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class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Prior_to_1949"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Prior to 1949</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Prior_to_1949-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Trudeau-Mulroney_years" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Trudeau-Mulroney_years"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Trudeau-Mulroney years</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Trudeau-Mulroney_years-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_Chretien_era" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_Chretien_era"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>The Chretien era</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_Chretien_era-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Harper_era" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Harper_era"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>Harper era</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Harper_era-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Agreements_with_China" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Agreements_with_China"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4.1</span> <span>Agreements with China</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Agreements_with_China-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Justin_Trudeau_era" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Justin_Trudeau_era"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5</span> <span>Justin Trudeau era</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Justin_Trudeau_era-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Initial_warming" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Initial_warming"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5.1</span> <span>Initial warming</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Initial_warming-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Li_Keqiang's_visit" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Li_Keqiang's_visit"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5.1.1</span> <span>Li Keqiang's visit</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Li_Keqiang's_visit-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Trudeau_talks_about_extradition_treaty" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Trudeau_talks_about_extradition_treaty"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5.1.2</span> <span>Trudeau talks about extradition treaty</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Trudeau_talks_about_extradition_treaty-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Trudeau_talks_about_extending_NAFTA_Chapter_11_rights_to_China" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Trudeau_talks_about_extending_NAFTA_Chapter_11_rights_to_China"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5.1.3</span> <span>Trudeau talks about extending NAFTA Chapter 11 rights to China</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Trudeau_talks_about_extending_NAFTA_Chapter_11_rights_to_China-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Governor-General_pledges_to_expand_ties" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Governor-General_pledges_to_expand_ties"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5.1.4</span> <span>Governor-General pledges to expand ties</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Governor-General_pledges_to_expand_ties-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gradual_souring" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gradual_souring"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5.2</span> <span>Gradual souring</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gradual_souring-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Canadian_journalist_detained" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Canadian_journalist_detained"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5.2.1</span> <span>Canadian journalist detained</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Canadian_journalist_detained-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Failed_negotiations_on_Free-Trade_Area" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Failed_negotiations_on_Free-Trade_Area"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5.2.2</span> <span>Failed negotiations on Free-Trade Area</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Failed_negotiations_on_Free-Trade_Area-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Death_of_Liu_Xiaobo" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Death_of_Liu_Xiaobo"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5.2.3</span> <span>Death of Liu Xiaobo</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Death_of_Liu_Xiaobo-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Canada_blocks_the_sale_of_Aecon" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Canada_blocks_the_sale_of_Aecon"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5.2.4</span> <span>Canada blocks the sale of Aecon</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Canada_blocks_the_sale_of_Aecon-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-USMCA_Poison_Pill" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#USMCA_Poison_Pill"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5.2.5</span> <span>USMCA Poison Pill</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-USMCA_Poison_Pill-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Drug_traffickers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Drug_traffickers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5.2.6</span> <span>Drug traffickers</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Drug_traffickers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-WTO_dispute" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#WTO_dispute"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5.2.7</span> <span>WTO dispute</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-WTO_dispute-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-PRC_70th_anniversary" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#PRC_70th_anniversary"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5.2.8</span> <span>PRC 70th anniversary</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-PRC_70th_anniversary-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Arrest_of_Meng_Wanzhou" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Arrest_of_Meng_Wanzhou"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5.3</span> <span>Arrest of Meng Wanzhou</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Arrest_of_Meng_Wanzhou-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Arrest_of_Michael_Kovrig_and_Michael_Spavor" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Arrest_of_Michael_Kovrig_and_Michael_Spavor"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5.3.1</span> <span>Arrest of Michael Kovrig and Michael Spavor</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Arrest_of_Michael_Kovrig_and_Michael_Spavor-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Canada_caught_in_the_middle_of_a_trade_war" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Canada_caught_in_the_middle_of_a_trade_war"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5.3.2</span> <span>Canada caught in the middle of a trade war</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Canada_caught_in_the_middle_of_a_trade_war-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-China_bans_Canadian_canola" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#China_bans_Canadian_canola"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5.3.3</span> <span>China bans Canadian canola</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-China_bans_Canadian_canola-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Calls_for_the_release_of_Meng_Wanzhou" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Calls_for_the_release_of_Meng_Wanzhou"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5.3.4</span> <span>Calls for the release of Meng Wanzhou</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Calls_for_the_release_of_Meng_Wanzhou-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-2019_Hong_Kong_protests" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2019_Hong_Kong_protests"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5.4</span> <span>2019 Hong Kong protests</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2019_Hong_Kong_protests-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Hong_Kong_asylum_seekers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hong_Kong_asylum_seekers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5.4.1</span> <span>Hong Kong asylum seekers</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hong_Kong_asylum_seekers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-HKPF_recruitment_on_Canadian_campuses" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#HKPF_recruitment_on_Canadian_campuses"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5.4.2</span> <span>HKPF recruitment on Canadian campuses</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-HKPF_recruitment_on_Canadian_campuses-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Joint_statement_on_Hong_Kong" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Joint_statement_on_Hong_Kong"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5.4.3</span> <span>Joint statement on Hong Kong</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Joint_statement_on_Hong_Kong-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Proposed_UNHRC_Special_Envoy_to_Hong_Kong" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Proposed_UNHRC_Special_Envoy_to_Hong_Kong"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5.4.4</span> <span>Proposed UNHRC Special Envoy to Hong Kong</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Proposed_UNHRC_Special_Envoy_to_Hong_Kong-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Joint_statement_condemning_China's_treatment_of_ethnic_minorities_and_Hong_Kong" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Joint_statement_condemning_China's_treatment_of_ethnic_minorities_and_Hong_Kong"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5.4.5</span> <span>Joint statement condemning China's treatment of ethnic minorities and Hong Kong</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Joint_statement_condemning_China's_treatment_of_ethnic_minorities_and_Hong_Kong-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-5G" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#5G"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5.5</span> <span>5G</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-5G-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Goodale_on_5G_telecoms" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Goodale_on_5G_telecoms"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5.5.1</span> <span>Goodale on 5G telecoms</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Goodale_on_5G_telecoms-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Canadian_telecoms_reject_Huawei" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Canadian_telecoms_reject_Huawei"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5.5.2</span> <span>Canadian telecoms reject Huawei</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Canadian_telecoms_reject_Huawei-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Persecution_of_Uyghurs_in_China" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Persecution_of_Uyghurs_in_China"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5.6</span> <span>Persecution of Uyghurs in China</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Persecution_of_Uyghurs_in_China-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Genocide_of_indigenous_people" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Genocide_of_indigenous_people"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5.7</span> <span>Genocide of indigenous people</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Genocide_of_indigenous_people-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Canadian_Parliamentarians_join_IPAC" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Canadian_Parliamentarians_join_IPAC"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5.8</span> <span>Canadian Parliamentarians join IPAC</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Canadian_Parliamentarians_join_IPAC-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Calls_to_boycott_2022_Beijing_Winter_Olympics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Calls_to_boycott_2022_Beijing_Winter_Olympics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5.9</span> <span>Calls to boycott 2022 Beijing Winter Olympics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Calls_to_boycott_2022_Beijing_Winter_Olympics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Interference_in_2019_and_2021_Canadian_federal_elections" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Interference_in_2019_and_2021_Canadian_federal_elections"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5.10</span> <span>Interference in 2019 and 2021 Canadian federal elections</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Interference_in_2019_and_2021_Canadian_federal_elections-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Expulsion_of_Chinese_Diplomat_from_Canada" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Expulsion_of_Chinese_Diplomat_from_Canada"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5.11</span> <span>Expulsion of Chinese Diplomat from Canada</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Expulsion_of_Chinese_Diplomat_from_Canada-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Interest_in_joining_AUKUS" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Interest_in_joining_AUKUS"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5.12</span> <span>Interest in joining AUKUS</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Interest_in_joining_AUKUS-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cyber_threats" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cyber_threats"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5.13</span> <span>Cyber threats</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cyber_threats-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Trade" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Trade"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Trade</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Trade-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Public_opinion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Public_opinion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Public opinion</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Public_opinion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Migration" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Migration"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Migration</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Migration-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Education" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Education"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Education</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Education-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled 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<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Recentism plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-style ambox-Recentism" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Ambox_clock_yellow.svg/40px-Ambox_clock_yellow.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Ambox_clock_yellow.svg/60px-Ambox_clock_yellow.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Ambox_clock_yellow.svg/80px-Ambox_clock_yellow.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="620" data-file-height="620" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article <b>appears to be <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Recentism" title="Wikipedia:Recentism">slanted towards recent events</a>.</b><span class="hide-when-compact"> Please try to keep recent events in historical perspective and <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Canada%E2%80%93China_relations&action=edit">add more content</a> related to non-recent events.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">May 2023</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Bilateral relations</div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox" style="border-collapse:collapse;"><caption class="infobox-title">Canada–China relations</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Canada_People%27s_Republic_of_China_Locator.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Map indicating locations of Canada and People's Republic of China"><img alt="Map indicating locations of Canada and People's Republic of China" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Canada_People%27s_Republic_of_China_Locator.svg/250px-Canada_People%27s_Republic_of_China_Locator.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="110" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Canada_People%27s_Republic_of_China_Locator.svg/375px-Canada_People%27s_Republic_of_China_Locator.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Canada_People%27s_Republic_of_China_Locator.svg/500px-Canada_People%27s_Republic_of_China_Locator.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="940" data-file-height="415" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:lightgrey"></th></tr><tr style="height:0.6em"> <td style="background:#339933;"></td> <td style="background:#E08020;"></td> </tr><tr> <th scope="col" style="width:50%; text-align:center"><span class="mw-default-size mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/60px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="60" height="30" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/90px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/120px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span><br /><a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a></th> <th scope="col" style="width:50%; text-align:center; border-left:thin solid lightgrey;"><span class="mw-default-size mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="45" height="30" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/68px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/90px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span><br /><a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a></th> </tr><tr style="display:none"><th colspan="2"> </th></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:lightgrey">Diplomatic mission</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal; text-align:center">Canadian Embassy, Beijing</th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:center; border-left:thin solid lightgrey;"><a href="/wiki/Embassy_of_China,_Ottawa" title="Embassy of China, Ottawa">Embassy of China, Ottawa</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:lightgrey">Envoy</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal; text-align:center">Ambassador Jennifer May</th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:center; border-left:thin solid lightgrey;">Ambassador Cong Peiwu</td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Canadian_embassy_in_Beijing.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Canadian_embassy_in_Beijing.jpg/220px-Canadian_embassy_in_Beijing.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Canadian_embassy_in_Beijing.jpg/330px-Canadian_embassy_in_Beijing.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Canadian_embassy_in_Beijing.jpg/440px-Canadian_embassy_in_Beijing.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a><figcaption>Canadaian Embassy in Beijing</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:China,_Ottawa.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/China%2C_Ottawa.JPG/220px-China%2C_Ottawa.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="155" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/China%2C_Ottawa.JPG/330px-China%2C_Ottawa.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/China%2C_Ottawa.JPG/440px-China%2C_Ottawa.JPG 2x" data-file-width="974" data-file-height="688" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Embassy_of_China,_Ottawa" title="Embassy of China, Ottawa">Embassy of China in Canada</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Diplomatic relations between <a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a> and <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a> officially date back to 1942, when Canada sent an ambassador to the <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_China_(1912%E2%80%931949)" title="Republic of China (1912–1949)">Republic of China</a>. Before then, Canada had been represented by the British ambassador. The Communist victory in the <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Civil_War" title="Chinese Civil War">Chinese Civil War</a> and subsequent proclamation of the <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">People's Republic of China</a> in 1949 resulted a break in relations that lasted until 1970, when Canadian Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Pierre_Trudeau" title="Pierre Trudeau">Pierre Trudeau</a> became one of the first Western leaders to recognize the People's Republic of China.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>China was one of Canada's largest trading partners in Asia for a few years, including 2017.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> It was Canada's top export market and top import supplier in Asia.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On the other hand, Canada had a significant trade imbalance, importing <a href="/wiki/Canadian_dollar" title="Canadian dollar">CA$</a>44.235 billion more from China than the value of its exports to the country in 2016, for example.<sup id="cite_ref-Asia_Pacific_Foundation_of_Canada2_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Asia_Pacific_Foundation_of_Canada2-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Relations between the Canadian and Chinese governments have deteriorated significantly in recent years, particularly during the tenures of <a href="/wiki/General_Secretary_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="General Secretary of the Chinese Communist Party">CCP general secretary</a> <a href="/wiki/Xi_Jinping" title="Xi Jinping">Xi Jinping</a> and <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_United_States" title="President of the United States">U.S. President</a> <a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump" title="Donald Trump">Donald Trump</a>. Canada has criticized the Chinese government over issues such as the <a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Uyghurs_in_China" title="Persecution of Uyghurs in China">oppression of Uyghurs in China</a>, the crackdown on dissent in Hong Kong, allegedly unfair trade practices, and <a href="/wiki/Chinese_intelligence_activity_abroad" title="Chinese intelligence activity abroad">espionage and intimidation activities</a> in Canada.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2022, Canada referred to China as "disruptive" in its official Indo-Pacific strategy document.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Government_of_China" title="Government of China">Chinese government</a>, in turn, sees Canada's position as reflective of growing <a href="/wiki/Anti-Chinese_sentiment" title="Anti-Chinese sentiment">anti-China sentiment</a> and anxiety regarding the country's economic and military development.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Canadian views on China have cooled considerably. Only 14% of Canadians view the country favourably, according to polling conducted in early 2021.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Moreover, according to a 2021 poll by Maru Public Opinion, 52% of Canadians view China as the nation's "biggest foreign threat" and believe a <a href="/wiki/Second_Cold_War" title="Second Cold War">Second Cold War</a> between the United States and China has already begun.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Canada%E2%80%93China_relations&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Canada%E2%80%93Taiwan_relations" title="Canada–Taiwan relations">Canada–Taiwan relations</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Prior_to_1949">Prior to 1949</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Canada%E2%80%93China_relations&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Prior to 1949"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Jklawson.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Jklawson.JPG/250px-Jklawson.JPG" decoding="async" width="250" height="333" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Jklawson.JPG/375px-Jklawson.