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href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%AF%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BB%C4%83:%D0%A1%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%8C_%D1%83%D1%87%D1%91%D1%82%D0%BD%D1%83%D1%8E_%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%8C&returnto=%D0%9Ca%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%BB+%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BB%C4%83%D1%85%C4%95%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BC" title="Эпир сире, кӑна тума кирлех мар пулин те, аккаунт хатӗрлесе системӑна кӗме сӗнетпӗр"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>Аккаунт хатӗрле</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%AF%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BB%C4%83:%D0%92%D1%85%D0%BE%D0%B4&returnto=%D0%9Ca%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%BB+%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BB%C4%83%D1%85%C4%95%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BC" title="Аккаунт хатӗрлесе кӗрӗр, анчах ку кирлех мар [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Кӗр</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Системӑна кӗменнисем валли хатӗрленӗ страницӑсем <a href="/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%83%D0%BB%C4%83%D1%88%D1%83:%D0%9F%D1%83%D2%AB%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BC%D3%91%D1%88" aria-label="Тӳрлетесси пирки тӗплӗнрех"><span>ытларах пӗл</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%D0%AF%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BB%C4%83:%D0%9C%D0%BE%D0%B9_%D0%B2%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B4" title="Ку IP адресран тунӑ тӳрлетӳсем [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Хывнӑ тӳпе</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%D0%AF%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BB%C4%83:%D0%9C%D0%BE%D1%91_%D0%BE%D0%B1%D1%81%D1%83%D0%B6%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5" title="IP адресӑн сӳтсе яву страници [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Сӳтсе явни</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Сайт"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Тупмалли" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Тупмалли</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">айккинчи панеле куҫарса ларт</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">пытар</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">Пуҫламӑш</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Максвелл_танлатнисене_çырни_тата_виçесен_системи" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Максвелл_танлатнисене_çырни_тата_виçесен_системи"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Максвелл танлатнисене çырни тата виçесен системи</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Максвелл_танлатнисене_çырни_тата_виçесен_системи-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Кунçул" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Кунçул"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Кунçул</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Кунçул-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ирĕклĕ_авăрсемсĕр_тата_юхăмсемсĕр_танлатнисем" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ирĕклĕ_авăрсемсĕр_тата_юхăмсемсĕр_танлатнисем"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Ирĕклĕ авăрсемсĕр тата юхăмсемсĕр танлатнисем</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Ирĕклĕ_авăрсемсĕр_тата_юхăмсемсĕр_танлатнисем-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Ирĕклĕ авăрсемсĕр тата юхăмсемсĕр танлатнисем айри пая Курӑмлатас/Пытарас</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Ирĕклĕ_авăрсемсĕр_тата_юхăмсемсĕр_танлатнисем-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Хумлă_танлаштни" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Хумлă_танлаштни"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Хумлă танлаштни</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Хумлă_танлаштни-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Хăшпĕр_тĕрĕс_тупсăмĕсем" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Хăшпĕр_тĕрĕс_тупсăмĕсем"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Хăшпĕр тĕрĕс тупсăмĕсем</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Хăшпĕр_тĕрĕс_тупсăмĕсем-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Хăшпĕр тĕрĕс тупсăмĕсем айри пая Курӑмлатас/Пытарас</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Хăшпĕр_тĕрĕс_тупсăмĕсем-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Куçакан_пăнчăллă_авăрăн_уйĕ" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Куçакан_пăнчăллă_авăрăн_уйĕ"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Куçакан пăнчăллă авăрăн уйĕ</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Куçакан_пăнчăллă_авăрăн_уйĕ-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Максвелл_танлатнисен_хисеплĕ_тупсăмĕ" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Максвелл_танлатнисен_хисеплĕ_тупсăмĕ"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Максвелл танлатнисен хисеплĕ тупсăмĕ</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Максвелл_танлатнисен_хисеплĕ_тупсăмĕ-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Çăлкуçсем" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Çăлкуçсем"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Çăлкуçсем</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Çăлкуçсем-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Асăрхавсем" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Асăрхавсем"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Асăрхавсем</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Асăрхавсем-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Çав._пекех" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Çав._пекех"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Çав. пекех</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Çав._пекех-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Вуламалли" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Вуламалли"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Вуламалли</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Вуламалли-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Вуламалли айри пая Курӑмлатас/Пытарас</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Вуламалли-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Историлле_публикацисем" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Историлле_публикацисем"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.1</span> <span>Историлле публикацисем</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Историлле_публикацисем-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Аталанăвĕн_кун-çулĕ" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Аталанăвĕн_кун-çулĕ"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.2</span> <span>Аталанăвĕн кун-çулĕ</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Аталанăвĕн_кун-çулĕ-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Физикăн_пĕрлехи_курсĕсем" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Физикăн_пĕрлехи_курсĕсем"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.3</span> <span>Физикăн пĕрлехи курсĕсем</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Физикăн_пĕрлехи_курсĕсем-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Физика_теорийĕн_курсĕсем" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Физика_теорийĕн_курсĕсем"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.4</span> <span>Физика теорийĕн курсĕсем</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Физика_теорийĕн_курсĕсем-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Максвелл_танлатнисен_тупсăмĕсем" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Максвелл_танлатнисен_тупсăмĕсем"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.5</span> <span>Максвелл танлатнисен тупсăмĕсем</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Максвелл_танлатнисен_тупсăмĕсем-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Каçăсем" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Каçăсем"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Каçăсем</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Каçăсем-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Тупмалли" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Контента Курӑмлатас/Пытарас" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Контента Курӑмлатас/Пытарас</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Мaксвелл танлăхĕсем</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Урӑх чӗлхери статья патне куҫ. 77 чӗлхелли пур" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-77" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">77 чӗлхе</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maxwell_se_vergelykings" title="Maxwell se vergelykings — африкаанс" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Maxwell se vergelykings" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="африкаанс" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maxwell-Gleichungen" title="Maxwell-Gleichungen — швейцарский немецкий" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Maxwell-Gleichungen" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="швейцарский немецкий" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B9%D8%A7%D8%AF%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%AA_%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%83%D8%B3%D9%88%D9%8A%D9%84" title="معادلات ماكسويل — арап" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="معادلات ماكسويل" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="арап" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecuaciones_de_Maxwell" title="Ecuaciones de Maxwell — астурийский" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Ecuaciones de Maxwell" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="астурийский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maksvell_t%C9%99nlikl%C9%99ri" title="Maksvell tənlikləri — азербайджанский" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Maksvell tənlikləri" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="азербайджанский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%A7%DA%A9%D8%B3%D9%88%D9%84_%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B9%D8%A7%D8%AF%DB%8C%D9%84%D9%87%E2%80%8C%D9%84%D8%B1%DB%8C" title="ماکسول موعادیله‌لری — South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="ماکسول موعادیله‌لری" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="суйласа илнĕ статьясем"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%9E%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%96_%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B0" title="Ураўненні Максвела — белорусский" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Ураўненні Максвела" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="белорусский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B0%D1%9E%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%8C%D0%BD%D1%96_%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%81%D1%9E%D1%8D%D0%BB%D0%B0" title="Раўнаньні Максўэла — белорусский (тарашкевица)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Раўнаньні Максўэла" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="белорусский (тарашкевица)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%81%D1%83%D0%B5%D0%BB" title="Уравнения на Максуел — болгарский" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Уравнения на Максуел" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="болгарский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%93%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B0_%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%80%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%A3%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%82%E0%A6%B9" title="ম্যাক্সওয়েলের সমীকরণসমূহ — бенгал" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="ম্যাক্সওয়েলের সমীকরণসমূহ" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="бенгал" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maxwellove_jedna%C4%8Dine" title="Maxwellove jednačine — боснийский" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Maxwellove jednačine" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="боснийский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Equacions_de_Maxwell" title="Equacions de Maxwell — каталанский" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Equacions de Maxwell" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="каталанский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maxwellovy_rovnice" title="Maxwellovy rovnice — чешский" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Maxwellovy rovnice" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="чешский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maxwells_ligninger" title="Maxwells ligninger — датский" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Maxwells ligninger" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="датский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maxwell-Gleichungen" title="Maxwell-Gleichungen — нимӗҫ" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Maxwell-Gleichungen" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="нимӗҫ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%95%CE%BE%CE%B9%CF%83%CF%8E%CF%83%CE%B5%CE%B9%CF%82_%CE%9C%CE%AC%CE%BE%CE%B3%CE%BF%CF%85%CE%B5%CE%BB" title="Εξισώσεις Μάξγουελ — греческий" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Εξισώσεις Μάξγουελ" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="греческий" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maxwell%27s_equations" title="Maxwell's equations — акӑлчан" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Maxwell's equations" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="акӑлчан" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ekvacioj_de_Maxwell" title="Ekvacioj de Maxwell — эсперанто" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Ekvacioj de Maxwell" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="эсперанто" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="хорошая статья"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecuaciones_de_Maxwell" title="Ecuaciones de Maxwell — испани" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Ecuaciones de Maxwell" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="испани" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maxwelli_v%C3%B5rrandid" title="Maxwelli võrrandid — эстонский" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Maxwelli võrrandid" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="эстонский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maxwellen_ekuazioak" title="Maxwellen ekuazioak — баскский" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Maxwellen ekuazioak" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="баскский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B9%D8%A7%D8%AF%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%AA_%D9%85%D8%A7%DA%A9%D8%B3%D9%88%D9%84" title="معادلات ماکسول — персидский" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="معادلات ماکسول" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="персидский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maxwellin_yht%C3%A4l%C3%B6t" title="Maxwellin yhtälöt — финский" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Maxwellin yhtälöt" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="финский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89quations_de_Maxwell" title="Équations de Maxwell — франци" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Équations de Maxwell" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="франци" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecuaci%C3%B3ns_de_Maxwell" title="Ecuacións de Maxwell — галисийский" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Ecuacións de