TimeTree :: The Timescale of Life

<!DOCTYPE html> <html lang="en"> <head> <meta charset="utf-8" /> <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1" /> <title>TimeTree :: The Timescale of Life</title>  <script src="/public/js/jquery-2.2.3.min.js"></script> <script src="/public/js/bootstrap.min.js"></script> <script src="/public/js/jquery-ui-1.11.4.min.js"></script> <script src="/public/js/jquery.validate.min.js"></script> <script src="/public/js/jquery.ctrl-forward.js"></script> <script src="https://cdnjs.cloudflare.com/ajax/libs/pdfmake/0.1.36/pdfmake.min.js"></script> <script src="https://cdnjs.cloudflare.com/ajax/libs/pdfmake/0.1.36/vfs_fonts.js"></script> <script src="https://cdn.datatables.net/v/ju/jszip-2.5.0/dt-1.10.18/b-1.5.4/b-colvis-1.5.4/b-html5-1.5.4/b-print-1.5.4/cr-1.5.0/fh-3.1.4/rg-1.1.0/rr-1.2.4/sc-1.5.0/sl-1.2.6/datatables.min.js"></script> <script src="https://cdn.datatables.net/fixedheader/3.1.5/js/dataTables.fixedHeader.min.js"></script> <script src="/public/js/app.js" defer></script>  <link rel="stylesheet" href="/public/css/bootstrap.min.css" /> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/public/css/jquery-ui.min.css" /> <link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="https://cdn.datatables.net/v/ju/jszip-2.5.0/dt-1.10.18/b-1.5.4/b-colvis-1.5.4/b-html5-1.5.4/b-print-1.5.4/cr-1.5.0/fh-3.1.4/rg-1.1.0/rr-1.2.4/sc-1.5.0/sl-1.2.6/datatables.min.css" /> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/public/css/references.css" /> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/public/css/styles.css" />  <link rel="icon" type="image/png" href="/public/img/favicon-16x16.png" sizes="16x16" /> <link rel="icon" type="image/png" href="/public/img/favicon-32x32.png" sizes="32x32" /> <link rel="icon" type="image/png" href="/public/img/favicon-96x96.png" sizes="96x96" />  <link rel="stylesheet" href="https://cdnjs.cloudflare.com/ajax/libs/font-awesome/4.7.0/css/font-awesome.min.css" /> </head> <body> <a href="#content" class="skip-content">Skip to main content</a> <header> <div class="container"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-xs-8 col-sm-4"> <a href="/" aria-label="Home"><img src="/public/img/timetree_logo.svg" class="logo" alt="Timetree logo" height="50" /></a> </div> <div class="mobile-menu hidden-sm hidden-md hidden-lg"> <input type="checkbox" id="toggle" style="display: none" /> <label class="toggle-btn toggle-btn__cross" for="toggle"> <div class="bar"></div> <div class="bar"></div> <div class="bar"></div> </label> <nav class="mobile-nav"> <ul> <li class="program-name"> <a href="/" aria-label="Home"><img src="/public/img/timetree_logo.svg" class="logo" alt="Timetree logo" height="70" /></a> </li> <li class="main-nav-link"> <a href="/about" class="active">About</a> </li> <li class="main-nav-link"> <a href="/book" class="">Book</a> </li> <li class="main-nav-link"> <a href="/references" class="">Studies</a> </li> <li class="main-nav-link"> <a href="/resources" class="">Resources</a> </li> <li class="main-nav-link"> <a href="/movies" class="">Movie</a> </li> <li class="main-nav-link"> <a href="/news" class="">News</a> </li> <li class="main-nav-link"> <a href="/faqs" class="">FAQs</a> </li> <li class="main-nav-link"> <a href="/contact" class="">Contact</a> </li> </ul> </nav> </div> <div class="col-sm-8 hidden-xs"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-md-12"> <div class="study-species-counter"> <div class="studies"> 4,185 <a href="/references" class="study-species-counter-label">Studies</a> </div> <div class="species"> 148,876 <span class="study-species-counter-label">Species</span> </div> </div> </div> <div class="col-sm-12"> <nav class="main-nav nav"> <ul class="main-nav-links-list"> <li class="main-nav-link"> <a href="/about" class="active">About</a> </li> <li