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</div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Stack effect</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. 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mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kom%C3%ADnov%C3%BD_efekt" title="Komínový efekt – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Komínový efekt" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kamineffekt" title="Kamineffekt – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Kamineffekt" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%95%CE%BB%CE%BA%CF%85%CF%83%CE%BC%CF%8C%CF%82" title="Ελκυσμός – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Ελκυσμός" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Efecto_chimenea" title="Efecto chimenea – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Efecto chimenea" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kamentuba_efiko" title="Kamentuba efiko – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Kamentuba efiko" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%AB%D8%B1_%D8%AF%D9%88%D8%AF%DA%A9%D8%B4" title="اثر دودکش – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="اثر دودکش" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tirage_thermique" title="Tirage thermique – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Tirage thermique" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%B5%B4%EB%9A%9D_%ED%9A%A8%EA%B3%BC" title="굴뚝 효과 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="굴뚝 효과" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Efekt_dimnjaka" title="Efekt dimnjaka – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Efekt dimnjaka" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Effetto_camino" title="Effetto camino – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Effetto camino" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%A4%D7%A7%D7%98_%D7%90%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%91%D7%94" title="אפקט ארובה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="אפקט ארובה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huzat" title="Huzat – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Huzat" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trek_(schoorsteen)" title="Trek (schoorsteen) – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Trek (schoorsteen)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%85%99%E7%AA%81%E5%8A%B9%E6%9E%9C" title="煙突効果 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="煙突効果" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Efekt_kominowy" title="Efekt kominowy – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Efekt kominowy" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li 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Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="அடுக்கு விளைவு" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baca_etkisi" title="Baca etkisi – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Baca etkisi" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%8F%D0%B3%D0%B0_(%D1%80%D1%96%D0%B7%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%86%D1%8F_%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BA%D1%96%D0%B2)" title="Тяга (різниця тисків) – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Тяга (різниця тисків)" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu 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data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Concept in physics</div> <p>The <b>stack effect</b> or <b>chimney effect</b> is the movement of air into and out of buildings through unsealed openings, <a href="/wiki/Chimney" title="Chimney">chimneys</a>, <a href="/wiki/Flue-gas_stack" title="Flue-gas stack">flue-gas stacks</a>, or other purposefully designed openings or containers, resulting from air <a href="/wiki/Buoyancy" title="Buoyancy">buoyancy</a>. Buoyancy occurs due to a difference in indoor-to-outdoor <a href="/wiki/Air_density" class="mw-redirect" title="Air density">air density</a> resulting from temperature and moisture differences. The result is either a positive or negative buoyancy force. The greater the thermal difference and the height of the structure, the greater the buoyancy force, and thus the stack effect. The stack effect can be useful to drive <a href="/wiki/Natural_ventilation" class="mw-redirect" title="Natural ventilation">natural ventilation</a> in certain climates, but in other circumstances may be a cause of unwanted <a href="/wiki/Infiltration_(HVAC)" title="Infiltration (HVAC)">air infiltration</a> or fire hazard. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_buildings">In buildings</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stack_effect&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: In buildings"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Since buildings are not totally sealed (at the very minimum, there is always a ground level entrance), the stack effect will cause air infiltration. During the heating season, the warmer indoor air rises up through the building and escapes at the top either through open windows, ventilation openings, or unintentional holes in ceilings, like ceiling fans and recessed lights. The rising warm air reduces the <a href="/wiki/Atmospheric_pressure" title="Atmospheric pressure">pressure</a> in the base of the building, drawing cold air in through either open doors, windows, or other openings and leakage. During the cooling season, the stack effect is reversed, but is typically weaker due to lower temperature differences.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In a modern <a href="/wiki/Tower_block" title="Tower block">high-rise building</a> with a well-sealed <a href="/wiki/Building_envelope" title="Building envelope">envelope</a>, the stack effect can create significant pressure differences that must be given design consideration and may need to be addressed with mechanical <a href="/wiki/Ventilation_(architecture)" title="Ventilation (architecture)">ventilation</a>. Stairwells, shafts, elevators, and the like, tend to contribute to the stack effect, while interior partitions, floors, and fire separations can mitigate it. Especially in case of fire, the stack effect needs to be controlled to prevent the spread of smoke and fire, and to maintain tenable conditions for occupants and firefighters.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While natural ventilation methods may be effective, such as air outlets being installed closer to the ground, mechanical ventilation is often preferred for taller structures or in buildings with limited space. Smoke extraction is a key consideration in new constructions and must be evaluated in design stages.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The stack effect can also exacerbate the spreading of fire, especially in tall buildings where design flaws allow the formation of unwanted drafts. Examples include <a href="/wiki/Kaprun_disaster" title="Kaprun disaster">Kaprun tunnel fire</a>, <a href="/wiki/King%27s_Cross_fire" title="King's Cross fire">King's Cross underground station fire</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Grenfell_Tower_fire" title="Grenfell Tower fire">Grenfell Tower fire</a>, as a result of which 72 people died.