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vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Modern_history"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Modern history</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Modern_history-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Language" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Language"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Language</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Language-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Geographic_distribution" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Geographic_distribution"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Geographic distribution</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Geographic_distribution-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Culture</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Identity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Identity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Identity</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Identity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Germans</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 100 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-100" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">100 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duitsers" title="Duitsers – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Duitsers" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A3%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86" title="ألمان – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="ألمان" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alemans" title="Alemans – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Alemans" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alemanes" title="Alemanes – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Alemanes" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-av mw-list-item"><a href="https://av.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BB" title="Германал – Avaric" lang="av" hreflang="av" data-title="Германал" data-language-autonym="Авар" data-language-local-name="Avaric" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Авар</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Almanlar" title="Almanlar – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Almanlar" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B1" title="آلمانلار – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="آلمانلار" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8_%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BF" title="জার্মান জাতি – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="জার্মান জাতি" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tek-kok-l%C3%A2ng" title="Tek-kok-lâng – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Tek-kok-lâng" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%86%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Немецтар – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Немецтар" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B5%D0%BC%D1%86%D1%8B" title="Немцы – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Немцы" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B5%D0%BC%D1%86%D1%8B" title="Немцы – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Немцы" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%86%D0%B8" title="Германци – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Германци" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deitsche" title="Deitsche – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Deitsche" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Boarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nijemci" title="Nijemci – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Nijemci" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%88%D1%83%D1%83%D0%B4" title="Германшууд – Russia Buriat" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" data-title="Германшууд" data-language-autonym="Буряад" data-language-local-name="Russia Buriat" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Буряад</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alemanys" title="Alemanys – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Alemanys" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B8%D0%BC%C4%95%C3%A7%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BC" title="Нимĕçсем – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Нимĕçсем" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C4%9Bmci" title="Němci – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Němci" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Almaenwyr" title="Almaenwyr – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Almaenwyr" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tyskere" title="Tyskere – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Tyskere" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deutsche" title="Deutsche – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Deutsche" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://dsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nimc" title="Nimc – Lower Sorbian" lang="dsb" hreflang="dsb" data-title="Nimc" data-language-autonym="Dolnoserbski" data-language-local-name="Lower Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dolnoserbski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sakslased" title="Sakslased – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Sakslased" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%93%CE%B5%CF%81%CE%BC%CE%B1%CE%BD%CE%BF%CE%AF" title="Γερμανοί – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Γερμανοί" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pueblo_alem%C3%A1n" title="Pueblo alemán – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Pueblo alemán" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germanoj" title="Germanoj – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Germanoj" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alemaniar" title="Alemaniar – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Alemaniar" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C%E2%80%8C%D9%87%D8%A7" title="آلمانی‌ها – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="آلمانی‌ها" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allemands" title="Allemands – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Allemands" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C3%BAtsers" title="Dútsers – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Dútsers" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gearm%C3%A1naigh" title="Gearmánaigh – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Gearmánaigh" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pobo_alem%C3%A1n" title="Pobo alemán – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Pobo alemán" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-inh mw-list-item"><a href="https://inh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B5%D0%BC%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Немций – Ingush" lang="inh" hreflang="inh" data-title="Немций" data-language-autonym="ГӀалгӀай" data-language-local-name="Ingush" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ГӀалгӀай</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tet-koet-ng%C3%ACn" title="Tet-koet-ngìn – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Tet-koet-ngìn" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%8F%85%EC%9D%BC%EC%9D%B8" title="독일인 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="독일인" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B3%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%B4%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%A1%D6%81%D5%AB%D5%B6%D5%A5%D6%80" title="Գերմանացիներ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Գերմանացիներ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nijemci" title="Nijemci – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Nijemci" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germani" title="Germani – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Germani" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orang_Jerman" title="Orang Jerman – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Orang Jerman" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B5%D0%BC%D1%8B%D1%86%D0%B0%D0%B3_%D0%B0%D0%B4%C3%A6%D0%BC" title="Немыцаг адæм – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Немыцаг адæм" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ирон</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tedeschi" title="Tedeschi – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Tedeschi" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%92%D7%A8%D7%9E%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%9D" title="גרמנים – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="גרמנים" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%92%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9B%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%94%E1%83%9A%E1%83%94%E1%83%91%E1%83%98" title="გერმანელები – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="გერმანელები" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B5%D0%BC%D1%96%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Немістер – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Немістер" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rw mw-list-item"><a href="https://rw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abadage" title="Abadage – Kinyarwanda" lang="rw" hreflang="rw" data-title="Abadage" data-language-autonym="Ikinyarwanda" data-language-local-name="Kinyarwanda" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ikinyarwanda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alman" title="Alman – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Alman" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alman" title="Alman – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Alman" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Немистер – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Немистер" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C4%81cie%C5%A1i" title="Vācieši – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Vācieši" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vokie%C4%8Diai" title="Vokiečiai – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Vokiečiai" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duutsjers" title="Duutsjers – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Duutsjers" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C3%A9metek" title="Németek – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Németek" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%86%D0%B8" title="Германци – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Германци" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alem%C3%A0na_(vahoaka)" title="Alemàna (vahoaka) – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Alemàna (vahoaka)" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%92%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9B%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%90%E1%83%9A%E1%83%94%E1%83%A4%E1%83%98" title="გერმანალეფი – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="გერმანალეფი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86" title="المان – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="المان" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urang_Jerman" title="Urang Jerman – Minangkabau" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="Urang Jerman" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="Minangkabau" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Minangkabau</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duitsers" title="Duitsers – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Duitsers" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%89%E3%82%A4%E3%83%84%E4%BA%BA" title="ドイツ人 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ドイツ人" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B5%D0%BC%D1%86%D0%BE%D0%B9" title="Немцой – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Немцой" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Нохчийн</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tyskere" title="Tyskere – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Tyskere" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tyskarar" title="Tyskarar – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Tyskarar" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mhr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mhr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B5%D0%BC%D1%8B%D1%87" title="Немыч – Eastern Mari" lang="mhr" hreflang="mhr" data-title="Немыч" data-language-autonym="Олык марий" data-language-local-name="Eastern Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Олык марий</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nemislar" title="Nemislar – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Nemislar" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%9C%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%AE%E0%A8%A8_%E0%A8%B2%E0%A9%8B%E0%A8%95" title="ਜਰਮਨ ਲੋਕ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਜਰਮਨ ਲੋਕ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D8%B1%D9%85%D9%86_%D9%84%D9%88%DA%A9" title="جرمن لوک – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="جرمن لوک" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niemcy_(nar%C3%B3d)" title="Niemcy (naród) – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Niemcy (naród)" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alem%C3%A3es" title="Alemães – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Alemães" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germani" title="Germani – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Germani" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D1%96%D0%BC%D1%86%D1%96" title="Німці – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Німці" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русиньскый</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B5%D0%BC%D1%86%D1%8B" title="Немцы – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Немцы" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D1%8C%D0%B8%D1%8D%D0%BC%D1%8D%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8D%D1%80" title="Ньиэмэстэр – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Ньиэмэстэр" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tedescos" title="Tedescos – Sardinian" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Tedescos" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="Sardinian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sardu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germans" title="Germans – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Germans" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gjerman%C3%ABt" title="Gjermanët – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Gjermanët" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germans" title="Germans – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Germans" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nemci" title="Nemci – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Nemci" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nemci" title="Nemci – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Nemci" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szl mw-list-item"><a href="https://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miymce" title="Miymce – Silesian" lang="szl" hreflang="szl" data-title="Miymce" data-language-autonym="Ślůnski" data-language-local-name="Silesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ślůnski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A6%DB%95%DA%B5%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C%DB%8C%DB%95%DA%A9%D8%A7%D9%86" title="ئەڵمانییەکان – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="ئەڵمانییەکان" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B5%D0%BC%D1%86%D0%B8" title="Нијемци – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Нијемци" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nijemci" title="Nijemci – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Nijemci" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saksalaiset" title="Saksalaiset – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Saksalaiset" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tyskar" title="Tyskar – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Tyskar" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Алманнар – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Алманнар" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A7%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%99" title="ชาวเยอรมัน – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ชาวเยอรมัน" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%BB%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D2%B3%D0%BE" title="Олмониҳо – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Олмониҳо" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-chr mw-list-item"><a href="https://chr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8E%A0%E1%8F%82%E1%8F%A8%E1%8E%B9%E1%8F%82" title="ᎠᏂᏨᎹᏂ – Cherokee" lang="chr" hreflang="chr" data-title="ᎠᏂᏨᎹᏂ" data-language-autonym="ᏣᎳᎩ" data-language-local-name="Cherokee" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᏣᎳᎩ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Almanlar" title="Almanlar – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Almanlar" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D1%96%D0%BC%D1%86%D1%96" title="Німці – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Німці" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%DB%90%D9%85%D9%89%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B1" title="نېمىسلار – Uyghur" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="نېمىسلار" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="Uyghur" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ng%C6%B0%E1%BB%9Di_%C4%90%E1%BB%A9c" title="Người Đức – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Người Đức" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%BE%B7%E6%84%8F%E5%BF%97%E4%BA%BA" title="德意志人 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="德意志人" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%80w%E1%BB%8Dn_ar%C3%A1_J%E1%BA%B9%CC%81m%C3%A1n%C3%AC" title="Àwọn ará Jẹ́mánì – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Àwọn ará Jẹ́mánì" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="Yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Yorùbá</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%BE%B7%E5%9C%8B%E4%BA%BA" title="德國人 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="德國人" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alman" title="Alman – Dimli" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Alman" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Dimli" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zazaki</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vuok%C4%ABt%C4%93" title="Vuokītē – Samogitian" lang="sgs" 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class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">People of Germany</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the people of Germany. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/German_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="German (disambiguation)">German</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Reichstag_pano.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Reichstag_pano.jpg/330px-Reichstag_pano.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="123" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Reichstag_pano.jpg/500px-Reichstag_pano.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Reichstag_pano.jpg/960px-Reichstag_pano.jpg 2x" data-file-width="8085" data-file-height="3322" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Reichstag_building" title="Reichstag building">Reichstag</a>, seat of the <a href="/wiki/Bundestag" title="Bundestag">German Parliament</a>, dedicated <i>Dem deutschen Volke</i> (To the German people)</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Germans</b> (<a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a>: <i lang="de">Deutsche</i>, <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">pronounced</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="de-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Standard_German" title="Help:IPA/Standard German">[ˈdɔʏtʃə]</a></span> <span class="ext-phonos"><span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-1" class="noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/5\/56\/De-Deutsche.ogg\/De-Deutsche.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"De-Deutsche.ogg"},"classes":["noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton","ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/5/56/De-Deutsche.ogg/De-Deutsche.