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class="mw-page-title-main">Standard gravity</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. 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interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%86%E0%A6%A6%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B6_%E0%A6%85%E0%A6%AD%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B7_%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%B2" title="আদর্শ অভিকর্ষ বল – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="আদর্শ অভিকর্ষ বল" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gravetat_est%C3%A0ndard" title="Gravetat estàndard – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Gravetat estàndard" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Normfallbeschleunigung" title="Normfallbeschleunigung – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Normfallbeschleunigung" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A4%CF%85%CF%80%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%AE_%CE%B2%CE%B1%CF%81%CF%8D%CF%84%CE%B7%CF%84%CE%B1" title="Τυπική βαρύτητα – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Τυπική βαρύτητα" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gravedad_est%C3%A1ndar" title="Gravedad estándar – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Gravedad estándar" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%AF%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B4_%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AF" title="گرانش استاندارد – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="گرانش استاندارد" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acc%C3%A9l%C3%A9ration_normale_de_la_pesanteur_terrestre" title="Accélération normale de la pesanteur terrestre – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Accélération normale de la pesanteur terrestre" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%91%9C%EC%A4%80_%EC%A4%91%EB%A0%A5" title="표준 중력 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="표준 중력" data-language-autonym="한국어" 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ziemskie" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9F_%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AF%80%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%81_%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D" title="திட்ட புவியீர்ப்பு முடுக்கம் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="திட்ட புவியீர்ப்பு முடுக்கம்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B9%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%B1%DB%8C_%DA%A9%D8%B4%D8%B4_%D8%AB%D9%82%D9%84" title="معیاری کشش ثقل – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="معیاری کشش ثقل" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gia_t%E1%BB%91c_tr%E1%BB%8Dng_l%E1%BB%B1c_ti%C3%AAu_chu%E1%BA%A9n" title="Gia tốc trọng lực tiêu chuẩn – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Gia tốc trọng lực tiêu chuẩn" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%A8%99%E6%BA%96%E9%87%8D%E5%8A%9B" title="標準重力 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="標準重力" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%A8%99%E6%BA%96%E9%87%8D%E5%8A%9B" title="標準重力 – Chinese" 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class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Standard gravitational acceleration on Earth</div> <p>The <b>standard acceleration of gravity</b> or <b>standard acceleration of free fall</b>, often called simply <b>standard gravity</b> and denoted by <span class="texhtml"><i>ɡ</i><sub>0</sub></span> or <span class="texhtml"><i>ɡ</i><sub>n</sub></span>, is the nominal <a href="/wiki/Gravitational_acceleration" title="Gravitational acceleration">gravitational acceleration</a> of an object in a <a href="/wiki/Vacuum" title="Vacuum">vacuum</a> near the surface of the <a href="/wiki/Earth" title="Earth">Earth</a>. It is a constant <a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_80000" title="ISO/IEC 80000">defined by standard</a> as <span style="white-space: nowrap">9.806<span style="margin-left: 0.25em">65</span></span> m/s<sup>2</sup> (about <span style="white-space: nowrap">32.174<span style="margin-left: 0.25em">05</span></span> ft/s<sup>2</sup>). This value was established by the third <a href="/wiki/General_Conference_on_Weights_and_Measures" title="General Conference on Weights and Measures">General Conference on Weights and Measures</a> (1901, CR 70) and used to define the standard <a href="/wiki/Weight" title="Weight">weight</a> of an object as the product of its mass and this nominal <a href="/wiki/Acceleration" title="Acceleration">acceleration</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The acceleration of a body near the surface of the Earth is due to the combined effects of <a href="/wiki/Gravity" title="Gravity">gravity</a> and <a href="/wiki/Centrifugal_force" title="Centrifugal force">centrifugal acceleration</a> from the rotation of the Earth (but the latter is small enough to be negligible for most purposes); the total (the apparent gravity) is about 0.5% greater at the <a href="/wiki/Geographical_pole" title="Geographical pole">poles</a> than at the <a href="/wiki/Equator" title="Equator">Equator</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Boynton_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Boynton-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p> Although the symbol <span class="texhtml"><i>ɡ</i></span> is sometimes used for standard gravity, <span class="texhtml"><i>ɡ</i></span> (without a suffix) can also mean the local acceleration due to local gravity and centrifugal acceleration, which varies depending on one's position on Earth (see <a href="/wiki/Earth%27s_gravity" class="mw-redirect" title="Earth's gravity">Earth's gravity</a>). The symbol <span class="texhtml"><i>ɡ</i></span> should not be confused with <span class="texhtml"><i>G</i></span>, the <a href="/wiki/Gravitational_constant" title="Gravitational constant">gravitational constant</a>, or g, the symbol for <a href="/wiki/Gram" title="Gram">gram</a>. The <span class="texhtml"><i>ɡ</i></span> is also used as a unit for any form of acceleration, with the value defined as above.