CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available" lang="pl" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>Języki semickie – Wikipedia, wolna encyklopedia</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )plwikimwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":[",\t."," \t,"],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""], "wgDefaultDateFormat":"dmy","wgMonthNames":["","styczeń","luty","marzec","kwiecień","maj","czerwiec","lipiec","sierpień","wrzesień","październik","listopad","grudzień"],"wgRequestId":"218208e9-df20-48b8-95e9-a950a96be3f6","wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"Języki_semickie","wgTitle":"Języki semickie","wgCurRevisionId":75309938,"wgRevisionId":75309938,"wgArticleId":2576,"wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":["Języki semickie"],"wgPageViewLanguage":"pl","wgPageContentLanguage":"pl","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgRelevantPageName":"Języki_semickie","wgRelevantArticleId":2576,"wgIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRestrictionEdit":[],"wgRestrictionMove":[],"wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia","wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive":true,"wgFlaggedRevsParams":{"tags":{"accuracy":{"levels":1}}},"wgStableRevisionId":75309938, "wgMediaViewerOnClick":true,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgPopupsFlags":0,"wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"pl","pageLanguageDir":"ltr","pageVariantFallbacks":"pl"},"wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true,"watchlist":true,"tagline":true,"nearby":true},"wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false,"wgWMEPageLength":5000,"wgRelatedArticlesCompat":[],"wgCentralAuthMobileDomain":false,"wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true,"wgULSPosition":"interlanguage","wgULSisCompactLinksEnabled":false,"wgVector2022LanguageInHeader":true,"wgULSisLanguageSelectorEmpty":false,"wgWikibaseItemId":"Q34049","wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":["brands","architecture","bitness","fullVersionList","mobile","model","platform","platformVersion"],"GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics":true,"wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled":false,"wgGEStructuredTaskRejectionReasonTextInputEnabled":false,"wgGELevelingUpEnabledForUser":false};RLSTATE={"ext.gadget.wikiflex":"ready","ext.gadget.infobox":"ready", "ext.gadget.hlist":"ready","ext.gadget.darkmode-overrides":"ready","ext.gadget.small-references":"ready","ext.gadget.citation-access-info":"ready","ext.gadget.sprawdz-problemy-szablony":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready","site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"loading","ext.cite.styles":"ready","skins.vector.search.codex.styles":"ready","skins.vector.styles":"ready","skins.vector.icons":"ready","ext.flaggedRevs.basic":"ready","mediawiki.codex.messagebox.styles":"ready","ext.wikimediamessages.styles":"ready","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript":"ready","ext.uls.interlanguage":"ready","wikibase.client.init":"ready","ext.wikimediaBadges":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=["ext.cite.ux-enhancements","mediawiki.page.media","ext.scribunto.logs","site","mediawiki.page.ready","skins.vector.js","ext.centralNotice.geoIP","ext.centralNotice.startUp","ext.flaggedRevs.advanced","ext.gadget.ll-script-loader", "ext.gadget.veKeepParameters","ext.gadget.szablon-galeria","ext.gadget.NavFrame","ext.gadget.citoid-overrides","ext.gadget.maps","ext.gadget.padlock-indicators","ext.gadget.interwiki-langlist","ext.gadget.edit-summaries","ext.gadget.edit-first-section","ext.gadget.wikibugs","ext.gadget.map-toggler","ext.gadget.narrowFootnoteColumns","ext.gadget.WDsearch","ext.urlShortener.toolbar","ext.centralauth.centralautologin","mmv.bootstrap","ext.popups","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.init","ext.visualEditor.targetLoader","ext.echo.centralauth","ext.eventLogging","ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming","ext.uls.interface","ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns","ext.cx.uls.quick.actions","wikibase.client.vector-2022","ext.checkUser.clientHints","ext.growthExperiments.SuggestedEditSession","wikibase.sidebar.tracking"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=pl&modules=ext.cite.styles%7Cext.flaggedRevs.basic%7Cext.uls.interlanguage%7Cext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript%7Cext.wikimediaBadges%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cmediawiki.codex.messagebox.styles%7Cskins.vector.icons%2Cstyles%7Cskins.vector.search.codex.styles%7Cwikibase.client.init&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=pl&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=vector-2022"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=pl&modules=ext.gadget.citation-access-info%2Cdarkmode-overrides%2Chlist%2Cinfobox%2Csmall-references%2Csprawdz-problemy-szablony%2Cwikiflex&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=pl&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.4"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Afroasiatic_languages-fr.svg/1200px-Afroasiatic_languages-fr.svg.png"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="1200"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="781"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Afroasiatic_languages-fr.svg/800px-Afroasiatic_languages-fr.svg.png"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="800"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="521"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Afroasiatic_languages-fr.svg/640px-Afroasiatic_languages-fr.svg.png"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="640"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="416"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=1120"> <meta property="og:title" content="Języki semickie – Wikipedia, wolna encyklopedia"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="alternate" media="only screen and (max-width: 640px)" href="//pl.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C4%99zyki_semickie"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/x-wiki" title="Edytuj" href="/w/index.php?title=J%C4%99zyki_semickie&action=edit"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Wikipedia (pl)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//pl.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C4%99zyki_semickie"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.pl"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Kanał Atom Wikipedii" href="/w/index.php?title=Specjalna:Ostatnie_zmiany&feed=atom"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//login.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject mw-editable page-Języki_semickie rootpage-Języki_semickie skin-vector-2022 action-view"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">Przejdź do zawartości</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Witryna"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Menu główne" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-menu mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-menu"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Menu główne</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Menu główne</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">przypnij</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">ukryj</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Nawigacja </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage-description" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Strona_g%C5%82%C3%B3wna" title="Przejdź na stronę główną [z]" accesskey="z"><span>Strona główna</span></a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Specjalna:Losowa_strona" title="Załaduj losową stronę [x]" accesskey="x"><span>Losuj artykuł</span></a></li><li id="n-Kategorie" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Kategorie_G%C5%82%C3%B3wne"><span>Kategorie artykułów</span></a></li><li id="n-Featured-articles" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Wyr%C3%B3%C5%BCniona_zawarto%C5%9B%C4%87_Wikipedii"><span>Najlepsze artykuły</span></a></li><li id="n-FAQ" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Pomoc:FAQ"><span>Częste pytania (FAQ)</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-zmiany" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-zmiany" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Dla czytelników </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-czytelnicy" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:O_Wikipedii"><span>O Wikipedii</span></a></li><li id="n-contact" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Kontakt_z_wikipedystami"><span>Kontakt</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-edytorzy" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-edytorzy" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Dla wikipedystów </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-pierwsze-kroki" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Pomoc:Pierwsze_kroki"><span>Pierwsze kroki</span></a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Portal_wikipedyst%C3%B3w" title="O projekcie – co możesz zrobić, gdzie możesz znaleźć informacje"><span>Portal wikipedystów</span></a></li><li id="n-Noticeboard" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Tablica_og%C5%82osze%C5%84"><span>Ogłoszenia</span></a></li><li id="n-Guidelines" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Zasady"><span>Zasady</span></a></li><li id="n-helppage-name" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Pomoc:Spis_tre%C5%9Bci"><span>Pomoc</span></a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Specjalna:Ostatnie_zmiany" title="Lista ostatnich zmian w Wikipedii. [r]" accesskey="r"><span>Ostatnie zmiany</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Strona_g%C5%82%C3%B3wna" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <span class="mw-logo-container