lee Wrenn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laura_Wright_(literary_scholar)" title="Laura Wright (literary scholar)">Laura Wright</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sophie_Za%C3%AFkowska" title="Sophie Zaïkowska">Sophie Zaïkowska</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.5em;font-weight:normal;">Vegetarian</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Phyllis_B._Acosta" title="Phyllis B. Acosta">Phyllis B. Acosta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Alcott" title="William Alcott">William Alcott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bertrand_P._Allinson" title="Bertrand P. Allinson">Bertrand P. Allinson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Allinson" title="Thomas Allinson">Thomas Allinson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_R._Attwood" title="Charles R. Attwood">Charles R. Attwood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Axon" class="mw-redirect" title="William Axon">William Axon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eduard_Baltzer" title="Eduard Baltzer">Eduard Baltzer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H._S._Bathgate" title="H. S. Bathgate">H. S. Bathgate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horace_A._Barrows" title="Horace A. Barrows">Horace A. Barrows</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geoffrey_Barstow" title="Geoffrey Barstow">Geoffrey Barstow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sidney_H._Beard" title="Sidney H. Beard">Sidney H. Beard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Bedborough" title="George Bedborough">George Bedborough</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernest_Bell_(animal_rights_activist)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ernest Bell (animal rights activist)">Ernest Bell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Bell_(physician)" title="Robert Bell (physician)">Robert Bell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ragnar_Berg" title="Ragnar Berg">Ragnar Berg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rynn_Berry" title="Rynn Berry">Rynn Berry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maximilian_Bircher-Benner" title="Maximilian Bircher-Benner">Maximilian Bircher-Benner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Black_(physician)" title="George Black (physician)">George Black</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernest_Bonnejoy" title="Ernest Bonnejoy">Ernest Bonnejoy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucius_Duncan_Bulkley" title="Lucius Duncan Bulkley">Lucius Duncan Bulkley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._L._Buttner" title="J. L. Buttner">J. L. Buttner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Carton" title="Paul Carton">Paul Carton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Job_Caudwell" title="Job Caudwell">Job Caudwell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Clark_(Bible_Christian)" title="James Clark (Bible Christian)">James Clark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Cheyne_(physician)" title="George Cheyne (physician)">George Cheyne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_S._Clubb" title="Henry S. Clubb">Henry S. Clubb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonio_Cocchi" title="Antonio Cocchi">Antonio Cocchi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edwin_Collier" title="Edwin Collier">Edwin Collier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lenna_F._Cooper" title="Lenna F. Cooper">Lenna F. Cooper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dani%C3%ABl_de_Clercq" title="Daniël de Clercq">Daniël de Clercq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georges_Danjou" title="Georges Danjou">Georges Danjou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Dombrowski" title="Daniel Dombrowski">Daniel Dombrowski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Elmslie_Duncan" title="James Elmslie Duncan">James Elmslie Duncan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eknath_Easwaran" title="Eknath Easwaran">Eknath Easwaran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T._Forster" title="T. Forster">T. Forster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_W._Forward" title="Charles W. Forward">Charles W. Forward</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Allen_Fox" title="Michael Allen Fox">Michael Allen Fox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Foxcroft" title="Peter Foxcroft">Peter Foxcroft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greta_Gaard" title="Greta Gaard">Greta Gaard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahatma_Gandhi" title="Mahatma Gandhi">Mahatma Gandhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narasinh_Narayan_Godbole" title="Narasinh Narayan Godbole">Narasinh Narayan Godbole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jules_Grand" title="Jules Grand">Jules Grand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeremiah_Hacker" title="Jeremiah Hacker">Jeremiah Hacker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Haddon" title="John Haddon">John Haddon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Hadwen" title="Walter Hadwen">Walter Hadwen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Haig_(physician)" title="Alexander Haig (physician)">Alexander Haig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Hare" title="Edward Hare">Edward Hare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Harrison" title="George Harrison">George Harrison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Harvey_(Bible_Christian)" title="William Harvey (Bible Christian)">William Harvey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippe_Hecquet" title="Philippe Hecquet">Philippe Hecquet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brian_Hines" title="Brian Hines">Brian Hines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther_Holbrook" title="Martin Luther Holbrook">Martin Luther Holbrook</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isaac_Jennings" title="Isaac Jennings">Isaac Jennings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Harvey_Kellogg" title="John Harvey Kellogg">John Harvey Kellogg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norman_Kerr" title="Norman Kerr">Norman Kerr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_H._Kress" title="Daniel H. Kress">Daniel H. Kress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Lambe_(physician)" title="William Lambe (physician)">William Lambe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/W._R._C._Latson" title="W. R. C. Latson">W. R. C. Latson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elmer_Lee" title="Elmer Lee">Elmer Lee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Susan_M._Levin" title="Susan M. Levin">Susan M. Levin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Linzey" title="Andrew Linzey">Andrew Linzey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clair_Linzey" title="Clair Linzey">Clair Linzey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacques_de_Marquette" title="Jacques de Marquette">Jacques de Marquette</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alice_Garrett_Marsh" title="Alice Garrett Marsh">Alice Garrett Marsh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_McCartney" title="Paul McCartney">Paul McCartney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stella_McCartney" title="Stella McCartney">Stella McCartney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elmer_McCollum" title="Elmer McCollum">Elmer McCollum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Metcalfe" title="William Metcalfe">William Metcalfe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eli_Peck_Miller" title="Eli Peck Miller">Eli Peck Miller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harry_Willis_Miller" title="Harry Willis Miller">Harry Willis Miller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._Howard_Moore" title="J. Howard Moore">J. Howard Moore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reuben_D._Mussey" title="Reuben D. Mussey">Reuben D. Mussey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helen_Nearing" title="Helen Nearing">Helen Nearing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scott_Nearing" title="Scott Nearing">Scott Nearing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_William_Newman" title="Francis William Newman">Francis William Newman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R._E._O%27Callaghan" title="R. E. O'Callaghan">R. E. O'Callaghan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Josiah_Oldfield" title="Josiah Oldfield">Josiah Oldfield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dean_Ornish" title="Dean Ornish">Dean Ornish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Felix_Ortt" title="Felix Ortt">Felix Ortt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyril_V._Pink" title="Cyril V. Pink">Cyril V. Pink</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A._C._Bhaktivedanta_Swami_Prabhupada" title="A. C. Bhaktivedanta Swami Prabhupada">A. C. Bhaktivedanta Swami Prabhupada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rod_Preece" title="Rod Preece">Rod Preece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Rachels" title="James Rachels">James Rachels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulma_Doyle_Register" title="Ulma Doyle Register">Ulma Doyle Register</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenneth_Romanes" title="Kenneth Romanes">Kenneth Romanes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rollo_Russell" title="Rollo Russell">Rollo Russell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Stephens_Salt" title="Henry Stephens Salt">Henry Stephens Salt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johan_Lindstr%C3%B6m_Saxon" title="Johan Lindström Saxon">Johan Lindström Saxon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Scholefield_(Bible_Christian)" title="James Scholefield (Bible Christian)">James Scholefield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_H._Schwartz" title="Richard H. Schwartz">Richard H. Schwartz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/W._B._Shearn" title="W. B. Shearn">W. B. Shearn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Simpson_(Bible_Christian)" title="James Simpson (Bible Christian)">James Simpson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernest_Lester_Smith" title="Ernest Lester Smith">Ernest Lester Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_O._Stephens" title="William O. Stephens">William O. Stephens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alan_Stoddard" title="Alan Stoddard">Alan Stoddard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russell_Thacher_Trall" title="Russell Thacher Trall">Russell Thacher Trall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_Towgood" title="Frederick Towgood">Frederick Towgood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sidney_Trist" title="Sidney Trist">Sidney Trist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thiruvalluvar" title="Thiruvalluvar">Valluvar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emil_Weilsh%C3%A4user" title="Emil Weilshäuser">Emil Weilshäuser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ellen_G._White" title="Ellen G. White">Ellen G. White</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Severin_Wielobycki" title="Severin Wielobycki">Severin Wielobycki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Howard_Williams_(humanitarian)" title="Howard Williams (humanitarian)">Howard Williams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_Wokes" title="Frank Wokes">Frank Wokes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/W._A._Sibly" title="W. A. Sibly">W. A. Sibly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jon_Wynne-Tyson" title="Jon Wynne-Tyson">Jon Wynne-Tyson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tzachi_Zamir" title="Tzachi Zamir">Tzachi Zamir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kathleen_Keen_Zolber" title="Kathleen Keen Zolber">Kathleen Keen Zolber</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Chefs and cookbook authors</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pamela_Anderson" title="Pamela Anderson">Pamela Anderson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nava_Atlas" title="Nava Atlas">Nava Atlas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mayim_Bialik" title="Mayim Bialik">Mayim Bialik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carleigh_Bodrug" title="Carleigh Bodrug">Carleigh Bodrug</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gypsy_Boots" title="Gypsy Boots">Gypsy Boots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BOSH!" title="BOSH!">BOSH!