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<span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Treatment</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Treatment-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Epidemiology,_history,_and_culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Epidemiology,_history,_and_culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Epidemiology, history, and culture</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Epidemiology,_history,_and_culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Signs_and_symptoms" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Signs_and_symptoms"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Signs and symptoms</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Signs_and_symptoms-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Signs and symptoms subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Signs_and_symptoms-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Complications" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Complications"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Complications</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Complications-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Causes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Causes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Causes</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Causes-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Causes subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Causes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Pituitary_adenoma" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pituitary_adenoma"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Pituitary adenoma</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pituitary_adenoma-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_tumors" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_tumors"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Other tumors</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_tumors-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Diagnosis" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Diagnosis"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Diagnosis</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Diagnosis-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Diagnosis subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Diagnosis-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Differential_diagnosis" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Differential_diagnosis"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Differential diagnosis</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Differential_diagnosis-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Treatment_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Treatment_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Treatment</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Treatment_2-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Treatment subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Treatment_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Medications" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Medications"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Medications</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Medications-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Somatostatin_analogues" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Somatostatin_analogues"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1.1</span> <span>Somatostatin analogues</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Somatostatin_analogues-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Dopamine_agonists" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dopamine_agonists"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1.2</span> <span>Dopamine agonists</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dopamine_agonists-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Growth_hormone_receptor_antagonists" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Growth_hormone_receptor_antagonists"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1.3</span> <span>Growth hormone receptor antagonists</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Growth_hormone_receptor_antagonists-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Surgery" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Surgery"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2</span> <span>Surgery</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Surgery-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Radiation_therapy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Radiation_therapy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.3</span> <span>Radiation therapy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Radiation_therapy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Selection_of_treatment" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Selection_of_treatment"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.4</span> <span>Selection of treatment</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Selection_of_treatment-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Prognosis" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Prognosis"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Prognosis</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Prognosis-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notable_people" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notable_people"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Notable people</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notable_people-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Acromegaly</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 67 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-67" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">67 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akromegalie" title="Akromegalie – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Akromegalie" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B6%D8%AE%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%81" title="ضخامة الأطراف – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="ضخامة الأطراف" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acromegalia" title="Acromegalia – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Acromegalia" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akromeqaliya" title="Akromeqaliya – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Akromeqaliya" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%DA%A9%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%85%DA%AF%D8%A7%D9%84%DB%8C" title="آکرومگالی – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="آکرومگالی" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%85%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%97%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BF" title="অ্যাক্রোমেগালি – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="অ্যাক্রোমেগালি" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Акрамегалія – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Акрамегалія" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Акромегалия – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Акромегалия" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acromeg%C3%A0lia" title="Acromegàlia – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Acromegàlia" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akromegalie" title="Akromegalie – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Akromegalie" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acromegaledd" title="Acromegaledd – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Acromegaledd" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akromegali" title="Akromegali – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Akromegali" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akromegalie" title="Akromegalie – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Akromegalie" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dv mw-list-item"><a href="https://dv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DE%87%DE%AC%DE%86%DE%B0%DE%83%DE%AF%DE%89%DE%AC%DE%8E%DE%A6%DE%8D%DE%A9" title="އެކްރޯމެގަލީ – Divehi" lang="dv" hreflang="dv" data-title="އެކްރޯމެގަލީ" data-language-autonym="ދިވެހިބަސް" data-language-local-name="Divehi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ދިވެހިބަސް</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akromegaalia" title="Akromegaalia – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Akromegaalia" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9C%CE%B5%CE%B3%CE%B1%CE%BB%CE%B1%CE%BA%CF%81%CE%AF%CE%B1" title="Μεγαλακρία – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Μεγαλακρία" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acromegalia" title="Acromegalia – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Acromegalia" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akromegalia" title="Akromegalia – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Akromegalia" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%DA%A9%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%85%DA%AF%D8%A7%D9%84%DB%8C" title="آکرومگالی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="آکرومگالی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acrom%C3%A9galie" title="Acromégalie – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Acromégalie" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acraimeigileacht" title="Acraimeigileacht – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Acraimeigileacht" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acromegalia" title="Acromegalia – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Acromegalia" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%A7%90%EB%8B%A8%EB%B9%84%EB%8C%80%EC%A6%9D" title="말단비대증 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="말단비대증" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cutar_girman_jiki" title="Cutar girman jiki – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Cutar girman jiki" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hausa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B1%D5%AF%D6%80%D5%B8%D5%B4%D5%A5%D5%A3%D5%A1%D5%AC%D5%AB%D5%A1" title="Ակրոմեգալիա – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ակրոմեգալիա" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akromegalija" title="Akromegalija – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Akromegalija" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akromegali" title="Akromegali – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Akromegali" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%86sav%C3%B6xtur" title="Æsavöxtur – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Æsavöxtur" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acromegalia" title="Acromegalia – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Acromegalia" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%A7%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%9E%D7%92%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%94" title="אקרומגליה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="אקרומגליה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%90%E1%83%99%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9B%E1%83%94%E1%83%92%E1%83%90%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98%E1%83%90" title="აკრომეგალია – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="აკრომეგალია" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Акромегалия – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Акромегалия" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Акромегалия – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Акромегалия" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akromeg%C4%81lija" title="Akromegālija – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Akromegālija" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akromegalija" title="Akromegalija – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Akromegalija" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akromeg%C3%A1lia" title="Akromegália – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Akromegália" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Акромегалија – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Акромегалија" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%85%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%AE%E0%B5%86%E0%B4%97%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B2%E0%B4%BF" title="അക്രോമെഗാലി – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="അക്രോമെഗാലി" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acromegalie" title="Acromegalie – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Acromegalie" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%85%88%E7%AB%AF%E5%B7%A8%E5%A4%A7%E7%97%87" title="先端巨大症 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="先端巨大症" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akromegali" title="Akromegali – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Akromegali" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-or mw-list-item"><a href="https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AC%86%E0%AC%95%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%B0%E0%AD%8B%E0%AC%AE%E0%AD%87%E0%AC%97%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%B2%E0%AC%BF" title="ଆକ୍ରୋମେଗାଲି – Odia" lang="or" hreflang="or" data-title="ଆକ୍ରୋମେଗାଲି" data-language-autonym="ଓଡ଼ିଆ" data-language-local-name="Odia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ଓଡ଼ିଆ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akromegaliya" title="Akromegaliya – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Akromegaliya" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akromegalia" title="Akromegalia – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Akromegalia" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acromegalia" title="Acromegalia – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Acromegalia" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acromegalie" title="Acromegalie – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Acromegalie" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Акромегалия – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Акромегалия" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%96%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%83%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE" title="शाखावृहत्ता – Sanskrit" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="शाखावृहत्ता" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="Sanskrit" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>संस्कृतम्</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acromegalia" title="Acromegalia – Sardinian" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Acromegalia" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="Sardinian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sardu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akromegalia" title="Akromegalia – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Akromegalia" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acromegaly" title="Acromegaly – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Acromegaly" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akromeg%C3%A1lia" title="Akromegália – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Akromegália" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akromegalija" title="Akromegalija – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Akromegalija" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Акромегалија – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Акромегалија" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akromegalia" title="Akromegalia – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Akromegalia" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akromegali" title="Akromegali – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Akromegali" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akromegalya" title="Akromegalya – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Akromegalya" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Акромегалия – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Акромегалия" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%A0%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%9E%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%95%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%84%E0%B8%A1%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%AA%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%99" title="สภาพโตเกินไม่สมส่วน – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="สภาพโตเกินไม่สมส่วน" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Акромегалия – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Акромегалия" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akromegali" title="Akromegali – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Akromegali" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Акромегалія – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Акромегалія" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D8%A8%D8%B1_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AC%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AD" title="کبر الجوارح – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="کبر الجوارح" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%E1%BB%87nh_to_%C4%91%E1%BA%A7u_chi" title="Bệnh to đầu chi – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Bệnh to đầu chi" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%82%A2%E7%AB%AF%E8%82%A5%E5%A4%A7%E7%97%87" title="肢端肥大症 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="肢端肥大症" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%9C%AB%E7%AB%AF%E8%82%A5%E5%A4%A7%E7%97%87" title="末端肥大症 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="末端肥大症" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%82%A2%E7%AB%AF%E8%82%A5%E5%A4%A7%E7%97%87" title="肢端肥大症 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="肢端肥大症" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q189580#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Acromegaly" title="View the 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id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Human disease that results in excess growth of certain parts of the body</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the disease in humans. For the disease in animals, see <a href="/wiki/Hypersomatotropism_(veterinary)" title="Hypersomatotropism (veterinary)">Hypersomatotropism (veterinary)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Medical condition</div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox ib-medical-condition"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="background:#ccc">Acromegaly</th></tr><tr style="background-color: #f8f9fa;"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Acromegalyteethgapping.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Acromegalyteethgapping.jpg/220px-Acromegalyteethgapping.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="97" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Acromegalyteethgapping.jpg/330px-Acromegalyteethgapping.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Acromegalyteethgapping.jpg/440px-Acromegalyteethgapping.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3822" data-file-height="1681" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">Lower jaw showing the classic spacing of teeth due to acromegaly.</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Pronunciation</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˌ/: secondary stress follows">ˌ</span><span title="/æ/: 'a' in 'bad'">æ</span><span title="'k' in 'kind'">k</span><span title="'r' in 'rye'">r</span><span title="/ə/: 'a' in 'about'">ə</span><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'m' in 'my'">m</span><span title="/ɛ/: 'e' in 'dress'">ɛ</span><span title="/ɡ/: 'g' in 'guy'">ɡ</span><span title="/əl/: 'le' in 'bottle'">əl</span><span title="/i/: 'y' in 'happy'">i</span></span>,<span class="wrap"> </span>-<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="'r' in 'rye'">r</span><span title="/oʊ/: 'o' in 'code'">oʊ</span></span>-/</a></span></span><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Medical_specialty" title="Medical specialty">Specialty</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Endocrinology" title="Endocrinology">Endocrinology</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Signs_and_symptoms" title="Signs and symptoms">Symptoms</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Enlargement of the hands, feet, forehead, jaw, and nose, thicker skin, deepening of the voice<sup id="cite_ref-NIH2012_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NIH2012-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Complication_(medicine)" title="Complication (medicine)">Complications</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Type_2_diabetes" title="Type 2 diabetes">Type 2 diabetes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sleep_apnea" title="Sleep apnea">sleep apnea</a>, <a href="/wiki/High_blood_pressure" class="mw-redirect" title="High blood pressure">high blood pressure</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-NIH2012_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NIH2012-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> high cholesterol, heart problems, particularly enlargement of the heart (cardiomegaly), osteoarthritis, spinal cord compression or fractures, increased risk of cancerous tumors, precancerous growths (polyps) on the lining of the colon.