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"><span class="oo-ui-iconElement-icon oo-ui-icon-volumeUp"></span><span class="oo-ui-labelElement-label"></span><span class="oo-ui-indicatorElement-indicator oo-ui-indicatorElement-noIndicator"></span></a></span><sup class="ext-phonos-attribution noexcerpt navigation-not-searchable"><a href="/wiki/File:De-Deutsche.ogg" title="File:De-Deutsche.ogg">ⓘ</a></sup></span>) are the natives or inhabitants of <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a>, or sometimes more broadly any people who are of German descent or native speakers of the <a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German language</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Merriam-Webster_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Merriam-Webster-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-OED_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OED-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Basic_Law_for_the_Federal_Republic_of_Germany" title="Basic Law for the Federal Republic of Germany">constitution of Germany</a>, implemented in 1949 following the end of <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>, defines a German as a <a href="/wiki/German_nationality_law" title="German nationality law">German citizen</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the 19th and much of the 20th century, discussions on German identity were dominated by concepts of a common language, culture, descent, and history.<sup id="cite_ref-Moser_172_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Moser_172-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Today, the German language is widely seen as the primary, though not exclusive, criterion of German identity.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Estimates on the total number of Germans in the world range from 100 to 150 million, most of whom live in Germany.<sup id="cite_ref-Moser_171_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Moser_171-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The history of Germans as an <a href="/wiki/Ethnicity" title="Ethnicity">ethnic group</a> began with the separation of a distinct <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Germany" title="Kingdom of Germany">Kingdom of Germany</a> from the <a href="/wiki/East_Francia" title="East Francia">eastern part</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Francia" title="Francia">Frankish Empire</a> under the <a href="/wiki/Ottonian_dynasty" title="Ottonian dynasty">Ottonian dynasty</a> in the 10th century, forming the core of the <a href="/wiki/Holy_Roman_Empire" title="Holy Roman Empire">Holy Roman Empire</a>. In subsequent centuries the political power and population of this empire grew considerably. It expanded eastwards, and eventually a substantial number of Germans migrated further eastwards into <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Europe" title="Eastern Europe">Eastern Europe</a>. The empire itself was generally decentralized and politically divided between many small princedoms, cities and bishoprics, while the idea of unified German state came later. Following the <a href="/wiki/Reformation" title="Reformation">Reformation</a> in the 16th century, many of these states found themselves in bitter conflict concerning the rise of <a href="/wiki/Protestantism" title="Protestantism">Protestantism</a>. </p><p>In the 19th century, the Holy Roman Empire dissolved, and <a href="/wiki/German_nationalism" title="German nationalism">German nationalism</a> began to grow. At the same time however, the concept of German nationality became more complex. The multiethnic <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Prussia" title="Kingdom of Prussia">Kingdom of Prussia</a> <a href="/wiki/Unification_of_Germany" title="Unification of Germany">incorporated</a> most Germans into its <a href="/wiki/German_Empire" title="German Empire">German Empire</a> in 1871, and a substantial additional number of German speakers were in the multiethnic kingdom of <a href="/wiki/Austria-Hungary" title="Austria-Hungary">Austria-Hungary</a>. During this time, a large number of Germans also emigrated to the <a href="/wiki/New_World" title="New World">New World</a>, particularly to the <a href="/wiki/German_Americans" title="German Americans">United States</a>. Large numbers also emigrated to <a href="/wiki/German_Canadians" title="German Canadians">Canada</a> and <a href="/wiki/German_Brazilians" title="German Brazilians">Brazil</a>, and they established sizable communities in <a href="/wiki/German_New_Zealanders" title="German New Zealanders">New Zealand</a> and <a href="/wiki/German_Australians" title="German Australians">Australia</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russian Empire</a> also included a substantial German population. </p><p>Following the end of <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a>, Austria-Hungary and the German Empire were partitioned, resulting in many Germans becoming <a href="/wiki/Minority_group" title="Minority group">ethnic minorities</a> in newly established countries. In the chaotic years that followed, <a href="/wiki/Adolf_Hitler" title="Adolf Hitler">Adolf Hitler</a> became the dictator of <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Nazi Germany</a> and embarked on a genocidal campaign to unify all Germans under his leadership. His Nazi movement defined Germans in a very specific way which included <a href="/wiki/Austrians" title="Austrians">Austrians</a>, <a href="/wiki/Luxembourgers" title="Luxembourgers">Luxembourgers</a>, eastern <a href="/wiki/Belgians" title="Belgians">Belgians</a>, and so-called <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Volksdeutsche" title="Volksdeutsche">Volksdeutsche</a></i></span>, who were ethnic Germans elsewhere in Europe and globally. However, this Nazi conception expressly excluded German citizens of <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Germany" title="History of the Jews in Germany">Jewish</a> or <a href="/wiki/Romani_people" title="Romani people">Roma</a> background. Nazi policies of military aggression and its persecution of those deemed non-Germans led to <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a> and <a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust" title="The Holocaust">the Holocaust</a> in which the Nazi regime was defeated by <a href="/wiki/Allies_of_World_War_II" title="Allies of World War II">allied powers</a>, including the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a>, <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a>, and the former <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a>. In the aftermath of Germany's defeat in the war, the country was occupied and once again partitioned. Millions of Germans were <a href="/wiki/Flight_and_expulsion_of_Germans_(1944%E2%80%931950)" title="Flight and expulsion of Germans (1944–1950)">expelled</a> from Central and Eastern Europe. In 1990, <a href="/wiki/West_Germany" title="West Germany">West Germany</a> and <a href="/wiki/East_Germany" title="East Germany">East Germany</a> were <a href="/wiki/German_reunification" title="German reunification">reunified</a>. In modern times, remembrance of the Holocaust, known as <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Erinnerungskultur" class="mw-redirect" title="Erinnerungskultur">Erinnerungskultur</a></i></span> ("culture of remembrance"), has become an integral part of German identity. </p><p>Owing to their long history of political fragmentation, Germans are culturally diverse and often have strong regional identities. Sixteen <i><a href="/wiki/States_of_Germany" title="States of Germany">Länder</a></i> (states) make up modern Germany. Arts and sciences are an integral part of <a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Germany" title="Culture of Germany">German culture</a>, and the Germans have been represented by many prominent personalities in a significant number of disciplines, including <a href="/wiki/List_of_Nobel_laureates" title="List of Nobel laureates">Nobel prize laureates</a> where Germany is ranked <a href="/wiki/List_of_Nobel_laureates_by_country" title="List of Nobel laureates by country">third</a> among countries of the world in the number of total recipients. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Names">Names</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/List_of_terms_used_for_Germans" title="List of terms used for Germans">List of terms used for Germans</a> and <a href="/wiki/Names_of_Germany" title="Names of Germany">Names of Germany</a></div> <p>The English term <i><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Germans" class="extiw" title="wikt:Germans">Germans</a></i> is derived from the <a href="/wiki/Ethnonym" title="Ethnonym">ethnonym</a> <i><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Germani" class="extiw" title="wikt:Germani">Germani</a></i>, which was used for <a href="/wiki/Germanic_peoples" title="Germanic peoples">Germanic peoples</a> in ancient times.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHaarmann2015313_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHaarmann2015313-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Since the early modern period, it has been the most common name for the Germans in English, being applied to any citizens, natives or inhabitants of Germany, regardless of whether they are considered to have German ethnicity. </p><p>In some contexts, people of German descent are also called Germans.<sup id="cite_ref-OED_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OED-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Merriam-Webster_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Merriam-Webster-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In historical discussions the term "Germans" is also occasionally used to refer to the Germanic peoples during the time of the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman Empire</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Merriam-Webster_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Merriam-Webster-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Columbia_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Columbia-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Drinkwater_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Drinkwater-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The German <a href="/wiki/Endonym" class="mw-redirect" title="Endonym">endonym</a> <i><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Deutsche" class="extiw" title="wikt:Deutsche">Deutsche</a></i> is derived from the <a href="/wiki/Old_High_German" title="Old High German">Old High German</a> term <i><a href="/wiki/Diutisc" class="mw-redirect" title="Diutisc">diutisc</a></i>, which means "ethnic" or "relating to the people". This term was used for speakers of West-Germanic languages in Central Europe since at least the 8th century, after which time a distinct German ethnic identity began to emerge among at least some them living within the Holy Roman Empire.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHaarmann2015313_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHaarmann2015313-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, variants of the same term were also used in the <a href="/wiki/Low_Countries" title="Low Countries">Low Countries</a>, for the related dialects of what is still called <a href="/wiki/Dutch_language" title="Dutch language">Dutch</a> in English, which is now a national language of the <a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a> and <a href="/wiki/Belgium" title="Belgium">Belgium</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/History_of_Germany" title="History of Germany">History of Germany</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Germania_romana.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Germania_romana.jpg/250px-Germania_romana.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="229" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Germania_romana.jpg/330px-Germania_romana.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Germania_romana.jpg/500px-Germania_romana.jpg 2x" data-file-width="951" data-file-height="992" /></a><figcaption>A map depicting the short-lived <a href="/wiki/Roman_province" title="Roman province">Roman province</a> of <a href="/wiki/Germania_Antiqua" title="Germania Antiqua">Germania Antiqua</a>, situated between the <a href="/wiki/Rhine" title="Rhine">Rhine</a> and <a href="/wiki/Elbe" title="Elbe">Elbe</a> rivers, a region which the early <a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman Empire</a> attempted to conquer and control</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ancient_history">Ancient history</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Germania_Antiqua" title="Germania Antiqua">Germania Antiqua</a>, <a href="/wiki/Limes_Germanicus" title="Limes Germanicus">Limes Germanicus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Germanic_peoples" title="Germanic peoples">Germanic peoples</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Germania" title="Germania">Germania</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:HRR_10Jh.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/HRR_10Jh.jpg/250px-HRR_10Jh.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="262" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/HRR_10Jh.jpg/330px-HRR_10Jh.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/HRR_10Jh.jpg/500px-HRR_10Jh.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1492" data-file-height="1777" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Holy_Roman_Empire" title="Holy Roman Empire">Holy Roman Empire</a> in 972 (red line) and 1035 (red dots) with the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Germany" title="Kingdom of Germany">Kingdom of Germany</a>, including <a href="/wiki/Lotharingia" title="Lotharingia">Lotharingia</a>, marked in blue</figcaption></figure> <p>The first information about the peoples living in what is now Germany was provided by the Roman general and dictator <a href="/wiki/Julius_Caesar" title="Julius Caesar">Julius Caesar</a>, who gave an account of his conquest of <a href="/wiki/Gaul" title="Gaul">Gaul</a> in the 1st century BC. He used the term <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">Germani</i></span> to describe the <a href="/wiki/Germanic_peoples" title="Germanic peoples">Germanic peoples</a> living on both sides of the <a href="/wiki/Rhine" title="Rhine">Rhine</a> river, which he defined as a boundary between geographical <a href="/wiki/Gaul" title="Gaul">Gaul</a> and <a href="/wiki/Germania" title="Germania">Germania</a>. He emphasized that the <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">Germani</i></span> originated east of the river, and that this river border needed to be defended in order to avoid dangerous incursions. Archaeological evidence shows that at the time of Caesar's invasion, both Gaul and Germanic regions had long been strongly influenced by the same <a href="/wiki/Celts" title="Celts">celtic</a> <a href="/wiki/La_T%C3%A8ne_culture" title="La Tène culture">La Tène</a> <a href="/wiki/Material_culture" title="Material culture">culture</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Heather_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Heather-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, the <a href="/wiki/Germanic_languages" title="Germanic languages">Germanic languages</a> associated with later Germanic peoples are indeed believed to have been entering the Rhine area from the east in this period.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMinahan2000288–289_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMinahan2000288–289-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The resulting demographic situation reported by Caesar was that migrating Celts and Germanic peoples were moving into areas which threatened the Alpine regions and the Romans.<sup id="cite_ref-Heather_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Heather-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The modern German language is a descendant of the Germanic languages which spread during the Iron Age and Roman era. Scholars generally agree that it is possible to speak of Germanic languages existing as early as 500 BCE.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESteuer202132_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESteuer202132-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These Germanic languages are believed to have dispersed towards the Rhine from the direction of the <a href="/wiki/Jastorf_culture" title="Jastorf culture">Jastorf culture</a>, which was itself a Celtic influenced culture that existed in the <a href="/wiki/Pre-Roman_Iron_Age" class="mw-redirect" title="Pre-Roman Iron Age">Pre-Roman Iron Age</a>, in the region near the Elbe river. It is likely that <a href="/wiki/Grimm%27s_law" title="Grimm's law">first Germanic consonant shift</a>, which defines the Germanic language family, occurred during this period.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESteuer202189,_1310_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESteuer202189,_1310-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The earlier <a href="/wiki/Nordic_Bronze_Age" title="Nordic Bronze Age">Nordic Bronze Age</a> of southern Scandinavia also shows definite population and material continuities with the Jastorf Culture,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETimpeScardigli2010636_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETimpeScardigli2010636-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but it is unclear whether these indicate ethnic continuity.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETodd199911_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETodd199911-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Under Caesar's successors, the Romans began to conquer and control the entire region between the Rhine and the Elbe which centuries later constituted the largest part of medieval Germany. These efforts were significantly hampered by the victory of a local alliance led by <a href="/wiki/Arminius" title="Arminius">Arminius</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Teutoburg_Forest" title="Battle of the Teutoburg Forest">Battle of the Teutoburg Forest</a> in 9 AD, which is considered a defining moment in German history. While the Romans were nevertheless victorious, rather than installing a Roman administration they controlled the region indirectly for centuries, recruiting soldiers there, and playing the tribes off against each other.<sup id="cite_ref-Heather_11-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Heather-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMoser2011172_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMoser2011172-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The early Germanic peoples were later famously described in more detail in <i><a href="/wiki/Germania_(book)" title="Germania (book)">Germania</a></i> by the 1st century Roman historian <a href="/wiki/Tacitus" title="Tacitus">Tacitus</a>. He described them as a diverse group, dominating a much larger area than Germany, stretching to the <a href="/wiki/Vistula" title="Vistula">Vistula</a> in the east, and <a href="/wiki/Scandinavia" title="Scandinavia">Scandinavia</a> in the north. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Medieval_history">Medieval history</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Germany" title="Kingdom of Germany">Kingdom of Germany</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bev%C3%B6lkerung_Mitteleuropas_um_895.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Bev%C3%B6lkerung_Mitteleuropas_um_895.jpg/220px-Bev%C3%B6lkerung_Mitteleuropas_um_895.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Bev%C3%B6lkerung_Mitteleuropas_um_895.jpg/330px-Bev%C3%B6lkerung_Mitteleuropas_um_895.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Bev%C3%B6lkerung_Mitteleuropas_um_895.jpg/440px-Bev%C3%B6lkerung_Mitteleuropas_um_895.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3375" data-file-height="1908" /></a><figcaption>Maps depicting the <a href="/wiki/Ostsiedlung" title="Ostsiedlung">Ostsiedlung</a>, also known as the German eastward settlement. The left map shows the situation in roughly 895 AD; the right map shows it about 1400 AD. Germanic peoples (left map) and Germans (right map) are shown in light red.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Holy_Roman_Empire_1648.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Holy_Roman_Empire_1648.svg/250px-Holy_Roman_Empire_1648.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="174" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Holy_Roman_Empire_1648.svg/330px-Holy_Roman_Empire_1648.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Holy_Roman_Empire_1648.svg/500px-Holy_Roman_Empire_1648.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2283" data-file-height="1810" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Holy_Roman_Empire" title="Holy Roman Empire">Holy Roman Empire</a> after the <a href="/wiki/Peace_of_Westphalia" title="Peace of Westphalia">Peace of Westphalia</a>, 1648</figcaption></figure> <p>German ethnicity began to emerge in medieval times among the descendants of those <a href="/wiki/Germanic_peoples" title="Germanic peoples">Germanic peoples</a> who had lived under heavy Roman influence between the Rhine and Elbe rivers. This included <a href="/wiki/Franks" title="Franks">Franks</a>, <a href="/wiki/Frisians" title="Frisians">Frisians</a>, <a href="/wiki/Saxons" title="Saxons">Saxons</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thuringii" title="Thuringii">Thuringii</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alemanni" title="Alemanni">Alemanni</a> and <a href="/wiki/Baiuvarii" title="Baiuvarii">Baiuvarii</a> – all of whom spoke related dialects of <a href="/wiki/West_Germanic" class="mw-redirect" title="West Germanic">West Germanic</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Heather_11-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Heather-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These peoples had come under the dominance of the western Franks starting with <a href="/wiki/Clovis_I" title="Clovis I">Clovis I</a>, who established control of the Romanized and Frankish population of Gaul in the 5th century, and began a process of conquering the peoples east of the Rhine. The regions long continued to be divided into "<a href="/wiki/Stem_duchies" class="mw-redirect" title="Stem duchies">Stem duchies</a>", corresponding to the old ethnic designations.