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The latter of these was in part exacerbated by the stack effect, when a cavity between the outer aluminium cladding and the inner insulation inadvertently formed a chimney and drew the fire upwards.<sup id="cite_ref-news.met.police.uk_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-news.met.police.uk-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-indycladding_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-indycladding-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Usefulness_in_passive_cooling">Usefulness in passive cooling</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stack_effect&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Usefulness in passive cooling"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Some buildings are designed with strategically placed openings at different heights to induce the stack effect where cool air enters through low-level windows or vents, and warm air escapes through higher-level openings like skylights, roof vents, or clerestory windows. This vertical movement of air creates a natural ventilation system that can significantly reduce indoor temperatures. Combining the stack effect with <a href="/wiki/Cross_ventilation" title="Cross ventilation">cross ventilation</a>, where airflow moves across the building from one side to the other, can enhance the overall cooling effect.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:0_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The stack effect is used both in traditional buildings and modern green architecture. Examples of traditional usage include the <a href="/wiki/Windcatcher" title="Windcatcher">wind towers</a> common in Middle Eastern architecture, which capture and direct cooler breezes into the building while expelling hot air to maintain comfortable indoor temperatures.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Contemporary sustainable buildings often make use of the stack effect along with related non-electric techniques like <a href="/wiki/Ground-coupled_heat_exchanger" title="Ground-coupled heat exchanger">ground coupling</a>, <a href="/wiki/Earth_shelter" title="Earth shelter">earth sheltering</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Evaporative_cooling_chambers" title="Evaporative cooling chambers">evaporative cooling</a> to enhance the <a href="/wiki/Passive_cooling" title="Passive cooling">passive cooling</a> profile of a building. By carefully designing the building's structure, orientation and ventilation paths, architects can leverage the stack effect to reduce reliance on mechanical cooling systems and improve overall energy efficiency.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Normal_and_reverse_stack_effect">Normal and reverse stack effect</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stack_effect&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Normal and reverse stack effect"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Two regimes of stack effect can exist in buildings: normal and reverse. Normal stack effect occurs in buildings which are maintained at a higher temperature than the outdoor environment. Warm air within the building has a low density (or high specific volume) and exhibits a greater buoyancy force. Consequently, it rises from lower levels to upper levels through penetrations between floors. This presents a situation where floors underneath the neutral axis of the building have a net negative pressure, whereas floors above the neutral axis have a net positive pressure. The net negative pressure on lower floors can induce outdoor air to infiltrate the building through doors, windows, or ductwork without backdraft dampers. Warm air will attempt to exfiltrate the building envelope through floors above the neutral axis. </p><p>Mechanical refrigeration equipment provides sensible and latent cooling during summer months. This reduces the dry-bulb temperature of the air within the building relative to the outdoor ambient air. It also decreases the specific volume of the air contained within the building, thereby reducing the buoyancy force. Consequently, cool air will travel vertically down the building through elevator shafts, stairwells, and unsealed utility penetrations (i.e., <a href="/wiki/Hydronics" title="Hydronics">hydronics</a>, electric and water risers). Once the conditioned air reaches the bottom floors underneath the neutral axis, it exfiltrates the building envelopes through unsealed openings such as through dampers, curtainwall, etc. The exfiltrating air on floors underneath the neutral axis will induce outdoor air to infiltrate the building envelope through unsealed openings. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_flue_gas_stacks_and_chimneys">In flue gas stacks and chimneys</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stack_effect&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: In flue gas stacks and chimneys"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Chimney_effect.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Chimney_effect.svg/170px-Chimney_effect.svg.png" decoding="async" width="170" height="340" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Chimney_effect.svg/255px-Chimney_effect.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Chimney_effect.svg/340px-Chimney_effect.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="220" data-file-height="440" /></a><figcaption>The stack effect in chimneys: the gauges represent absolute air pressure and the airflow is indicated with light grey arrows. The gauge dials move clockwise with increasing pressure.</figcaption></figure> <p>The stack effect in industrial flue gas stacks is similar to that in buildings, except that it involves hot <a href="/wiki/Flue" title="Flue">flue</a> gases having large temperature differences with the ambient outside air. Furthermore, an industrial flue gas stack typically provides little obstruction for the flue gas along its length and is, in fact, normally optimized to enhance the stack effect to reduce fan energy requirements. </p><p>Large temperature differences between the outside air and the flue gases can create a strong stack effect in <a href="/wiki/Chimneys" class="mw-redirect" title="Chimneys">chimneys</a> for buildings using a <a href="/wiki/Fireplace" title="Fireplace">fireplace</a> for heating. </p><p>Before the development of large volume fans, mines were ventilated using the stack effect. A downcast shaft allowed air into the mine. At the foot of the upcast shaft a furnace was kept continuously burning. The shaft (commonly several hundred yards deep) behaved like a chimney and air rose through it drawing fresh air down the downcast stack and around the mine. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Cause">Cause</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stack_effect&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Cause"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There is a pressure difference between the outside air and the air inside the building caused by the difference in temperature between the outside air and the inside air. That pressure difference ( <i><b>ΔP</b></i> ) is the driving force for the stack effect and it can be calculated with the equations presented below.