TimeTree :: The Timescale of Life

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Blair Hedges and Sudhir Kumar (Editors) with Foreword by James D. Watson<br> Oxford University Press, New York.<br> 551 pages<br> ©2009 S. 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See also <a href="/resources">RESOURCES</a> for other information on molecular clocks, methodology, and links to related web resources for the tree of life and timetree of life. </p> <div class="chapter chapter-contents"> <div class="chapter-title"> <h3>Contents</h3> </div> <ul class="chapter-list"> <li class="chapter-list-item"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-xs-10 col-sm-10"> <strong>Contents</strong> </div> <div class="col-xs-2 col-sm-2 text-center"> <a class="chapter-download-link hidden-xs" href="/public/data/pdf/Contents.pdf" target="_blank">Download PDF</a> <a class="chapter-download-link hidden-sm hidden-md hidden-lg" href="/public/data/pdf/Contents.pdf" target="_blank"> <img src="/public/img/download.svg" class="download-link" alt="Download PDF"> </a>   </div> </div> </li> <li class="chapter-list-item"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-xs-10 col-sm-10"> <strong>Foreword</strong> </div> <div class="col-xs-2 col-sm-2 text-center"> <a class="chapter-download-link hidden-xs" href="/public/data/pdf/Foreword.pdf" target="_blank">Download PDF</a> <a class="chapter-download-link hidden-sm hidden-md hidden-lg" href="/public/data/pdf/Foreword.pdf" target="_blank"> <img src="/public/img/download.svg" class="download-link" alt="Download PDF"> </a>   </div> </div> </li> <li class="chapter-list-item"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-xs-10 col-sm-10"> <strong>Preface</strong> </div> <div class="col-xs-2 col-sm-2 text-center"> <a class="chapter-download-link hidden-xs" href="/public/data/pdf/Preface.pdf" target="_blank">Download PDF</a> <a class="chapter-download-link hidden-sm hidden-md hidden-lg" href="/public/data/pdf/Preface.pdf" target="_blank"> <img src="/public/img/download.svg" class="download-link" alt="Download PDF"> </a>   </div> </div> </li> <li class="chapter-list-item"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-xs-10 col-sm-10"> <strong>Contributors</strong> </div> <div class="col-xs-2 col-sm-2 text-center"> <a class="chapter-download-link hidden-xs" href="/public/data/pdf/Contributors.pdf" target="_blank">Download PDF</a> <a class="chapter-download-link hidden-sm hidden-md hidden-lg" href="/public/data/pdf/Contributors.pdf" target="_blank"> <img src="/public/img/download.svg" class="download-link" alt="Download PDF"> </a>   </div> </div> </li> </ul> </div> <div class="chapter chapter-introduction"> <div class="chapter-title"> <h3>Introduction</h3> </div> <ul class="chapter-list"> <li class="chapter-list-item"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-xs-10 col-sm-10"> <strong>Discovering the timetree of life</strong> </div> <div class="col-xs-2 col-sm-2 text-center"> <a class="chapter-download-link hidden-xs" href="/public/data/pdf/Hedges2009Chap01.pdf" target="_blank">Download PDF</a> <a class="chapter-download-link hidden-sm hidden-md hidden-lg" href="/public/data/pdf/Hedges2009Chap01.pdf" target="_blank"> <img src="/public/img/download.svg" class="download-link" alt="Download PDF"> </a>   </div> </div> </li> <li class="chapter-list-item"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-xs-10 col-sm-10"> <strong>Timetrees: beyond cladograms, phenograms, and phylograms</strong> </div> <div class="col-xs-2 col-sm-2 text-center"> <a class="chapter-download-link hidden-xs" href="/public/data/pdf/Avise2009Chap02.pdf" target="_blank">Download PDF</a> <a class="chapter-download-link hidden-sm hidden-md hidden-lg" href="/public/data/pdf/Avise2009Chap02.pdf" target="_blank"> <img src="/public/img/download.svg" class="download-link" alt="Download PDF"> </a>   </div> </div> </li> <li class="chapter-list-item"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-xs-10 col-sm-10"> <strong>The geological time scale</strong> </div> <div class="col-xs-2 col-sm-2 text-center"> <a class="chapter-download-link hidden-xs" href="/public/data/pdf/Gradstein2009Chap03.pdf" target="_blank">Download PDF</a> <a class="chapter-download-link hidden-sm hidden-md hidden-lg" href="/public/data/pdf/Gradstein2009Chap03.pdf" target="_blank"> <img src="/public/img/download.svg" class="download-link" alt="Download PDF"> </a>   </div> </div> </li> <li class="chapter-list-item"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-xs-10 col-sm-10"> <strong>Calibrating and constraining the molecular clock</strong> </div> <div class="col-xs-2 col-sm-2 text-center"> <a class="chapter-download-link hidden-xs" href="/public/data/pdf/Benton2009Chap04.pdf" target="_blank">Download PDF</a> <a class="chapter-download-link hidden-sm hidden-md hidden-lg" href="/public/data/pdf/Benton2009Chap04.pdf" target="_blank"> <img src="/public/img/download.svg" class="download-link" alt="Download PDF"> </a>   </div> </div> </li> </ul> </div> <div class="chapter chapter-timetrees"> <div class="chapter-title"> <h3>Timetrees</h3> </div> <ul class="chapter-list"> <li class="chapter-list-item"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-xs-10 col-sm-10"> <strong>Life</strong> </div> <div class="col-xs-2 col-sm-2 text-center"> <a class="chapter-download-link hidden-xs" href="/public/data/pdf/Hedges2009Chap05.pdf" target="_blank">Download PDF</a> <a class="chapter-download-link hidden-sm hidden-md hidden-lg" href="/public/data/pdf/Hedges2009Chap05.pdf" target="_blank"> <img src="/public/img/download.svg" class="download-link" alt="Download PDF"> </a>   </div> </div> </li> </ul> </div> <div class="chapter chapter-superkingdom"> <div class="chapter-title"> <h3>Superkingdom</h3> </div> <ul class="chapter-list"> <li class="chapter-list-item"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-xs-10 col-sm-10"> <strong>Archaebacteria</strong> </div> <div class="col-xs-2 col-sm-2 text-center"> <a class="chapter-download-link hidden-xs" href="/public/data/pdf/Battistuzzi2009Chap06.pdf" target="_blank">Download PDF</a> <a class="chapter-download-link hidden-sm hidden-md hidden-lg" href="/public/data/pdf/Battistuzzi2009Chap06.pdf" target="_blank"> <img src="/public/img/download.svg" class="download-link" alt="Download PDF"> </a>   </div> </div> </li> <li class="chapter-list-item"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-xs-10 col-sm-10"> <strong>Eubacteria</strong> </div> <div class="col-xs-2 col-sm-2 text-center"> <a