Maxwell" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="галисийский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%A9%D7%95%D7%95%D7%90%D7%95%D7%AA_%D7%9E%D7%A7%D7%A1%D7%95%D7%95%D7%9C" title="משוואות מקסוול — иврит" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="משוואות מקסוול" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="иврит" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B2_%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%87_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A3" title="मैक्सवेल के समीकरण — хинди" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="मैक्सवेल के समीकरण" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="хинди" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maxwellove_jednad%C5%BEbe" title="Maxwellove jednadžbe — хорватский" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Maxwellove jednadžbe" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="хорватский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ekwasyon_Maxwell" title="Ekwasyon Maxwell — гаитянский" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Ekwasyon Maxwell" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="гаитянский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maxwell-egyenletek" title="Maxwell-egyenletek — венгерский" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Maxwell-egyenletek" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="венгерский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%84%D5%A1%D6%84%D5%BD%D5%BE%D5%A5%D5%AC%D5%AB_%D5%B0%D5%A1%D5%BE%D5%A1%D5%BD%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B4%D5%B6%D5%A5%D6%80" title="Մաքսվելի հավասարումներ — армянский" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Մաքսվելի հավասարումներ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="армянский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Equationes_de_Maxwell" title="Equationes de Maxwell — интерлингва" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Equationes de Maxwell" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="интерлингва" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persamaan_Maxwell" title="Persamaan Maxwell — индонези" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Persamaan Maxwell" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="индонези" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C3%B6fnur_Maxwells" title="Jöfnur Maxwells — исландский" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Jöfnur Maxwells" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="исландский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Equazioni_di_Maxwell" title="Equazioni di Maxwell — итали" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Equazioni di Maxwell" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="итали" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%9E%E3%82%AF%E3%82%B9%E3%82%A6%E3%82%A7%E3%83%AB%E3%81%AE%E6%96%B9%E7%A8%8B%E5%BC%8F" title="マクスウェルの方程式 — япони" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="マクスウェルの方程式" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="япони" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9B%E1%83%90%E1%83%A5%E1%83%A1%E1%83%95%E1%83%94%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%92%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%A2%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9A%E1%83%94%E1%83%91%E1%83%94%E1%83%91%E1%83%98" title="მაქსველის განტოლებები — грузинский" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="მაქსველის განტოლებები" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="грузинский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%BB_%D1%82%D0%B5%D2%A3%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%83%D1%96" title="Максвелл теңдеуі — казахский" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Максвелл теңдеуі" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="казахский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%AE%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%AF%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%95%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B8%E0%B3%8D%E2%80%8C%E0%B2%B5%E0%B3%86%E0%B2%B2%E0%B3%8D%E2%80%8C%E0%B2%A8_%E0%B2%B8%E0%B2%AE%E0%B3%80%E0%B2%95%E0%B2%B0%E0%B2%A3%E0%B2%97%E0%B2%B3%E0%B3%81" title="ಮ್ಯಾಕ್ಸ್‌ವೆಲ್‌ನ ಸಮೀಕರಣಗಳು — каннада" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಮ್ಯಾಕ್ಸ್‌ವೆಲ್‌ನ ಸಮೀಕರಣಗಳು" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="каннада" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%A7%A5%EC%8A%A4%EC%9B%B0_%EB%B0%A9%EC%A0%95%EC%8B%9D" title="맥스웰 방정식 — корей" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="맥스웰 방정식" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="корей" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aequationes_Maxwellianae" title="Aequationes Maxwellianae — латинский" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Aequationes Maxwellianae" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="латинский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/W%C3%A8tte_van_Maxwell" title="Wètte van Maxwell — лимбургский" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Wètte van Maxwell" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="лимбургский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maksvelo_lygtys" title="Maksvelo lygtys — литовский" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Maksvelo lygtys" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="литовский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maksvela_vien%C4%81dojumi" title="Maksvela vienādojumi — латышский" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Maksvela vienādojumi" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="латышский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="хорошая статья"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8_%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%B8" title="Максвелови равенки — македонский" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Максвелови равенки" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="македонский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%85%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A3%E0%A5%87" title="मॅक्सवेलची समीकरणे — маратхи" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="मॅक्सवेलची समीकरणे" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="маратхи" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persamaan_Maxwell" title="Persamaan Maxwell — малайский" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Persamaan Maxwell" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="малайский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B2_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A3" title="माक्सवेल समीकरण — непальский" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="माक्सवेल समीकरण" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="непальский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wetten_van_Maxwell" title="Wetten van Maxwell — голланди" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Wetten van Maxwell" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="голланди" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maxwells_likningar" title="Maxwells likningar — нюнорск" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Maxwells likningar" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="нюнорск" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maxwells_likninger" title="Maxwells likninger — норвежский букмол" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Maxwells likninger" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="норвежский букмол" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%AE%E0%A9%88%E0%A8%95%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%B5%E0%A9%88%E0%A9%B1%E0%A8%B2_%E0%A8%A6%E0%A9%80%E0%A8%86%E0%A8%82_%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%AE%E0%A9%80%E0%A8%95%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%A8%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%82" title="ਮੈਕਸਵੈੱਲ ਦੀਆਂ ਸਮੀਕਰਨਾਂ — панджаби" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਮੈਕਸਵੈੱਲ ਦੀਆਂ ਸਮੀਕਰਨਾਂ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="панджаби" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%B3wnania_Maxwella" title="Równania Maxwella — поляк" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Równania Maxwella" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="поляк" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Equa%C3%A7%C3%B5es_de_Maxwell" title="Equações de Maxwell — португали" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Equações de Maxwell" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="португали" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecua%C8%9Biile_lui_Maxwell" title="Ecuațiile lui Maxwell — румынский" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Ecuațiile lui Maxwell" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="румынский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="суйласа илнĕ статьясем"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%BB%D0%B0" title="Уравнения Максвелла — вырӑс" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Уравнения Максвелла" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="вырӑс" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maxwellove_jednad%C5%BEbe" title="Maxwellove jednadžbe — сербскохорватский" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Maxwellove jednadžbe" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="сербскохорватский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maxwell%27s_equations" title="Maxwell's equations — Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Maxwell's equations" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maxwellove_rovnice" title="Maxwellove rovnice — словацкий" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Maxwellove rovnice" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="словацкий" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maxwellove_ena%C4%8Dbe" title="Maxwellove enačbe — словенский" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Maxwellove enačbe" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="словенский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ekuacionet_e_Maksuellit" title="Ekuacionet e Maksuellit — албанский" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Ekuacionet e Maksuellit" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="албанский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B5_%D1%98%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%87%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B5" title="Максвелове једначине — сербский" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Максвелове једначине" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="сербский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maxwells_ekvationer" title="Maxwells ekvationer — шведский" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Maxwells ekvationer" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="шведский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%B5%E0%AF%86%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%B3%E0%AF%8D" title="மாக்சுவெல்லின் சமன்பாடுகள் — тамильский" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="மாக்சுவெல்லின் சமன்பாடுகள்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="тамильский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%AE%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%95%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B8%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B5%E0%B1%86%E0%B0%B2%E0%B1%8D_%E0%B0%B8%E0%B0%AE%E0%B1%80%E0%B0%95%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%A3%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%B2%E0%B1%81" title="మాక్స్వెల్ సమీకరణాలు — телугу" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="మాక్స్వెల్ సమీకరణాలు" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="телугу" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%82%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%87%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%8B%E0%B9%8C%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%A5%E0%B9%8C" title="สมการของแมกซ์เวลล์ — тай" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="สมการของแมกซ์เวลล์" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="тай" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mga_ekwasyon_ni_Maxwell" title="Mga ekwasyon ni Maxwell — тагалог" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Mga ekwasyon ni Maxwell" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="тагалог" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maxwell_denklemleri" title="Maxwell denklemleri — турккӑ" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Maxwell denklemleri" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="турккӑ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Makswell_tigezl%C3%A4m%C3%A4l%C3%A4re" title="Makswell tigezlämäläre — татарский" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Makswell tigezlämäläre" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="татарский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D1%96%D0%B2%D0%BD%D1%8F%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8F_%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%BB%D0%B0" title="Рівняння Максвелла — украинский" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Рівняння Максвелла" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="украинский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%DB%8C%DA%A9%D8%B3%D9%88%DB%8C%D9%84_%D9%85%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%AA" title="میکسویل مساوات — урду" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="میکسویل مساوات" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="урду" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maxwell_tenglamalari" title="Maxwell tenglamalari — узбекский" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Maxwell tenglamalari" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="узбекский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ph%C6%B0%C6%A1ng_tr%C3%ACnh_Maxwell" title="Phương trình Maxwell — вьетнамский" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Phương trình Maxwell" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="вьетнамский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%BA%A6%E5%85%8B%E6%96%AF%E9%9F%A6%E6%96%B9%E7%A8%8B%E7%BB%84" title="麦克斯韦方程组 — у" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="麦克斯韦方程组" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="у" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%90%D7%A7%D7%A1%D7%95%D7%95%D7%A2%D7%9C%D7%A1_%D7%92%D7%9C%D7%B2%D7%9B%D7%95%D7%A0%D7%92%D7%A2%D7%9F" title="מאקסוועלס גלײכונגען — идиш" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="מאקסוועלס גלײכונגען" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="идиш" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="хорошая статья"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%A6%AC%E5%85%8B%E5%A3%AB%E5%A8%81%E6%96%B9%E7%A8%8B%E7%B5%84" title="馬克士威方程組 — китай" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="馬克士威方程組" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="китай" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%BA%A5%E5%A3%AB%E7%B6%AD%E6%96%B9%E7%A8%8B%E7%B5%84" title="麥士維方程組 — кантонский" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="麥士維方程組" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="кантонский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q51501#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Чӗлхесем хушшинчи каҫӑсем" class="wbc-editpage">Каҫӑсене тӳрлет</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Ятсен уҫлӑхӗ"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%D0%9Ca%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%BB_%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BB%C4%83%D1%85%C4%95%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BC" title="Статьяна пăх [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Страница</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%D0%A1%D3%B3%D1%82%D1%81%D0%B5_%D1%8F%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B8:%D0%9Ca%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%BB_%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BB%C4%83%D1%85%C4%95%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BC" rel="discussion" class="mw-redirect" title="Статьяна сӳтсе явасси [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Сӳтсе яв</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Чӗлхе вариантне улӑштар" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">чӑвашла</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet 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href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%9Ca%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%BB_%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BB%C4%83%D1%85%C4%95%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BC&action=edit" title="Править исходный текст этой страницы [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Кодне тӳрлет</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%9Ca%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%BB_%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BB%C4%83%D1%85%C4%95%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BC&action=history" title="Страницӑна улӑштарнин журналӗ [h]" accesskey="h"><span>Истори</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Страницӑсен хатӗр-хӗтӗрӗ"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Хатĕрсем" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Хатĕрсем</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Хатӗрсем</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">айккинчи панеле куҫарса ларт</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">пытар</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="Анлӑрах опцисем" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Ӗҫсем </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%D0%9Ca%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%BB_%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BB%C4%83%D1%85%C4%95%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BC"><span>Вула</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-ve-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%9Ca%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%BB_%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BB%C4%83%D1%85%C4%95%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BC&veaction=edit" title="Кăна тӳрлет [v]" accesskey="v"><span>Тӳрлет</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="collapsible vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%9Ca%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%BB_%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BB%C4%83%D1%85%C4%95%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BC&action=edit" title="Править исходный текст этой страницы [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Кодне тӳрлет</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%9Ca%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%BB_%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BB%C4%83%D1%85%C4%95%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BC&action=history"><span>Истори</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Пӗтӗмӗшле </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%D0%AF%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BB%C4%83:%D0%A1%D1%81%D1%8B%D0%BB%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D1%81%D1%8E%D0%B4%D0%B0/%D0%9Ca%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%BB_%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BB%C4%83%D1%85%C4%95%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BC" title="Кунта куҫаракан мӗнпур страницӑн ят-йышӗ [j]" accesskey="j"><span>Кунта каҫараканнисем</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%D0%AF%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BB%C4%83:%D0%A1%D0%B2%D1%8F%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B5_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BA%D0%B8/%D0%9Ca%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%BB_%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BB%C4%83%D1%85%C4%95%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BC" rel="nofollow" title="Ку страницӑра кӑтартнӑ каҫӑсенче вырнаҫнӑ страницӑсенчи юлашки улшӑнусем [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Ҫыхӑннӑ улшӑнусем</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:UploadWizard?uselang=cv" title="Файлсене тиесси [u]" accesskey="u"><span>Файл тие</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%D0%AF%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BB%C4%83:%D0%A1%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%86%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%86%D1%8B" title="Ятарлӑ страницӑсен йышӗ [q]" accesskey="q"><span>Ятарлă страницăсем</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%9Ca%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%BB_%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BB%C4%83%D1%85%C4%95%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BC&oldid=699896" title="Страницӑн ҫак версине кӑтартакан яланхи каҫӑ"><span>Яланхи вырăн</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%9Ca%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%BB_%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BB%C4%83%D1%85%C4%95%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BC&action=info" title="Ку страница ҫинчен тӗплӗнрех"><span>Страница ҫинчен</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%AF%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BB%C4%83:%D0%A6%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0&page=%D0%9Ca%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%BB_%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BB%C4%83%D1%85%C4%95%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BC&id=699896&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Ҫак эле мӗнле цитатӑласси"><span>Страницăна цитатăла</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%AF%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BB%C4%83:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fcv.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2F%25D0%259Ca%25D0%25BA%25D1%2581%25D0%25B2%25D0%25B5%25D0%25BB%25D0%25BB_%25D1%2582%25D0%25B0%25D0%25BD%25D0%25BB%25C4%2583%25D1%2585%25C4%2595%25D1%2581%25D0%25B5%25D0%25BC"><span>Кӗске URL адреса ил</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%AF%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BB%C4%83:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fcv.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2F%25D0%259Ca%25D0%25BA%25D1%2581%25D0%25B2%25D0%25B5%25D0%25BB%25D0%25BB_%25D1%2582%25D0%25B0%25D0%25BD%25D0%25BB%25C4%2583%25D1%2585%25C4%2595%25D1%2581%25D0%25B5%25D0%25BC"><span>QR-код уҫласа ил</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Пичет/экспорт </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-create_a_book" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%AF%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BB%C4%83:%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%BA%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B3&bookcmd=book_creator&referer=%D0%9Ca%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%BB+%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BB%C4%83%D1%85%C4%95%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BC"><span>Кĕнеке тумалли</span></a></li><li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%AF%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BB%C4%83:DownloadAsPdf&page=%D0%9Ca%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%BB_%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BB%C4%83%D1%85%C4%95%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BC&action=show-download-screen"><span>PDF пек уҫласа ил</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%9Ca%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%BB_%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BB%C4%83%D1%85%C4%95%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BC&printable=yes" title="Ҫак страницӑн пичет версийӗ [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Пичет версийĕ</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Ытти проектсенче </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Maxwell%27s_equations" hreflang="en"><span>Викисклад</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q51501" title="Ссылка на связанный элемент репозитория данных [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Wikidata элеменчӗ</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Страницӑсен хатӗр-хӗтӗрӗ"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Курӑнакан калӑплав"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Курӑнакан калӑплав</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">айккинчи панеле куҫарса ларт</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">пытар</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">«Википеди» ирĕклĕ энциклопединчи материал</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="cv" dir="ltr"><table class="infobox" style="width:210px; float: right; clear: right; text-align:center; margin-top:1em;"> <tbody><tr style="font-size:90%; background:#DCF0FF"> <td><b><a href="/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BA%C4%83%D0%BB%D0%BB%D0%B0_%D1%8D%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Классикăлла электродинамика">Классикăлла электродинамика</a></b> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/%D3%B2%D0%BA%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%87%C4%95%D0%BA:VFPt_Solenoid_correct2.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/VFPt_Solenoid_correct2.svg/160px-VFPt_Solenoid_correct2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="160" height="65" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/VFPt_Solenoid_correct2.svg/240px-VFPt_Solenoid_correct2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/VFPt_Solenoid_correct2.svg/320px-VFPt_Solenoid_correct2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="490" data-file-height="200" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr style="font-size: 90%; line-height: 150%;"> <td><a href="/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE" title="Электро">Электро</a> · <a href="/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC" title="Магнетизм">Магнетизм</a> <table class="collapsible collapsed" width="100%"> <tbody><tr> <th style="text-align: left; background: #DCF0FF; font-size: 90%;"><a href="/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Электростатика">Электростатика</a> </th></tr> <tr style="font-size: 90%; line-height: 150%;"> <td><a href="/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BD_%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%BA%D1%83%D0%BD%C4%95" title="Кулон саккунĕ">Кулон саккунĕ</a> <br /> <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%93%D0%B0%D1%83%D1%81%D1%81_%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Гаусс теореми (хальлӗхе хатӗрлемен-ха)">Гаусс теореми</a> <br /> <a href="/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE_%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C_%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%87%C4%95" title="Электро диполь саманчĕ">Электро диполь саманчĕ</a> <br /> <a href="/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE_%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BC" title="Электро каплам">Электро каплам</a> <br /> <a href="/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE_%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%83%D0%BA%D1%86%D0%B8" title="Электро индукци">Электро индукци</a> <br /> <a href="/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE_%D1%83%D0%B9" title="Электро уй">Электро уй</a> <br /> <a href="/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%C4%83%D0%BB%D0%BB%D0%B0_%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BB" title="Электростатикăлла потенциал">Электростатикăлла потенциал</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <table class="collapsible collapsed" width="100%"> <tbody><tr> <th style="text-align: left; background: #DCF0FF; font-size: 90%;"><a href="/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Магнитостатика">Магнитостатика</a> </th></tr> <tr style="font-size: 90%; line-height: 150%;"> <td><a href="/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B8%D0%BE_%E2%80%94_%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%80_%E2%80%94_%D0%9B%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%81_%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%BA%D1%83%D0%BD%C4%95" title="Био — Савар — Лаплас саккунĕ">Био — Савар — Лаплас саккунĕ</a> <br /> <a href="/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80_%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%BA%D1%83%D0%BD%C4%95" title="Ампер саккунĕ">Ампер саккунĕ</a> <br /> <a href="/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%BB%D0%B0_%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82" title="Магнитла самант">Магнитла самант</a> <br /> <a href="/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%BB%D0%B0_%D1%83%D0%B9" title="Магнитла уй">Магнитла уй</a> <br /> <a href="/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%BB%D0%B0_%D1%8E%D1%85%C4%83%D0%BC" title="Магнитла юхăм">Магнитла юхăм</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <table class="collapsible collapsed" width="100%"> <tbody><tr> <th style="text-align: left; background: #DCF0FF; font-size: 90%;"><a href="/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Электродинамика">Электродинамика</a> </th></tr> <tr style="font-size: 90%; line-height: 150%;"> <td><a href="/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%BB%D0%B0_%D1%83%D0%B9%C4%83%D0%BD_%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BB%D0%B0_%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BB%C4%95" title="Электромагнитла уйăн векторла потенциалĕ">Векторла потенциал</a> <br /> <a href="/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B8%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C_(%D1%8D%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0)" title="Диполь (электродинамика)">Диполь</a> <br /> <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%9B%D0%B8%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%80_%E2%80%94_%D0%92%D0%B8%D1%85%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%82_%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BB%C4%95%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BC&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Лиенар — Вихерт потенциалĕсем (хальлӗхе хатӗрлемен-ха)">Лиенар — Вихерт потенциалĕсем</a> <br /> <a href="/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%86_%D0%B2%C4%83%D0%B9%C4%95" title="Лоренц вăйĕ">Лоренц вăйĕ</a> <br /> <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%A8%C4%83%D0%B2%C4%83%D0%BD%D1%83_%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BA%C4%95_(%D1%8D%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Шăвăну токĕ (электродинамика) (хальлӗхе хатӗрлемен-ха)">Шăвăну токĕ</a> <br /> <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%A3%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8F%D1%80%D0%BB%C4%83_%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%83%D0%BA%D1%86%D0%B8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Униполярлă индукци (хальлӗхе хатӗрлемен-ха)">Униполярлă индукци</a> <br /> <a href="/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%BB_%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BB%C4%83%D1%85%C4%95%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BC" class="mw-redirect" title="Максвелл танлăхĕсем">Максвелл танлăхĕсем</a> <br /> <a href="/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE_%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BA" title="Электро ток">Электро ток</a> <br /> <a