<sup id="cite_ref-Lecture2_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lecture2-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Lecture3_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lecture3-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The equations apply only to buildings where air is both inside and outside the buildings. For buildings with one or two floors, <i><b>h</b></i> is the height of the building. For multi-floor, high-rise buildings, <i><b>h</b></i> is the distance from the openings at the neutral pressure level (NPL) of the building to either the topmost openings or the lowest openings. Reference<sup id="cite_ref-Lecture2_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lecture2-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> explains how the NPL affects the stack effect in high-rise buildings. </p><p>For flue gas stacks and chimneys, where air is on the outside and combustion flue gases are on the inside, the equations will only provide an approximation and <i><b>h</b></i> is the height of the flue gas stack or chimney. </p> <dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \Delta P=Cah{\bigg (}{\frac {1}{T_{o}}}-{\frac {1}{T_{i}}}{\bigg )}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi mathvariant="normal">Δ</mi> <mi>P</mi> <mo>=</mo> <mi>C</mi> <mi>a</mi> <mi>h</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo maxsize="2.047em" minsize="2.047em">(</mo> </mrow> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mn>1</mn> <msub> <mi>T</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>o</mi> </mrow> </msub> </mfrac> </mrow> <mo>−</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mn>1</mn> <msub> <mi>T</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>i</mi> </mrow> </msub> </mfrac> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo maxsize="2.047em" minsize="2.047em">)</mo> </mrow> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \Delta P=Cah{\bigg (}{\frac {1}{T_{o}}}-{\frac {1}{T_{i}}}{\bigg )}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/821f1192cf9ca3df0465f6887bfa79f163b4c93f" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.505ex; width:23.593ex; height:6.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \Delta P=Cah{\bigg (}{\frac {1}{T_{o}}}-{\frac {1}{T_{i}}}{\bigg )}}"></span></dd></dl> <dl><dd><b><a href="/wiki/SI" class="mw-redirect" title="SI">SI units</a>:</b></dd></dl> <dl><dd><table border="0" cellpadding="2"> <tbody><tr> <td align="right">where: </td> <td>  </td></tr> <tr> <th align="right"><i>ΔP</i> </th> <td align="left">= available pressure difference, in <a href="/wiki/Pascal_(unit)" title="Pascal (unit)">Pa</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th align="right"><i>C</i> </th> <td align="left">= 0.0342, in <a href="/wiki/Kelvin" title="Kelvin">K</a>/<a href="/wiki/Meter" class="mw-redirect" title="Meter">m</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th align="right"><i>a</i> </th> <td align="left">= atmospheric pressure, in Pa </td></tr> <tr> <th align="right"><i>h</i> </th> <td align="left">= height or distance, in m </td></tr> <tr> <th align="right"><i>T<sub>o</sub></i> </th> <td align="left">= absolute outside temperature, in <a href="/wiki/Kelvin" title="Kelvin">K</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th align="right"><i>T<sub>i</sub></i> </th> <td align="left">= absolute inside temperature, in K </td></tr></tbody></table></dd></dl> <dl><dd><b><a href="/wiki/U.S._customary_units" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. customary units">U.S. customary units</a>:</b></dd></dl> <dl><dd><table border="0" cellpadding="2"> <tbody><tr> <td align="right">where: </td> <td>  </td></tr> <tr> <th align="right"><i>ΔP</i> </th> <td align="left">= available pressure difference, in <a href="/wiki/Pound-force_per_square_inch" class="mw-redirect" title="Pound-force per square inch">psi</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th align="right"><i>C</i> </th> <td align="left">= 0.0188, in <a href="/wiki/Rankine_scale" title="Rankine scale">°R</a>/<a href="/wiki/Foot_(unit)" title="Foot (unit)">ft</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th align="right"><i>a</i> </th> <td align="left">= atmospheric pressure, in <a href="/wiki/Pound-force_per_square_inch" class="mw-redirect" title="Pound-force per square inch">psi</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th align="right"><i>h</i> </th> <td align="left">= height or distance, in <a href="/wiki/Foot_(unit)" title="Foot (unit)">ft</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th align="right"><i>T<sub>o</sub></i> </th> <td align="left">= absolute outside temperature, in <a href="/wiki/Rankine_scale" title="Rankine scale">°R</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th align="right"><i>T<sub>i</sub></i> </th> <td align="left">= absolute inside temperature, in °R </td></tr></tbody></table></dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Induced_flow">Induced flow</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stack_effect&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Induced flow"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The draft (draught in <a href="/wiki/British_English" title="British English">British English</a>) flow rate induced by the stack effect can be calculated with the equation presented below.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The equation applies only to buildings where air is both inside and outside the buildings. For buildings with one or two floors, <i><b>h</b></i> is the height of the building and <i><b>A</b></i> is the flow area of the openings. For multi-floor, high-rise buildings, <i><b>A</b></i> is the flow area of the openings and <i><b>h</b></i> is the distance from the openings at the neutral pressure level (NPL) of the building to either the topmost openings or the lowest openings. Reference<sup id="cite_ref-Lecture2_10-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lecture2-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> explains how the NPL affects the stack effect in high-rise buildings. </p><p>For flue gas stacks or chimneys, where air is on the outside and combustion flue gases are on the inside, the equation will only provide an approximation. Also, <i><b>A</b></i> is the cross-sectional flow area and <i><b>h</b></i> is the height of the flue gas stack or chimney. </p> <dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle Q=CA{\sqrt {2gh{\frac {T_{i}-T_{o}}{T_{i}}}}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>Q</mi> <mo>=</mo> <mi>C</mi> <mi>A</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <msqrt> <mn>2</mn> <mi>g</mi> <mi>h</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mrow> <msub> <mi>T</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>i</mi> </mrow> </msub> <mo>−</mo> <msub> <mi>T</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>o</mi> </mrow> </msub> </mrow> <msub> <mi>T</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>i</mi> </mrow> </msub> </mfrac> </mrow> </msqrt> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle Q=CA{\sqrt {2gh{\frac {T_{i}-T_{o}}{T_{i}}}}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/69f02b6060e6f523b6119b5f0a2a2fbd65030afc" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -3.171ex; width:22.608ex; height:7.