class="chapter-download-link hidden-xs" href="/public/data/pdf/Battistuzzi2009Chap07.pdf" target="_blank">Download PDF</a> <a class="chapter-download-link hidden-sm hidden-md hidden-lg" href="/public/data/pdf/Battistuzzi2009Chap07.pdf" target="_blank"> <img src="/public/img/download.svg" class="download-link" alt="Download PDF"> </a>   </div> </div> </li> <li class="chapter-list-item"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-xs-10 col-sm-10"> <strong>Eukaryotes</strong> Eukaryota </div> <div class="col-xs-2 col-sm-2 text-center"> <a class="chapter-download-link hidden-xs" href="/public/data/pdf/Bhattacharya2009Chap08.pdf" target="_blank">Download PDF</a> <a class="chapter-download-link hidden-sm hidden-md hidden-lg" href="/public/data/pdf/Bhattacharya2009Chap08.pdf" target="_blank"> <img src="/public/img/download.svg" class="download-link" alt="Download PDF"> </a>   </div> </div> </li> </ul> </div> <div class="chapter chapter-protists"> <div class="chapter-title"> <h3>Protists</h3> </div> <ul class="chapter-list"> <li class="chapter-list-item"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-xs-10 col-sm-10"> <strong>Haptophyte algae</strong> Haptophyta </div> <div class="col-xs-2 col-sm-2 text-center"> <a class="chapter-download-link hidden-xs" href="/public/data/pdf/Medlin2009Chap09.pdf" target="_blank">Download PDF</a> <a class="chapter-download-link hidden-sm hidden-md hidden-lg" href="/public/data/pdf/Medlin2009Chap09.pdf" target="_blank"> <img src="/public/img/download.svg" class="download-link" alt="Download PDF"> </a>   </div> </div> </li> <li class="chapter-list-item"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-xs-10 col-sm-10"> <strong>Diatoms</strong> Bacillariophyta </div> <div class="col-xs-2 col-sm-2 text-center"> <a class="chapter-download-link hidden-xs" href="/public/data/pdf/Medlin2009Chap10.pdf" target="_blank">Download PDF</a> <a class="chapter-download-link hidden-sm hidden-md hidden-lg" href="/public/data/pdf/Medlin2009Chap10.pdf" target="_blank"> <img src="/public/img/download.svg" class="download-link" alt="Download PDF"> </a>   </div> </div> </li> </ul> </div> <div class="chapter chapter-plants"> <div class="chapter-title"> <h3>Plants</h3> </div> <ul class="chapter-list"> <li class="chapter-list-item"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-xs-10 col-sm-10"> <strong>Land plants</strong> Embrytophyta </div> <div class="col-xs-2 col-sm-2 text-center"> <a class="chapter-download-link hidden-xs" href="/public/data/pdf/Magallon2009Chap11.pdf" target="_blank">Download PDF</a> <a class="chapter-download-link hidden-sm hidden-md hidden-lg" href="/public/data/pdf/Magallon2009Chap11.pdf" target="_blank"> <img src="/public/img/download.svg" class="download-link" alt="Download PDF"> </a>   </div> </div> </li> <li class="chapter-list-item"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-xs-10 col-sm-10 indent-level-1"> <strong>Mosses</strong> Bryophyta </div> <div class="col-xs-2 col-sm-2 text-center"> <a class="chapter-download-link hidden-xs" href="/public/data/pdf/Newton2009Chap12.pdf" target="_blank">Download PDF</a> <a class="chapter-download-link hidden-sm hidden-md hidden-lg" href="/public/data/pdf/Newton2009Chap12.pdf" target="_blank"> <img src="/public/img/download.svg" class="download-link" alt="Download PDF"> </a>   </div> </div> </li> <li class="chapter-list-item"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-xs-10 col-sm-10 indent-level-1"> <strong>Liverworts</strong> Marchantiophyta </div> <div class="col-xs-2 col-sm-2 text-center"> <a class="chapter-download-link hidden-xs" href="/public/data/pdf/Wikstrom2009Chap13.pdf" target="_blank">Download PDF</a> <a class="chapter-download-link hidden-sm hidden-md hidden-lg" href="/public/data/pdf/Wikstrom2009Chap13.pdf" target="_blank"> <img src="/public/img/download.svg" class="download-link" alt="Download PDF"> </a>   </div> </div> </li> <li class="chapter-list-item"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-xs-10 col-sm-10 indent-level-1"> <strong>Ferns</strong> Monilophyta </div> <div class="col-xs-2 col-sm-2 text-center"> <a class="chapter-download-link hidden-xs" href="/public/data/pdf/Pryer2009Chap14.pdf" target="_blank">Download PDF</a> <a class="chapter-download-link hidden-sm hidden-md hidden-lg" href="/public/data/pdf/Pryer2009Chap14.pdf" target="_blank"> <img src="/public/img/download.svg" class="download-link" alt="Download PDF"> </a>   </div> </div> </li> <li class="chapter-list-item"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-xs-10 col-sm-10 indent-level-1"> <strong>Gymnosperms</strong> </div> <div class="col-xs-2 col-sm-2 text-center"> <a class="chapter-download-link hidden-xs" href="/public/data/pdf/Renner2009Chap15.pdf" target="_blank">Download PDF</a> <a class="chapter-download-link hidden-sm hidden-md hidden-lg" href="/public/data/pdf/Renner2009Chap15.pdf" target="_blank"> <img src="/public/img/download.svg" class="download-link" alt="Download PDF"> </a>   </div> </div> </li> <li class="chapter-list-item"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-xs-10 col-sm-10 indent-level-1"> <strong>Flowering plants</strong> Magnoliophyta </div> <div class="col-xs-2 col-sm-2 text-center"> <a class="chapter-download-link hidden-xs" href="/public/data/pdf/Magallon2009Chap16.pdf" target="_blank">Download PDF</a> <a class="chapter-download-link hidden-sm hidden-md hidden-lg" href="/public/data/pdf/Magallon2009Chap16.pdf" target="_blank"> <img src="/public/img/download.svg" class="download-link" alt="Download PDF"> </a>   </div> </div> </li> <li class="chapter-list-item"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-xs-10 col-sm-10 indent-level-1"> <strong>Magnoliids</strong> </div> <div class="col-xs-2 col-sm-2 text-center"> <a class="chapter-download-link hidden-xs" href="/public/data/pdf/Forest2009Chap17.pdf" target="_blank">Download PDF</a> <a class="chapter-download-link hidden-sm hidden-md hidden-lg" href="/public/data/pdf/Forest2009Chap17.pdf" target="_blank"> <img src="/public/img/download.svg" class="download-link" alt="Download PDF"> </a>   </div> </div> </li> <li class="chapter-list-item"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-xs-10 col-sm-10 indent-level-1"> <strong>Eudicots</strong> </div> <div class="col-xs-2 col-sm-2 text-center"> <a class="chapter-download-link hidden-xs" href="/public/data/pdf/Forest2009Chap18.pdf" target="_blank">Download PDF</a> <a class="chapter-download-link hidden-sm hidden-md