skin-invert"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="wolna encyklopedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-pl.svg" width="120" height="13" style="width: 7.5em; height: 0.8125em;"> </span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Specjalna:Szukaj" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Przeszukaj Wikipedię [f]" accesskey="f"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>Szukaj</span> </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Przeszukaj Wikipedię" aria-label="Przeszukaj Wikipedię" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Przeszukaj Wikipedię [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Specjalna:Szukaj"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Szukaj</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Narzędzia osobiste"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Wygląd"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Zmień rozmiar czcionki, szerokość oraz kolorystykę strony" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Wygląd" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-appearance mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-appearance"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Wygląd</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="//donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_pl.wikipedia.org&uselang=pl" class=""><span>Wspomóż Wikipedię</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Specjalna:Utw%C3%B3rz_konto&returnto=J%C4%99zyki+semickie" title="Zachęcamy do stworzenia konta i zalogowania, ale nie jest to obowiązkowe." class=""><span>Utwórz konto</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Specjalna:Zaloguj&returnto=J%C4%99zyki+semickie" title="Zachęcamy do zalogowania się, choć nie jest to obowiązkowe. [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>Zaloguj się</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Więcej opcji" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Narzędzia osobiste" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Narzędzia osobiste</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="Menu użytkownika" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="//donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_pl.wikipedia.org&uselang=pl"><span>Wspomóż Wikipedię</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Specjalna:Utw%C3%B3rz_konto&returnto=J%C4%99zyki+semickie" title="Zachęcamy do stworzenia konta i zalogowania, ale nie jest to obowiązkowe."><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>Utwórz konto</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Specjalna:Zaloguj&returnto=J%C4%99zyki+semickie" title="Zachęcamy do zalogowania się, choć nie jest to obowiązkowe. [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Zaloguj się</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Strony dla anonimowych edytorów <a href="/wiki/Pomoc:Pierwsze_kroki" aria-label="Dowiedz się więcej na temat edytowania"><span>dowiedz się więcej</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Specjalna:M%C3%B3j_wk%C5%82ad" title="Lista edycji wykonanych z tego adresu IP [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Edycje</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Specjalna:Moja_dyskusja" title="Dyskusja użytkownika dla tego adresu IP [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Dyskusja</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Witryna"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Spis treści" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Spis treści</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">przypnij</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">ukryj</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">Początek</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Klasyfikacja_języków_semickich" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Klasyfikacja_języków_semickich"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Klasyfikacja języków semickich</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Klasyfikacja_języków_semickich-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Przypisy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Przypisy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Przypisy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Przypisy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliografia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliografia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Bibliografia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliografia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Spis treści" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Przełącz stan spisu treści" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Przełącz stan spisu treści</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Języki semickie</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Przejdź do artykułu w innym języku. Treść dostępna w 118 językach" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-118" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">118 języków</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semitiese_taalfamilie" title="Semitiese taalfamilie – afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Semitiese taalfamilie" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semitische_Sprachen" title="Semitische Sprachen – szwajcarski niemiecki" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Semitische Sprachen" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="szwajcarski niemiecki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%88%B4%E1%88%9B%E1%8B%8A_%E1%89%8B%E1%8A%95%E1%89%8B%E1%8B%8E%E1%89%BD" title="ሴማዊ ቋንቋዎች – amharski" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ሴማዊ ቋንቋዎች" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="amharski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>አማርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ab mw-list-item"><a href="https://ab.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%82_%D0%B1%D1%8B%D0%B7%D1%88%D3%99%D0%B0%D2%9B%D3%99%D0%B0" title="Асемит бызшәақәа – abchaski" lang="ab" hreflang="ab" data-title="Асемит бызшәақәа" data-language-autonym="Аԥсшәа" data-language-local-name="abchaski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Аԥсшәа</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D8%BA%D8%A7%D8%AA_%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="لغات سامية – arabski" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="لغات سامية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="arabski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luengas_semiticas" title="Luengas semiticas – aragoński" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Luengas semiticas" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="aragoński" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arc mw-list-item"><a href="https://arc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DC%A0%DC%AB%DC%A2%DC%90_%DC%AB%DC%9D%DC%A1%DC%9D%DC%90" title="ܠܫܢܐ ܫܝܡܝܐ – aramejski" lang="arc" hreflang="arc" data-title="ܠܫܢܐ ܫܝܡܝܐ" data-language-autonym="ܐܪܡܝܐ" data-language-local-name="aramejski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ܐܪܡܝܐ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lling%C3%BCes_sem%C3%ADtiques" title="Llingües semítiques – asturyjski" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Llingües semítiques" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="asturyjski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sami_dill%C9%99ri" title="Sami dilləri – azerbejdżański" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Sami dilləri" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="azerbejdżański" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%85%DB%8C_%D8%AF%DB%8C%D9%84%D9%84%D8%B1%DB%8C" title="سامی دیللری – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="سامی دیللری" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%9F%E0%A7%80%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC_%E0%A6%AD%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B7%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%82%E0%A6%B9" title="সেমিটীয় ভাষাসমূহ – bengalski" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="সেমিটীয় ভাষাসমূহ" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="bengalski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%82_%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B4%D3%99%D1%80%D0%B5" title="Семит телдәре – baszkirski" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Семит телдәре" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="baszkirski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B5%D0%BC%D1%96%D1%86%D0%BA%D1%96%D1%8F_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%8B" title="Семіцкія мовы – białoruski" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Семіцкія мовы" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="białoruski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%8D%D0%BC%D1%96%D1%86%D0%BA%D1%96%D1%8F_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%8B" title="Сэміцкія мовы – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Сэміцкія мовы" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%82%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B8" title="Семитски езици – bułgarski" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Семитски езици" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="bułgarski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semitische_Sprochn" title="Semitische Sprochn – bawarski" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Semitische Sprochn" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="bawarski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Boarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semitski_jezici" title="Semitski jezici – bośniacki" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Semitski