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMinahan2000288–289_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMinahan2000288–289-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By the early 9th century AD, large parts of Europe were united under the rule of the Frankish leader <a href="/wiki/Charlemagne" title="Charlemagne">Charlemagne</a>, who expanded the <a href="/wiki/Frankish_empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Frankish empire">Frankish empire</a> in several directions including east of the Rhine, consolidating power over the <a href="/wiki/Saxons" title="Saxons">Saxons</a> and <a href="/wiki/Frisians" title="Frisians">Frisians</a>, and establishing the <a href="/wiki/Carolingian_Empire" title="Carolingian Empire">Carolingian Empire</a>. Charlemagne was crowned emperor by <a href="/wiki/Pope_Leo_III" title="Pope Leo III">Pope Leo III</a> in 800.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMinahan2000288–289_12-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMinahan2000288–289-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the generations after Charlemagne the empire was partitioned at the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Verdun" title="Treaty of Verdun">Treaty of Verdun</a> (843), eventually resulting in the long-term separation between the states of <a href="/wiki/West_Francia" title="West Francia">West Francia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Middle_Francia" title="Middle Francia">Middle Francia</a> and <a href="/wiki/East_Francia" title="East Francia">East Francia</a>. Beginning with <a href="/wiki/Henry_the_Fowler" title="Henry the Fowler">Henry the Fowler</a>, non-Frankish dynasties also ruled the eastern kingdom, and under his son <a href="/wiki/Otto_I,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" class="mw-redirect" title="Otto I, Holy Roman Emperor">Otto I</a>, East Francia, which was mostly German, constituted the core of the <a href="/wiki/Holy_Roman_Empire" title="Holy Roman Empire">Holy Roman Empire</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHaarmann2015313–314_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHaarmann2015313–314-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Also under control of this loosely controlled empire were the previously independent kingdoms of <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Italy_(Holy_Roman_Empire)" title="Kingdom of Italy (Holy Roman Empire)">Italy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Burgundy#Kingdom_of_Arles_within_the_Holy_Roman_Empire_(after_1033)" title="Kingdom of Burgundy">Burgundy</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Lotharingia" title="Lotharingia">Lotharingia</a>. The latter was a Roman and Frankish area which contained some of the oldest and most important old German cities including <a href="/wiki/Aachen" title="Aachen">Aachen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cologne" title="Cologne">Cologne</a> and <a href="/wiki/Trier" title="Trier">Trier</a>, all west of the Rhine, and it became another Duchy within the eastern kingdom. Leaders of the stem duchies which constituted this eastern kingdom — Lotharingia, <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Bavaria" title="Duchy of Bavaria">Bavaria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Franconia" title="Duchy of Franconia">Franconia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Swabia" title="Duchy of Swabia">Swabia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Thuringia" title="Duchy of Thuringia">Thuringia</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Saxony" title="Duchy of Saxony">Saxony</a> ― initially wielded considerable power independently of the king.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMinahan2000288–289_12-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMinahan2000288–289-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> German kings were elected by members of the noble families, who often sought to have weak kings elected in order to preserve their own independence. This prevented an early unification of the Germans.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHaarmann2015314_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHaarmann2015314-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMinahan2000289–290_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMinahan2000289–290-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A warrior nobility dominated the <a href="/wiki/Feudalism" title="Feudalism">feudal</a> German society of the Middle Ages, while most of the German population consisted of peasants with few political rights.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMinahan2000288–289_12-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMinahan2000288–289-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The church played an important role in the Holy Roman Empire in the Middle Ages, and competed with the nobility for power.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMoser2011173_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMoser2011173-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Between the 11th and 13th centuries, German speakers from the empire actively participated in five <a href="/wiki/Crusades" title="Crusades">Crusades</a> to "liberate" the <a href="/wiki/Holy_Land" title="Holy Land">Holy Land</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMoser2011173_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMoser2011173-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> From the beginnings of the kingdom, its dynasties also participated in a push eastwards into Slavic-speaking regions. At the <a href="/wiki/Saxon_Eastern_March" title="Saxon Eastern March">Saxon Eastern March</a> in the north, the <a href="/wiki/Polabian_Slavs" title="Polabian Slavs">Polabian Slavs</a> east of the Elbe were conquered over generations of often brutal conflict. Under the later control of powerful German dynasties it became an important region within modern Germany, and home to its modern capital, Berlin. German population also moved eastwards from the 11th century, in what is known as the <a href="/wiki/Ostsiedlung" title="Ostsiedlung">Ostsiedlung</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMinahan2000289–290_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMinahan2000289–290-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Over time, Slavic and German-speaking populations assimilated, meaning that many modern Germans have substantial Slavic ancestry.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHaarmann2015313–314_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHaarmann2015313–314-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> From the 12th century, many German speakers settled as merchants and craftsmen in the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Poland_(1025%E2%80%931385)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingdom of Poland (1025–1385)">Kingdom of Poland</a>, where they came to constitute a significant proportion of the population in many urban centers such as <a href="/wiki/Gda%C5%84sk" title="Gdańsk">Gdańsk</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHaarmann2015313–314_18-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHaarmann2015313–314-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the 13th century, the <a href="/wiki/Teutonic_Order" title="Teutonic Order">Teutonic Knights</a> began conquering the <a href="/wiki/Old_Prussians" title="Old Prussians">Old Prussians</a>, and established what would eventually become the powerful German state of <a href="/wiki/Prussia" title="Prussia">Prussia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMinahan2000289–290_20-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMinahan2000289–290-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Further south, <a href="/wiki/Bohemia" title="Bohemia">Bohemia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hungary" title="Hungary">Hungary</a> developed as kingdoms with their own non-German speaking elites. The <a href="/wiki/Margraviate_of_Austria" title="Margraviate of Austria">Austrian March</a> on the <a href="/wiki/Middle_Danube" class="mw-redirect" title="Middle Danube">Middle Danube</a> stopped expanding eastwards towards Hungary in the 11th century. Under <a href="/wiki/Ottokar_II_of_Bohemia" title="Ottokar II of Bohemia">Ottokar II</a>, Bohemia (corresponding roughly to modern Czechia) became a kingdom within the empire, and even managed to take control of Austria, which was German-speaking. However, the late 13th century saw the election of <a href="/wiki/Rudolf_I_of_Germany" title="Rudolf I of Germany">Rudolf I</a> of the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Habsburg" title="House of Habsburg">House of Habsburg</a> to the imperial throne, and he was able to acquire Austria for his own family. The Habsburgs would continue to play an important role in European history for centuries afterwards. Under the leadership of the Habsburgs the Holy Roman Empire itself remained weak, and by the late Middle Ages much of Lotharingia and Burgundy had come under the control of French dynasts, the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Valois-Burgundy" title="House of Valois-Burgundy">House of Valois-Burgundy</a> and <a href="/wiki/House_of_Valois-Anjou" title="House of Valois-Anjou">House of Valois-Anjou</a>. Step by step, Italy, Switzerland, <a href="/wiki/Lorraine" title="Lorraine">Lorraine</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Savoy" title="Savoy">Savoy</a> were no longer subject to effective imperial control. </p><p>Trade increased and there was a specialization of the arts and crafts.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMoser2011173_21-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMoser2011173-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the late Middle Ages the German economy grew under the influence of urban centers, which increased in size and wealth and formed powerful leagues, such as the <a href="/wiki/Hanseatic_League" title="Hanseatic League">Hanseatic League</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Swabian_League" title="Swabian League">Swabian League</a>, in order to protect their interests, often through supporting the German kings in their struggles with the nobility.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMinahan2000289–290_20-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMinahan2000289–290-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These urban leagues significantly contributed to the development of German commerce and banking. German merchants of Hanseatic cities settled in cities throughout Northern Europe beyond the German lands.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMinahan2000290_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMinahan2000290-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Modern_history">Modern history</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Early_Modern_history_of_Germany" class="mw-redirect" title="Early Modern history of Germany">Early Modern history of Germany</a> and <a href="/wiki/History_of_Germany_(1990%E2%80%93present)" title="History of Germany (1990–present)">History of Germany (1990–present)</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Map-GermanConfederation.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Map-GermanConfederation.svg/220px-Map-GermanConfederation.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="186" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Map-GermanConfederation.svg/330px-Map-GermanConfederation.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Map-GermanConfederation.svg/440px-Map-GermanConfederation.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="9031" data-file-height="7615" /></a><figcaption>Boundaries of the <a href="/wiki/German_Confederation" title="German Confederation">German Confederation</a> in red, <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Prussia" title="Kingdom of Prussia">Prussia</a> in blue, <a href="/wiki/Austrian_Empire" title="Austrian Empire">Austria</a> in yellow, and other member states in grey. Large parts of <a href="/wiki/Austria" title="Austria">Austria</a> and some parts of <a href="/wiki/Prussia" title="Prussia">Prussia</a> did not belong to the German Confederation.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mass_Grave_at_Bergen-Belsen_concentration_camp_-_Fritz_Klein_-_IWM_BU4260.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Mass_Grave_at_Bergen-Belsen_concentration_camp_-_Fritz_Klein_-_IWM_BU4260.jpg/220px-Mass_Grave_at_Bergen-Belsen_concentration_camp_-_Fritz_Klein_-_IWM_BU4260.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Mass_Grave_at_Bergen-Belsen_concentration_camp_-_Fritz_Klein_-_IWM_BU4260.jpg/330px-Mass_Grave_at_Bergen-Belsen_concentration_camp_-_Fritz_Klein_-_IWM_BU4260.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Mass_Grave_at_Bergen-Belsen_concentration_camp_-_Fritz_Klein_-_IWM_BU4260.jpg/440px-Mass_Grave_at_Bergen-Belsen_concentration_camp_-_Fritz_Klein_-_IWM_BU4260.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1767" data-file-height="1766" /></a><figcaption>Victims of <a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust" title="The Holocaust">the Holocaust</a> in a mass grave at <a href="/wiki/Bergen-Belsen_concentration_camp" title="Bergen-Belsen concentration camp">Bergen-Belsen concentration camp</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-2003-0703-500,_R%C3%BCckf%C3%BChrung_deutscher_Kinder_aus_Polen.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-2003-0703-500%2C_R%C3%BCckf%C3%BChrung_deutscher_Kinder_aus_Polen.jpg/250px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-2003-0703-500%2C_R%C3%BCckf%C3%BChrung_deutscher_Kinder_aus_Polen.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="329" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-2003-0703-500%2C_R%C3%BCckf%C3%BChrung_deutscher_Kinder_aus_Polen.jpg/330px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-2003-0703-500%2C_R%C3%BCckf%C3%BChrung_deutscher_Kinder_aus_Polen.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-2003-0703-500%2C_R%C3%BCckf%C3%BChrung_deutscher_Kinder_aus_Polen.jpg/500px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-2003-0703-500%2C_R%C3%BCckf%C3%BChrung_deutscher_Kinder_aus_Polen.jpg 2x" data-file-width="528" data-file-height="790" /></a><figcaption>Germans <a href="/wiki/Flight_and_expulsion_of_Germans_from_Poland_during_and_after_World_War_II" title="Flight and expulsion of Germans from Poland during and after World War II">expelled</a> from <a href="/wiki/Polish_People%27s_Republic" title="Polish People's Republic">Poland</a> in 1948</figcaption></figure> <p>The Habsburg dynasty managed to maintain their grip upon the imperial throne in the <a href="/wiki/Early_modern_period" title="Early modern period">early modern period</a>. While the empire itself continued to be largely de-centralized, the Habsburgs' personal power increased outside of the core German lands. <a href="/wiki/Charles_V,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor">Charles V</a> personally inherited control of the kingdoms of Hungary and Bohemia, the wealthy low countries (roughly modern Belgium, Luxembourg and the Netherlands), the Kingdoms of Castile, Aragon, Sicily, Naples, and Sardinia, and the Dukedom of Milan. Of these, the Bohemian and Hungarian titles remained connected to the imperial throne for centuries, making Austria a powerful multilingual empire in its own right. On the other hand, the <a href="/wiki/Low_countries" class="mw-redirect" title="Low countries">low countries</a> went to the Spanish crown and continued to evolve separately from Germany. </p><p>The introduction of printing by the German inventor <a href="/wiki/Johannes_Gutenberg" title="Johannes Gutenberg">Johannes Gutenberg</a> contributed to the formation of a new understanding of faith and reason. At this time, the German monk <a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther" title="Martin Luther">Martin Luther</a> pushed for reforms within the Catholic Church. Luther's efforts culminated in the <a href="/wiki/Reformation" title="Reformation">Protestant Reformation</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMoser2011173_21-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMoser2011173-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Religious schism was a leading cause of the <a href="/wiki/Thirty_Years%27_War" title="Thirty Years' War">Thirty Years' War</a>, a conflict that tore apart the Holy Roman Empire and its neighbours, leading to the death of millions of Germans. The terms of the <a href="/wiki/Peace_of_Westphalia" title="Peace of Westphalia">Peace of Westphalia</a> (1648) ending the war, included a major reduction in the central authority of the Holy Roman Emperor.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMoser2011173–174_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMoser2011173–174-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Among the most powerful German states to emerge in the aftermath was Protestant <a href="/wiki/Prussia" title="Prussia">Prussia</a>, under the rule of the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Hohenzollern" title="House of Hohenzollern">House of Hohenzollern</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMinahan2000290–291_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMinahan2000290–291-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Charles V and his Habsburg dynasty defended Roman Catholicism. </p><p>In the 18th century, German culture was significantly influenced by the <a href="/wiki/Age_of_Enlightenment" title="Age of Enlightenment">Enlightenment</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMoser2011173–174_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMoser2011173–174-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After centuries of political fragmentation, a sense of German unity began to emerge in the 18th century.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHaarmann2015313_7-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHaarmann2015313-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Holy Roman Empire continued to decline until being <a href="/wiki/Dissolution_of_the_Holy_Roman_Empire" title="Dissolution of the Holy Roman Empire">dissolved</a> altogether by <a href="/wiki/Napoleon" title="Napoleon">Napoleon</a> in 1806. In central Europe, the Napoleonic wars ushered in great social, political and economic changes, and catalyzed a <a href="/wiki/National_revival" title="National revival">national awakening</a> among the Germans. By the late 18th century, German intellectuals such as <a href="/wiki/Johann_Gottfried_Herder" title="Johann Gottfried Herder">Johann Gottfried Herder</a> articulated the concept of a German identity rooted in language, and this notion helped spark the <a href="/wiki/German_nationalism" title="German nationalism">German nationalist</a> movement, which sought to unify the Germans into a single <a href="/wiki/Nation_state" title="Nation state">nation state</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHaarmann2015314_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHaarmann2015314-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Eventually, shared ancestry, culture and language (though not religion) came to define German nationalism.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMoser2011172_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMoser2011172-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Napoleonic_Wars" title="Napoleonic Wars">Napoleonic Wars</a> ended with the <a href="/wiki/Congress_of_Vienna" title="Congress of Vienna">Congress of Vienna</a> (1815), and left most of the German states loosely united under the <a href="/wiki/German_Confederation" title="German Confederation">German Confederation</a>. The confederation came to be dominated by the Catholic <a href="/wiki/Austrian_Empire" title="Austrian Empire">Austrian Empire</a>, to the dismay of many German nationalists, who saw the German Confederation as an inadequate answer to the <a href="/wiki/German_Question" class="mw-redirect" title="German Question">German Question</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMinahan2000290–291_24-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMinahan2000290–291-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Throughout the 19th century, Prussia continued to grow in power.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMoser2011174_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMoser2011174-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Revolutions_of_1848" title="Revolutions of 1848">In 1848</a>, German revolutionaries set up the temporary <a href="/wiki/Frankfurt_Parliament" class="mw-redirect" title="Frankfurt Parliament">Frankfurt Parliament</a>, but failed in their aim of forming a united German homeland. The Prussians proposed an <a href="/wiki/Erfurt_Union" title="Erfurt Union">Erfurt Union</a> of the German states, but this effort was torpedoed by the Austrians through the <a href="/wiki/Punctation_of_Olm%C3%BCtz" title="Punctation of Olmütz">Punctation of Olmütz</a> (1850), recreating the German Confederation. In response, Prussia sought to use the <a href="/wiki/Zollverein" title="Zollverein">Zollverein</a> customs union to increase its power among the German states.