hidden-lg" href="/public/data/pdf/Forest2009Chap18.pdf" target="_blank"> <img src="/public/img/download.svg" class="download-link" alt="Download PDF"> </a>   </div> </div> </li> <li class="chapter-list-item"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-xs-10 col-sm-10 indent-level-1"> <strong>Asterids</strong> </div> <div class="col-xs-2 col-sm-2 text-center"> <a class="chapter-download-link hidden-xs" href="/public/data/pdf/Bremer2009Chap19.pdf" target="_blank">Download PDF</a> <a class="chapter-download-link hidden-sm hidden-md hidden-lg" href="/public/data/pdf/Bremer2009Chap19.pdf" target="_blank"> <img src="/public/img/download.svg" class="download-link" alt="Download PDF"> </a>   </div> </div> </li> <li class="chapter-list-item"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-xs-10 col-sm-10 indent-level-1"> <strong>Eurosid I</strong> </div> <div class="col-xs-2 col-sm-2 text-center"> <a class="chapter-download-link hidden-xs" href="/public/data/pdf/Forest2009Chap20.pdf" target="_blank">Download PDF</a> <a class="chapter-download-link hidden-sm hidden-md hidden-lg" href="/public/data/pdf/Forest2009Chap20.pdf" target="_blank"> <img src="/public/img/download.svg" class="download-link" alt="Download PDF"> </a>   </div> </div> </li> <li class="chapter-list-item"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-xs-10 col-sm-10 indent-level-1"> <strong>Eurosid II</strong> </div> <div class="col-xs-2 col-sm-2 text-center"> <a class="chapter-download-link hidden-xs" href="/public/data/pdf/Forest2009Chap21.pdf" target="_blank">Download PDF</a> <a class="chapter-download-link hidden-sm hidden-md hidden-lg" href="/public/data/pdf/Forest2009Chap21.pdf" target="_blank"> <img src="/public/img/download.svg" class="download-link" alt="Download PDF"> </a>   </div> </div> </li> <li class="chapter-list-item"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-xs-10 col-sm-10 indent-level-1"> <strong>Monocots</strong> </div> <div class="col-xs-2 col-sm-2 text-center"> <a class="chapter-download-link hidden-xs" href="/public/data/pdf/Anderson2009Chap22.pdf" target="_blank">Download PDF</a> <a class="chapter-download-link hidden-sm hidden-md hidden-lg" href="/public/data/pdf/Anderson2009Chap22.pdf" target="_blank"> <img src="/public/img/download.svg" class="download-link" alt="Download PDF"> </a>   </div> </div> </li> </ul> </div> <div class="chapter chapter-fungi"> <div class="chapter-title"> <h3>Fungi</h3> </div> <ul class="chapter-list"> <li class="chapter-list-item"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-xs-10 col-sm-10"> <strong>Fungi</strong> </div> <div class="col-xs-2 col-sm-2 text-center"> <a class="chapter-download-link hidden-xs" href="/public/data/pdf/Blair2009Chap23.pdf" target="_blank">Download PDF</a> <a class="chapter-download-link hidden-sm hidden-md hidden-lg" href="/public/data/pdf/Blair2009Chap23.pdf" target="_blank"> <img src="/public/img/download.svg" class="download-link" alt="Download PDF"> </a>   </div> </div> </li> </ul> </div> <div class="chapter chapter-animals"> <div class="chapter-title"> <h3>Animals</h3> </div> <ul class="chapter-list"> <li class="chapter-list-item"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-xs-10 col-sm-10"> <strong>Animals</strong> Metazoa </div> <div class="col-xs-2 col-sm-2 text-center"> <a class="chapter-download-link hidden-xs" href="/public/data/pdf/Blair2009Chap24.pdf" target="_blank">Download PDF</a> <a class="chapter-download-link hidden-sm hidden-md hidden-lg" href="/public/data/pdf/Blair2009Chap24.pdf" target="_blank"> <img src="/public/img/download.svg" class="download-link" alt="Download PDF"> </a>   </div> </div> </li> </ul> </div> <div class="chapter chapter-invertebrates"> <div class="chapter-title"> <h3>Invertebrates</h3> </div> <ul class="chapter-list"> <li class="chapter-list-item"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-xs-10 col-sm-10"> <strong>Cnidarians</strong> Cnidaria </div> <div class="col-xs-2 col-sm-2 text-center"> <a class="chapter-download-link hidden-xs" href="/public/data/pdf/Rogers2009Chap25.pdf" target="_blank">Download PDF</a> <a class="chapter-download-link hidden-sm hidden-md hidden-lg" href="/public/data/pdf/Rogers2009Chap25.pdf" target="_blank"> <img src="/public/img/download.svg" class="download-link" alt="Download PDF"> </a>   </div> </div> </li> <li class="chapter-list-item"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-xs-10 col-sm-10"> <strong>Scaphopod mollusks</strong> Scaphopoda </div> <div class="col-xs-2 col-sm-2 text-center"> <a class="chapter-download-link hidden-xs" href="/public/data/pdf/Strugnell2009Chap26.pdf" target="_blank">Download PDF</a> <a class="chapter-download-link hidden-sm hidden-md hidden-lg" href="/public/data/pdf/Strugnell2009Chap26.pdf" target="_blank"> <img src="/public/img/download.svg" class="download-link" alt="Download PDF"> </a>   </div> </div> </li> <li class="chapter-list-item"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-xs-10 col-sm-10"> <strong>Cephalopod mollusks</strong> Cephalopoda </div> <div class="col-xs-2 col-sm-2 text-center"> <a class="chapter-download-link hidden-xs" href="/public/data/pdf/Strugnell2009Chap27.pdf" target="_blank">Download PDF</a> <a class="chapter-download-link hidden-sm hidden-md hidden-lg" href="/public/data/pdf/Strugnell2009Chap27.pdf" target="_blank"> <img src="/public/img/download.svg" class="download-link" alt="Download PDF"> </a>   </div> </div> </li> <li class="chapter-list-item"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-xs-10 col-sm-10"> <strong>Nematodes</strong> Nematoda </div> <div class="col-xs-2 col-sm-2 text-center"> <a class="chapter-download-link hidden-xs" href="/public/data/pdf/Blaxter2009Chap28.pdf" target="_blank">Download PDF</a> <a class="chapter-download-link hidden-sm hidden-md hidden-lg" href="/public/data/pdf/Blaxter2009Chap28.pdf" target="_blank"> <img src="/public/img/download.svg" class="download-link" alt="Download PDF"> </a>   </div> </div> </li> <li class="chapter-list-item"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-xs-10 col-sm-10"> <strong>Arthropods</strong> Arthropoda </div> <div class="col-xs-2 col-sm-2 text-center"> <a class="chapter-download-link hidden-xs" href="/public/data/pdf/Pisani2009Chap29.pdf" target="_blank">Download PDF</a> <a class="chapter-download-link hidden-sm hidden-md hidden-lg" href="/public/data/pdf/Pisani2009Chap29.pdf" target="_blank"> <img src="/public/img/download.svg" class="download-link" alt="Download PDF"> </a>   </div> </div> </li> <li