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Jklawson.JPG/500px-Jklawson.JPG 2x" data-file-width="960" data-file-height="1280" /></a><figcaption>The headstone of Brigadier <a href="/wiki/John_K._Lawson" title="John K. Lawson">John K. Lawson</a> at Hong Kong's <a href="/wiki/Sai_Wan_War_Cemetery" title="Sai Wan War Cemetery">Sai Wan War Cemetery</a></figcaption></figure> <p>As part of the <a href="/wiki/British_Empire" title="British Empire">British Empire</a> and later the <a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_of_Nations" title="Commonwealth of Nations">Commonwealth of Nations</a>, Canada did not establish a foreign ministry (External Affairs) until 1909 and developed an independent foreign policy only after passage of the <a href="/wiki/Statute_of_Westminster_1931" title="Statute of Westminster 1931">Statute of Westminster 1931</a>. Canada posted one third of six battalions to <a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong" title="Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a> before the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Hong_Kong" title="Battle of Hong Kong">Battle of Hong Kong</a>, which was lost to the <a href="/wiki/Japanese_Imperial_Army" class="mw-redirect" title="Japanese Imperial Army">Japanese Imperial Army</a>, from 25 December 1941 to 16 September 1945, more than a month after the <a href="/wiki/Atomic_bombings_of_Hiroshima_and_Nagasaki" title="Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki">atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-tga_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tga-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-tnt_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tnt-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Canada established embassies overseas only in the 1940s, and in 1942, Canada posted its first ambassador in the Chinese wartime Nationalist capital of <a href="/wiki/Chongqing" title="Chongqing">Chongqing</a>. The embassy was moved to <a href="/wiki/Nanjing" title="Nanjing">Nanjing</a> in 1946. </p><p>Canada faced a dilemma following the Communist victory in the <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Civil_War" title="Chinese Civil War">Chinese Civil War</a> in 1949. On many issues, Canada followed the lead of British and the United States, but those two governments followed different policies on China. The United Kingdom, under the control of a <a href="/wiki/Labour_Party_(UK)" title="Labour Party (UK)">socialist government</a>, extended diplomatic recognition to the Communist Chinese, but the United States refused to recognize the Communist government. After the <a href="/wiki/Liberal_Party_of_Canada" title="Liberal Party of Canada">Liberal</a> victory in the <a href="/wiki/1949_Canadian_federal_election" title="1949 Canadian federal election">Canadian federal election of 1949</a> and more discussion, Canada followed the British approach. The Canadian embassy in Nanjing was kept open, and Canada posted a <a href="/wiki/Charg%C3%A9_d%27affaires" title="Chargé d'affaires">chargé d'affaires</a>. By June 23, 1950, the <a href="/wiki/Global_Affairs_Canada" title="Global Affairs Canada">Canadian Department of External Affairs</a> had prepared instructions for the chargé to open negotiations with the Chinese government for an exchange of ambassadors.<sup id="cite_ref-hilliker_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hilliker-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>However, the <a href="/wiki/Korean_War" title="Korean War">Korean War</a> began two days later, on June 25, 1950. With Canadian troops fighting for the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a> forces, which opposed Communist Chinese troops, the continuation of diplomatic relations became untenable. After Canada voted in favour of a UN resolution that branded China an aggressor, the Chinese government asked the Canadian chargé d'affaires to leave. The Canadian embassy in Nanjing was closed on February 26, 1951. Thereafter, Canada maintained diplomatic relations with the <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Republic of China">Republic of China</a>, whose government had evacuated to Taiwan after losing to the Communists. However, Canada did not send an ambassador to the Nationalist Chinese capital of Taipei. Instead, relations were maintained through the Nationalist Chinese ambassador in Ottawa.<sup id="cite_ref-hilliker_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hilliker-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Trudeau-Mulroney_years">Trudeau-Mulroney years</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Canada%E2%80%93China_relations&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Trudeau-Mulroney years"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Diplomatic relations between the PRC and Canada were established on 13 October 1970.<sup id="cite_ref-cdcc_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cdcc-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In October 1973, <a href="/wiki/Pierre_Trudeau" title="Pierre Trudeau">Pierre Trudeau</a> became the first <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Prime_Minister" class="mw-redirect" title="Canadian Prime Minister">Canadian Prime Minister</a> to pay an official visit to the PRC, meeting <a href="/wiki/Mao_Zedong" title="Mao Zedong">Mao Zedong</a>. In that year, the trade balance was heavily weighted in Canada's favour.<sup id="cite_ref-ecpe_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ecpe-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-cbuo_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cbuo-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-cdcc_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cdcc-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Canadian government was optimistic about the PRC's market-oriented reforms of the 1970s and 1980s, but it was difficult to see much substantial improvement as the <a href="/wiki/Cultural_Revolution" title="Cultural Revolution">Cultural Revolution</a> raged.<sup id="cite_ref-afraid_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-afraid-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In October 1983, the Foreign Minister of PRC visited Canada and signed the <i>Agreement on Developing Cooperation between China and Canada</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-cdcc_13-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cdcc-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1984, <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Premier" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinese Premier">Chinese Premier</a> Zhao Ziyang visited the second Trudeau government six months before it fell, and became the first <a href="/wiki/Communist" class="mw-redirect" title="Communist">Communist</a> leader to address <a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Canada" title="Parliament of Canada">Parliament of Canada</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-ecpe_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ecpe-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-zzspeech_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-zzspeech-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Zhao signed the <i>Agreement on the Protection of Investment between China and Canada</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-cdcc_13-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cdcc-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Zhao would later be subject to 15 years of house arrest until his death, because he opposed the <a href="/wiki/1989_Tiananmen_Square_protests_and_massacre" title="1989 Tiananmen Square protests and massacre">Tiananmen Square crackdown</a> in 1989.<sup id="cite_ref-pmhhw_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmhhw-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In May 1986, the <a href="/wiki/Mulroney_government" class="mw-redirect" title="Mulroney government">Mulroney government</a> in China signed with Zhao the <i>Agreement on Prevention of Double Taxation and Tax Evasions between China and Canada</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-cdcc_13-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cdcc-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_Chretien_era">The Chretien era</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Canada%E2%80%93China_relations&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: The Chretien era"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Early in their tenures under <a href="/wiki/Jean_Chretien" class="mw-redirect" title="Jean Chretien">Jean Chretien</a>, Ministers <a href="/wiki/Allan_Rock" title="Allan Rock">Allan Rock</a> and <a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Ouellet" title="André Ouellet">André Ouellet</a> felt it beneficial to sign a treaty with China that gave the Chinese access to the powers of the <a href="/wiki/Mutual_Legal_Assistance_in_Criminal_Matters_Act_(Canada)" title="Mutual Legal Assistance in Criminal Matters Act (Canada)">Mutual Legal Assistance in Criminal Matters Act (Canada)</a>, and in fact it was signed in <a href="/wiki/Beijing" title="Beijing">Beijing</a> by the latter in July 1994.<sup id="cite_ref-mlatchina_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mlatchina-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Chretien accompanied to China about 300 business leaders on a trade mission in November 1994 who returned with an order book of $9 billion. Senior figures in government like International Trade Minister <a href="/wiki/Roy_MacLaren_(politician)" title="Roy MacLaren (politician)">Roy MacLaren</a> were convinced that Canada needed to diversify away from the United States and so adopted a "<a href="/w/index.php?title=Four_Pillars_Policy&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Four Pillars Policy (page does not exist)">Four Pillars Policy</a>." Canada believed that to engage the Chinese in more open trade and to support China's accession to <a href="/wiki/World_Trade_Organization" title="World Trade Organization">World Trade Organization</a> accession would help Canada's goals.<sup id="cite_ref-afraid_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-afraid-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In fact, Chrétien strongly endorsed Chinese accession: "With China's accession to the WTO, tariffs will drop and access by Chinese consumers and business to our products and services will increase.... WTO accession is part of China's broad agenda of developing the <a href="/wiki/Rule_of_law" title="Rule of law">rule of law</a>, to ensure fair and equal treatment before the courts for both people and companies.... <a href="/wiki/Human_rights" title="Human rights">Human rights</a> are good for business." Always a mug, Chrétien told the "Chinese they would have to clean up their image if they expected to do business on the world stage."<sup id="cite_ref-cbccwb_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cbccwb-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In November 1997, the Chretien government signed with the government of <a href="/wiki/Jiang_Zemin" title="Jiang Zemin">Jiang Zemin</a>: the <i>Consular Agreement between the Chinese and Canadian Governments</i>, <i>the Memorandum of Understanding between the Chinese National Tourism Administration and the Canadian Tourism Commission on the Cooperation on Tourism</i>, three <a href="/wiki/Memorandum_of_understanding" title="Memorandum of understanding">Memorandums of Understanding</a> on development assistance, and an exchange of letters between China and Canada on the mutual establishment of more consulates-general.<sup id="cite_ref-cdcc_13-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cdcc-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In April 1999, the two countries signed: a plan of action on environmental cooperation between the Chinese and Canadian Governments, the memorandum of understanding between the Chinese and Canadian Governments on cooperation in the crackdown on crimes and three protocols on China's import of animal products from Canada.<sup id="cite_ref-cdcc_13-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cdcc-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Chinese finally acceded to the World Trade Organization in 2001, and the Canadians sent another trade mission to celebrate and to ink more deals. As MacLaren said in 2019:<sup id="cite_ref-afraid_16-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-afraid-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>To get China into the WTO was fundamental to our trade policy. For China to be a partner, accepting the disciplines of a rules-based trade organization was immensely important as a first step. We [believed that] deepening trade and investment relations with China, not only through the Team Canada mission but the far more important question of getting China into the WTO, would lead - in my view and in Jean Chretien's view - to human-rights advances. As the Chinese economy expanded and liberalized, China would be drawn into the liberal international order. I have no doubt that the China strategy was the right one. In my view, it worked.</p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Harper_era">Harper era</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Canada%E2%80%93China_relations&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Harper era"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Dalai_Lama_Toronto_2010.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Dalai_Lama_Toronto_2010.jpg/220px-Dalai_Lama_Toronto_2010.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Dalai_Lama_Toronto_2010.jpg/330px-Dalai_Lama_Toronto_2010.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Dalai_Lama_Toronto_2010.jpg/440px-Dalai_Lama_Toronto_2010.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4896" data-file-height="3264" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Gerard_Kennedy" title="Gerard Kennedy">Gerard Kennedy</a> meeting <a href="/wiki/14th_Dalai_Lama" title="14th Dalai Lama">Dalai Lama</a> at Tibetan Centre in Toronto, 2010</figcaption></figure> <p>In 2006, <a href="/wiki/Stephen_Harper" title="Stephen Harper">Stephen Harper</a> was elected Prime Minister of Canada. His government implemented a more activist foreign policy, emphasizing ties with democracies and expressing criticism of nondemocratic regimes like China. Harper stated his belief in Canadian values such as human rights should not be trumped by the "almighty dollar."<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2010)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> For example, the Harper government awarded an <a href="/wiki/Honorary_Canadian_citizenship" title="Honorary Canadian citizenship">honorary Canadian citizenship</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Dalai_Lama" title="Dalai Lama">Dalai Lama</a> and criticized China's human rights record, accusing it of <a href="/wiki/Commercial_espionage" class="mw-redirect" title="Commercial espionage">commercial espionage</a>. Harper also delayed a planned meeting between the foreign ministers and increased the level of Canadian involvement in Taiwan, further displeasing Beijing.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2010)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> At the APEC Summit in November 2006, China initially appeared to back out of formal meeting between Harper and <a href="/wiki/Paramount_leader" title="Paramount leader">Chinese leader</a> <a href="/wiki/Hu_Jintao" title="Hu Jintao">Hu Jintao</a>, but Hu instead opted for a brief informal meeting with Harper, who notably did not attend the opening ceremonies of the <a href="/wiki/2008_Summer_Olympics" title="2008 Summer Olympics">Beijing Olympics</a> in 2008. </p><p>In 2005, Charles Burton, an associate professor at <a href="/wiki/Brock_University" title="Brock University">Brock University</a> wrote a report and conducted media interviews on Canada's policy towards China.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Burton's report, commissioned by the Canadian Department of Foreign Affairs, was entitled <i>Assessment of the Canada-China Bilateral Human Rights Dialogue</i><sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and released in an unclassified public version in April, 2006. As revealed by <a href="/wiki/United_States_diplomatic_cables_leak" title="United States diplomatic cables leak">leaked US diplomatic cables</a>, the "Burton Report" considerably affected Western policy approaches to engagement with China on human rights<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and China's response.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Global_recession" title="Global recession">global recession</a> that began at the end of 2008 and the economic effect on Canada led the <a href="/wiki/Foreign_policy_of_the_Harper_government" class="mw-redirect" title="Foreign policy of the Harper government">Harper government</a> to reduce its criticism of China to repair relations with China, whose economic status remained robust. A number of high level official visits took place in this period. Trade Minister <a href="/wiki/Stockwell_Day" title="Stockwell Day">Stockwell Day</a>, Foreign Affairs Minister <a href="/wiki/Lawrence_Cannon" title="Lawrence Cannon">Lawrence Cannon</a>, and Transportation Minister <a href="/wiki/John_Baird_(Canadian_politician)" title="John Baird (Canadian politician)">John Baird</a> visited China in 2009. Chinese Foreign Minister <a href="/wiki/Yang_Jiechi" title="Yang Jiechi">Yang Jiechi</a> made reciprocal trip to Canada in June. Finance Minister <a href="/wiki/Jim_Flaherty" title="Jim Flaherty">Jim Flaherty</a> led a high-profile delegation to China to enhance economic and financial ties. Harper visited China for the first time from December 2 to 6, 2009,<sup id="cite_ref-cbcfippa_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cbcfippa-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> visiting Beijing, <a href="/wiki/Shanghai" title="Shanghai">Shanghai</a> and Hong Kong. Before a bilateral meeting with Harper in Beijing, Chinese Premier <a href="/wiki/Wen_Jiabao" title="Wen Jiabao">Wen Jiabao</a> suggested that too long a time had elapsed without a visit to China by a Canadian prime minister. After the meetings, Hu Jintao, Wen and Harper agreed to build stronger relations, particularly in the economic sphere. Chinese President Hu Jintao paid an official <a href="/wiki/State_visit" title="State visit">state visit</a> to Canada from June 23 to 27, 2010, ahead of the <a href="/wiki/G20_summit" class="mw-redirect" title="G20 summit">G20 summit</a> in Toronto.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Governor General of Canada <a href="/wiki/Micha%C3%ABlle_Jean" title="Michaëlle Jean">Michaëlle Jean</a> travelled to China from June 30 to July 5, 2010, on a "friendship visit," accepting an invitation from China to attend Canada's national day at <a href="/wiki/Expo_2010" title="Expo 2010">Expo 2010</a> in Shanghai. She also visited <a href="/wiki/Guangdong" title="Guangdong">Guangdong</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sichuan" title="Sichuan">Sichuan</a>, and Beijing.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Then Liberal Leader <a href="/wiki/Michael_Ignatieff" title="Michael Ignatieff">Michael Ignatieff</a> also paid a working visit to Beijing and Shanghai from July 3 to 8, 2010.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Agreements_with_China">Agreements with China</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Canada%E2%80%93China_relations&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Agreements with China"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Canadian_Prime_Minister_Stephen_Harper_with_members_of_the_Board_of_Directors_of_the_Canadian_Chamber_of_Commerce_in_Shanghai_in_Guangzhou,_Feb_2012.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Canadian_Prime_Minister_Stephen_Harper_with_members_of_the_Board_of_Directors_of_the_Canadian_Chamber_of_Commerce_in_Shanghai_in_Guangzhou%2C_Feb_2012.jpg/300px-Canadian_Prime_Minister_Stephen_Harper_with_members_of_the_Board_of_Directors_of_the_Canadian_Chamber_of_Commerce_in_Shanghai_in_Guangzhou%2C_Feb_2012.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="164" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Canadian_Prime_Minister_Stephen_Harper_with_members_of_the_Board_of_Directors_of_the_Canadian_Chamber_of_Commerce_in_Shanghai_in_Guangzhou%2C_Feb_2012.jpg/450px-Canadian_Prime_Minister_Stephen_Harper_with_members_of_the_Board_of_Directors_of_the_Canadian_Chamber_of_Commerce_in_Shanghai_in_Guangzhou%2C_Feb_2012.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Canadian_Prime_Minister_Stephen_Harper_with_members_of_the_Board_of_Directors_of_the_Canadian_Chamber_of_Commerce_in_Shanghai_in_Guangzhou%2C_Feb_2012.jpg/600px-Canadian_Prime_Minister_Stephen_Harper_with_members_of_the_Board_of_Directors_of_the_Canadian_Chamber_of_Commerce_in_Shanghai_in_Guangzhou%2C_Feb_2012.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3989" data-file-height="2186" /></a><figcaption>Canadian Prime Minister Stephen Harper with members of the Board of Directors of the Canadian Chamber of Commerce in <a href="/wiki/Shanghai" title="Shanghai">Shanghai</a> in <a href="/wiki/Guangzhou" title="Guangzhou">Guangzhou</a>, February 2012</figcaption></figure> <p>During Harper's February 2012 visit to China, some commentators in the Canadian media reported that the Chinese government was much more welcoming than in 2009. Harper met with both President Hu and Premier Wen Jiabao, and signed a number of economic agreements that had been prepared by Minister of Foreign Affairs John Baird including a <a href="/wiki/Uranium" title="Uranium">uranium</a> export treaty,<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the <a href="/wiki/Canada-China_Promotion_and_Reciprocal_Protection_of_Investments_Agreement" title="Canada-China Promotion and Reciprocal Protection of Investments Agreement">Canada-China Promotion and Reciprocal Protection of Investments Agreement</a> (CCPRPIA), which was linked by the media to (further) potential Chinese investment in the <a href="/wiki/Athabasca_oil_sands" title="Athabasca oil sands">Athabasca oil sands</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-cbcfippa_25-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cbcfippa-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and had been negotiated for eighteen years. The negotiations and the text itself were kept secret<sup id="cite_ref-cbcfippa_25-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cbcfippa-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> until November 2016. Chinese officials suggested that the next logical step would be a <a href="/wiki/Free_trade_agreement" title="Free trade agreement">free trade agreement</a>, which Canadian officials promised to study.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In July 2012,<sup id="cite_ref-npcnooc_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-npcnooc-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the proposed $15.1 billion takeover of Alberta-based petroleum producer <a href="/wiki/Nexen" class="mw-redirect" title="Nexen">Nexen</a> by the Chinese <a href="/wiki/State_Owned_Enterprise" class="mw-redirect" title="State Owned Enterprise">State Owned Enterprise</a> (SOE) <a href="/wiki/CNOOC" class="mw-redirect" title="CNOOC">CNOOC</a> "really spooked" western members of the <a href="/wiki/Conservative_Party_of_Canada" title="Conservative Party of Canada">Conservative Party of Canada</a> including Harper, who was the MP of a Calgary riding. His government eventually approved the takeover because after all, he had signed up for it with the CCPRPIA, but he somewhat tightened for SOEs the regulation of the <a href="/wiki/Investment_Canada_Act" title="Investment Canada Act">Investment Canada Act</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-afraid_16-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-afraid-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Harper cabinet approved the CCPRPIA during early September 2014, for a 1 October commencement date. The deal was criticized by <a href="/wiki/Osgoode_Hall" title="Osgoode Hall">Osgoode Hall</a> law professor <a href="/wiki/Gus_Van_Harten" title="Gus Van Harten">Gus Van Harten</a>, who noted<sup id="cite_ref-cbcfippa_25-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cbcfippa-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>its generational length: 31-year duration although the norm for international treaties is an exit notification period of six months.</li> <li>that it was lopsided in favour of China because it froze the existing bilateral practices and restrictions.</li> <li>Chinese companies would benefit from <a href="/wiki/NAFTA_Chapter_11" class="mw-redirect" title="NAFTA Chapter 11">NAFTA Chapter 11</a>-type investor-state dispute settlement procedure.</li> <li>Arbitration cases were to be decided by professional arbitrators.</li> <li>Arbitration rulings would be, at the option of the sued party, kept secret.</li> <li>CCPRPIA and NAFTA differences might cause trouble to the government because the <a href="/wiki/Most_Favoured_Nation" class="mw-redirect" title="Most Favoured Nation">Most Favoured Nation</a> concept could be weaponized.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Justin_Trudeau_era">Justin Trudeau era</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Canada%E2%80%93China_relations&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Justin Trudeau era"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Initial_warming">Initial warming</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Canada%E2%80%93China_relations&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Initial warming"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>By 2015, roughly 460 Canadian companies were doing business in China.<sup id="cite_ref-afraid_16-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-afraid-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Justin_Trudeau" title="Justin Trudeau">Justin Trudeau</a> became the prime minister of Canada in November 2015, and relations between China and Canada improved, at least for two years. </p><p>Trudeau paid an official visit to China from August 30 to September 7, 2016, days before the <a href="/wiki/G20" title="G20">G20</a> meeting in Hangzhou. However, the visit failed to get a balanced relationship with China.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Trudeau negotiated the release after a two-year Chinese imprisonment on espionage charges of Canadian missionary Kevin Garratt.<sup id="cite_ref-levin_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-levin-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Li_Keqiang's_visit"><span id="Li_Keqiang.27s_visit"></span>Li Keqiang's visit</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Canada%E2%80%93China_relations&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Li Keqiang's visit"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Chinese Premier <a href="/wiki/Li_Keqiang" title="Li Keqiang">Li Keqiang</a> visited Canada in September 2016 to implement China's cat-and-mouse tactic<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Writing_better_articles#Tone" title="Wikipedia:Writing better articles"><span title="The tone or style of material in the vicinity of this tag may not be appropriate for Wikipedia. (October 2023)">tone</span></a></i>]</sup>.<sup id="cite_ref-cbcunban_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cbcunban-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Canadian <a href="/wiki/Canola" class="mw-redirect" title="Canola">canola</a> exports had been under the threat of a ban by Beijing, who maintained that the product contained pests.