</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martha_Brotherton" title="Martha Brotherton">Martha Brotherton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Espe_Brown" title="Edward Espe Brown">Edward Espe Brown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tabitha_Brown_(actress)" title="Tabitha Brown (actress)">Tabitha Brown (actress)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suzy_Amis_Cameron" title="Suzy Amis Cameron">Suzy Amis Cameron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hannah_Che" title="Hannah Che">Hannah Che</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pinky_Cole" title="Pinky Cole">Pinky Cole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chloe_Coscarelli" title="Chloe Coscarelli">Chloe Coscarelli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yamuna_Devi" title="Yamuna Devi">Yamuna Devi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sue_Donaldson" title="Sue Donaldson">Sue Donaldson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crescent_Dragonwagon" title="Crescent Dragonwagon">Crescent Dragonwagon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rose_Elliot" title="Rose Elliot">Rose Elliot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rip_Esselstyn" title="Rip Esselstyn">Rip Esselstyn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toni_Fiore" title="Toni Fiore">Toni Fiore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carol_Lee_Flinders" title="Carol Lee Flinders">Carol Lee Flinders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexis_Gauthier" title="Alexis Gauthier">Alexis Gauthier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dick_Gregory" title="Dick Gregory">Dick Gregory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richa_Hingle" title="Richa Hingle">Richa Hingle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madhur_Jaffrey" title="Madhur Jaffrey">Madhur Jaffrey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mollie_Katzen" title="Mollie Katzen">Mollie Katzen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frances_Moore_Lapp%C3%A9" title="Frances Moore Lappé">Frances Moore Lappé</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deborah_Madison" title="Deborah Madison">Deborah Madison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linda_McCartney" title="Linda McCartney">Linda McCartney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_McCartney" title="Mary McCartney">Mary McCartney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hetty_Lui_McKinnon" title="Hetty Lui McKinnon">Hetty Lui McKinnon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tracye_McQuirter" title="Tracye McQuirter">Tracye McQuirter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joanne_Lee_Molinaro" title="Joanne Lee Molinaro">Joanne Lee Molinaro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moosewood_Restaurant" title="Moosewood Restaurant">Moosewood Collective</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charity_Morgan" title="Charity Morgan">Charity Morgan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isa_Chandra_Moskowitz" title="Isa Chandra Moskowitz">Isa Chandra Moskowitz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bawa_Muhaiyaddeen" title="Bawa Muhaiyaddeen">Bawa Muhaiyaddeen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaz_Oakley" title="Gaz Oakley">Gaz Oakley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colleen_Patrick-Goudreau" title="Colleen Patrick-Goudreau">Colleen Patrick-Goudreau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mathew_Pritchard" title="Mathew Pritchard">Mathew Pritchard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swami_Satchidananda_Saraswati" title="Swami Satchidananda Saraswati">Satchidananda Saraswati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Derek_Sarno" title="Derek Sarno">Derek Sarno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miyoko_Schinner" title="Miyoko Schinner">Miyoko Schinner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alicia_Silverstone" title="Alicia Silverstone">Alicia Silverstone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hannah_Sunderani" title="Hannah Sunderani">Hannah Sunderani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bryant_Terry" title="Bryant Terry">Bryant Terry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anna_Thomas" title="Anna Thomas">Anna Thomas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haile_Thomas" title="Haile Thomas">Haile Thomas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lauren_Toyota" title="Lauren Toyota">Lauren Toyota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeeca_Uy" title="Jeeca Uy">Jeeca Uy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Umberto_Veronesi" title="Umberto Veronesi">Umberto Veronesi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nisha_Vora" title="Nisha Vora">Nisha Vora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alan_Wakeman_(author)" title="Alan Wakeman (author)">Alan Wakeman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joe_Yonan" title="Joe Yonan">Joe Yonan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Restaurants</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ben_%26_Esther%27s_Vegan_Jewish_Deli" title="Ben & Esther's Vegan Jewish Deli">Ben & Esther's Vegan Jewish Deli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinnaholic" title="Cinnaholic">Cinnaholic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crossroads_Kitchen" title="Crossroads Kitchen">Crossroads Kitchen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_Elephant_Vegetarian_Bistro" title="Green Elephant Vegetarian Bistro">Green Elephant Vegetarian Bistro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greens_Restaurant" title="Greens Restaurant">Greens Restaurant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hiltl_Restaurant" title="Hiltl Restaurant">Hiltl Restaurant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Little_Pine_(restaurant)" title="Little Pine (restaurant)">Little Pine (restaurant)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moosewood_Restaurant" title="Moosewood Restaurant">Moosewood Restaurant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Purezza" title="Purezza">Purezza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slutty_Vegan" title="Slutty Vegan">Slutty Vegan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Souley_Vegan" title="Souley Vegan">Souley Vegan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Sound_Lounge,_London" title="The Sound Lounge, London">The Sound Lounge, London</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Veggie_Galaxy" title="Veggie Galaxy">Veggie Galaxy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Veggie_Grill" title="Veggie Grill">Veggie Grill</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Former restaurants</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cranks_(restaurant)" title="Cranks (restaurant)">Cranks (restaurant)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Food_for_Thought_(restaurant)" title="Food for Thought (restaurant)">Food for Thought (restaurant)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/InSpiral_Lounge" title="InSpiral Lounge">InSpiral Lounge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lentil_as_Anything" title="Lentil as Anything">Lentil as Anything</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minerva_Caf%C3%A9" title="Minerva Café">Minerva Café</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Riverside_Cafe" title="New Riverside Cafe">New Riverside Cafe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nix_(restaurant)" title="Nix (restaurant)">Nix (restaurant)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Penny_Cafeteria" title="Penny Cafeteria">Penny Cafeteria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pink_Peacock" title="Pink Peacock">Pink Peacock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Hollow_Reed" title="The Hollow Reed">The Hollow Reed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Pitman_Vegetarian_Hotel" title="The Pitman Vegetarian Hotel">The Pitman Vegetarian Hotel</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vegetarian_and_vegan_symbolism" title="Vegetarian and vegan symbolism">Vegetarian and vegan symbolism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juice_fasting" title="Juice fasting">Juice fasting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vegetarian_and_vegan_dog_diet" title="Vegetarian and vegan dog diet">Vegetarian and vegan dog diet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vegaphobia" title="Vegaphobia">Vegaphobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plant-based_diet" title="Plant-based diet">Plant-based diet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plant-based_action_plan" title="Plant-based action plan">Plant-based action plan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_diet" title="Sustainable diet">Sustainable diet</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Low-carbon_diet" title="Low-carbon diet">Low-carbon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Planetary_health_diet" title="Planetary health diet">Planetary health</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flexitarianism" title="Flexitarianism">Flexitarianism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pescetarianism" title="Pescetarianism">Pescetarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pollotarianism" title="Pollotarianism">Pollotarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Shurtleff" title="William Shurtleff">William Shurtleff</a> and <a href="/wiki/Akiko_Aoyagi" title="Akiko Aoyagi">Akiko Aoyagi</a> (The Book of Tofu)</li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Animal_rights" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Animal_rights" title="Template:Animal rights"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Animal_rights" title="Template talk:Animal rights"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Animal_rights" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Animal rights"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Animal_rights" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Animal_rights" title="Animal rights">Animal rights</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Topics_(overviews,_concepts,_issues,_cases)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Topics (overviews, concepts, issues, cases)</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Overviews</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Animal_rights_movement" title="Animal rights movement">Animal rights movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animal_rights_by_country_or_territory" title="Animal rights by country or territory">Animal rights by country or territory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_and_animal_rights" class="mw-redirect" title="Anarchism and animal rights">Anarchism and animal rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animal_rights_and_punk_subculture" title="Animal rights and punk subculture">Animal rights and punk subculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animal_cruelty_and_the_Holocaust_analogy" class="mw-redirect" title="Animal cruelty and the Holocaust analogy">Animal cruelty–Holocaust analogies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animal_rights_in_Indian_religions" title="Animal rights in Indian religions">Animal rights in Indian religions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_and_animal_rights" title="Christianity and animal rights">Christianity and animal rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_animal_rights" title="History of animal rights">History of animal rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_international_animal_welfare_conventions" title="List of international animal welfare conventions">List of international animal welfare conventions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moral_status_of_animals_in_the_ancient_world" title="Moral status of animals in the ancient world">Moral status of animals in the ancient world</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_animal_welfare_and_rights" title="Timeline of animal welfare and rights">Timeline of animal welfare and rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Total_liberation" title="Total liberation">Total liberation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universal_Declaration_on_Animal_Welfare" title="Universal Declaration on Animal Welfare">Universal Declaration on Animal Welfare</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abolitionism_(animal_rights)" title="Abolitionism (animal rights)">Abolitionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahimsa" title="Ahimsa">Ahimsa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animal_cognition" title="Animal cognition">Animal cognition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animal_consciousness" title="Animal consciousness">Animal consciousness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animal_ethics" title="Animal ethics">Animal ethics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animal%E2%80%93industrial_complex" title="Animal–industrial complex">Animal–industrial complex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animal_law" title="Animal law">Animal law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animal_protectionism" title="Animal protectionism">Animal protectionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animal_welfare" title="Animal welfare">Animal welfare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animal-free_agriculture" title="Animal-free agriculture">Animal-free agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthrozoology" title="Anthrozoology">Anthrozoology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Argument_from_marginal_cases" title="Argument from marginal cases">Argument from marginal cases</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cambridge_Declaration_on_Consciousness" class="mw-redirect" title="Cambridge Declaration on Consciousness">Cambridge Declaration on Consciousness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carnism" title="Carnism">Carnism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Equal_consideration_of_interests" title="Equal