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle Q=CA{\sqrt {2gh{\frac {T_{i}-T_{o}}{T_{i}}}}}}"></span></dd></dl> <dl><dd><b><a href="/wiki/SI" class="mw-redirect" title="SI">SI units</a>:</b></dd></dl> <dl><dd><table border="0" cellpadding="2"> <tbody><tr> <td align="right">where: </td> <td>  </td></tr> <tr> <th align="right"><i>Q</i> </th> <td align="left">= stack effect draft (draught in British English) flow rate, m<sup>3</sup>/s </td></tr> <tr> <th align="right"><i>A</i> </th> <td align="left">= flow area, m<sup>2</sup> </td></tr> <tr> <th align="right"><i>C</i> </th> <td align="left">= discharge coefficient (usually taken to be from 0.65 to 0.70)<sup id="cite_ref-CB18_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CB18-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <th align="right"><i>g</i> </th> <td align="left">= <a href="/wiki/Standard_gravity" title="Standard gravity">gravitational acceleration</a>, 9.81 m/s<sup>2</sup> </td></tr> <tr> <th align="right"><i>h</i> </th> <td align="left">= height or distance, m </td></tr> <tr> <th align="right"><i>T<sub>i</sub></i> </th> <td align="left">= average inside temperature, K </td></tr> <tr> <th align="right"><i>T<sub>o</sub></i> </th> <td align="left">= outside air temperature, K </td></tr></tbody></table></dd></dl> <dl><dd><b><a href="/wiki/U.S._customary_units" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. customary units">U.S. customary units</a>:</b></dd></dl> <dl><dd><table border="0" cellpadding="2"> <tbody><tr> <td align="right">where: </td> <td>  </td></tr> <tr> <th align="right"><i>Q</i> </th> <td align="left">= stack effect draft flow rate, ft<sup>3</sup>/s </td></tr> <tr> <th align="right"><i>A</i> </th> <td align="left">= area, ft<sup>2</sup> </td></tr> <tr> <th align="right"><i>C</i> </th> <td align="left">= discharge coefficient (usually taken to be from 0.65 to 0.70)<sup id="cite_ref-CB18_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CB18-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <th align="right"><i>g</i> </th> <td align="left">= gravitational acceleration, 32.17 ft/s<sup>2</sup> </td></tr> <tr> <th align="right"><i>h</i> </th> <td align="left">= height or distance, ft </td></tr> <tr> <th align="right"><i>T<sub>i</sub></i> </th> <td align="left">= average inside temperature, <a href="/wiki/Rankine_scale" title="Rankine scale">°R</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th align="right"><i>T<sub>o</sub></i> </th> <td align="left">= outside air temperature, °R </td></tr></tbody></table></dd></dl> <p>This equation assumes that the resistance to the draft flow is similar to the resistance of flow through an orifice characterized by a discharge coefficient <i><b>C</b></i>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stack_effect&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/HVAC" class="mw-redirect" title="HVAC">HVAC</a> (heating, ventilation and air conditioning)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ventilation_shaft" title="Ventilation shaft">Ventilation shaft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_chimney" title="Solar chimney">Solar chimney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_updraft_tower" title="Solar updraft tower">Solar updraft tower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Draft_(boiler)" title="Draft (boiler)">Draft (boiler)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inco_Superstack" title="Inco Superstack">Inco Superstack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ekibastuz_GRES-2_Power_Station" title="Ekibastuz GRES-2 Power Station">Ekibastuz GRES-2 Power Station</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windcatcher" title="Windcatcher">Windcatcher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cross_ventilation" title="Cross ventilation">Cross ventilation</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stack_effect&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/9/10/1731/pdf">http://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/9/10/1731/pdf</a> Resolving Stack Effect Problems in a High-Rise Office Building by Mechanical Pressurization | date=September 2017| access-date=2020-08-01 | Jung-yeon Yu; Kyoo-dong Song; and Dong-woo Cho</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://fire.nist.gov/bfrlpubs/fire09/PDF/f09002.pdf"><i>NIST Technical Note 1618</i>, Daniel Madrzykowski and Stephen Kerber, National Institute of Standards and Technology</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output 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0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.simscale.com/blog/2019/04/smoke-simulation-building-design/">"Smoke Simulation: Heat and Smoke Extraction for Building Design"</a>. <i>SimScale</i>. 2019-04-23<span 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rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bee.kku.ac.th/wp-content/uploads/2018/06/bee-full-1-2018-Stack-Effect-Ventilation-in-Different-Climates.pdf">"Stack Effect Ventilation in Different Climates"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Journal of Building Energy & Environment</i>. <b>1</b> (1): 24–29.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Building+Energy+%26+Environment&rft.atitle=Stack+Effect+Ventilation+in+Different+Climates&rft.volume=1&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=24-29&rft.date=2018&rft.aulast=Boonyaputthipong&rft.aufirst=Chumnan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbee.kku.ac.th%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2018%2F06%2Fbee-full-1-2018-Stack-Effect-Ventilation-in-Different-Climates.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStack+effect" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stack_effect&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.greenbuildingadvisor.com/article/understanding-the-stack-effect">Stack Effect: When Buildings Act Like Chimneys -- Green Building Advisor</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://web.mit.edu/parmstr/Public/NRCan/CanBldgDigests/cbd104_e.html">National Research Council Canada - CBD-104 Stack Effects in Buildings</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VNTDFSEz8L8"><span class="plainlinks">Stack effect simulation</span></a> on <a href="/wiki/YouTube_video_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="YouTube video (identifier)">YouTube</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style 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scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Fundamental <br />concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;text-align: middle;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Air_changes_per_hour" title="Air changes per hour">Air changes per hour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bake-out" title="Bake-out">Bake-out</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Building_envelope" title="Building envelope">Building envelope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Convection" title="Convection">Convection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dilution_(equation)" title="Dilution (equation)">Dilution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domestic_energy_consumption" title="Domestic energy consumption">Domestic energy consumption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enthalpy" title="Enthalpy">Enthalpy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fluid_dynamics" title="Fluid