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMinahan2000290–291_24-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMinahan2000290–291-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Under the leadership of <a href="/wiki/Otto_von_Bismarck" title="Otto von Bismarck">Otto von Bismarck</a>, Prussia expanded its sphere of influence and together with its German allies defeated <a href="/wiki/Denmark" title="Denmark">Denmark</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Second_Schleswig_War" title="Second Schleswig War">Second Schleswig War</a> and soon after <a href="/wiki/Austrian_Empire" title="Austrian Empire">Austria</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Austro-Prussian_War" title="Austro-Prussian War">Austro-Prussian War</a>, subsequently establishing the <a href="/wiki/North_German_Confederation" title="North German Confederation">North German Confederation</a>. In 1871, the Prussian coalition decisively defeated the <a href="/wiki/Second_French_Empire" title="Second French Empire">Second French Empire</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Franco-Prussian_War" title="Franco-Prussian War">Franco-Prussian War</a>, annexing the German speaking region of <a href="/wiki/Alsace-Lorraine" class="mw-redirect" title="Alsace-Lorraine">Alsace-Lorraine</a>. After taking Paris, Prussia and their allies <a href="/wiki/Proclamation_of_the_German_Empire" title="Proclamation of the German Empire">proclaimed</a> the formation of a united <a href="/wiki/German_Empire" title="German Empire">German Empire</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHaarmann2015314_19-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHaarmann2015314-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the years following unification, German society was radically changed by numerous processes, including industrialization, rationalization, secularization and the rise of capitalism.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMoser2011174_25-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMoser2011174-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> German power increased considerably and numerous overseas colonies were established.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMinahan2000291–292_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMinahan2000291–292-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During this time, the German population grew considerably, and many emigrated to other countries (mainly North America), contributing to the growth of the <a href="/wiki/German_diaspora" title="German diaspora">German diaspora</a>. Competition for colonies between the Great Powers contributed to the outbreak of <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a>, in which the German, Austro-Hungarian and <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empires</a> formed the <a href="/wiki/Central_Powers" title="Central Powers">Central Powers</a>, an alliance that was ultimately defeated, with none of the empires comprising it surviving the aftermath of the war. Under the terms of the Treaty of Versailles, the German and Austro-Hungarian Empires were both dissolved and partitioned, resulting in millions of Germans becoming ethnic minorities in other countries.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHaarmann2015314–315_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHaarmann2015314–315-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The monarchical rulers of the German states, including the German emperor <a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_II" title="Wilhelm II">Wilhelm II</a>, were overthrown in the <a href="/wiki/November_Revolution_of_1918" class="mw-redirect" title="November Revolution of 1918">November Revolution</a> which led to the establishment of the <a href="/wiki/Weimar_Republic" title="Weimar Republic">Weimar Republic</a>. The Germans of the <a href="/wiki/Cisleithania" title="Cisleithania">Austrian</a> side of the <a href="/wiki/Austria-Hungary" title="Austria-Hungary">Dual Monarchy</a> proclaimed the <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_German-Austria" title="Republic of German-Austria">Republic of German-Austria</a>, and sought to be incorporated into the German state, but this was forbidden by the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Versailles" title="Treaty of Versailles">Treaty of Versailles</a> and <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Saint-Germain-en-Laye_(1919)" title="Treaty of Saint-Germain-en-Laye (1919)">Treaty of Saint-Germain</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMinahan2000291–292_26-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMinahan2000291–292-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:West_and_East_Germans_at_the_Brandenburg_Gate_in_1989.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/West_and_East_Germans_at_the_Brandenburg_Gate_in_1989.jpg/250px-West_and_East_Germans_at_the_Brandenburg_Gate_in_1989.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="166" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/West_and_East_Germans_at_the_Brandenburg_Gate_in_1989.jpg/330px-West_and_East_Germans_at_the_Brandenburg_Gate_in_1989.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/West_and_East_Germans_at_the_Brandenburg_Gate_in_1989.jpg/500px-West_and_East_Germans_at_the_Brandenburg_Gate_in_1989.jpg 2x" data-file-width="661" data-file-height="498" /></a><figcaption>People standing on top the <a href="/wiki/Berlin_Wall" title="Berlin Wall">Berlin Wall</a> during <a href="/wiki/Fall_of_the_Berlin_Wall" title="Fall of the Berlin Wall">its fall</a> in 1989 in front of the <a href="/wiki/Brandenburg_Gate" title="Brandenburg Gate">Brandenburg Gate</a></figcaption></figure> <p>What many Germans saw as the "humiliation of Versailles",<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHaarmann2015316_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHaarmann2015316-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> continuing traditions of authoritarian and <a href="/wiki/Antisemitic" class="mw-redirect" title="Antisemitic">antisemitic</a> ideologies,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMoser2011174_25-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMoser2011174-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the <a href="/wiki/Great_Depression" title="Great Depression">Great Depression</a> all contributed to the rise of Austrian-born <a href="/wiki/Adolf_Hitler" title="Adolf Hitler">Adolf Hitler</a> and the Nazis, who after coming to power democratically in the early 1930s, abolished the Weimar Republic and formed the totalitarian <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Third Reich</a>. In his quest to subjugate Europe, six million <a href="/wiki/Jews" title="Jews">Jews</a> were murdered in <a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust" title="The Holocaust">the Holocaust</a>. WWII resulted in widespread destruction and the deaths of tens of millions of soldiers and civilians, while the German state was partitioned. About 12 million Germans <a href="/wiki/Flight_and_expulsion_of_Germans_(1944%E2%80%931950)" title="Flight and expulsion of Germans (1944–1950)">had to flee or were expelled</a> from Eastern Europe.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Significant damage was also done to the German reputation and identity,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHaarmann2015314–315_27-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHaarmann2015314–315-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which became far less nationalistic than it previously was.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHaarmann2015316_28-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHaarmann2015316-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The German states of <a href="/wiki/West_Germany" title="West Germany">West Germany</a> and <a href="/wiki/East_Germany" title="East Germany">East Germany</a> became focal points of the <a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a>, but were <a href="/wiki/German_reunification" title="German reunification">reunified</a> in 1990. Although there were fears that the reunified Germany might resume nationalist politics, the country is today widely regarded as a "stablizing actor in the heart of Europe" and a "promoter of democratic integration".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHaarmann2015316_28-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHaarmann2015316-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Language">Language</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Legal_status_of_German_in_Europe.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Legal_status_of_German_in_Europe.svg/250px-Legal_status_of_German_in_Europe.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="158" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Legal_status_of_German_in_Europe.svg/330px-Legal_status_of_German_in_Europe.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Legal_status_of_German_in_Europe.svg/500px-Legal_status_of_German_in_Europe.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="769" data-file-height="552" /></a><figcaption> The <a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German language</a> in Europe: <small><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r981673959">.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}</style><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#ffcc00; color:black;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact; print-color-adjust: exact;"> </span> <b>German</b> <i><b><a href="/wiki/Sprachraum" title="Sprachraum">Sprachraum</a></b></i>: German is the official language (de jure or de facto) and first language of most of the population.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959" /><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#d98575; color:black;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact; print-color-adjust: exact;"> </span> German is a co-official language but not the first language of most of the population.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959" /><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#7373d9; color:black;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact; print-color-adjust: exact;"> </span> German (or a German dialect) is a legally recognized minority language (squares: geographic distribution too dispersed/small for map scale).</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959" /><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#30efe3; color:black;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact; print-color-adjust: exact;"> </span> German (or a variety of German) is spoken by a sizeable minority but has no legal recognition.</div></small></figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German language</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Geographical_distribution_of_German_speakers" title="Geographical distribution of German speakers">Geographical distribution of German speakers</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a> is the native language of most Germans, and historically many northern Germans spoke the closely related language <a href="/wiki/Low_German" title="Low German">Low German</a>. The German language is the key marker of German ethnic identity.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHaarmann2015313_7-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHaarmann2015313-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMoser2011172_17-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMoser2011172-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> German and Low German are <a href="/wiki/West_Germanic_languages" title="West Germanic languages">West Germanic</a> languages closely related to <a href="/wiki/Dutch_language" title="Dutch language">Dutch</a>, <a href="/wiki/Frisian_languages" title="Frisian languages">Frisian languages</a> (in particular <a href="/wiki/North_Frisian_language" title="North Frisian language">North Frisian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Saterland_Frisian_language" title="Saterland Frisian language">Saterland Frisian</a>), <a href="/wiki/Luxembourgish" title="Luxembourgish">Luxembourgish</a>, and <a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHaarmann2015313_7-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHaarmann2015313-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Modern <a href="/wiki/Standard_German" title="Standard German">Standard German</a> is based on <a href="/wiki/High_German_languages" title="High German languages">High German</a> and <a href="/wiki/Central_German" title="Central German">Central German</a>, and is the first or second language of most Germans, but notably not the <a href="/wiki/Volga_Germans" title="Volga Germans">Volga Germans</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMinahan2000288_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMinahan2000288-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Geographic_distribution">Geographic distribution</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/German_diaspora" title="German diaspora">German diaspora</a></div> <p>It is estimated that there are over 100 million Germans today, most of whom live in Germany, where they constitute the majority of the population.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMoser2011171–172_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMoser2011171–172-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There are also sizable populations of Germans in Austria, Switzerland, the United States, Brazil, France, Kazakhstan, Russia, Argentina, Canada, Poland, Italy, Hungary, Australia, South Africa, Chile, Paraguay, and Namibia.<sup id="cite_ref-Haarmann_Populations_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Haarmann_Populations-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Moser_Populations_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Moser_Populations-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Culture">Culture</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Germany" title="Culture of Germany">Culture of Germany</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Holocaust_Memorial_Berlin.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Holocaust_Memorial_Berlin.JPG/220px-Holocaust_Memorial_Berlin.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Holocaust_Memorial_Berlin.JPG/330px-Holocaust_Memorial_Berlin.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Holocaust_Memorial_Berlin.JPG/440px-Holocaust_Memorial_Berlin.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/Memorial_to_the_Murdered_Jews_of_Europe" title="Memorial to the Murdered Jews of Europe">Memorial to the Murdered Jews of Europe</a> in <a href="/wiki/Berlin" title="Berlin">Berlin</a>; remembering <a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust" title="The Holocaust">the Holocaust</a> is an essential part of modern German culture.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMoser2011174_25-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMoser2011174-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>The Germans are marked by great regional diversity, which makes identifying a single German culture quite difficult.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMoser2011176–177_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMoser2011176–177-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The arts and sciences have for centuries been an important part of German identity.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWaldmanMason2005334–335_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWaldmanMason2005334–335-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Age_of_Enlightenment" title="Age of Enlightenment">Age of Enlightenment</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Romantic_era" class="mw-redirect" title="Romantic era">Romantic era</a> saw a notable flourishing of German culture. Germans of this period who contributed significantly to the arts and sciences include the writers <a href="/wiki/Johann_Wolfgang_von_Goethe" title="Johann Wolfgang von Goethe">Johann Wolfgang von Goethe</a>, <a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Schiller" title="Friedrich Schiller">Friedrich Schiller</a>, <a href="/wiki/Johann_Gottfried_Herder" title="Johann Gottfried Herder">Johann Gottfried Herder</a>, <a href="/wiki/Friedrich_H%C3%B6lderlin" title="Friedrich Hölderlin">Friedrich Hölderlin</a>, <a href="/wiki/E._T._A._Hoffmann" title="E. T. A. Hoffmann">E. T. A. Hoffmann</a>, <a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Heine" title="Heinrich Heine">Heinrich Heine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Novalis" title="Novalis">Novalis</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Brothers_Grimm" title="Brothers Grimm">Brothers Grimm</a>, the philosopher <a href="/wiki/Immanuel_Kant" title="Immanuel Kant">Immanuel Kant</a>, the architect <a href="/wiki/Karl_Friedrich_Schinkel" title="Karl Friedrich Schinkel">Karl Friedrich Schinkel</a>, the painter <a href="/wiki/Caspar_David_Friedrich" title="Caspar David Friedrich">Caspar David Friedrich</a>, and the composers <a href="/wiki/Johann_Sebastian_Bach" title="Johann Sebastian Bach">Johann Sebastian Bach</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ludwig_van_Beethoven" title="Ludwig van Beethoven">Ludwig van Beethoven</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wolfgang_Amadeus_Mozart" title="Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart">Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart</a>, <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Haydn" title="Joseph Haydn">Joseph Haydn</a>, <a href="/wiki/Johannes_Brahms" title="Johannes Brahms">Johannes Brahms</a>, <a href="/wiki/Franz_Schubert" title="Franz Schubert">Franz Schubert</a>, <a href="/wiki/Richard_Strauss" title="Richard Strauss">Richard Strauss</a> and <a href="/wiki/Richard_Wagner" title="Richard Wagner">Richard Wagner</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMoser2011176–177_34-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMoser2011176–177-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Popular German dishes include <a href="/wiki/Brown_bread" title="Brown bread">brown bread</a> and <a href="/wiki/Stew" title="Stew">stew</a>. Germans consume a high amount of <a href="/wiki/Alcohol_(drug)" title="Alcohol (drug)">alcohol</a>, particularly beer, compared to other European peoples. Obesity is relatively widespread among Germans.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMoser2011176–177_34-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMoser2011176–177-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Carnival" title="Carnival">Carnival</a> (German: <i>Karneval</i>, <i>Fasching</i>, or <i>Fastnacht</i>) is an important part of German culture, particularly in <a href="/wiki/Southern_Germany" title="Southern Germany">Southern Germany</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Rhineland" title="Rhineland">Rhineland</a>. An important German festival is the <a href="/wiki/Oktoberfest" title="Oktoberfest">Oktoberfest</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMoser2011176–177_34-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMoser2011176–177-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A steadily shrinking majority of Germans are <a href="/wiki/Christians" title="Christians">Christians</a>. About a third are <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholics" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholics">Roman Catholics</a>, while one third adheres to <a href="/wiki/Protestantism" title="Protestantism">Protestantism</a>. Another third does not profess any religion.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMoser2011172_17-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMoser2011172-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Christian holidays such as <a href="/wiki/Christmas" title="Christmas">Christmas</a> and <a href="/wiki/Easter" title="Easter">Easter</a> are celebrated by many Germans.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMoser2011176_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMoser2011176-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The number of <a href="/wiki/Muslim" class="mw-redirect" title="Muslim">Muslims</a> is growing.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMoser2011176_36-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMoser2011176-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There is also a notable <a href="/wiki/Jewish" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish">Jewish</a> community, which was decimated in <a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust" title="The Holocaust">the Holocaust</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMinahan2000174_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMinahan2000174-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Remembering the Holocaust is an important part of German culture.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMoser2011174_25-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMoser2011174-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Identity">Identity</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/German_nationalism" title="German nationalism">German nationalism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pan-Germanism" title="Pan-Germanism">Pan-Germanism</a></div> <p>A German ethnic identity began to emerge during the <a href="/wiki/Early_Middle_Ages" title="Early Middle Ages">early medieval period</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Haarmann_313_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Haarmann_313-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These peoples came to be referred to by the High German term <i>diutisc</i>, which means "ethnic" or "relating to the people". The German endonym <i><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Deutsche" class="extiw" title="wikt:Deutsche">Deutsche</a></i> is derived from this word.