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Usual onset</th><td class="infobox-data">Middle age<sup id="cite_ref-NIH2012_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NIH2012-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Causes</th><td class="infobox-data">Excess growth hormone (hypersomatotropism)<sup id="cite_ref-NIH2012_3-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NIH2012-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Medical_diagnosis" title="Medical diagnosis">Diagnostic method</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Blood tests, <a href="/wiki/Medical_imaging" title="Medical imaging">medical imaging</a><sup id="cite_ref-NIH2012_3-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NIH2012-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Differential_diagnosis" title="Differential diagnosis">Differential diagnosis</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Pachydermoperiostosis" title="Pachydermoperiostosis">Pachydermoperiostosis</a><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Treatment</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Surgery" title="Surgery">Surgery</a>, medications, <a href="/wiki/Radiation_therapy" title="Radiation therapy">radiation therapy</a><sup id="cite_ref-NIH2012_3-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NIH2012-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Medication" title="Medication">Medication</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Somatostatin_analogue" class="mw-redirect" title="Somatostatin analogue">Somatostatin analogue</a>, <a href="/wiki/GH_receptor_antagonist" class="mw-redirect" title="GH receptor antagonist">GH receptor antagonist</a><sup id="cite_ref-NIH2012_3-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NIH2012-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Prognosis" title="Prognosis">Prognosis</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Usually normal (with treatment), 10 year shorter life expectancy (no treatment)<sup id="cite_ref-Ho2011_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ho2011-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Frequency</th><td class="infobox-data">3 per 50,000 people<sup id="cite_ref-NIH2012_3-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NIH2012-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Acromegaly</b> is a disorder that results in excess growth of certain parts of the human body. It is caused by excess <a href="/wiki/Growth_hormone" title="Growth hormone">growth hormone</a> (GH) after the <a href="/wiki/Growth_plates" class="mw-redirect" title="Growth plates">growth plates</a> have closed. The initial symptom is typically enlargement of the hands and feet.<sup id="cite_ref-NIH2012_3-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NIH2012-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There may also be an enlargement of the forehead, jaw, and nose. Other symptoms may include <a href="/wiki/Joint_pain" class="mw-redirect" title="Joint pain">joint pain</a>, thicker skin, deepening of the voice, <a href="/wiki/Headache" title="Headache">headaches</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Visual_impairment" title="Visual impairment">problems with vision</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-NIH2012_3-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NIH2012-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Complications of the disease may include <a href="/wiki/Type_2_diabetes" title="Type 2 diabetes">type 2 diabetes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sleep_apnea" title="Sleep apnea">sleep apnea</a>, and <a href="/wiki/High_blood_pressure" class="mw-redirect" title="High blood pressure">high blood pressure</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-NIH2012_3-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NIH2012-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Cause_and_diagnosis">Cause and diagnosis</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Acromegaly&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Cause and diagnosis"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Acromegaly is usually caused by the <a href="/wiki/Pituitary_gland" title="Pituitary gland">pituitary gland</a> producing excess growth hormone. In more than 95% of cases, the excess production is due to a <a href="/wiki/Benign_tumor" title="Benign tumor">benign tumor</a>, known as a <a href="/wiki/Pituitary_adenoma" title="Pituitary adenoma">pituitary adenoma</a>. The condition is not <a href="/wiki/Heredity" title="Heredity">inherited</a>. Acromegaly is rarely due to a tumor in another part of the body. Diagnosis is by measuring growth hormone after a person has consumed a <a href="/wiki/Glucose" title="Glucose">glucose</a> solution, or by measuring <a href="/wiki/Insulin-like_growth_factor_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Insulin-like growth factor I">insulin-like growth factor I</a> in the blood. After diagnosis, <a href="/wiki/Medical_imaging" title="Medical imaging">medical imaging</a> of the pituitary is carried out to determine if an adenoma is present. If excess growth hormone is produced during childhood, the result is the condition <a href="/wiki/Gigantism" title="Gigantism">gigantism</a> rather than acromegaly, and it is characterized by excessive height.<sup id="cite_ref-NIH2012_3-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NIH2012-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Treatment">Treatment</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Acromegaly&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Treatment"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Treatment options include <a href="/wiki/Surgery" title="Surgery">surgery</a> to remove the tumor, medications, and <a href="/wiki/Radiation_therapy" title="Radiation therapy">radiation therapy</a>. Surgery is usually the preferred treatment; the smaller the tumor, the more likely surgery will be curative. If surgery is contraindicated or not curative, <a href="/wiki/Somatostatin_analogue" class="mw-redirect" title="Somatostatin analogue">somatostatin analogues</a> or <a href="/wiki/GH_receptor_antagonist" class="mw-redirect" title="GH receptor antagonist">GH receptor antagonists</a> may be used. Radiation therapy may be used if neither surgery nor medications are completely effective.<sup id="cite_ref-NIH2012_3-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NIH2012-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Without treatment, life expectancy is reduced by 10 years; with treatment, life expectancy is not reduced.<sup id="cite_ref-Ho2011_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ho2011-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Epidemiology,_history,_and_culture"><span id="Epidemiology.2C_history.2C_and_culture"></span>Epidemiology, history, and culture</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Acromegaly&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Epidemiology, history, and culture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Acromegaly affects about 3 per 50,000 people. It is most commonly diagnosed in middle age.<sup id="cite_ref-NIH2012_3-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NIH2012-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Males and females are affected with equal frequency.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was first described in the medical literature by Nicolas Saucerotte in 1772.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The term is from the <a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a> <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E1%BC%84%CE%BA%CF%81%CE%BF%CE%BD#Noun" class="extiw" title="wikt:ἄκρον">ἄκρον</a></span></span> (<span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language romanization"><i lang="grc-Latn">akron</i></span>) meaning "extremity", and <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%CE%BC%CE%AD%CE%B3%CE%B1%CF%82" class="extiw" title="wikt:μέγας">μέγα</a></span></span> (<span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language romanization"><i lang="grc-Latn">mega</i></span>) meaning "large".<sup id="cite_ref-NIH2012_3-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NIH2012-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Signs_and_symptoms">Signs and symptoms</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Acromegaly&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Signs and symptoms"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:204px;max-width:204px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:202px;max-width:202px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Acromegaly_hands.JPEG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Acromegaly_hands.JPEG/200px-Acromegaly_hands.JPEG" decoding="async" width="200" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Acromegaly_hands.JPEG/300px-Acromegaly_hands.JPEG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/47/Acromegaly_hands.JPEG 2x" data-file-width="331" data-file-height="232" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">Compared with the hand of an unaffected person (left), the hand of a person with acromegaly (right) is enlarged, with fingers that are widened, thickened and stubby, and with thicker soft tissue</div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:202px;max-width:202px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Acromegaly_prognathism.JPEG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Acromegaly_prognathism.JPEG/200px-Acromegaly_prognathism.JPEG" decoding="async" width="200" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Acromegaly_prognathism.JPEG/300px-Acromegaly_prognathism.JPEG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Acromegaly_prognathism.JPEG/400px-Acromegaly_prognathism.JPEG 2x" data-file-width="401" data-file-height="300" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/Human_mandible" class="mw-redirect" title="Human mandible">Mandibular</a> overgrowth leads to <a href="/wiki/Prognathism" title="Prognathism">prognathism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Maxilla" title="Maxilla">maxillary</a> widening, teeth spacing and <a href="/wiki/Malocclusion" title="Malocclusion">malocclusion</a></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:202px;max-width:202px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Browprotrusion.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Browprotrusion.jpg/200px-Browprotrusion.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="178" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Browprotrusion.jpg/300px-Browprotrusion.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Browprotrusion.jpg/400px-Browprotrusion.