href="/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%83%C3%A7%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%83_%D0%B2%C4%83%D0%B9%C4%95" title="Электрокуçтару вăйĕ">Электрокуçтару вăйĕ</a> <br /> <a href="/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%BB%D0%B0_%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%83%D0%BA%D1%86%D0%B8" title="Электромагнитла индукци">Электромагнитла индукци</a> <br /> <a href="/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%BB%D0%B0_%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%B9%C4%83%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B2" title="Электромагнитла пайăркалав">Электромагнитла пайăркалав</a> <br /> <a href="/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%BB%D0%B0_%D1%83%D0%B9" title="Электромагнитла уй">Электромагнитла уй</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <table class="collapsible collapsed" width="100%"> <tbody><tr> <th style="text-align: left; background: #DCF0FF; font-size: 90%;"><a href="/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE_%D0%B2%C4%83%D1%87%C4%83%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Электро вăчăра">Электро вăчăра</a> </th></tr> <tr style="font-size: 90%; line-height: 150%;"> <td><a href="/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%BC_%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%BA%D1%83%D0%BD%C4%95" title="Ом саккунĕ">Ом саккунĕ</a> <br /> <a href="/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B8%D1%80%D1%85%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%84_%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%BA%D1%83%D0%BD%C4%95%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BC" class="mw-redirect" title="Кирхгоф саккунĕсем">Кирхгоф саккунĕсем</a> <br /> <a href="/wiki/%D0%98%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%83%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%BB%C4%83%D1%85" title="Индуктивлăх">Индуктивлăх</a> <br /> <a href="/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BE%D1%85%D1%83%D0%BC_%D1%8F%D1%80%C4%83%D1%88" title="Радиохум ярăш">Радиохум ярăш</a> <br /> <a href="/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80" title="Резонатор">Резонатор</a> <br /> <a href="/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE_%D1%88%C4%83%D0%BD%C4%83%C3%A7%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%C4%83%D1%88" title="Электро шăнăçтарăш">Электро шăнăçтарăш</a> <br /> <a href="/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE_%D1%8F%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BB%C4%83%D1%85" class="mw-redirect" title="Электро яраслăх">Электро ярăш</a> <br /> <a href="/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE_%D1%85%D0%B8%D1%80%C4%95%C3%A7%D1%82%C4%83%D1%80%D1%83" title="Электро хирĕçтăру">Электро хирĕçтăру</a> <br /> <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%AD%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE_%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Электро импеданс (хальлӗхе хатӗрлемен-ха)">Электро импеданс</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <table class="collapsible collapsed" width="100%"> <tbody><tr> <th style="text-align: left; background: #DCF0FF; font-size: 90%;">Ковариантлă каланăлăх </th></tr> <tr style="font-size: 90%; line-height: 150%;"> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%AD%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%BB%D0%B0_%D1%83%D0%B9_%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B7%D0%BE%D1%80%C4%95&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Электромагнитла уй тензорĕ (хальлӗхе хатӗрлемен-ха)">Электромагнитла уй тензорĕ</a> <br /> <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%AD%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B8-%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%BF%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%81_%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B7%D0%BE%D1%80%C4%95&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Энерги-импульс тензорĕ (хальлӗхе хатӗрлемен-ха)">Энерги-импульс тензорĕ</a> <br /> <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%AD%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%BB%D0%B0_%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BB&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Электромагнитла потенциал (хальлӗхе хатӗрлемен-ха)">4-потенциал</a> <br /> <a href="/w/index.php?title=4-%D1%8E%D1%85%C4%83%D0%BC&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="4-юхăм (хальлӗхе хатӗрлемен-ха)">4-юхăм</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <table class="collapsible collapsed" width="100%"> <tbody><tr> <th style="text-align: left; background: #DCF0FF; font-size: 90%;">Паллă ăсчахсем </th></tr> <tr style="font-size: 90%; line-height: 150%;"> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%88,_%D0%93%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%80%D0%B8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Кавендиш, Генри (хальлӗхе хатӗрлемен-ха)">Генри Кавендиш</a> <br /> <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%A4%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%B9,_%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BA%D0%BB&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Фарадей, Майкл (хальлӗхе хатӗрлемен-ха)">Майкл Фарадей</a> <br /> <a href="/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B0_%D0%A2%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B0" title="Никола Тесла">Никола Тесла</a><br /> <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%90%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80,_%D0%90%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%B5_%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ампер, Андре Мари (хальлӗхе хатӗрлемен-ха)">Андре-Мари Ампер</a> <br /> <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%9A%D0%B8%D1%80%D1%85%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%84,_%D0%93%D1%83%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B2&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Кирхгоф, Густав (хальлӗхе хатӗрлемен-ха)">Густав Роберт Кирхгоф</a> <br /> <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%BB,_%D0%94%D0%B6%D0%B5%D0%B9%D0%BC%D1%81_%D0%9A%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BA&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Максвелл, Джеймс Клерк (хальлӗхе хатӗрлемен-ха)">Джеймс Клерк (Кларк) Максвелл</a> <br /> <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%93%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%86,_%D0%93%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%85_%D0%A0%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%84&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Герц, Генрих Рудольф (хальлӗхе хатӗрлемен-ха)">Генри Рудольф Герц</a> <br /> <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BA%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%BD,_%D0%90%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%82_%D0%90%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%BC&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Майкельсон, Альберт Абрахам (хальлӗхе хатӗрлемен-ха)">Альберт Абрахам Майкельсон</a> <br /> <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%9C%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B5%D0%BD,_%D0%A0%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%82_%D0%AD%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%80%D1%8E%D1%81&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Милликен, Роберт Эндрюс (хальлӗхе хатӗрлемен-ха)">Роберт Эндрюс Милликен</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center; font-size: 90%;"> <td><div class="plainlinks hlist navbar"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/%D0%A8%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BD:%D0%AD%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Шаблон:Электродинамика"><span title="Шаблоне пăх">пăх</span></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%A8%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D1%81%D3%B3%D1%82%D1%81%D0%B5_%D1%8F%D0%B2%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BB%D0%B8:%D0%AD%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Шаблона сӳтсе явмалли:Электродинамика (хальлӗхе хатӗрлемен-ха)"><span title="Шаблоне сӳтсе яв">сӳтсе яв</span></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a class="external text" href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=%D0%A8%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BD:%D0%AD%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0&action=edit"><span title="Шаблоне тӳрлет">тӳрлет</span></a></li></ul></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center; font-size: 90%; border-top:3px"> <td>Çавăн пекех <b><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%9F%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB:%D0%A4%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Портал:Физика (хальлӗхе хатӗрлемен-ха)">«Физика порталĕ»</a></b> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Ма́ксвелл танлăхĕсем</b> — классикăлла <a href="/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Электродинамика">электродинамикăри</a> чи тĕпре тăракан танлăхсем. Кунсăр пуçне тата <a href="/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%86_%D0%B2%C4%83%D0%B9%C4%95" title="Лоренц вăйĕ">Лоренц вăйне</a> палăртакан танлăх пур. Максвелл танлăхĕсене çав юлашки танлăхпа пĕрлештерсен <b>Максвелл-Лоренц танлăхĕсем</b> пулаççĕ. Танлăхсен асăннă пĕрлешĕвĕ вара пĕтĕм электродинамикăна тĕппипех палăртса тăрать. </p><p><b>Ма́ксвелл танлăхĕсем</b> — <a href="/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%BB%D0%B0_%D1%83%D0%B9" title="Электромагнитла уй">электромагнитла уй</a> вакуумри е <a href="/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%82%D0%B8-%D1%81%D1%8B%D0%BF%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%81%C4%95%D1%80_%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BA%D0%BA%C4%83%D1%88" title="Татти-сыпписĕр талккăш">татти-сыпписĕр талккăшри</a> <a href="/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE_%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BC" title="Электро каплам">электро капламсемпе</a> тата <a href="/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE_%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BA" title="Электро ток">электроюхăмсемпе</a> епле çыхăннине кăтартакан <a href="/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B8%D1%84%D1%84%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BB%C4%83_%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BB%C4%83%D1%85" title="Дифференциаллă танлăх">дифференциаллă танлăхсен</a> системи (асăннă танлăхсене <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%98%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BB%C4%83_%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BB%C4%83%D1%85%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BC&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Интеграллă танлăхсем (хальлӗхе хатӗрлемен-ха)">интеграллă</a> формăпа та палăртма пулать) . <a href="/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%86_%D0%B2%C4%83%D0%B9%C4%95" title="Лоренц вăйĕ">Лоренц вăйне</a> палăртакан танлăхпа пĕрле <a href="/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BA%C4%83%D0%BB%D0%BB%D0%B0_%D1%84%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Классикăлла физика">классикăлла</a> <a href="/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Электродинамика">электродинамикăн</a> танлăхĕсен тулли системине туса хурать. </p><p><a href="/wiki/XIX_%C4%95%D0%BC%C4%95%D1%80" title="XIX ĕмĕр">XIX ĕмĕрĕн</a> варине çити тунă экспериментсен пĕтĕмлетĕвĕсемпе усă курса <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%BB_%D0%94%D0%B6%D0%B5%D0%B9%D0%BC%D1%81_%D0%9A%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BA&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Максвелл Джеймс Клерк (хальлӗхе хатӗрлемен-ха)">Джеймс Клерк Максвелл</a> хăйĕн танлашăвĕсене ăслайлать, çак вара <a href="/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B5%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%BB%D0%B5_%D1%84%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Теорилле физика">теорилле физика</a> аталанăвне питĕ хăвăртлатать, физикăн <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%AD%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%BB%C4%83%D1%85&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Электромагнетлăх (хальлӗхе хатӗрлемен-ха)">электромагнетлăхпа</a> çыхăннă пайĕсене çеç мар, каярах тĕвĕленнĕ тĕплĕ теорисен çулĕсене уçса парать </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Максвелл_танлатнисене_çырни_тата_виçесен_системи"><span id=".D0.9C.D0.B0.D0.BA.D1.81.D0.B2.D0.B5.D0.BB.D0.BB_.D1.82.D0.B0.D0.BD.D0.BB.D0.B0.D1.82.D0.BD.D0.B8.D1.81.D0.B5.D0.BD.D0.B5_.C3.A7.D1.8B.D1.80.D0.BD.D0.B8_.D1.82.D0.B0.D1.82.D0.B0_.D0.B2.D0.B8.C3.A7.D0.B5.D1.81.D0.B5.D0.BD_.D1.81.D0.B8.D1.81.D1.82.D0.B5.D0.BC.D0.B8"></span>Максвелл танлатнисене çырни тата виçесен системи</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%9Ca%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%BB_%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BB%C4%83%D1%85%C4%95%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BC&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Максвелл танлатнисене çырни тата виçесен системи пая тӳрлет" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>тӳрлет</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%9Ca%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%BB_%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BB%C4%83%D1%85%C4%95%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BC&action=edit&section=1" title="Редактировать код раздела «Максвелл танлатнисене çырни тата виçесен системи»"><span>кодне тӳрлет</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><b><Ку секцие пĕтĕмпех çĕнĕрен çырмалла></b> </p><p>Физикăра чылайăш танлашусене епле <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%92%D0%B8%C3%A7%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BD_%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Виçесен системи (хальлӗхе хатӗрлемен-ха)">виçесен системинче</a> çырнинчен килмест. Анчах электродинамикăра кун пек мар. Виçесен системине суйласа илсессĕн Максвелл танлатнисенче тĕрлĕ коэффициентсем (константăсем) сиксе тухаççĕ. Тĕнчери <a href="/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%98" class="mw-redirect" title="СИ">СИ виçисен системи</a> техникăра та, вĕренӳре йышăннă виçе (стандарт) шутланать, çапах та физиксем хушшинче унăн пахалăхĕсемпе çитменлĕхĕсене <a href="/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%93%D0%A1" title="СГС">виçесен симметриллĕ гаус системине (СГС)</a> уйăрса илес пирки тавлашусем халĕ те лăпланмаççĕ<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Кунçул"><span id=".D0.9A.D1.83.D0.BD.C3.A7.D1.83.D0.BB"></span>Кунçул</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%9Ca%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%BB_%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BB%C4%83%D1%85%C4%95%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BC&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Кунçул пая тӳрлет" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>тӳрлет</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%9Ca%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%BB_%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BB%C4%83%D1%85%C4%95%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BC&action=edit&section=2" title="Редактировать код раздела «Кунçул»"><span>кодне тӳрлет</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/%D3%B2%D0%BA%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%87%C4%95%D0%BA:James_Clerk_Maxwell.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/James_Clerk_Maxwell.jpg/220px-James_Clerk_Maxwell.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="265" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/James_Clerk_Maxwell.jpg/330px-James_Clerk_Maxwell.