<sup id="cite_ref-levin_36-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-levin-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> That was alleviated on 22 September 2016. The world's largest canola exporter is Canada, and in 2015 over 40 percent of that crop was exported to China. Both countries have been in a dispute over the crop since 2009.<sup id="cite_ref-cbcunban_37-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cbcunban-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Trudeau_talks_about_extradition_treaty">Trudeau talks about extradition treaty</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Canada%E2%80%93China_relations&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Trudeau talks about extradition treaty"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:UBC_Goddess_of_Democracy_statue_2009.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/UBC_Goddess_of_Democracy_statue_2009.jpg/220px-UBC_Goddess_of_Democracy_statue_2009.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/UBC_Goddess_of_Democracy_statue_2009.jpg/330px-UBC_Goddess_of_Democracy_statue_2009.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/UBC_Goddess_of_Democracy_statue_2009.jpg/440px-UBC_Goddess_of_Democracy_statue_2009.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1944" data-file-height="2592" /></a><figcaption><i><a href="/wiki/Goddess_of_Democracy" title="Goddess of Democracy">Goddess of Democracy</a></i>, University of British Columbia</figcaption></figure> <p>In the first year of his prime ministership, Trudeau's government agreed to talks on a bilateral <a href="/wiki/Extradition_treaty" class="mw-redirect" title="Extradition treaty">extradition treaty</a> with China in 2016.<sup id="cite_ref-levin_36-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-levin-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Former diplomat <a href="/wiki/Charles_Burton_(sinologist)" class="mw-redirect" title="Charles Burton (sinologist)">Charles Burton</a>, presented as a critic of the government policy as the treaty talks were revealed, said in a <i>New York Times</i> account:<sup id="cite_ref-levin_36-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-levin-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>We don't seem to have the linguistic and cultural expertise and political knowledge to defend our interests against a very sophisticated diplomatic engagement by China, which seems to always come out on top.</p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Trudeau_talks_about_extending_NAFTA_Chapter_11_rights_to_China">Trudeau talks about extending NAFTA Chapter 11 rights to China</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Canada%E2%80%93China_relations&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Trudeau talks about extending NAFTA Chapter 11 rights to China"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In January 2017, a rumoured treaty with China appeared in the press to extend rights to Chinese investors, including <a href="/wiki/Government-owned_corporation" class="mw-redirect" title="Government-owned corporation">SOEs</a>, to sue the government, just as is allowed by <a href="/wiki/North_American_Free_Trade_Agreement#Chapter_11_–_investor-state_dispute_settlement_procedures" title="North American Free Trade Agreement">Chapter 11 of NAFTA</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-gm22nov_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gm22nov-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It came to light because the province of <a href="/wiki/Quebec" title="Quebec">Quebec</a> intended, under the <a href="/wiki/41st_Quebec_Legislature" title="41st Quebec Legislature">Couillard government</a> to prevent <a href="/wiki/Fracking" title="Fracking">fracking</a> exploration under the <a href="/wiki/St._Lawrence_Seaway" title="St. Lawrence Seaway">St. Lawrence Seaway</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-gm24nov_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gm24nov-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Governor-General_pledges_to_expand_ties">Governor-General pledges to expand ties</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Canada%E2%80%93China_relations&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Governor-General pledges to expand ties"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/David_Johnston_(governor_general)" title="David Johnston (governor general)">David Johnston</a>, the Governor General of Canada, paid an official visit to China from July 10 to 14, 2017. The two countries pledged to enhance cooperation on education, research, innovation, culture, diversity, agriculture, and tourism.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Gradual_souring">Gradual souring</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Canada%E2%80%93China_relations&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Gradual souring"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Canadian_journalist_detained">Canadian journalist detained</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Canada%E2%80%93China_relations&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Canadian journalist detained"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In August 2017, a <i><a href="/wiki/The_Globe_and_Mail" title="The Globe and Mail">The Globe and Mail</a></i> journalist, <a href="/wiki/Nathan_VanderKlippe" title="Nathan VanderKlippe">Nathan VanderKlippe</a>, was detained and had his computer seized while he was in <a href="/wiki/Xinjiang" title="Xinjiang">Xinjiang</a> Province. Editor-in-chief <a href="/wiki/David_Walmsley" class="mw-redirect" title="David Walmsley">David Walmsley</a> called what transpired "harassment" and said that it was "deeply disturbing."<sup id="cite_ref-detained_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-detained-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> VanderKlippe described at length his preparations and experience in a November interview and remarked that he spoke directly to the Canadian Minister of Foreign Relations <a href="/wiki/Chrystia_Freeland" title="Chrystia Freeland">Chrystia Freeland</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-ytnv_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ytnv-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Failed_negotiations_on_Free-Trade_Area">Failed negotiations on Free-Trade Area</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Canada%E2%80%93China_relations&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Failed negotiations on Free-Trade Area"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In December 2017, Trudeau visited China for the second time but left without the agreement that he expected to begin formal talks on free trade. The Chinese media pilloried the Canadian media, which responded by pointing out that China was fifth-last in the most recent ranking of the <a href="/wiki/World_Press_Freedom_Index" title="World Press Freedom Index">World Press Freedom Index</a>, published by <a href="/wiki/Reporters_Without_Borders" title="Reporters Without Borders">Reporters Without Borders</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-rocky_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rocky-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The two countries still jointly proclaimed 2018 the Canada China Year of Tourism to encourage visits to and from both countries.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Death_of_Liu_Xiaobo">Death of Liu Xiaobo</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Canada%E2%80%93China_relations&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Death of Liu Xiaobo"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In response to the July 2017 death of Chinese <a href="/wiki/2010_Nobel_Peace_Prize" title="2010 Nobel Peace Prize">Nobel Peace Prize</a> laureate <a href="/wiki/Liu_Xiaobo" title="Liu Xiaobo">Liu Xiaobo</a>, who died of organ failure while he was in government custody, Canada's Foreign Affairs Minister Chrystia Freeland said in a statement, "I offer my sincere condolences to the family and friends of Mr Liu and to his many supporters around the world.... We continue to call for the release of all political prisoners."<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Canada_blocks_the_sale_of_Aecon">Canada blocks the sale of Aecon</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Canada%E2%80%93China_relations&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Canada blocks the sale of Aecon"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In May 2018, the Trudeau government blocked the sale of the construction company that built the <a href="/wiki/CN_Tower" title="CN Tower">CN Tower</a>, <a href="/wiki/Aecon" title="Aecon">Aecon</a>, to a Chinese <a href="/wiki/State-owned_enterprise" title="State-owned enterprise">state-owned enterprise</a> (SOE), CCCC International Holding (CCCI), for $1.5 billion. The CCCI is the investment arm of <a href="/wiki/China_Communications_Construction_Company" title="China Communications Construction Company">China Communications Construction Company</a> (CCCC), 64% of which is owned by the Chinese government. The purchase of Aecon had already received shareholder approval, judicial approval, and clearance from the competition regulator. The sale was terminated under section 25.3 of the <a href="/wiki/Investment_Canada_Act" title="Investment Canada Act">Investment Canada Act</a> by <a href="/wiki/Minister_of_Innovation,_Science_and_Economic_Development" class="mw-redirect" title="Minister of Innovation, Science and Economic Development">Minister of Innovation, Science and Economic Development</a> <a href="/wiki/Navdeep_Bains" title="Navdeep Bains">Navdeep Bains</a>. <a href="/wiki/John_Beck_(businessman)" class="mw-redirect" title="John Beck (businessman)">John Beck</a>, the president and CEO of Aecon, said that he was disappointed by the termination. Conservative MP <a href="/wiki/Tony_Clement" title="Tony Clement">Tony Clement</a> was worried about SOE purchases of Canadian companies:<sup id="cite_ref-ccci_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ccci-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>If they are making investments, first of all they are not making investments necessarily based on market decisions because they are directed by a country, directed by a state. They could be making those investments for strategic or political reasons.... We know Aecon has been awarded numerous sensitive Canadian government contracts, including working with our military and in the nuclear sector.</p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="USMCA_Poison_Pill">USMCA Poison Pill</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Canada%E2%80%93China_relations&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: USMCA Poison Pill"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>On 1 October 2018, the Trudeau government agreed on the <a href="/wiki/United_States%E2%80%93Mexico%E2%80%93Canada_Agreement" title="United States–Mexico–Canada Agreement">United States–Mexico–Canada Agreement</a> (USMCA), a trade deal agreement, with <a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump" title="Donald Trump">Donald Trump</a>, who had made it contingent on securing a new type of <a href="/wiki/Shareholder_rights_plan" title="Shareholder rights plan">poison pill</a> with both Canada and Mexico. One example in the USMCA is Clause 32.10, which requires both countries to notify the US "if either intends to enter trade talks with a non-market economy." If the US administration is dissatisfied with the content of the trade agreement, it can then abrogate the USMCA. <a href="/wiki/State-owned_enterprises" class="mw-redirect" title="State-owned enterprises">State-owned enterprises</a> (SOEs) are another focus of US concern in the USMCA, which slows China's move to dominance because the Chinese <i>modus operandi</i> is founded upon SOEs.<sup id="cite_ref-ppdt_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ppdt-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Drug_traffickers">Drug traffickers</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Canada%E2%80%93China_relations&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Drug traffickers"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>On 14 January 2019, Canadian Robert Lloyd Schellenberg had his 15-year drug smuggling prison sentence escalated to a death sentence, resulting in Canada issuing a travel warning on "the risk of arbitrary enforcement of local laws."<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> China, in turn, issued its own travel advisory, which cited "arbitrary detention" at request of a "third-party country."<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In July 2019, mainland Chinese authorities detained a Canadian student, who had been accused, along with more than two dozen others, of being in a drug trafficking gang.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-gmdrugs_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gmdrugs-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="WTO_dispute">WTO dispute</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Canada%E2%80%93China_relations&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: WTO dispute"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In September 2019, Canada took its first step in the WTO trade dispute resolution mechanism over the canola issue, and it formally filed a letter of protest with the Chinese. Under WTO rules, the opponents must meet within 30 days before an arbitrator, and if those talks fail to resolve the dispute, the plaintiff can request adjudication by a panel. The Conservative Party's Leader of the Opposition, <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Scheer" title="Andrew Scheer">Andrew Scheer</a>, said that he had told Trudeau 120 days earlier to visit the arbitration process, but Trudeau instead had simply extended in May loans to canola farmers.<sup id="cite_ref-scmpwto_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-scmpwto-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the words of one observer, "China has a vegetable oil supply shortage of 20 million tonnes per year. It covers a large percentage of that shortage with <a href="/wiki/Soybean" title="Soybean">soybean</a> imports from Brazil, the US and Argentina."<sup id="cite_ref-cggfm_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cggfm-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>It came to light in September 2019 that the Chinese government had been protecting certain industries until July 2019, one reason that the trade imbalance between both countries was so lopsided. Since 1988, Canada had imported almost $889 billion of Chinese goods, but China had imported only $293 billion of Canadian goods. The oil and gas sector in China was opened to <a href="/wiki/Foreign_direct_investment" title="Foreign direct investment">foreign direct investment</a> only in July 2019, but the Chinese had nearly <i>carte blanche</i> for their SOE takeovers since 2001. As of September 2019, foreigners had no access to Chinese firms in a "huge swath" of industries, including telecoms, automobile manufacture, health care, and education. In stark contrast to Roy MacLaren, Charles Burton stated:<sup id="cite_ref-afraid_16-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-afraid-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>The assumption was that as China developed and became more integrated into the global economy, [it] would come into compliance with international norms of trade and diplomacy. That has proven not to be the case.</p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="PRC_70th_anniversary">PRC 70th anniversary</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Canada%E2%80%93China_relations&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: PRC 70th anniversary"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>On the <a href="/wiki/70th_anniversary_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" title="70th anniversary of the People's Republic of China">70th anniversary of the People's Republic of China</a>, the Chinese military was engaged in a display of power, and Canadian Defence Minister <a href="/wiki/Harjit_Sajjan" title="Harjit Sajjan">Harjit Singh Sajjan</a> attended a Vancouver soiree to celebrate the event. Sajjan was criticized for attending the event, though he noted that his appearance was brief, and also addressed the situation of the <a href="/wiki/Two_Michaels" class="mw-redirect" title="Two Michaels">Two Michaels</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Meanwhile, people gathered to support Hong Kong in <a href="/wiki/Ottawa" title="Ottawa">Ottawa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vancouver" title="Vancouver">Vancouver</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Richmond,_British_Columbia" title="Richmond, British Columbia">Richmond</a> were harassed by pro-Beijing supporters.<sup id="cite_ref-nptg_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nptg-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Arrest_of_Meng_Wanzhou">Arrest of Meng Wanzhou</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Canada%E2%80%93China_relations&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Arrest of Meng Wanzhou"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Extradition_case_of_Meng_Wanzhou" title="Extradition case of Meng Wanzhou">Extradition case of Meng Wanzhou</a></div> <p>On December 1, 2018, the chief financial officer of <a href="/wiki/Huawei" title="Huawei">Huawei</a>'s deputy chair and CFO <a href="/wiki/Meng_Wanzhou" title="Meng Wanzhou">Meng Wanzhou</a> was arrested in Vancouver at an extradition request by US authorities on suspicion of violating <a href="/wiki/United_States_sanctions_against_Iran" title="United States sanctions against Iran">US sanctions against Iran</a>. Trudeau said that the federal government was aware of the intended arrest but had no involvement in the process, but the Chinese government protested the arrest made by Canadian authorities.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Reutersdistance_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Reutersdistance-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The arrest had ramifications for the bilateral ties of both countries.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Arrest_of_Michael_Kovrig_and_Michael_Spavor">Arrest of Michael Kovrig and Michael Spavor</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Canada%E2%80%93China_relations&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Arrest of Michael Kovrig and Michael Spavor"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>On December 10, 2018, former Canadian diplomat <a href="/wiki/Michael_Kovrig" class="mw-redirect" title="Michael Kovrig">Michael Kovrig</a> and Canadian consultant linked with North Korea <a href="/wiki/Michael_Spavor" title="Michael Spavor">Michael Spavor</a> <a href="/wiki/Detention_of_Michael_Spavor_and_Michael_Kovrig" title="Detention of Michael Spavor and Michael Kovrig">were detained</a> by the Beijing Bureau of Chinese State Security. The senior adviser in Hong Kong for the International Crisis Group, a conflict resolution thinktank based in <a href="/wiki/Brussels" title="Brussels">Brussels</a>, Kovrig had worked for the diplomatic service in Beijing and Hong Kong until 2016. As of December 12, the Chinese government had released few specifics as to the reason for the detention, but Foreign Ministry spokesperson Lu Kang said the International Crisis Group was not registered in China and so "once its staff become engaged in activities in China, it has already violated the law." Lu also reaffirmed his country's demand that the "Canadian side should immediately release the detained Ms. Meng Wanzhou and to protect her legitimate rights and interests."<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The comments made by Lu convinced some that Kovrig and Spavor's detention (referred to in the media as the arrest of the two Michaels) was in retaliation for Canada's holding of Meng Wanzhou based on a US arrest warrant and an instance of <a href="/wiki/Hostage_diplomacy" title="Hostage diplomacy">hostage diplomacy</a>. On December 9, China had warned Canadian ambassador <a href="/wiki/John_McCallum" title="John McCallum">John McCallum</a> of severe consequences unless Meng was released.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Dr. John Higginbotham, of <a href="/wiki/Carleton_University" title="Carleton University">Carleton University</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Norman_Paterson_School_of_International_Affairs" title="Norman Paterson School of International Affairs">Norman Paterson School of International Affairs</a>, made this comment about Kovrig's arrest: "The idea that there is retaliation against a Canadian citizen – unwarranted retaliation – will make it even more difficult for the Canadian government to squirm its way out of this situation that the United States has presented us with."<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Guy Saint-Jacques, Canada's ambassador to China from 2012 to 2016, told <a href="/wiki/The_Canadian_Press" title="The Canadian Press">The Canadian Press</a>, that "the Chinese government wanted to send us a message.... [it is] trying to put as much pressure as possible on the Canadian government to force us to return Ms. Meng to China." Trudeau said that the government was treating the situation "very seriously," had been in touch with diplomats from China, and was providing consular assistance to Kovrig.<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In mid-December, the Canadian ambassador met with Kovrig and with Michael Spavor but provided no additional details because of the provisions of the Privacy Act. Trudeau called the detention of the two Canadians "not acceptable" and planned to work with Chinese authorities to make that clear to them.<sup id="cite_ref-cbc.ca_69-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cbc.ca-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On December 12, the <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Chinese Communist Party">Chinese Communist Party</a>-run tabloid newspaper <i><a href="/wiki/Global_Times" title="Global Times">Global Times</a></i> warned that "if Canada extradites Meng to the U.S., China's revenge will be far worse than detaining a Canadian."<sup id="cite_ref-Global_News_71-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Global_News-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By then, another Canadian living in China, Michael Spavor, was detained, also on suspicion of "endangering national security," according to China's Foreign Ministry. Spavor is the founder of Paektu Cultural Exchange,<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which promotes travel to <a href="/wiki/North_Korea" title="North Korea">North Korea</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> David Mulroney, a former Canadian ambassador to China, said, "It would be nice if publicly and also behind the scenes if countries like the United States, the U.K., Australia and France would put in a word on our behalf and let the Chinese know how damaging this is to their reputation and to the notion that China is a safe place to work and pursue a career."<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Canada_caught_in_the_middle_of_a_trade_war">Canada caught in the middle of a trade war</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Canada%E2%80%93China_relations&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Canada caught in the middle of a trade war"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:John_McCallum.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/John_McCallum.jpg/170px-John_McCallum.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="228" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d8/John_McCallum.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="245" data-file-height="329" /></a><figcaption>Canada's ambassador to China <a href="/wiki/John_McCallum" title="John McCallum">John McCallum</a> (2017–2019)</figcaption></figure> <p>The retaliatory moves by China confirmed that the previously smooth working relationship between both countries had broken down. While Canada was merely responding to an arrest warrant issued by a court in <a href="/wiki/New_York_State" class="mw-redirect" title="New York State">New York State</a>, China had not taken steps against Americans because it "wants to improve its relations with the U.S.," a much larger trading partner, according to Nelson Wiseman, a political science professor at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Toronto" title="University of Toronto">University of Toronto</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Global_News_71-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Global_News-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Former ambassador Guy Saint-Jacques concurred: "they know they cannot kick them [the U.S.] so they turned around and kicked us."<sup id="cite_ref-Erica_Alini_75-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Erica_Alini-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The situation was complicated by Trump's suggestion that he might allow Meng to be released as part of the negotiation for improved trade relations with China, which left Canada in an awkward position.<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In response, Freeland, Canada's foreign affairs minister, made this statement on 14 December: "Canada understands the rule of law and extradition ought not ever to be politicized or used as tools to resolve other issues."<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Several political analysts agreed that Canada was caught in the middle<sup id="cite_ref-Digital_Journal_78-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Digital_Journal-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Of China, and Christopher Sands, of the School of Advanced International Studies in <a href="/wiki/Washington,_DC" class="mw-redirect" title="Washington, DC">Washington, DC</a>, said that "in normal times, the U.S. sends a signal, usually discreetly, to allies to cut it out and play nice." That had not happened as of December 14, 2018, leading historian <a href="/wiki/Robert_Bothwell" title="Robert Bothwell">Robert Bothwell</a> to comment, "We've never been this alone. We don't have any serious allies. And I think that's another factor in what the Chinese are doing.... Our means of retaliation are very few. China is a hostile power."