jezici" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="bośniacki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yezho%C3%B9_semitek" title="Yezhoù semitek – bretoński" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Yezhoù semitek" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="bretoński" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lleng%C3%BCes_sem%C3%ADtiques" title="Llengües semítiques – kataloński" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Llengües semítiques" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="kataloński" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%82_%D1%87%C4%95%D0%BB%D1%85%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BC" title="Семит чĕлхисем – czuwaski" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Семит чĕлхисем" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="czuwaski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semitsk%C3%A9_jazyky" title="Semitské jazyky – czeski" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Semitské jazyky" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="czeski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ieithoedd_Semitaidd" title="Ieithoedd Semitaidd – walijski" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Ieithoedd Semitaidd" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="walijski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semitiske_sprog" title="Semitiske sprog – duński" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Semitiske sprog" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="duński" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="dobry artykuł"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semitische_Sprachen" title="Semitische Sprachen – niemiecki" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Semitische Sprachen" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="niemiecki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://dsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semitiske_r%C4%9Bcy" title="Semitiske rěcy – dolnołużycki" lang="dsb" hreflang="dsb" data-title="Semitiske rěcy" data-language-autonym="Dolnoserbski" data-language-local-name="dolnołużycki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dolnoserbski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semi_keeled" title="Semi keeled – estoński" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Semi keeled" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="estoński" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A3%CE%B7%CE%BC%CE%B9%CF%84%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%AD%CF%82_%CE%B3%CE%BB%CF%8E%CF%83%CF%83%CE%B5%CF%82" title="Σημιτικές γλώσσες – grecki" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Σημιτικές γλώσσες" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="grecki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semitic_languages" title="Semitic languages – angielski" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Semitic languages" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="angielski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lenguas_sem%C3%ADticas" title="Lenguas semíticas – hiszpański" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Lenguas semíticas" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="hiszpański" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%9Cemida_lingvaro" title="Ŝemida lingvaro – esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Ŝemida lingvaro" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hizkuntza_semitikoak" title="Hizkuntza semitikoak – baskijski" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Hizkuntza semitikoak" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="baskijski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B2%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86%E2%80%8C%D9%87%D8%A7%DB%8C_%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%85%DB%8C" title="زبان‌های سامی – perski" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="زبان‌های سامی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="perski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semitic_bhasa" title="Semitic bhasa – hindi fidżyjskie" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Semitic bhasa" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="hindi fidżyjskie" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Fiji Hindi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semitisk_m%C3%A1l" title="Semitisk mál – farerski" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Semitisk mál" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="farerski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Føroyskt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Langues_s%C3%A9mitiques" title="Langues sémitiques – francuski" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Langues sémitiques" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="francuski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semityske_talen" title="Semityske talen – zachodniofryzyjski" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Semityske talen" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="zachodniofryzyjski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teangacha_Seim%C3%ADteacha" title="Teangacha Seimíteacha – irlandzki" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Teangacha Seimíteacha" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="irlandzki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linguas_sem%C3%ADticas" title="Linguas semíticas – galicyjski" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Linguas semíticas" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="galicyjski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%85%88%EC%96%B4%ED%8C%8C" title="셈어파 – koreański" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="셈어파" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="koreański" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8D%D5%A5%D5%B4%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%B6_%D5%AC%D5%A5%D5%A6%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6%D5%A5%D6%80" title="Սեմական լեզուներ – ormiański" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Սեմական լեզուներ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="ormiański" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%8F%E0%A4%81" title="सामी भाषाएँ – hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="सामी भाषाएँ" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://hsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semitiske_r%C4%9B%C4%8De" title="Semitiske rěče – górnołużycki" lang="hsb" hreflang="hsb" data-title="Semitiske rěče" data-language-autonym="Hornjoserbsce" data-language-local-name="górnołużycki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hornjoserbsce</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semitski_jezici" title="Semitski jezici – chorwacki" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Semitski jezici" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="chorwacki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semida_lingui" title="Semida lingui – ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Semida lingui" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rumpun_bahasa_Semit" title="Rumpun bahasa Semit – indonezyjski" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Rumpun bahasa Semit" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="indonezyjski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linguas_semitic" title="Linguas semitic – interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Linguas semitic" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sem%C3%ADsk_tungum%C3%A1l" title="Semísk tungumál – islandzki" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Semísk tungumál" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="islandzki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingue_semitiche" title="Lingue semitiche – włoski" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Lingue semitiche" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="włoski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A9%D7%A4%D7%95%D7%AA_%D7%A9%D7%9E%D7%99%D7%95%D7%AA" title="שפות שמיות – hebrajski" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="שפות שמיות" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="hebrajski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A1%E1%83%94%E1%83%9B%E1%83%98%E1%83%A2%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98_%E1%83%94%E1%83%9C%E1%83%94%E1%83%91%E1%83%98" title="სემიტური ენები – gruziński" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="სემიტური ენები" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="gruziński" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%82_%D1%82%D1%96%D0%BB%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%96" title="Семит тілдері – kazachski" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Семит тілдері" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="kazachski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yethow_Semitek" title="Yethow Semitek – kornijski" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Yethow Semitek" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="kornijski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kernowek</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lugha_za_Kisemiti" title="Lugha za Kisemiti – suahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Lugha za Kisemiti" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="suahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ziman%C3%AAn_sam%C3%AE" title="Zimanên samî – kurdyjski" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Zimanên samî" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="kurdyjski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%82_%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8" title="Семит тилдери – kirgiski" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Семит тилдери" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="kirgiski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lad