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/42/James_Clerk_Maxwell.jpg 2x" data-file-width="331" data-file-height="398" /></a><figcaption>Джеймс Клерк Максвелл</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/XIX_%C4%95%D0%BC%C4%95%D1%80" title="XIX ĕмĕр">XIX ĕмĕрĕн</a> пуçламăшĕнче экспериментсенче тупнă кирлĕ уçăмлăхсен никĕсĕпе <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%BB_%D0%94%D0%B6%D0%B5%D0%B9%D0%BC%D1%81_%D0%9A%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BA&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Максвелл Джеймс Клерк (хальлӗхе хатӗрлемен-ха)">Джеймс Клерк Максвелл</a> хăйĕн танлатнисене ăнлантарса çырнă. <a href="/wiki/1820" title="1820">1820</a> çулта <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%AD%D1%80%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%B4_%D0%93%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81_%D0%A5%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BD&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Эрстед Ганс Христиан (хальлӗхе хатӗрлемен-ха)">Ганс Христиан Эрстед</a> çакна <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%AD%D1%80%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%B4_%D0%BE%D0%BF%D1%8B%D1%87%C4%95&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Эрстед опычĕ (хальлӗхе хатӗрлемен-ха)">асăрханă</a><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>, пăралук тăрăх чупакан <a href="/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8_%D1%8D%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%87%C4%95" title="Гальвани элеменчĕ">гальвани</a> юххи компасăн магнит сăннине куçарма пултарать. Çак уçăмлăх чылай ăсчаха кăсăкланатарнă. Çав 1820 çултах <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%91%D0%B8%D0%BE_%D0%96%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D0%91%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Био Жан Батист (хальлӗхе хатӗрлемен-ха)">Био</a> тата <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%80_%D0%A4%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D1%81&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Савар Феликс (хальлӗхе хатӗрлемен-ха)">Савар</a> экспериментсенче<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> юхă тăвакан магнит индукцине ăнлантарнă (<a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%91%D0%B8%D0%BE_%E2%80%94_%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%80_%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%BA%D1%83%D0%BD%C4%95&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Био — Савар саккунĕ (хальлӗхе хатӗрлемен-ха)">Био — Савар саккунĕ</a>), тата витĕр юхă янă иккĕ пăралук <a href="/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80_%D0%90%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%B5-%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8" title="Ампер Андре-Мари">Андре-Мари Ампер</a> <a href="/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80_%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%BA%D1%83%D0%BD%C4%95" title="Ампер саккунĕ">пĕр-пĕринпе хутшăнăва кĕреççĕ</a>. Ампер <a href="/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Электродинамика">«электродинамика»</a> термина кĕртет, çутçанталăк магнетизмĕн магнитра çавра юхăсем пурри гипотезăна сĕнет<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. </p><p>Эрстед юхăсем магнита сĕмленине асăрханă, <a href="/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%B9_%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BA%D0%BB" title="Фарадей Майкл">Майкл Фарадей</a> пуçĕнче магнит та электро юхăсене те сĕмлет текен шухăш çуралать. Чылай хушă экспериментсемпе апаланса, <a href="/wiki/1831" title="1831">1831</a> çулта Фарадей электро куçаракан çумĕнчи магнит <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%AD%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE_%D1%8E%D1%85%C4%83&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Электро юхă (хальлӗхе хатӗрлемен-ха)">электро юхă</a> тунине асăрханă. Çак пулăма <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%AD%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%82_%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%83%D0%BA%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B9%C4%95&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Электромагнит индукцийĕ (хальлӗхе хатӗрлемен-ха)">электромагнит индукцийĕ</a> тенĕ. Фарадей «вăйсен уйĕ» ăнлава — <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%AD%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE_%D0%B0%D0%B2%C4%83%D1%80&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Электро авăр (хальлӗхе хатӗрлемен-ха)">авăрсемпе</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%AE%D1%85%C4%83&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Юхă (хальлӗхе хатӗрлемен-ха)">юхăсем</a> хушшинчи — хутлăха кĕртнĕ. Унăн шухăшĕсем Максвелла тĕпчевĕсенче питĕ пулăшнă. </p><p>Фарадей уçнисем хыççăн электромагнетизмăн кивĕ моделĕсем (<a href="/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80_%D0%90%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%B5-%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8" title="Ампер Андре-Мари">Ампер</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%9F%D1%83%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%BD_%D0%A1%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%BD_%D0%94%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Пуассон Симеон Дени (хальлӗхе хатӗрлемен-ха)">Пуассон</a> тата ур.) тулли марри паллă пулать. Кĕçех <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%92%D0%B5%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%80_%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BC_%D0%AD%D0%B4%D1%83%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Вебер Вильгельм Эдуард (хальлӗхе хатӗрлемен-ха)">Вебер</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%98%D0%BD%C3%A7%D0%B5%D1%81%C4%95%D0%BC%D0%BB%C4%95%D1%85&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Инçесĕмлĕх (хальлӗхе хатӗрлемен-ха)">инçесĕмлĕх</a> теорийĕ çуралать. Анчах та çак саманта мĕнпур физика, <a href="/w/index.php?title=%C3%87%D1%83%D1%82_%D1%82%C4%95%D0%BD%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8_%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D1%82%C4%83%D0%BC%D0%BB%C4%83%D1%85_%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%BA%D1%83%D0%BD%C4%95&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Çут тĕнчери туртăмлăх саккунĕ (хальлӗхе хатӗрлемен-ха)">туртăмлăх теорисĕр</a> пуçне, çывăхсĕмлĕ вăйсене кăна (оптика, термодинамика, талккăш хутлăхĕн механики тата ур.) тĕпчесе пĕлнĕ. <a href="/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B0%D1%83%D1%81%D1%81_%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BB_%D0%A4%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%85" class="mw-redirect" title="Гаусс Карл Фридрих">Гаусс</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%A0%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D0%93%D0%B5%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B3_%D0%A4%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%85_%D0%91%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BD%D1%85%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Риман Георг Фридрих Бернхард (хальлӗхе хатӗрлемен-ха)">Риман</a> тата урăх ăсчахсем çутă электромагнит çутçанталăклă пулни пирки тавçăрса илнĕ, çавăнпа та электромагнит пулăмĕсен теорине çывăхсĕмлĕ вăйсен йышне кĕртмелле пулнă. Çак принцип Максвелл теорин уйрăмлăхĕ шутланать. </p><p>Хăйĕн паллă «Электричество тата магнетизм трактачĕ» ĕçĕнче (<a href="/wiki/1873" title="1873">1873</a>) Максвелл çырнă<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>: </p> <blockquote><p>Фарадей ĕçĕсене тĕпчеме пуçласан çакна палăртрăм — пулăмсене ăнланмалли меслет çаплах математика меслечĕ те шутланать, ахальхи математика символĕсемпе çырса кăтартман пулсан та. Çавăн пекех çак меслете ахальхи математика ĕлкипе те палăртмаллине те эпĕ туйса илтĕм, çавăнпа та профессиллĕ математиксен меслечĕсемпе танлаштарма пулать.</p></blockquote> <p>Фарадейĕн «вăйсен уйĕ» ăнлава «уйăн напряжённосчĕ» çине куçарса, Максвелл ăна хăйĕн теорин кирлĕ объекчĕ туса хурать<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>: </p> <blockquote><p>Эхер те эпир çак хутлăха гипотеза шайĕнче йышăнсан, манăн шухăшпа, вăл вара пирĕн тĕпчевсенче паллă вырăн йышăнма тивĕçлĕ, унăн ĕç-пуçĕ пирки тĕплĕ шутлă курăнăва ăс-тăнра вырнаçтарасси, çак ĕнтĕ трактатри манăн пĕрмайхи тĕллевĕ пулнă.</p></blockquote> <p>Çакăн евĕр электродинамика хутлăхĕ Ньютон физикинче пачах çĕнĕ ăнлав пулса тăрать. Ньютон физики материал кĕлеткисем хушшинчи хутшăнусене тĕпченĕ. Максвелл вара <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%AD%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE_%D0%B0%D0%B2%C4%83%D1%80&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Электро авăр (хальлӗхе хатӗрлемен-ха)">авăрсемпе</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%AE%D1%85%C4%83&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Юхă (хальлӗхе хатӗрлемен-ха)">юхăсен</a> хутшăнăвĕсене палăртакан тата вĕсем çук чухне те пур хутлăх валли танлашусене çырнă. </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/%D3%B2%D0%BA%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%87%C4%95%D0%BA:Electromagnetism.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Electromagnetism.svg/200px-Electromagnetism.svg.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="218" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Electromagnetism.svg/300px-Electromagnetism.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Electromagnetism.svg/400px-Electromagnetism.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="651" data-file-height="709" /></a><figcaption>Электро юхă магнит индукцине тăвать (Ампер саккунĕ)</figcaption></figure> <p>Паллă экспериментсене тишкерсе тĕпченĕ хыççăн Максвелл электро тата магнит уйĕсен танлашусен системине хайланă. <a href="/wiki/1855" title="1855">1855</a> çулта хăйĕн чи пĕрремĕш «Фарадей вăйĕсен йĕрĕсем пирки» статьинче<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> («On Faraday’s Lines of Force»<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) вăл пĕрремĕш электродинамика танлашăвĕсен системине, <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%9A%D1%83%C3%A7%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%83_%D1%8E%D1%85%D1%85%D0%B8_(%D1%8D%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Куçару юххи (электродинамика) (хальлӗхе хатӗрлемен-ха)">куçару юххине</a> кĕртмесĕрех, дифференциал ĕлкипе çырнă. Çакăн пек танлашу системи çак вăхăта экспериментсенче тупнă паллă хыпарсене ăнлантарса пама пултарнă, çапах та авăрсене юхăсемпе çыхăнтарма тата <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%AD%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%82_%D1%85%D1%83%D0%BC%C4%95%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BC&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Электромагнит хумĕсем (хальлӗхе хатӗрлемен-ха)">электромагнит хумĕсен</a> тупсăмне кăтартма пултарайман<sup id="cite_ref-Shapiro_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Shapiro-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Куçару юххи термина Максвелл «О физических силовых линиях» тĕпчев ĕçĕнче кĕртнĕ<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> («On Physical Lines of Force»<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>), тăваттă пайран тытăнса тăракан, 1861—1862 çулсенче пичетленĕскер. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ирĕклĕ_авăрсемсĕр_тата_юхăмсемсĕр_танлатнисем"><span id=".D0.98.D1.80.C4.95.D0.BA.D0.BB.C4.95_.D0.B0.D0.B2.C4.83.D1.80.D1.81.D0.B5.D0.BC.D1.81.C4.95.D1.80_.D1.82.D0.B0.D1.82.D0.B0_.D1.8E.D1.85.C4.83.D0.BC.D1.81.D0.B5.D0.BC.D1.81.C4.95.D1.80_.D1.82.D0.B0.D0.BD.D0.BB.D0.B0.D1.82.D0.BD.D0.B8.D1.81.D0.B5.D0.BC"></span>Ирĕклĕ авăрсемсĕр тата юхăмсемсĕр танлатнисем</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%9Ca%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%BB_%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BB%C4%83%D1%85%C4%95%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BC&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Ирĕклĕ авăрсемсĕр тата юхăмсемсĕр танлатнисем пая тӳрлет" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>тӳрлет</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%9Ca%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%BB_%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BB%C4%83%D1%85%C4%95%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BC&action=edit&section=3" title="Редактировать код раздела «Ирĕклĕ авăрсемсĕр тата юхăмсемсĕр танлатнисем»"><span>кодне тӳрлет</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><b><Ку секцие пĕтĕмпех çĕнĕрен çырмалла></b> </p><p>Ирĕклĕ авăрсемпе юхăмсем çук чухне<span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \rho =0\,}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>ρ</mi> <mo>=</mo> <mn>0</mn> <mspace width="thinmathspace" /> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \rho =0\,}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/f6380c7748e5e8287473456f4deba71c0327bf5b" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:5.85ex; height:2.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \rho =0\,}"></span>, <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \mathbf {j} =0}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="bold">j</mi> </mrow> <mo>=</mo> <mn>0</mn> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \mathbf {j} =0}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/3ed6778351030fb604aafb84a513437ff61fe5eb" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; margin-left: -0.164ex; width:5.241ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \mathbf {j} =0}"></span>, <a href="/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%BB_%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%88%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%C4%83%D0%B2%C4%95%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BC#Изотроплă_тата_пĕр_тĕслĕ_дисперсисĕр_хутлăхсенчие_танлашусем" class="mw-redirect" title="Максвелл танлаштарăвĕсем">изотроплă тата пĕр тĕслĕ дисперсисĕр хутлăхсенче Максвелл танлатнисем</a> çакăн евĕр курăнаççĕ: </p> <table class="standard" align="center" width="75%"> <tbody><tr> <th width="50%"><center><a href="/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%93%D0%A1" title="СГС">СГС</a></center></th> <th width="50%"><center><a href="/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%98" class="mw-redirect" title="СИ">СИ</a></center> </th></tr> <tr> <td> <dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \nabla \cdot \mathbf {E} =0,~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~\nabla \cdot \mathbf {B} =0,}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi mathvariant="normal">∇</mi> <mo>⋅</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="bold">E</mi> </mrow> <mo>=</mo> <mn>0</mn> <mo>,</mo> <mtext> </mtext> <mtext> </mtext> <mtext> </mtext> <mtext> </mtext> <mtext> </mtext> <mtext> </mtext> <mtext> </mtext> <mtext> </mtext> <mtext> </mtext> <mtext> </mtext> <mtext> </mtext> <mtext> </mtext> <mtext> </mtext> <mtext> </mtext> <mtext> </mtext> <mi mathvariant="normal">∇</mi> <mo>⋅</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="bold">B</mi> </mrow> <mo>=</mo> <mn>0</mn> <mo>,</mo> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \nabla \cdot \mathbf {E} =0,~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~\nabla \cdot \mathbf {B} =0,}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/eb711d5f47435269d9f9e058a6a48c95f31b0367" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:29.8ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \nabla \cdot \mathbf {E} =0,~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~\nabla \cdot \mathbf {B} =0,}"></span></dd></dl> <dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \nabla \times \mathbf {E} =-{\frac {1}{c}}{\frac {\partial \mathbf {B} }{\partial t}},~~~~~~\nabla \times \mathbf {B} ={\frac {\varepsilon \mu }{c}}{\frac {\partial \mathbf {E} }{\partial t}},}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi mathvariant="normal">∇</mi> <mo>×</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="bold">E</mi> </mrow> <mo>=</mo> <mo>−</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mn>1</mn> <mi>c</mi> </mfrac> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mrow> <mi mathvariant="normal">∂</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="bold">B</mi> </mrow> </mrow> <mrow> <mi mathvariant="normal">∂</mi> <mi>t</mi> </mrow> </mfrac> </mrow> <mo>,</mo> <mtext> </mtext> <mtext> </mtext> <mtext> </mtext> <mtext> </mtext> <mtext> </mtext> <mtext> </mtext> <mi mathvariant="normal">∇</mi> <mo>×</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="bold">B</mi> </mrow> <mo>=</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mrow> <mi>ε</mi> <mi>μ</mi> </mrow> <mi>c</mi> </mfrac> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mrow> <mi mathvariant="normal">∂</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="bold">E</mi> </mrow> </mrow> <mrow> <mi mathvariant="normal">∂</mi> <mi>t</mi> </mrow> </mfrac> </mrow> <mo>,</mo> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \nabla \times \mathbf {E} =-{\frac {1}{c}}{\frac {\partial \mathbf {B} }{\partial t}},~~~~~~\nabla \times \mathbf {B} ={\frac {\varepsilon \mu }{c}}{\frac {\partial \mathbf {E} }{\partial t}},}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/29fe3d34126e1218ffffd534e2cfbf4838c804d9" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.005ex; width:39.667ex; height:5.