class="main-nav-link"> <a href="/book" class="">Book</a> </li> <li class="main-nav-link"> <a href="/references" class="">Studies</a> </li> <li class="main-nav-link"> <a href="/resources" class="">Resources</a> </li> <li class="main-nav-link"> <a href="/movies" class="">Movie</a> </li> <li class="main-nav-link"> <a href="/news" class="">News</a> </li> <li class="main-nav-link"> <a href="/faqs" class="">FAQs</a> </li> <li class="main-nav-link"> <a href="/contact" class="">Contact</a> </li> </ul> </nav> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <main id="content"> <div class="container"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-xs-12 col-md-8 col-md-offset-2"> <div class="group-images"> <img src="/public/img/cnidaria-rogers.jpeg" alt="Cnidaria"> <img src="/public/img/coleoptera-mcKenna_1.jpeg" alt="Coleoptera"> <img src="/public/img/eurosidI-forest-fig-1.jpeg" alt="Eurosid 1"> </div> </div> </div> <div class="col-xs-12 text-center"> <h1 class="about-main-heading text-center">About</h1> </div> <div class="row"> <div class="col-xs-12 col-md-10 col-md-offset-1"> <p> TimeTree is a public knowledge-base for information on the tree-of-life and its evolutionary timescale. For those interested in published summaries of relationships and divergence times of major groups of organisms, see publications from <a href="/book">Hedges and Kumar (2009)</a> and <a href="http://www.hedgeslab.org/pubs/260.pdf" target="_blank">Hedges et al. (2015)</a>. For reviews of the history and methods of time estimation, and other useful information, see <a href="/resources">RESOURCES</a>. TimeTree is jointly directed by <a href="http://www.hedgeslab.org" target="_blank">Blair Hedges</a> and <a href="http://www.kumarlab.net" target="_blank">Sudhir Kumar</a> (Temple University). We encourage suggestions for improvement of this resource (see <a href="/contact">CONTACT</a>). </p> <p> Current staff members include: Glen Stecher and Michael Suleski (Software and Database Developers), Adrienne Kasprowicz (Data Research and Assembly), Jack Craig (Post-doctoral Researcher), Michael Li and Nicholas Harras (Website design and Development). Previously we have been assisted by Kelly Boccia, Bremen Braun, Tina Dennison, Brooke Gattens, Angela Graham, Sarah Hanson, Matthew Heinicke, Mandy Hippenstiel, Louise Huuki, Audrie Kapinus, Jared Knoblauch, Lainey Lee, Kelly Lipp, Julie Marin, Angela Marion, Michael McCutchan, Jaclyn McKay, Molly Oberholtzer, Madelyn Owens, Wayne Parkhurst, Davide Pisani, Kathy Plavnik, Megan Powell, Prachi Shaw, Allie Shoffner, Lindsay Stork, Vinod Swarna, Graziela Valente, Curtis Williams, and Lin-Wei Wu. We continue to receive helpful feedback from our colleagues in the evolutionary biology community. </p> <p> This project has been supported, in part, by grants from the <a href="http://www.nsf.gov/" target="_blank">National Science Foundation</a>, <a href="http://astrobiology.nasa.gov/nai/" target="_blank">NASA Astrobiology Institute</a>, and <a href="http://www.sfaz.org/" target="_blank">Science Foundation of Arizona</a>. </p> <p> TimeTree should be cited as: S. Kumar, M. Suleski, J.E. Craig, A.E. Kasprowicz, M. Sanderford, M. Li, G. Stecher, and S.B. Hedges, 2022. <a class="pdflink" href="https://academic.oup.com/mbe/advance-article/doi/10.1093/molbev/msac174/6657692" target="_blank">TimeTree 5: An Expanded Resource for Species Divergence Times</a>. Molecular Biology and Evolution, DOI: 10.1093/molbev/msac174. </p> </div> <div class="col-xs-12 col-md-10 col-md-offset-1"> <hr> </div> <div class="col-xs-12 col-md-10 col-md-offset-1"> <h2 class="credits-heading">Credits</h2> <p class="credits-category"><em>Images shown on this site</em></p> <ul class="credits-list"> <li class="credits-list-item">F. Bossuyt (frog), F. Forest (fxslower), Z. Hang (fish)</li> <li class="credits-list-item">S. Hinshaw (hummingbird), P. Naskrecki (beetle)</li> <li class="credits-list-item">D. J. Patterson (algae), A. Rogers (cnidarian), and A. Wild (bee)</li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </main> <footer> <div class="container"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-2 col-sm-offset-1 hidden-xs"> <h2 class="footer-heading" id="site-links">Site Links</h2> <nav aria-labelledby="site-links"> <ul class="site-links-list"> <li class="site-links-link"> <a href="/about" class="active">About</a> </li> <li class="site-links-link"> <a href="/book" class="">Book</a> </li> <li class="site-links-link"> <a href="/references" class="">Studies</a> </li> <li class="site-links-link"> <a href="/resources" class="">Resources</a> </li> <li class="main-nav-link"> <a href="/movies" class="">Movie</a> </li> <li class="site-links-link"> <a href="/news" class="">News</a> </li> <li class="site-links-link"> <a href="/faqs" class="">FAQs</a> </li> <li class="site-links-link"> <a href="/contact" class="">Contact</a> </li> </ul> </nav> </div> <div class="col-xs-12 col-sm-4 col-sm-offset-1"> <h2 class="footer-heading" id="footer-contact">Contact</h2> <address class="footer-contact" aria-labelledby="footer-contact"> Institute for Genomics and Evolutionary Medicine<br /> Center of Biodiversity<br /> Temple University<br /> 1925 N. 12th Street<br /> Philadelphia, PA 19122-1801<br /> Email: <a href="mailto:info@timetree.org" target="_top">info@timetree.org</a> </address> </div> <div class="col-xs-12 col-sm-3"> <h2 class="footer-heading" id="ios-app">iOS App</h2> <p aria-labelledby="ios-app"> <a href="https://itunes.apple.com/us/app/timetree-4/id372842500?mt=8" target="_blank">Download the TimeTree app</a> on the App Store </p> </div> <div class="col-xs-12 col-sm-10 col-sm-offset-1"> <p class="copyright-info"> <small>Copyright © 2005 – 2025. Data and syntheses accessed from TimeTree are provided openly for personal research and teaching use. Requests to use these data for all other purposes must be sent to <a href="mailto:info@timetree.org">info@timetree.org</a>. Redistribution of TimeTree data and its transformations are not permitted. Publications utilizing the TimeTree resource or data are encouraged to include a citation to TimeTree. Please write to <a href="mailto:info@timetree.org">info@timetree.org</a> for clarifications.</small> </p> <p class="copyright-info"> <small>Note: copyright holders expressly disclaim any warranty for processed study timetrees and other data accessed from these resources. Data are provided 'As Is' without any express or implied warranty of any kind, including but not limited to any warranties of merchantability, non-infringement, or fitness for a particular purpose.</small> </p> <p class="citation-directions"> <small><strong>CITE THIS RESOURCE AS</strong>: S. Kumar, M. Suleski, J.E. Craig, A.E. Kasprowicz, M. Sanderford, M. Li, G. Stecher, and S.B. Hedges, 2022. <a class="pdflink" href="https://academic.oup.com/mbe/advance-article/doi/10.1093/molbev/msac174/6657692" target="_blank">TimeTree 5: An Expanded Resource for Species Divergence Times</a>. Molecular Biology and Evolution, DOI: 10.1093/molbev/msac174.</small> </p> </div> </div> </div> </footer> <script> (function(i,s,o,g,r,a,m){i['GoogleAnalyticsObject']=r;i[r]=i[r]||function(){ (i[r].q=i[r].q||[]).push(arguments)},i[r].l=1*new Date();a=s.createElement(o), m=s.getElementsByTagName(o)[0];a.async=1;a.src=g;m.parentNode.insertBefore(a,m) })(window,document,'script','//www.google-analytics.com/analytics.js','ga'); ga('create', 'UA-4210986-3', 'auto'); ga('send', 'pageview'); </script> </body> </html>

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TimeTree :: The Timescale of Life