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHaarmann2015313_7-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHaarmann2015313-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In subsequent centuries, the German lands were relatively decentralized, leading to the maintenance of a number of strong regional identities.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHaarmann2015314_19-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHaarmann2015314-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMinahan2000289–290_20-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMinahan2000289–290-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The German nationalist movement emerged among German intellectuals in the late 18th century. They saw the Germans as a people united by language and advocated the unification of all Germans into a single nation state, which was partially achieved in 1871. By the late 19th and early 20th century, German identity came to be defined by a shared descent, culture, and history.<sup id="cite_ref-Moser_172_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Moser_172-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i><a href="/wiki/V%C3%B6lkisch" class="mw-redirect" title="Völkisch">Völkisch</a></i> elements identified Germanness with "a shared Christian heritage" and "biological essence", to the exclusion of the notable Jewish minority.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERock201932_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERock201932-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After the Holocaust and the downfall of Nazism, "any confident sense of Germanness had become suspect, if not impossible".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERock201933_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERock201933-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> East Germany and West Germany both sought to build up an identity on historical or ideological lines, distancing themselves both from the Nazi past and each other.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERock201933_40-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERock201933-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After German reunification in 1990, the political discourse was characterized by the idea of a "shared, ethnoculturally defined Germanness", and the general climate became increasingly xenophobic during the 1990s.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERock201933_40-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERock201933-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Today, discussion on Germanness may stress various aspects, such as commitment to pluralism and the German constitution (<a href="/wiki/Constitutional_patriotism" title="Constitutional patriotism">constitutional patriotism</a>),<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERock201933–34_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERock201933–34-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or the notion of a <i>Kulturnation</i> (nation sharing a common culture).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERock201934_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERock201934-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The German language remains the primary criterion of modern German identity.<sup id="cite_ref-Moser_172_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Moser_172-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1266661725">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/32px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/48px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/64px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Germany" title="Portal:Germany">Germany portal</a></span></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_groups_in_Europe" title="Ethnic groups in Europe">Ethnic groups in Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_diaspora" title="German diaspora">German diaspora</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Die_Deutschen" title="Die Deutschen">Die Deutschen</a></i>, ZDF's documentary television series</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-German_sentiment" title="Anti-German sentiment">Anti-German sentiment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germanophile" title="Germanophile">Germanophile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Germans" class="mw-redirect" title="Persecution of Germans">Persecution of Germans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Germany" title="Demographics of Germany">Demographics of Germany</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626" /><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Merriam-Webster-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Merriam-Webster_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Merriam-Webster_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Merriam-Webster_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/German">"German Definition & Meaning"</a>. <i>Merriam-Webster</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201113075927/https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/German">Archived</a> from the original on 13 November 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 November</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Merriam-Webster&rft.atitle=German+Definition+%26+Meaning&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.merriam-webster.com%2Fdictionary%2FGerman&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGermans" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-OED-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-OED_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-OED_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=anecAQAAQBAJ&pg=PA733">"German"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=anecAQAAQBAJ"><i>Oxford Dictionary of English</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. 2010. p. 733. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0199571123" title="Special:BookSources/978-0199571123"><bdi>978-0199571123</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210204224602/https://books.google.com/books?id=anecAQAAQBAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 4 February 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 December</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=German&rft.btitle=Oxford+Dictionary+of+English&rft.pages=733&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0199571123&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DanecAQAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA733&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGermans" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBundesministerium_der_Justiz_und_für_Verbraucherschutz" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Federal_Ministry_of_Justice_and_Consumer_Protection" class="mw-redirect" title="Federal Ministry of Justice and Consumer Protection">Bundesministerium der Justiz und für Verbraucherschutz</a> (ed.). "Article 116". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gesetze-im-internet.de/englisch_gg/englisch_gg.html#p0728"><i>Basic Law for the Federal Republic of Germany</i></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201107162050/https://www.gesetze-im-internet.de/englisch_gg/englisch_gg.html#p0728">Archived</a> from the original on 7 November 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 June</span> 2021</span>. <q>Unless otherwise provided by a law, a German within the meaning of this Basic Law is a person who possesses German citizenship or who has been admitted to the territory of the German Reich within the boundaries of 31 December 1937 as a refugee or expellee of German ethnic origin or as the spouse or descendant of such person.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Article+116&rft.btitle=Basic+Law+for+the+Federal+Republic+of+Germany&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.gesetze-im-internet.de%2Fenglisch_gg%2Fenglisch_gg.html%23p0728&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGermans" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Moser_172-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Moser_172_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Moser_172_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Moser_172_4-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMoser2011">Moser 2011</a>, p. 172. "German identity developed through a long historical process that led, in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, to the definition of the German nation as both a community of descent (<a href="/wiki/Volksgemeinschaft" title="Volksgemeinschaft">Volksgemeinschaft</a>) and shared culture and experience. Today, the German language is the primary though not exclusive criterion of German identity."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHaarmann2015">Haarmann 2015</a>, p. 313. "After centuries of political fragmentation, a sense of national unity as Germans began to evolve in the eighteenth century, and the German language became a key marker of national identity."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Moser_171-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Moser_171_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMoser2011">Moser 2011</a>, p. 171. "The Germans live in Central Europe, mostly in Germany... Estimates of the total number of Germans in the world range from 100 million to 150 million, depending on how German is defined, but it is probably more appropriate to accept the lower figure."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHaarmann2015313-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHaarmann2015313_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHaarmann2015313_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHaarmann2015313_7-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHaarmann2015313_7-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHaarmann2015313_7-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHaarmann2015313_7-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHaarmann2015">Haarmann 2015</a>, p. 313.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHoad2003" class="citation book cs1">Hoad, T. F. (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/acref/9780192830982.001.0001/acref-9780192830982-e-6407">"German"</a>. <i>The Concise Oxford Dictionary of English Etymology</i>. <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Facref%2F9780192830982.001.0001">10.1093/acref/9780192830982.001.0001</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780192830982" title="Special:BookSources/9780192830982"><bdi>9780192830982</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210924162222/https://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/acref/9780192830982.001.0001/acref-9780192830982-e-6407">Archived</a> from the original on 24 September 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 December</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=German&rft.btitle=The+Concise+Oxford+Dictionary+of+English+Etymology&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2003&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Facref%2F9780192830982.001.0001&rft.isbn=9780192830982&rft.aulast=Hoad&rft.aufirst=T.+F.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.oxfordreference.com%2Fview%2F10.1093%2Facref%2F9780192830982.001.0001%2Facref-9780192830982-e-6407&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGermans" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Columbia-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Columbia_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://encyclopedia2.thefreedictionary.com/Germans">"Germans"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Columbia_Encyclopedia" title="Columbia Encyclopedia">Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/Columbia_University_Press" title="Columbia University Press">Columbia University Press</a>. 2013. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201130100500/https://encyclopedia2.thefreedictionary.com/Germans">Archived</a> from the original on 30 November 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 December</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Columbia+Electronic+Encyclopedia&rft.atitle=Germans&rft.date=2013&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fencyclopedia2.thefreedictionary.com%2FGermans&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGermans" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Drinkwater-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Drinkwater_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDrinkwater2012" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_Frederick_Drinkwater" class="mw-redirect" title="John Frederick Drinkwater">Drinkwater, John Frederick</a> (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/acref/9780199545568.001.0001/acref-9780199545568-e-2831">"Germans"</a>. In <a href="/wiki/Simon_Hornblower" title="Simon Hornblower">Hornblower, Simon</a>; Spawforth, Antony; <a href="/wiki/Esther_Eidinow" title="Esther Eidinow">Eidinow, Esther</a> (eds.). <i><a href="/wiki/The_Oxford_Classical_Dictionary" class="mw-redirect" title="The Oxford Classical Dictionary">The Oxford Classical Dictionary</a></i> (4 ed.). <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. p. 613. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Facref%2F9780199545568.001.0001">10.1093/acref/9780199545568.001.0001</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780191735257" title="Special:BookSources/9780191735257"><bdi>9780191735257</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210609021237/https://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/acref/9780199545568.001.0001/acref-9780199545568-e-2831">Archived</a> from the original on 9 June 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 December</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Germans&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Classical+Dictionary&rft.pages=613&rft.edition=4&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2012&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Facref%2F9780199545568.001.0001&rft.isbn=9780191735257&rft.aulast=Drinkwater&rft.aufirst=John+Frederick&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.oxfordreference.com%2Fview%2F10.1093%2Facref%2F9780199545568.001.0001%2Facref-9780199545568-e-2831&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGermans" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Heather-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Heather_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Heather_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Heather_11-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Heather_11-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHeather" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Peter_Heather" title="Peter Heather">Heather, Peter</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/place/Germany/History#ref58082">"Germany: Ancient History"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Online" class="mw-redirect" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Online">Encyclopædia Britannica Online</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica,_Inc." title="Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.">Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190331232159/https://www.britannica.com/place/Germany/History#ref58082">Archived</a> from the original on 31 March 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 November</span> 2020</span>. <q>Within the boundaries of present-day Germany... Germanic peoples such as the eastern Franks, Frisians, Saxons, Thuringians, Alemanni, and Bavarians—all speaking West Germanic dialects—had merged Germanic and borrowed Roman cultural features. It was among these groups that a German language and ethnic identity would gradually develop during the Middle Ages.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica+Online&rft.atitle=Germany%3A+Ancient+History&rft.aulast=Heather&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fplace%2FGermany%2FHistory%23ref58082&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGermans" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMinahan2000288–289-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMinahan2000288–289_12-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMinahan2000288–289_12-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMinahan2000288–289_12-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMinahan2000288–289_12-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMinahan2000288–289_12-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMinahan2000">Minahan 2000</a>, pp. 288–289.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESteuer202132-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESteuer202132_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSteuer2021">Steuer 2021</a>, p. 32.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESteuer202189,_1310-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESteuer202189,_1310_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSteuer2021">Steuer 2021</a>, p. 89, 1310.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETimpeScardigli2010636-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETimpeScardigli2010636_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTimpeScardigli2010">Timpe & Scardigli 2010</a>, p. 636.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETodd199911-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETodd199911_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTodd1999">Todd 1999</a>, p. 11.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMoser2011172-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMoser2011172_17-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMoser2011172_17-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMoser2011172_17-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMoser2011172_17-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMoser2011">Moser 2011</a>, p. 172.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHaarmann2015313–314-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHaarmann2015313–314_18-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHaarmann2015313–314_18-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHaarmann2015313–314_18-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHaarmann2015">Haarmann 2015</a>, pp. 313–314.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHaarmann2015314-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHaarmann2015314_19-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHaarmann2015314_19-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHaarmann2015314_19-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHaarmann2015314_19-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHaarmann2015">Haarmann 2015</a>, p. 314.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMinahan2000289–290-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMinahan2000289–290_20-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMinahan2000289–290_20-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMinahan2000289–290_20-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMinahan2000289–290_20-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMinahan2000289–290_20-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMinahan2000">Minahan 2000</a>, pp. 289–290.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMoser2011173-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMoser2011173_21-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMoser2011173_21-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMoser2011173_21-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMoser2011173_21-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMoser2011">Moser 2011</a>, p. 173.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMinahan2000290-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMinahan2000290_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMinahan2000">Minahan 2000</a>, p. 290.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMoser2011173–174-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMoser2011173–174_23-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMoser2011173–174_23-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMoser2011">Moser 2011</a>, pp. 173–174.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMinahan2000290–291-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMinahan2000290–291_24-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMinahan2000290–291_24-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMinahan2000290–291_24-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMinahan2000">Minahan 2000</a>, pp. 290–291.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMoser2011174-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMoser2011174_25-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMoser2011174_25-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMoser2011174_25-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMoser2011174_25-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMoser2011174_25-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMoser2011">Moser 2011</a>, p. 174.