badge-Q70893996 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://lad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linguas_semetikas" title="Linguas semetikas – ladyński" lang="lad" hreflang="lad" data-title="Linguas semetikas" data-language-autonym="Ladino" data-language-local-name="ladyński" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ladino</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linguae_Semiticae" title="Linguae Semiticae – łaciński" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Linguae Semiticae" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="łaciński" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sem%C4%ABtu_valodas" title="Semītu valodas – łotewski" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Semītu valodas" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="łotewski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semit%C5%B3_kalbos" title="Semitų kalbos – litewski" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Semitų kalbos" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="litewski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lengue_semitiche" title="Lengue semitiche – liguryjski" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="Lengue semitiche" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="liguryjski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ligure</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semitische_taole" title="Semitische taole – limburski" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Semitische taole" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="limburski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linguas_semitica" title="Linguas semitica – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Linguas semitica" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%A9mi_nyelvek" title="Sémi nyelvek – węgierski" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Sémi nyelvek" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="węgierski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%82%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D1%98%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B8" title="Семитски јазици – macedoński" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Семитски јазици" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="macedoński" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiteny_semitika" title="Fiteny semitika – malgaski" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Fiteny semitika" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="malgaski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mt mw-list-item"><a href="https://mt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingwi_Semiti%C4%8Bi" title="Lingwi Semitiċi – maltański" lang="mt" hreflang="mt" data-title="Lingwi Semitiċi" data-language-autonym="Malti" data-language-local-name="maltański" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B9" title="सामी भाषासमूह – marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="सामी भाषासमूह" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A1%E1%83%94%E1%83%9B%E1%83%98%E1%83%A2%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98_%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%94%E1%83%A4%E1%83%98" title="სემიტური ნინეფი – megrelski" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="სემიტური ნინეფი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="megrelski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D8%BA%D8%A7%D8%AA_%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%8A%D9%87" title="لغات ساميه – egipski arabski" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="لغات ساميه" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="egipski arabski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahasa-bahasa_Samiah" title="Bahasa-bahasa Samiah – malajski" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Bahasa-bahasa Samiah" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="malajski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%82_%D1%85%D1%8D%D0%BB%D0%BD%D2%AF%D2%AF%D0%B4" title="Семит хэлнүүд – mongolski" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Семит хэлнүүд" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="mongolski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semitische_talen" title="Semitische talen – niderlandzki" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Semitische talen" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="niderlandzki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%BB%E3%83%A0%E8%AA%9E%E6%B4%BE" title="セム語派 – japoński" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="セム語派" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="japoński" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semiitisk_spriaken" title="Semiitisk spriaken – północnofryzyjski" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Semiitisk spriaken" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="północnofryzyjski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semittiske_spr%C3%A5k" title="Semittiske språk – norweski (bokmål)" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Semittiske språk" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="norweski (bokmål)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semittiske_spr%C3%A5k" title="Semittiske språk – norweski (nynorsk)" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Semittiske språk" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="norweski (nynorsk)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lengas_semiticas" title="Lengas semiticas – oksytański" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Lengas semiticas" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="oksytański" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Som_tillari" title="Som tillari – uzbecki" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Som tillari" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="uzbecki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%AE%E0%A9%80_%E0%A8%AD%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%BC%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B5%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%82" title="ਸਾਮੀ ਭਾਸ਼ਾਵਾਂ – pendżabski" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਸਾਮੀ ਭਾਸ਼ਾਵਾਂ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="pendżabski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%85%DB%8C_%D8%B2%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%A7%DA%BA" title="سامی زباناں – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="سامی زباناں" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%8A_%DA%98%D8%A8%DB%90" title="سامي ژبې – paszto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="سامي ژبې" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="paszto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lenghe_sem%C3%ACtiche" title="Lenghe semìtiche – piemoncki" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Lenghe semìtiche" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="piemoncki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semitsche_Spraken" title="Semitsche Spraken – dolnoniemiecki" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Semitsche Spraken" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="dolnoniemiecki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%ADnguas_sem%C3%ADticas" title="Línguas semíticas – portugalski" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Línguas semíticas" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="portugalski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limbi_semitice" title="Limbi semitice – rumuński" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Limbi semitice" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="rumuński" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%82%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B5_%D1%8F%D0%B7%D1%8B%D0%BA%D0%B8" title="Семитские языки – rosyjski" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Семитские языки" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="rosyjski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-skr mw-list-item"><a href="https://skr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%85%DB%8C_%D8%B2%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%A7%DA%BA" title="سامی زباناں – Saraiki" lang="skr" hreflang="skr" data-title="سامی زباناں" data-language-autonym="سرائیکی" data-language-local-name="Saraiki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سرائیکی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limbas_sem%C3%ACticas" title="Limbas semìticas – sardyński" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Limbas semìticas" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="sardyński" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sardu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-stq mw-list-item"><a href="https://stq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semitiske_Sproaken" title="Semitiske Sproaken – fryzyjski saterlandzki" lang="stq" hreflang="stq" data-title="Semitiske Sproaken" data-language-autonym="Seeltersk" data-language-local-name="fryzyjski saterlandzki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Seeltersk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gjuh%C3%ABt_semitike" title="Gjuhët semitike – albański" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Gjuhët semitike" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="albański" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semitic_languages" title="Semitic languages – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Semitic languages" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%8A_%D9%BB%D9%88%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%88%D9%86" title="سامي ٻوليون – sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="سامي ٻوليون" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semitsk%C3%A9_jazyky" title="Semitské jazyky – słowacki" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Semitské jazyky" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="słowacki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semitski_jeziki" title="Semitski jeziki – słoweński" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Semitski jeziki" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="słoweński" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luqadaha_Semitiga" title="Luqadaha Semitiga – somalijski" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Luqadaha Semitiga" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="somalijski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Soomaaliga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B2%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%95_%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%85%DB%8C%DB%8C%DB%95%DA%A9%D8%A7%D9%86" title="زمانە سامییەکان – sorani" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="زمانە سامییەکان" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="sorani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%82%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D1%98%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B8" title="Семитски језици – serbski" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Семитски језици" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="serbski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semitski_jezici" title="Semitski jezici – serbsko-chorwacki" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Semitski jezici" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="serbsko-chorwacki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seemil%C3%A4iset_kielet" title="Seemiläiset kielet – fiński" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Seemiläiset kielet" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="fiński" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semitiska_spr%C3%A5k" title="Semitiska språk – szwedzki" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Semitiska språk" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="szwedzki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%86%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF_%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8A%E0%AE%B4%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%B3%E0%AF%8D" title="செமித்திய மொழிகள் – tamilski" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="செமித்திய மொழிகள்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="tamilski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-shi mw-list-item"><a href="https://shi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tutlayin_tisamiyin" title="Tutlayin tisamiyin – tashelhiyt" lang="shi" hreflang="shi" data-title="Tutlayin tisamiyin" data-language-autonym="Taclḥit" data-language-local-name="tashelhiyt" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Taclḥit</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tutlayin_tisamiyin" title="Tutlayin tisamiyin – kabylski" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Tutlayin tisamiyin" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="kabylski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Taqbaylit</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B8%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%A0%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A9%E0%B8%B2%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%8B%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%81" title="กลุ่มภาษาเซมิติก – tajski" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="กลุ่มภาษาเซมิติก" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="tajski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sami_dilleri" title="Sami dilleri – turecki" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Sami dilleri" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="turecki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tk mw-list-item"><a href="https://tk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sami_dilleri" title="Sami dilleri – turkmeński" lang="tk" hreflang="tk" data-title="Sami dilleri" data-language-autonym="Türkmençe" data-language-local-name="turkmeński" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkmençe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B5%D0%BC%D1%96%D1%82%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D1%96_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8" title="Семітські мови – ukraiński" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Семітські мови" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="ukraiński" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%85%DB%8C_%D8%B2%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C%DA%BA" title="سامی زبانیں – urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="سامی زبانیں" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%89%D9%8A_%D8%AA%D9%89%D9%84_%D8%A6%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%89%D9%84%D9%89%D8%B3%D9%89" title="سامىي تىل ئائىلىسى – ujgurski" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="سامىي تىل ئائىلىسى" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="ujgurski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ng%E1%BB%AF_t%E1%BB%99c_Semit" title="Ngữ tộc Semit – wietnamski" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Ngữ tộc Semit" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="wietnamski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%97%AA%E7%B1%B3%E7%89%B9%E8%AF%AD%E6%97%8F" title="闪米特语族 – wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="闪米特语族" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A1%D7%A2%D7%9E%D7%99%D7%98%D7%99%D7%A9%D7%A2_%D7%A9%D7%A4%D7%A8%D7%90%D7%9B%D7%9F" title="סעמיטישע שפראכן – jidysz" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="סעמיטישע שפראכן" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="jidysz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%E1%BA%B9%CC%80m%C3%ADt%C3%AD%C3%ACk%C3%AC" title="Sẹ̀mítíìkì – joruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Sẹ̀mítíìkì" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="joruba" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Yorùbá</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%96%83%E8%AA%9E%E6%97%8F" title="閃語族 – kantoński" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="閃語族" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="kantoński" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Z%C4%B1wan%C3%AA_Semitki" title="Zıwanê Semitki – Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Zıwanê Semitki" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Zazaki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zazaki</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%97%AA%E7%B1%B3%E7%89%B9%E8%AF%AD%E6%97%8F" title="闪米特语族 – chiński" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="闪米特语族" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="chiński" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kge mw-list-item"><a href="https://kge.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rumpun_Bahasa_Semitik" title="Rumpun Bahasa Semitik – Komering" lang="kge" hreflang="kge" data-title="Rumpun Bahasa Semitik" data-language-autonym="Kumoring" data-language-local-name="Komering" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kumoring</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zgh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zgh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E2%B5%9C%E2%B5%93%E2%B5%9C%E2%B5%8D%E2%B4%B0%E2%B5%A2%E2%B5%89%E2%B5%8F_%E2%B5%9C%E2%B5%89%E2%B5%99%E2%B4%B0%E2%B5%8E%E2%B5%89%E2%B5%A2%E2%B5%89%E2%B5%8F" title="ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵙⴰⵎⵉⵢⵉⵏ – standardowy marokański tamazight" lang="zgh" hreflang="zgh" data-title="ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵙⴰⵎⵉⵢⵉⵏ" data-language-autonym="ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜ" data-language-local-name="standardowy marokański tamazight" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜ</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q34049#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edytuj linki pomiędzy wersjami językowymi" class="wbc-editpage">Edytuj linki</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Przestrzenie nazw"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/J%C4%99zyki_semickie" title="Zobacz stronę treści [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Artykuł</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Dyskusja:J%C4%99zyki_semickie" rel="discussion" title="Dyskusja o zawartości tej strony [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Dyskusja</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Zmień wariant języka" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">polski</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Widok"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/J%C4%99zyki_semickie"><span>Czytaj</span></a></li><li id="ca-ve-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=J%C4%99zyki_semickie&veaction=edit" title="Edytuj tę stronę [v]" accesskey="v"><span>Edytuj</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="collapsible vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=J%C4%99zyki_semickie&action=edit" title="Edycja kodu źródłowego strony [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edytuj kod źródłowy</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=J%C4%99zyki_semickie&action=history" title="Starsze wersje tej strony [h]" accesskey="h"><span>Wyświetl historię</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Narzędzia dla stron"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Narzędzia" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Narzędzia</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Narzędzia</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">przypnij</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">ukryj</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="Więcej