dynamics">Fluid dynamics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gas_compressor" class="mw-redirect" title="Gas compressor">Gas compressor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heat_pump_and_refrigeration_cycle" title="Heat pump and refrigeration cycle">Heat pump and refrigeration cycle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heat_transfer" title="Heat transfer">Heat transfer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humidity" title="Humidity">Humidity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infiltration_(HVAC)" title="Infiltration (HVAC)">Infiltration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latent_heat" title="Latent heat">Latent heat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noise_control" title="Noise control">Noise control</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outgassing" title="Outgassing">Outgassing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Particulates" title="Particulates">Particulates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychrometrics" title="Psychrometrics">Psychrometrics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sensible_heat" title="Sensible heat">Sensible heat</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Stack effect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thermal_comfort" title="Thermal comfort">Thermal comfort</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thermal_destratification" title="Thermal destratification">Thermal destratification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thermal_mass" title="Thermal mass">Thermal mass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thermodynamics" title="Thermodynamics">Thermodynamics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vapour_pressure_of_water" title="Vapour pressure of water">Vapour pressure of water</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Technology</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;text-align: middle;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Absorption-compression_heat_pump" title="Absorption-compression heat pump">Absorption-compression heat pump</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Absorption_refrigerator" title="Absorption refrigerator">Absorption refrigerator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Air_barrier" title="Air barrier">Air barrier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Air_conditioning" title="Air conditioning">Air conditioning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antifreeze" title="Antifreeze">Antifreeze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Automobile_air_conditioning" class="mw-redirect" title="Automobile air conditioning">Automobile air conditioning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autonomous_building" title="Autonomous building">Autonomous building</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Building_insulation_material" title="Building insulation material">Building insulation materials</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_heating" title="Central heating">Central heating</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_solar_heating" title="Central solar heating">Central solar heating</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chilled_beam" title="Chilled beam">Chilled beam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chilled_water" title="Chilled water">Chilled water</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constant_air_volume" title="Constant air volume">Constant air volume</a> (CAV)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coolant" title="Coolant">Coolant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cross_ventilation" title="Cross ventilation">Cross ventilation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dedicated_outdoor_air_system" title="Dedicated outdoor air system">Dedicated outdoor air system</a> (DOAS)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deep_water_source_cooling" title="Deep water source cooling">Deep water source cooling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demand_controlled_ventilation" title="Demand controlled ventilation">Demand controlled ventilation</a> (DCV)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Displacement_ventilation" title="Displacement ventilation">Displacement ventilation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/District_cooling" title="District cooling">District cooling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/District_heating" title="District heating">District heating</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electric_heating" title="Electric heating">Electric heating</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_recovery_ventilation" class="mw-redirect" title="Energy recovery ventilation">Energy recovery ventilation</a> (ERV)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Firestop" title="Firestop">Firestop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forced-air" title="Forced-air">Forced-air</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forced-air_gas" title="Forced-air gas">Forced-air gas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_cooling" title="Free cooling">Free cooling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heat_recovery_ventilation" title="Heat recovery ventilation">Heat recovery ventilation</a> (HRV)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hybrid_heat" title="Hybrid heat">Hybrid heat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydronics" title="Hydronics">Hydronics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ice_storage_air_conditioning" title="Ice storage air conditioning">Ice storage air conditioning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kitchen_ventilation" title="Kitchen ventilation">Kitchen ventilation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mixed-mode_ventilation" title="Mixed-mode ventilation">Mixed-mode ventilation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microgeneration" title="Microgeneration">Microgeneration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Passive_cooling" title="Passive cooling">Passive cooling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Passive_daytime_radiative_cooling" title="Passive daytime radiative cooling">Passive daytime radiative cooling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Passive_house" title="Passive house">Passive house</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Passive_ventilation" title="Passive ventilation">Passive ventilation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radiant_heating_and_cooling" title="Radiant heating and cooling">Radiant heating and cooling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radiant_cooling" class="mw-redirect" title="Radiant cooling">Radiant cooling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radiant_heating" class="mw-redirect" title="Radiant heating">Radiant heating</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radon_mitigation" title="Radon mitigation">Radon mitigation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Refrigeration" title="Refrigeration">Refrigeration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_heat" title="Renewable