<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In truth, US Secretary of State <a href="/wiki/Mike_Pompeo" title="Mike Pompeo">Mike Pompeo</a> supported Canada's position in a press conference with Canada on 14 December and said he would work to ensure the release of both Canadians who were then in "unlawful detention." News reports did not indicate whether he had made such a statement to the government of China.<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On the same day, Trudeau commented that "the escalating trade war between them [China and the U.S.] is going to have all sorts of unintended consequences on Canada, potentially on the entire global economy. We're very worried about that."<sup id="cite_ref-cbc.ca_69-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cbc.ca-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 21 December 2018, Freeland told the news media that she had advised the Chinese ambassador that Canada was requesting the release of Michael Kovrig and Michael Spavor. British Foreign Secretary <a href="/wiki/Jeremy_Hunt" title="Jeremy Hunt">Jeremy Hunt</a> said that the United Kingdom believed that Canada was conducting "a fair and transparent legal proceeding" of Meng: "I am deeply concerned by suggestions of a political motivation for the detention of two Canadian citizens by the Chinese government."<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Canada's ambassador to China, <a href="/wiki/John_McCallum" title="John McCallum">John McCallum</a>, said, "From Canada's point of view, if [the U.S.] drops the extradition request, that would be great for Canada."<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On January 26, 2019, McCallum was fired as ambassador by Prime Minister Justin Trudeau.<sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="China_bans_Canadian_canola">China bans Canadian canola</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Canada%E2%80%93China_relations&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: China bans Canadian canola"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>On 30 March 2019, China banned the Canadian canola crop on the basis that pests were found in four separate shipments since January. Two companies had their produce banned: <a href="/wiki/Richardson_International" title="Richardson International">Richardson International</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Agrium" title="Agrium">Agrium</a> unit known as <a href="/wiki/Viterra" title="Viterra">Viterra</a>. The Canadian government protested, with Public Safety Minister <a href="/wiki/Ralph_Goodale" title="Ralph Goodale">Ralph Goodale</a> stating the measures "defy science", and demanding further evidence.<sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The canola industry employs more than 250,000 people in Canada, which has 43,000 growers.<sup id="cite_ref-scmpban_86-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-scmpban-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Canada's <a href="/wiki/Minister_of_Public_Safety_and_Emergency_Preparedness" class="mw-redirect" title="Minister of Public Safety and Emergency Preparedness">Minister of Public Safety and Emergency Preparedness</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ralph_Goodale" title="Ralph Goodale">Ralph Goodale</a>, says the arrests of Canadians Michael Kovrig and Michael Spavor in China are an "arbitrary action", and that Canada will continue to demand that the detainees are treated fairly. Goodale says that China has produced no evidence to indicate any validity to the criminal allegations against them. The aforementioned former Canadian ambassador to China, <a href="/wiki/Guy_Saint-Jacques" title="Guy Saint-Jacques">Guy Saint-Jacques</a>, says that leveraging international support for Canada, particularly from the US, will be necessary, that an anticipated Canada–China <a href="/wiki/Free_trade" title="Free trade">free trade</a> deal should be taken off the table, that inspections of Chinese goods entering Canada should be increased, and that Canada should lodge a complaint against China at the World Trade Organization (WTO), over its decision to ban the importation of Canadian canola seed.<sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Calls_for_the_release_of_Meng_Wanzhou">Calls for the release of Meng Wanzhou</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Canada%E2%80%93China_relations&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Calls for the release of Meng Wanzhou"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In June 2020, Nineteen prominent former politicians and diplomats signed a letter calling for the release of Meng. Included among them are former Liberal foreign affairs minister <a href="/wiki/Lloyd_Axworthy" title="Lloyd Axworthy">Lloyd Axworthy</a>, former Conservative foreign affairs minister Lawrence Cannon, former Conservative senator <a href="/wiki/Hugh_Segal" title="Hugh Segal">Hugh Segal</a>, former NDP leader <a href="/wiki/Ed_Broadbent" title="Ed Broadbent">Ed Broadbent</a>, former Supreme Court justice <a href="/wiki/Louise_Arbour" title="Louise Arbour">Louise Arbour</a>. They join former Liberal Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Jean_Chr%C3%A9tien" title="Jean Chrétien">Jean Chrétien</a> in this call. Prime Minister Trudeau rejected the call saying, "We will continue to remain steadfast and strong and say very clearly in our actions and in our words that randomly arresting Canadians doesn't give you leverage over the government of Canada anywhere in the world."<sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Vina Nadjibulla, the wife of <a href="/wiki/Michael_Kovrig" class="mw-redirect" title="Michael Kovrig">Michael Kovrig</a>, expressed her disappointment with Prime Minister Justin Trudeau<sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> for not considering the exchange of detainee Meng with her husband and Michael Spavor.<sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="2019_Hong_Kong_protests">2019 Hong Kong protests</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Canada%E2%80%93China_relations&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: 2019 Hong Kong protests"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Reactions_to_the_2019%E2%80%932020_Hong_Kong_protests" title="Reactions to the 2019–2020 Hong Kong protests">Reactions to the 2019–2020 Hong Kong protests</a></div><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hong_Kong_P1066553_(48648686167).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Hong_Kong_P1066553_%2848648686167%29.jpg/220px-Hong_Kong_P1066553_%2848648686167%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Hong_Kong_P1066553_%2848648686167%29.jpg/330px-Hong_Kong_P1066553_%2848648686167%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Hong_Kong_P1066553_%2848648686167%29.jpg/440px-Hong_Kong_P1066553_%2848648686167%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5184" data-file-height="3888" /></a><figcaption>Foreign Affairs Minister <a href="/wiki/Chrystia_Freeland" title="Chrystia Freeland">Chrystia Freeland</a> expressed support for the right to peaceful <a href="/wiki/2019%E2%80%9320_Hong_Kong_protests" class="mw-redirect" title="2019–20 Hong Kong protests">protest in Hong Kong.</a></figcaption></figure> <p>On 8 August 2019, the Canadian government issued a travel advisory for Hong Kong that recommended people to exercise a "high degree of caution" because protests and mass demonstrations there might suddenly become violent and can spring up "with little or no notice.... Acts of violence occur, especially at night. Some have resulted in serious injuries.... There have also been random attacks on demonstrators by their opponents." It added that the police often use tear gas for crowd control measures.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>On 21 August 2019, at the height of the <a href="/wiki/2019%E2%80%9320_Hong_Kong_protests" class="mw-redirect" title="2019–20 Hong Kong protests">protests</a> over the <a href="/wiki/2019_Hong_Kong_extradition_bill" title="2019 Hong Kong extradition bill">2019 Hong Kong extradition bill</a>, spokesman <a href="/wiki/Geng_Shuang" title="Geng Shuang">Geng Shuang</a> of China's Foreign Ministry rebuked the Canadian government and commented that it had "made irresponsible remarks on Hong Kong affairs repeatedly and grossly interfered in China's internal affairs." <a href="/wiki/Xinwen_Lianbo" title="Xinwen Lianbo">Xinwen Lianbo</a> remarked acidly that it "is the third time since May of this year that Chrystia Freeland has issued a declaration on Hong Kong."<sup id="cite_ref-gmcf08_91-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gmcf08-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Hong_Kong_asylum_seekers">Hong Kong asylum seekers</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Canada%E2%80%93China_relations&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Hong Kong asylum seekers"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In early May Chrystia Freeland, at the time Deputy Prime Minister, was silent on whether her government would grant asylum to 46 Hong Kong people who feared retribution at the hands of their government for the part they had played in the civil unrest and disobedience campaign of 2019. The 46 asked for refuge during the first quarter of 2020. Most of those claiming asylum in Canada face charges in Hong Kong in connection with the protests.<sup id="cite_ref-freemum_92-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-freemum-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> China's ambassador to Canada warned the Canadian government not to grant asylum to Hong Kong residents and said Canada doing so would amount to interference in China's internal affairs.<sup id="cite_ref-93" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="HKPF_recruitment_on_Canadian_campuses">HKPF recruitment on Canadian campuses</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Canada%E2%80%93China_relations&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: HKPF recruitment on Canadian campuses"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>On 20 May 2020, it came to light the Hong Kong Police Force (HKPF) advertised its recruitment process in official online job forums at the University of Toronto and the <a href="/wiki/University_of_British_Columbia" title="University of British Columbia">University of British Columbia</a>. There were reports that "450 HKPF officers quit during the city's lengthy social unrest and the recent number of new hires fell far short of targets." Both universities' position was that the "job posting centre is compliant with federal and provincial guidelines for employer recruiting practices." <a href="/wiki/McMaster_University" title="McMaster University">McMaster University</a> had previously removed HKPF advertisement after student complaints.<sup id="cite_ref-cuuf_94-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cuuf-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Joint_statement_on_Hong_Kong">Joint statement on Hong Kong</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Canada%E2%80%93China_relations&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Joint statement on Hong Kong"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>On 28 May 2020, Justin Trudeau's Foreign Affairs Minister <a href="/wiki/Francois-Philippe_Champagne" class="mw-redirect" title="Francois-Philippe Champagne">Francois-Philippe Champagne</a>, U.S. Secretary of State Mike Pompeo, British Foreign Secretary <a href="/wiki/Dominic_Raab" title="Dominic Raab">Dominic Raab</a> and Australian Foreign Affairs Minister <a href="/wiki/Marise_Payne" title="Marise Payne">Marise Payne</a> together issued a joint statement to "reiterate our deep concern" regarding <a href="/wiki/Xi_Jinping" title="Xi Jinping">Xi Jinping</a>'s "decision to impose a national security law in Hong Kong" while they reminded readers about the Chinese decision which "lies in direct conflict with its international obligations under the principles of the legally-binding, UN-registered Sino-British Joint Declaration" that promised to maintain the liberties of Hong Kongers.<sup id="cite_ref-jshk_95-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jshk-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-scrfgm_96-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-scrfgm-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Proposed_UNHRC_Special_Envoy_to_Hong_Kong">Proposed UNHRC Special Envoy to Hong Kong</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Canada%E2%80%93China_relations&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Proposed UNHRC Special Envoy to Hong Kong"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>During the first week of June 2020, a Parliamentarian from each of Canada, the UK, Australia and New Zealand wrote to UN Secretary-General <a href="/wiki/Ant%C3%B3nio_Guterres" title="António Guterres">António Guterres</a> to request that the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Human_Rights_Council" title="United Nations Human Rights Council">United Nations Human Rights Council</a> act to send a <a href="/wiki/Special_Envoy" class="mw-redirect" title="Special Envoy">Special Envoy</a> to Hong Kong, and thereby to safeguard the <a href="/wiki/Sino-British_Joint_Declaration" title="Sino-British Joint Declaration">Sino-British Joint Declaration</a> over the territory, especially Annex I Article XIII, and to remind him of <a href="/wiki/Collective_responsibility" title="Collective responsibility">collective responsibility</a> to enforce international treaties lodged with the UN. The four were at the time Chairs of their respective parliamentary Foreign Affairs select committees: <a href="/wiki/Michael_Levitt_(politician)" title="Michael Levitt (politician)">Michael Levitt</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tom_Tugendhat" title="Tom Tugendhat">Tom Tugendhat</a>, <a href="/wiki/David_Fawcett" title="David Fawcett">David Fawcett</a> and <a href="/wiki/Simon_O%27Connor" title="Simon O'Connor">Simon O'Connor</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-gm4_97-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gm4-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Joint_statement_condemning_China's_treatment_of_ethnic_minorities_and_Hong_Kong"><span id="Joint_statement_condemning_China.27s_treatment_of_ethnic_minorities_and_Hong_Kong"></span>Joint statement condemning China's treatment of ethnic minorities and Hong Kong</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Canada%E2%80%93China_relations&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Joint statement condemning China's treatment of ethnic minorities and Hong Kong"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>On 6 October 2020, a group of 39 countries, including Canada, the U.S., most of the EU member states, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Albania, Australia, New Zealand, Haiti, Honduras, and Japan, made a statement at the United Nations to denounce China for its treatment of ethnic minorities and for curtailing freedoms in Hong Kong.<sup id="cite_ref-98" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="5G">5G</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Canada%E2%80%93China_relations&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: 5G"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Goodale_on_5G_telecoms">Goodale on 5G telecoms</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Canada%E2%80%93China_relations&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Goodale on 5G telecoms"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the first week of May 2019, Canadian <a href="/wiki/Public_Safety_Minister" class="mw-redirect" title="Public Safety Minister">Public Safety Minister</a> <a href="/wiki/Ralph_Goodale" title="Ralph Goodale">Ralph Goodale</a> committed to decide before the <a href="/wiki/2019_Canadian_federal_election" title="2019 Canadian federal election">2019 Canadian federal election</a> what the Liberal government would do with respect to construction of Canada's <a href="/wiki/5G" title="5G">5G telecommunications infrastructure</a>. Critics like <a href="/wiki/H._R._McMaster" title="H. R. McMaster">H. R. McMaster</a> argued forcefully that a Chinese law, which obligates corporations like <a href="/wiki/Huawei" title="Huawei">Huawei</a> to cooperate with the Chinese state, overrides Huawei's promises to protect Canadian data.<sup id="cite_ref-gmhrm_99-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gmhrm-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 30 July 2019, Goodale abandoned his commitment because of consultations with the US and the <a href="/wiki/Five_Eyes" title="Five Eyes">Five Eyes</a>' partners. The US and Australian governments have rejected Huawei because they are concerned that it is too closely connected to the intelligence services of China.<sup id="cite_ref-rgnix_100-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rgnix-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Canadian_telecoms_reject_Huawei">Canadian telecoms reject Huawei</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Canada%E2%80%93China_relations&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: Canadian telecoms reject Huawei"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>On 3 June 2020, <a href="/wiki/Bell_Canada" title="Bell Canada">Bell Canada</a> rejected Huawei in favour of <a href="/wiki/Ericsson" title="Ericsson">Ericsson</a> to supply its <a href="/wiki/5G_network" class="mw-redirect" title="5G network">5G network</a>. It came to light at the same time that <a href="/wiki/Rogers_Communications" title="Rogers Communications">Rogers Communications</a> had also selected Ericsson for its own 5G network. <a href="/wiki/Telus" title="Telus">Telus</a> selected <a href="/wiki/Nokia" title="Nokia">Nokia</a> and Ericsson.<sup id="cite_ref-smgm_101-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-smgm-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This all came to pass during the first week of June in which PMUK <a href="/wiki/Boris_Johnson" title="Boris Johnson">Boris Johnson</a> also rejected Huawei in favour of the Nordic vendors, and was forming a democratic alliance to favour other suppliers than the Chinese.<sup id="cite_ref-pmuk5g_102-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmuk5g-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The editorial board of the <i><a href="/wiki/National_Post" title="National Post">National Post</a></i> went so far as to observe on 5 June that "As Ottawa dithers, Canada's major cellular providers shun Huawei". In the editorial it was pointed out that <a href="/wiki/Videotron" class="mw-redirect" title="Videotron">Videotron</a> chose <a href="/wiki/Samsung" title="Samsung">Samsung</a>, and that Rogers chose Ericsson as early as 2018, that Huawei CEO <a href="/wiki/Ren_Zhengfei" title="Ren Zhengfei">Ren Zhengfei</a> is a former <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Liberation_Army" title="People's Liberation Army">PLA</a> manager and current <a href="/wiki/Chicom" class="mw-redirect" title="Chicom">Chicom</a> party member, and laws "force Chinese companies to <i>support, assist and co-operate with the state intelligence work</i>... It would be folly to give the authoritarian regime even the potential of building a back door into networks that drive our cars, host high-level cabinet meetings and transmit government and corporate secrets."<sup id="cite_ref-dithers_103-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dithers-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In May 2022, the Canadian government banned Huawei and ZTE from the country's 5G network.<sup id="cite_ref-104" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Persecution_of_Uyghurs_in_China">Persecution of Uyghurs in China</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Canada%E2%80%93China_relations&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: Persecution of Uyghurs in China"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Uyghurs_in_China" title="Persecution of Uyghurs in China">Persecution of Uyghurs in China</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Chinese_government_interference_in_Canada#Intimidation_of_Canadian_politicians" title="Chinese government interference in Canada">Chinese government interference in Canada § Intimidation of Canadian politicians</a></div> <p>In September 2018, Foreign Minister Freeland raised the issue of <a href="/wiki/Xinjiang_internment_camps" title="Xinjiang internment camps">Xinjiang internment camps</a> and human rights abuses against the <a href="/wiki/Uyghurs" title="Uyghurs">Uyghurs</a> in a meeting with Chinese Foreign Minister <a href="/wiki/Wang_Yi_(politician)" title="Wang Yi (politician)">Wang Yi</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-105" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 15 July 2019, the UN ambassadors from 22 nations, including Canada, signed a joint letter to the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Human_Rights_Council" title="United Nations Human Rights Council">UNHRC</a> to condemn China's mistreatment of the Uyghurs and other minority groups and to urge the Chinese government to close the Xinjiang internment camps.<sup id="cite_ref-106" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-107" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In October 2020, a Canadian parliamentary committee said that China's actions against ethnic Uyghurs in Xinjiang province constituted a genocide.<sup id="cite_ref-autoa_108-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autoa-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The committee called for sanctions against Chinese officials complicit in the Chinese government's policy.<sup id="cite_ref-autoa_108-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autoa-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In response, the Chinese government warned Canadian lawmakers to halt their "blatant interference" in internal Chinese affairs.<sup id="cite_ref-autoa_108-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autoa-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In November 2020, Canadian United Nations (UN) Representative <a href="/wiki/Bob_Rae" title="Bob Rae">Bob Rae</a> called on the UN to investigate evidence of genocide against the Uyghur minority in China.<sup id="cite_ref-109" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In February 2021, the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Commons_of_Canada" title="House of Commons of Canada">House of Commons of Canada</a> approved a motion by 266–0 votes, formally recognizing that China was committing genocide against its Muslim Uyghur minority in Xinjiang. However, Prime Minister Justin Trudeau and most of his Cabinet did not participate in the vote.<sup id="cite_ref-110" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>China responded by sanctioning 'susceptible' Canadian MPs, including outspoken Conservative China critic MP Michael Chong, and targeting their families for intimidation.<sup id="cite_ref-GlobeChongUyghur_111-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GlobeChongUyghur-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Genocide_of_indigenous_people">Genocide of indigenous people</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Canada%E2%80%93China_relations&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: Genocide of indigenous people"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In June 2021, Jiang Duan, minister of the Chinese mission to the United Nations in Geneva, called on the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Human_Rights_Council" title="United Nations Human Rights Council">United Nations Human Rights Council</a> to investigate human rights abuses against migrants in Canadian detention centers and the <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_in_Canada" title="Indigenous peoples in Canada">indigenous people of Canada</a>. This statement was made in the context of the discovery of hundreds of unmarked graves of indigenous people around <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Indian_residential_school_system" title="Canadian Indian residential school system">Canadian Indian residential schools</a> that same month.<sup id="cite_ref-112" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Canadian_Parliamentarians_join_IPAC">Canadian Parliamentarians join IPAC</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Canada%E2%80%93China_relations&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: Canadian Parliamentarians join IPAC"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the first week of June 2020, legislators from nine global parliaments—Canada, United States, Britain, Japan, the European Union, Germany, Australia, Norway and Sweden—formed the <a href="/wiki/Inter-Parliamentary_Alliance_on_China" title="Inter-Parliamentary Alliance on China">Inter-Parliamentary Alliance on China</a> (IPAC). The team lists <a href="/wiki/John_McKay_(politician)" title="John McKay (politician)">John McKay</a> and <a href="/wiki/Garnett_Genuis" title="Garnett Genuis">Garnett Genuis</a> amongst its Canadian MPs. <a href="/wiki/Marco_Rubio" title="Marco Rubio">Marco Rubio</a> and <a href="/wiki/Robert_Menendez" class="mw-redirect" title="Robert Menendez">Robert Menendez</a> number among its US members. Its foundational statement said:<sup id="cite_ref-ipacgm_113-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ipacgm-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>China under the rule of the Chinese Communist Party represents a global challenge. Democratic norms that keep us free and safe are under ever greater pressure. The rules-based order is suffering. And this cannot continue unchecked. When countries have stood up for values and human rights, they have done so alone - sometimes, at great cost.</p></blockquote> <p>Genuis said Canada and other democracies ought to impose the kind of economic and diplomatic sanctions that the West imposed on <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a> after it <a href="/wiki/Annexation_of_Crimea_by_the_Russian_Federation" title="Annexation of Crimea by the Russian Federation">annexed Crimea</a> from <a href="/wiki/Ukraine" title="Ukraine">Ukraine</a> in 2014.