opcji" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Działania </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/J%C4%99zyki_semickie"><span>Czytaj</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-ve-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=J%C4%99zyki_semickie&veaction=edit" title="Edytuj tę stronę [v]" accesskey="v"><span>Edytuj</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="collapsible vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=J%C4%99zyki_semickie&action=edit" title="Edycja kodu źródłowego strony [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edytuj kod źródłowy</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=J%C4%99zyki_semickie&action=history"><span>Wyświetl historię</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Ogólne </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Specjalna:Linkuj%C4%85ce/J%C4%99zyki_semickie" title="Pokaż listę wszystkich stron linkujących do tej strony [j]" accesskey="j"><span>Linkujące</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Specjalna:Zmiany_w_linkowanych/J%C4%99zyki_semickie" rel="nofollow" title="Ostatnie zmiany w stronach, do których ta strona linkuje [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Zmiany w linkowanych</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Prześlij_plik" title="Prześlij pliki [u]" accesskey="u"><span>Prześlij plik</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Specjalna:Strony_specjalne" title="Lista wszystkich stron specjalnych [q]" accesskey="q"><span>Strony specjalne</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=J%C4%99zyki_semickie&oldid=75309938" title="Stały link do tej wersji tej strony"><span>Link do tej wersji</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=J%C4%99zyki_semickie&action=info" title="Więcej informacji na temat tej strony"><span>Informacje o tej stronie</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Specjalna:Cytuj&page=J%C4%99zyki_semickie&id=75309938&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Informacja o tym jak należy cytować tę stronę"><span>Cytowanie tego artykułu</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Specjalna:Skr%C3%B3%C4%87_adres_URL&url=https%3A%2F%2Fpl.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FJ%25C4%2599zyki_semickie"><span>Zobacz skrócony adres URL</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Specjalna:Kod_QR&url=https%3A%2F%2Fpl.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FJ%25C4%2599zyki_semickie"><span>Pobierz kod QR</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Drukuj lub eksportuj </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-create_a_book" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Specjalna:Ksi%C4%85%C5%BCka&bookcmd=book_creator&referer=J%C4%99zyki+semickie"><span>Utwórz książkę</span></a></li><li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Specjalna:DownloadAsPdf&page=J%C4%99zyki_semickie&action=show-download-screen"><span>Pobierz jako PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=J%C4%99zyki_semickie&printable=yes" title="Wersja do wydruku [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Wersja do druku</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> W innych projektach </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Semitic_languages" hreflang="en"><span>Wikimedia Commons</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q34049" title="Link do powiązanego elementu w repozytorium danych [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Element Wikidanych</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Narzędzia dla stron"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Wygląd"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Wygląd</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">przypnij</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">ukryj</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">Z Wikipedii, wolnej encyklopedii</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="pl" dir="ltr"><figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Plik:Afroasiatic_languages-fr.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Afroasiatic_languages-fr.svg/300px-Afroasiatic_languages-fr.svg.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="195" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Afroasiatic_languages-fr.svg/450px-Afroasiatic_languages-fr.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Afroasiatic_languages-fr.svg/600px-Afroasiatic_languages-fr.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="899" data-file-height="585" /></a><figcaption>Współczesny zasięg języków semickich (kolor jasnopomarańczowy) na tle rodziny afroazjatyckiej</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Języki semickie</b> – <a href="/wiki/Rodzina_j%C4%99zykowa" title="Rodzina językowa">rodzina języków</a>, należąca do <a href="/wiki/J%C4%99zyki_afroazjatyckie" title="Języki afroazjatyckie">języków afroazjatyckich</a>, wywodząca się z <a href="/wiki/J%C4%99zyk_prasemicki" title="Język prasemicki">języka prasemickiego</a>. Językami semickimi posługuje się obecnie ok. 280 mln mówiących, zamieszkujących głównie na <a href="/wiki/Bliski_Wsch%C3%B3d" title="Bliski Wschód">Bliskim Wschodzie</a>, w <a href="/wiki/Afryka_P%C3%B3%C5%82nocna" title="Afryka Północna">Afryce Północnej</a> i <a href="/wiki/Etiopia" title="Etiopia">Etiopii</a>. </p><p>Rodzina języków semickich obejmuje <a href="/wiki/J%C4%99zyki_fleksyjne" title="Języki fleksyjne">języki fleksyjne</a>, poświadczone od końca IV tysiąclecia p.n.e. do dziś. W starożytności językami semickimi posługiwano się na obszarze między Morzem Śródziemnym a Tygrysem oraz na północno-wschodnich wybrzeżach Afryki<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a></sup>. Współcześnie do najważniejszych języków rodziny semickiej zaliczają się: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/J%C4%99zyk_amharski" title="Język amharski">język amharski</a>,</li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C4%99zyk_arabski" title="Język arabski">język arabski</a>,</li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C4%99zyk_hebrajski" title="Język hebrajski">język hebrajski</a>,</li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C4%99zyk_malta%C5%84ski" title="Język maltański">język maltański</a>,</li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C4%99zyk_tigrinia" title="Język tigrinia">język tigrinia</a>.</li></ul> <p>Współczesne żywe języki semickie, np. <a href="/wiki/J%C4%99zyk_arabski" title="Język arabski">arabski</a> czy <a href="/wiki/J%C4%99zyk_hebrajski" title="Język hebrajski">hebrajski</a>, ze względu na charakterystyczną dla <a href="/wiki/J%C4%99zyki_afroazjatyckie" title="Języki afroazjatyckie">języków afroazjatyckich</a> budowę spółgłoskowo-rdzeniową (zob. <a href="/wiki/Alternacja_(j%C4%99zykoznawstwo)" title="Alternacja (językoznawstwo)">alternacja</a>), używają spółgłoskowych pism alfabetycznych (<a href="/wiki/Abd%C5%BCad" title="Abdżad">abdżadów</a>), zwyczajowo pisanych od prawej do lewej. Fonetycznie charakteryzują się dużą liczbą <a href="/wiki/Sp%C3%B3%C5%82g%C5%82oska_faryngalna" title="Spółgłoska faryngalna">spółgłosek gardłowych</a>. Języki semickie wykazują też wiele cech typologicznych wspólnych z <a href="/wiki/J%C4%99zyki_indoeuropejskie" title="Języki indoeuropejskie">językami indoeuropejskimi</a>, co świadczy o <a href="/wiki/Kontakt_j%C4%99zykowy" title="Kontakt językowy">kontaktach</a> tych dwóch rodzin w głębokiej starożytności. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Klasyfikacja_języków_semickich"><span id="Klasyfikacja_j.C4.99zyk.C3.B3w_semickich"></span>Klasyfikacja języków semickich</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=J%C4%99zyki_semickie&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Edytuj sekcję: Klasyfikacja języków semickich" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>edytuj</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=J%C4%99zyki_semickie&action=edit&section=1" title="Edytuj kod źródłowy sekcji: Klasyfikacja języków semickich"><span>edytuj kod</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Plik:Semitic_languages.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Semitic_languages.svg/300px-Semitic_languages.svg.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="386" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Semitic_languages.svg/450px-Semitic_languages.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Semitic_languages.svg/600px-Semitic_languages.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="712" data-file-height="917" /></a><figcaption>Podział języków semickich (kolor zielony – wschodnio- , czerwony – centralno- , niebieski – południowosemickie).