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMinahan2000291–292-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMinahan2000291–292_26-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMinahan2000291–292_26-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMinahan2000">Minahan 2000</a>, pp. 291–292.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHaarmann2015314–315-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHaarmann2015314–315_27-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHaarmann2015314–315_27-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHaarmann2015">Haarmann 2015</a>, pp. 314–315.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHaarmann2015316-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHaarmann2015316_28-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHaarmann2015316_28-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHaarmann2015316_28-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHaarmann2015">Haarmann 2015</a>, p. 316.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFTroebst2012" class="citation journal cs1">Troebst, Stefan (2012). "The Discourse on Forced Migration and European Culture of Remembrance". <i>The Hungarian Historical Review</i>. <b>1</b> (3/4): <span class="nowrap">397–</span>414. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/42568610">42568610</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Hungarian+Historical+Review&rft.atitle=The+Discourse+on+Forced+Migration+and+European+Culture+of+Remembrance&rft.volume=1&rft.issue=3%2F4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E397-%3C%2Fspan%3E414&rft.date=2012&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F42568610%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Troebst&rft.aufirst=Stefan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGermans" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMinahan2000288-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMinahan2000288_30-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMinahan2000">Minahan 2000</a>, p. 288.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMoser2011171–172-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMoser2011171–172_31-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMoser2011">Moser 2011</a>, pp. 171–172.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Haarmann_Populations-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Haarmann_Populations_32-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHaarmann2015">Haarmann 2015</a>, p. 313. "Of the 100 million German speakers worldwide, about three quarters (76 million) live in Germany, where they account for 92 percent of the population. Populations of Germans live elsewhere in Central and Western Europe, with the largest communities in Austria (7.6 million), Switzerland (4.2 million), France (1.2 million), Kazakhstan (900,000), Russia (840,000), Poland (700,000), Italy (280,000), and Hungary (250,000). Some 1.6 million U.S. citizens speak German as their first language, the largest number of German speakers overseas."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Moser_Populations-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Moser_Populations_33-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMoser2011">Moser 2011</a>, pp. 171–172. "The Germans live in Central Europe, mostly in Germany... The largest populations outside of these countries are found in the United States (5 million), Brazil (3 million), the former Soviet Union (2 million), Argentina (500,000), Canada (450,000), Spain (170,000), Australia (110,000), the United Kingdom (100,000), and South Africa (75,000). "</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMoser2011176–177-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMoser2011176–177_34-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMoser2011176–177_34-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMoser2011176–177_34-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMoser2011176–177_34-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMoser2011">Moser 2011</a>, pp. 176–177.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWaldmanMason2005334–335-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWaldmanMason2005334–335_35-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWaldmanMason2005">Waldman & Mason 2005</a>, pp. 334–335.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMoser2011176-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMoser2011176_36-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMoser2011176_36-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMoser2011">Moser 2011</a>, p. 176.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMinahan2000174-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMinahan2000174_37-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMinahan2000">Minahan 2000</a>, p. 174.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Haarmann_313-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Haarmann_313_38-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHaarmann2015">Haarmann 2015</a>, p. 313 "Germans are a Germanic (or Teutonic) people that are indigenous to Central Europe... Germanic tribes have inhabited Central Europe since at least Roman times, but it was not until the early Middle Ages that a distinct German ethnic identity began to emerge."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERock201932-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERock201932_39-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRock2019">Rock 2019</a>, p. 32.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERock201933-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERock201933_40-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERock201933_40-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERock201933_40-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRock2019">Rock 2019</a>, p. 33.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERock201933–34-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERock201933–34_41-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRock2019">Rock 2019</a>, pp. 33–34.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERock201934-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERock201934_42-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRock2019">Rock 2019</a>, p. 34.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHaarmann2015" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Harald_Haarmann" title="Harald Haarmann">Haarmann, Harald</a> (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=vf4TBwAAQBAJ&pg=PA313">"Germans"</a>. In <a href="/wiki/Steven_L._Danver" title="Steven L. Danver">Danver, Steven</a> (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=vf4TBwAAQBAJ"><i>Native Peoples of the World: An Encyclopedia of Groups, Cultures and Contemporary Issues</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>. pp. <span class="nowrap">313–</span>316. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1317464006" title="Special:BookSources/978-1317464006"><bdi>978-1317464006</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171014091223/https://books.google.com/books?id=vf4TBwAAQBAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 14 October 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 June</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Germans&rft.btitle=Native+Peoples+of+the+World%3A+An+Encyclopedia+of+Groups%2C+Cultures+and+Contemporary+Issues&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E313-%3C%2Fspan%3E316&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-1317464006&rft.aulast=Haarmann&rft.aufirst=Harald&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dvf4TBwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA313&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGermans" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMoser2011" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Johannes_Moser_(ethnologist)" title="Johannes Moser (ethnologist)">Moser, Johannes</a> (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Wlth0GRi0N0C&pg=PA171">"Germans"</a>. In <a href="/wiki/Jeffrey_Cole" title="Jeffrey Cole">Cole, Jeffrey</a> (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Wlth0GRi0N0C"><i>Ethnic Groups of Europe: An Encyclopedia</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/ABC-CLIO" class="mw-redirect" title="ABC-CLIO">ABC-CLIO</a>. pp. <span class="nowrap">171–</span>177. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1598843026" title="Special:BookSources/978-1598843026"><bdi>978-1598843026</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170110202848/https://books.google.com/books?id=Wlth0GRi0N0C">Archived</a> from the original on 10 January 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 October</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Germans&rft.btitle=Ethnic+Groups+of+Europe%3A+An+Encyclopedia&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E171-%3C%2Fspan%3E177&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-1598843026&rft.aulast=Moser&rft.aufirst=Johannes&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DWlth0GRi0N0C%26pg%3DPA171&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGermans" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMinahan2000" class="citation book cs1">Minahan, James (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=NwvoM-ZFoAgC&pg=PA287">"Germans"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=NwvoM-ZFoAgC"><i>One Europe, Many Nations: A Historical Dictionary of European National Groups</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Greenwood_Publishing_Group" title="Greenwood Publishing Group">Greenwood Publishing Group</a>. pp. <span class="nowrap">287–</span>294. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0313309841" title="Special:BookSources/0313309841"><bdi>0313309841</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150321014815/http://books.google.com/books?id=NwvoM-ZFoAgC">Archived</a> from the original on 21 March 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 March</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Germans&rft.btitle=One+Europe%2C+Many+Nations%3A+A+Historical+Dictionary+of+European+National+Groups&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E287-%3C%2Fspan%3E294&rft.pub=Greenwood+Publishing+Group&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=0313309841&rft.aulast=Minahan&rft.aufirst=James&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DNwvoM-ZFoAgC%26pg%3DPA287&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGermans" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSteuer2021" class="citation book cs1">Steuer, Heiko (2021). <i>Germanen aus Sicht der Archäologie: Neue Thesen zu einem alten Thema</i>. de Gruyter.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Germanen+aus+Sicht+der+Arch%C3%A4ologie%3A+Neue+Thesen+zu+einem+alten+Thema&rft.pub=de+Gruyter&rft.date=2021&rft.aulast=Steuer&rft.aufirst=Heiko&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGermans" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFTimpeScardigli2010" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Timpe, Dieter; Scardigli, Barbara; et al. (2010) [1998]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.degruyter.com/document/database/GAO/entry/RGA_1884/html">"Germanen, Germania, Germanische Altertumskunde"</a>. <i>Germanische Altertumskunde Online</i>. pp. <span class="nowrap">363–</span>876. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210817192455/https://www.degruyter.com/document/database/GAO/entry/RGA_1884/html">Archived</a> from the original on 17 August 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 April</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Germanen%2C+Germania%2C+Germanische+Altertumskunde&rft.btitle=Germanische+Altertumskunde+Online&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E363-%3C%2Fspan%3E876&rft.date=2010&rft.aulast=Timpe&rft.aufirst=Dieter&rft.au=Scardigli%2C+Barbara&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.degruyter.com%2Fdocument%2Fdatabase%2FGAO%2Fentry%2FRGA_1884%2Fhtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGermans" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFTodd1999" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Malcolm_Todd" title="Malcolm Todd">Todd, Malcolm</a> (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=p5QdmV3zNpIC"><i>The Early Germans</i></a> (2009 ed.). John Wiley & Sons. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4051-3756-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4051-3756-0"><bdi>978-1-4051-3756-0</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230423122528/https://books.google.com/books?id=p5QdmV3zNpIC">Archived</a> from the original on 23 April 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 April</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Early+Germans&rft.edition=2009&rft.pub=John+Wiley+%26+Sons&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-1-4051-3756-0&rft.aulast=Todd&rft.aufirst=Malcolm&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dp5QdmV3zNpIC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGermans" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWaldmanMason2005" class="citation book cs1">Waldman, Carl; Mason, Catherine (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=kfv6HKXErqAC&pg=PA330">"Germans"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=kfv6HKXErqAC"><i>Encyclopedia of European Peoples</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Infobase_Publishing" class="mw-redirect" title="Infobase Publishing">Infobase Publishing</a>. pp. <span class="nowrap">330–</span>335. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1438129181" title="Special:BookSources/1438129181"><bdi>1438129181</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151128103819/https://books.google.com/books?id=kfv6HKXErqAC">Archived</a> from the original on 28 November 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 December</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Germans&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+European+Peoples&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E330-%3C%2Fspan%3E335&rft.pub=Infobase+Publishing&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=1438129181&rft.aulast=Waldman&rft.aufirst=Carl&rft.au=Mason%2C+Catherine&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dkfv6HKXErqAC%26pg%3DPA330&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGermans" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239549316" /><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 20em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCraig1983" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Gordon_Alexander_Craig" class="mw-redirect" title="Gordon Alexander Craig">Craig, Gordon Alexander</a> (1983). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=_UGx5zKqjQcC"><i>The Germans</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/New_American_Library" title="New American Library">New American Library</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0452006228" title="Special:BookSources/0452006228"><bdi>0452006228</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210527125700/https://books.google.com/books?id=_UGx5zKqjQcC">Archived</a> from the original on 27 May 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 December</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Germans&rft.pub=New+American+Library&rft.date=1983&rft.isbn=0452006228&rft.aulast=Craig&rft.aufirst=Gordon+Alexander&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D_UGx5zKqjQcC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGermans" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFElias1996" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Norbert_Elias" title="Norbert Elias">Elias, Norbert</a> (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=MBS7wAEACAAJ"><i>The Germans</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Columbia_University_Press" title="Columbia University Press">Columbia University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0231105630" title="Special:BookSources/0231105630"><bdi>0231105630</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210527125701/https://books.google.com/books?id=MBS7wAEACAAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 27 May 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 December</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Germans&rft.pub=Columbia+University+Press&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=0231105630&rft.aulast=Elias&rft.aufirst=Norbert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DMBS7wAEACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGermans" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFJames2000" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Harold_James_(historian)" title="Harold James (historian)">James, Harold</a> (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=QFd2QgAACAAJ"><i>A German Identity</i></a> (2 ed.). <a href="/wiki/Weidenfeld_%26_Nicolson" title="Weidenfeld & Nicolson">Phoenix Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1842122045" title="Special:BookSources/1842122045"><bdi>1842122045</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210527125703/https://books.google.com/books?id=QFd2QgAACAAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 27 May 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 December</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+German+Identity&rft.edition=2&rft.pub=Phoenix+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=1842122045&rft.aulast=James&rft.aufirst=Harold&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DQFd2QgAACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGermans" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMallory1991" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/J._P._Mallory" title="J. P. Mallory">Mallory, J. P.</a> (1991). "Germans". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=lENVpwAACAAJ"><i>In Search of the Indo-Europeans: Language Archeology and Myth</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Thames_%26_Hudson" title="Thames & Hudson">Thames & Hudson</a>. pp. <span class="nowrap">84–</span>87. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210303031629/https://books.google.com/books?id=lENVpwAACAAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 3 March 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 December</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Germans&rft.btitle=In+Search+of+the+Indo-Europeans%3A+Language+Archeology+and+Myth&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E84-%3C%2Fspan%3E87&rft.pub=Thames+%26+Hudson&rft.date=1991&rft.aulast=Mallory&rft.aufirst=J.+P.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DlENVpwAACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGermans" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRock2019" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lena_Rock&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lena Rock (page does not exist)">Rock, Lena</a> (2019). <i>As German as Kafka: Identity and Singularity in German Literature around 1900 and 2000</i>. <a href="/wiki/Leuven_University_Press" title="Leuven University Press">Leuven University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2Fj.ctvss3xg0">10.2307/j.ctvss3xg0</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789462701786" title="Special:BookSources/9789462701786"><bdi>9789462701786</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctvss3xg0">j.ctvss3xg0</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:241563332">241563332</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=As+German+as+Kafka%3A+Identity+and+Singularity+in+German+Literature+around+1900+and+2000&rft.pub=Leuven+University+Press&rft.date=2019&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2Fj.ctvss3xg0&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A241563332%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2Fj.ctvss3xg0%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.isbn=9789462701786&rft.aulast=Rock&rft.aufirst=Lena&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGermans" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFTodd2004a" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Malcolm_Todd" title="Malcolm Todd">Todd, Malcolm</a> (2004a). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ZxXltwAACAAJ"><i>The Early Germans</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Wiley-Blackwell" title="Wiley-Blackwell">Blackwell Publishing</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781405117142" title="Special:BookSources/9781405117142"><bdi>9781405117142</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200805062110/https://books.google.com/books?id=ZxXltwAACAAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 5 August 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 December</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Early+Germans&rft.pub=Blackwell+Publishing&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=9781405117142&rft.aulast=Todd&rft.aufirst=Malcolm&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DZxXltwAACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGermans" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWells2011" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Peter_S._Wells" title="Peter S. Wells">Wells, Peter S.