<sup id="cite_ref-ipacgm_113-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ipacgm-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Calls_to_boycott_2022_Beijing_Winter_Olympics">Calls to boycott 2022 Beijing Winter Olympics</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Canada%E2%80%93China_relations&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section: Calls to boycott 2022 Beijing Winter Olympics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In early June 2020, John Higginbotham, who was appointed Canada's chief diplomat in Hong Kong in 1989 for five years, called for Canada to organize a <a href="/wiki/List_of_Olympic_Games_boycotts" title="List of Olympic Games boycotts">boycott</a> of the <a href="/wiki/2022_Beijing_Winter_Olympics" class="mw-redirect" title="2022 Beijing Winter Olympics">2022 Beijing Winter Olympics</a> because of Xi Jinping's <a href="/wiki/2020_Hong_Kong_national_security_law" title="2020 Hong Kong national security law">2020 crackdown on freedom in Hong Kong</a>. Journalist <a href="/wiki/Nathan_VanderKlippe" title="Nathan VanderKlippe">Nathan VanderKlippe</a> pointed out the dissonance between the detainment of Michael Kovrig and Michael Spavor and the tokens of friendship that are exchanged for Olympic Games. Canada's foreign ministry referred the problem to <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Olympic_Committee" title="Canadian Olympic Committee">Canadian Olympic Committee</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Paralympic_Committee" title="Canadian Paralympic Committee">Canadian Paralympic Committee</a> who have yet to issue a response.<sup id="cite_ref-boygm_114-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-boygm-114"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>114<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In February 2021, David Shoemaker and Karen O'Neill, CEOs of the Canadian Olympic Committee and the Canadian Paralympic Committee respectively, dismissed the idea of boycott of the olympic games, arguing that such boycotts don't prevent human rights abuses.<sup id="cite_ref-115" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-115"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>115<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Interference_in_2019_and_2021_Canadian_federal_elections">Interference in 2019 and 2021 Canadian federal elections</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Canada%E2%80%93China_relations&action=edit&section=40" title="Edit section: Interference in 2019 and 2021 Canadian federal elections"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Chinese_government_interference_in_the_2019_and_2021_Canadian_federal_elections" title="Chinese government interference in the 2019 and 2021 Canadian federal elections">Chinese government interference in the 2019 and 2021 Canadian federal elections</a></div> <p>In late 2022, <a href="/wiki/Global_News" title="Global News">Global News</a> reported on a suspected attempt by the PRC to infiltrate the <a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Canada" title="Parliament of Canada">Parliament of Canada</a> by funding a network of candidates to run in the country's <a href="/wiki/2019_Canadian_federal_election" title="2019 Canadian federal election">2019</a> and <a href="/wiki/2021_Canadian_federal_election" title="2021 Canadian federal election">2021 federal elections</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-autob_116-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autob-116"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>116<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-117" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-117"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>117<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-118" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-118"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>118<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-119" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-119"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>119<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-120" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-120"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>120<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Expulsion_of_Chinese_Diplomat_from_Canada">Expulsion of Chinese Diplomat from Canada</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Canada%E2%80%93China_relations&action=edit&section=41" title="Edit section: Expulsion of Chinese Diplomat from Canada"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>On 8 May 2023, Canada expelled Zhao Wei, a Chinese diplomat based in Toronto, from Canada, after Wei was accused of intimidating a Canadian opposition legislator critical of Beijing. The legislator Wei was accused of intimidating was reported to be Conservative MP <a href="/wiki/Michael_Chong" title="Michael Chong">Michael Chong</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-121" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-121"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>121<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-122" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-122"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>122<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In response to Canada's expulsion of Wei, China listed Jennifer Lynn Lalonde, Canadian Consul in Shanghai, as <i><a href="/wiki/Persona_non_grata" title="Persona non grata">persona non grata</a></i>, where she would be expelled by May 13.<sup id="cite_ref-123" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-123"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>123<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-124" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-124"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>124<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> China justified the expulsion of Lalonde as a "reciprocal countermeasure".<sup id="cite_ref-125" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-125"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>125<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Interest_in_joining_AUKUS">Interest in joining AUKUS</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Canada%E2%80%93China_relations&action=edit&section=42" title="Edit section: Interest in joining AUKUS"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>On the same day that Canada expelled Zhao Wei, <i>The Globe and Mail</i> reported that Canada is seeking membership in the <a href="/wiki/AUKUS" title="AUKUS">AUKUS defense pact</a> to counter the rising threat from China.<sup id="cite_ref-GlobeAukus_126-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GlobeAukus-126"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>126<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Department of Global Affairs and the <a href="/wiki/Privy_Council_Office_(Canada)" title="Privy Council Office (Canada)">Privy Council Office</a> are both reported to be in negotiations to include Canada in the pact.<sup id="cite_ref-GuardianAukus_127-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GuardianAukus-127"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>127<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Cyber_threats">Cyber threats</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Canada%E2%80%93China_relations&action=edit&section=43" title="Edit section: Cyber threats"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Cyberwarfare_by_China" title="Cyberwarfare by China">Cyberwarfare by China</a></div> <p>In October 2024, the <a href="/wiki/Communications_Security_Establishment" title="Communications Security Establishment">Communications Security Establishment</a> stated that Chinese government threat actors "have compromised and maintained access to multiple government networks over the past five years, collecting communications and other valuable information".<sup id="cite_ref-128" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-128"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>128<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-129" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-129"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>129<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Trade">Trade</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Canada%E2%80%93China_relations&action=edit&section=44" title="Edit section: Trade"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1961, the government of Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/John_Diefenbaker" title="John Diefenbaker">John Diefenbaker</a> passed legislation to open up the Chinese market for Canadian farmers, despite the absence of diplomatic relations.<sup id="cite_ref-130" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-130"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>130<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1968, the government of Canadian Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Pierre_Elliott_Trudeau" class="mw-redirect" title="Pierre Elliott Trudeau">Pierre Elliott Trudeau</a> initiated negotiations with the People's Republic of China that led to the establishment of diplomatic relations on October 13, 1970. Canada and China established resident diplomatic missions in 1971. By 1971, the countries exchanged ambassadors, and Canadian <a href="/w/index.php?title=Minister_of_Industry,_Trade_and_Commerce&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Minister of Industry, Trade and Commerce (page does not exist)">Minister of Industry, Trade and Commerce</a> <a href="/wiki/Jean-Luc_P%C3%A9pin" title="Jean-Luc Pépin">Jean-Luc Pépin</a> visited China. In 1972, Canadian Foreign Minister <a href="/wiki/Mitchell_Sharp" title="Mitchell Sharp">Mitchell Sharp</a> led a Canadian trade delegation to China and met with Premier <a href="/wiki/Zhou_Enlai" title="Zhou Enlai">Zhou Enlai</a>. Sharp also travelled to <a href="/wiki/Shijiazhuang" title="Shijiazhuang">Shijiazhuang</a> where he recognized the significant contribution to Canada–China relations of <a href="/wiki/Norman_Bethune" title="Norman Bethune">Norman Bethune</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-131" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-131"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>131<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1973, Pierre Trudeau became the first Canadian Prime Minister to pay an official visit to the PRC, and in 1984 <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Premier" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinese Premier">Chinese Premier</a> <a href="/wiki/Zhao_Ziyang" title="Zhao Ziyang">Zhao Ziyang</a> visited Canada, becoming the first <a href="/wiki/Communist" class="mw-redirect" title="Communist">Communist</a> leader to address <a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Canada" title="Parliament of Canada">Parliament</a>. <a href="/wiki/Governor_General_of_Canada" title="Governor General of Canada">Governor General of Canada</a> <a href="/wiki/Jeanne_Sauv%C3%A9" title="Jeanne Sauvé">Jeanne Sauvé</a> also conducted a state visit to China during her tenure. In 1985 as part of a growing concern for relations with China and Japan the Canadian Parliament passed an <a href="/wiki/List_of_Acts_of_Parliament_of_Canada" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Acts of Parliament of Canada">Act</a> to create the <a href="/wiki/Asia_Pacific_Foundation_of_Canada" title="Asia Pacific Foundation of Canada">Asia Pacific Foundation of Canada</a>, a think-tank focusing on Canada–Asia relations. </p><p>In 1976, Trudeau refused to permit Taiwan to participate in the <a href="/wiki/1976_Summer_Olympics" title="1976 Summer Olympics">Olympic games</a> held that year in <a href="/wiki/Montreal" title="Montreal">Montreal</a> unless they were willing to give up the name "Republic of China," which they refused to do.<sup id="cite_ref-library.la84.org_132-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-library.la84.org-132"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>132<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Canada thereby became the first host country to breach its obligation to admit all teams recognized by the <a href="/wiki/International_Olympic_Committee" title="International Olympic Committee">International Olympic Committee</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-library.la84.org_132-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-library.la84.org-132"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>132<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>By 1990, two-way trade exceeded <a href="/wiki/CA$" class="mw-redirect" title="CA$">CA$</a>3 billion, and in 1992, CA$4.6 billion. In 1994 Canada established its four-pillar policy on China: economic partnership; sustainable development; human rights, good governance and the rule of law; and peace and security. That same year Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Jean_Chr%C3%A9tien" title="Jean Chrétien">Jean Chrétien</a> visited Beijing and Shanghai with <a href="/wiki/Team_Canada_(politics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Team Canada (politics)">Team Canada</a>: two ministers, nine provincial premiers, the territorial leaders and the head of the <a href="/wiki/Federation_of_Canadian_Municipalities" title="Federation of Canadian Municipalities">Federation of Canadian Municipalities</a>. Chrétien and Premier <a href="/wiki/Li_Peng" title="Li Peng">Li Peng</a> signed a <a href="/w/index.php?title=Nuclear_co-operation_agreement&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nuclear co-operation agreement (page does not exist)">nuclear co-operation agreement</a> and a letter of intent on six development projects in China. The following year Premier Li Peng visited Canada to commemorate the 25th anniversary of bilateral relations and attended Canada-China Business Council annual general meeting in Montreal. </p><p>Prime Minister Jean Chrétien, <a href="/wiki/Minister_of_International_Trade_(Canada)" class="mw-redirect" title="Minister of International Trade (Canada)">Minister of International Trade</a> <a href="/wiki/Art_Eggleton" title="Art Eggleton">Art Eggleton</a> and <a href="/wiki/Secretary_of_State_(Asia_Pacific)" class="mw-redirect" title="Secretary of State (Asia Pacific)">Secretary of State (Asia Pacific)</a> <a href="/wiki/Raymond_Chan_(politician)" title="Raymond Chan (politician)">Raymond Chan</a> visited <a href="/wiki/Shanghai" title="Shanghai">Shanghai</a> again in 1996 to attend the annual general meeting of the Canada-China Business Council, and Chrétien, Minister of International Trade <a href="/wiki/Sergio_Marchi_(politician)" title="Sergio Marchi (politician)">Sergio Marchi</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Secretary_of_State_(Asia_Pacific)" class="mw-redirect" title="Secretary of State (Asia Pacific)">Secretary of State (Asia Pacific)</a> <a href="/wiki/Raymond_Chan_(politician)" title="Raymond Chan (politician)">Raymond Chan</a> visited Beijing and <a href="/wiki/Lanzhou" title="Lanzhou">Lanzhou</a> returned once more in 1998. In 1999, Premier <a href="/wiki/Zhu_Rongji" title="Zhu Rongji">Zhu Rongji</a> visited Canada. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Nexen_Building_2007.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Nexen_Building_2007.JPG/170px-Nexen_Building_2007.JPG" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Nexen_Building_2007.JPG/255px-Nexen_Building_2007.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Nexen_Building_2007.JPG/340px-Nexen_Building_2007.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2304" data-file-height="3072" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Nexen_Building,_Calgary" title="Nexen Building, Calgary">Nexen Building</a> in Calgary. Canadian oil and gas company <a href="/wiki/Nexen" class="mw-redirect" title="Nexen">Nexen</a> was acquired in 2013 by China's state-controlled <a href="/wiki/China_National_Offshore_Oil_Corporation" title="China National Offshore Oil Corporation">China National Offshore Oil Corporation</a> (CNOOC).</figcaption></figure> <p>In 2001 <a href="/wiki/Team_Canada_(politics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Team Canada (politics)">Team Canada</a> visited Beijing, Shanghai and Hong Kong. It was the largest trade mission in Canadian history to that point. Chrétien was accompanied by close to 600 business participants, eight provincial premiers, three territorial leaders, Minister for International Trade <a href="/wiki/Pierre_Pettigrew" title="Pierre Pettigrew">Pierre Pettigrew</a> and Secretary of State (Asia-Pacific) <a href="/wiki/Rey_Pagtakhan" title="Rey Pagtakhan">Rey Pagtakhan</a>. In 2003, Premier Wen Jiabao visited Canada. President Hu Jintao visited Canada in 2005 and met with Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Paul_Martin" title="Paul Martin">Paul Martin</a>. The two leaders announced a "strategic partnership" and said they would double trade within five years. Martin said he had discussions about human rights with Hu.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2009)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Since 2003, China has been Canada's second largest trading partner, passing <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">Britain</a> and <a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a>. China now accounts for about 6% of Canada's total world trade (imports and exports combined).<sup id="cite_ref-fraserinstitute1_133-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fraserinstitute1-133"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>133<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Between 1998 and 2007, imports from China grew by almost 400%.<sup id="cite_ref-fraserinstitute1_133-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fraserinstitute1-133"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>133<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to a study by the <a href="/wiki/Fraser_Institute" title="Fraser Institute">Fraser Institute</a> think tank, China replaced Japan as Canada's third-largest export market in 2007, with <a href="/wiki/Canadian_dollar" title="Canadian dollar">CA$</a>9.3 billion flowing into China. Between 1998 and 2007, exports to China grew by 272 percent, but only represented about 1.1 percent of China's total imports. In 2007, Canadian imports of Chinese products totaled CA$38.3 billion. </p><p>Leading <a href="/wiki/Commodities" class="mw-redirect" title="Commodities">commodities</a> in the trade between Canada and China include <a href="/wiki/Chemicals" class="mw-redirect" title="Chemicals">chemicals</a>, <a href="/wiki/Metals" class="mw-redirect" title="Metals">metals</a>, <a href="/wiki/Industrial_machinery" class="mw-redirect" title="Industrial machinery">industrial</a> and <a href="/wiki/Agricultural_machinery" title="Agricultural machinery">agricultural</a> <a href="/wiki/Machinery" class="mw-redirect" title="Machinery">machinery</a> and equipment, <a href="/wiki/Wood_processing" title="Wood processing">wood products</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Fish_products" title="Fish products">fish products</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated1_134-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated1-134"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>134<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to the China Goes Global survey conducted by the <a href="/wiki/Asia_Pacific_Foundation_of_Canada" title="Asia Pacific Foundation of Canada">Asia Pacific Foundation of Canada</a> in 2013, Canada was poised to accept more trade and investment from China as it is viewed by Chinese companies as being one of the most open countries to their investment.<sup id="cite_ref-135" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-135"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>135<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2013, Canadian oil and gas company <a href="/wiki/Nexen" class="mw-redirect" title="Nexen">Nexen</a> became a wholly owned subsidiary of Hong Kong-based <a href="/wiki/CNOOC_Limited" title="CNOOC Limited">CNOOC Limited</a>. The Reuters reported that the "deal gave CNOOC access to acreage in the Gulf of Mexico, the UK North Sea and off the coast of Western Africa".<sup id="cite_ref-136" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-136"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>136<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to the <i><a href="/wiki/Maclean%27s" title="Maclean's">Maclean's</a></i>, "The CNOOC-Nexen deal touched off a great deal of controversy about what degree foreign state-owned control of Canadian resources is acceptable. That the deal came from a Chinese company, in particular, raised concerns in some quarters about doing business with a non-democratic state."<sup id="cite_ref-137" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-137"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>137<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Canada had a major trade imbalance with China (nearly CA$36 billion in 2017),<sup id="cite_ref-Asia_Pacific_Foundation_of_Canada2_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Asia_Pacific_Foundation_of_Canada2-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> leading Trudeau to strive to increase exports, primarily agricultural products. On 15 October 2018, he stated: "Obviously, China is the world's second-largest economy and growing, and will remain an important place to do business and to look for opportunity ... We will continue to look (at increasing trade), but we will continue to do it in the way Canada always has, mindful of the challenges, both of scale and of different approaches to business, in a way that is thoughtful about drawing benefit and protections for Canada."<sup id="cite_ref-138" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-138"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>138<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> About a month later, Chinese premier Li Keqiang called for more trade with Canada and hinted that China was open to discussing the free-trade agreement that Canada had suggested.<sup id="cite_ref-139" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-139"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>139<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The negotiations were continuing, although the relationship between Canada and China was somewhat strained because of concerns about the latter's record on <a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_China" title="Human rights in China">human rights</a> and various trade issues.<sup id="cite_ref-140" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-140"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>140<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This was exacerbated in December 2018 by Canada's arrest of <a href="/wiki/Huawei_Technologies" class="mw-redirect" title="Huawei Technologies">Huawei Technologies</a>' Chief Financial Officer, Meng Wanzhou, based on a warrant issued by a court in New York state and the subsequent detention of two Canadians living in China. The effect on trade between China and Canada was not yet apparent as of mid December, but some effect was likely, based on China's warning of "grave consequences" if Meng was not released.<sup id="cite_ref-Digital_Journal_78-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Digital_Journal-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By 18 December, the free-trade discussions between the countries had been halted, however.<sup id="cite_ref-141" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-141"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>141<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The political tensions were unlikely to lead to a major, long-term disruption of trade between the two countries, according to Fraser Johnson, a professor at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Western_Ontario" title="University of Western Ontario">Western University</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Ivey_School_of_Business" class="mw-redirect" title="Ivey School of Business">Ivey School of Business</a>. He stated, "I really can't imagine it happening. There's just too much at stake. I don't think either country wants to damage (the relationship)."<sup id="cite_ref-142" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-142"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>142<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>China's Foreign Minister <a href="/wiki/Wang_Yi_(politician)" title="Wang Yi (politician)">Wang Yi</a> urged Canada to normalize relations and build a strategic partnership during talks with Canadian Foreign Minister <a href="/wiki/M%C3%A9lanie_Joly" title="Mélanie Joly">Mélanie Joly</a>. Relations have been strained since 2018 due to the arrest of Huawei CFO Meng Wanzhou and China's subsequent detention of two Canadians. Joly expressed Canada's commitment to the one-China policy and willingness to enhance cooperation in various sectors.<sup id="cite_ref-143" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-143"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>143<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Public_opinion">Public opinion</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Canada%E2%80%93China_relations&action=edit&section=45" title="Edit section: Public opinion"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A survey published in September 2019 by the <a href="/wiki/Pew_Research_Center" title="Pew Research Center">Pew Research Center</a> found that 85% of Canadians had an <a href="/wiki/Anti-Chinese_sentiment" title="Anti-Chinese sentiment">unfavourable view of China</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-144" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-144"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>144<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to the Summer 2020 Global Attitudes Survey of Pew Research Center, 23% of Canadians had a favourable view on China, while 73% had a negative view.