</figcaption></figure> <p>Powszechnie używa się i akceptuje się rozróżnienie języków semickich ze względu na podział geograficzny (wschodnie, północno-wschodnie i południowo-zachodnie), choć takie podejście jest w świetle nowych badań przestarzałe<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a></sup>. </p> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/J%C4%99zyki_afroazjatyckie" title="Języki afroazjatyckie">języki afroazjatyckie</a> (chamito-semickie) (ok. 350 mln) <dl><dd><b>języki semickie</b> (ok. 280 mln) <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/J%C4%99zyki_wschodniosemickie" title="Języki wschodniosemickie">języki wschodniosemickie</a> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/J%C4%99zyk_akadyjski" title="Język akadyjski">akadyjski</a> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Dialekt_staroakadyjski" title="Dialekt staroakadyjski">dialekt staroakadyjski</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Dialekt_asyryjski" title="Dialekt asyryjski">dialekt asyryjski</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Dialekt_babilo%C5%84ski" title="Dialekt babiloński">dialekt babiloński</a></dd></dl></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/J%C4%99zyk_eblaicki" title="Język eblaicki">eblaicki</a></dd></dl></dd> <dd><a href="/w/index.php?title=J%C4%99zyki_zachodniosemickie&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Języki zachodniosemickie (strona nie istnieje)">języki zachodniosemickie</a> <dl><dd><a href="/w/index.php?title=J%C4%99zyki_centralnosemickie&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Języki centralnosemickie (strona nie istnieje)">języki centralnosemickie</a> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/J%C4%99zyk_po%C5%82udniowoarabski_epigraficzny" title="Język południowoarabski epigraficzny">południowoarabski epigraficzny</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/J%C4%99zyk_arabski" title="Język arabski">arabski</a> (ponad 200 mln, w tym <a href="/wiki/J%C4%99zyk_malta%C5%84ski" title="Język maltański">język maltański</a> i <a href="/wiki/J%C4%99zyk_judeoarabski" title="Język judeoarabski">judeo-arabski</a>)</dd> <dd><a href="/w/index.php?title=J%C4%99zyki_p%C3%B3%C5%82nocno-zachodniosemickie&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Języki północno-zachodniosemickie (strona nie istnieje)">języki północno-zachodniosemickie</a> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/J%C4%99zyk_aramejski" title="Język aramejski">aramejski</a> <dl><dd><a href="/w/index.php?title=J%C4%99zyki_zachodnioaramejskie&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Języki zachodnioaramejskie (strona nie istnieje)">języki zachodnioaramejskie</a>, w tym biblijny judeo-palestyński, dialekty <a href="/wiki/Samaria_(kraina)" title="Samaria (kraina)">samarytańskie</a></dd> <dd><a href="/w/index.php?title=J%C4%99zyki_wschodnioaramejskie&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Języki wschodnioaramejskie (strona nie istnieje)">języki wschodnioaramejskie</a>, w tym judeo-babiloński, <a href="/wiki/J%C4%99zyk_syryjski" title="Język syryjski">syryjski</a> i inne dialekty<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a></sup>.</dd></dl></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/J%C4%99zyk_ugarycki" title="Język ugarycki">ugarycki</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/J%C4%99zyk_amorycki" title="Język amorycki">amorycki</a> (amorytycki)</dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/J%C4%99zyki_kananejskie" title="Języki kananejskie">języki kananejskie</a> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/J%C4%99zyk_amonicki" title="Język amonicki">amonicki</a></dd> <dd><a href="/w/index.php?title=J%C4%99zyk_edomicki&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Język edomicki (strona nie istnieje)">edomicki</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/J%C4%99zyk_fenicki" title="Język fenicki">fenicki</a> z <a href="/wiki/J%C4%99zyk_punicki" title="Język punicki">punickim</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/J%C4%99zyk_hebrajski" title="Język hebrajski">hebrajski</a> (ok. 7 mln)</dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/J%C4%99zyk_moabicki" title="Język moabicki">moabicki</a></dd></dl></dd></dl></dd></dl></dd> <dd><a href="/w/index.php?title=J%C4%99zyki_po%C5%82udniowosemickie&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Języki południowosemickie (strona nie istnieje)">języki południowosemickie</a> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/J%C4%99zyk_wsp%C3%B3%C5%82czesny_po%C5%82udniowoarabski" title="Język współczesny południowoarabski">współczesny południowoarabski</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/J%C4%99zyki_etiopskie" title="Języki etiopskie">języki etiopskie</a> (ok. 38 mln) <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/J%C4%99zyki_p%C3%B3%C5%82nocnoetiopskie" title="Języki północnoetiopskie">języki północnoetiopskie</a> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/J%C4%99zyk_gyyz" title="Język gyyz">gyyz (ge'ez, etiopski klasyczny)</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/J%C4%99zyk_dahalik" title="Język dahalik">dahalik</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/J%C4%99zyk_tigre" title="Język tigre">tigre</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/J%C4%99zyk_tigrinia" title="Język tigrinia">tigrinia</a></dd></dl></dd> <dd><a href="/w/index.php?title=J%C4%99zyki_po%C5%82udniowoetiopskie&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Języki południowoetiopskie (strona nie istnieje)">języki południowoetiopskie</a> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/J%C4%99zyk_amharski" title="Język amharski">amharski</a> (ok. 12,7 mln)</dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/J%C4%99zyk_argobba" title="Język argobba">argobba</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/J%C4%99zyk_harari" title="Język harari">adare (harari)</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/J%C4%99zyk_gurage" title="Język gurage">guragie</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/J%C4%99zyk_gafat" title="Język gafat">gafat</a></dd></dl></dd></dl></dd></dl></dd></dl></dd></dl></dd></dl></dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Przypisy">Przypisy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=J%C4%99zyki_semickie&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Edytuj sekcję: Przypisy" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>edytuj</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=J%C4%99zyki_semickie&action=edit&section=2" title="Edytuj kod źródłowy sekcji: Przypisy"><span>edytuj kod</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="do-not-make-smaller refsection"><div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-1">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book nourl"><span class="cite-name-before"><span class="cite-name-full">Maria Luisa</span><span class="cite-name-initials" title="Maria Luisa" style="display:none">M.L.</span> </span><span class="cite-lastname">Uberti</span><span class="cite-name-after" style="display:none"> <span class="cite-name-full">Maria Luisa</span><span class="cite-name-initials" title="Maria Luisa">M.L.</span></span>, <i>Wprowadzenie do historii starożytnego Bliskiego Wschodu</i>, <span class="cite-name-full">Andrzej</span><span class="cite-name-initials" title="Andrzej" style="display:none">A.</span> <span class="cite-lastname">Mrozek</span> (tłum.), <span class="cite-name-full">Marek</span><span class="cite-name-initials" title="Marek" style="display:none">M.</span> <span class="cite-lastname">Stępień</span> (red.), Warszawa: Wydawnictwa Uniwersytetu Warszawskiego, 2010, s. 30–31, <a href="/wiki/Specjalna:Ksi%C4%85%C5%BCki/9788323506805" title="Specjalna:Książki/9788323506805">ISBN <span class="isbn">978-83-235-0680-5</span></a>, <a href="/wiki/Online_Computer_Library_Center" title="Online Computer Library Center">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://worldcat.org/oclc/751354697">751354697</a><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft.gengre=book&rft.place=Warszawa&rft.aufirst=Maria+Luisa&rft.aulast=Uberti&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-83-235-0680-5&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.btitle=Wprowadzenie+do+historii+staro%C5%BCytnego+Bliskiego+Wschodu&rft.pub=Wydawnictwa+Uniwersytetu+Warszawskiego&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F751354697" style="display:none"> </span>.</cite></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-2">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book nourl"><span class="cite-name-before"><span class="cite-name-full">Maria Luisa</span><span class="cite-name-initials" title="Maria Luisa" style="display:none">M.L.</span> </span><span class="cite-lastname">Uberti</span><span class="cite-name-after" style="display:none"> <span class="cite-name-full">Maria Luisa</span><span class="cite-name-initials" title="Maria Luisa">M.L.</span></span>, <i>Wprowadzenie do historii starożytnego Bliskiego Wschodu</i>, <span class="cite-name-full">Andrzej</span><span class="cite-name-initials" title="Andrzej" style="display:none">A.</span> <span class="cite-lastname">Mrozek</span> (tłum.), <span class="cite-name-full">Marek</span><span class="cite-name-initials" title="Marek" style="display:none">M.</span> <span class="cite-lastname">Stępień</span> (red.), Warszawa: Wydawnictwa Uniwersytetu Warszawskiego, 2010, s. 31, <a href="/wiki/Specjalna:Ksi%C4%85%C5%BCki/9788323506805" title="Specjalna:Książki/9788323506805">ISBN <span class="isbn">978-83-235-0680-5</span></a>, <a href="/wiki/Online_Computer_Library_Center" title="Online Computer Library Center">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://worldcat.org/oclc/751354697">751354697</a><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft.gengre=book&rft.place=Warszawa&rft.aufirst=Maria+Luisa&rft.aulast=Uberti&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-83-235-0680-5&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.btitle=Wprowadzenie+do+historii+staro%C5%BCytnego+Bliskiego+Wschodu&rft.pub=Wydawnictwa+Uniwersytetu+Warszawskiego&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F751354697" style="display:none"> </span>.</cite></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-3">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Cf. <cite class="citation book">Mansoor, Menahem: <i>Biblical Hebrew step by step</i>. T. 1. s. 7.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Biblical+Hebrew+step+by+step&rft.au=Mansoor%2C+Menahem&rft.pages=7"></span></cite></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliografia">Bibliografia</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=J%C4%99zyki_semickie&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Edytuj sekcję: Bibliografia" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>edytuj</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=J%C4%99zyki_semickie&action=edit&section=3" title="Edytuj kod źródłowy sekcji: Bibliografia"><span>edytuj kod</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><i>The Semitic languages</i>, red. R. Hetzron, New York – London 1997. <a href="/wiki/Specjalna:Ksi%C4%85%C5%BCki/0415057671" title="Specjalna:Książki/0415057671">ISBN <span class="isbn">0-415-05767-1</span></a>.