class="chapter-list-item"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-xs-10 col-sm-10 indent-level-1"> <strong>Spiders</strong> Araneae </div> <div class="col-xs-2 col-sm-2 text-center"> <a class="chapter-download-link hidden-xs" href="/public/data/pdf/Ayoub2009Chap30.pdf" target="_blank">Download PDF</a> <a class="chapter-download-link hidden-sm hidden-md hidden-lg" href="/public/data/pdf/Ayoub2009Chap30.pdf" target="_blank"> <img src="/public/img/download.svg" class="download-link" alt="Download PDF"> </a>   </div> </div> </li> <li class="chapter-list-item"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-xs-10 col-sm-10 indent-level-1"> <strong>Holometabolous insects</strong> Holometabola </div> <div class="col-xs-2 col-sm-2 text-center"> <a class="chapter-download-link hidden-xs" href="/public/data/pdf/Wiegmann2009Chap31.pdf" target="_blank">Download PDF</a> <a class="chapter-download-link hidden-sm hidden-md hidden-lg" href="/public/data/pdf/Wiegmann2009Chap31.pdf" target="_blank"> <img src="/public/img/download.svg" class="download-link" alt="Download PDF"> </a>   </div> </div> </li> <li class="chapter-list-item"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-xs-10 col-sm-10 indent-level-2"> <strong>Bees, ants, and stinging wasps</strong> Aculeata </div> <div class="col-xs-2 col-sm-2 text-center"> <a class="chapter-download-link hidden-xs" href="/public/data/pdf/Brady2009Chap32.pdf" target="_blank">Download PDF</a> <a class="chapter-download-link hidden-sm hidden-md hidden-lg" href="/public/data/pdf/Brady2009Chap32.pdf" target="_blank"> <img src="/public/img/download.svg" class="download-link" alt="Download PDF"> </a>   </div> </div> </li> <li class="chapter-list-item"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-xs-10 col-sm-10 indent-level-2"> <strong>True flies</strong> Diptera </div> <div class="col-xs-2 col-sm-2 text-center"> <a class="chapter-download-link hidden-xs" href="/public/data/pdf/Bertone2009Chap33.pdf" target="_blank">Download PDF</a> <a class="chapter-download-link hidden-sm hidden-md hidden-lg" href="/public/data/pdf/Bertone2009Chap33.pdf" target="_blank"> <img src="/public/img/download.svg" class="download-link" alt="Download PDF"> </a>   </div> </div> </li> <li class="chapter-list-item"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-xs-10 col-sm-10 indent-level-2"> <strong> Beetles</strong> Coleoptera </div> <div class="col-xs-2 col-sm-2 text-center"> <a class="chapter-download-link hidden-xs" href="/public/data/pdf/McKenna2009Chap34.pdf" target="_blank">Download PDF</a> <a class="chapter-download-link hidden-sm hidden-md hidden-lg" href="/public/data/pdf/McKenna2009Chap34.pdf" target="_blank"> <img src="/public/img/download.svg" class="download-link" alt="Download PDF"> </a>   </div> </div> </li> <li class="chapter-list-item"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-xs-10 col-sm-10 indent-level-2"> <strong>Lacewings</strong> Neuroptera </div> <div class="col-xs-2 col-sm-2 text-center"> <a class="chapter-download-link hidden-xs" href="/public/data/pdf/Winterton2009Chap35.pdf" target="_blank">Download PDF</a> <a class="chapter-download-link hidden-sm hidden-md hidden-lg" href="/public/data/pdf/Winterton2009Chap35.pdf" target="_blank"> <img src="/public/img/download.svg" class="download-link" alt="Download PDF"> </a>   </div> </div> </li> <li class="chapter-list-item"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-xs-10 col-sm-10 indent-level-1"> <strong>Crabs, shrimps, and.lobsters</strong> Decapoda </div> <div class="col-xs-2 col-sm-2 text-center"> <a class="chapter-download-link hidden-xs" href="/public/data/pdf/Crandall2009Chap36.pdf" target="_blank">Download PDF</a> <a class="chapter-download-link hidden-sm hidden-md hidden-lg" href="/public/data/pdf/Crandall2009Chap36.pdf" target="_blank"> <img src="/public/img/download.svg" class="download-link" alt="Download PDF"> </a>   </div> </div> </li> <li class="chapter-list-item"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-xs-10 col-sm-10 indent-level-1"> <strong>Stalked and acorn barnacles</strong> Thoracica </div> <div class="col-xs-2 col-sm-2 text-center"> <a class="chapter-download-link hidden-xs" href="/public/data/pdf/Perez-Losada2009Chap37.pdf" target="_blank">Download PDF</a> <a class="chapter-download-link hidden-sm hidden-md hidden-lg" href="/public/data/pdf/Perez-Losada2009Chap37.pdf" target="_blank"> <img src="/public/img/download.svg" class="download-link" alt="Download PDF"> </a>   </div> </div> </li> <li class="chapter-list-item"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-xs-10 col-sm-10"> <strong>Sea urchins</strong> Echinoidea </div> <div class="col-xs-2 col-sm-2 text-center"> <a class="chapter-download-link hidden-xs" href="/public/data/pdf/Smith2009Chap38.pdf" target="_blank">Download PDF</a> <a class="chapter-download-link hidden-sm hidden-md hidden-lg" href="/public/data/pdf/Smith2009Chap38.pdf" target="_blank"> <img src="/public/img/download.svg" class="download-link" alt="Download PDF"> </a>   </div> </div> </li> </ul> </div> <div class="chapter chapter-vertebrates"> <div class="chapter-title"> <h3>Vertebrates</h3> </div> <ul class="chapter-list"> <li class="chapter-list-item"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-xs-10 col-sm-10"> <strong>Vertebrates</strong> Vertebrata </div> <div class="col-xs-2 col-sm-2 text-center"> <a class="chapter-download-link hidden-xs" href="/public/data/pdf/Hedges2009Chap39.pdf" target="_blank">Download PDF</a> <a class="chapter-download-link hidden-sm hidden-md hidden-lg" href="/public/data/pdf/Hedges2009Chap39.pdf" target="_blank"> <img src="/public/img/download.svg" class="download-link" alt="Download PDF"> </a>   </div> </div> </li> </ul> </div> <div class="chapter chapter-fishes"> <div class="chapter-title"> <h3>Fishes</h3> </div> <ul class="chapter-list"> <li class="chapter-list-item"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-xs-10 col-sm-10"> <strong>Jawless fishes</strong> Cyclostomata </div> <div class="col-xs-2 col-sm-2 text-center"> <a class="chapter-download-link hidden-xs" href="/public/data/pdf/Kuraku2009Chap40.pdf" target="_blank">Download PDF</a> <a class="chapter-download-link hidden-sm hidden-md hidden-lg" href="/public/data/pdf/Kuraku2009Chap40.pdf" target="_blank"> <img src="/public/img/download.svg" class="download-link" alt="Download PDF"> </a>   </div> </div> </li> <li class="chapter-list-item"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-xs-10 col-sm-10"> <strong>Cartilaginous fishes</strong> Chondrichthyes </div> <div class="col-xs-2 col-sm-2 text-center"> <a class="chapter-download-link hidden-xs" href="/public/data/pdf/Heinicke2009Chap41.pdf" target="_blank">Download PDF</a> <a class="chapter-download-link hidden-sm hidden-md hidden-lg" href="/public/data/pdf/Heinicke2009Chap41.pdf" target="_blank"> <img src="/public/img/download.svg" class="download-link" alt="Download PDF"> </a>   </div> </div> </li> <li class="chapter-list-item"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-xs-10 col-sm-10"> <strong>Ray-finned fishes</strong> Actinopterygii </div> <div class="col-xs-2 col-sm-2 text-center"> <a class="chapter-download-link hidden-xs" href="/public/data/pdf/Near2009Chap42.pdf" target="_blank">Download PDF</a> <a class="chapter-download-link hidden-sm hidden-md hidden-lg" href="/public/data/pdf/Near2009Chap42.pdf" target="_blank"> <img src="/public/img/download.svg" class="download-link" alt="Download PDF"> </a>   </div> </div> </li> <li class="chapter-list-item"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-xs-10 col-sm-10"> <strong>Sturgeons and paddlefishes</strong> Acipenseriformes </div> <div class="col-xs-2 col-sm-2 text-center"> <a class="chapter-download-link hidden-xs" href="/public/data/pdf/Peng2009Chap43.pdf" target="_blank">Download PDF</a> <a class="chapter-download-link hidden-sm hidden-md hidden-lg" href="/public/data/pdf/Peng2009Chap43.pdf" target="_blank"> <img src="/public/img/download.svg" class="download-link" alt="Download PDF"> </a>   </div> </div> </li> <li class="chapter-list-item"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-xs-10 col-sm-10"> <strong>Teleost fishes</strong> Teleostei </div> <div class="col-xs-2 col-sm-2 text-center"> <a class="chapter-download-link hidden-xs" href="/public/data/pdf/Peng2009Chap44.pdf" target="_blank">Download PDF</a> <a class="chapter-download-link hidden-sm hidden-md hidden-lg" href="/public/data/pdf/Peng2009Chap44.pdf" target="_blank"> <img src="/public/img/download.svg" class="download-link" alt="Download PDF"> </a>   </div> </div> </li> <li class="chapter-list-item"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-xs-10 col-sm-10 indent-level-1"> <strong>Notothenioid fishes</strong> Notothenioidei </div> <div class="col-xs-2 col-sm-2 text-center"> <a class="chapter-download-link hidden-xs" href="/public/data/pdf/Near2009Chap45.pdf" target="_blank">Download PDF</a> <a class="chapter-download-link hidden-sm hidden-md hidden-lg" href="/public/data/pdf/Near2009Chap45.pdf" target="_blank"> <img src="/public/img/download.svg" class="download-link" alt="Download PDF"> </a>   </div> </div> </li> <li class="chapter-list-item"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-xs-10 col-sm-10 indent-level-1"> <strong>Labyrinth fishes</strong> Anabantoidei </div> <div class="col-xs-2 col-sm-2 text-center"> <a class="chapter-download-link hidden-xs" href="/public/data/pdf/Ruber2009Chap46.pdf" target="_blank">Download PDF</a> <a class="chapter-download-link hidden-sm hidden-md hidden-lg" href="/public/data/pdf/Ruber2009Chap46.pdf" target="_blank"> <img src="/public/img/download.svg" class="download-link" alt="Download PDF"> </a>   </div> </div> </li> <li class="chapter-list-item"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-xs-10 col-sm-10"> <strong>Lungfishes</strong> Dipnoi </div> <div class="col-xs-2 col-sm-2 text-center"> <a class="chapter-download-link hidden-xs" href="/public/data/pdf/Heinicke2009Chap47.pdf" target="_blank">Download PDF</a> <a class="chapter-download-link hidden-sm hidden-md hidden-lg" href="/public/data/pdf/Heinicke2009Chap47.pdf" target="_blank"> <img src="/public/img/download.svg" class="download-link" alt="Download PDF"> </a>   </div> </div> </li> </ul> </div> <div class="chapter chapter-amphibians"> <div class="chapter-title"> <h3>Amphibians</h3> </div> <ul class="chapter-list"> <li class="chapter-list-item"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-xs-10 col-sm-10"> <strong>Amphibians</strong> Lissamphibia </div> <div class="col-xs-2 col-sm-2 text-center"> <a class="chapter-download-link hidden-xs" href="/public/data/pdf/Cannatella2009Chap48.pdf" target="_blank">Download PDF</a> <a class="chapter-download-link hidden-sm hidden-md hidden-lg" href="/public/data/pdf/Cannatella2009Chap48.pdf" target="_blank"> <img src="/public/img/download.svg" class="download-link" alt="Download PDF"> </a>   </div> </div> </li> <li class="chapter-list-item"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-xs-10 col-sm-10 indent-level-1"> <strong>Frogs and toads</strong> Anura </div> <div class="col-xs-2 col-sm-2 text-center"> <a class="chapter-download-link hidden-xs" href="/public/data/pdf/Bossuyt2009Chap49.pdf" target="_blank">Download PDF</a> <a class="chapter-download-link hidden-sm hidden-md hidden-lg" href="/public/data/pdf/Bossuyt2009Chap49.pdf" target="_blank"> <img src="/public/img/download.svg" class="download-link" alt="Download PDF"> </a>   </div> </div> </li> <li class="chapter-list-item"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-xs-10 col-sm-10 indent-level-1"> <strong>Salamanders</strong> Caudata </div> <div class="col-xs-2 col-sm-2 text-center"> <a class="chapter-download-link hidden-xs" href="/public/data/pdf/Vieites2009Chap50.pdf" target="_blank">Download PDF</a> <a class="chapter-download-link hidden-sm hidden-md hidden-lg" href="/public/data/pdf/Vieites2009Chap50.pdf" target="_blank"> <img src="/public/img/download.svg" class="download-link" alt="Download PDF"> </a>   </div> </div> </li> <li class="chapter-list-item"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-xs-10 col-sm-10 indent-level-1"> <strong>Caecilians</strong> Gymnophiona </div> <div class="col-xs-2 col-sm-2 text-center"> <a class="chapter-download-link hidden-xs" href="/public/data/pdf/Gower2009Chap51.pdf" target="_blank">Download PDF</a> <a class="chapter-download-link hidden-sm hidden-md hidden-lg" href="/public/data/pdf/Gower2009Chap51.pdf" target="_blank"> <img src="/public/img/download.svg" class="download-link" alt="Download PDF"> </a>   </div> </div> </li> </ul> </div> <div class="chapter chapter-amniotes"> <div class="chapter-title"> <h3>Amniotes</h3> </div> <ul class="chapter-list"> <li class="chapter-list-item"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-xs-10 col-sm-10"> <strong>Amniotes</strong> Amniota </div> <div class="col-xs-2 col-sm-2 text-center"> <a class="chapter-download-link hidden-xs" href="/public/data/pdf/Shedlock2009Chap52.pdf" target="_blank">Download PDF</a> <a