consideration of interests">Equal consideration of interests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emotion_in_animals" title="Emotion in animals">Emotion in animals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethics_of_eating_meat" title="Ethics of eating meat">Ethics of eating meat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethics_of_uncertain_sentience" title="Ethics of uncertain sentience">Ethics of uncertain sentience</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethology" title="Ethology">Ethology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insects_in_ethics" title="Insects in ethics">Insects in ethics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meat_paradox" class="mw-redirect" title="Meat paradox">Meat paradox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nonviolence" title="Nonviolence">Nonviolence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_rescue" title="Open rescue">Open rescue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opposition_to_hunting" title="Opposition to hunting">Opposition to hunting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Personism" title="Personism">Personism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Replaceability_argument" title="Replaceability argument">Replaceability argument</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sentiocentrism" class="mw-redirect" title="Sentiocentrism">Sentiocentrism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Speciesism" title="Speciesism">Speciesism</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Veganism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vegaphobia" title="Vegaphobia">Vegaphobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vegetarianism" title="Vegetarianism">Vegetarianism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Issues</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Animal_agriculture" class="mw-redirect" title="Animal agriculture">Animal agriculture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Animal_product" title="Animal product">Animal product</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battery_cage" title="Battery cage">Battery cage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bile_bear" title="Bile bear">Bile bear</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chick_culling" title="Chick culling">Chick culling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Concentrated_animal_feeding_operation" title="Concentrated animal feeding operation">Concentrated animal feeding operation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fish_farming" title="Fish farming">Fish farming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fur_farming" title="Fur farming">Fur farming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fur_trade" title="Fur trade">Fur trade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insect_farming" title="Insect farming">Insect farming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intensive_animal_farming" title="Intensive animal farming">Intensive animal farming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intensive_pig_farming" title="Intensive pig farming">Intensive pig farming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Livestock" title="Livestock">Livestock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poultry_farming" title="Poultry farming">Poultry farming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slaughterhouse" title="Slaughterhouse">Slaughterhouse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wildlife_farming" title="Wildlife farming">Wildlife farming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Working_animal" title="Working animal">Working animal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feedback_(pork_industry)" title="Feedback (pork industry)">Feedback (pork industry)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foam_depopulation" title="Foam depopulation">Foam depopulation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ventilation_shutdown" title="Ventilation shutdown">Ventilation shutdown</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Animal_testing" title="Animal testing">Animal testing</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alternatives_to_animal_testing" title="Alternatives to animal testing">Alternatives to animal testing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animal_testing_on_non-human_primates" title="Animal testing on non-human primates">Animal testing on non-human primates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animal_testing_regulations" title="Animal testing regulations">Animal testing regulations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_ape_research_ban" class="mw-redirect" title="Great ape research ban">Great ape research ban</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_Scare" title="Green Scare">Green Scare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huntingdon_Life_Sciences" title="Huntingdon Life Sciences">Huntingdon Life Sciences</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Model_organism" title="Model organism">Model organism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nafovanny" title="Nafovanny">Nafovanny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Backfire_(FBI)" title="Operation Backfire (FBI)">Operation Backfire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vivisection" title="Vivisection">Vivisection</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Animal_welfare" title="Animal welfare">Animal welfare</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Animal_euthanasia" title="Animal euthanasia">Animal euthanasia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cruelty_to_animals" title="Cruelty to animals">Cruelty to animals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pain_in_animals" title="Pain in animals">Pain in animals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pain_in_amphibians" title="Pain in amphibians">Pain in amphibians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pain_in_cephalopods" title="Pain in cephalopods">Pain in cephalopods</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pain_in_crustaceans" title="Pain in crustaceans">Pain in crustaceans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pain_in_fish" title="Pain in fish">Pain in fish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pain_in_invertebrates" title="Pain in invertebrates">Pain in invertebrates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pain_and_suffering_in_laboratory_animals" class="mw-redirect" title="Pain and suffering in laboratory animals">Pain and suffering in laboratory animals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welfare_of_farmed_insects" title="Welfare of farmed insects">Welfare of farmed insects</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Fishing" title="Fishing">Fishing</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Commercial_fishing" title="Commercial fishing">Commercial fishing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fishing_bait" title="Fishing bait">Fishing bait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Recreational_fishing" title="Recreational fishing">Recreational fishing</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Wild_animals" class="mw-redirect" title="Wild animals">Wild animals</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Culling_wildlife" class="mw-redirect" title="Culling wildlife">Culling wildlife</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hare_coursing" title="Hare coursing">Hare coursing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hunting" title="Hunting">Hunting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_primate_trade" title="International primate trade">International primate trade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ivory_trade" title="Ivory trade">Ivory trade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Predation_problem" title="Predation problem">Predation problem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seal_hunting" title="Seal hunting">Seal hunting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wild_animal_suffering" title="Wild animal suffering">Wild animal suffering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wildlife_management" title="Wildlife management">Wildlife management</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abandoned_pets" title="Abandoned pets">Abandoned pets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animal_sacrifice" title="Animal sacrifice">Animal sacrifice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animal_slaughter" title="Animal slaughter">Animal slaughter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animal_trial" title="Animal trial">Animal trial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animals_in_sport" title="Animals in sport">Animals in sport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Live_food" title="Live food">Live food</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Live_export" title="Live export">Live export</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Cases</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brown_Dog_affair" title="Brown Dog affair">Brown Dog affair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_primates" title="Cambridge University primates">Cambridge University primates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/McLibel_case" title="McLibel case">McLibel case</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monkey_selfie_copyright_dispute" title="Monkey selfie copyright dispute">Monkey selfie copyright dispute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pit_of_despair" title="Pit of despair">Pit of despair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stop_Huntingdon_Animal_Cruelty" title="Stop Huntingdon Animal Cruelty">SHAC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silver_Spring_monkeys" title="Silver Spring monkeys">Silver Spring monkeys</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_California,_Riverside_1985_laboratory_raid" title="University of California, Riverside 1985 laboratory raid">University of California, Riverside 1985 laboratory raid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unnecessary_Fuss" title="Unnecessary Fuss">Unnecessary Fuss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_of_the_currents" title="War of the currents">War of the currents</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Methodologies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Direct_Action_Everywhere" title="Direct Action Everywhere">Direct Action Everywhere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hunt_sabotage" title="Hunt sabotage">Hunt sabotage</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Observances</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/World_Animal_Day" title="World Animal Day">World Animal Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Day_for_the_End_of_Speciesism" title="World Day for the End of Speciesism">World Day for the End of Speciesism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Day_for_Laboratory_Animals" title="World Day for Laboratory Animals">World Day for Laboratory Animals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Day_for_the_End_of_Fishing" title="World Day for the End of Fishing">World Day for the End of Fishing</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Advocates_(academics,_writers,_activists)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_animal_rights_advocates" title="List of animal rights advocates">Advocates</a> (academics, writers, activists)</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Academics and writers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Contemporary</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carol_J._Adams" title="Carol J. Adams">Carol J. Adams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aysha_Akhtar" title="Aysha Akhtar">Aysha Akhtar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kristin_Andrews" title="Kristin Andrews">Kristin Andrews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tom_Beauchamp" title="Tom Beauchamp">Tom Beauchamp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marc_Bekoff" title="Marc Bekoff">Marc Bekoff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steven_Best" title="Steven Best">Steven Best</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paola_Cavalieri" title="Paola Cavalieri">Paola Cavalieri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_R._L._Clark" title="Stephen R. L. Clark">Stephen R. L. Clark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alasdair_Cochrane" title="Alasdair Cochrane">Alasdair Cochrane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._M._Coetzee" title="J. M. Coetzee">J. M. Coetzee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alice_Crary" title="Alice Crary">Alice Crary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_DeGrazia" title="David DeGrazia">David DeGrazia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Dombrowski" title="Daniel Dombrowski">Daniel Dombrowski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sue_Donaldson" title="Sue Donaldson">Sue Donaldson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Josephine_Donovan" title="Josephine Donovan">Josephine Donovan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joan_Dunayer" title="Joan Dunayer">Joan