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \nabla \times \mathbf {E} =-{\frac {1}{c}}{\frac {\partial \mathbf {B} }{\partial t}},~~~~~~\nabla \times \mathbf {B} ={\frac {\varepsilon \mu }{c}}{\frac {\partial \mathbf {E} }{\partial t}},}"></span></dd></dl> </td> <td> <dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \nabla \cdot \mathbf {E} =0,~~~~~~~~~~~~~\nabla \cdot \mathbf {B} =0,}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi mathvariant="normal">∇</mi> <mo>⋅</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="bold">E</mi> </mrow> <mo>=</mo> <mn>0</mn> <mo>,</mo> <mtext> </mtext> <mtext> </mtext> <mtext> </mtext> <mtext> </mtext> <mtext> </mtext> <mtext> </mtext> <mtext> </mtext> <mtext> </mtext> <mtext> </mtext> <mtext> </mtext> <mtext> </mtext> <mtext> </mtext> <mtext> </mtext> <mi mathvariant="normal">∇</mi> <mo>⋅</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="bold">B</mi> </mrow> <mo>=</mo> <mn>0</mn> <mo>,</mo> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \nabla \cdot \mathbf {E} =0,~~~~~~~~~~~~~\nabla \cdot \mathbf {B} =0,}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/79d4830770043e72a036179142c5e83ecf706bbc" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:28.639ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \nabla \cdot \mathbf {E} =0,~~~~~~~~~~~~~\nabla \cdot \mathbf {B} =0,}"></span></dd></dl> <dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \nabla \times \mathbf {E} =-{\frac {\partial \mathbf {B} }{\partial t}},~~~~~~\nabla \times \mathbf {B} ={\frac {\varepsilon \mu }{c^{2}}}{\frac {\partial \mathbf {E} }{\partial t}}.}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi mathvariant="normal">∇</mi> <mo>×</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="bold">E</mi> </mrow> <mo>=</mo> <mo>−</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mrow> <mi mathvariant="normal">∂</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="bold">B</mi> </mrow> </mrow> <mrow> <mi mathvariant="normal">∂</mi> <mi>t</mi> </mrow> </mfrac> </mrow> <mo>,</mo> <mtext> </mtext> <mtext> </mtext> <mtext> </mtext> <mtext> </mtext> <mtext> </mtext> <mtext> </mtext> <mi mathvariant="normal">∇</mi> <mo>×</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="bold">B</mi> </mrow> <mo>=</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mrow> <mi>ε</mi> <mi>μ</mi> </mrow> <msup> <mi>c</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msup> </mfrac> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mrow> <mi mathvariant="normal">∂</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="bold">E</mi> </mrow> </mrow> <mrow> <mi mathvariant="normal">∂</mi> <mi>t</mi> </mrow> </mfrac> </mrow> <mo>.</mo> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \nabla \times \mathbf {E} =-{\frac {\partial \mathbf {B} }{\partial t}},~~~~~~\nabla \times \mathbf {B} ={\frac {\varepsilon \mu }{c^{2}}}{\frac {\partial \mathbf {E} }{\partial t}}.}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/07255ce2167527b02382d7e8a17a9ba0e137f67b" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.171ex; width:37.668ex; height:5.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \nabla \times \mathbf {E} =-{\frac {\partial \mathbf {B} }{\partial t}},~~~~~~\nabla \times \mathbf {B} ={\frac {\varepsilon \mu }{c^{2}}}{\frac {\partial \mathbf {E} }{\partial t}}.}"></span></dd></dl> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Çак танлатнисен тупсăмĕсем — <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \mathbf {E} }"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="bold">E</mi> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \mathbf {E} }</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/0d7f22b39d51f780fc02859059c1757c606b9de2" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.757ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \mathbf {E} }"></span> электро уйĕн çивĕчлĕхĕ тата <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \mathbf {B} }"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="bold">B</mi> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \mathbf {B} }</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/cafb0ef39b0f5ffa23c170aa7f7b4e718327c4d1" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.901ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \mathbf {B} }"></span> магнит индукцийĕ. <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \varepsilon }"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>ε</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \varepsilon }</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/a30c89172e5b88edbd45d3e2772c7f5e562e5173" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.083ex; height:1.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \varepsilon }"></span> диэлектро тата <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \mu }"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>μ</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \mu }</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/9fd47b2a39f7a7856952afec1f1db72c67af6161" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:1.402ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \mu }"></span> магнит кĕрĕмлĕхне хутлăх пахалăхĕсем палăртаççĕ. Вакуум валли <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \varepsilon =1}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>ε</mi> <mo>=</mo> <mn>1</mn> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \varepsilon =1}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/1753afd2efa95ce60e70983a02a58bea70cc7b1d" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:5.344ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \varepsilon =1}"></span>, <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \mu =1\,}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>μ</mi> <mo>=</mo> <mn>1</mn> <mspace width="thinmathspace" /> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \mu =1\,}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/d5765d2717e7fb6aa6451a95c990157ad2792c48" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:6.05ex; height:2.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \mu =1\,}"></span>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Хумлă_танлаштни"><span id=".D0.A5.D1.83.D0.BC.D0.BB.C4.83_.D1.82.D0.B0.D0.BD.D0.BB.D0.B0.D1.88.D1.82.D0.BD.D0.B8"></span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%A5%D1%83%D0%BC%D0%BB%C4%83_%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%88%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%B8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Хумлă танлаштни (хальлӗхе хатӗрлемен-ха)">Хумлă танлаштни</a></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%9Ca%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%BB_%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BB%C4%83%D1%85%C4%95%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BC&veaction=edit&section=4" title="Хумлă танлаштни пая тӳрлет" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>тӳрлет</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%9Ca%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%BB_%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BB%C4%83%D1%85%C4%95%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BC&action=edit&section=4" title="Редактировать код раздела «Хумлă танлаштни»"><span>кодне тӳрлет</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Хăшпĕр_тĕрĕс_тупсăмĕсем"><span id=".D0.A5.C4.83.D1.88.D0.BF.C4.95.D1.80_.D1.82.C4.95.D1.80.C4.95.D1.81_.D1.82.D1.83.D0.BF.D1.81.C4.83.D0.BC.C4.95.D1.81.D0.B5.D0.BC"></span>Хăшпĕр тĕрĕс тупсăмĕсем</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%9Ca%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%BB_%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BB%C4%83%D1%85%C4%95%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BC&veaction=edit&section=5" title="Хăшпĕр тĕрĕс тупсăмĕсем пая тӳрлет" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>тӳрлет</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%9Ca%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%BB_%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BB%C4%83%D1%85%C4%95%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BC&action=edit&section=5" title="Редактировать код раздела «Хăшпĕр тĕрĕс тупсăмĕсем»"><span>кодне тӳрлет</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Куçакан_пăнчăллă_авăрăн_уйĕ"><span id=".D0.9A.D1.83.C3.A7.D0.B0.D0.BA.D0.B0.D0.BD_.D0.BF.C4.83.D0.BD.D1.87.C4.83.D0.BB.D0.BB.C4.83_.D0.B0.D0.B2.C4.83.D1.80.C4.83.D0.BD_.D1.83.D0.B9.C4.95"></span>Куçакан пăнчăллă авăрăн уйĕ</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%9Ca%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%BB_%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BB%C4%83%D1%85%C4%95%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BC&veaction=edit&section=6" title="Куçакан пăнчăллă авăрăн уйĕ пая тӳрлет" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>тӳрлет</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%9Ca%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%BB_%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BB%C4%83%D1%85%C4%95%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BC&action=edit&section=6" title="Редактировать код раздела «Куçакан пăнчăллă авăрăн уйĕ»"><span>кодне тӳрлет</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Эхер те авăр пĕрмайхи <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \mathbf {u} }"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="bold">u</mi> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \mathbf {u} }</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/261e20fe101de02a771021d9d4466c0ad3e352d7" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.485ex; height:1.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \mathbf {u} }"></span> хăвăртлăхпа куçать пулсан, унăн таврашĕнче <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \mathbf {B} }"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="bold">B</mi> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \mathbf {B} }</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/cafb0ef39b0f5ffa23c170aa7f7b4e718327c4d1" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.901ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \mathbf {B} }"></span> магнит уйĕ пулса тăрать, электро çивĕчлĕх сферăлла симметриллĕ пулма пăрахать <sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>: </p> <table class="standard" align="center" width="75%"> <tbody><tr> <th width="50%"><center><a href="/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%93%D0%A1" title="СГС">СГС</a></center></th> <th width="50%"><center><a href="/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%98" class="mw-redirect" title="СИ">СИ</a></center> </th></tr> <tr> <td> <dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \mathbf {E} ={\frac {Q}{\varepsilon }}\,{\frac {\mathbf {r} }{r^{3}}}\,{\frac {1-u^{2}/c^{2}}{(1-[\mathbf {n} \times \mathbf {u} ]^{2}/c^{2})^{3/2}}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="bold">E</mi> </mrow> <mo>=</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mi>Q</mi> <mi>ε</mi> </mfrac> </mrow> <mspace width="thinmathspace" /> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="bold">r</mi> </mrow> <msup> <mi>r</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>3</mn> </mrow> </msup> </mfrac> </mrow> <mspace width="thinmathspace" /> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mrow> <mn>1</mn> <mo>−</mo> <msup> <mi>u</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msup> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>/</mo> </mrow> <msup> <mi>c</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msup> </mrow> <mrow> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mn>1</mn> <mo>−</mo> <mo stretchy="false">[</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="bold">n</mi> </mrow> <mo>×</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="bold">u</mi> </mrow> <msup> <mo stretchy="false">]</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msup> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>/</mo> </mrow> <msup> <mi>c</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msup> <msup> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>3</mn> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>/</mo> </mrow> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msup> </mrow> </mfrac> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \mathbf {E} ={\frac {Q}{\varepsilon }}\,{\frac {\mathbf {r} }{r^{3}}}\,{\frac {1-u^{2}/c^{2}}{(1-[\mathbf {n} \times \mathbf {u} ]^{2}/c^{2})^{3/2}}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/d920d9f619b8df9050253357fe9ad37fa3e1a972" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.838ex; width:31.972ex; height:6.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \mathbf {E} ={\frac {Q}{\varepsilon }}\,{\frac {\mathbf {r} }{r^{3}}}\,{\frac {1-u^{2}/c^{2}}{(1-[\mathbf {n} \times \mathbf {u} ]^{2}/c^{2})^{3/2}}}}"></span></dd> <dd><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \mathbf {B} ={\frac {\varepsilon \mu }{c}}\,[\mathbf {u} \times \mathbf {E} ]}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="bold">B</mi> </mrow> <mo>=</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mrow> <mi>ε</mi> <mi>μ</mi> </mrow> <mi>c</mi> </mfrac> </mrow> <mspace width="thinmathspace" /> <mo stretchy="false">[</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="bold">u</mi> </mrow> <mo>×</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="bold">E</mi> </mrow> <mo stretchy="false">]</mo> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \mathbf {B} ={\frac {\varepsilon \mu }{c}}\,[\mathbf {u} \times \mathbf {E} ]}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/c70dacff6c949d122de16011e5772b80f6dca0b0" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.838ex; width:16.084ex; height:4.