<sup id="cite_ref-145" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-145"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>145<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A major <a href="/wiki/BBC_World_Service" title="BBC World Service">BBC World Service</a> poll from 2017 found that only 37% of Canadians viewed China's world influence positively, with 51% expressing a negative view.<sup id="cite_ref-146" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-146"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>146<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A survey conducted in May 2020 by Angus Reid found that 76% of Canadians say human rights and rule of law should be more important than trade opportunities with China, only 24% of respondents said that Canada should develop closer trade ties with China, down from 40% in 2015. The survey also corroborated the Pew poll, saying that 81% of Canadians held a negative view of China.<sup id="cite_ref-147" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-147"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>147<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An October 2017 survey by UBC indicated that close to 70% of Canadians supported a free trade agreement with China, in spite of concerns about the latter's growing world power<sup id="cite_ref-148" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-148"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>148<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and China's record on human rights.<sup id="cite_ref-149" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-149"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>149<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some negative effect on trade between was likely however, subsequent to increased tension between the two countries in December 2018 after <a href="/wiki/Detained_Canadians_in_China_(2018-)" class="mw-redirect" title="Detained Canadians in China (2018-)">arrests in both Canada and China</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Erica_Alini_75-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Erica_Alini-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Migration">Migration</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Canada%E2%80%93China_relations&action=edit&section=46" title="Edit section: Migration"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Canadian" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinese Canadian">Chinese Canadian</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Vancouver_Chinatown_16.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Vancouver_Chinatown_16.JPG/220px-Vancouver_Chinatown_16.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Vancouver_Chinatown_16.JPG/330px-Vancouver_Chinatown_16.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Vancouver_Chinatown_16.JPG/440px-Vancouver_Chinatown_16.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="3000" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Vancouver" title="Vancouver">Vancouver</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Chinatown,_Vancouver" title="Chinatown, Vancouver">Chinatown</a>. In 2016, people of Chinese origin made up 27% of all Vancouver residents.</figcaption></figure> <p>Canada is home to a large <a href="/wiki/History_of_Chinese_immigration_to_Canada" title="History of Chinese immigration to Canada">Chinese diaspora</a>. Chinese Canadians are one of Canada's largest ethnic groups, after Europeans and First Nations population. In recent decades, China has consistently become Canada's largest source of <a href="/wiki/Immigration_to_Canada" title="Immigration to Canada">immigration</a> every year. The numbers are even larger when people from Hong Kong are added. In addition, overseas students from China are set to overtake Koreans as the largest group of international students studying in Canada. </p><p>According to Jonathan Manthorpe, the Chinese government has engaged in actions of monitoring and intimidation against Chinese Canadians.<sup id="cite_ref-150" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-150"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>150<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-151" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-151"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>151<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Education">Education</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Canada%E2%80%93China_relations&action=edit&section=47" title="Edit section: Education"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Canada and PRC have at least one pair of schools twinned with each other: </p> <ul><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Ontario" title="Ontario"><img alt="Ontario" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Ontario.svg/23px-Flag_of_Ontario.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Ontario.svg/35px-Flag_of_Ontario.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Ontario.svg/46px-Flag_of_Ontario.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2400" data-file-height="1200" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Dr_Norman_Bethune_Collegiate_Institute" title="Dr Norman Bethune Collegiate Institute">Dr Norman Bethune Collegiate Institute</a>, Scarborough – twinned with <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/China" title="China"><img alt="China" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> Beijing No. 15 Middle School, Beijing<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Canada%E2%80%93China_relations&action=edit&section=48" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1259569809">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output 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.reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output 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Montreal: McGill-Queen's University Press. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/canadasdepartmen0002hill/page/55">55–56</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780773507388" title="Special:BookSources/9780773507388"><bdi>9780773507388</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Canada%27s+Department+of+External+Affairs&rft.place=Montreal&rft.pages=55-56&rft.pub=McGill-Queen%27s+University+Press&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=9780773507388&rft.aulast=Hilliker&rft.aufirst=John&rft.au=Barry%2C+Donald&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcanadasdepartmen0002hill%2Fpage%2F55&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACanada%E2%80%93China+relations" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-cdcc-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-cdcc_13-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-cdcc_13-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-cdcc_13-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-cdcc_13-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-cdcc_13-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-cdcc_13-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-cdcc_13-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/english/focus/2005-09/07/content_475809.htm">"Canada-China ties"</a>. 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University of Toronto Press. p. 32. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781442614482" title="Special:BookSources/9781442614482"><bdi>9781442614482</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Engaging+China%3A+Myth%2C+Aspiration%2C+and+Strategy+in+Canadian+Policy+from+Trudeau+to+Harper&rft.pages=32&rft.pub=University+of+Toronto+Press&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=9781442614482&rft.aulast=Evans&rft.aufirst=Paul&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DfKA9AwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA31&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACanada%E2%80%93China+relations" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-cbuo-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-cbuo_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBurton2011" class="citation book cs1">Burton, Charles (2011). "3 - The Canadian Policy Context of Canada's China Policy since 1970". In Vivienne Poy, Huhua Cao (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=8lzADAAAQBAJ"><i>The China Challenge: Sino-Canadian Relations in the 21st Century</i></a>. University of Ottawa Press. pp. 32–46. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780776619552" title="Special:BookSources/9780776619552"><bdi>9780776619552</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=3+-+The+Canadian+Policy+Context+of+Canada%27s+China+Policy+since+1970&rft.btitle=The+China+Challenge%3A+Sino-Canadian+Relations+in+the+21st+Century&rft.pages=32-46&rft.pub=University+of+Ottawa+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=9780776619552&rft.aulast=Burton&rft.aufirst=Charles&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D8lzADAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACanada%E2%80%93China+relations" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-afraid-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-afraid_16-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-afraid_16-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-afraid_16-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-afraid_16-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-afraid_16-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-afraid_16-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theglobeandmail.com/business/article-inside-canadas-unravelling-trade-relationship-with-china-how-we-got/">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'We're afraid...we might get arrested': Canadian executives deal with the shock of a rupture with China"</a>. The Globe and Mail Inc. 20 September 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=%27We%27re+afraid...we+might+get+arrested%27%3A+Canadian+executives+deal+with+the+shock+of+a+rupture+with+China&rft.date=2019-09-20&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theglobeandmail.com%2Fbusiness%2Farticle-inside-canadas-unravelling-trade-relationship-with-china-how-we-got%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACanada%E2%80%93China+relations" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-zzspeech-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-zzspeech_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBoyer2017" class="citation book cs1">Boyer, J Patrick (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=pPruCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA431">"Zhao Ziyang"</a>. <i>Foreign Voices in the House: A Century of Addresses to Canada's Parliament by World Leaders</i>. Durdurn. pp. 431–435. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781459736863" title="Special:BookSources/9781459736863"><bdi>9781459736863</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Zhao+Ziyang&rft.btitle=Foreign+Voices+in+the+House%3A+A+Century+of+Addresses+to+Canada%27s+Parliament+by+World+Leaders&rft.pages=431-435&rft.pub=Durdurn&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=9781459736863&rft.aulast=Boyer&rft.aufirst=J+Patrick&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DpPruCwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA431&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACanada%E2%80%93China+relations" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-pmhhw-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-pmhhw_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMartin2009" class="citation book cs1">Martin, Paul Jr (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=GFGmMNGC_RcC&pg=PA363"><i>Hell or High Water: My Life in and out of Politics</i></a>. McClelland & Stewart. p. 363. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781551993324" title="Special:BookSources/9781551993324"><bdi>9781551993324</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hell+or+High+Water%3A+My+Life+in+and+out+of+Politics&rft.pages=363&rft.pub=McClelland+%26+Stewart&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=9781551993324&rft.aulast=Martin&rft.aufirst=Paul+Jr&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DGFGmMNGC_RcC%26pg%3DPA363&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACanada%E2%80%93China+relations" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-mlatchina-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-mlatchina_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://publications.gc.ca/site/eng/9.827712/publication.html">"Mutual legal assistance: Treaty between the Government of Canada and the Government of the People's Republic of China on Mutual Legal Assistance in Criminal Matters"</a>. Queen's Printer, c1997. 2013-04-03.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Mutual+legal+assistance%3A+Treaty+between+the+Government+of+Canada+and+the+Government+of+the+People%27s+Republic+of+China+on+Mutual+Legal+Assistance+in+Criminal+Matters&rft.pub=Queen%27s+Printer%2C+c1997&rft.date=2013-04-03&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpublications.gc.ca%2Fsite%2Feng%2F9.827712%2Fpublication.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACanada%E2%80%93China+relations" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-cbccwb-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-cbccwb_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cbc.ca/news/world/canada-will-benefit-from-china-joining-wto-pm-1.258013">"Canada will benefit from China joining WTO: PM"</a>. CBC. 15 February 2001.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Canada+will+benefit+from+China+joining+WTO%3A+PM&rft.date=2001-02-15&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cbc.ca%2Fnews%2Fworld%2Fcanada-will-benefit-from-china-joining-wto-pm-1.258013&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACanada%E2%80%93China+relations" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">York, Geoffrey, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://chinadigitaltimes.net/2006/06/rights-dialogue-in-china-blasted-as-futile-geoffrey-york/">"Rights dialogue in China blasted as futile"</a>, <i>chinadigitaltimes.net</i>, June 2006.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://spartan.ac.brocku.ca/~cburton/Assessment%20of%20the%20Canada-China%20Bilateral%20Human%20Rights%20Dialogue%2019APR06.pdf"><i>Assessment of the Canada-China Bilateral Human Rights Dialogue</i></a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aftenposten.no/spesial/wikileaksdokumenter/article3960156.ece">"Human Rights: China's dialogue partners have mixed views on exchanges"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110115101949/http://www.aftenposten.no/spesial/wikileaksdokumenter/article3960156.ece">Archived</a> January 15, 2011, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <i>aftenposten.no</i>, July 26, 2006.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Clark, Campbell,<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theglobeandmail.com/news/world/asia-pacific/china-turns-chilly-on-human-rights-dialogue/article1860772/">"China turns chilly on human rights dialogue"</a>, <i>Globe and Mail</i>, January 6, 2010.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-cbcfippa-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-cbcfippa_25-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-cbcfippa_25-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-cbcfippa_25-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-cbcfippa_25-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/fipa-agreement-with-china-what-s-really-in-it-for-canada-1.2770159">"FIPA agreement with China: What's really in it for Canada?"</a>. CBC. 19 September 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=FIPA+agreement+with+China%3A+What%27s+really+in+it+for+Canada%3F&rft.date=2014-09-19&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cbc.ca%2Fnews%2Fcanada%2Ffipa-agreement-with-china-what-s-really-in-it-for-canada-1.2770159&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACanada%E2%80%93China+relations" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchiller2010" class="citation news cs1">Schiller, Bill (June 17, 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thestar.com/news/world/2010/06/17/chinas_hu_to_visit_ottawa_before_summit.html">"China's Hu to visit Ottawa before summit"</a>. <i>The Toronto Star</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Toronto+Star&rft.atitle=China%27s+Hu+to+visit+Ottawa+before+summit&rft.date=2010-06-17&rft.aulast=Schiller&rft.aufirst=Bill&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thestar.com%2Fnews%2Fworld%2F2010%2F06%2F17%2Fchinas_hu_to_visit_ottawa_before_summit.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACanada%E2%80%93China+relations" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGalloway2010" class="citation cs2">Galloway, Gloria (7 June 2010), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theglobeandmail.com/news/politics/jean-to-squeeze-in-trip-to-china-between-royal-tour-hello-and-goodbye/article1595538/">"Jean to squeeze in trip to China between royal tour hello and goodbye"</a>, <i>The Globe and Mail</i><span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 June</span> 2010</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Globe+and+Mail&rft.atitle=Jean+to+squeeze+in+trip+to+China+between+royal+tour+hello+and+goodbye&rft.date=2010-06-07&rft.aulast=Galloway&rft.aufirst=Gloria&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theglobeandmail.com%2Fnews%2Fpolitics%2Fjean-to-squeeze-in-trip-to-china-between-royal-tour-hello-and-goodbye%2Farticle1595538%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACanada%E2%80%93China+relations" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thestar.com/news/canada/2010/06/07/stephen_harper_sends_gg_michalle_jean_to_china_during_queens_visit.html">"Stephen Harper sends GG Michaëlle Jean to China during Queen's visit"</a>. <i>The Toronto Star</i>. June 7, 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Toronto+Star&rft.atitle=Stephen+Harper+sends+GG+Micha%C3%ABlle+Jean+to+China+during+Queen%27s+visit&rft.date=2010-06-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thestar.com%2Fnews%2Fcanada%2F2010%2F06%2F07%2Fstephen_harper_sends_gg_michalle_jean_to_china_during_queens_visit.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACanada%E2%80%93China+relations" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120306065511/http://pm.gc.ca/eng/media.asp?category=1&featureId=6&pageId=26&id=3427">"Governor General to visit China"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://pm.gc.ca/eng/media.asp?category=1&featureId=6&pageId=26&id=3427">the original</a> on March 6, 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Governor+General+to+visit+China&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpm.gc.ca%2Feng%2Fmedia.asp%3Fcategory%3D1%26featureId%3D6%26pageId%3D26%26id%3D3427&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACanada%E2%80%93China+relations" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGeneral2017" class="citation web cs1">General, Office of the Secretary to the Governor (20 September 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gg.ca/en">"The Governor General of Canada"</a>. <i>The Governor General of Canada</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Governor+General+of+Canada&rft.atitle=The+Governor+General+of+Canada&rft.date=2017-09-20&rft.aulast=General&rft.aufirst=Office+of+the+Secretary+to+the+Governor&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.gg.ca%2Fen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACanada%E2%80%93China+relations" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100627032519/http://www.liberal.ca/en/newsroom/media-releases/18412_itinerary-for-liberal-leader-michael-ignatieffs-visit-to-china-announced">"Itinerary for Liberal Leader Michael Ignatieff's visit to China announced"</a>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 August</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=GlobeScan&rft.atitle=Sharp+Drop+in+World+Views+of+US%2C+UK%3A+Global+Poll&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fglobescan.com%2Fimages%2Fimages%2Fpressreleases%2Fbbc2017_country_ratings%2FBBC2017_Country_Ratings_Poll.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACanada%E2%80%93China+relations" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-147"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-147">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://angusreid.org/covid19-china/">"Canadian opinions of China reach new low"</a>. <i>Angus Reid</i>. 13 May 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 October</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Angus+Reid&rft.atitle=Canadian+opinions+of+China+reach+new+low&rft.date=2020-05-13&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fangusreid.org%2Fcovid19-china%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACanada%E2%80%93China+relations" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-148"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-148">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmith2018" class="citation news cs1">Smith, Marie-Danielle (23 October 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nationalpost.com/news/politics/more-than-two-thirds-of-canadians-support-a-free-trade-deal-with-china">"More than two-thirds of Canadians support a free trade deal with China"</a>. <i>National Post</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 December</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=National+Post&rft.atitle=More+than+two-thirds+of+Canadians+support+a+free+trade+deal+with+China&rft.date=2018-10-23&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.aufirst=Marie-Danielle&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnationalpost.com%2Fnews%2Fpolitics%2Fmore-than-two-thirds-of-canadians-support-a-free-trade-deal-with-china&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACanada%E2%80%93China+relations" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-149"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-149">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThe_Canadian_Press2018" class="citation web cs1">The Canadian Press (15 November 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://globalnews.ca/news/4744947/arrest-huawei-executive-b-c-trade-china/">"B.C. trade mission to end trip early, foregoing China visit, amid Huawei CFO arrest"</a>. Whig Standard<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 December</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=B.C.+trade+mission+to+end+trip+early%2C+foregoing+China+visit%2C+amid+Huawei+CFO+arrest&rft.pub=Whig+Standard&rft.date=2018-11-15&rft.au=The+Canadian+Press&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fglobalnews.ca%2Fnews%2F4744947%2Farrest-huawei-executive-b-c-trade-china%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACanada%E2%80%93China+relations" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-150"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-150">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFManthorpe2019" class="citation book cs1">Manthorpe, Jonathan (2019). <a href="/wiki/Claws_of_the_Panda" title="Claws of the Panda"><i>Claws of the Panda: Beijing's Campaign of Influence and Intimidation in Canada</i></a>. Toronto: Cormorant Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781770865396" title="Special:BookSources/9781770865396"><bdi>9781770865396</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Claws+of+the+Panda%3A+Beijing%27s+Campaign+of+Influence+and+Intimidation+in+Canada&rft.place=Toronto&rft.pub=Cormorant+Books&rft.date=2019&rft.isbn=9781770865396&rft.aulast=Manthorpe&rft.aufirst=Jonathan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACanada%E2%80%93China+relations" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-151"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-151">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cbc.ca/books/claws-of-the-panda-1.5006437">"Claws of the Panda"</a>. <i>CBC Books</i>. 5 February 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=CBC+Books&rft.atitle=Claws+of+the+Panda&rft.date=2019-02-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cbc.ca%2Fbooks%2Fclaws-of-the-panda-1.5006437&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACanada%E2%80%93China+relations" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Canada%E2%80%93China_relations&action=edit&section=50" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Anderson, Bruce. "The Canada-China Relationship." (Abacus Data, 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://abacusdata.ca/wp-content/uploads/2016/01/Abacus-China_Canada-2016-01-EN2-1.pdf">online</a>; polls regarding Canadians' opinion of China</li> <li>Evans, Paul M. and Michael B. Frolic, eds. <i>Reluctant Adversaries: Canada and the People's Republic of China, 1949-70</i> (University of Toronto Press, 1991).</li> <li>Kawasaki, Tsuyoshi. "Hedging against China: formulating Canada's new strategy in the era of power politics." <i>Canadian Foreign Policy Journal</i> (2021): 1–19.</li> <li>Landriault, Mathieu, and Paul Minard. "Canada/China free trade agreement: A public opinion appraisal." <i>Canadian Foreign Policy Journal</i> 24.1 (2018): 113–117. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Paul-Minard/publication/323132467_CanadaChina_free_trade_agreement_A_public_opinion_appraisal/links/5f4e5874458515e96d1f72b2/Canada-China-free-trade-agreement-A-public-opinion-appraisal.pdf">online</a></li> <li>Lim, Preston. "Sino-Canadian relations in the age of Justin Trudeau." <i>Canadian Foreign Policy Journal</i> 26.1 (2020): 25–40.</li> <li>Macdonald, Laura, and Jeremy Paltiel. "Middle power or muddling power? Canada's relations with emerging markets." <i>Canadian Foreign Policy Journal</i> 22.1 (2016): 1–11. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.1080/11926422.2016.1144626">online</a></li> <li>Paltiel, Jeremy. "Facing China: Canada between Fear and Hope." <i>International Journal</i> 73.3 (2018): 343–363, DOI: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177/0020702018792908">Facing China: Canada between fear and hope</a></li> <li>Paltiel, Jeremy. "Canada's middle-power ambivalence: The palimpsest of US power under the Chinese shadow." in <i>America's Allies and the Decline of US Hegemony</i> (Routledge, 2019) pp. 126–140.