Dunayer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mylan_Engel" title="Mylan Engel">Mylan Engel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catia_Faria" title="Catia Faria">Catia Faria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lawrence_Finsen" title="Lawrence Finsen">Lawrence Finsen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gary_L._Francione" title="Gary L. Francione">Gary L. Francione</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Garner" title="Robert Garner">Robert Garner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Val%C3%A9ry_Giroux" title="Valéry Giroux">Valéry Giroux</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lori_Gruen" title="Lori Gruen">Lori Gruen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Hadley_(philosopher)" title="John Hadley (philosopher)">John Hadley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oscar_Horta" title="Oscar Horta">Oscar Horta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dale_Jamieson" title="Dale Jamieson">Dale Jamieson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kyle_Johannsen" title="Kyle Johannsen">Kyle Johannsen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melanie_Joy" title="Melanie Joy">Melanie Joy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hilda_Kean" title="Hilda Kean">Hilda Kean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Will_Kymlicka" title="Will Kymlicka">Will Kymlicka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renan_Larue" title="Renan Larue">Renan Larue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Lepeltier" title="Thomas Lepeltier">Thomas Lepeltier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Linzey" title="Andrew Linzey">Andrew Linzey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clair_Linzey" title="Clair Linzey">Clair Linzey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dan_Lyons" title="Dan Lyons">Dan Lyons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Nibert" title="David Nibert">David Nibert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martha_Nussbaum" title="Martha Nussbaum">Martha Nussbaum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clare_Palmer" title="Clare Palmer">Clare Palmer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Patterson_(author)" title="Charles Patterson (author)">Charles Patterson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Pearce_(philosopher)" title="David Pearce (philosopher)">David Pearce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jessica_Pierce" title="Jessica Pierce">Jessica Pierce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evelyn_Pluhar" title="Evelyn Pluhar">Evelyn Pluhar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_Rowlands" title="Mark Rowlands">Mark Rowlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_D._Ryder" title="Richard D. Ryder">Richard D. Ryder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steve_F._Sapontzis" title="Steve F. Sapontzis">Steve F. Sapontzis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeff_Sebo" title="Jeff Sebo">Jeff Sebo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C3%A9r%C3%B4me_Segal" title="Jérôme Segal">Jérôme Segal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Singer" title="Peter Singer">Peter Singer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gary_Steiner" title="Gary Steiner">Gary Steiner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cass_Sunstein" title="Cass Sunstein">Cass Sunstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Sztybel" title="David Sztybel">David Sztybel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Tye_(philosopher)" title="Michael Tye (philosopher)">Michael Tye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tatjana_Vi%C5%A1ak" title="Tatjana Višak">Tatjana Višak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Waldau" title="Paul Waldau">Paul Waldau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corey_Lee_Wrenn" title="Corey Lee Wrenn">Corey Lee Wrenn</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Historical</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jeremy_Bentham" title="Jeremy Bentham">Jeremy Bentham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Renaud_Boullier" title="David Renaud Boullier">David Renaud Boullier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_St._C._Bostock" title="Stephen St. C. Bostock">Stephen St. C. Bostock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brigid_Brophy" title="Brigid Brophy">Brigid Brophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Buchan" title="Peter Buchan">Peter Buchan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mona_Caird" title="Mona Caird">Mona Caird</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Priscilla_Cohn" title="Priscilla Cohn">Priscilla Cohn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Crowe_(vicar)" title="Henry Crowe (vicar)">Henry Crowe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herman_Daggett" title="Herman Daggett">Herman Daggett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Dean_(curate)" title="Richard Dean (curate)">Richard Dean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Dietler" title="Wilhelm Dietler">Wilhelm Dietler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Hamilton_Drummond" title="William Hamilton Drummond">William Hamilton Drummond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Payson_Evans" title="Edward Payson Evans">Edward Payson Evans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T._Forster" title="T. Forster">T. Forster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Galsworthy" title="John Galsworthy">John Galsworthy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_G._Gentry" title="Thomas G. Gentry">Thomas G. Gentry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Helps" title="Arthur Helps">Arthur Helps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Hildrop" title="John Hildrop">John Hildrop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Zephaniah_Holwell" title="John Zephaniah Holwell">John Zephaniah Holwell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soame_Jenyns" title="Soame Jenyns">Soame Jenyns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Christian_Friedrich_Krause" title="Karl Christian Friedrich Krause">Karl Christian Friedrich Krause</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Lawrence_(writer)" title="John Lawrence (writer)">John Lawrence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_R._Magel" class="mw-redirect" title="Charles R. Magel">Charles R. Magel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Meslier" title="Jean Meslier">Jean Meslier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Midgley" title="Mary Midgley">Mary Midgley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._Howard_Moore" title="J. Howard Moore">J. Howard Moore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Ferrater_Mora" title="José Ferrater Mora">José Ferrater Mora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leonard_Nelson" title="Leonard Nelson">Leonard Nelson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Nicholson_(librarian)" title="Edward Nicholson (librarian)">Edward Nicholson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siobhan_O%27Sullivan" title="Siobhan O'Sullivan">Siobhan O'Sullivan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rod_Preece" title="Rod Preece">Rod Preece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humphrey_Primatt" title="Humphrey Primatt">Humphrey Primatt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Rachels" title="James Rachels">James Rachels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tom_Regan" title="Tom Regan">Tom Regan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nathaniel_Peabody_Rogers" title="Nathaniel Peabody Rogers">Nathaniel Peabody Rogers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernard_Rollin" title="Bernard Rollin">Bernard Rollin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Stephens_Salt" title="Henry Stephens Salt">Henry Stephens Salt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Schopenhauer" title="Arthur Schopenhauer">Arthur Schopenhauer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laurids_Smith" title="Laurids Smith">Laurids Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Styles" title="John Styles">John Styles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Tryon" title="Thomas Tryon">Thomas Tryon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gary_Varner" title="Gary Varner">Gary Varner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Friedrich_Ludwig_Volckmann" title="Johann Friedrich Ludwig Volckmann">Johann Friedrich Ludwig Volckmann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Anne_Warren" title="Mary Anne Warren">Mary Anne Warren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adam_Gottlieb_Weigen" title="Adam Gottlieb Weigen">Adam Gottlieb Weigen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Heinrich_Winckler" title="Johann Heinrich Winckler">Johann Heinrich Winckler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steven_M._Wise" title="Steven M. Wise">Steven M. Wise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jon_Wynne-Tyson" title="Jon Wynne-Tyson">Jon Wynne-Tyson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voltaire" title="Voltaire">Voltaire</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Activists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Contemporary</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/James_Aspey" title="James Aspey">James Aspey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greg_Avery" title="Greg Avery">Greg Avery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matt_Ball" title="Matt Ball">Matt Ball</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Balluch" title="Martin Balluch">Martin Balluch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carole_Baskin" title="Carole Baskin">Carole Baskin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbi_Twins" title="Barbi Twins">Barbi Twins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brigitte_Bardot" title="Brigitte Bardot">Brigitte Bardot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gene_Baur" title="Gene Baur">Gene Baur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yves_Bonnardel" title="Yves Bonnardel">Yves Bonnardel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joey_Carbstrong" title="Joey Carbstrong">Joey Carbstrong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aymeric_Caron" title="Aymeric Caron">Aymeric Caron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jake_Conroy" title="Jake Conroy">Jake Conroy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rod_Coronado" title="Rod Coronado">Rod Coronado</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karen_Dawn" title="Karen Dawn">Karen Dawn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chris_DeRose" title="Chris DeRose">Chris DeRose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Feldmann" title="John Feldmann">John Feldmann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bruce_Friedrich" title="Bruce Friedrich">Bruce Friedrich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juliet_Gellatley" title="Juliet Gellatley">Juliet Gellatley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tal_Gilboa" title="Tal Gilboa">Tal Gilboa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antoine_Goetschel" title="Antoine Goetschel">Antoine Goetschel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_Gold_(activist)" title="Mark Gold (activist)">Mark Gold</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brigitte_Gothi%C3%A8re" title="Brigitte Gothière">Brigitte Gothière</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wayne_Hsiung" title="Wayne Hsiung">Wayne Hsiung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charlotte_Laws" title="Charlotte Laws">Charlotte Laws</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ronnie_Lee" title="Ronnie Lee">Ronnie Lee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Howard_Lyman" title="Howard Lyman">Howard Lyman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evanna_Lynch" title="Evanna Lynch">Evanna Lynch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bill_Maher" title="Bill Maher">Bill Maher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keith_Mann" title="Keith Mann">Keith Mann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jim_Mason_(activist)" title="Jim Mason (activist)">Jim Mason</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dan_Mathews" title="Dan Mathews">Dan Mathews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jo-Anne_McArthur" title="Jo-Anne McArthur">Jo-Anne McArthur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lu%C3%ADsa_Mell" class="mw-redirect" title="Luísa Mell">Luísa Mell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virginia_McKenna" title="Virginia McKenna">Virginia McKenna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morrissey" title="Morrissey">Morrissey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ingrid_Newkirk" title="Ingrid Newkirk">Ingrid Newkirk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heather_Nicholson" title="Heather Nicholson">Heather Nicholson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jack_Norris_(activist)" title="Jack Norris (activist)">Jack Norris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ric_O%27Barry" title="Ric O'Barry">Ric O'Barry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Olivier" title="David Olivier">David