heat">Renewable heat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Room_air_distribution" title="Room air distribution">Room air distribution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_air_heat" title="Solar air heat">Solar air heat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_combisystem" title="Solar combisystem">Solar combisystem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_cooling" class="mw-redirect" title="Solar cooling">Solar cooling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_heating" class="mw-redirect" title="Solar heating">Solar heating</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thermal_insulation" title="Thermal insulation">Thermal insulation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thermosiphon" title="Thermosiphon">Thermosiphon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underfloor_air_distribution" title="Underfloor air distribution">Underfloor air distribution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underfloor_heating" title="Underfloor heating">Underfloor heating</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vapor_barrier" title="Vapor barrier">Vapor barrier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vapor-compression_refrigeration" title="Vapor-compression refrigeration">Vapor-compression refrigeration</a> (VCRS)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Variable_air_volume" title="Variable air volume">Variable air volume</a> (VAV)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Variable_refrigerant_flow" title="Variable refrigerant flow">Variable refrigerant flow</a> (VRF)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ventilation_(architecture)" title="Ventilation (architecture)">Ventilation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_heat_recycling" title="Water heat recycling">Water heat recycling</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Components</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;text-align: middle;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Air_conditioner_inverter" class="mw-redirect" title="Air conditioner inverter">Air conditioner inverter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Air_door" title="Air door">Air door</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Air_filter" title="Air filter">Air filter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Air_handler" title="Air handler">Air handler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Air_ioniser" title="Air ioniser">Air ionizer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Air-mixing_plenum" title="Air-mixing plenum">Air-mixing plenum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Air_purifier" title="Air purifier">Air purifier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Air_source_heat_pump" title="Air source heat pump">Air source heat pump</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attic_fan" title="Attic fan">Attic fan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Automatic_balancing_valve" title="Automatic balancing valve">Automatic balancing valve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Back_boiler" title="Back boiler">Back boiler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barrier_pipe" title="Barrier pipe">Barrier pipe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blast_damper" title="Blast damper">Blast damper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boiler" title="Boiler">Boiler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Centrifugal_fan" title="Centrifugal fan">Centrifugal fan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ceramic_heater" title="Ceramic heater">Ceramic heater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chiller" title="Chiller">Chiller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Condensate_pump" title="Condensate pump">Condensate pump</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Condenser_(heat_transfer)" title="Condenser (heat transfer)">Condenser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Condensing_boiler" title="Condensing boiler">Condensing boiler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Convection_heater" title="Convection heater">Convection heater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compressor" title="Compressor">Compressor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cooling_tower" title="Cooling tower">Cooling tower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Damper_(flow)" title="Damper (flow)">Damper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dehumidifier" title="Dehumidifier">Dehumidifier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duct_(flow)" title="Duct (flow)">Duct</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economizer" title="Economizer">Economizer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electrostatic_precipitator" title="Electrostatic precipitator">Electrostatic precipitator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evaporative_cooler" title="Evaporative cooler">Evaporative cooler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evaporator" title="Evaporator">Evaporator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exhaust_hood" class="mw-redirect" title="Exhaust hood">Exhaust hood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Expansion_tank" title="Expansion tank">Expansion tank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fan_(machine)" title="Fan (machine)">Fan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fan_coil_unit" title="Fan coil unit">Fan coil unit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fan_filter_unit" title="Fan filter unit">Fan filter unit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fan_heater" title="Fan heater">Fan heater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fire_damper" title="Fire damper">Fire damper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fireplace" title="Fireplace">Fireplace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fireplace_insert" title="Fireplace insert">Fireplace insert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freeze_stat" title="Freeze stat">Freeze stat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flue" title="Flue">Flue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freon" title="Freon">Freon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fume_hood" title="Fume hood">Fume hood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Furnace_(house_heating)" class="mw-redirect" title="Furnace (house heating)">Furnace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gas_compressor" class="mw-redirect" title="Gas compressor">Gas compressor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gas_heater" title="Gas heater">Gas heater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gasoline_heater" title="Gasoline heater">Gasoline heater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grease_duct" title="Grease duct">Grease duct</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grille_(architecture)" title="Grille (architecture)">Grille</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ground-coupled_heat_exchanger" title="Ground-coupled heat exchanger">Ground-coupled heat exchanger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ground_source_heat_pump" title="Ground source heat pump">Ground source