class="chapter-download-link hidden-sm hidden-md hidden-lg" href="/public/data/pdf/Shedlock2009Chap52.pdf" target="_blank"> <img src="/public/img/download.svg" class="download-link" alt="Download PDF"> </a>   </div> </div> </li> </ul> </div> <div class="chapter chapter-reptiles"> <div class="chapter-title"> <h3>Reptiles</h3> </div> <ul class="chapter-list"> <li class="chapter-list-item"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-xs-10 col-sm-10"> <strong>Squamates</strong> Squamata </div> <div class="col-xs-2 col-sm-2 text-center"> <a class="chapter-download-link hidden-xs" href="/public/data/pdf/Hedges2009Chap53.pdf" target="_blank">Download PDF</a> <a class="chapter-download-link hidden-sm hidden-md hidden-lg" href="/public/data/pdf/Hedges2009Chap53.pdf" target="_blank"> <img src="/public/img/download.svg" class="download-link" alt="Download PDF"> </a>   </div> </div> </li> <li class="chapter-list-item"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-xs-10 col-sm-10 indent-level-1"> <strong> Snakes</strong> Serpentes </div> <div class="col-xs-2 col-sm-2 text-center"> <a class="chapter-download-link hidden-xs" href="/public/data/pdf/Vidal2009Chap54.pdf" target="_blank">Download PDF</a> <a class="chapter-download-link hidden-sm hidden-md hidden-lg" href="/public/data/pdf/Vidal2009Chap54.pdf" target="_blank"> <img src="/public/img/download.svg" class="download-link" alt="Download PDF"> </a>   </div> </div> </li> <li class="chapter-list-item"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-xs-10 col-sm-10"> <strong>Turtles</strong> Testudines </div> <div class="col-xs-2 col-sm-2 text-center"> <a class="chapter-download-link hidden-xs" href="/public/data/pdf/Shaffer2009Chap55.pdf" target="_blank">Download PDF</a> <a class="chapter-download-link hidden-sm hidden-md hidden-lg" href="/public/data/pdf/Shaffer2009Chap55.pdf" target="_blank"> <img src="/public/img/download.svg" class="download-link" alt="Download PDF"> </a>   </div> </div> </li> <li class="chapter-list-item"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-xs-10 col-sm-10"> <strong>Crocodylians</strong> Crocodylia </div> <div class="col-xs-2 col-sm-2 text-center"> <a class="chapter-download-link hidden-xs" href="/public/data/pdf/Brochu2009Chap56.pdf" target="_blank">Download PDF</a> <a class="chapter-download-link hidden-sm hidden-md hidden-lg" href="/public/data/pdf/Brochu2009Chap56.pdf" target="_blank"> <img src="/public/img/download.svg" class="download-link" alt="Download PDF"> </a>   </div> </div> </li> </ul> </div> <div class="chapter chapter-birds"> <div class="chapter-title"> <h3>Birds</h3> </div> <ul class="chapter-list"> <li class="chapter-list-item"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-xs-10 col-sm-10"> <strong>Birds</strong> Aves </div> <div class="col-xs-2 col-sm-2 text-center"> <a class="chapter-download-link hidden-xs" href="/public/data/pdf/vanTuinen2009Chap57.pdf" target="_blank">Download PDF</a> <a class="chapter-download-link hidden-sm hidden-md hidden-lg" href="/public/data/pdf/vanTuinen2009Chap57.pdf" target="_blank"> <img src="/public/img/download.svg" class="download-link" alt="Download PDF"> </a>   </div> </div> </li> <li class="chapter-list-item"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-xs-10 col-sm-10 indent-level-1"> <strong>Ratites and tinamous</strong> Paleognathae </div> <div class="col-xs-2 col-sm-2 text-center"> <a class="chapter-download-link hidden-xs" href="/public/data/pdf/Baker2009Chap58.pdf" target="_blank">Download PDF</a> <a class="chapter-download-link hidden-sm hidden-md hidden-lg" href="/public/data/pdf/Baker2009Chap58.pdf" target="_blank"> <img src="/public/img/download.svg" class="download-link" alt="Download PDF"> </a>   </div> </div> </li> <li class="chapter-list-item"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-xs-10 col-sm-10 indent-level-1"> <strong>Waterfowl and gamefowl</strong> Galloanserae </div> <div class="col-xs-2 col-sm-2 text-center"> <a class="chapter-download-link hidden-xs" href="/public/data/pdf/Pereira2009Chap59.pdf" target="_blank">Download PDF</a> <a class="chapter-download-link hidden-sm hidden-md hidden-lg" href="/public/data/pdf/Pereira2009Chap59.pdf" target="_blank"> <img src="/public/img/download.svg" class="download-link" alt="Download PDF"> </a>   </div> </div> </li> <li class="chapter-list-item"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-xs-10 col-sm-10 indent-level-1"> <strong>Advanced birds</strong> Neoaves </div> <div class="col-xs-2 col-sm-2 text-center"> <a class="chapter-download-link hidden-xs" href="/public/data/pdf/vanTuinen2009Chap60.pdf" target="_blank">Download PDF</a> <a class="chapter-download-link hidden-sm hidden-md hidden-lg" href="/public/data/pdf/vanTuinen2009Chap60.pdf" target="_blank"> <img src="/public/img/download.svg" class="download-link" alt="Download PDF"> </a>   </div> </div> </li> <li class="chapter-list-item"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-xs-10 col-sm-10 indent-level-2"> <strong>Passerine birds</strong> Passeriformes </div> <div class="col-xs-2 col-sm-2 text-center"> <a class="chapter-download-link hidden-xs" href="/public/data/pdf/Cracraft2009Chap61.pdf" target="_blank">Download PDF</a> <a class="chapter-download-link hidden-sm hidden-md hidden-lg" href="/public/data/pdf/Cracraft2009Chap61.pdf" target="_blank"> <img src="/public/img/download.svg" class="download-link" alt="Download PDF"> </a>   </div> </div> </li> <li class="chapter-list-item"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-xs-10 col-sm-10 indent-level-2"> <strong>Shorebirds</strong> Charadriiformes </div> <div class="col-xs-2 col-sm-2 text-center"> <a class="chapter-download-link hidden-xs" href="/public/data/pdf/Baker2009Chap62.pdf" target="_blank">Download PDF</a> <a class="chapter-download-link hidden-sm hidden-md hidden-lg" href="/public/data/pdf/Baker2009Chap62.pdf" target="_blank"> <img src="/public/img/download.svg" class="download-link" alt="Download PDF"> </a>   </div> </div> </li> <li class="chapter-list-item"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-xs-10 col-sm-10 indent-level-2"> <strong>Diurnal birds of prey</strong> Falconiformes </div> <div class="col-xs-2 col-sm-2 text-center"> <a class="chapter-download-link hidden-xs" href="/public/data/pdf/Brown2009Chap63.pdf" target="_blank">Download PDF</a> <a class="chapter-download-link hidden-sm hidden-md hidden-lg" href="/public/data/pdf/Brown2009Chap63.pdf" target="_blank"> <img src="/public/img/download.svg" class="download-link" alt="Download