Olivier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alex_Pacheco_(activist)" title="Alex Pacheco (activist)">Alex Pacheco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Craig_Rosebraugh" title="Craig Rosebraugh">Craig Rosebraugh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jasmin_Singer" title="Jasmin Singer">Jasmin Singer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kim_Stallwood" title="Kim Stallwood">Kim Stallwood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lynda_Stoner" title="Lynda Stoner">Lynda Stoner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marianne_Thieme" title="Marianne Thieme">Marianne Thieme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Darren_Thurston" title="Darren Thurston">Darren Thurston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christine_Townend" title="Christine Townend">Christine Townend</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wendy_Turner-Webster" title="Wendy Turner-Webster">Wendy Turner-Webster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jerry_Vlasak" title="Jerry Vlasak">Jerry Vlasak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louise_Wallis" title="Louise Wallis">Louise Wallis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gary_Yourofsky" title="Gary Yourofsky">Gary Yourofsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/That_Vegan_Teacher" title="That Vegan Teacher">That Vegan Teacher</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Historical</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cleveland_Amory" title="Cleveland Amory">Cleveland Amory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_B._Amos" title="Henry B. Amos">Henry B. Amos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bob_Barker" title="Bob Barker">Bob Barker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernest_Bell_(animal_rights_activist)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ernest Bell (animal rights activist)">Ernest Bell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edith_Carrington" title="Edith Carrington">Edith Carrington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frances_Power_Cobbe" title="Frances Power Cobbe">Frances Power Cobbe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joan_Court" title="Joan Court">Joan Court</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karen_Davis_(activist)" title="Karen Davis (activist)">Karen Davis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Dixon" title="Royal Dixon">Royal Dixon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muriel_Dowding,_Baroness_Dowding" title="Muriel Dowding, Baroness Dowding">Muriel Dowding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Farians" title="Elizabeth Farians">Elizabeth Farians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emarel_Freshel" title="Emarel Freshel">Emarel Freshel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_G%C3%A9raud" title="André Géraud">André Géraud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lewis_Gompertz" title="Lewis Gompertz">Lewis Gompertz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Granger" title="James Granger">James Granger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barry_Horne_(activist)" title="Barry Horne (activist)">Barry Horne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marie_Huot" title="Marie Huot">Marie Huot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lizzy_Lind_af_Hageby" title="Lizzy Lind af Hageby">Lizzy Lind af Hageby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jessie_Mackay" title="Jessie Mackay">Jessie Mackay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norm_Phelps" title="Norm Phelps">Norm Phelps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_of_Jill_Phipps" title="Death of Jill Phipps">Jill Phipps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maud_Ingersoll_Probasco" title="Maud Ingersoll Probasco">Maud Ingersoll Probasco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans_Ruesch" title="Hans Ruesch">Hans Ruesch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nell_Shipman" title="Nell Shipman">Nell Shipman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Spira" title="Henry Spira">Henry Spira</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Tyler" title="Andrew Tyler">Andrew Tyler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gretchen_Wyler" title="Gretchen Wyler">Gretchen Wyler</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Movement_(groups,_parties)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Animal_rights_movement" title="Animal rights movement">Movement</a> (groups, parties)</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Groups</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Contemporary</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Anti-Vivisection_Society" title="American Anti-Vivisection Society">American Anti-Vivisection Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animal_Aid" title="Animal Aid">Animal Aid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animal_Ethics_(organization)" title="Animal Ethics (organization)">Animal Ethics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animal_Justice_(organization)" title="Animal Justice (organization)">Animal Justice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animal_Justice_Project" title="Animal Justice Project">Animal Justice Project</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animal_Legal_Defense_Fund" title="Animal Legal Defense Fund">Animal Legal Defense Fund</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animal_Liberation_(organisation)" title="Animal Liberation (organisation)">Animal Liberation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animal_Liberation_Front" title="Animal Liberation Front">Animal Liberation Front</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animal_Rising" title="Animal Rising">Animal Rising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AnimaNaturalis" title="AnimaNaturalis">AnimaNaturalis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Vivisection_Coalition" title="Anti-Vivisection Coalition">Anti-Vivisection Coalition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anonymous_for_the_Voiceless" title="Anonymous for the Voiceless">Anonymous for the Voiceless</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beauty_Without_Cruelty" title="Beauty Without Cruelty">Beauty Without Cruelty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Born_Free_Foundation" title="Born Free Foundation">Born Free Foundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Centre_for_Animals_and_Social_Justice" title="Centre for Animals and Social Justice">Centre for Animals and Social Justice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Animal_Protection_Network" title="Chinese Animal Protection Network">Chinese Animal Protection Network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cruelty_Free_International" title="Cruelty Free International">Cruelty Free International</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Direct_Action_Everywhere" title="Direct Action Everywhere">Direct Action Everywhere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doctors_Against_Animal_Experiments" title="Doctors Against Animal Experiments">Doctors Against Animal Experiments</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Equanimal" title="Equanimal">Equanimal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Every_Animal" title="Every Animal">Every Animal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Farm_Animal_Rights_Movement" title="Farm Animal Rights Movement">Farm Animal Rights Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faunalytics" title="Faunalytics">Faunalytics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Ape_Project" title="Great Ape Project">Great Ape Project</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hunt_Saboteurs_Association" title="Hunt Saboteurs Association">Hunt Saboteurs Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/In_Defense_of_Animals" title="In Defense of Animals">In Defense of Animals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korea_Animal_Rights_Advocates" title="Korea Animal Rights Advocates">Korea Animal Rights Advocates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L214" title="L214">L214</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Last_Chance_for_Animals" title="Last Chance for Animals">Last Chance for Animals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Massachusetts_Animal_Rights_Coalition" title="Massachusetts Animal Rights Coalition">Massachusetts Animal Rights Coalition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mercy_for_Animals" title="Mercy for Animals">Mercy for Animals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oxford_Centre_for_Animal_Ethics" title="Oxford Centre for Animal Ethics">Oxford Centre for Animal Ethics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People_for_the_Ethical_Treatment_of_Animals" title="People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals">People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rise_for_Animals" title="Rise for Animals">Rise for Animals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sentience_Politics" title="Sentience Politics">Sentience Politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uncaged_Campaigns" title="Uncaged Campaigns">Uncaged Campaigns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Activists_for_Animal_Rights" title="United Activists for Animal Rights">United Activists for Animal Rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Poultry_Concerns" title="United Poultry Concerns">United Poultry Concerns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UPF-Centre_for_Animal_Ethics" title="UPF-Centre for Animal Ethics">UPF-Centre for Animal Ethics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viva!_(organisation)" title="Viva! (organisation)">Viva!</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voice_for_Animals_Humane_Society" title="Voice for Animals Humane Society">Voice for Animals Humane Society</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Historical</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_Anti-Vivisection_Society" title="Canadian Anti-Vivisection Society">Canadian Anti-Vivisection Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humanitarian_League" title="Humanitarian League">Humanitarian League</a> (1891–1919)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Millennium_Guild" class="mw-redirect" title="Millennium Guild">Millennium Guild</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oxford_Group_(animal_rights)" title="Oxford Group (animal rights)">Oxford Group</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Parties</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Animal_Justice_Party" title="Animal Justice Party">Animal Justice Party</a> (Australia)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animal_Politics_EU" title="Animal Politics EU">Animal Politics EU</a> (Europe)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animal_Protection_Party_of_Canada" title="Animal Protection Party of Canada">Animal Protection Party of Canada</a> (Canada)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animal_Justice_Party_of_Finland" title="Animal Justice Party of Finland">Animal Justice Party of Finland</a> (Finland)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animals%27_Party" title="Animals' Party">Animals' Party</a> (Sweden)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animalist_Movement" title="Animalist Movement">Animalist Movement</a> (Italy)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animalist_Party_with_the_Environment" title="Animalist Party with the Environment">Animalist Party with the Environment</a> (Spain)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/DierAnimal" title="DierAnimal">DierAnimal</a> (Belgium)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_Environment_Animal_Protection_Party" title="Human Environment Animal Protection Party">Human Environment Animal Protection Party</a> (Germany)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Animalist_Party" title="Italian Animalist Party">Italian Animalist Party</a> (Italy)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Party_for_the_Animals" title="Party for the Animals">Party for the Animals</a> (Netherlands)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/People_Animals_Nature" title="People Animals Nature">People Animals Nature</a> (Portugal)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/V-Partei3" title="V-Partei3">V-Partei³</a> (Germany)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Activism</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Animal_Rights_National_Conference" title="Animal Rights National Conference">Animal Rights National Conference</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Media_(books,_films,_periodicals,_albums)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Media (books, films, periodicals, albums)</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Books</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/On_Abstinence_from_Eating_Animals" title="On Abstinence from Eating Animals">On Abstinence from Eating Animals</a> (3rd century)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moral_Inquiries_on_the_Situation_of_Man_and_of_Brutes" title="Moral Inquiries on the Situation of Man and of Brutes">Moral Inquiries on the Situation of Man and of Brutes</a> (1824)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Rights_of_Animals" class="mw-redirect" title="The