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1008" data-file-height="896" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/Brow_ridge" title="Brow ridge">Brow ridge</a> and <a href="/wiki/Skull_bossing" title="Skull bossing">forehead protrusion</a> remaining after tumor removal and tissue swelling eliminated</div></div></div></div></div> <p>Features that may result from a high level of GH or expanding tumor include:<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Headache" title="Headache">Headaches</a> – often severe and prolonged</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soft_tissue" title="Soft tissue">Soft tissue</a> swelling visibly resulting in enlargement of the hands, feet, nose, lips, and ears, and a general thickening of the skin</li> <li>Soft tissue swelling of internal organs, notably the heart with the attendant weakening of its muscularity, and the kidneys, also the <a href="/wiki/Vocal_cords" title="Vocal cords">vocal cords</a> resulting in a characteristic thick, deep voice and slowing of speech</li> <li>Generalized expansion of the skull at the <a href="/wiki/Fontanelle" title="Fontanelle">fontanelle</a></li> <li>Pronounced brow protrusion, often with ocular distension (<a href="/wiki/Skull_bossing" title="Skull bossing">frontal bossing</a>)</li> <li>Pronounced lower jaw protrusion (<a href="/wiki/Prognathism" title="Prognathism">prognathism</a>) with attendant <a href="/wiki/Macroglossia" title="Macroglossia">macroglossia</a> (enlargement of the tongue) and teeth spacing</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypertrichosis" title="Hypertrichosis">Hypertrichosis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hyperpigmentation" title="Hyperpigmentation">hyperpigmentation</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hyperhidrosis" title="Hyperhidrosis">hyperhidrosis</a> may occur in these people.<sup id="cite_ref-Andrews_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Andrews-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 499">: 499 </span></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acrochordon" class="mw-redirect" title="Acrochordon">Skin tags</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carpal_tunnel_syndrome" title="Carpal tunnel syndrome">Carpal tunnel syndrome</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Complications">Complications</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Acromegaly&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Complications"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Problems with bones and joints, including <a href="/wiki/Osteoarthritis" title="Osteoarthritis">osteoarthritis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nerve_compression_syndrome" title="Nerve compression syndrome">nerve compression syndrome</a> due to bony overgrowth, and <a href="/wiki/Carpal_tunnel_syndrome" title="Carpal tunnel syndrome">carpal tunnel syndrome</a><sup id="cite_ref-:12_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:12-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypertension" title="Hypertension">Hypertension</a><sup id="cite_ref-:12_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:12-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Surgery_for_acromegaly:_evolution_o_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Surgery_for_acromegaly:_evolution_o-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diabetes_mellitus" class="mw-redirect" title="Diabetes mellitus">Diabetes mellitus</a><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cardiomyopathy" title="Cardiomyopathy">Cardiomyopathy</a>, potentially leading to <a href="/wiki/Heart_failure" title="Heart failure">heart failure</a><sup id="cite_ref-:12_11-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:12-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colorectal_cancer" title="Colorectal cancer">Colorectal cancer</a><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sleep_apnea" title="Sleep apnea">Sleep apnea</a><sup id="cite_ref-:12_11-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:12-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thyroid_nodule" title="Thyroid nodule">Thyroid nodules</a> and <a href="/wiki/Thyroid_cancer" title="Thyroid cancer">thyroid cancer</a><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypogonadism" title="Hypogonadism">Hypogonadism</a><sup id="cite_ref-:12_11-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:12-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Compression of the <a href="/wiki/Optic_chiasm" title="Optic chiasm">optic chiasm</a> by the growth of pituitary adenoma leading to visual problems<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Causes">Causes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Acromegaly&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Causes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pituitary_adenoma">Pituitary adenoma</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Acromegaly&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Pituitary adenoma"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>About 98% of cases of acromegaly are due to the overproduction of growth hormone by a <a href="/wiki/Benign_tumor" title="Benign tumor">benign tumor</a> of the pituitary gland called an <a href="/wiki/Pituitary_adenoma" title="Pituitary adenoma">adenoma</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Harrisons_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Harrisons-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These tumors produce excessive growth hormone and compress surrounding brain tissues as they grow larger. In some cases, they may compress the <a href="/wiki/Optic_nerve" title="Optic nerve">optic nerves</a>. Expansion of the tumor may cause headaches and visual disturbances. In addition, compression of the surrounding normal pituitary tissue can alter the production of other <a href="/wiki/Hormones" class="mw-redirect" title="Hormones">hormones</a>, leading to changes in <a href="/wiki/Menstruation" title="Menstruation">menstruation</a> and breast discharge in women and <a href="/wiki/Impotence" class="mw-redirect" title="Impotence">impotence</a> in men because of reduced <a href="/wiki/Testosterone" title="Testosterone">testosterone</a> production.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A marked variation in rates of GH production and the aggressiveness of the tumor occurs. Some adenomas grow slowly and symptoms of GH excess are often not noticed for many years. Other adenomas grow rapidly and invade surrounding brain areas or the <a href="/wiki/Paranasal_sinuses" title="Paranasal sinuses">sinuses</a>, which are located near the pituitary. In general, younger people tend to have more aggressive tumors.<sup id="cite_ref-NBK551529_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NBK551529-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Most pituitary tumors arise spontaneously and are not genetically inherited. Many pituitary tumors arise from a genetic alteration in a single pituitary cell that leads to increased cell division and tumor formation. This genetic change, or <a href="/wiki/Mutation" title="Mutation">mutation</a>, is not present at birth but is acquired during life. The mutation occurs in a gene that regulates the transmission of chemical signals within pituitary cells; it permanently switches on the signal that tells the cell to divide and secrete growth hormones. The events within the cell that cause disordered pituitary <a href="/wiki/Cell_growth" title="Cell growth">cell growth</a> and GH oversecretion currently are the subject of intensive research.<sup id="cite_ref-NBK551529_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NBK551529-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Pituitary adenomas and diffuse somatomammotroph hyperplasia may result from somatic mutations activating <i>GNAS</i>, which may be acquired or associated with <a href="/wiki/McCune%E2%80%93Albright_syndrome" title="McCune–Albright syndrome">McCune–Albright syndrome</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_tumors">Other tumors</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Acromegaly&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Other tumors"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In a few people, acromegaly is caused not by pituitary tumors, but by <a href="/wiki/Tumor" class="mw-redirect" title="Tumor">tumors</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Pancreas" title="Pancreas">pancreas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lung" title="Lung">lungs</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Adrenal_gland" title="Adrenal gland">adrenal glands</a>. These tumors also lead to an excess of GH, either because they produce GH themselves or, more frequently, because they produce <a href="/wiki/GHRH" class="mw-redirect" title="GHRH">GHRH</a> (growth hormone-releasing hormone), the hormone that stimulates the pituitary to make GH. In these people, the excess GHRH can be measured in the blood and establishes that the cause of the acromegaly is not due to a pituitary defect. When these nonpituitary tumors are surgically removed, GH levels fall and the symptoms of acromegaly improve.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>In people with GHRH-producing, non-pituitary tumors, the pituitary still may be enlarged and may be mistaken for a tumor. Therefore, it is important that physicians carefully analyze all "pituitary tumors" removed from people with acromegaly to not overlook the possibility that a tumor elsewhere in the body is causing the disorder.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Diagnosis">Diagnosis</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Acromegaly&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Diagnosis"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Acromegaly_growth_hormone_levels.JPEG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Acromegaly_growth_hormone_levels.JPEG/220px-Acromegaly_growth_hormone_levels.JPEG" decoding="async" width="220" height="87" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Acromegaly_growth_hormone_levels.JPEG/330px-Acromegaly_growth_hormone_levels.JPEG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Acromegaly_growth_hormone_levels.JPEG/440px-Acromegaly_growth_hormone_levels.JPEG 2x" data-file-width="810" data-file-height="319" /></a><figcaption>Frequent serum GH measurements in normal subjects (left panel) demonstrate that GH can fluctuate between undetectable levels most of the time interspersed with peaks of up to 30 μg/L (90 mIU/L); in acromegaly (right panel) GH hypersecretion is continuous with no undetectable levels.</figcaption></figure> <p>If acromegaly is suspected, <a href="/wiki/Medical_laboratory" title="Medical laboratory">medical laboratory</a> investigations followed by <a href="/wiki/Medical_imaging" title="Medical imaging">medical imaging</a>, if the lab tests are positive, confirm or rule out the presence of this condition.