</a> (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=fS4XmwEEsRkC&pg=PA211">"The Ancient Germans"</a>. In <a href="/wiki/Larissa_Bonfante" title="Larissa Bonfante">Bonfante, Larissa</a> (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=fS4XmwEEsRkC"><i>The Barbarians of Ancient Europe</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>. pp. <span class="nowrap">211–</span>232. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-19404-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-19404-4"><bdi>978-0-521-19404-4</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210527125702/https://books.google.com/books?id=fS4XmwEEsRkC">Archived</a> from the original on 27 May 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 December</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Ancient+Germans&rft.btitle=The+Barbarians+of+Ancient+Europe&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E211-%3C%2Fspan%3E232&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-521-19404-4&rft.aulast=Wells&rft.aufirst=Peter+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DfS4XmwEEsRkC%26pg%3DPA211&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGermans" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output 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.navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="German_people71" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Germans" title="Template:Germans"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Germans" title="Template talk:Germans"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Germans" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Germans"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="German_people71" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">German people</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Historical</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Bundesdeutsche</i></span></li> <li><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Reichsdeutsche" title="Reichsdeutsche">Reichsdeutsche</a></i></span> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Palatines" title="Palatines">Palatines</a></li></ul></li> <li><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Volksdeutsche" title="Volksdeutsche">Volksdeutsche</a></i></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/German_diaspora" title="German diaspora">Diaspora</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Europe</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Central Europe</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Germans_in_the_Czech_Republic" title="Germans in the Czech Republic">Czech Republic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Silesian_German" title="Silesian German">Silesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sudeten_Germans" title="Sudeten Germans">Sudeten Germans</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germans_of_Hungary" title="Germans of Hungary">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_minority_in_Poland" title="German minority in Poland">Poland</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vistula_Germans" title="Vistula Germans">Vistula</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vistula_delta_Mennonites" title="Vistula delta Mennonites">Vistula delta Mennonites</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ol%C4%99ders" class="mw-redirect" title="Olęders">Olęders</a></li> <li><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Walddeutsche" title="Walddeutsche">Walddeutsche</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galician_Germans" title="Galician Germans">Galicia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silesian_German" title="Silesian German">Silesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vilamovians" title="Vilamovians">Vilamovians</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carpathian_Germans" title="Carpathian Germans">Slovakia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zipser_Germans" title="Zipser Germans">Zipser</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_immigration_to_Switzerland" title="German immigration to Switzerland">Switzerland</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Eastern Europe</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Germans_in_Belarus" title="Germans in Belarus">Belarus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bessarabia_Germans" title="Bessarabia Germans">Moldova</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black_Sea_Germans" title="Black Sea Germans">Black Sea</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germans_of_Romania" title="Germans of Romania">Romania</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Transylvanian_Saxons" title="Transylvanian Saxons">Transylvanian Saxons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transylvanian_Landlers" title="Transylvanian Landlers">Landlers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Danube_Swabians" title="Danube Swabians">Danube</a> (including <a href="/wiki/Banat_Swabians" title="Banat Swabians">Banat</a>, <a href="/wiki/Banat_Highland_Germans" title="Banat Highland Germans">Highland</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Walser_people" title="Walser people">Walser</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satu_Mare_Swabians" title="Satu Mare Swabians">Satu Mare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bukovina_Germans" title="Bukovina Germans">Bukovina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dobrujan_Germans" title="Dobrujan Germans">Dobruja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regat_Germans" title="Regat Germans">Regat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zipser_Germans" title="Zipser Germans">Zipser</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Germans_in_Russia,_Ukraine,_and_the_Soviet_Union" title="History of Germans in Russia, Ukraine, and the Soviet Union">Russia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Volga_Germans" title="Volga Germans">Volga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caucasus_Germans" title="Caucasus Germans">North Caucasus</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Germans_in_Russia,_Ukraine,_and_the_Soviet_Union" title="History of Germans in Russia, Ukraine, and the Soviet Union">Ukraine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bessarabia_Germans" title="Bessarabia Germans">Bessarabia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Sea_Germans" title="Black Sea Germans">Black Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Mennonites" title="Russian Mennonites">Russian Mennonites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carpathian_Germans" title="Carpathian Germans">Carpathian Ruthenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crimea_Germans" title="Crimea Germans">Crimea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galician_Germans" title="Galician Germans">Galicia</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Northern Europe</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baltic_Germans" title="Baltic Germans">Baltic states</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_minority_in_Denmark" title="German minority in Denmark">Denmark</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/North_Schleswig_Germans" class="mw-redirect" title="North Schleswig Germans">North Schleswig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Potato_Germans" title="Potato Germans">Potato Germans</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germans_in_Norway" class="mw-redirect" title="Germans in Norway">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germans_in_Finland" title="Germans in Finland">Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germans_in_Sweden" title="Germans in Sweden">Sweden</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Southern Europe</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Caucasus_Germans" title="Caucasus Germans">Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germans_in_Azerbaijan" title="Germans in Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germans_in_Bulgaria" title="Germans in Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caucasus_Germans" title="Caucasus Germans">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_South_Tyrol" title="History of South Tyrol">Italy (South Tyrol)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germans_of_Yugoslavia" title="Germans of Yugoslavia">Yugoslavia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Germans_of_Yugoslavia" title="Germans of Yugoslavia">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germans_of_Croatia" title="Germans of Croatia">Croatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germans_of_Serbia" title="Germans of Serbia">Serbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germans_of_Slovenia" class="mw-redirect" title="Germans of Slovenia">Slovenia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gottscheers" title="Gottscheers">Gottscheers</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Western Europe</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/German-speaking_Community_of_Belgium" title="German-speaking Community of Belgium">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germans_in_France" title="Germans in France">France</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Alsatians_and_Lotharingians" title="List of Alsatians and Lotharingians">Alsatians and Lotharingians</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germans_in_the_Netherlands" class="mw-redirect" title="Germans in the Netherlands">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germans_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Germans in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Multinational dimension</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_German_settlement_in_Central_and_Eastern_Europe" title="History of German settlement in Central and Eastern Europe">Central and Eastern</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/German_colonization_of_the_Americas" title="German colonization of the Americas">Americas</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/German_Argentines" title="German Argentines">Argentina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mennonites_in_Belize" title="Mennonites in Belize">Belize</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_Bolivians" title="German Bolivians">Bolivia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_Brazilians" title="German Brazilians">Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_Canadians" title="German Canadians">Canada</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amish" title="Amish">Amish</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amish_Mennonite" title="Amish Mennonite">Amish Mennonites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beachy_Amish" title="Beachy Amish">Beachy Amish</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Old_Beachy_Amish" title="Old Beachy Amish">Old Beachy Amish</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Order_Amish" title="New Order Amish">New Order Amish</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hutterites" title="Hutterites">Hutterites</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dariusleut" title="Dariusleut">Dariusleut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lehrerleut" title="Lehrerleut">Lehrerleut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schmiedeleut" title="Schmiedeleut">Schmiedeleut</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German-Canadian_history_in_British_Columbia" title="German-Canadian history in British Columbia">British Columbia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_Chileans" title="German Chileans">Chile</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Los_R%C3%ADos_Region" title="Los Ríos Region">Los Ríos Region</a> (including German, Swiss and Austrians)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Los_Lagos_Region" title="Los Lagos Region">Los Lagos Region</a> (including German, Swiss and Austrians)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_Colombian" class="mw-redirect" title="German Colombian">Colombia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mennonites_in_Colombia" title="Mennonites in Colombia">Mennonites</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immigration_to_Costa_Rica#Germans" title="Immigration to Costa Rica">Costa Rica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_Guatemalan" title="German Guatemalan">Guatemala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_Haitians" title="German Haitians">Haiti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germans_in_Jamaica" title="Germans in Jamaica">Jamaica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_Mexicans" title="German Mexicans">Mexico</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mennonites_in_Mexico" title="Mennonites in Mexico">Mennonites</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_Nicaraguan" class="mw-redirect" title="German Nicaraguan">Nicaragua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germans_in_Paraguay" class="mw-redirect" title="Germans in Paraguay">Paraguay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_Peruvians" title="German Peruvians">Peru</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pozuzo" title="Pozuzo">Pozuzo</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_Salvadoran" class="mw-redirect" title="German Salvadoran">El Salvador</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mennonites_in_El_Salvador" title="Mennonites in El Salvador">Mennonites</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_Americans" title="German Americans">United States</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amish" title="Amish">Amish</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amish_Mennonite" title="Amish Mennonite">Amish Mennonites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beachy_Amish" title="Beachy Amish">Beachy Amish</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Old_Beachy_Amish" title="Old Beachy Amish">Old Beachy Amish</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Order_Amish" title="New Order Amish">New Order Amish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subgroups_of_Amish#Para-Amish_groups" title="Subgroups of Amish">Para-Amish</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Believers_in_Christ,_Lobelville" title="Believers in Christ, Lobelville">Believers in Christ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Communities_(Elmo_Stoll)" title="Christian Communities (Elmo Stoll)">Christian Communities</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Caneyville_Christian_Community" title="Caneyville Christian Community">Caneyville</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vernon_Community,_Hestand" title="Vernon Community, Hestand">Vernon Community</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hutterites" title="Hutterites">Hutterites</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dariusleut" title="Dariusleut">Dariusleut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lehrerleut" title="Lehrerleut">Lehrerleut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schmiedeleut" title="Schmiedeleut">Schmiedeleut</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania_Dutch" title="Pennsylvania Dutch">Pennsylvania Dutch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_Nebraskan" class="mw-redirect" title="German Nebraskan">Nebraska</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Mennonites" title="Russian Mennonites">Russian Mennonites</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amish_Mennonite" title="Amish Mennonite">Amish Mennonites</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_Texan" class="mw-redirect" title="German Texan">Texas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germans_in_Omaha,_Nebraska" title="Germans in Omaha, Nebraska">Omaha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_Palatines" class="mw-redirect" title="German Palatines">Palatines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_immigration_to_Puerto_Rico" title="German immigration to Puerto Rico">Puerto Rico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:German_Americans_by_location" title="Template:German Americans by location">by city</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_Uruguayans" title="German Uruguayans">Uruguay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_Venezuelans" title="German Venezuelans">Venezuela</a> <ul><li><span title="Spanish-language text"><i lang="es"><a href="/wiki/Colonia_Tovar" title="Colonia Tovar">Colonia Tovar</a></i></span></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/German_colonization_of_Africa" title="German colonization of Africa">Africa</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/German_Angolans" title="German Angolans">Angola</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=German_Cameroonians&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="German Cameroonians (page does not exist)">Cameroon</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Douala" title="Douala">Douala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yaound%C3%A9" title="Yaoundé">Yaoundé</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ghanaian_Germans&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ghanaian Germans (page does not exist)">Ghana</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=German_Guineans&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="German Guineans (page does not exist)">Guinea</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kapita%C3%AF_and_Koba" title="Kapitaï and Koba">Kapitaï and Koba</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=German_Ivorians&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="German Ivorians (page does not exist)">Ivory Coast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_Namibians" title="German Namibians">Namibia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Germans_Nigerians&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Germans Nigerians (page does not exist)">Nigeria</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lagos" title="Lagos">Lagos</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Germans_in_Senegal&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Germans in Senegal (page does not exist)">Senegal</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kapita%C3%AF_and_Koba" title="Kapitaï and Koba">Kapitaï and Koba</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germans_in_South_Africa" title="Germans in South Africa">South Africa</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afrikaners" title="Afrikaners">Afrikaners</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=German_Tanzanians&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="German Tanzanians (page does not exist)">Tanzania</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bagamoyo" title="Bagamoyo">Bagamoyo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dar_es_Salaam" title="Dar es Salaam">Dar es Salaam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zanzibar" title="Zanzibar">Zanzibar</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Germans_in_Togo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Germans in Togo (page does not exist)">Togo</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baguida" title="Baguida">Baguida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sebe" title="Sebe">Sebe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lom%C3%A9" title="Lomé">Lomé</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afrikaners_in_Zimbabwe" title="Afrikaners in Zimbabwe">Zimbabwe</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Asia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Germans_in_Azerbaijan" title="Germans in Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germans_in_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Germans in China">China</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beijing" title="Beijing">Beijing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qingdao" title="Qingdao">Qingdao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tianjin" title="Tianjin">Tianjin</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germans_in_India" title="Germans in India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_Indonesians" title="German Indonesians">Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_Speaking_Protestant_Congregation_in_Iran" title="German Speaking Protestant Congregation in Iran">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Templers_(Radical_Pietist_sect)" title="Templers (Radical Pietist sect)">Israel</a></li> <li><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%9C%A8%E6%97%A5%E3%83%89%E3%82%A4%E3%83%84%E4%BA%BA" class="extiw" title="jp:在日ドイツ人">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kazakhstan_Germans" class="mw-redirect" title="Kazakhstan Germans">Kazakhstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germans_in_Korea" title="Germans in Korea">Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kyrgyzstan_Germans" title="Kyrgyzstan Germans">Kyrgyzstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germans_in_Pakistan" title="Germans in Pakistan">Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_settlement_in_the_Philippines" class="mw-redirect" title="German settlement in the Philippines">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germans_in_Turkey" title="Germans in Turkey">Turkey</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bosporus_Germans" title="Bosporus Germans">Bosporus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caucasus_Germans" title="Caucasus