<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style></p><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/G-force" title="G-force">g-force</a></div> <p>The value of <span class="texhtml"><i>ɡ</i><sub>0</sub></span> defined above is a nominal midrange value on Earth, originally based on the acceleration of a body in free fall at sea level at a <a href="/wiki/Latitude#Common_"latitude"" title="Latitude">geodetic latitude</a> of 45°. Although the actual acceleration of free fall on Earth varies according to location, the above standard figure is always used for <a href="/wiki/Metrological" class="mw-redirect" title="Metrological">metrological</a> purposes. In particular, since it is the ratio of the <a href="/wiki/Kilogram-force" title="Kilogram-force">kilogram-force</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Kilogram" title="Kilogram">kilogram</a>, its numeric value when expressed in <a href="/wiki/Coherence_(units_of_measurement)" title="Coherence (units of measurement)">coherent</a> SI units is the ratio of the kilogram-force and the <a href="/wiki/Newton_(unit)" title="Newton (unit)">newton</a>, two <a href="/wiki/Force#Units" title="Force">units of force</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Standard_gravity&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Already in the early days of its existence, the <a href="/wiki/International_Committee_for_Weights_and_Measures" class="mw-redirect" title="International Committee for Weights and Measures">International Committee for Weights and Measures</a> (CIPM) proceeded to define a standard <a href="/wiki/Thermometer" title="Thermometer">thermometric</a> scale, using the <a href="/wiki/Boiling_point" title="Boiling point">boiling point</a> of water. Since the boiling point varies with the <a href="/wiki/Atmospheric_pressure" title="Atmospheric pressure">atmospheric pressure</a>, the CIPM needed to define a standard atmospheric pressure. The definition they chose was based on the weight of a column of <a href="/wiki/Mercury_(element)" title="Mercury (element)">mercury</a> of 760 mm. But since that weight depends on the local gravity, they now also needed a standard gravity. The 1887 CIPM meeting decided as follows: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>The value of this <i><b>standard acceleration due to gravity</b></i> is equal to the acceleration due to gravity at the International Bureau (alongside the <a href="/wiki/Pavillon_de_Breteuil" title="Pavillon de Breteuil">Pavillon de Breteuil</a>) divided by 1.0003322, the theoretical coefficient required to convert to a latitude of 45° at sea level.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>All that was needed to obtain a numerical value for standard gravity was now to measure the gravitational strength at the <a href="/wiki/International_Bureau_of_Weights_and_Measures" title="International Bureau of Weights and Measures">International Bureau</a>. This task was given to Gilbert Étienne Defforges of the Geographic Service of the French Army. The value he found, based on measurements taken in March and April 1888, was 9.80991(5) m⋅s<sup>−2</sup>.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>This result formed the basis for determining the value still used today for standard gravity. The third <a href="/wiki/General_Conference_on_Weights_and_Measures" title="General Conference on Weights and Measures">General Conference on Weights and Measures</a>, held in 1901, adopted a resolution declaring as follows: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>The value adopted in the International Service of Weights and Measures for the standard acceleration due to Earth's gravity is 980.665 cm/s<sup>2</sup>, value already stated in the laws of some countries.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>The numeric value adopted for <span class="texhtml"><i>ɡ</i><sub>0</sub></span> was, in accordance with the 1887 CIPM declaration, obtained by dividing Defforges's result – 980.991 cm⋅s<sup>−2</sup> in the <a href="/wiki/Cgs" class="mw-redirect" title="Cgs">cgs</a> system then <i>en vogue</i> – by 1.0003322 while not taking more digits than are warranted considering the uncertainty in the result. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Conversions">Conversions</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Standard_gravity&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Conversions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"> <caption><span class="nowrap">Conversions between common units of acceleration</span> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th scope="col">Base value </th> <th scope="col">(<a href="/wiki/Gal_(unit)" title="Gal (unit)">Gal</a>, or cm/s<sup>2</sup>) </th> <th scope="col">(<a href="/wiki/Foot_per_second_squared" title="Foot per second squared">ft/s<sup>2</sup></a>) </th> <th scope="col">(<a href="/wiki/Metre_per_second_squared" title="Metre per second squared">m/s<sup>2</sup></a>) </th> <th scope="col">(<a class="mw-selflink selflink">Standard gravity</a>, <i>g</i><sub>0</sub>) </th></tr> <tr> <td>1 Gal, or cm/s<sup>2</sup> </td> <td><b>1</b> </td> <td><span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="6998328084000000000♠"></span>0.032<span style="margin-left:.25em;">8084</span></span> </td> <td><span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="6998100000000000000♠"></span>0.01</span> </td> <td><span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="6997101972000000000♠"></span>1.019<span style="margin-left:.25em;">72</span><span style="margin-left:0.25em;margin-right:0.15em;">×</span>10<sup>−3</sup></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1 ft/s<sup>2</sup> </td> <td><span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="7001304800000000000♠"></span>30.4800</span> </td> <td><b>1</b> </td> <td><span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="6999304800000000000♠"></span>0.304<span style="margin-left:.25em;">800</span></span> </td> <td><span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="6998310810000000000♠"></span>0.031<span style="margin-left:.25em;">0810</span></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1 m/s<sup>2</sup> </td> <td><span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="7002100000000000000♠"></span>100</span> </td> <td><span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="7000328084000000000♠"></span>3.280<span style="margin-left:.25em;">84</span></span> </td> <td><b>1</b> </td> <td><span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="6999101972000000000♠"></span>0.101<span