PDF"> </a>   </div> </div> </li> <li class="chapter-list-item"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-xs-10 col-sm-10 indent-level-2"> <strong>Cranes, rails, and allies</strong> Gruiformes </div> <div class="col-xs-2 col-sm-2 text-center"> <a class="chapter-download-link hidden-xs" href="/public/data/pdf/Houde2009Chap64.pdf" target="_blank">Download PDF</a> <a class="chapter-download-link hidden-sm hidden-md hidden-lg" href="/public/data/pdf/Houde2009Chap64.pdf" target="_blank"> <img src="/public/img/download.svg" class="download-link" alt="Download PDF"> </a>   </div> </div> </li> <li class="chapter-list-item"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-xs-10 col-sm-10 indent-level-2"> <strong>Woodpeckers, toucans, barbets and allies</strong> Piciformes </div> <div class="col-xs-2 col-sm-2 text-center"> <a class="chapter-download-link hidden-xs" href="/public/data/pdf/Moore2009Chap65.pdf" target="_blank">Download PDF</a> <a class="chapter-download-link hidden-sm hidden-md hidden-lg" href="/public/data/pdf/Moore2009Chap65.pdf" target="_blank"> <img src="/public/img/download.svg" class="download-link" alt="Download PDF"> </a>   </div> </div> </li> <li class="chapter-list-item"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-xs-10 col-sm-10 indent-level-2"> <strong>Owls</strong> Strigiformes </div> <div class="col-xs-2 col-sm-2 text-center"> <a class="chapter-download-link hidden-xs" href="/public/data/pdf/Brown2009Chap66.pdf" target="_blank">Download PDF</a> <a class="chapter-download-link hidden-sm hidden-md hidden-lg" href="/public/data/pdf/Brown2009Chap66.pdf" target="_blank"> <img src="/public/img/download.svg" class="download-link" alt="Download PDF"> </a>   </div> </div> </li> <li class="chapter-list-item"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-xs-10 col-sm-10 indent-level-2"> <strong>Swifts, treeswifts, and hummingbirds</strong> Apodiformes </div> <div class="col-xs-2 col-sm-2 text-center"> <a class="chapter-download-link hidden-xs" href="/public/data/pdf/Brown2009Chap67.pdf" target="_blank">Download PDF</a> <a class="chapter-download-link hidden-sm hidden-md hidden-lg" href="/public/data/pdf/Brown2009Chap67.pdf" target="_blank"> <img src="/public/img/download.svg" class="download-link" alt="Download PDF"> </a>   </div> </div> </li> </ul> </div> <div class="chapter chapter-mammals"> <div class="chapter-title"> <h3>Mammals</h3> </div> <ul class="chapter-list"> <li class="chapter-list-item"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-xs-10 col-sm-10"> <strong>Mammals</strong> Mammalia </div> <div class="col-xs-2 col-sm-2 text-center"> <a class="chapter-download-link hidden-xs" href="/public/data/pdf/Madsen2009Chap68.pdf" target="_blank">Download PDF</a> <a class="chapter-download-link hidden-sm hidden-md hidden-lg" href="/public/data/pdf/Madsen2009Chap68.pdf" target="_blank"> <img src="/public/img/download.svg" class="download-link" alt="Download PDF"> </a>   </div> </div> </li> <li class="chapter-list-item"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-xs-10 col-sm-10 indent-level-1"> <strong>Monotremes</strong> Prototheria </div> <div class="col-xs-2 col-sm-2 text-center"> <a class="chapter-download-link hidden-xs" href="/public/data/pdf/Springer2009Chap69.pdf" target="_blank">Download PDF</a> <a class="chapter-download-link hidden-sm hidden-md hidden-lg" href="/public/data/pdf/Springer2009Chap69.pdf" target="_blank"> <img src="/public/img/download.svg" class="download-link" alt="Download PDF"> </a>   </div> </div> </li> <li class="chapter-list-item"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-xs-10 col-sm-10 indent-level-1"> <strong>Marsupials</strong> Metatheria </div> <div class="col-xs-2 col-sm-2 text-center"> <a class="chapter-download-link hidden-xs" href="/public/data/pdf/Springer2009Chap70.pdf" target="_blank">Download PDF</a> <a class="chapter-download-link hidden-sm hidden-md hidden-lg" href="/public/data/pdf/Springer2009Chap70.pdf" target="_blank"> <img src="/public/img/download.svg" class="download-link" alt="Download PDF"> </a>   </div> </div> </li> <li class="chapter-list-item"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-xs-10 col-sm-10 indent-level-1"> <strong>Placental mammals</strong> Eutheria </div> <div class="col-xs-2 col-sm-2 text-center"> <a class="chapter-download-link hidden-xs" href="/public/data/pdf/Murphy2009Chap71.pdf" target="_blank">Download PDF</a> <a class="chapter-download-link hidden-sm hidden-md hidden-lg" href="/public/data/pdf/Murphy2009Chap71.pdf" target="_blank"> <img src="/public/img/download.svg" class="download-link" alt="Download PDF"> </a>   </div> </div> </li> <li class="chapter-list-item"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-xs-10 col-sm-10 indent-level-2"> <strong>Armadillos, anteaters, and sloths</strong> Xenarthra </div> <div class="col-xs-2 col-sm-2 text-center"> <a class="chapter-download-link hidden-xs" href="/public/data/pdf/Delsuc2009Chap72.pdf" target="_blank">Download PDF</a> <a class="chapter-download-link hidden-sm hidden-md hidden-lg" href="/public/data/pdf/Delsuc2009Chap72.pdf" target="_blank"> <img src="/public/img/download.svg" class="download-link" alt="Download PDF"> </a>   </div> </div> </li> <li class="chapter-list-item"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-xs-10 col-sm-10 indent-level-2"> <strong>Tenrecs and golden moles</strong> Afrosoricida </div> <div class="col-xs-2 col-sm-2 text-center"> <a class="chapter-download-link hidden-xs" href="/public/data/pdf/Poux2009Chap73.pdf" target="_blank">Download PDF</a> <a class="chapter-download-link hidden-sm hidden-md hidden-lg" href="/public/data/pdf/Poux2009Chap73.pdf" target="_blank"> <img src="/public/img/download.svg" class="download-link" alt="Download PDF"> </a>   </div> </div> </li> <li class="chapter-list-item"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-xs-10 col-sm-10 indent-level-2"> <strong>Primates</strong> Primates </div> <div class="col-xs-2 col-sm-2 text-center"> <a class="chapter-download-link hidden-xs" href="/public/data/pdf/Steiper2009Chap74.pdf" target="_blank">Download PDF</a> <a class="chapter-download-link hidden-sm hidden-md hidden-lg" href="/public/data/pdf/Steiper2009Chap74.pdf" target="_blank"> <img src="/public/img/download.svg" class="download-link" alt="Download PDF"> </a>   </div> </div> </li> <li class="chapter-list-item"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-xs-10 col-sm-10 indent-level-2"> <strong>Pikas, hares, and rabbits</strong> Lagomorpha </div> <div class="col-xs-2 col-sm-2 text-center"> <a class="chapter-download-link hidden-xs" href="/public/data/pdf/Matthee2009Chap75.pdf" target="_blank">Download PDF</a> <a class="chapter-download-link hidden-sm hidden-md hidden-lg" href="/public/data/pdf/Matthee2009Chap75.pdf" target="_blank"> <img src="/public/img/download.svg" class="download-link" alt="Download PDF"> </a>   </div> </div> </li> <li class="chapter-list-item"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-xs-10 col-sm-10 indent-level-2"> <strong>Rodents</strong> Rodentia </div> <div class="col-xs-2 col-sm-2 text-center"> <a class="chapter-download-link hidden-xs" href="/public/data/pdf/Honeycutt2009Chap76.pdf" target="_blank">Download PDF</a> <a class="chapter-download-link hidden-sm hidden-md hidden-lg" href="/public/data/pdf/Honeycutt2009Chap76.pdf" target="_blank"> <img src="/public/img/download.svg" class="download-link" alt="Download PDF"> </a>   </div> </div> </li> <li class="chapter-list-item"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-xs-10 col-sm-10 indent-level-2"> <strong>Hedgehogs, shrews, moles, and solenodons</strong> Eulipotyphla </div> <div class="col-xs-2 col-sm-2 text-center"> <a class="chapter-download-link hidden-xs" href="/public/data/pdf/Douady2009Chap77.pdf" target="_blank">Download PDF</a> <a class="chapter-download-link hidden-sm hidden-md hidden-lg" href="/public/data/pdf/Douady2009Chap77.pdf" target="_blank"> <img src="/public/img/download.svg" class="download-link" alt="Download PDF"> </a>   </div> </div> </li> <li class="chapter-list-item"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-xs-10 col-sm-10 indent-level-2"> <strong>Bats</strong> Chiroptera </div> <div class="col-xs-2 col-sm-2 text-center"> <a class="chapter-download-link hidden-xs" href="/public/data/pdf/Teeling2009Chap78.pdf" target="_blank">Download PDF</a> <a class="chapter-download-link hidden-sm hidden-md hidden-lg" href="/public/data/pdf/Teeling2009Chap78.pdf" target="_blank"> <img src="/public/img/download.svg" class="download-link" alt="Download PDF"> </a>   </div> </div> </li> <li class="chapter-list-item"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-xs-10 col-sm-10 indent-level-2"> <strong>Carnivores</strong> Carnivora </div> <div class="col-xs-2 col-sm-2 text-center"> <a class="chapter-download-link hidden-xs" href="/public/data/pdf/Eizirik2009Chap79.pdf" target="_blank">Download PDF</a> <a class="chapter-download-link hidden-sm hidden-md hidden-lg" href="/public/data/pdf/Eizirik2009Chap79.pdf" target="_blank"> <img src="/public/img/download.svg" class="download-link" alt="Download PDF"> </a>   </div> </div> </li> <li class="chapter-list-item"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-xs-10 col-sm-10 indent-level-2"> <strong>Rhinoceroses, tapirs, and horses</strong> Perissodactyla </div> <div class="col-xs-2 col-sm-2 text-center"> <a class="chapter-download-link hidden-xs" href="/public/data/pdf/Ryder2009Chap80.pdf" target="_blank">Download PDF</a> <a class="chapter-download-link hidden-sm hidden-md hidden-lg" href="/public/data/pdf/Ryder2009Chap80.pdf" target="_blank"> <img src="/public/img/download.svg" class="download-link" alt="Download PDF"> </a>   </div> </div> </li> <li class="chapter-list-item"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-xs-10 col-sm-10 indent-level-2"> <strong>Whales and even-toed ungulates</strong> Cetartiodactyla </div> <div class="col-xs-2 col-sm-2 text-center"> <a class="chapter-download-link hidden-xs" href="/public/data/pdf/Gatesy2009Chap81.pdf" target="_blank">Download PDF</a> <a class="chapter-download-link hidden-sm hidden-md hidden-lg" href="/public/data/pdf/Gatesy2009Chap81.pdf" target="_blank"> <img src="/public/img/download.svg" class="download-link" alt="Download PDF"> </a>   </div> </div> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div class="col-xs-12 col-sm-7"> <h2>Timetree of Life (2015) Download (>50,000 species)</h2> <p> Hedges, S. B., Marin, J., Suleski, M., Paymer M., Kumar, S. 2015. Tree of Life Reveals Clock-Like Speciation and Diversification. Mol Biol Evol (2015) 32: 835-845 </p> <div> <a class="download-link" href="/public/data/TimetreeOfLife2015.nwk" target="_blank">Download NWK</a> </div> <div> <a class="download-link" href="/public/data/TimetreeOfLife2015.tre">Download TRE</a> </div> <h2>Timetree of Life (2009) Download (1,610 families)</h2> <p> Hedges, S. B., Kumar, S. 2009. Discovering the timetree of life. Pp. 3-18 in The Timetree of Life, S. B. Hedges and S. Kumar, Eds. (Oxford University Press, New York, 2009). </p> <div> <a class="download-link" href="/public/data/TimetreeOfLife2009.nwk" target="_blank">Download NWK</a> </div> <div> <a class="download-link" href="/public/data/TimetreeOfLife2009.tre" target="_blank">Download TRE</a> </div> </div> </div> </main> <footer> <div class="container"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-2 col-sm-offset-1 hidden-xs"> <h2 class="footer-heading" id="site-links">Site Links</h2> <nav aria-labelledby="site-links"> <ul class="site-links-list"> <li class="site-links-link"> <a href="/about" class="">About</a> </li> <li class="site-links-link"> <a href="/book" class="active">Book</a> </li> <li class="site-links-link"> <a href="/references" class="">Studies</a> </li> <li class="site-links-link"> <a href="/resources" class="">Resources</a> </li> <li class="main-nav-link"> <a href="/movies" class="">Movie</a> </li> <li class="site-links-link"> <a href="/news" class="">News</a> </li> <li class="site-links-link"> <a href="/faqs" class="">FAQs</a> </li> <li class="site-links-link"> <a href="/contact" class="">Contact</a> </li> </ul> </nav> </div> <div class="col-xs-12 col-sm-4 col-sm-offset-1"> <h2 class="footer-heading" id="footer-contact">Contact</h2> <address class="footer-contact" aria-labelledby="footer-contact"> Institute for Genomics and Evolutionary Medicine<br /> Center of Biodiversity<br /> Temple University<br /> 1925 N. 12th Street<br /> Philadelphia, PA 19122-1801<br /> Email: <a href="mailto:info@timetree.org" target="_top">info@timetree.org</a> </address> </div> <div class="col-xs-12 col-sm-3"> <h2 class="footer-heading" id="ios-app">iOS App</h2> <p aria-labelledby="ios-app"> <a href="https://itunes.apple.com/us/app/timetree-4/id372842500?mt=8" target="_blank">Download the TimeTree app</a> on the App Store </p> </div> <div class="col-xs-12 col-sm-10 col-sm-offset-1"> <p class="copyright-info"> <small>Copyright © 2005 – 2025. 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