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \mathbf {B} ={\frac {\varepsilon \mu }{c}}\,[\mathbf {u} \times \mathbf {E} ]}"></span></dd></dl> </td> <td> <dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \mathbf {E} ={\frac {Q}{4\pi \varepsilon \varepsilon _{0}}}\,{\frac {\mathbf {r} }{r^{3}}}\,{\frac {1-u^{2}/c^{2}}{(1-[\mathbf {n} \times \mathbf {u} ]^{2}/c^{2})^{3/2}}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="bold">E</mi> </mrow> <mo>=</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mi>Q</mi> <mrow> <mn>4</mn> <mi>π</mi> <mi>ε</mi> <msub> <mi>ε</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>0</mn> </mrow> </msub> </mrow> </mfrac> </mrow> <mspace width="thinmathspace" /> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="bold">r</mi> </mrow> <msup> <mi>r</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>3</mn> </mrow> </msup> </mfrac> </mrow> <mspace width="thinmathspace" /> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mrow> <mn>1</mn> <mo>−</mo> <msup> <mi>u</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msup> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>/</mo> </mrow> <msup> <mi>c</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msup> </mrow> <mrow> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mn>1</mn> <mo>−</mo> <mo stretchy="false">[</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="bold">n</mi> </mrow> <mo>×</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="bold">u</mi> </mrow> <msup> <mo stretchy="false">]</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msup> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>/</mo> </mrow> <msup> <mi>c</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msup> <msup> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>3</mn> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>/</mo> </mrow> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msup> </mrow> </mfrac> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \mathbf {E} ={\frac {Q}{4\pi \varepsilon \varepsilon _{0}}}\,{\frac {\mathbf {r} }{r^{3}}}\,{\frac {1-u^{2}/c^{2}}{(1-[\mathbf {n} \times \mathbf {u} ]^{2}/c^{2})^{3/2}}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/f5e7f4c22cb786362e33d989923344271130db57" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.838ex; width:35.849ex; height:6.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \mathbf {E} ={\frac {Q}{4\pi \varepsilon \varepsilon _{0}}}\,{\frac {\mathbf {r} }{r^{3}}}\,{\frac {1-u^{2}/c^{2}}{(1-[\mathbf {n} \times \mathbf {u} ]^{2}/c^{2})^{3/2}}}}"></span></dd> <dd><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \mathbf {B} ={\frac {\varepsilon \mu }{c^{2}}}\,[\mathbf {u} \times \mathbf {E} ]}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="bold">B</mi> </mrow> <mo>=</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mrow> <mi>ε</mi> <mi>μ</mi> </mrow> <msup> <mi>c</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msup> </mfrac> </mrow> <mspace width="thinmathspace" /> <mo stretchy="false">[</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="bold">u</mi> </mrow> <mo>×</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="bold">E</mi> </mrow> <mo stretchy="false">]</mo> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \mathbf {B} ={\frac {\varepsilon \mu }{c^{2}}}\,[\mathbf {u} \times \mathbf {E} ]}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/ec3beb85270eb3e7088a7e9a6a58698d720f6ee3" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.171ex; width:16.084ex; height:5.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \mathbf {B} ={\frac {\varepsilon \mu }{c^{2}}}\,[\mathbf {u} \times \mathbf {E} ]}"></span></dd></dl> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Максвелл_танлатнисен_хисеплĕ_тупсăмĕ"><span id=".D0.9C.D0.B0.D0.BA.D1.81.D0.B2.D0.B5.D0.BB.D0.BB_.D1.82.D0.B0.D0.BD.D0.BB.D0.B0.D1.82.D0.BD.D0.B8.D1.81.D0.B5.D0.BD_.D1.85.D0.B8.D1.81.D0.B5.D0.BF.D0.BB.C4.95_.D1.82.D1.83.D0.BF.D1.81.C4.83.D0.BC.C4.95"></span>Максвелл танлатнисен хисеплĕ тупсăмĕ</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%9Ca%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%BB_%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BB%C4%83%D1%85%C4%95%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BC&veaction=edit&section=7" title="Максвелл танлатнисен хисеплĕ тупсăмĕ пая тӳрлет" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>тӳрлет</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%9Ca%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%BB_%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BB%C4%83%D1%85%C4%95%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BC&action=edit&section=7" title="Редактировать код раздела «Максвелл танлатнисен хисеплĕ тупсăмĕ»"><span>кодне тӳрлет</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Шутлав техники аталаннă май электродинамикăри чылай ĕçе хисеп меслечĕсемпе шутласа тупма пулать<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>, çапла вара Максвелл танлашăвĕсен алгоритмĕсемпе усă курса пуçламăшĕнче тата чикĕре палăртнă кăтартусене шута илсе электромагнит уйĕ епле вырнаçăннине пĕлме пулать.Тĕп меслечĕсем проекциллисем пулаççĕ, вĕсенче тупсăма епле те пулин майлă функционал базисĕ çинче кăтартаççĕ, тата дискретизациллисем — уçлăх облаçне нумай пĕчĕк вĕçемлĕ облаçсене пайлаççĕ. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Çăлкуçсем"><span id=".C3.87.C4.83.D0.BB.D0.BA.D1.83.C3.A7.D1.81.D0.B5.D0.BC"></span>Çăлкуçсем</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%9Ca%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%BB_%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BB%C4%83%D1%85%C4%95%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BC&veaction=edit&section=8" title="Çăлкуçсем пая тӳрлет" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>тӳрлет</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%9Ca%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%BB_%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BB%C4%83%D1%85%C4%95%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BC&action=edit&section=8" title="Редактировать код раздела «Çăлкуçсем»"><span>кодне тӳрлет</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="references-small" style="-moz-column-count:2; 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Б. Окунь</a></i> Приложение I // Физика элементарных частиц. — М.: Наука, 1984.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%AD%D1%80%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%B4_%D0%93%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81_%D0%A5%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BD&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Эрстед Ганс Христиан (хальлӗхе хатӗрлемен-ха)">Эрстед Г. Х.</a> «Опыты, относящиеся к действию электрического конфликта на магнитную стрелку», в кн. <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%90%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80,_%D0%90%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%B5_%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ампер, Андре Мари (хальлӗхе хатӗрлемен-ха)">Ампер А. 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Phys. — vol. 15. — pp. 222—223 (1820)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%A8%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BD:%D0%9A%C4%95%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%B5:%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BE_%D0%9B%D1%8C%D0%BE%D1%86%D1%86%D0%B8:_%D0%98%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D1%84%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Шаблон:Кĕнеке:Марио Льоцци: История физики (хальлӗхе хатӗрлемен-ха)">Шаблон:Кĕнеке:Марио Льоцци: История физики</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%BB_%D0%94%D0%B6%D0%B5%D0%B9%D0%BC%D1%81_%D0%9A%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BA&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Максвелл Джеймс Клерк (хальлӗхе хатӗрлемен-ха)">Максвелл Дж. К.</a></i> Избранные сочинения по теории электромагнитного поля. — <span style="border-bottom:1px dotted gray; cursor:default" title="Мускав">М</span>.: ГИТТЛ, 1952. — 349 с. — <span class="nowrap">4000 экз</span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%BB_%D0%94%D0%B6%D0%B5%D0%B9%D0%BC%D1%81_%D0%9A%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BA&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Максвелл Джеймс Клерк (хальлӗхе хатӗрлемен-ха)">Максвелл Дж. К.</a></i> Избранные сочинения по теории электромагнитного поля. — <span style="border-bottom:1px dotted gray; cursor:default" title="Мускав">М</span>.: ГИТТЛ, 1952. — 632 с. — <span class="nowrap">4000 экз</span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><i>Максвелл Дж. К.</i> Фарадей вăйĕсен йĕрĕсем пирки <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%BB_%D0%94%D0%B6%D0%B5%D0%B9%D0%BC%D1%81_%D0%9A%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BA&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Максвелл Джеймс Клерк (хальлӗхе хатӗрлемен-ха)">Максвелл Дж. К.</a></i> Избранные сочинения по теории электромагнитного поля. — <span style="border-bottom:1px dotted gray; cursor:default" title="Мускав">М</span>.: ГИТТЛ, 1952. — 11—88 с. — <span class="nowrap">4000 экз</span>. кĕнекинче</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"> <i>Maxwell J. C.</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://blazelabs.com/On%20Faraday's%20Lines%20of%20Force.pdf">On Faraday's Lines of Force</a> // <i>Transactions of the Cambridge Philosophical Society</i>. — 1856. — Т. 10. — № 1. — С. 155—229.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Shapiro-9"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Shapiro_9-0">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><i>Шапиро И. С.</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ufn.ru/ufn72/ufn72_10/Russian/r7210f.pdf">К истории открытия уравнений Максвелла</a>. — 1972. — Т. 108. — № 2. — С. 319-333.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><i>Максвелл Дж. К.</i> О физических силовых линиях в кн. <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%BB_%D0%94%D0%B6%D0%B5%D0%B9%D0%BC%D1%81_%D0%9A%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BA&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Максвелл Джеймс Клерк (хальлӗхе хатӗрлемен-ха)">Максвелл Дж. К.</a></i> Избранные сочинения по теории электромагнитного поля. — <span style="border-bottom:1px dotted gray; cursor:default" title="Мускав">М</span>.: ГИТТЛ, 1952. — <span class="nowrap">4000 экз</span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><i>Maxwell J. C.</i> <a class="external text" href="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b8/On_Physical_Lines_of_Force.pdf">On Physical Lines of Force</a> // <i>Philosophical Magazine</i> : Ser. 4. — 1861,1862. — Т. 11,13. — С. 161—175, 281—291, 338—347; 12—23, 85—95.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%9B%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%83,_%D0%9B%D0%B5%D0%B2_%D0%94%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ландау, Лев Давидович (хальлӗхе хатӗрлемен-ха)">Ландау, Л. Д.</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%9B%D0%B8%D1%84%D1%88%D0%B8%D1%86,_%D0%95%D0%B2%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%9C%D0%B8%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Лифшиц, Евгений Михайлович (хальлӗхе хатӗрлемен-ха)">Лифшиц, Е. М.</a></i> Теория поля. — Издание 7-е, исправленное. — <span style="border-bottom:1px dotted gray; cursor:default" title="Мускав">М</span>.: <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%9D%D0%B0%D1%83%D0%BA%D0%B0_(%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Наука (издательство) (хальлӗхе хатӗрлемен-ха)">Наука</a>. — <a href="/wiki/%D0%AF%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BB%C4%83:%D0%98%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%BA%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B3/5020144207" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 5-02-014420-7</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFChew_W._C.,_Jin_J.,_Michielssen_E.,_Song_J.2001"><i>Chew W. C., Jin J., Michielssen E., Song J.</i> . — Artech House, 2001. — <a href="/wiki/%D0%AF%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BB%C4%83:%D0%98%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%BA%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B3/1580531520" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 1-58053-152-0</a></cite></span> </li> </ol> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Асăрхавсем"><span id=".D0.90.D1.81.C4.83.D1.80.D1.85.D0.B0.D0.B2.D1.81.D0.B5.D0.BC"></span>Асăрхавсем</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%9Ca%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%BB_%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BB%C4%83%D1%85%C4%95%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BC&veaction=edit&section=9" title="Асăрхавсем пая тӳрлет" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>тӳрлет</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%9Ca%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%BB_%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BB%C4%83%D1%85%C4%95%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BC&action=edit&section=9" title="Редактировать код раздела «Асăрхавсем»"><span>кодне тӳрлет</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="references-small" style=""> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Çав._пекех"><span id=".C3.87.D0.B0.D0.B2._.D0.BF.D0.B5.D0.BA.D0.B5.D1.85"></span>Çав. пекех</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%9Ca%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%BB_%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BB%C4%83%D1%85%C4%95%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BC&veaction=edit&section=10" title="Çав. пекех пая тӳрлет" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>тӳрлет</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%9Ca%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%BB_%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BB%C4%83%D1%85%C4%95%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BC&action=edit&section=10" title="Редактировать код раздела «Çав. пекех»"><span>кодне тӳрлет</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%BB_%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B5%C3%A7%C4%95%D0%B2%C4%95" title="Максвелл валеçĕвĕ">Максвелл валеçĕвĕ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Электродинамика">Электродинамика</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%9A%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82_%D1%8D%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Квант электродинамики (хальлӗхе хатӗрлемен-ха)">Квант электродинамики</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%BB_%D0%94%D0%B6%D0%B5%D0%B9%D0%BC%D1%81_%D0%9A%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BA&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Максвелл Джеймс Клерк (хальлӗхе хатӗрлемен-ха)">Максвелл Джеймс Клерк</a></li> <li><a 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//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/100px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></a><figcaption>Викивулавăш логотипĕ</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B2%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B2%C4%83%D1%88" title="Викивулавăш">Викивулавăшра</a> çак темăпа  текстсем пур<br /><b><span id="wikisource-ref" class="wikisource-box"><a href="https://cv.wikisource.org/wiki/en:Author:James_Clerk_Maxwell" class="extiw" title="s:en:Author:James Clerk Maxwell">Мaксвелл танлăхĕсем</a></span></b> </div> <ul><li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%90%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80,_%D0%90%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%B5_%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ампер, Андре Мари (хальлӗхе хатӗрлемен-ха)">Ампер А. М.</a></i> Электродинамика. — <span style="border-bottom:1px dotted gray; cursor:default" title="Мускав">М</span>.: АН СССР, 1954. — <span class="nowrap">5000 экз</span>.</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%BB_%D0%94%D0%B6%D0%B5%D0%B9%D0%BC%D1%81_%D0%9A%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BA&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Максвелл Джеймс Клерк (хальлӗхе хатӗрлемен-ха)">Максвелл Дж. К.</a></i> Избранные сочинения по теории электромагнитного поля. — <span style="border-bottom:1px dotted gray; cursor:default" title="Мускав">М</span>.: ГИТТЛ, 1952. — <span class="nowrap">4000 экз</span>.