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <p><a href="/wiki/IGF1" class="mw-redirect" title="IGF1">IGF1</a> provides the most sensitive lab test for the diagnosis of acromegaly, and a GH suppression test following an oral <a href="/wiki/Glucose" title="Glucose">glucose</a> load, which is a very specific lab test, will confirm the diagnosis following a positive screening test for IGF1. A single value of the GH is not useful in view of its pulsatility (levels in the blood vary greatly even in healthy individuals).</p><figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Acromegaly_pituitary_macroadenoma.JPEG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Acromegaly_pituitary_macroadenoma.JPEG/220px-Acromegaly_pituitary_macroadenoma.JPEG" decoding="async" width="220" height="110" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Acromegaly_pituitary_macroadenoma.JPEG/330px-Acromegaly_pituitary_macroadenoma.JPEG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Acromegaly_pituitary_macroadenoma.JPEG/440px-Acromegaly_pituitary_macroadenoma.JPEG 2x" data-file-width="905" data-file-height="452" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Magnetic_resonance_image" class="mw-redirect" title="Magnetic resonance image">Magnetic resonance image</a> of a <a href="/wiki/Pituitary_macroadenoma" class="mw-redirect" title="Pituitary macroadenoma">pituitary macroadenoma</a> that caused acromegaly with compression of the <a href="/wiki/Optic_chiasm" title="Optic chiasm">optic chiasm</a></figcaption></figure><p> GH levels taken 2 hours after a 75- or 100-gram <a href="/wiki/Glucose_tolerance_test" title="Glucose tolerance test">glucose tolerance test</a> are helpful in the diagnosis: GH levels are suppressed below 1 μg/L in normal people, and levels higher than this cutoff are confirmatory of acromegaly.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Other pituitary hormones must be assessed to address the secretory effects of the tumor, as well as the mass effect of the tumor on the normal pituitary gland. They include <a href="/wiki/Thyroid_stimulating_hormone" class="mw-redirect" title="Thyroid stimulating hormone">thyroid stimulating hormone</a> (TSH), <a href="/wiki/Gonadotropin" title="Gonadotropin">gonadotropic hormones</a> (FSH, LH), <a href="/wiki/Adrenocorticotropic_hormone" title="Adrenocorticotropic hormone">adrenocorticotropic hormone</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Prolactin" title="Prolactin">prolactin</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>An <a href="/wiki/Magnetic_resonance_imaging" title="Magnetic resonance imaging">MRI</a> of the brain focusing on the <a href="/wiki/Sella_turcica" title="Sella turcica">sella turcica</a> after <a href="/wiki/Gadolinium" title="Gadolinium">gadolinium</a> administration allows for clear delineation of the pituitary and the hypothalamus and the location of the tumor. A number of other <a href="/wiki/Overgrowth_syndrome" title="Overgrowth syndrome">overgrowth syndromes</a> can result in similar problems.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Differential_diagnosis">Differential diagnosis</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Acromegaly&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Differential diagnosis"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Pseudoacromegaly" class="mw-redirect" title="Pseudoacromegaly">Pseudoacromegaly</a> is a condition with the usual acromegaloid features but without an increase in growth hormone and IGF-1. It is frequently associated with insulin resistance.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Cases have been reported due to <a href="/wiki/Minoxidil" title="Minoxidil">minoxidil</a> at an unusually high dose.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It can also be caused by a selective post-receptor defect of insulin signalling, leading to the impairment of metabolic, but preservation of mitogenic, signaling.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Treatment_2">Treatment</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Acromegaly&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Treatment"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Acromegaly_treatment_diagram.JPEG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Acromegaly_treatment_diagram.JPEG/220px-Acromegaly_treatment_diagram.JPEG" decoding="async" width="220" height="152" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Acromegaly_treatment_diagram.JPEG/330px-Acromegaly_treatment_diagram.JPEG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Acromegaly_treatment_diagram.JPEG/440px-Acromegaly_treatment_diagram.JPEG 2x" data-file-width="917" data-file-height="635" /></a><figcaption>Site of action of the different therapeutic tools in acromegaly. <a href="/wiki/Surgery" title="Surgery">Surgery</a>, <a href="/wiki/Radiotherapy" class="mw-redirect" title="Radiotherapy">radiotherapy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Somatostatin_analogue" class="mw-redirect" title="Somatostatin analogue">somatostatin analogues</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dopamine_agonist" title="Dopamine agonist">dopamine agonists</a> act at the level of the <a href="/wiki/Pituitary_adenoma" title="Pituitary adenoma">pituitary adenoma</a>, while <a href="/wiki/GH_receptor_antagonist" class="mw-redirect" title="GH receptor antagonist">GH receptor antagonists</a> act in the periphery by blocking the <a href="/wiki/Growth_hormone_receptor" title="Growth hormone receptor">growth hormone receptor</a> and thus impairing the effects of GH on the different tissues.</figcaption></figure> <p>The goals of treatment are to reduce GH production to normal levels thereby reversing or ameliorating the signs and symptoms of acromegaly, to relieve the pressure that the growing pituitary tumor exerts on the surrounding brain areas, and to preserve normal pituitary function. Currently, treatment options include surgical removal of the tumor, <a href="/wiki/Drug_therapy" class="mw-redirect" title="Drug therapy">drug therapy</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Radiation_therapy" title="Radiation therapy">radiation therapy</a> of the pituitary.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Medications">Medications</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Acromegaly&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Medications"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Somatostatin_analogues">Somatostatin analogues</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Acromegaly&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Somatostatin analogues"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The primary current medical treatment of acromegaly is to use somatostatin analogues – <a href="/wiki/Octreotide" title="Octreotide">octreotide</a> (Sandostatin) or <a href="/wiki/Lanreotide" title="Lanreotide">lanreotide</a> (Somatuline). These somatostatin analogues are synthetic forms of a brain hormone, <a href="/wiki/Somatostatin" title="Somatostatin">somatostatin</a>, which stops GH production. The long-acting forms of these drugs must be injected every 2 to 4 weeks for effective treatment. Most people with acromegaly respond to this medication. In many people with acromegaly, GH levels fall within one hour and headaches improve within minutes after the injection. Octreotide and lanreotide are effective for long-term treatment. Octreotide and lanreotide have also been used successfully to treat people with acromegaly caused by non-pituitary tumors.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Somatostatin analogues are also sometimes used to shrink large tumors before surgery.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Because octreotide inhibits gastrointestinal and pancreatic function, long-term use causes digestive problems such as loose stools, nausea, and gas in one-third of people. In addition, approximately 25 percent of people with acromegaly develop <a href="/wiki/Gallstone" title="Gallstone">gallstones</a>, which are usually asymptomatic.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In some cases, octreotide treatment can cause <a href="/wiki/Diabetes" title="Diabetes">diabetes</a> due to the fact that <a href="/wiki/Somatostatin" title="Somatostatin">somatostatin</a> and its analogues can inhibit the release of <a href="/wiki/Insulin" title="Insulin">insulin</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> With an aggressive adenoma that is not able to be operated on, there may be a resistance to octreotide in which case a second-generation SSA, pasireotide, may be used for tumor control. However, insulin and glucose levels should be carefully monitored as pasireotide has been associated with hyperglycemia by reducing insulin secretion.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Dopamine_agonists">Dopamine agonists</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Acromegaly&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Dopamine agonists"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>For those who are unresponsive to somatostatin analogues, or for whom they are otherwise contraindicated, it is possible to treat using one of the <a href="/wiki/Dopamine_agonists" class="mw-redirect" title="Dopamine agonists">dopamine agonists</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bromocriptine" title="Bromocriptine">bromocriptine</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Cabergoline" title="Cabergoline">cabergoline</a>. As tablets rather than injections, they cost considerably less. These drugs can also be used as an adjunct to somatostatin analogue therapy. They are most effective in those whose pituitary tumours also secrete <a href="/wiki/Prolactin" title="Prolactin">prolactin</a>. Side effects of these dopamine agonists include gastrointestinal upset, nausea, vomiting, light-headedness when standing, and nasal congestion. These side effects can be reduced or eliminated if medication is started at a very low dose at bedtime, taken with food, and gradually increased to the full therapeutic dose. Bromocriptine lowers GH and <a href="/wiki/IGF-1" class="mw-redirect" title="IGF-1">IGF-1</a> levels and reduces tumor size in fewer than half of people with acromegaly. Some people report improvement in their symptoms although their GH and IGF-1 levels still are elevated.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Growth_hormone_receptor_antagonists">Growth hormone receptor antagonists</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Acromegaly&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Growth hormone receptor antagonists"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The latest development in the medical treatment of acromegaly is the use of <a href="/wiki/Growth_hormone_receptor" title="Growth hormone receptor">growth hormone receptor</a> antagonists. The only available member of this family is <a href="/wiki/Pegvisomant" title="Pegvisomant">pegvisomant</a> (Somavert). By blocking the action of the endogenous growth hormone molecules, this compound is able to control the disease activity of acromegaly in virtually everyone with acromegaly. Pegvisomant has to be administered subcutaneously by daily injections. Combinations of long-acting somatostatin analogues and weekly injections of pegvisomant seem to be equally effective as daily injections of pegvisomant.