heat pump</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heat_exchanger" title="Heat exchanger">Heat exchanger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heat_pipe" title="Heat pipe">Heat pipe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heat_pump" title="Heat pump">Heat pump</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heating_film" title="Heating film">Heating film</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heating_system" title="Heating system">Heating system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HEPA" title="HEPA">HEPA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_efficiency_glandless_circulating_pump" title="High efficiency glandless circulating pump">High efficiency glandless circulating pump</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High-pressure_cut-off_switch" class="mw-redirect" title="High-pressure cut-off switch">High-pressure cut-off switch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humidifier" title="Humidifier">Humidifier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infrared_heater" title="Infrared heater">Infrared heater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inverter_compressor" title="Inverter compressor">Inverter compressor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kerosene_heater" title="Kerosene heater">Kerosene heater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louver" title="Louver">Louver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mechanical_room" title="Mechanical room">Mechanical room</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oil_heater" title="Oil heater">Oil heater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Packaged_terminal_air_conditioner" title="Packaged terminal air conditioner">Packaged terminal air conditioner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plenum_space" title="Plenum space">Plenum space</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pressurisation_ductwork" title="Pressurisation ductwork">Pressurisation ductwork</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Process_duct_work" title="Process duct work">Process duct work</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radiator_(heating)" title="Radiator (heating)">Radiator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radiator_reflector" title="Radiator reflector">Radiator reflector</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Recuperator" title="Recuperator">Recuperator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Refrigerant" title="Refrigerant">Refrigerant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Register_(air_and_heating)" title="Register (air and heating)">Register</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reversing_valve" title="Reversing valve">Reversing valve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Run-around_coil" title="Run-around coil">Run-around coil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sail_switch" title="Sail switch">Sail switch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scroll_compressor" title="Scroll compressor">Scroll compressor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_chimney" title="Solar chimney">Solar chimney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar-assisted_heat_pump" title="Solar-assisted heat pump">Solar-assisted heat pump</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_heater" title="Space heater">Space heater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smoke_canopy" title="Smoke canopy">Smoke canopy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smoke_damper" title="Smoke damper">Smoke damper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smoke_exhaust_ductwork" title="Smoke exhaust ductwork">Smoke exhaust ductwork</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thermal_expansion_valve" title="Thermal expansion valve">Thermal expansion valve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thermal_wheel" title="Thermal wheel">Thermal wheel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thermostatic_radiator_valve" title="Thermostatic radiator valve">Thermostatic radiator valve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trickle_vent" title="Trickle vent">Trickle vent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trombe_wall" title="Trombe wall">Trombe wall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TurboSwing" title="TurboSwing">TurboSwing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turning_vanes_(HVAC)" title="Turning vanes (HVAC)">Turning vanes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ultra-low_particulate_air" title="Ultra-low particulate air">Ultra-low particulate air</a> (ULPA)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whole-house_fan" title="Whole-house fan">Whole-house fan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windcatcher" title="Windcatcher">Windcatcher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wood-burning_stove" title="Wood-burning stove">Wood-burning stove</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zone_valve" title="Zone valve">Zone valve</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Measurement<br />and control</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;text-align: middle;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Air_flow_meter" title="Air flow meter">Air flow meter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aquastat" title="Aquastat">Aquastat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BACnet" title="BACnet">BACnet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blower_door" title="Blower door">Blower door</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Building_automation" title="Building automation">Building automation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbon_dioxide_sensor" title="Carbon dioxide sensor">Carbon dioxide sensor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clean_air_delivery_rate" title="Clean air delivery rate">Clean air delivery rate</a> (CADR)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Control_valve" title="Control valve">Control valve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gas_detector" title="Gas detector">Gas detector</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Home_energy_monitor" title="Home energy monitor">Home energy monitor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humidistat" title="Humidistat">Humidistat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HVAC_control_system" title="HVAC control system">HVAC control system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infrared_thermometer" title="Infrared thermometer">Infrared thermometer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intelligent_buildings" class="mw-redirect" title="Intelligent buildings">Intelligent buildings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LonWorks" title="LonWorks">LonWorks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minimum_efficiency_reporting_value" title="Minimum efficiency reporting value">Minimum efficiency reporting value</a> (MERV)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Normal_temperature_and_pressure" class="mw-redirect" title="Normal temperature and pressure">Normal temperature and