</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%BB_%D0%94%D0%B6%D0%B5%D0%B9%D0%BC%D1%81_%D0%9A%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BA&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Максвелл Джеймс Клерк (хальлӗхе хатӗрлемен-ха)">Максвелл Дж. К.</a></i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ivanik3.narod.ru/linksMaksvStatyRechy.html">Статьи и речи</a>. — М.: Наука, 1968.</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%A4%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%B9,_%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BA%D0%BB&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Фарадей, Майкл (хальлӗхе хатӗрлемен-ха)">Фарадей М.</a></i> Экспериментальные исследования по электричеству. — М.: АН СССР, 1947—1959. — Т. I—III.</li> <li><i>Maxwell J. C.</i> <a class="external text" href="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/19/A_Dynamical_Theory_of_the_Electromagnetic_Field.pdf">A dynamical theory of the electromagnetic field</a>. — 1865. — Т. 155.</li> <li><i>Maxwell J. C.</i>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://posner.library.cmu.edu/Posner/books/book.cgi?call=537_M46T_1873_VOL._1">A Treatise on Electricity And Magnetism — Volume 1 — 1873</a> — Posner Memorial Collection — Carnegie Mellon University</li> <li><i>Maxwell J. C.</i>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://posner.library.cmu.edu/Posner/books/book.cgi?call=537_M46T_1873_VOL._2">A Treatise on Electricity And Magnetism — Volume 2 — 1873</a> — Posner Memorial Collection — Carnegie Mellon University</li> <li><i>Maxwell J. C.</i> <a class="external text" href="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b8/On_Physical_Lines_of_Force.pdf">On Physical Lines of Force</a>. — 1861,1862. — Т. 11,13.</li> <li><i>Maxwell J. C.</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://blazelabs.com/On%20Faraday's%20Lines%20of%20Force.pdf">On Faraday's Lines of Force</a>. — 1856. — Т. 10. — № 1.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Аталанăвĕн_кун-çулĕ"><span id=".D0.90.D1.82.D0.B0.D0.BB.D0.B0.D0.BD.C4.83.D0.B2.C4.95.D0.BD_.D0.BA.D1.83.D0.BD-.C3.A7.D1.83.D0.BB.C4.95"></span>Аталанăвĕн кун-çулĕ</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%9Ca%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%BB_%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BB%C4%83%D1%85%C4%95%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BC&veaction=edit&section=13" title="Аталанăвĕн кун-çулĕ пая тӳрлет" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>тӳрлет</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%9Ca%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%BB_%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BB%C4%83%D1%85%C4%95%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BC&action=edit&section=13" title="Редактировать код раздела «Аталанăвĕн кун-çулĕ»"><span>кодне тӳрлет</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><i>Болотовский Б. М.</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://vivovoco.rsl.ru/VV/BOOKS/HEAVISIDE/CONTENT.HTM">Оливер Хевисайд</a>. — М.: Наука, 1985.</li> <li><i>Карцев В. П.</i> Максвелл (Жизнь замечательных людей). — М.: Молодая гвардия, 1976.</li> <li><i>Карцев В. П.</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://n-t.ru/ri/kr/pu.htm">Приключения великих уравнений</a>. — М.: Знание, 1986.</li> <li><i>Шапиро И. С.</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ufn.ru/ufn72/ufn72_10/Russian/r7210f.pdf">К истории открытия уравнений Максвелла</a> // <i>УФН</i>. — 1972. — Т. 108. — № 2.</li> <li><i>Купер Л.</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.log-in.ru/books/19216/">Физика для всех. т.1</a>. — М.: Мир, 1973.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Физикăн_пĕрлехи_курсĕсем"><span id=".D0.A4.D0.B8.D0.B7.D0.B8.D0.BA.C4.83.D0.BD_.D0.BF.C4.95.D1.80.D0.BB.D0.B5.D1.85.D0.B8_.D0.BA.D1.83.D1.80.D1.81.C4.95.D1.81.D0.B5.D0.BC"></span>Физикăн пĕрлехи курсĕсем</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%9Ca%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%BB_%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BB%C4%83%D1%85%C4%95%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BC&veaction=edit&section=14" title="Физикăн пĕрлехи курсĕсем пая тӳрлет" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>тӳрлет</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%9Ca%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%BB_%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BB%C4%83%D1%85%C4%95%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BC&action=edit&section=14" title="Редактировать код раздела «Физикăн пĕрлехи курсĕсем»"><span>кодне тӳрлет</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><i>Астахов А. В., Широков Ю. М.</i> Курс физики, Т. II, Электромагнитное поле. — М.: Наука, 1980.</li> <li><i>Баскаков С. И.</i> Основы электродинамики. — М.: Сов. радио, 1973.</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%88%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2_%D0%A1%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%B9_%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%8C%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Калашников Сергей Григорьевич (хальлӗхе хатӗрлемен-ха)">Калашников С. Г.</a></i> Электричество (Общий курс физики, т. 2).. — М.: Физматлит, 6-е изд., 2003. — <a href="/wiki/%D0%AF%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BB%C4%83:%D0%98%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%BA%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B3/5922103121" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 5-9221-0312-1</a></li> <li><i>Матвеев А. Н.</i> Электричество и магнетизм. — М.: Высшая школа, 1983.</li> <li><i>Никольский В. В., Никольская Т. И.</i> Электродинамика и распространение радиоволн. М.: Наука, 1989.</li> <li><i>Пеннер Д. И., Угаров В. А.</i> Электродинамика и специальная теория относительности. М.: Просвещение, 1980.</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%9F%D1%91%D1%80%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%BB_%D0%AD%D0%B4%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4_%D0%9C%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%BB%D1%81&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Пёрселл Эдвард Миллс (хальлӗхе хатӗрлемен-ха)">Парселл Э.</a></i> Электричество и магнетизм. Берклеевский курс физики. Том 2. М.: Наука, 1971.</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%A1%D0%B8%D0%B2%D1%83%D1%85%D0%B8%D0%BD,_%D0%94%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%92%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Сивухин, Дмитрий Васильевич (хальлӗхе хатӗрлемен-ха)">Сивухин Д. В.</a></i> Общий курс физики. — Изд. 3-е, испр. и доп.. — <span style="border-bottom:1px dotted gray; cursor:default" title="Мускав">М</span>.: <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%9D%D0%B0%D1%83%D0%BA%D0%B0_(%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Наука (издательство) (хальлӗхе хатӗрлемен-ха)">Наука</a>, 1996. — Т. III. Электричество. — <a href="/wiki/%D0%AF%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BB%C4%83:%D0%98%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%BA%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B3/5020140546" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 5-02-014054-6</a>.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://eqworld.ipmnet.ru/ru/library/books/Tonnela1962ru.djvu"><i>Тоннела М. А.</i> Основы электромагнетизма и теории относительности. М.: ИЛ, 1962.</a></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%A4%D0%B5%D0%B9%D0%BD%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D0%A0%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4_%D0%A4%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BF%D1%81&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Фейнман Ричард Филлипс (хальлӗхе хатӗрлемен-ха)">Фейнман Р.</a>, Лейтон Р., Сэндс М.</i> Фейнмановские лекции по физике. Том 5. Электричество и магнетизм. М.: Мир, 1965</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%A4%D0%B5%D0%B9%D0%BD%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D0%A0%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4_%D0%A4%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BF%D1%81&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Фейнман Ричард Филлипс (хальлӗхе хатӗрлемен-ха)">Фейнман Р.</a>, Лейтон Р., Сэндс М.</i> Фейнмановские лекции по физике. Том 6. Электродинамика. М.: Мир, 1966</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Физика_теорийĕн_курсĕсем"><span id=".D0.A4.D0.B8.D0.B7.D0.B8.D0.BA.D0.B0_.D1.82.D0.B5.D0.BE.D1.80.D0.B8.D0.B9.C4.95.D0.BD_.D0.BA.D1.83.D1.80.D1.81.C4.95.D1.81.D0.B5.D0.BC"></span>Физика теорийĕн курсĕсем</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%9Ca%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%BB_%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BB%C4%83%D1%85%C4%95%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BC&veaction=edit&section=15" title="Физика теорийĕн курсĕсем пая тӳрлет" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>тӳрлет</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%9Ca%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%BB_%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BB%C4%83%D1%85%C4%95%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BC&action=edit&section=15" title="Редактировать код раздела «Физика теорийĕн курсĕсем»"><span>кодне тӳрлет</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><i>Баранов А. М., Овчинников С. Г., Золотов О. А., Паклин Н. Н., Титов Л. С.</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.kirensky.ru/zdoc/lectures_sgo/electrodyn.pdf">Теоретическая физика: Электродинамика. Электродинамика сплошных сред. Учебное пособие по курсу «Электродинамика и основы электродинамики сплошных сред»</a> // СФУ, Красноярск, 2008. — 198 с.</li> <li><i>Джексон Дж.</i> Классическая электродинамика. — М.: Мир, 1965.</li> <li><i>Ландау Л. Д., Лифшиц Е. М.</i> Теория поля (Теоретическая физика, т. II). — М.: Физматлит, 2003. — <a href="/wiki/%D0%AF%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BB%C4%83:%D0%98%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%BA%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B3/5922100564" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 5-9221-0056-4</a></li> <li><i>Ландау Л. Д., Лифшиц Е. М.</i> Электродинамика сплошных сред (Теоретическая физика, т. VIII). — М.: Физматлит, 2005. — <a href="/wiki/%D0%AF%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BB%C4%83:%D0%98%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%BA%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B3/5922101234" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 5-9221-0123-4</a></li> <li><i>Батыгин В. В., Топтыгин И. Н.</i> Современная электродинамика. Часть 1. Микроскопическая теория. — М.: НИЦ «Регулярная и хаотическая динамика», 2005. — <a href="/wiki/%D0%AF%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BB%C4%83:%D0%98%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%BA%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B3/5939724922" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 5-93972-492-2</a></li> <li><i>Топтыгин И. Н.</i> Современная электродинамика. Часть 2. Теория электромагнитных явлений в веществе. — М.: НИЦ «Регулярная и хаотическая динамика», 2005. — <a href="/wiki/%D0%AF%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BB%C4%83:%D0%98%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%BA%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B3/5939724930" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 5-93972-493-0</a></li> <li><i>Стрэттон Дж. А.</i> Теория электромагнетизма. — М.-Л.: ГИТТЛ, 1948. — <span class="nowrap">8000 экз</span>.</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%A2%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BC,_%D0%98%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%8C_%D0%95%D0%B2%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%8C%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Тамм, Игорь Евгеньевич (хальлӗхе хатӗрлемен-ха)">Тамм И. Е.</a></i> Основы теории электричества. — М.: Наука, 1989.</li> <li><i>Фущич В. И., Никитин А. Г.</i> Симметрия уравнений Максвелла. — Киев: Наук. думка, 1983. — C. 200.</li> <li><i>Болибрух А. А.</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mccme.ru/dubna/2001/material/bol1.pdf">Уравнения Максвелла и дифференциальные формы</a>. — МЦНМО, 2002.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Максвелл_танлатнисен_тупсăмĕсем"><span id=".D0.9C.D0.B0.D0.BA.D1.81.D0.B2.D0.B5.D0.BB.D0.BB_.D1.82.D0.B0.D0.BD.D0.BB.D0.B0.D1.82.D0.BD.D0.B8.D1.81.D0.B5.D0.BD_.D1.82.D1.83.D0.BF.D1.81.C4.83.D0.BC.C4.95.D1.81.D0.B5.D0.BC"></span>Максвелл танлатнисен тупсăмĕсем</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%9Ca%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%BB_%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BB%C4%83%D1%85%C4%95%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BC&veaction=edit&section=16" title="Максвелл танлатнисен тупсăмĕсем пая тӳрлет" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>тӳрлет</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%9Ca%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%BB_%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BB%C4%83%D1%85%C4%95%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BC&action=edit&section=16" title="Редактировать код раздела «Максвелл танлатнисен тупсăмĕсем»"><span>кодне тӳрлет</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><i>Баландин М. Ю., Шурина Э. П.</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://window.edu.ru/window_catalog/files/r41184/nstu145.pdf">Векторный метод конечных элементов: Учебное пособие</a>. — Çĕн Çĕпĕр: НГТУ, 2001.</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%92%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BD%D1%88%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%B9%D0%BD_%D0%9B%D0%B5%D0%B2_%D0%90%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Вайнштейн Лев Альбертович (хальлӗхе хатӗрлемен-ха)">Вайнштейн Л. А.</a></i> Электромагнитные волны. — М.: Радио и связь, 1988.</li> <li><i>Вонсовский С. В.</i> Магнетизм. Магнитные свойства диа-, пара-, ферро-, антиферро-, и ферримагнетиков. — М.: Наука, 1971.</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%93%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B7%D0%B1%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B3_%D0%92%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%9B%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Гинзбург Виталий Лазаревич (хальлӗхе хатӗрлемен-ха)">Гинзбург В. Л.</a></i> Распространение электромагнитных волн в плазме. — 2-е изд. — М.: Наука, 1967.</li> <li><i>Сильвестер П. и Феррари Р.</i> Метод конечных элементов для радиоинженеров и инженеров-электриков. — М.: Мир, 1986.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Каçăсем"><span id=".D0.9A.D0.B0.C3.A7.C4.83.D1.81.D0.B5.D0.BC"></span>Каçăсем</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%9Ca%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%BB_%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BB%C4%83%D1%85%C4%95%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BC&veaction=edit&section=17" title="Каçăсем пая тӳрлет" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>тӳрлет</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%9Ca%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%BB_%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BB%C4%83%D1%85%C4%95%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BC&action=edit&section=17" title="Редактировать код раздела «Каçăсем»"><span>кодне тӳрлет</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://elementy.ru/trefil/24">Максвелл танлатнисем («Пысăк ăслăх элеменчĕсем» ăслăх порталĕ)</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kc86bB8kefM">Основные физические понятия электродинамики</a></li></ul>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; 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