</li> <li>Paltiel, Jeremy, and Stephen Smith. ""<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://thecic.org/chinas-foreign-policy-drivers-under-xi-jinping-where-does-canada-fit-in/">China's Foreign Policy Drivers Under Xi Jinping: Where Does Canada Fit In?</a>."</li> <li>Sarty, Keigh. "The Fragile Authoritarians: China, Russia and Canadian Foreign Policy." <i>International Journal</i> 75:4 (December 2020): 614–628. DOI: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177/0020702020968941">The fragile authoritarians: China, Russia, and Canadian foreign policy</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdiplo.org/to/AR1051">online review</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Canada%E2%80%93China_relations&action=edit&section=51" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><div class="side-box metadata side-box-right"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"> <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:The_Wikipedia_Library" title="Wikipedia:The Wikipedia Library">Library resources</a> about <br /> <b>Canada–China relations</b> <hr /></div> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><ul><li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?st=wp&su=Canada%E2%80%93China+relations">Resources in your library</a></li> <li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?st=wp&su=Canada%E2%80%93China+relations&library=0CHOOSE0">Resources in other libraries</a></li> </ul></div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fmprc.gov.cn/eng/wjb/zzjg/bmdyzs/gjlb/3382/default.htm">China's foreign ministry site on Canada</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080523204655/http://geo.international.gc.ca/cip-pic/geo/china-en.aspx">Canadian government site on China</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081010203520/http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/2005-09/08/content_3460759.htm">Xinhua summary of Canada-China relations</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cbc.ca/news/background/china/china-canada-relations.html">CBC summary of Canada-China relations</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://v1.theglobeandmail.com/v5/content/pdf/chinareport.pdf">Canadian International Council's report A Reassessment of Canada's Interests in China and Options for Renewal of Canada's China Policy</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120318033947/http://v1.theglobeandmail.com/v5/content/pdf/chinareport.pdf">Archived</a> 2012-03-18 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090306094527/http://www.fraserinstitute.org/Commerce.Web/product_files/CanadaEconomicRelationsChina.pdf">Fraser Institute's report on Canada's economic relations with China</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.asiapacific.ca">The Asia Pacific Foundation of Canada</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output 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typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/China" title="China"><img alt="China" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">Diplomatic posts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Embassy_of_China,_Ottawa" title="Embassy of China, Ottawa">Embassy of China, Ottawa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ambassadors_of_Canada_to_China" title="List of ambassadors of Canada to China">Ambassadors of Canada to China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consulate_General_of_Canada_in_Hong_Kong_and_Macao" title="Consulate General of Canada in Hong Kong and Macao">Consulate General of Canada in Hong Kong and Macao</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">Incidents</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Murder_of_Cecilia_Zhang" title="Murder of Cecilia Zhang">Murder of Cecilia Zhang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murder_of_Amanda_Zhao" title="Murder of Amanda Zhao">Murder of Amanda Zhao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2011_Canadian_government_hackings" title="2011 Canadian government hackings">2011 Canadian government hackings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Havana_syndrome" title="Havana syndrome">Havana syndrome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meng_Wanzhou" title="Meng Wanzhou">Meng Wanzhou</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Extradition_case_of_Meng_Wanzhou" title="Extradition case of Meng Wanzhou">Extradition case</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Detention_of_Michael_Spavor_and_Michael_Kovrig" title="Detention of Michael Spavor and Michael Kovrig">Detention of Michael Spavor and Michael Kovrig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_government_interference_in_the_2019_and_2021_Canadian_federal_elections" title="Chinese government interference in the 2019 and 2021 Canadian federal elections">Chinese government interference in the 2019 and 2021 Canadian federal elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2023_Chinese_balloon_incident" title="2023 Chinese balloon incident">2023 balloon incident</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Canada%E2%80%93Hong_Kong_relations" title="Canada–Hong Kong relations">Canada–Hong Kong relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canada%E2%80%93Taiwan_relations" title="Canada–Taiwan relations">Canada–Taiwan relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canada_China_Business_Council" title="Canada China Business Council">Canada China Business Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_Chamber_of_Commerce_in_Shanghai" title="Canadian Chamber of Commerce in Shanghai">Canadian Chamber of Commerce in Shanghai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China-Canada_Dinosaur_Project" title="China-Canada Dinosaur Project">China-Canada Dinosaur Project</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_government_interference_in_Canada" title="Chinese government interference in Canada">Chinese government interference in Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inter-Parliamentary_Alliance_on_China" title="Inter-Parliamentary Alliance on China">Inter-Parliamentary Alliance on China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_School_of_Beijing" title="International School of Beijing">International School of Beijing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miss_Chinese_Toronto_Pageant" title="Miss Chinese Toronto Pageant">Miss Chinese Toronto Pageant</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Claws_of_the_Panda" title="Claws of the Panda">Claws of the Panda</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><b><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Canada%E2%80%93China_relations" title="Category:Canada–China relations">Category:Canada–China relations</a></b></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=China&#124;link=China_Foreign_relations_of_China" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Foreign_relations_of_China" title="Template:Foreign relations of China"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Foreign_relations_of_China" title="Template talk:Foreign relations of China"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Foreign_relations_of_China" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Foreign relations of China"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=China&#124;link=China_Foreign_relations_of_China" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/China" title="China"><img alt="China" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_China" title="Foreign relations of China">Foreign relations of China</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="padding-left:75px;"><div id="Bilateral_relations" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Bilateral relations</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Africa</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Algeria%E2%80%93China_relations" title="Algeria–China relations">Algeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angola%E2%80%93China_relations" title="Angola–China relations">Angola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benin%E2%80%93China_relations" title="Benin–China relations">Benin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Botswana%E2%80%93China_relations" title="Botswana–China relations">Botswana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burkina_Faso%E2%80%93China_relations" title="Burkina Faso–China relations">Burkina Faso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burundi%E2%80%93China_relations" title="Burundi–China relations">Burundi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cameroon%E2%80%93China_relations" title="Cameroon–China relations">Cameroon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cape_Verde%E2%80%93China_relations" title="Cape Verde–China relations">Cape Verde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_African_Republic%E2%80%93China_relations" title="Central African Republic–China relations">Central African Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chad%E2%80%93China_relations" title="Chad–China relations">Chad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Comoros_relations" title="China–Comoros relations">Comoros</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo_relations" title="China–Democratic Republic of the Congo relations">Congo, Democratic Republic of the</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Republic_of_the_Congo_relations" title="China–Republic of the Congo relations">Congo, Republic of the</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Djibouti_relations" title="China–Djibouti relations">Djibouti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Egypt_relations" title="China–Egypt relations">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Equatorial_Guinea_relations" title="China–Equatorial Guinea relations">Equatorial Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Eritrea_relations" title="China–Eritrea relations">Eritrea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Ethiopia_relations" title="China–Ethiopia relations">Ethiopia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Gabon_relations" title="China–Gabon relations">Gabon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Gambia_relations" class="mw-redirect" title="China–Gambia relations">Gambia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Ghana_relations" title="China–Ghana relations">Ghana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Guinea_relations" title="China–Guinea relations">Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Guinea-Bissau_relations" title="China–Guinea-Bissau relations">Guinea-Bissau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Ivory_Coast_relations" title="China–Ivory Coast relations">Ivory Coast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Kenya_relations" title="China–Kenya relations">Kenya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Lesotho_relations" title="China–Lesotho relations">Lesotho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Liberia_relations" title="China–Liberia relations">Liberia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Libya_relations" title="China–Libya relations">Libya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Madagascar_relations" title="China–Madagascar relations">Madagascar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Malawi_relations" title="China–Malawi relations">Malawi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Mali_relations" title="China–Mali relations">Mali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Mauritania_relations" title="China–Mauritania relations">Mauritania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Mauritius_relations" title="China–Mauritius relations">Mauritius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Morocco_relations" title="China–Morocco relations">Morocco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Mozambique_relations" title="China–Mozambique relations">Mozambique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Namibia_relations" title="China–Namibia relations">Namibia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Niger_relations" title="China–Niger relations">Niger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Nigeria_relations" title="China–Nigeria relations">Nigeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Rwanda_relations" title="China–Rwanda relations">Rwanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93S%C3%A3o_Tom%C3%A9_and_Pr%C3%ADncipe_relations" title="China–São Tomé and Príncipe relations">São Tomé and Príncipe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Senegal_relations" title="China–Senegal relations">Senegal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Seychelles_relations" title="China–Seychelles relations">Seychelles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Sierra_Leone_relations" title="China–Sierra Leone relations">Sierra Leone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Somalia_relations" title="China–Somalia relations">Somalia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93South_Africa_relations" title="China–South Africa relations">South Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93South_Sudan_relations" title="China–South Sudan relations">South Sudan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Sudan_relations" title="China–Sudan relations">Sudan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Tanzania_relations" title="China–Tanzania relations">Tanzania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Togo_relations" title="China–Togo relations">Togo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Tunisia_relations" title="China–Tunisia relations">Tunisia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Uganda_relations" title="China–Uganda relations">Uganda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Zambia_relations" title="China–Zambia relations">Zambia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Zimbabwe_relations" title="China–Zimbabwe relations">Zimbabwe</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Americas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antigua_and_Barbuda%E2%80%93China_relations" title="Antigua and Barbuda–China relations">Antigua and Barbuda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Argentina%E2%80%93China_relations" title="Argentina–China relations">Argentina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahamas%E2%80%93China_relations" class="mw-redirect" title="Bahamas–China relations">Bahamas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbados%E2%80%93China_relations" title="Barbados–China relations">Barbados</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bolivia%E2%80%93China_relations" title="Bolivia–China relations">Bolivia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brazil%E2%80%93China_relations" title="Brazil–China relations">Brazil</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chile%E2%80%93China_relations" title="Chile–China relations">Chile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Colombia_relations" title="China–Colombia relations">Colombia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Costa_Rica_relations" title="China–Costa Rica relations">Costa Rica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Cuba_relations" title="China–Cuba relations">Cuba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Dominican_Republic_relations" title="China–Dominican Republic relations">Dominican Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Ecuador_relations" title="China–Ecuador relations">Ecuador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93El_Salvador_relations" title="China–El Salvador relations">El Salvador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Grenada_relations" title="China–Grenada relations">Grenada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Haiti_relations" title="China–Haiti relations">Haiti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Honduras_relations" title="China–Honduras relations">Honduras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Jamaica_relations" title="China–Jamaica relations">Jamaica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Mexico_relations" title="China–Mexico relations">Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Nicaragua_relations" title="China–Nicaragua relations">Nicaragua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Panama_relations" title="China–Panama relations">Panama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Peru_relations" title="China–Peru relations">Peru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Suriname_relations" title="China–Suriname relations">Suriname</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Trinidad_and_Tobago_relations" title="China–Trinidad and Tobago relations">Trinidad and Tobago</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="China–United States relations">United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Uruguay_relations" title="China–Uruguay relations">Uruguay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Venezuela_relations" title="China–Venezuela relations">Venezuela</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Asia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afghanistan%E2%80%93China_relations" title="Afghanistan–China relations">Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenia%E2%80%93China_relations" title="Armenia–China relations">Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijan%E2%80%93China_relations" title="Azerbaijan–China relations">Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bangladesh%E2%80%93China_relations" title="Bangladesh–China relations">Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhutan%E2%80%93China_relations" title="Bhutan–China relations">Bhutan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brunei%E2%80%93China_relations" title="Brunei–China relations">Brunei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cambodia%E2%80%93China_relations" title="Cambodia–China relations">Cambodia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93East_Timor_relations" title="China–East Timor relations">East Timor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Georgia_relations" title="China–Georgia relations">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93India_relations" title="China–India relations">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Indonesia_relations" title="China–Indonesia relations">Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Iran_relations" title="China–Iran relations">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Iraq_relations" title="China–Iraq relations">Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Israel_relations" title="China–Israel relations">Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Japan_relations" title="China–Japan relations">Japan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_China%E2%80%93Japan_relations" title="History of China–Japan relations">history</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Kazakhstan_relations" title="China–Kazakhstan relations">Kazakhstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Kyrgyzstan_relations" title="China–Kyrgyzstan relations">Kyrgyzstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Laos_relations" title="China–Laos relations">Laos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Lebanon_relations" title="China–Lebanon relations">Lebanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Malaysia_relations" title="China–Malaysia relations">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Maldives_relations" title="China–Maldives relations">Maldives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Mongolia_relations" title="China–Mongolia relations">Mongolia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Myanmar_relations" title="China–Myanmar relations">Myanmar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Nepal_relations" title="China–Nepal relations">Nepal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93North_Korea_relations" title="China–North Korea relations">North Korea</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Sino%E2%80%93Korean_relations" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Sino–Korean relations">History</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Pakistan_relations" title="China–Pakistan relations">Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Palestine_relations" title="China–Palestine relations">Palestine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Philippines_relations" title="China–Philippines relations">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Qatar_relations" title="China–Qatar relations">Qatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Saudi_Arabia_relations" title="China–Saudi Arabia relations">Saudi Arabia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Singapore_relations" title="China–Singapore relations">Singapore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93South_Korea_relations" title="China–South Korea relations">South Korea</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Sino%E2%80%93Korean_relations" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Sino–Korean relations">History</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Sri_Lanka_relations" title="China–Sri Lanka relations">Sri Lanka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Syria_relations" title="China–Syria relations">Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cross-Strait_relations" class="mw-redirect" title="Cross-Strait relations">Taiwan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Tajikistan_relations" title="China–Tajikistan relations">Tajikistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Thailand_relations" title="China–Thailand relations">Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Turkey_relations" title="China–Turkey relations">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Turkmenistan_relations" title="China–Turkmenistan relations">Turkmenistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_Arab_Emirates_relations" title="China–United Arab Emirates relations">United Arab Emirates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Uzbekistan_relations" title="China–Uzbekistan relations">Uzbekistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Vietnam_relations" title="China–Vietnam relations">Vietnam</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vietnam_under_Chinese_rule" title="Vietnam under Chinese rule">Northern Domination</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Yemen_relations" title="China–Yemen relations">Yemen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Europe</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albania%E2%80%93China_relations" title="Albania–China relations">Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austria%E2%80%93China_relations" title="Austria–China relations">Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belarus%E2%80%93China_relations" title="Belarus–China relations">Belarus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belgium%E2%80%93China_relations" title="Belgium–China relations">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulgaria%E2%80%93China_relations" title="Bulgaria–China relations">Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Croatia_relations" title="China–Croatia relations">Croatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Cyprus_relations" title="China–Cyprus relations">Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Czech_Republic_relations" title="China–Czech Republic relations">Czech Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Denmark_relations" title="China–Denmark relations">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Finland_relations" title="China–Finland relations">Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93France_relations" title="China–France relations">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Germany_relations" title="China–Germany relations">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Greece_relations" title="China–Greece relations">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Hungary_relations" title="China–Hungary relations">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Iceland_relations" title="China–Iceland relations">Iceland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Ireland_relations" title="China–Ireland relations">Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Italy_relations" title="China–Italy relations">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Kosovo_relations" title="China–Kosovo relations">Kosovo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Lithuania_relations" title="China–Lithuania relations">Lithuania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Luxembourg_relations" title="China–Luxembourg relations">Luxembourg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Moldova_relations" title="China–Moldova relations">Moldova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Montenegro_relations" title="China–Montenegro relations">Montenegro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Netherlands_relations" title="China–Netherlands relations">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Norway_relations" title="China–Norway relations">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Poland_relations" title="China–Poland relations">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Portugal_relations" title="China–Portugal relations">Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Romania_relations" title="China–Romania relations">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Russia_relations" title="China–Russia relations">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93San_Marino_relations" title="China–San Marino relations">San Marino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Serbia_relations" title="China–Serbia relations">Serbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Slovakia_relations" title="China–Slovakia relations">Slovakia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Spain_relations" title="China–Spain relations">Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Sweden_relations" title="China–Sweden relations">Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Switzerland_relations" title="China–Switzerland