pressure</a> (NTP)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/OpenTherm" title="OpenTherm">OpenTherm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Programmable_communicating_thermostat" title="Programmable communicating thermostat">Programmable communicating thermostat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Programmable_thermostat" title="Programmable thermostat">Programmable thermostat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychrometrics" title="Psychrometrics">Psychrometrics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Room_temperature" title="Room temperature">Room temperature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smart_thermostat" title="Smart thermostat">Smart thermostat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Standard_temperature_and_pressure" title="Standard temperature and pressure">Standard temperature and pressure</a> (STP)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thermographic_camera" class="mw-redirect" title="Thermographic camera">Thermographic camera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thermostat" title="Thermostat">Thermostat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thermostatic_radiator_valve" title="Thermostatic radiator valve">Thermostatic radiator valve</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Professions,<br />trades,<br />and services</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;text-align: middle;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Architectural_acoustics" title="Architectural acoustics">Architectural acoustics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Architectural_engineering" title="Architectural engineering">Architectural engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Architectural_technologist" title="Architectural technologist">Architectural technologist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Building_services_engineering" title="Building services engineering">Building services engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Building_information_modeling" title="Building information modeling">Building information modeling</a> (BIM)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deep_energy_retrofit" title="Deep energy retrofit">Deep energy retrofit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duct_cleaning" class="mw-redirect" title="Duct cleaning">Duct cleaning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duct_leakage_testing" title="Duct leakage testing">Duct leakage testing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_engineering" title="Environmental engineering">Environmental engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydronic_balancing" title="Hydronic balancing">Hydronic balancing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kitchen_exhaust_cleaning" title="Kitchen exhaust cleaning">Kitchen exhaust cleaning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mechanical_engineering" title="Mechanical engineering">Mechanical engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mechanical,_electrical,_and_plumbing" title="Mechanical, electrical, and plumbing">Mechanical, electrical, and plumbing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mold_growth,_assessment,_and_remediation" class="mw-redirect" title="Mold growth, assessment, and remediation">Mold growth, assessment, and remediation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Refrigerant_reclamation" title="Refrigerant reclamation">Refrigerant reclamation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Testing,_adjusting,_balancing" title="Testing, adjusting, balancing">Testing, adjusting, balancing</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Industry <br />organizations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;text-align: middle;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Air_Conditioning,_Heating_and_Refrigeration_Institute" title="Air Conditioning, Heating and Refrigeration Institute">AHRI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Air_Movement_and_Control_Association" title="Air Movement and Control Association">AMCA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ASHRAE" title="ASHRAE">ASHRAE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ASTM_International" title="ASTM International">ASTM International</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Building_Research_Establishment" title="Building Research Establishment">BRE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BSRIA" title="BSRIA">BSRIA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chartered_Institution_of_Building_Services_Engineers" title="Chartered Institution of Building Services Engineers">CIBSE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Institute_of_Refrigeration" title="Institute of Refrigeration">Institute of Refrigeration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Institute_of_Refrigeration" title="International Institute of Refrigeration">IIR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leadership_in_Energy_and_Environmental_Design" class="mw-redirect" title="Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design">LEED</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sheet_Metal_and_Air_Conditioning_Contractors%27_National_Association" title="Sheet Metal and Air Conditioning Contractors' National Association">SMACNA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uniform_Mechanical_Code" title="Uniform Mechanical Code">UMC</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Health and safety</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;text-align: middle;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indoor_air_quality" title="Indoor air quality">Indoor air quality</a> (IAQ)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Passive_smoking" title="Passive smoking">Passive smoking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sick_building_syndrome" title="Sick building syndrome">Sick building syndrome</a> (SBS)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volatile_organic_compound" title="Volatile organic compound">Volatile organic compound</a> (VOC)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;text-align: middle;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ASHRAE_Handbook" title="ASHRAE Handbook">ASHRAE Handbook</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Building_science" title="Building science">Building science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fireproofing" title="Fireproofing">Fireproofing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_HVAC_terms" title="Glossary of HVAC terms">Glossary of HVAC terms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warm_Spaces" title="Warm Spaces">Warm Spaces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Refrigeration_Day" title="World Refrigeration Day">World Refrigeration Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Home_automation" title="Template:Home automation">Template:Home automation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Solar_energy" title="Template:Solar energy">Template:Solar energy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Stack_effect&oldid=1239886031">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Stack_effect&oldid=1239886031</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" 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