style="margin-left:.25em;">972</span></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1 <i>g</i><sub>0</sub> </td> <td><span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="7002980665000000000♠"></span>980.665</span> </td> <td><span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="7001321740000000000♠"></span>32.1740</span> </td> <td><span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="7000980665000000000♠"></span>9.806<span style="margin-left:.25em;">65</span></span> </td> <td><b>1</b> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Standard_gravity&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gravity_of_Earth" title="Gravity of Earth">Gravity of Earth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gravity_map" title="Gravity map">Gravity map</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seconds_pendulum" title="Seconds pendulum">Seconds pendulum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theoretical_gravity" title="Theoretical gravity">Theoretical gravity</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Standard_gravity&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFTaylorThompson2008" class="citation report cs1">Taylor, Barry N.; Thompson, Ambler, eds. (March 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nvlpubs.nist.gov/nistpubs/Legacy/SP/nistspecialpublication330e2008.pdf">The international system of units (SI)</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> (Report). <a href="/wiki/National_Institute_of_Standards_and_Technology" title="National Institute of Standards and Technology">National Institute of Standards and Technology</a>. p. 52. NIST special publication 330, 2008 edition.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=report&rft.btitle=The+international+system+of+units+%28SI%29&rft.pages=52&rft.pub=National+Institute+of+Standards+and+Technology&rft.date=2008-03&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnvlpubs.nist.gov%2Fnistpubs%2FLegacy%2FSP%2Fnistspecialpublication330e2008.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStandard+gravity" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bipm.org/utils/common/pdf/si_brochure_8_en.pdf#page=51"><i>The International System of Units (SI)</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> (8th ed.). <a href="/wiki/International_Bureau_of_Weights_and_Measures" title="International Bureau of Weights and Measures">International Bureau of Weights and Measures</a>. 2006. pp. 142–143. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/92-822-2213-6" title="Special:BookSources/92-822-2213-6"><bdi>92-822-2213-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+International+System+of+Units+%28SI%29&rft.pages=142-143&rft.edition=8th&rft.pub=International+Bureau+of+Weights+and+Measures&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=92-822-2213-6&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bipm.org%2Futils%2Fcommon%2Fpdf%2Fsi_brochure_8_en.pdf%23page%3D51&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStandard+gravity" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Boynton-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Boynton_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBoynton2001" class="citation conference cs1">Boynton, Richard (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070227132140/http://www.space-electronics.com/Literature/Precise_Measurement_of_Mass.PDF">"<i>Precise Measurement of Mass</i>"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Sawe Paper No. 3147</i>. Arlington, Texas: S.A.W.E., Inc. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.space-electronics.com/Literature/Precise_Measurement_of_Mass.PDF">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 2007-02-27<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2007-01-21</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=conference&rft.atitle=Precise+Measurement+of+Mass&rft.btitle=Sawe+Paper+No.+3147&rft.place=Arlington%2C+Texas&rft.pub=S.A.W.E.%2C+Inc.&rft.date=2001&rft.aulast=Boynton&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.space-electronics.com%2FLiterature%2FPrecise_Measurement_of_Mass.PDF&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStandard+gravity" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://curious.astro.cornell.edu/question.php?number=310">"Curious About Astronomy?"</a>, Cornell University, retrieved June 2007</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTerry_Quinn2011" class="citation book cs1">Terry Quinn (2011). <i>From Artefacts to Atoms: The BIPM and the Search for Ultimate Measurement Standards</i>. <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. p. 127. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-530786-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-530786-3"><bdi>978-0-19-530786-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=From+Artefacts+to+Atoms%3A+The+BIPM+and+the+Search+for+Ultimate+Measurement+Standards&rft.pages=127&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-19-530786-3&rft.au=Terry+Quinn&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStandard+gravity" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFM._Amalvict2010" class="citation conference cs1">M. Amalvict (2010). "Chapter 12. Absolute gravimetry at BIPM, Sèvres (France), at the time of Dr. Akihiko Sakuma". In Stelios P. Mertikas (ed.). <i>Gravity, Geoid and Earth Observation: IAG Commission 2: Gravity Field</i>. Springer. pp. 84–85. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-642-10634-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-642-10634-7"><bdi>978-3-642-10634-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=conference&rft.atitle=Chapter+12.+Absolute+gravimetry+at+BIPM%2C+S%C3%A8vres+%28France%29%2C+at+the+time+of+Dr.+Akihiko+Sakuma&rft.btitle=Gravity%2C+Geoid+and+Earth+Observation%3A+IAG+Commission+2%3A+Gravity+Field&rft.pages=84-85&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-3-642-10634-7&rft.au=M.+Amalvict&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStandard+gravity" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www1.bipm.org/en/CGPM/db/3/2/">"Resolution of the 3rd CGPM (1901)"</a>. <a href="/wiki/BIPM" class="mw-redirect" title="BIPM">BIPM</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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