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Surgery">Surgery</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Acromegaly&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Surgery"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Surgical removal of the pituitary tumor is usually effective in lowering growth hormone levels. Two surgical procedures are available for use. The first is endonasal transsphenoidal surgery, which involves the surgeon reaching the pituitary through an incision in the <a href="/wiki/Nasal_cavity" title="Nasal cavity">nasal cavity</a> wall. The wall is reached by passing through the <a href="/wiki/Nostril" title="Nostril">nostrils</a> with <a href="/wiki/Microsurgery" title="Microsurgery">microsurgical</a> instruments. The second method is transsphenoidal surgery during which an incision is made into the gum beneath the upper lip. Further incisions are made to cut through the <a href="/wiki/Septum" title="Septum">septum</a> to reach the nasal cavity, where the pituitary is located. Endonasal transsphenoidal surgery is a less invasive procedure with a shorter recovery time than the older method of transsphenoidal surgery, and the likelihood of removing the entire tumor is greater with reduced side effects. Consequently, endonasal transsphenoidal surgery is the more common surgical choice.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>These procedures normally relieve the pressure on the surrounding brain regions and lead to a lowering of GH levels. Surgery is most successful in people with blood GH levels below 40 ng/ml before the operation and with pituitary tumors no larger than 10 mm in diameter. Success depends on the skill and experience of the surgeon. The success rate also depends on what level of GH is defined as a cure. The best measure of surgical success is the normalization of GH and IGF-1 levels. Ideally, GH should be less than 2 ng/ml after an oral glucose load. A review of GH levels in 1,360 people worldwide immediately after surgery revealed that 60% had random GH levels below 5 ng/ml. Complications of surgery may include <a href="/wiki/Cerebrospinal_fluid" title="Cerebrospinal fluid">cerebrospinal fluid</a> leaks, <a href="/wiki/Meningitis" title="Meningitis">meningitis</a>, or damage to the surrounding normal pituitary tissue, requiring lifelong pituitary <a href="/wiki/Hormone_replacement" class="mw-redirect" title="Hormone replacement">hormone replacement</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Even when surgery is successful and hormone levels return to normal, people must be carefully monitored for years for possible recurrence. More commonly, hormone levels may improve, but not return completely to normal. These people may then require additional treatment, usually with medications.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Radiation_therapy">Radiation therapy</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Acromegaly&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Radiation therapy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Radiation therapy has been used both as a primary treatment and combined with surgery or drugs. It is usually reserved for people who have tumours remaining after surgery. These people often also receive medication to lower GH levels. Radiation therapy is given in divided doses over four to six weeks. This treatment lowers GH levels by about 50 percent over 2 to 5 years. People monitored for more than 5 years show significant further improvement. Radiation therapy causes a gradual loss of production of other pituitary hormones with time. Loss of vision and brain injury, which have been reported, are very rare complications of radiation treatments.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Selection_of_treatment">Selection of treatment</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Acromegaly&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Selection of treatment"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The initial treatment chosen should be individualized depending on the person's characteristics, such as age and tumor size. If the tumor has not yet invaded surrounding brain tissues, removal of the pituitary adenoma by an experienced neurosurgeon is usually the first choice. After surgery, a person must be monitored long-term for increasing GH levels.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>If surgery does not normalize hormone levels or a relapse occurs, a doctor will usually begin additional drug therapy. The current first choice is generally octreotide or lanreotide; however, bromocriptine and cabergoline are both cheaper and easier to administer. With all of these medications, long-term therapy is necessary, because their withdrawal can lead to rising GH levels and tumor re-expansion. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Radiation therapy is generally used for people whose tumors are not completely removed by surgery, for people who are not good candidates for surgery because of other health problems, and for people who do not respond adequately to surgery and medication.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Prognosis">Prognosis</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Acromegaly&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Prognosis"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Life expectancy of people with acromegaly is dependent on how early the disease is detected.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Life expectancy after the successful treatment of early disease is equal to that of the general population.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Acromegaly can often go on for years before diagnosis, resulting in poorer outcome, and it is suggested that the better the growth hormone is controlled, the better the outcome.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_28-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Upon successful surgical treatment, headaches and visual symptoms tend to resolve.<sup id="cite_ref-Surgery_for_acromegaly:_evolution_o_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Surgery_for_acromegaly:_evolution_o-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One exception is sleep apnea, which is present in around 70% of cases but does not tend to resolve with successful treatment of growth hormone level.<sup id="cite_ref-:12_11-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:12-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While hypertension is a complication of 40% of cases, it typically responds well to regular regimens of blood pressure medication.<sup id="cite_ref-:12_11-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:12-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Diabetes that occurs with acromegaly is treated with the typical medications, but successful lowering of growth hormone levels often alleviates symptoms of diabetes.<sup id="cite_ref-:12_11-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:12-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hypogonadism without gonad destruction is reversible with treatment.<sup id="cite_ref-:12_11-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:12-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Acromegaly is associated with a slightly elevated risk of cancer.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notable_people">Notable people</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Acromegaly&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Notable people"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Salvatore_Baccaro" title="Salvatore Baccaro">Salvatore Baccaro</a> (1932–1984), Italian character actor. Active in <a href="/wiki/B-movies" class="mw-redirect" title="B-movies">B-movies</a>, <a href="/wiki/Comedies" class="mw-redirect" title="Comedies">comedies</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Horror_film" title="Horror film">horrors</a> because of his peculiar features and spontaneous sympathy.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Benedict" title="Paul Benedict">Paul Benedict</a> (1938–2008), American actor. Best known for portraying Harry Bentley, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Jeffersons" title="The Jeffersons">The Jeffersons</a></i><span class="nowrap" style="padding-left:0.1em;">'</span> English next door neighbour<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Ann_Bevan" title="Mary Ann Bevan">Mary Ann Bevan</a> (1874–1933), an English woman, who after developing acromegaly, toured the <a href="/wiki/Sideshow" title="Sideshow">sideshow</a> circuit as "the ugliest woman in the world".<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eddie_Carmel" title="Eddie Carmel">Eddie Carmel</a>, born Oded Ha-Carmeili (1936–1972), Israeli-born entertainer with gigantism and acromegaly, popularly known as "The Jewish Giant".<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rondo_Hatton" title="Rondo Hatton">Rondo Hatton</a> (1894–1946), American journalist and actor. A Hollywood favorite in B-movie horror films of the 1930s and 1940s. Hatton's disfigurement, due to acromegaly, developed over time, beginning during his service in World War I.<sup id="cite_ref-SPobit_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SPobit-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irwin_Keyes" title="Irwin Keyes">Irwin Keyes</a> (1952–2015), American actor. Best known for portraying Hugo Mojoloweski, George's occasional bodyguard on <i><a href="/wiki/The_Jeffersons" title="The Jeffersons">The Jeffersons</a></i><sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Kiel" title="Richard Kiel">Richard Kiel</a> (1939–2014), actor, "Jaws" from two James Bond movies and Mr. Larson in <i><a href="/wiki/Happy_Gilmore" title="Happy Gilmore">Happy Gilmore</a></i><sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sultan_K%C3%B6sen" title="Sultan Kösen">Sultan Kösen</a>, the world's tallest living man.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neil_McCarthy_(actor)" title="Neil McCarthy (actor)">Neil McCarthy</a> (1932–85), British actor. Known for roles in <i><a href="/wiki/Zulu_(1964_film)" title="Zulu (1964 film)">Zulu</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Time_Bandits" title="Time Bandits">Time Bandits</a></i>, and many British television series<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Great_Khali" title="The Great Khali">The Great Khali</a> (Dalip Singh Rana), Indian professional wrestler, is best known for his tenure with WWE under the ring name The Great Khali. He had his pituitary tumor removed in 2012 at age 39.