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class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Items made by civilians</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Items_made_by_civilians-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Commercial_items" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Commercial_items"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>Commercial items</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Commercial_items-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gallery" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gallery"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Gallery</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gallery-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon 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href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artisanat_de_tranch%C3%A9e" title="Artisanat de tranchée – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Artisanat de tranchée" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sztuka_okopowa" title="Sztuka okopowa – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Sztuka okopowa" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q823804#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> 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Statements consisting only of original research should be removed.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">January 2008</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-More_citations_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Trench_art" title="Special:EditPage/Trench art">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Trench+art%22">"Trench art"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Trench+art%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Trench+art%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Trench+art%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Trench+art%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Trench+art%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">January 2008</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> </div> </div><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Blighty.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Blighty.jpg/150px-Blighty.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="373" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Blighty.jpg/225px-Blighty.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Blighty.jpg/300px-Blighty.jpg 2x" data-file-width="461" data-file-height="1145" /></a><figcaption>A shell case embossed with an image of two wounded Tommies approaching the White Cliffs of Dover</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Trench art</b> is any decorative item made by soldiers, prisoners of war, or civilians<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2019)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> where the manufacture is directly linked to armed conflict or its consequences. It offers an insight not only to their feelings and emotions about the war, but also their surroundings and the materials they had available to them.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is controversial whether items made of body parts can be considered trench art, such as a <a href="/wiki/American_mutilation_of_Japanese_war_dead" title="American mutilation of Japanese war dead">letter-opener made from an arm bone</a>, which was gifted to <a href="/wiki/Franklin_Roosevelt" class="mw-redirect" title="Franklin Roosevelt">Franklin Roosevelt</a>. </p><p>Not limited to the World Wars, the history of trench art spans conflicts from the <a href="/wiki/Napoleonic_Wars" title="Napoleonic Wars">Napoleonic Wars</a> to the present day. Although the practice flourished during World War I, the term 'trench art' is also used to describe souvenirs manufactured by service personnel during World War II. Some items manufactured by soldiers, prisoners of war or civilians during earlier conflicts have been retrospectively described as trench art. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Categorisation">Categorisation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Trench_art&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Categorisation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There are four broad categories of trench art: </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Items_made_by_soldiers">Items made by soldiers</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Trench_art&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Items made by soldiers"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:408px;max-width:408px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:202px;max-width:202px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:%22Andr%C3%A9e%22.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/%22Andr%C3%A9e%22.jpg/200px-%22Andr%C3%A9e%22.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="136" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/%22Andr%C3%A9e%22.jpg/300px-%22Andr%C3%A9e%22.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/%22Andr%C3%A9e%22.jpg/400px-%22Andr%C3%A9e%22.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1496" data-file-height="1016" /></a></span></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:202px;max-width:202px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:%22El%C3%A9onore%22.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/%22El%C3%A9onore%22.jpg/200px-%22El%C3%A9onore%22.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="111" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/%22El%C3%A9onore%22.jpg/300px-%22El%C3%A9onore%22.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/%22El%C3%A9onore%22.jpg/400px-%22El%C3%A9onore%22.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1760" data-file-height="976" /></a></span></div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flex"><div class="thumbcaption">Two <a href="/wiki/Chestnut" title="Chestnut">chestnut</a> leaves, engraved by a French soldier with the names of his children "Andrée" and "Eléonore" while waiting in the trenches.</div></div></div></div> <p>There is much evidence to prove that some trench art was made in the trenches, by soldiers, during war. </p><p>In <i>With a Machine Gun to Cambrai</i>, <a href="/wiki/George_Coppard" title="George Coppard">George Coppard</a> tells of pressing his uniform buttons into the clay floor of his trench, then pouring molten lead from shrapnel into the impressions to cast replicas of the regimental crest.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2017)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Chalk carvings were also popular, with contemporary postcards showing carvings in the rocky outcrops of <a href="/wiki/Dugout_(military)" class="mw-redirect" title="Dugout (military)">dug-outs</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2017)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Many smaller items such as rings and knives were made by soldiers either in front line or support trenches, especially in quieter parts of the line.