</li> <li><cite class="citation book">Mansoor, Menahem: <i>Biblical Hebrew step by step</i>. Wyd. 6. T. 1. Grand Rapids, Michigan: 1980, s. 254. <a href="/wiki/Specjalna:Ksi%C4%85%C5%BCki/0801060419" title="Specjalna:Książki/0801060419">ISBN <span class="isbn">0-8010-6041-9</span></a>.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Biblical+Hebrew+step+by+step&rft.au=Mansoor%2C+Menahem&rft.edition=6&rft.place=Grand+Rapids%2C+Michigan&rft.pages=254&rft.isbn=0-8010-6041-9"></span></cite></li> <li><a href="//archive.org/details/comparativegramm00oleauoft" class="extiw" title="iarchive:comparativegramm00oleauoft">O'Leary, De Lacy, <i>Comparative Grammar of the Semitic Languages</i></a>, London 1923. <a href="/wiki/Specjalna:Ksi%C4%85%C5%BCki/9781149315019" title="Specjalna:Książki/9781149315019">ISBN <span class="isbn isbn-do-sprawdzenia">978-1149315019</span></a></li> <li>J. Kaltner, S. L. McKenzie (pod red.), <i>Beyond Babel. A Handbook for Biblical Hebrew and Related Languages,</i> SBL, Atlanta 2012. <a href="/wiki/Specjalna:Ksi%C4%85%C5%BCki/1589830350" title="Specjalna:Książki/1589830350">ISBN <span class="isbn">1-58983-035-0</span></a>.</li></ul> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r74016753">.mw-parser-output #normdaten>div+div{margin-top:0.5em}.mw-parser-output #normdaten>div>div{background:var(--background-color-neutral,#eaecf0);padding:.2em .5em}.mw-parser-output #normdaten ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output #normdaten ul li:first-child{padding-left:.5em;border-left:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1)}</style> <div id="normdaten" class="catlinks"><div class="normdaten-typ-fehlt"><div><a href="/wiki/Kontrola_autorytatywna" title="Kontrola autorytatywna">Kontrola autorytatywna</a> (<span class="description"><a href="/wiki/Rodzina_j%C4%99zykowa" title="Rodzina językowa">rodzina językowa</a></span>):</div><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Library_of_Congress_Control_Number" title="Library of Congress Control Number">LCCN</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://lccn.loc.gov/sh85119961">sh85119961</a></span></li><li><a href="/wiki/Gemeinsame_Normdatei" title="Gemeinsame Normdatei">GND</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://d-nb.info/gnd/4116476-3">4116476-3</a></span></li><li><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Web_NDL_Authorities" class="extiw" title="de:Web NDL Authorities">NDL</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00570643">00570643</a></span></li><li><a href="/wiki/Biblioth%C3%A8que_nationale" title="Bibliothèque nationale">BnF</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11937564s">11937564s</a></span></li><li><a href="/wiki/Syst%C3%A8me_Universitaire_de_Documentation" title="Système Universitaire de Documentation">SUDOC</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.idref.fr/027304604">027304604</a></span></li><li><a href="/wiki/Centralna_Biblioteka_Narodowa_we_Florencji" title="Centralna Biblioteka Narodowa we Florencji">BNCF</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://thes.bncf.firenze.sbn.it/termine.php?id=25">25</a></span></li><li><a href="/wiki/Biblioteka_Narodowa_Republiki_Czeskiej" title="Biblioteka Narodowa Republiki Czeskiej">NKC</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://aut.nkp.cz/ph125479">ph125479</a></span></li><li><a href="/wiki/Hiszpa%C5%84ska_Biblioteka_Narodowa" title="Hiszpańska Biblioteka Narodowa">BNE</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX527453">XX527453</a></span></li><li><a href="/wiki/Biblioteka_Narodowa_Izraela" title="Biblioteka Narodowa Izraela">J9U</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007531623605171">987007531623605171</a></span></li></ul></div><div class="normdaten-andere"><div><a href="/wiki/Encyklopedia_internetowa" title="Encyklopedia internetowa">Encyklopedie internetowe</a>:</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Encyklopedia_PWN_(internetowa)" title="Encyklopedia PWN (internetowa)">PWN</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://encyklopedia.pwn.pl/haslo/;3973861.html">3973861</a></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Encyklopedia_Britannica" title="Encyklopedia Britannica">Britannica</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/topic/Semitic-languages">topic/Semitic-languages</a></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wielka_Encyklopedia_Rosyjska" title="Wielka Encyklopedia Rosyjska">БРЭ</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://old.bigenc.ru/text/3547819">3547819</a></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nationalencyklopedin" title="Nationalencyklopedin">NE.se</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ne.se/uppslagsverk/encyklopedi/lång/semitiska-spr%C3%A5k">semitiska-språk</a></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Store_norske_leksikon" title="Store norske leksikon">SNL</a>: <span class="uid"><a class="external text" href="https://wikidata-externalid-url.toolforge.org/?p=4342&url_prefix=https://snl.no/&id=semittiske_spr%C3%A5k">semittiske_språk</a></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Den_Store_Danske_Encyklop%C3%A6di" title="Den Store Danske Encyklopædi">DSDE</a>: <span class="uid"><a class="external text" href="https://wikidata-externalid-url.toolforge.org/?p=8313&url_prefix=https://lex.dk/&id=semitiske_sprog">semitiske_sprog</a></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hrvatska_enciklopedija" title="Hrvatska enciklopedija">Hrvatska enciklopedija</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.enciklopedija.hr/Natuknica.aspx?ID=55352">55352</a></span></li></ul> </div></div></div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Źródło: „<a dir="ltr" href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Języki_semickie&oldid=75309938">https://pl.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Języki_semickie&oldid=75309938</a>”</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Specjalna:Kategorie" title="Specjalna:Kategorie">Kategoria</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kategoria:J%C4%99zyki_semickie" title="Kategoria:Języki semickie">Języki semickie</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> Tę stronę ostatnio edytowano 21 lis 2024, 09:14.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Tekst udostępniany na licencji <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.pl">Creative Commons: uznanie autorstwa, na tych samych warunkach</a>, z możliwością obowiązywania dodatkowych ograniczeń. Zobacz szczegółowe informacje o <a class="external text" href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Policy:Terms_of_Use/pl">warunkach korzystania</a>.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Polityka prywatności</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:O_Wikipedii">O Wikipedii</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Korzystasz_z_Wikipedii_tylko_na_w%C5%82asn%C4%85_odpowiedzialno%C5%9B%C4%87">Korzystasz z Wikipedii tylko na własną odpowiedzialność</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Powszechne Zasady Postępowania</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">Dla deweloperów</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/pl.wikipedia.org">Statystyki</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Oświadczenie o ciasteczkach</a></li> <li id="footer-places-mobileview"><a href="//pl.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=J%C4%99zyki_semickie&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">Wersja mobilna</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg" width="84" height="29" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" loading="lazy"></a></li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" width="88" height="31" loading="lazy"></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-settings" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul></ul> </div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-f69cdc8f6-96sb8","wgBackendResponseTime":154,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"0.178","walltime":"0.258","ppvisitednodes":{"value":1629,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":14984,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":816,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":9,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":5,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":0,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":4953,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":8,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 217.324 1 -total"," 52.48% 114.041 1 Szablon:Kontrola_autorytatywna"," 36.82% 80.016 1 Szablon:Przypisy"," 20.69% 44.970 2 Szablon:Cytuj"," 10.78% 23.417 2 Szablon:Cytuj_książkę"," 5.37% 11.676 3 Szablon:ISBN"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"0.098","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":2513513,"limit":52428800},"limitreport-logs":"ext = nil\next = false\next = nil\nrequired = table#1 {\n}\next = nil\next = false\next = nil\nrequired = table#1 {\n}\nrequired = table#1 {\n}\nrequired = table#1 {\n}\nrequired = table#1 {\n}\nrequired = table#1 {\n}\nrequired = table#1 {\n}\nrequired = table#1 {\n}\n"},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.codfw.main-78fc6dc798-n79sd","timestamp":"20241121081523","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"J\u0119zyki semickie","url":"https:\/\/pl.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/J%C4%99zyki_semickie","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q34049","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q34049","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wsp\u00f3\u0142tw\u00f3rcy projekt\u00f3w Fundacji Wikimedia"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2002-10-15T08:44:04Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/1\/17\/Afroasiatic_languages-fr.svg","headline":"ga\u0142\u0105\u017a rodziny afroazjatyckiej"}</script> </body> </html>