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_the_Giant" title="André the Giant">André the Giant</a> (André Roussimoff, 1946–1993), French professional wrestler and actor, known for playing Fezzik in <a href="/wiki/The_Princess_Bride_(film)" title="The Princess Bride (film)">The Princess Bride</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maximinus_Thrax" title="Maximinus Thrax">Maximinus Thrax</a>, Roman emperor (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 173</span>, reigned 235–238). Descriptions, as well as depictions, indicate acromegaly, though remains of his body are yet to be found.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_French_Angel" title="The French Angel">The French Angel</a> (Maurice Tillet, 1903–1954), Russian-born French professional wrestler, is better known by his ring name, the French Angel.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P%C3%ADo_Pico" title="Pío Pico">Pío Pico</a>, the last Mexican Governor of California (1801–1894), manifested acromegaly without gigantism between at least 1847 and 1858. Some time after 1858, signs of the growth hormone-producing tumor disappeared along with all the secondary effects the tumor had caused in him. He looked normal in his 90s.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His remarkable recovery is likely an example of spontaneous selective <a href="/wiki/Pituitary_apoplexy" title="Pituitary apoplexy">pituitary tumor apoplexy</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>(Leonel) <a href="/wiki/Edmundo_Rivero" title="Edmundo Rivero">Edmundo Rivero</a>, <a href="/wiki/Argentine" class="mw-redirect" title="Argentine">Argentine</a> <a href="/wiki/Tango_music" title="Tango music">tango</a> singer, composer and <a href="/wiki/Impresario" title="Impresario">impresario</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tony_Robbins" title="Tony Robbins">Tony Robbins</a>, motivational speaker<sup id="cite_ref-Plaskin2013_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Plaskin2013-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ant%C3%B4nio_Silva_(fighter)" title="Antônio Silva (fighter)">Antônio "Bigfoot" Silva</a>, Brazilian <a href="/wiki/Kickboxer" class="mw-redirect" title="Kickboxer">kickboxer</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mixed_martial_artist" class="mw-redirect" title="Mixed martial artist">mixed martial artist</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carel_Struycken" title="Carel Struycken">Carel Struycken</a>, Dutch actor, 2.13 m (7.0 ft), is best known for playing <a href="/wiki/Lurch_(The_Addams_Family)" title="Lurch (The Addams Family)">Lurch</a> in <i><a href="/wiki/The_Addams_Family" title="The Addams Family">The Addams Family</a></i> film trilogy, <a href="/wiki/The_Giant_(Twin_Peaks)" title="The Giant (Twin Peaks)">The Giant</a> in <i><a href="/wiki/Twin_Peaks" title="Twin Peaks">Twin Peaks</a></i>, Lwaxana Troi's silent Servant <a href="/wiki/Mr._Homn" class="mw-redirect" title="Mr. Homn">Mr. Homn</a> in <i><a href="/wiki/Star_Trek:_The_Next_Generation" title="Star Trek: The Next Generation">Star Trek: The Next Generation</a></i>, and The Moonlight Man in <i><a href="/wiki/Gerald%27s_Game_(film)" title="Gerald's Game (film)">Gerald's Game</a></i>, based on the Stephen King book.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikolai_Valuev" title="Nikolai Valuev">Nikolai Valuev</a>, Russian politician and former professional boxer<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Big_Show" title="Big Show">Big Show</a> (Paul Wight), American professional wrestler and actor, known for his tenures in <a href="/wiki/World_Championship_Wrestling" title="World Championship Wrestling">WCW</a>, <a href="/wiki/Extreme_Championship_Wrestling" title="Extreme Championship Wrestling">ECW</a>, WWE, and currently, <a href="/wiki/All_Elite_Wrestling" title="All Elite Wrestling">AEW</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></li> <li>It has been argued that <a href="/wiki/Lorenzo_de%27_Medici" title="Lorenzo de' Medici">Lorenzo de' Medici</a> (1449–92) may have had acromegaly. Historical documents and portraits, as well as a later analysis of his skeleton, support the speculation.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Pianist and composer <a href="/wiki/Sergei_Rachmaninoff" title="Sergei Rachmaninoff">Sergei Rachmaninoff</a> (1873–1943), noted for his hands that could comfortably stretch a 13th on the piano, was never diagnosed with acromegaly in his lifetime, but a medical article from 2006 suggests that he might have had it.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matthew_McGrory" title="Matthew McGrory">Matthew McGrory</a>, (1973–2005) American actor known best for his role as Karl the Giant in the 2003 <a href="/wiki/Tim_Burton" title="Tim Burton">Tim Burton</a> film <a href="/wiki/Big_Fish" title="Big Fish">Big Fish</a>, as well as for his appearances as a member of the <a href="/wiki/Wack_Pack" title="Wack Pack">Wack Pack</a> on <a href="/wiki/The_Howard_Stern_Show" title="The Howard Stern Show">The Howard Stern Show</a>, where he was known as the Original Bigfoot.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marjon_van_Iwaarden" class="mw-redirect" title="Marjon van Iwaarden">Marjon van Iwaarden</a>, Dutch singer.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template noprint noexcerpt Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:NOTRS" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:NOTRS"><span title="This claim needs references to better sources. (June 2024)">better source needed</span></a></i>]</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gheorghe_Mure%C8%99an" title="Gheorghe Mureșan">Gheorghe Mureșan</a>, Romanian former basketball player nicknamed The Giant</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Acromegaly&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hypothalamic%E2%80%93pituitary%E2%80%93somatic_axis" class="mw-redirect" title="Hypothalamic–pituitary–somatic axis">Hypothalamic–pituitary–somatic axis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macrognathism" title="Macrognathism">Macrognathism</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Acromegaly&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200322185929/https://www.lexico.com/definition/acromegaly">"acromegaly"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Lexico" title="Lexico">Lexico</a> UK English Dictionary</i>. <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lexico.com/definition/acromegaly">the original</a> on 22 March 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=acromegaly&rft.btitle=Lexico+UK+English+Dictionary&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.lexico.com%2Fdefinition%2Facromegaly&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAcromegaly" class="Z3988"></span> </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/acromegaly">"acromegaly"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Merriam-Webster" title="Merriam-Webster">Merriam-Webster.com Dictionary</a></i>. Merriam-Webster<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 January</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Merriam-Webster.com+Dictionary&rft.atitle=acromegaly&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.merriam-webster.com%2Fdictionary%2Facromegaly&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAcromegaly" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-NIH2012-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-NIH2012_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NIH2012_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NIH2012_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NIH2012_3-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NIH2012_3-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NIH2012_3-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NIH2012_3-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NIH2012_3-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NIH2012_3-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NIH2012_3-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NIH2012_3-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NIH2012_3-11"><sup><i><b>l</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NIH2012_3-12"><sup><i><b>m</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NIH2012_3-13"><sup><i><b>n</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NIH2012_3-14"><sup><i><b>o</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.niddk.nih.gov/health-information/health-topics/endocrine/acromegaly/Pages/fact-sheet.aspx">"Acromegaly"</a>. <i>NIDDK</i>. April 2012. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160827213949/https://www.niddk.nih.gov/health-information/health-topics/endocrine/acromegaly/Pages/fact-sheet.aspx">Archived</a> from the original on 27 August 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 August</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=NIDDK&rft.atitle=Acromegaly&rft.date=2012-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.niddk.nih.gov%2Fhealth-information%2Fhealth-topics%2Fendocrine%2Facromegaly%2FPages%2Ffact-sheet.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAcromegaly" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/acromegaly/symptoms-causes/syc-20351222">"Acromegaly"</a>. <i>mayoclinic.org</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=mayoclinic.org&rft.atitle=Acromegaly&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.mayoclinic.org%2Fdiseases-conditions%2Facromegaly%2Fsymptoms-causes%2Fsyc-20351222&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAcromegaly" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGuglielmiVan_Kuijk2001" class="citation book cs1">Guglielmi G, Van Kuijk C (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=qTCbB2N2UFcC&pg=PA205"><i>Fundamentals of Hand and Wrist Imaging</i></a>. Springer Science & Business Media. p. 205. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9783540678540" title="Special:BookSources/9783540678540"><bdi>9783540678540</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170908180117/https://books.google.ca/books?id=qTCbB2N2UFcC&pg=PA205">Archived</a> from the original on 8 September 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Fundamentals+of+Hand+and+Wrist+Imaging&rft.pages=205&rft.pub=Springer+Science+%26+Business+Media&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=9783540678540&rft.aulast=Guglielmi&rft.aufirst=Giuseppe&rft.au=Van+Kuijk%2C+Cornelis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DqTCbB2N2UFcC%26pg%3DPA205&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAcromegaly" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ho2011-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Ho2011_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ho2011_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHo2011" class="citation book cs1">Ho K (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=FWmbHHL4BwsC&pg=PA400"><i>Growth Hormone Related Diseases and Therapy: A Molecular and Physiological Perspective for the Clinician</i></a>. Springer Science & Business Media. p. 400. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781607613176" title="Special:BookSources/9781607613176"><bdi>9781607613176</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160825193205/https://books.google.ca/books?id=FWmbHHL4BwsC&pg=PA400">Archived</a> from the original on 25 August 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Growth+Hormone+Related+Diseases+and+Therapy%3A+A+Molecular+and+Physiological+Perspective+for+the+Clinician&rft.pages=400&rft.pub=Springer+Science+%26+Business+Media&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=9781607613176&rft.aulast=Ho&rft.aufirst=Ken&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DFWmbHHL4BwsC%26pg%3DPA400&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAcromegaly" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPack2016" class="citation book cs1">Pack AI (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=yN_LBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA291"><i>Sleep Apnea: Pathogenesis, Diagnosis and Treatment</i></a> (2 ed.). CRC Press. p. 291. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781420020885" title="Special:BookSources/9781420020885"><bdi>9781420020885</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160825192414/https://books.google.ca/books?id=yN_LBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA291">Archived</a> from the original on 25 August 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sleep+Apnea%3A+Pathogenesis%2C+Diagnosis+and+Treatment&rft.pages=291&rft.edition=2&rft.pub=CRC+Press&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=9781420020885&rft.aulast=Pack&rft.aufirst=Allan+I.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DyN_LBQAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA291&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAcromegaly" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPearce2003" class="citation book cs1">Pearce JM (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=2eu3CgAAQBAJ&pg=PA501"><i>Fragments of Neurological History</i></a>. World Scientific. p. 501. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781783261109" title="Special:BookSources/9781783261109"><bdi>9781783261109</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160825200427/https://books.google.ca/books?id=2eu3CgAAQBAJ&pg=PA501">Archived</a> from the original on 25 August 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Fragments+of+Neurological+History&rft.pages=501&rft.pub=World+Scientific&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=9781783261109&rft.aulast=Pearce&rft.aufirst=John+M.+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D2eu3CgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA501&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAcromegaly" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPearce2006" class="citation journal cs1">Pearce JM (September 2006). 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of Clinical Endocrinologists Guideline</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170829231006/https://www.aace.com/files/acromegaly-guidelines.pdf">Archived</a> 29 August 2017 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110623033606/http://www.endocrine.niddk.nih.gov/pubs/acro/acro.htm">Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases Information Service</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output 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Related Health Problems">ICD</a>-<a href="/wiki/ICD-10" title="ICD-10">10</a></b>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://icd.who.int/browse10/2019/en#/E22.0">E22.0</a>inusl</li><li><b><a href="/wiki/International_Statistical_Classification_of_Diseases_and_Related_Health_Problems" class="mw-redirect" title="International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems">ICD</a>-<a href="/wiki/List_of_ICD-9_codes" title="List of ICD-9 codes">9-CM</a></b>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.icd9data.com/getICD9Code.ashx?icd9=253.0">253.0</a></li><li><b><a href="/wiki/Online_Mendelian_Inheritance_in_Man" title="Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man">OMIM</a></b>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://omim.org/entry/102200">102200</a></li><li><b><a href="/wiki/Medical_Subject_Headings" title="Medical Subject Headings">MeSH</a></b>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://meshb.nlm.nih.gov/record/ui?ui=D000172">D000172</a></li><li><b><a href="/wiki/Diseases_Database" title="Diseases Database">DiseasesDB</a></b>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.diseasesdatabase.com/ddb114.htm">114</a></li></ul></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #EAECF0;color:black;">External resources</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="hlist" style="text-align:left;"><ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/MedlinePlus" title="MedlinePlus">MedlinePlus</a></b>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/000321.htm">000321</a></li><li><b><a href="/wiki/EMedicine" title="EMedicine">eMedicine</a></b>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://emedicine.medscape.com/med/27-overview">med/27</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.emedicine.com/derm/topic593.htm#">derm/593</a></li><li><b><a href="/wiki/Patient_UK" title="Patient UK">Patient UK</a></b>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://patient.info/doctor/acromegaly-pro">Acromegaly</a></li><li><b><a href="/wiki/Orphanet" title="Orphanet">Orphanet</a></b>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.orpha.net/consor/cgi-bin/OC_Exp.php?lng=en&Expert=963">963</a></li></ul></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Pituitary_disease" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Pituitary_disease" title="Template:Pituitary disease"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Pituitary_disease" title="Template talk:Pituitary disease"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Pituitary_disease" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Pituitary disease"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Pituitary_disease" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Pituitary_disease" title="Pituitary disease">Pituitary disease</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hyperpituitarism" title="Hyperpituitarism">Hyperpituitarism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Anterior</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Acromegaly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyperprolactinaemia" title="Hyperprolactinaemia">Hyperprolactinaemia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pituitary_ACTH_hypersecretion" class="mw-redirect" title="Pituitary ACTH hypersecretion">Pituitary ACTH hypersecretion</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Posterior</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Syndrome_of_inappropriate_antidiuretic_hormone" class="mw-redirect" title="Syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone">SIADH</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">General</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nelson%27s_syndrome" title="Nelson's syndrome">Nelson's syndrome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypophysitis" title="Hypophysitis">Hypophysitis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hypopituitarism" title="Hypopituitarism">Hypopituitarism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Anterior</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kallmann_syndrome" title="Kallmann syndrome">Kallmann syndrome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Growth_hormone_deficiency" title="Growth hormone deficiency">Growth hormone deficiency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isolated_growth_hormone_deficiency" title="Isolated growth hormone deficiency">Isolated growth hormone deficiency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypoprolactinemia" title="Hypoprolactinemia">Hypoprolactinemia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adrenocorticotropic_hormone_deficiency" title="Adrenocorticotropic hormone deficiency">ACTH deficiency</a>/<a href="/wiki/Adrenal_insufficiency" title="Adrenal insufficiency">Secondary adrenal insufficiency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gonadotropin-releasing_hormone_insensitivity" title="Gonadotropin-releasing hormone insensitivity">GnRH insensitivity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Follicle-stimulating_hormone_insensitivity" title="Follicle-stimulating hormone insensitivity">FSH insensitivity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luteinizing_hormone_insensitivity" class="mw-redirect" title="Luteinizing hormone insensitivity">LH/hCG insensitivity</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Posterior</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Central_diabetes_insipidus" title="Central diabetes insipidus">Central diabetes insipidus</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">General</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Empty_sella_syndrome" title="Empty sella syndrome">Empty sella syndrome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pituitary_apoplexy" title="Pituitary apoplexy">Pituitary apoplexy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sheehan%27s_syndrome" title="Sheehan's syndrome">Sheehan's syndrome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lymphocytic_hypophysitis" class="mw-redirect" title="Lymphocytic hypophysitis">Lymphocytic hypophysitis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pituitary_adenoma" title="Pituitary adenoma">Pituitary adenoma</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link 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class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/01150006">Japan</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="akromegalie"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ph921677&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX545607">Spain</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kopkatalogs.lv/F?func=direct&local_base=lnc10&doc_number=000310577&P_CON_LNG=ENG">Latvia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://katalog.nsk.hr/F/?func=direct&doc_number=004898397&local_base=nsk10">Croatia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007293961205171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&useformat=desktop" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Acromegaly&oldid=1259911054">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Acromegaly&oldid=1259911054</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Endocrine-related_cutaneous_conditions" title="Category:Endocrine-related cutaneous conditions">Endocrine-related cutaneous conditions</a></li><li><a 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