relations">Switzerland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Ukraine_relations" title="China–Ukraine relations">Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_Kingdom_relations" title="China–United Kingdom relations">United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Holy_See_relations" title="China–Holy See relations">Vatican City</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Oceania</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Australia%E2%80%93China_relations" title="Australia–China relations">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Fiji_relations" title="China–Fiji relations">Fiji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Kiribati_relations" title="China–Kiribati relations">Kiribati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Federated_States_of_Micronesia_relations" title="China–Federated States of Micronesia relations">Micronesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Nauru_relations" title="China–Nauru relations">Nauru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93New_Zealand_relations" title="China–New Zealand relations">New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Niue_relations" title="China–Niue relations">Niue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Papua_New_Guinea_relations" title="China–Papua New Guinea relations">Papua New Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Samoa_relations" title="China–Samoa relations">Samoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Solomon_Islands_relations" title="China–Solomon Islands relations">Solomon Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Tonga_relations" title="China–Tonga relations">Tonga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Vanuatu_relations" title="China–Vanuatu relations">Vanuatu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Former states</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sino-Soviet_relations" title="Sino-Soviet relations">Soviet Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Yugoslavia_relations" title="China–Yugoslavia relations">Yugoslavia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="padding-left:75px;"><div id="Multilateral_relations" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Multilateral relations</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/BCIM_Economic_Corridor" title="BCIM Economic Corridor">BCIM Economic Corridor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bay_of_Bengal_Initiative_for_Multi-Sectoral_Technical_and_Economic_Cooperation" title="Bay of Bengal Initiative for Multi-Sectoral Technical and Economic Cooperation">BIMSTEC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sino-African_relations" title="Sino-African relations">Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sino-Arab_relations" title="Sino-Arab relations">Arab League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BRICS" title="BRICS">BRICS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sino-Caribbean_relations" title="Sino-Caribbean relations">Caribbean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Japan%E2%80%93South_Korea_trilateral_summit" title="China–Japan–South Korea trilateral summit">China–Japan–South Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93European_Union_relations" title="China–European Union relations">European Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sino-Latin_America_relations" title="Sino-Latin America relations">Latin America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sino-Pacific_relations" title="Sino-Pacific relations">Oceania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sino-Third_World_relations" title="Sino-Third World relations">Third World</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China_and_the_United_Nations" title="China and the United Nations">United Nations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arctic_policy_of_China" title="Arctic policy of China">Arctic policy of China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:China_and_the_Antarctic" title="Category:China and the Antarctic">China and the Antarctic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="padding-left:75px;"><div id="Diplomacy" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Diplomacy</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Central_Foreign_Affairs_Commission" title="Central Foreign Affairs Commission">Central Foreign Affairs Commission</a> <small>(<a href="/wiki/General_Secretary_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="General Secretary of the Chinese Communist Party">General Secretary</a>)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Foreign_Affairs_(China)" title="Ministry of Foreign Affairs (China)">Ministry of Foreign Affairs</a> <small>(<a href="/wiki/Minister_of_Foreign_Affairs_(China)" title="Minister of Foreign Affairs (China)">Foreign Minister</a>)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_diplomatic_missions_of_China" title="List of diplomatic missions of China">Diplomatic missions of China</a> / <a href="/wiki/List_of_diplomatic_missions_in_China" title="List of diplomatic missions in China">in China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belt_and_Road_Initiative" title="Belt and Road Initiative">Belt and Road Initiative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%27s_peaceful_rise" title="China's peaceful rise">China's peaceful rise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Century" title="Chinese Century">Chinese Century</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confucius_Institute" title="Confucius Institute">Confucius Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dates_of_establishment_of_diplomatic_relations_with_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" title="Dates of establishment of diplomatic relations with the People's Republic of China">Dates of diplomatic recognition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_policy_of_China" title="Foreign policy of China">Foreign policy of China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_Relations_Law_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" title="Foreign Relations Law of the People's Republic of China">Foreign Relations Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Hong_Kong" title="Foreign relations of Hong Kong">Foreign relations of Hong Kong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nine-dash_line" title="Nine-dash line">Nine-dash line</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panda_diplomacy" title="Panda diplomacy">Panda diplomacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_status_of_Taiwan" title="Political status of Taiwan">Political status of Taiwan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_unification" title="Chinese unification">Chinese unification</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regional_Comprehensive_Economic_Partnership" title="Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership">Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stadium_diplomacy" title="Stadium diplomacy">Stadium diplomacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/String_of_Pearls_(Indian_Ocean)" title="String of Pearls (Indian Ocean)">String of Pearls</a></li> <li>Major historical splits <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sino-Soviet_split" title="Sino-Soviet split">Soviet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sino-Albanian_split" title="Sino-Albanian split">Albania</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shanghai_Cooperation_Organisation" title="Shanghai Cooperation Organisation">Shanghai Cooperation Organisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Treaties_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" title="Category:Treaties of the People's Republic of China">Treaties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_theaters_built_by_China_as_aid" title="List of theaters built by China as aid">Theater diplomacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wolf_warrior_diplomacy" title="Wolf warrior diplomacy">Wolf warrior diplomacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xi_Jinping_Thought_on_Diplomacy" title="Xi Jinping Thought on Diplomacy">Xi Jinping Thought on Diplomacy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Foreign_relations_of_Canada" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Foreign_relations_of_Canada" title="Template:Foreign relations of Canada"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Foreign_relations_of_Canada" title="Template talk:Foreign relations of Canada"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Foreign_relations_of_Canada" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Foreign relations of Canada"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Foreign_relations_of_Canada" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Canada" title="Foreign relations of Canada">Foreign relations of Canada</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Bilateral_relations" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Bilateral relations</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Africa</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Algeria%E2%80%93Canada_relations" title="Algeria–Canada relations">Algeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burkina_Faso%E2%80%93Canada_relations" title="Burkina Faso–Canada relations">Burkina Faso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canada%E2%80%93Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo_relations" title="Canada–Democratic Republic of the Congo relations">DR Congo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canada%E2%80%93Egypt_relations" title="Canada–Egypt relations">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canada%E2%80%93Ethiopia_relations" title="Canada–Ethiopia relations">Ethiopia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canada%E2%80%93Ivory_Coast_relations" title="Canada–Ivory Coast relations">Ivory Coast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canada%E2%80%93Kenya_relations" title="Canada–Kenya relations">Kenya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canada%E2%80%93Lesotho_relations" title="Canada–Lesotho relations">Lesotho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canada%E2%80%93Madagascar_relations" title="Canada–Madagascar relations">Madagascar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canada%E2%80%93Mali_relations" title="Canada–Mali relations">Mali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canada%E2%80%93Morocco_relations" title="Canada–Morocco relations">Morocco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canada%E2%80%93Mozambique_relations" title="Canada–Mozambique relations">Mozambique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canada%E2%80%93Namibia_relations" title="Canada–Namibia relations">Namibia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canada%E2%80%93Senegal_relations" title="Canada–Senegal relations">Senegal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canada%E2%80%93Sierra_Leone_relations" title="Canada–Sierra Leone relations">Sierra Leone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canada%E2%80%93South_Africa_relations" title="Canada–South Africa relations">South Africa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Americas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Argentina%E2%80%93Canada_relations" title="Argentina–Canada relations">Argentina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbados%E2%80%93Canada_relations" title="Barbados–Canada relations">Barbados</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brazil%E2%80%93Canada_relations" title="Brazil–Canada relations">Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canada%E2%80%93Chile_relations" title="Canada–Chile relations">Chile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canada%E2%80%93Colombia_relations" title="Canada–Colombia relations">Colombia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canada%E2%80%93Cuba_relations" title="Canada–Cuba relations">Cuba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canada%E2%80%93Dominican_Republic_relations" title="Canada–Dominican Republic relations">Dominican Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canada%E2%80%93El_Salvador_relations" title="Canada–El Salvador relations">El Salvador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canada%E2%80%93Grenada_relations" title="Canada–Grenada relations">Grenada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canada%E2%80%93Haiti_relations" title="Canada–Haiti relations">Haiti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canada%E2%80%93Jamaica_relations" title="Canada–Jamaica relations">Jamaica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canada%E2%80%93Mexico_relations" title="Canada–Mexico relations">Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canada%E2%80%93Panama_relations" title="Canada–Panama relations">Panama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canada%E2%80%93Peru_relations" title="Canada–Peru relations">Peru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canada%E2%80%93Trinidad_and_Tobago_relations" title="Canada–Trinidad and Tobago relations">Trinidad and Tobago</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canada%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Canada–United States relations">United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canada%E2%80%93Uruguay_relations" title="Canada–Uruguay relations">Uruguay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canada%E2%80%93Venezuela_relations" title="Canada–Venezuela relations">Venezuela</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Asia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afghanistan%E2%80%93Canada_relations" title="Afghanistan–Canada relations">Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenia%E2%80%93Canada_relations" title="Armenia–Canada relations">Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijan%E2%80%93Canada_relations" title="Azerbaijan–Canada relations">Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bangladesh%E2%80%93Canada_relations" title="Bangladesh–Canada relations">Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhutan-Canada_relations" class="mw-redirect" title="Bhutan-Canada relations">Bhutan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brunei%E2%80%93Canada_relations" title="Brunei–Canada relations">Brunei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cambodia%E2%80%93Canada_relations" title="Cambodia–Canada relations">Cambodia</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">China</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Canada%E2%80%93Hong_Kong_relations" title="Canada–Hong Kong relations">Hong Kong</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canada%E2%80%93Georgia_relations" title="Canada–Georgia relations">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canada%E2%80%93India_relations" title="Canada–India relations">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canada%E2%80%93Indonesia_relations" title="Canada–Indonesia relations">Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canada%E2%80%93Iran_relations" title="Canada–Iran relations">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canada%E2%80%93Iraq_relations" title="Canada–Iraq relations">Iraq</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Canada%E2%80%93Kurdistan_Region_relations" title="Canada–Kurdistan Region relations">Kurdistan Region</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canada%E2%80%93Israel_relations" title="Canada–Israel relations">Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canada%E2%80%93Japan_relations" title="Canada–Japan relations">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canada%E2%80%93Kazakhstan_relations" title="Canada–Kazakhstan relations">Kazakhstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canada%E2%80%93Lebanon_relations" title="Canada–Lebanon relations">Lebanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canada%E2%80%93Malaysia_relations" title="Canada–Malaysia relations">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canada%E2%80%93Mongolia_relations" title="Canada–Mongolia relations">Mongolia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canada%E2%80%93Nepal_relations" title="Canada–Nepal relations">Nepal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canada%E2%80%93North_Korea_relations" title="Canada–North Korea relations">North Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canada%E2%80%93Pakistan_relations" title="Canada–Pakistan relations">Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canada%E2%80%93Palestine_relations" title="Canada–Palestine relations">Palestine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canada%E2%80%93Philippines_relations" title="Canada–Philippines relations">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canada%E2%80%93Qatar_relations" title="Canada–Qatar relations">Qatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canada%E2%80%93Saudi_Arabia_relations" title="Canada–Saudi Arabia relations">Saudi Arabia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canada%E2%80%93Singapore_relations" title="Canada–Singapore relations">Singapore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canada%E2%80%93South_Korea_relations" title="Canada–South Korea relations">South Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canada%E2%80%93Taiwan_relations" title="Canada–Taiwan relations">Taiwan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canada%E2%80%93Thailand_relations" title="Canada–Thailand relations">Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canada%E2%80%93Turkey_relations" title="Canada–Turkey relations">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canada%E2%80%93United_Arab_Emirates_relations" title="Canada–United Arab Emirates relations">United Arab Emirates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canada%E2%80%93Vietnam_relations" title="Canada–Vietnam relations">Vietnam</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Europe</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albania%E2%80%93Canada_relations" title="Albania–Canada relations">Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austria%E2%80%93Canada_relations" title="Austria–Canada relations">Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belgium%E2%80%93Canada_relations" title="Belgium–Canada relations">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bosnia_and_Herzegovina%E2%80%93Canada_relations" title="Bosnia and Herzegovina–Canada relations">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulgaria%E2%80%93Canada_relations" title="Bulgaria–Canada relations">Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canada%E2%80%93Cyprus_relations" title="Canada–Cyprus relations">Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canada%E2%80%93Czech_Republic_relations" title="Canada–Czech Republic relations">Czech Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canada%E2%80%93Denmark_relations" title="Canada–Denmark relations">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canada%E2%80%93Finland_relations" title="Canada–Finland relations">Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canada%E2%80%93France_relations" title="Canada–France relations">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canada%E2%80%93Germany_relations" title="Canada–Germany relations">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canada%E2%80%93Greece_relations" title="Canada–Greece relations">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canada%E2%80%93Holy_See_relations" title="Canada–Holy See relations">Holy See</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canada%E2%80%93Hungary_relations" title="Canada–Hungary relations">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canada%E2%80%93Iceland_relations" title="Canada–Iceland relations">Iceland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canada%E2%80%93Ireland_relations" title="Canada–Ireland relations">Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canada%E2%80%93Italy_relations" title="Canada–Italy relations">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canada%E2%80%93Latvia_relations" title="Canada–Latvia relations">Latvia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canada%E2%80%93Lithuania_relations" title="Canada–Lithuania relations">Lithuania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canada%E2%80%93Montenegro_relations" title="Canada–Montenegro relations">Montenegro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canada%E2%80%93Netherlands_relations" title="Canada–Netherlands relations">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canada%E2%80%93Norway_relations" title="Canada–Norway relations">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canada%E2%80%93Poland_relations" title="Canada–Poland relations">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canada%E2%80%93Portugal_relations" title="Canada–Portugal relations">Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canada%E2%80%93Romania_relations" title="Canada–Romania relations">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canada%E2%80%93Russia_relations" title="Canada–Russia relations">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canada%E2%80%93Serbia_relations" title="Canada–Serbia relations">Serbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canada%E2%80%93Slovenia_relations" title="Canada–Slovenia relations">Slovenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canada%E2%80%93Spain_relations" title="Canada–Spain relations">Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canada%E2%80%93Sweden_relations" title="Canada–Sweden relations">Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canada%E2%80%93Switzerland_relations" title="Canada–Switzerland relations">Switzerland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canada%E2%80%93Ukraine_relations" title="Canada–Ukraine relations">Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canada%E2%80%93United_Kingdom_relations" title="Canada–United Kingdom relations">United Kingdom</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Canada%E2%80%93Turks_and_Caicos_Islands_relations" title="Canada–Turks and Caicos Islands relations">Turks and Caicos Islands</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Oceania</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Australia%E2%80%93Canada_relations" title="Australia–Canada relations">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canada%E2%80%93New_Zealand_relations" title="Canada–New Zealand relations">New Zealand</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Historical</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Canada%E2%80%93Soviet_Union_relations" title="Canada–Soviet Union relations">Soviet Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canada%E2%80%93Yugoslavia_relations" title="Canada–Yugoslavia relations">Yugoslavia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Multilateral_relations" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Multilateral relations</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Regions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Africa%E2%80%93Canada_relations" title="Africa–Canada relations">Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asia%E2%80%93Canada_relations" title="Asia–Canada relations">Asia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canada%E2%80%93Caribbean_relations" title="Canada–Caribbean relations">Caribbean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canada%E2%80%93Latin_America_relations" title="Canada–Latin America relations">Latin America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canada%E2%80%93Europe_relations" title="Canada–Europe relations">Europe</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Organizations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/International_organization_membership_of_Canada" class="mw-redirect" title="International organization membership of Canada">International organizations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canada%E2%80%93European_Union_relations" title="Canada–European Union relations">European Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canada%E2%80%93NATO_relations" class="mw-redirect" title="Canada–NATO relations">NATO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NORAD" title="NORAD">NORAD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canada_and_the_United_Nations" title="Canada and the United Nations">United Nations</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Diplomacy_and_other_topics" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Diplomacy and other topics</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">History</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Canadian_foreign_relations" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Canadian foreign relations">History of Canadian foreign relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canada_in_the_Cold_War" title="Canada in the Cold War">Cold War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canada_and_the_Vietnam_War" title="Canada and the Vietnam War">Vietnam War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canada%27s_role_in_the_War_in_Afghanistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Canada's role in the War in Afghanistan">War in Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canada_and_the_Iraq_War" title="Canada and the Iraq War">Iraq War</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Trade</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_mining_in_Latin_America_and_the_Caribbean" title="Canadian mining in Latin America and the Caribbean">Mining in Latin America and the Caribbean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canada%E2%80%93United_States_trade_relations" title="Canada–United States trade relations">United States</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Diplomacy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Canadian_diplomats" title="Category:Canadian diplomats">Canadian diplomats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_diplomatic_missions_of_Canada" title="List of diplomatic missions of Canada">Diplomatic missions of</a> / <a href="/wiki/List_of_diplomatic_missions_in_Canada" title="List of diplomatic missions in Canada">in 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