Germans">Caucasus</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germans_in_the_United_Arab_Emirates" class="mw-redirect" title="Germans in the United Arab Emirates">United Arab Emirates</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Oceania</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/German_Australians" title="German Australians">Australia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Detention_River_Christian_Community" title="Detention River Christian Community">Hutterites</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_New_Zealanders" title="German New Zealanders">New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Germans_in_Papua_New_Guinea&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Germans in Papua New Guinea (page does not exist)">Papua New Guinea</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kokopo" title="Kokopo">Kokopo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rabaul" title="Rabaul">Rabaul</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=German_Samoans&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="German Samoans (page does not exist)">German Samoans</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apia" title="Apia">Apia</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Ostsiedlung" title="Ostsiedlung">Ostsiedlung</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flight_and_expulsion_of_Germans_(1944%E2%80%931950)" title="Flight and expulsion of Germans (1944–1950)">Flight and expulsion of Germans (1944–1950)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Germany_articles683" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Germany_topics" title="Template:Germany topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Germany_topics" title="Template talk:Germany topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Germany_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Germany topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Germany_articles683" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a> <a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Germany" title="Outline of Germany">articles</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">General <br /> History</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Overviews</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Germany" title="History of Germany">History of Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_German_history" title="Timeline of German history">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historiography_of_Germany" title="Historiography of Germany">Historiography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Germany" title="Military history of Germany">Military history</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Ancient</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Germanic_peoples" title="Germanic peoples">Germanic peoples</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Migration_Period" title="Migration Period">Migration Period</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_early_Germanic_peoples" title="List of early Germanic peoples">List of early Germanic peoples</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goths" title="Goths">Goths</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teutons" title="Teutons">Teutons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visigoths" title="Visigoths">Visigoths</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Huns" title="History of the Huns">History of the Huns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chronology_of_warfare_between_the_Romans_and_Germanic_peoples" title="Chronology of warfare between the Romans and Germanic peoples">Chronology of warfare between the Romans and Germanic peoples</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cimbrian_War" title="Cimbrian War">Cimbrian War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_campaigns_in_Germania_(12_BC_%E2%80%93_AD_16)" title="Roman campaigns in Germania (12 BC – AD 16)">Roman campaigns in Germania (12 BC – AD 16)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcomannic_Wars" title="Marcomannic Wars">Marcomannic Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gothic_Wars" class="mw-redirect" title="Gothic Wars">Gothic Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sack_of_Rome_(410)" title="Sack of Rome (410)">Sack of Rome (410)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Middle Ages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Francia" title="Francia">Frankish Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Verdun" title="Treaty of Verdun">Treaty of Verdun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Francia" title="East Francia">East Francia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carolingian_Empire" title="Carolingian Empire">Carolingian Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carolingian_dynasty" title="Carolingian dynasty">Carolingian dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_Roman_Empire" title="Holy Roman Empire">Holy Roman Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ostsiedlung" title="Ostsiedlung">Ostsiedlung (East Colonisation)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Modern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Germany_in_the_early_modern_period" title="Germany in the early modern period">Early modern period, 1500–1800</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/18th-century_history_of_Germany" title="18th-century history of Germany">18th-century</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confederation_of_the_Rhine" title="Confederation of the Rhine">Confederation of the Rhine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_revolutions_of_1848%E2%80%931849" title="German revolutions of 1848–1849">German revolutions of 1848–1849</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_Confederation" title="German Confederation">German Confederation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frankfurt_Constitution" title="Frankfurt Constitution">Frankfurt Constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_German_Confederation" title="North German Confederation">North German Confederation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unification_of_Germany" title="Unification of Germany">Unification of Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_Empire" title="German Empire">German Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Germany_during_World_War_I" title="History of Germany during World War I">World War I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_guilt_question" title="War guilt question">War guilt question</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_Revolution_of_1918%E2%80%931919" class="mw-redirect" title="German Revolution of 1918–1919">Revolution of 1918</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weimar_Republic" title="Weimar Republic">Weimar Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Nazi Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany#World_War_II" title="Nazi Germany">World War II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allied-occupied_Germany" title="Allied-occupied Germany">Allied occupation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flight_and_expulsion_of_Germans_(1944%E2%80%931950)" title="Flight and expulsion of Germans (1944–1950)">Flight and expulsions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denazification" title="Denazification">Denazification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Germany_(1945%E2%80%931990)" title="History of Germany (1945–1990)">Divided Germany</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/East_Germany" title="East Germany">East Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Germany" title="West Germany">West Germany</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Contemporary</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/German_reunification" title="German reunification">Reunification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Germany_since_1990" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Germany since 1990">History of Germany since 1990</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Regions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Prussia" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Prussia">History of Prussia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Brandenburg" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Brandenburg">History of Brandenburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cologne_War" title="Cologne War">Cologne War</a>, 1583–1588</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baden_Revolution" title="Baden Revolution">Baden Revolution</a>, 1848</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Germany" title="Geography of Germany">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_Germany" class="mw-redirect" title="Administrative divisions of Germany">Administrative divisions</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/States_of_Germany" title="States of Germany">States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Districts_of_Germany" title="Districts of Germany">Districts</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_and_towns_in_Germany" title="List of cities and towns in Germany">Cities and towns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_earthquakes_in_Germany" title="List of earthquakes in Germany">Earthquakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geology_of_Germany" title="Geology of Germany">Geology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_Germany" title="List of islands of Germany">Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_lakes_of_Germany" title="List of lakes of Germany">Lakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Mountains_of_Germany" title="Category:Mountains of Germany">Mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Rivers_of_Germany" title="Category:Rivers of Germany">Rivers</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Germany" title="Politics of Germany">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bundestag" title="Bundestag">Bundestag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_Bundesrat" title="German Bundesrat">Bundesrat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bundeswehr" title="Bundeswehr"><i>Bundeswehr</i> <span style="font-size: 85%;">(military)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chancellor_of_Germany" title="Chancellor of Germany">Chancellor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basic_Law_for_the_Federal_Republic_of_Germany" title="Basic Law for the Federal Republic of Germany">Constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judiciary_of_Germany" title="Judiciary of Germany">Court system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Germany" title="Elections in Germany">Elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_Government_of_Germany" title="Federal Government of Germany">Federal Government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Germany" title="Foreign relations of Germany">Foreign relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Germany" title="Human rights in Germany">Human rights</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Intersex_rights_in_Germany" title="Intersex rights in Germany">Intersex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Germany" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in Germany">LGBT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transgender_rights_in_Germany" title="Transgender rights in Germany">Transgender</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_of_Germany" title="Law of Germany">Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Germany" title="Law enforcement in Germany">Law enforcement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lobbying_in_Germany" title="Lobbying in Germany">Lobbying</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_Germany" title="Conservatism in Germany">Conservatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_nationalism" title="German nationalism">Nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_Germany" title="List of political parties in Germany">Political parties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_Germany" title="President of Germany">President</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Germany" title="Economy of Germany">Economy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_Germany" title="Agriculture in Germany">Agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Automotive_industry_in_Germany" title="Automotive industry in Germany">Automobile industry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banking_in_Germany" title="Banking in Germany">Banking</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Deutsche_Bundesbank" title="Deutsche Bundesbank">Central bank</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_German_Chemical_Triangle" title="Middle German Chemical Triangle">Chemical Triangle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_Germany" title="Economic history of Germany">Economic history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Germany" title="Energy in Germany">Energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_exports_of_Germany" title="List of exports of Germany">Exports</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_model" title="German model">German model</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_German_states_by_GDP" class="mw-redirect" title="List of German states by GDP">German states by GDP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mittelstand" title="Mittelstand"><i>Mittelstand</i> companies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_and_technology_in_Germany" title="Science and technology in Germany">Science and technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frankfurt_Stock_Exchange" title="Frankfurt Stock Exchange">Stock exchange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taxation_in_Germany" title="Taxation in Germany">Taxation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Germany" title="Telecommunications in Germany">Telecommunications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Germany" title="Tourism in Germany">Tourism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trade_unions_in_Germany" title="Trade unions in Germany">Trade unions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Germany" title="Transport in Germany">Transport</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rail_transport_in_Germany" title="Rail transport in Germany">Rail</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welfare_in_Germany" class="mw-redirect" title="Welfare in Germany">Welfare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Germany" title="Women in Germany">Women</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Society_of_Germany" title="Category:Society of Germany">Society</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Crime_in_Germany" title="Crime in Germany">Crime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_Germany" title="Corruption in Germany">Corruption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Germany" title="Demographics of Germany">Demographics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drug_policy_of_Germany" title="Drug policy of Germany">Drug policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Germany" title="Education in Germany">Education</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Germans</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Ethnic_groups_in_Germany" title="Category:Ethnic groups in Germany">Ethnic groups</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Germany" title="Women in Germany">Women</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Healthcare_in_Germany" title="Healthcare in Germany">Healthcare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homelessness_in_Germany" title="Homelessness in Germany">Homelessness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immigration_to_Germany" title="Immigration to Germany">Immigration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irreligion_in_Germany" title="Irreligion in Germany">Irreligion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_German_states_by_life_expectancy" title="List of German states by life expectancy">Life expectancy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naturism_in_Germany" title="Naturism in Germany">Naturism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pensions_in_Germany" title="Pensions in Germany">Pensions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pornography_in_Germany" title="Pornography in Germany">Pornography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poverty_in_Germany" title="Poverty in Germany">Poverty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prostitution_in_Germany" title="Prostitution in Germany">Prostitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_Germany" title="Racism in Germany">Racism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Germany" title="Religion in Germany">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_issues_in_Germany" class="mw-redirect" title="Social issues in Germany">Social issues</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trade_unions_in_Germany" title="Trade unions in Germany">Trade unions</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Germany" title="Culture of Germany">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Deutschlandlied" title="Deutschlandlied">Anthem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_Germany" title="Architecture of Germany">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_art" title="German art">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Arts_in_Germany" title="Category:Arts in Germany">Arts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Germany" title="Cinema of Germany">Cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Germany" title="Coat of arms of Germany">Coat of arms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_cuisine" title="German cuisine">Cuisine</a></li> <li>Cultural icons</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Dance_in_Germany" title="Category:Dance in Germany">Dance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_fashion" title="German fashion">Fashion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Festivals_in_Germany" title="Category:Festivals in Germany">Festivals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_folklore" title="German folklore">Folklore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Germany" title="Flag of Germany">Flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">Language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_libraries_in_Germany" title="List of libraries in Germany">Libraries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_literature" title="German literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet_in_Germany" title="Internet in Germany">Internet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_of_Germany" class="mw-redirect" title="Media of Germany">Media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Germany" title="Music of Germany">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Names_of_Germany" title="Names of Germany">Names</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_philosophy" title="German philosophy">Philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prussian_virtues" title="Prussian virtues">Prussian virtues</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sport_in_Germany" title="Sport in Germany">Sport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Television_in_Germany" title="Television in Germany">Television</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_Germany" title="List of World Heritage Sites in Germany">World Heritage Sites</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-weight:bold;"><div><div style="margin-bottom:-0.4em;"><ul><li><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Germany" title="Outline of Germany">Outline</a></span></li><li><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Germany" title="Outline of Germany">Index</a></span></li><li><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/Bibliography_of_Germany" title="Bibliography of Germany">Bibliography</a></span></li></ul></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Germany" title="Category:Germany">Category</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Germany" title="Portal:Germany">Portal</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output 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mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q42884#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata2670" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q42884#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" 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rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4070334-4">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Germans"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85054461">United States</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Allemands"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11934034r">France</a></span></span><ul><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Allemandes"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12318300x">2</a></span></span></li></ul></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Allemands"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11934034r">BnF data</a></span></span><ul><li><span class="uid"><span 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