Rights of Animals">The Rights of Animals</a> (1838)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Ethics_of_Diet" title="The Ethics of Diet">The Ethics of Diet</a> (1883)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animals%27_Rights" title="Animals' Rights">Animals' Rights</a> (1892)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolutional_Ethics_and_Animal_Psychology" title="Evolutional Ethics and Animal Psychology">Evolutional Ethics and Animal Psychology</a> (1897)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Better-World_Philosophy" title="Better-World Philosophy">Better-World Philosophy</a> (1899)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Universal_Kinship" title="The Universal Kinship">The Universal Kinship</a> (1906)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_New_Ethics" title="The New Ethics">The New Ethics</a> (1907)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animals,_Men_and_Morals" title="Animals, Men and Morals">Animals, Men and Morals</a> (1971)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animal_Liberation_(book)" title="Animal Liberation (book)">Animal Liberation</a> (1975)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Case_for_Animal_Rights" title="The Case for Animal Rights">The Case for Animal Rights</a> (1983)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morals,_Reason,_and_Animals" title="Morals, Reason, and Animals">Morals, Reason, and Animals</a> (1987)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zoos_and_Animal_Rights" class="mw-redirect" title="Zoos and Animal Rights">Zoos and Animal Rights</a> (1993)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animals,_Property,_and_the_Law" title="Animals, Property, and the Law">Animals, Property, and the Law</a> (1995)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Lives_of_Animals" title="The Lives of Animals">The Lives of Animals</a> (1999)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eternal_Treblinka" title="Eternal Treblinka">Eternal Treblinka</a> (2001)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Do_Animals_Have_Rights%3F_(book)" title="Do Animals Have Rights? (book)">Do Animals Have Rights?</a> (2005)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Striking_at_the_Roots" title="Striking at the Roots">Striking at the Roots</a> (2008)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/An_American_Trilogy_(book)" title="An American Trilogy (book)">An American Trilogy</a> (2009)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/An_Introduction_to_Animals_and_Political_Theory" title="An Introduction to Animals and Political Theory">An Introduction to Animals and Political Theory</a> (2010)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animal_Rights_Without_Liberation" title="Animal Rights Without Liberation">Animal Rights Without Liberation</a> (2012)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_Animals_and_Animal_Politics" title="Political Animals and Animal Politics">Political Animals and Animal Politics</a> (2014)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animal_(De)liberation" title="Animal (De)liberation">Animal (De)liberation</a> (2016)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sentientist_Politics" title="Sentientist Politics">Sentientist Politics</a> (2018)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wild_Animal_Ethics" title="Wild Animal Ethics">Wild Animal Ethics</a> (2020)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animal_Ethics_in_the_Wild" title="Animal Ethics in the Wild">Animal Ethics in the Wild</a> (2022)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Making_a_Stand_for_Animals" title="Making a Stand for Animals">Making a Stand for Animals</a> (2022)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Films</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Animals_Film" title="The Animals Film">The Animals Film</a> (1981)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/A_Cow_at_My_Table" title="A Cow at My Table">A Cow at My Table</a> (1998)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shores_of_Silence" title="Shores of Silence">Shores of Silence</a> (2000)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Witness_(2000_film)" title="The Witness (2000 film)">The Witness</a> (2000)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meet_Your_Meat" title="Meet Your Meat">Meet Your Meat</a> (2002)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legally_Blonde_2:_Red,_White_%26_Blonde" title="Legally Blonde 2: Red, White & Blonde">Legally Blonde 2</a> (2003)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Meatrix" title="The Meatrix">The Meatrix</a> (2003)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peaceable_Kingdom_(film)" title="Peaceable Kingdom (film)">Peaceable Kingdom</a> (2004)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Earthlings_(film)" title="Earthlings (film)">Earthlings</a> (2005)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Behind_the_Mask_(2006_film)" title="Behind the Mask (2006 film)">Behind the Mask</a> (2006)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Your_Mommy_Kills_Animals" title="Your Mommy Kills Animals">Your Mommy Kills Animals</a> (2007)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Cove_(film)" title="The Cove (film)">The Cove</a> (2009)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peaceable_Kingdom:_The_Journey_Home" title="Peaceable Kingdom: The Journey Home">Peaceable Kingdom: The Journey Home</a> (2009)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forks_Over_Knives" title="Forks Over Knives">Forks Over Knives</a> (2011)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vegucated" title="Vegucated">Vegucated</a> (2011)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/An_Apology_to_Elephants" title="An Apology to Elephants">An Apology to Elephants</a> (2013)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Speciesism:_The_Movie" title="Speciesism: The Movie">Speciesism: The Movie</a> (2013)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Ghosts_in_Our_Machine" title="The Ghosts in Our Machine">The Ghosts in Our Machine</a> (2013)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unlocking_the_Cage" title="Unlocking the Cage">Unlocking the Cage</a> (2016)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominion_(2018_film)" title="Dominion (2018 film)">Dominion</a> (2018)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seaspiracy" title="Seaspiracy">Seaspiracy</a> (2021)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Periodicals</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Journals</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Animal_Sentience_(journal)" title="Animal Sentience (journal)">Animal Sentience</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Between_the_Species" title="Between the Species">Between the Species</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cahiers_antisp%C3%A9cistes" title="Cahiers antispécistes">Cahiers antispécistes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Etica_%26_Animali" title="Etica & Animali">Etica & Animali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Journal_of_Animal_Ethics" title="Journal of Animal Ethics">Journal of Animal Ethics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Relations._Beyond_Anthropocentrism" title="Relations. Beyond Anthropocentrism">Relations. Beyond Anthropocentrism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Animals%27_Defender" class="mw-redirect" title="The Animals' Defender">The Animals' Defender</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Magazines</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arkangel_(magazine)" title="Arkangel (magazine)">Arkangel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bite_Back" title="Bite Back">Bite Back</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muutoksen_kev%C3%A4t" title="Muutoksen kevät">Muutoksen kevät</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/No_Compromise_(magazine)" title="No Compromise (magazine)">No Compromise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satya_(magazine)" title="Satya (magazine)">Satya</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_songs_about_animal_rights" title="List of songs about animal rights">Albums</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Animal_Liberation_(album)" title="Animal Liberation (album)">Animal Liberation</a> (1987)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tame_Yourself" title="Tame Yourself">Tame Yourself</a> (1991)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manifesto_(Deadlock_album)" title="Manifesto (Deadlock album)">Manifesto</a> (2008)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salvation_of_Innocents" title="Salvation of Innocents">Salvation of Innocents</a> (2014)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Onward_to_Freedom" title="Onward to Freedom">Onward to Freedom</a> (2014)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Fairs and exhibitions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Holocaust_on_your_Plate" title="Holocaust on your Plate">Holocaust on your Plate</a> (2003)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Animal_rights" title="Category:Animal rights">Category</a> ( 139 )</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Human_nutrition_and_healthy_diets" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="text-align: center;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Diets" title="Template:Diets"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Diets" title="Template talk:Diets"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Diets" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Diets"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Human_nutrition_and_healthy_diets" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Human_nutrition" title="Human nutrition">Human nutrition</a> and <a href="/wiki/Healthy_diet" title="Healthy diet">healthy diets</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="text-align: center;"><div> <dl><dt>Main articles</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Diet_(nutrition)" title="Diet (nutrition)">Diet</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Dieting" title="Dieting">Dieting</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Cuisine" title="Cuisine">Cuisine</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Dietitian" title="Dietitian">Dietitian</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Hunger_(motivational_state)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hunger (motivational state)">Hunger</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Leptin" title="Leptin">Leptin</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Meal" title="Meal">Meal</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Nutrition" title="Nutrition">Nutrition</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Obesity" title="Obesity">Obesity</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Staple_food" title="Staple food">Staple food</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Dieting" title="Dieting">Dieting</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Basic types</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Omnivore" title="Omnivore">Omnivore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plant-based_diet" title="Plant-based diet">Plant-based</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Regional diets</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Western_pattern_diet" title="Western pattern diet">Western</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_diet" title="Mediterranean diet">Mediterranean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atlantic_diet" title="Atlantic diet"> Atlantic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_diet" title="Sustainable diet">Sustainable diets</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Low-carbon_diet" title="Low-carbon diet">Low carbon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Planetary_health_diet" title="Planetary health diet">Planetary health</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Religious diets</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_cuisine" title="Buddhist cuisine">Buddhist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_dietary_laws" title="Christian dietary laws">Christian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diet_in_Hinduism" title="Diet in Hinduism">Hindu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_dietary_laws" title="Islamic dietary laws">Islamic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jain_vegetarianism" title="Jain vegetarianism">Jain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kashrut" title="Kashrut">Jewish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ital" title="Ital">Rastafari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diet_in_Sikhism" title="Diet in Sikhism">Sikh</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Vegetarianism" title="Vegetarianism">Vegetarianism</a> and <a class="mw-selflink selflink">veganism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fruitarianism" title="Fruitarianism">Fruitarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meat_analogue" class="mw-redirect" title="Meat analogue">Meat analogue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milk_substitute" title="Milk substitute">Milk substitute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raw_veganism" class="mw-redirect" title="Raw