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2017)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Wounded soldiers were encouraged to work at crafts as part of their recuperation, with embroidery and simple forms of woodwork being common. Again from <i>With a Machine Gun to Cambrai</i>, George Coppard recalls that, while recuperating from wounds at a private house in <a href="/wiki/Birkenhead" title="Birkenhead">Birkenhead</a>, "one kind old lady brought a supply of coloured silks and canvas and instructed us in the art of <a href="/wiki/Embroidery" title="Embroidery">embroidery</a>. A sampler which I produced under her guidance so pleased her that she had it framed for me." </p><p>An example of therapeutic embroidery during World War I is the work of British military in Egypt, who were photographed sewing and embroidering for Syrian refugees. There was also the Bradford Khaki Handicrafts Club,<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which was funded in Bradford, UK, in 1918, to provide occupational therapy and employment for men returning from the trenches in France. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Items_made_by_POWs_and_internees">Items made by POWs and internees</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Trench_art&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Items made by POWs and internees"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The second category consists of items made by prisoners of war and interned civilians. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Prisoners_of_war" class="mw-redirect" title="Prisoners of war">POWs</a> had good reasons to make decorative objects: free time and limited resources. Much POW work was therefore done with the express intention of trading the finished article for food, money or other privileges. </p><p>Reference to POW work is made in the recollections of A B Baker, W.A.A.C., contained in the book <i>Everyman at War</i>, published by Purdom in 1930: "Part of my work had to do with prisoners quartered in a camp near to our own. Those Germans were friendly men. They were clever with their hands, and would give me little carvings which they had made." </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Items_made_by_civilians">Items made by civilians</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Trench_art&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Items made by civilians"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Trench_Art.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Trench_Art.JPG/220px-Trench_Art.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="290" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Trench_Art.JPG/330px-Trench_Art.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Trench_Art.JPG/440px-Trench_Art.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2161" data-file-height="2853" /></a><figcaption>Chromed metal trench art ashtray made from a <a href="/wiki/Ordnance_QF_25-pounder" title="Ordnance QF 25-pounder">25 pounder</a> shell casing, 1942</figcaption></figure> <p>The third category is items made by civilians,<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2019)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> which mainly means civilians in and around the conflict zone, but would also include items made by sweethearts at home. </p><p>In 1914, the US set up the <a href="/wiki/Commission_for_Relief_in_Belgium" title="Commission for Relief in Belgium">Commission for Relief in Belgium</a>, headed by <a href="/wiki/Herbert_Hoover" title="Herbert Hoover">Herbert Hoover</a>. It shipped staple foodstuffs, mainly flour, in the printed cotton flour sacks typical of the period. As thanks, the Belgians would embroider and paint in the designs, elaborating them with dates and flags and send them back to the US. Examples of these are now in the <a href="/wiki/Herbert_Hoover_Presidential_Library_and_Museum" title="Herbert Hoover Presidential Library and Museum">Herbert Hoover Museum</a>, but some were sold to soldiers in Paris or given as gifts. </p><p>Civilians in France, in the zones occupied by troops, were quick to exploit a new market. Embroidered <a href="/wiki/Postcard" title="Postcard">postcards</a> were produced in what quickly became a <a href="/wiki/Cottage_industry" class="mw-redirect" title="Cottage industry">cottage industry</a>, with civilians buying the surrounds and embroidering a panel of gauze. These postcards depicted regimental crests or patriotic flags and national symbols in abundance, and millions were produced over the course of the war. </p><p>At war's end, when civilians began to reclaim their shattered communities, a new market appeared in the form of pilgrims and tourists. Over the ensuing twenty years mountains of discarded debris, shell casings, and castoff equipment were slowly recycled, with mass-produced town crest motifs being stuck onto bullets, shell casings, fuse caps, and other <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/paraphernalia" class="extiw" title="wikt:paraphernalia">paraphernalia</a> to be sold to tourists. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Commercial_items">Commercial items</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Trench_art&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Commercial items"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The fourth category is purely commercial production.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2019)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> After the war, <a href="/wiki/Tonne" title="Tonne">tonnes</a> of surplus materials were sold by the government and converted to souvenirs of the conflict. </p><p>Ship breaking, particularly if the ship had been involved in significant events such as the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Jutland" title="Battle of Jutland">Battle of Jutland</a>, resulted in much of the wood from the ship being turned into miniature barrels, letter racks, and boxes, with small brass plaques attached announcing, for example, "Made of <a href="/wiki/Teak" title="Teak">teak</a> from HMS <i>Shipsname</i>, which fought at the Battle of Jutland". </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Gallery">Gallery</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Trench_art&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Gallery"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed" style="text-align:left"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 189.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 187.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Douilles_sculpt%C3%A9es.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Pair of shell cases with the names of two French villages totally destroyed and never rebuilt"><img alt="Pair of shell cases with the names of two French villages totally destroyed and never rebuilt" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Douilles_sculpt%C3%A9es.jpg/281px-Douilles_sculpt%C3%A9es.jpg" decoding="async" width="188" height="250" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Douilles_sculpt%C3%A9es.jpg/422px-Douilles_sculpt%C3%A9es.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Douilles_sculpt%C3%A9es.jpg/562px-Douilles_sculpt%C3%A9es.