veganism">Raw vegan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tofu" title="Tofu">Tofu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Semi-vegetarianism" class="mw-redirect" title="Semi-vegetarianism">Semi-vegetarianism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lacto-ovo_vegetarianism" title="Lacto-ovo vegetarianism">Ovo-lacto vegetarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pescetarianism" title="Pescetarianism">Pescetarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pollotarianism" title="Pollotarianism">Pollotarian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Dietary_supplement" title="Dietary supplement">Supplement diets</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bodybuilding_supplement" title="Bodybuilding supplement">Bodybuilding supplements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meal_replacement" title="Meal replacement">Meal replacement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Therapeutic_food" title="Therapeutic food">Therapeutic food</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Non-solid diets</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Liquid_diet" title="Liquid diet">Liquid diets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Very-low-calorie_diet" title="Very-low-calorie diet">Very-low-calorie diet</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Specific restrictions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Calorie_restriction" title="Calorie restriction">Calorie restriction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cardiac_diet" title="Cardiac diet">Cardiac diet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diabetic_diet" class="mw-redirect" title="Diabetic diet">Diabetic diet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elimination_diet" title="Elimination diet">Elimination diet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fluid_restriction_diet" title="Fluid restriction diet">Fluid restriction diet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gluten-free_diet" title="Gluten-free diet">Gluten-free</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gluten-free,_casein-free_diet" title="Gluten-free, casein-free diet">Gluten-free and casein-free</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intermittent_fasting" title="Intermittent fasting">Intermittent fasting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Low_sodium_diet" title="Low sodium diet">Low-sodium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Low-FODMAP_diet" title="Low-FODMAP diet">Low-FODMAP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Low-carbohydrate_diet" title="Low-carbohydrate diet">Low-carbohydrate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Low-fat_diet" title="Low-fat diet">Low-fat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Low-fiber/low-residue_diet" title="Low-fiber/low-residue diet">Low-fiber/low-residue diet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Low-protein_diet" title="Low-protein diet">Low-protein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monotrophic_diet" title="Monotrophic diet">Monotrophic diet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nothing_by_mouth" title="Nothing by mouth">NPO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renal_diet" title="Renal diet">Renal diet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soft_diet" title="Soft diet">Soft diet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Specific_carbohydrate_diet" title="Specific carbohydrate diet">Specific carbohydrate</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other diets</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Entomophagy_in_humans" title="Entomophagy in humans">Entomophagy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cotton_ball_diet" title="Cotton ball diet">Cotton ball</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pica_(disorder)" title="Pica (disorder)">Pica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DASH_diet" title="DASH diet">DASH</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inuit_cuisine" title="Inuit cuisine">Inuit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MIND_diet" title="MIND diet">MIND</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intermittent_fasting" title="Intermittent fasting">Time Restricted Eating</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liquid_diet" title="Liquid diet">Liquid diet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ninja_diet" class="mw-redirect" title="Ninja diet">Ninja diet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raw_foodism" title="Raw foodism">Raw foodism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_military_nutrition_in_the_United_States" title="History of military nutrition in the United States">U.S. military</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Fad_diet" title="Fad diet">Fad diets</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Cambridge_Diet" title="The Cambridge Diet">Cambridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macrobiotic_diet" title="Macrobiotic diet">Macrobiotic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Master_Cleanse" title="Master Cleanse">Master Cleanse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Junk_food" title="Junk food">Junk food</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Superfood" title="Superfood">Superfood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_4-Hour_Body" title="The 4-Hour Body">Slow-Carb</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_diets" title="List of diets">List of diets</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Diet_food" title="Diet food">Diet food</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Human_nutrition" title="Human nutrition">Nutrition</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Amino_acid" title="Amino acid">Amino acids</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alanine" title="Alanine">Alanine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arginine" title="Arginine">Arginine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asparagine" title="Asparagine">Asparagine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aspartic_acid" title="Aspartic acid">Aspartic acid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cysteine" title="Cysteine">Cysteine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glutamic_acid" title="Glutamic acid">Glutamic acid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glutamine" title="Glutamine">Glutamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glycine" title="Glycine">Glycine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Histidine" title="Histidine">Histidine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isoleucine" title="Isoleucine">Isoleucine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leucine" title="Leucine">Leucine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lysine" title="Lysine">Lysine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methionine" title="Methionine">Methionine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phenylalanine" title="Phenylalanine">Phenylalanine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proline" title="Proline">Proline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Selenocysteine" title="Selenocysteine">Selenocysteine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serine" title="Serine">Serine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Threonine" title="Threonine">Threonine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tryptophan" title="Tryptophan">Tryptophan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tyrosine" title="Tyrosine">Tyrosine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valine" title="Valine">Valine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Vitamin" title="Vitamin">Vitamins</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vitamin_A" title="Vitamin A">Vitamin A</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thiamine" title="Thiamine">Vitamin B1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Riboflavin" title="Riboflavin">Vitamin B2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niacin_(nutrient)" class="mw-redirect" title="Niacin (nutrient)">Vitamin B3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pantothenic_acid" title="Pantothenic acid">Vitamin B5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vitamin_B6" title="Vitamin B6">Vitamin B6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biotin" title="Biotin">Vitamin B7</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folate" title="Folate">Vitamin B9</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vitamin_B12" title="Vitamin B12">Vitamin B12</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vitamin_C" title="Vitamin C">Vitamin C</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vitamin_D" title="Vitamin D">Vitamin D</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vitamin_E" title="Vitamin E">Vitamin E</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vitamin_K" title="Vitamin K">Vitamin K</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Mineral" title="Mineral">Minerals</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Calcium_in_biology" title="Calcium in biology">Calcium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chlorine" title="Chlorine">Chlorine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chromium" title="Chromium">Chromium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cobalt" title="Cobalt">Cobalt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copper_in_health" class="mw-redirect" title="Copper in health">Copper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iodine_in_biology" title="Iodine in biology">Iodine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_iron_metabolism" title="Human iron metabolism">Iron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnesium_in_biology" title="Magnesium in biology">Magnesium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manganese" title="Manganese">Manganese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Molybdenum" title="Molybdenum">Molybdenum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nickel" title="Nickel">Nickel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phosphorus" title="Phosphorus">Phosphorus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Potassium_in_biology" title="Potassium in biology">Potassium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Selenium_in_biology" title="Selenium in biology">Selenium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sodium_in_biology" title="Sodium in biology">Sodium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vanadium" title="Vanadium">Vanadium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zinc" title="Zinc">Zinc</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%">Nutritional advice</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/5_A_Day" title="5 A Day">5 A Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dairy_Council_of_California" title="Dairy Council of California">Dairy Council of California</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Food_pyramid_(nutrition)" title="Food pyramid (nutrition)">Food pyramid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fruits_%26_Veggies_%E2%80%93_More_Matters" title="Fruits & Veggies – More Matters">Fruits & Veggies – More Matters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Healthy_eating_pyramid" title="Healthy eating pyramid">Healthy eating pyramid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latin_American_Diet_Pyramid" title="Latin American Diet Pyramid">Latin American Diet Pyramid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_paradox" title="French paradox">French paradox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_Diet_Pyramid" title="Mediterranean Diet Pyramid">Mediterranean Diet Pyramid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MyPlate" title="MyPlate">MyPlate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MyPyramid" title="MyPyramid">MyPyramid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vegetarian_Diet_Pyramid" title="Vegetarian Diet Pyramid">Vegetarian Diet Pyramid</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="text-align: center;;font-weight: bold;"><div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Diets" title="Category:Diets">Category</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Diet" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Diet">Commons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/File:Wikibooks-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Wikibooks page"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/16px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/24px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/32px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></a> <a href="https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Category:Diets" class="extiw" title="b:Category:Diets">Cookbook</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Food" title="Portal:Food">Food portal,</a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Contents/Categories/Health_and_fitness" class="mw-redirect" title="Portal:Contents/Categories/Health and fitness">Health and fitness portal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Simple_living" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Simple_living" title="Template:Simple living"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Simple_living" title="Template talk:Simple living"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Simple_living" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Simple living"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Simple_living" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Simple_living" title="Simple living">Simple living</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%">Practices</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Barter" title="Barter">Barter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cord-cutting" title="Cord-cutting">Cord-cutting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DIY_ethic" class="mw-redirect" title="DIY ethic">DIY ethic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Downshifting_(lifestyle)" title="Downshifting (lifestyle)">Downshifting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dry_toilet" title="Dry toilet">Dry toilet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fasting" title="Fasting">Fasting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forest_gardening" class="mw-redirect" title="Forest gardening">Forest gardening</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freeganism" title="Freeganism">Freeganism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frugality" title="Frugality">Frugality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gift_economy" title="Gift economy">Gift economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intentional_community" title="Intentional community">Intentional community</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Local_currency" title="Local currency">Local currency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Low-impact_development_(UK)" title="Low-impact development (UK)">Low-impact development</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/No_frills" title="No frills">No frills</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Off-the-grid" title="Off-the-grid">Off-the-grid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Permaculture" title="Permaculture">Permaculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regift" class="mw-redirect" title="Regift">Regift</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sattvic_diet" title="Sattvic diet">Sattvic diet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-sufficiency" class="mw-redirect" title="Self-sufficiency">Self-sufficiency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slow_living" title="Slow living">Slow living</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slow_movement_(culture)" title="Slow movement (culture)">Slow movement (culture)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subsistence_agriculture" title="Subsistence agriculture">Subsistence agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_living" title="Sustainable living">Sustainable living</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_sanitation" title="Sustainable sanitation">Sustainable sanitation</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Veganism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vegetarianism" title="Vegetarianism">Vegetarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tax_resistance" title="Tax resistance">War tax resistance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WWOOF" title="WWOOF">WWOOF</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%">Religious and spiritual</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amish" title="Amish">Amish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aparigraha" class="mw-redirect" title="Aparigraha">Aparigraha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asceticism" title="Asceticism">Asceticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Detachment_(philosophy)" class="mw-redirect" title="Detachment (philosophy)">Detachment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Distributism" title="Distributism">Distributism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jesus_movement" title="Jesus movement">Jesus movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mendicant" title="Mendicant">Mendicant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sati_(Buddhism)" title="Sati (Buddhism)">Mindfulness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monasticism" title="Monasticism">Monasticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Monasticism" title="New Monasticism">New Monasticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plain_dress" title="Plain dress">Plain dress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plain_people" title="Plain people">Plain people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quakers" title="Quakers">Quakers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rastafari" title="Rastafari">Rastafari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temperance_(virtue)" title="Temperance (virtue)">Temperance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Testimony_of_Simplicity" class="mw-redirect" title="Testimony of Simplicity">Testimony of simplicity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tolstoyan_movement" title="Tolstoyan movement">Tolstoyan movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Twelve_Tribes_communities" title="Twelve Tribes communities">Twelve Tribes communities</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%">Secular movements</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Back-to-the-land_movement" title="Back-to-the-land movement">Back-to-the-land</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Car-free_movement" title="Car-free movement">Car-free</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_movement" title="Environmental movement">Environmental</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hippie" title="Hippie">Hippie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_Source_Ecology" title="Open Source Ecology">Open Source Ecology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slow_movement_(culture)" title="Slow movement (culture)">Slow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Small_house_movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Small house movement">Small house</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiny_house_movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Tiny house movement">Tiny house</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transition_town" title="Transition town">Transition town</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%">Notable writers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wendell_Berry" title="Wendell Berry">Wendell Berry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernest_Callenbach" title="Ernest Callenbach">Ernest Callenbach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G._K._Chesterton" title="G. K. Chesterton">G. K. Chesterton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duane_Elgin" title="Duane Elgin">Duane Elgin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahatma_Gandhi" title="Mahatma Gandhi">Mahatma Gandhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Gregg_(social_philosopher)" title="Richard Gregg (social philosopher)">Richard Gregg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tom_Hodgkinson" title="Tom Hodgkinson">Tom Hodgkinson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harlan_Hubbard" title="Harlan Hubbard">Harlan Hubbard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satish_Kumar" title="Satish Kumar">Satish Kumar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helen_Nearing" title="Helen Nearing">Helen Nearing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scott_Nearing" title="Scott Nearing">Scott Nearing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peace_Pilgrim" title="Peace Pilgrim">Peace Pilgrim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nick_Rosen_(British_filmmaker)" title="Nick Rosen (British filmmaker)">Nick Rosen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dugald_Semple" title="Dugald Semple">Dugald Semple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/E._F._Schumacher" title="E. F. Schumacher">E. F. Schumacher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Skene_Keith_(physician)" title="George Skene Keith (physician)">George Skene Keith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_David_Thoreau" title="Henry David Thoreau">Henry David Thoreau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leo_Tolstoy" title="Leo Tolstoy">Leo Tolstoy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thiruvalluvar" title="Thiruvalluvar">Valluvar</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%">Modern-day adherents</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mark_Boyle_(Moneyless_Man)" title="Mark Boyle (Moneyless Man)">Mark Boyle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robin_Greenfield" title="Robin Greenfield">Robin Greenfield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ted_Kaczynski" title="Ted Kaczynski">Ted Kaczynski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pentti_Linkola" title="Pentti Linkola">Pentti Linkola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jim_Merkel" title="Jim Merkel">Jim Merkel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peace_Pilgrim" title="Peace Pilgrim">Peace Pilgrim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suelo" title="Suelo">Suelo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_(activist)" title="Thomas (activist)">Thomas</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%">Media</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>"<a href="/wiki/Anekdote_zur_Senkung_der_Arbeitsmoral" title="Anekdote zur Senkung der Arbeitsmoral">Anekdote zur Senkung der Arbeitsmoral</a>"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Escape_from_Affluenza" title="Escape from Affluenza">Escape from Affluenza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Good_Life_(1975_TV_series)" title="The Good Life (1975 TV series)">The Good Life</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Moon_and_the_Sledgehammer" title="The Moon and the Sledgehammer">The Moon and the Sledgehammer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mother_Earth_News" title="Mother Earth News">Mother Earth News</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Power_of_Half" title="The Power of Half">The Power of Half</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Small_Is_Beautiful" title="Small Is Beautiful">Small Is Beautiful</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walden" title="Walden">Walden</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Affluenza" title="Affluenza">Affluenza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agrarianism" title="Agrarianism">Agrarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amateurism" class="mw-redirect" title="Amateurism">Amateurism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarcho-primitivism" title="Anarcho-primitivism">Anarcho-primitivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-consumerism" title="Anti-consumerism">Anti-consumerism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Appropriate_technology" title="Appropriate technology">Appropriate technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bohemianism" title="Bohemianism">Bohemianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consumerism" title="Consumerism">Consumerism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Critique_of_work" title="Critique of work">Critique of work</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deep_ecology" title="Deep ecology">Deep ecology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Degrowth" title="Degrowth">Degrowth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecological_footprint" title="Ecological footprint">Ecological footprint</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Food_miles" title="Food miles">Food miles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Front_Porch_Republic" title="Front Porch Republic">Front Porch Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_anarchism" title="Green anarchism">Green anarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eudaimonia" title="Eudaimonia">The good life</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_warming" class="mw-redirect" title="Global warming">Global warming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hedonophobia" title="Hedonophobia">Hedonophobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intentional_living" title="Intentional living">Intentional living</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Intentional_community" title="Intentional community">commune</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rainbow_Gathering" title="Rainbow Gathering">Rainbow Gathering</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Itinerant_groups_in_Europe" title="Itinerant groups in Europe">Itinerant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Low-technology" class="mw-redirect" title="Low-technology">Low-technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nonviolence" title="Nonviolence">Nonviolence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peak_oil" title="Peak oil">Peak oil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainability" title="Sustainability">Sustainability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Work%E2%80%93life_interface" class="mw-redirect" title="Work–life interface">Work–life interface</a></li></ul> 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