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3312" data-file-height="4416" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Pair of shell cases with the names of <a href="/wiki/List_of_French_villages_destroyed_in_World_War_I" title="List of French villages destroyed in World War I">two French villages totally destroyed and never rebuilt</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 142px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 140px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:8Cm_Shell_Art.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="WWI trench art with etchings of a horse and horse shoes on an 80 mm shell casing."><img alt="WWI trench art with etchings of a horse and horse shoes on an 80 mm shell casing." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/8Cm_Shell_Art.jpg/210px-8Cm_Shell_Art.jpg" decoding="async" width="140" height="250" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/8Cm_Shell_Art.jpg/316px-8Cm_Shell_Art.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/8Cm_Shell_Art.jpg/421px-8Cm_Shell_Art.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1456" data-file-height="2592" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">WWI trench art with etchings of a horse and horse shoes on an 80 mm shell casing.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 204.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 202.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Artisanat_de_tranch%C3%A9e_croix_1107469.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="A crucifix made of bullet casings from the Army Museum (Paris)."><img alt="A crucifix made of bullet casings from the Army Museum (Paris)." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Artisanat_de_tranch%C3%A9e_croix_1107469.JPG/304px-Artisanat_de_tranch%C3%A9e_croix_1107469.JPG" decoding="async" width="203" height="250" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Artisanat_de_tranch%C3%A9e_croix_1107469.JPG/456px-Artisanat_de_tranch%C3%A9e_croix_1107469.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Artisanat_de_tranch%C3%A9e_croix_1107469.JPG/607px-Artisanat_de_tranch%C3%A9e_croix_1107469.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1264" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">A <a href="/wiki/Crucifix" title="Crucifix">crucifix</a> made of bullet casings from the <a href="/wiki/Army_Museum_(Paris)" title="Army Museum (Paris)">Army Museum (Paris)</a>.</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Trench_art&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stanley_Pearl" title="Stanley Pearl">Stanley Pearl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outsider_art" title="Outsider art">Outsider art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visual_arts_and_design" class="mw-redirect" title="Visual arts and design">Visual arts and design</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Trench_art&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.armymuseum.co.nz/whats-on/world-war-one-centenary/personal-treasures-wwi-trench-art/">"Personal Treasures: WWI Trench Art"</a>. <i>New Zealand Army Museum</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 April</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=New+Zealand+Army+Museum&rft.atitle=Personal+Treasures%3A+WWI+Trench+Art&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.armymuseum.co.nz%2Fwhats-on%2Fworld-war-one-centenary%2Fpersonal-treasures-wwi-trench-art%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrench+art" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://trc-leiden.nl/trc-needles/organisations-and-movements/charities/bradford-khaki-handicrafts-club">"Bradford Khaki Handicrafts Club"</a>. <i>trc-leiden.nl</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=trc-leiden.nl&rft.atitle=Bradford+Khaki+Handicrafts+Club&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftrc-leiden.nl%2Ftrc-needles%2Forganisations-and-movements%2Fcharities%2Fbradford-khaki-handicrafts-club&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrench+art" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Trench_art&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKimball2004" class="citation book cs1">Kimball, Jane A. (2004). <i>Trench Art: An Illustrated History</i>. Davis, CA: Silverpenny Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-9755971-0-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-9755971-0-1"><bdi>978-0-9755971-0-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Trench+Art%3A+An+Illustrated+History&rft.place=Davis%2C+CA&rft.pub=Silverpenny+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-9755971-0-1&rft.aulast=Kimball&rft.aufirst=Jane+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrench+art" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSaunders2003" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Nicholas_J._Saunders" title="Nicholas J. Saunders">Saunders, Nicholas J.</a> (2003). <i>Trench Art: Materialities & Memories of War</i>. Oxford: Berg. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85973-608-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-85973-608-1"><bdi>978-1-85973-608-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Trench+Art%3A+Materialities+%26+Memories+of+War&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Berg&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-1-85973-608-1&rft.aulast=Saunders&rft.aufirst=Nicholas+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrench+art" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFToller1965" class="citation book cs1">Toller, Jane (1965). <i>Prisoners-of-War Work, 1756-1815</i>. Cambridge: The Golden Head Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-85420-107-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-85420-107-5"><bdi>978-0-85420-107-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Prisoners-of-War+Work%2C+1756-1815&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pub=The+Golden+Head+Press&rft.date=1965&rft.isbn=978-0-85420-107-5&rft.aulast=Toller&rft.aufirst=Jane&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrench+art" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Trench_art&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Trench_art" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Trench art">Trench art</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20010302124109/http://www.trenchart.org/">Trench art of World War I</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.trenchart.co.uk/">The UK Trench Art Site</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.trenchartofww1.co.uk/">Trench art of WW1</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160302102245/http://www.mayawomba.com/">WW1 Trench Art</a></li> <li><span class="languageicon">(in French)</span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090708124947/http://www.artisanat-de-tranchees.fr/accueil-22.html">https://web.archive.org/web/20090708124947/http://www.artisanat-de-tranchees.fr/accueil-22.html</a></li> <li><span class="languageicon">(in French)</span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.souvenirsdelagrandeguerre.com">http://www.souvenirsdelagrandeguerre.com</a></li></ul>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&useformat=desktop" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; 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