CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>Hummingbird - Wikipedia</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )enwikimwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":["",""],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""],"wgDefaultDateFormat":"dmy", "wgMonthNames":["","January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December"],"wgRequestId":"0da5d688-43b5-4266-a810-eb10bbbec575","wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"Hummingbird","wgTitle":"Hummingbird","wgCurRevisionId":1257287831,"wgRevisionId":1257287831,"wgArticleId":70649,"wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":["CS1: long volume value","Webarchive template wayback links","Articles with short description","Short description matches Wikidata","Good articles","Use dmy dates from March 2023","Articles with 'species' microformats","Wikipedia articles needing clarification from March 2024","Commons link is on Wikidata","Articles containing video clips","Hummingbirds","Birds of the Americas","Trochiliformes","National symbols of Trinidad and Tobago","Taxa named by Nicholas Aylward Vigors", "Extant Rupelian first appearances","Symbols of Espírito Santo"],"wgPageViewLanguage":"en","wgPageContentLanguage":"en","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgRelevantPageName":"Hummingbird","wgRelevantArticleId":70649,"wgIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRestrictionEdit":[],"wgRestrictionMove":[],"wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia","wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive":false,"wgFlaggedRevsParams":{"tags":{"status":{"levels":1}}},"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgPopupsFlags":0,"wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"en","pageLanguageDir":"ltr","pageVariantFallbacks":"en"},"wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true,"watchlist":true,"tagline":false,"nearby":true},"wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false,"wgWMEPageLength":200000,"wgRelatedArticlesCompat":[],"wgCentralAuthMobileDomain":false,"wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true,"wgULSPosition":"interlanguage","wgULSisCompactLinksEnabled":false,"wgVector2022LanguageInHeader": true,"wgULSisLanguageSelectorEmpty":false,"wgWikibaseItemId":"Q43624","wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":["brands","architecture","bitness","fullVersionList","mobile","model","platform","platformVersion"],"GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics":true,"wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled":false,"wgGEStructuredTaskRejectionReasonTextInputEnabled":false,"wgGELevelingUpEnabledForUser":false};RLSTATE={"ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready","site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"loading","ext.cite.styles":"ready","mediawiki.page.gallery.styles":"ready","ext.tmh.player.styles":"ready","skins.vector.search.codex.styles":"ready","skins.vector.styles":"ready","skins.vector.icons":"ready","jquery.makeCollapsible.styles":"ready","ext.wikimediamessages.styles":"ready","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript":"ready","ext.uls.interlanguage":"ready","wikibase.client.init":"ready","ext.wikimediaBadges":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=[ "ext.cite.ux-enhancements","mediawiki.page.gallery","mediawiki.page.media","ext.tmh.player","ext.scribunto.logs","site","mediawiki.page.ready","jquery.makeCollapsible","mediawiki.toc","skins.vector.js","ext.centralNotice.geoIP","ext.centralNotice.startUp","ext.gadget.ReferenceTooltips","ext.gadget.switcher","ext.urlShortener.toolbar","ext.centralauth.centralautologin","mmv.bootstrap","ext.popups","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.init","ext.visualEditor.targetLoader","ext.echo.centralauth","ext.eventLogging","ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming","ext.uls.interface","ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns","ext.cx.uls.quick.actions","wikibase.client.vector-2022","ext.checkUser.clientHints","ext.growthExperiments.SuggestedEditSession","wikibase.sidebar.tracking"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=ext.cite.styles%7Cext.tmh.player.styles%7Cext.uls.interlanguage%7Cext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript%7Cext.wikimediaBadges%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cjquery.makeCollapsible.styles%7Cmediawiki.page.gallery.styles%7Cskins.vector.icons%2Cstyles%7Cskins.vector.search.codex.styles%7Cwikibase.client.init&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=vector-2022"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.4"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Trinidad_and_Tobago_hummingbirds_composite.jpg/1200px-Trinidad_and_Tobago_hummingbirds_composite.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="1200"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="1200"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Trinidad_and_Tobago_hummingbirds_composite.jpg/800px-Trinidad_and_Tobago_hummingbirds_composite.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="800"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="800"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Trinidad_and_Tobago_hummingbirds_composite.jpg/640px-Trinidad_and_Tobago_hummingbirds_composite.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="640"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="640"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=1120"> <meta property="og:title" content="Hummingbird - Wikipedia"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="alternate" media="only screen and (max-width: 640px)" href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hummingbird"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/x-wiki" title="Edit this page" href="/w/index.php?title=Hummingbird&action=edit"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Wikipedia (en)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hummingbird"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Wikipedia Atom feed" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:RecentChanges&feed=atom"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//login.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject mw-editable page-Hummingbird rootpage-Hummingbird skin-vector-2022 action-view"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">Jump to content</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Main menu" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Main menu </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Main menu</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Navigation </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage-description" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Main_Page" title="Visit the main page [z]" accesskey="z">Main page</a></li><li id="n-contents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents" title="Guides to browsing Wikipedia">Contents</a></li><li id="n-currentevents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events" title="Articles related to current events">Current events</a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Random" title="Visit a randomly selected article [x]" accesskey="x">Random article</a></li><li id="n-aboutsite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About" title="Learn about Wikipedia and how it works">About Wikipedia</a></li><li id="n-contactpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us" title="How to contact Wikipedia">Contact us</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-interaction" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-interaction" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Contribute </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Contents" title="Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia">Help</a></li><li id="n-introduction" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" title="Learn how to edit Wikipedia">Learn to edit</a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Community_portal" title="The hub for editors">Community portal</a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChanges" title="A list of recent changes to Wikipedia [r]" accesskey="r">Recent changes</a></li><li id="n-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_upload_wizard" title="Add images or other media for use on Wikipedia">Upload file</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Main_Page" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="The Free Encyclopedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-en.svg" width="117" height="13" style="width: 7.3125em; height: 0.8125em;"> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Special:Search" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f"> Search </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia" aria-label="Search Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Personal tools"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Appearance" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Appearance </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en" class="">Donate</a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Hummingbird" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory" class="">Create account</a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Hummingbird" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o" class="">Log in</a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Log in and more options" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Personal tools" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Personal tools </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="User menu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en">Donate</a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Hummingbird" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory"> Create account</a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Hummingbird" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o"> Log in</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pages for logged out editors <a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" aria-label="Learn more about editing">learn more</a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyContributions" title="A list of edits made from this IP address [y]" accesskey="y">Contributions</a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyTalk" title="Discussion about edits from this IP address [n]" accesskey="n">Talk</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Contents" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Contents</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Description" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Description"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1 Description </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Description-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Description subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Description-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Morphology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Morphology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.1 Morphology </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Morphology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Life_cycle" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Life_cycle"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.2 Life cycle </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Life_cycle-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Population_estimates_and_threatened_species" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Population_estimates_and_threatened_species"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.3 Population estimates and threatened species </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Population_estimates_and_threatened_species-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Superficially_similar_species" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Superficially_similar_species"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.4 Superficially similar species </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Superficially_similar_species-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Range" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Range"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2 Range </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Range-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Taxonomy_and_systematics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Taxonomy_and_systematics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Taxonomy and systematics </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Taxonomy_and_systematics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Evolution" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Evolution"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Evolution </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Evolution-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Evolution subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Evolution-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Phylogeny" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Phylogeny"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 Phylogeny </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Phylogeny-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Geographic_diversification" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Geographic_diversification"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2 Geographic diversification </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Geographic_diversification-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Coevolution_with_ornithophilous_flowers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Coevolution_with_ornithophilous_flowers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3 Coevolution with ornithophilous flowers </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Coevolution_with_ornithophilous_flowers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sexual_dimorphisms" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sexual_dimorphisms"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Sexual dimorphisms </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Sexual_dimorphisms-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Sexual dimorphisms subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Sexual_dimorphisms-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Feather_colors" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Feather_colors"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1 Feather colors </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Feather_colors-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Specialized_characteristics_and_metabolism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Specialized_characteristics_and_metabolism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Specialized characteristics and metabolism </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Specialized_characteristics_and_metabolism-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Specialized characteristics and metabolism subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Specialized_characteristics_and_metabolism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Humming" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Humming"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1 Humming </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Humming-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Vision" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vision"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.2 Vision </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vision-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Song,_vocal_learning,_and_hearing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Song,_vocal_learning,_and_hearing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.3 Song, vocal learning, and hearing </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Song,_vocal_learning,_and_hearing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Metabolism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Metabolism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.4 Metabolism </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Metabolism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Heat_dissipation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Heat_dissipation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.5 Heat dissipation </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Heat_dissipation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Kidney_function" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kidney_function"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.6 Kidney function </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kidney_function-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hemoglobin_adaptation_to_altitude" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hemoglobin_adaptation_to_altitude"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.7 Hemoglobin adaptation to altitude </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hemoglobin_adaptation_to_altitude-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Adaptation_to_winter" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Adaptation_to_winter"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.8 Adaptation to winter </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Adaptation_to_winter-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Torpor" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Torpor"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.9 Torpor </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Torpor-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Lifespan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lifespan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.10 Lifespan </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lifespan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Natural_enemies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Natural_enemies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Natural enemies </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Natural_enemies-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Natural enemies subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Natural_enemies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Predators" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Predators"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.1 Predators </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Predators-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Parasites" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Parasites"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.2 Parasites </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Parasites-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Reproduction" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reproduction"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Reproduction </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Reproduction-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Flight" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Flight"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 Flight </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Flight-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Flight subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Flight-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Wingbeats_and_flight_stability" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Wingbeats_and_flight_stability"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.1 Wingbeats and flight stability </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Wingbeats_and_flight_stability-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Feather_sounds" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Feather_sounds"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 Feather sounds </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Feather_sounds-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Feather sounds subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Feather_sounds-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Courtship_dives" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Courtship_dives"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.1 Courtship dives </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Courtship_dives-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Wing_feather_trill" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Wing_feather_trill"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.2 Wing feather trill </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Wing_feather_trill-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Migration" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Migration"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 Migration </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Migration-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Feeding" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Feeding"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12 Feeding </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Feeding-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Feeding subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Feeding-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Beak_specializations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Beak_specializations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12.1 Beak specializations </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Beak_specializations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Perception_of_sweet_nectar" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Perception_of_sweet_nectar"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12.2 Perception of sweet nectar </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Perception_of_sweet_nectar-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tongue_as_a_micropump" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tongue_as_a_micropump"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12.3 Tongue as a micropump </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tongue_as_a_micropump-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Feeders_and_artificial_nectar" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Feeders_and_artificial_nectar"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12.4 Feeders and artificial nectar </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Feeders_and_artificial_nectar-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Visual_cues_of_foraging" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Visual_cues_of_foraging"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12.5 Visual cues of foraging </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Visual_cues_of_foraging-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Olfaction" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Olfaction"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12.6 Olfaction </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Olfaction-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_myth_and_culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_myth_and_culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13 In myth and culture </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_myth_and_culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gallery" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gallery"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 14 Gallery </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gallery-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 15 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 16 Notes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 17 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 18 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Hummingbird</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 102 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-102" aria-hidden="true" > 102 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kolibrie" title="Kolibrie – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Kolibrie" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B7%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%86_(%D8%B7%D8%A7%D8%A6%D8%B1)" title="طنان (طائر) – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="طنان (طائر)" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colibr%C3%ADn" title="Colibrín – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Colibrín" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aragonés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trochilidae" title="Trochilidae – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Trochilidae" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-atj mw-list-item"><a href="https://atj.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rorokacic" title="Rorokacic – Atikamekw" lang="atj" hreflang="atj" data-title="Rorokacic" data-language-autonym="Atikamekw" data-language-local-name="Atikamekw" class="interlanguage-link-target">Atikamekw</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mainumby" title="Mainumby – Guarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Mainumby" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="Guarani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Avañe'ẽ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ay mw-list-item"><a href="https://ay.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luli" title="Luli – Aymara" lang="ay" hreflang="ay" data-title="Luli" data-language-autonym="Aymar aru" data-language-local-name="Aymara" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aymar aru</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kolibril%C9%99r" title="Kolibrilər – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Kolibrilər" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D9%88%D9%84%DB%8C%D8%A8%D8%B1%DB%8C%D9%84%D8%B1" title="کولیبریلر – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="کولیبریلر" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">تۆرکجه</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hummingbird" title="Hummingbird – Balinese" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="Hummingbird" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="Balinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Basa Bali</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%82%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A1" title="হামিংবার্ড – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="হামিংবার্ড" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%B1%D1%80%D1%8B" title="Калібры – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Калібры" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8" title="Колиброви – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Колиброви" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kolibri" title="Kolibri – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Kolibri" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trochilidae" title="Trochilidae – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Trochilidae" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colibr%C3%ADs" title="Colibrís – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Colibrís" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trochilidae" title="Trochilidae – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Trochilidae" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cebuano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kolib%C5%99%C3%ADkovit%C3%AD" title="Kolibříkovití – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Kolibříkovití" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aderyn_y_si" title="Aderyn y si – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Aderyn y si" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kolibrier" title="Kolibrier – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Kolibrier" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pdc mw-list-item"><a href="https://pdc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schnarrvoggel" title="Schnarrvoggel – Pennsylvania German" lang="pdc" hreflang="pdc" data-title="Schnarrvoggel" data-language-autonym="Deitsch" data-language-local-name="Pennsylvania German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deitsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kolibris" title="Kolibris – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Kolibris" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nv mw-list-item"><a href="https://nv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dahiit%C4%AF%CC%81hii" title="Dahiitį́hii – Navajo" lang="nv" hreflang="nv" data-title="Dahiitį́hii" data-language-autonym="Diné bizaad" data-language-local-name="Navajo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Diné bizaad</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koolibrilased" title="Koolibrilased – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Koolibrilased" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A4%CF%81%CE%BF%CF%87%CE%B9%CE%BB%CE%AF%CE%B4%CE%B5%CF%82" title="Τροχιλίδες – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Τροχιλίδες" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trochilidae" title="Trochilidae – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Trochilidae" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kolibro" title="Kolibro – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Kolibro" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kolibri" title="Kolibri – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Kolibri" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B1%D8%BA%E2%80%8C%D9%87%D8%A7%DB%8C_%D9%85%DA%AF%D8%B3" title="مرغ‌های مگس – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="مرغ‌های مگس" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trochilidae" title="Trochilidae – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Trochilidae" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kolibrys" title="Kolibrys – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Kolibrys" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Frysk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dord%C3%A9an" title="Dordéan – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Dordéan" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drannd-eun" title="Drannd-eun – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Drannd-eun" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gàidhlig</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colibr%C3%AD" title="Colibrí – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Colibrí" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%B2%8C%EC%83%88" title="벌새 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="벌새" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BF%D5%B8%D5%AC%D5%AB%D5%A2%D6%80%D5%AB" title="Կոլիբրի – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Կոլիբրի" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%80" title="गुंजन पक्षी – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="गुंजन पक्षी" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kolibri%C4%87i" title="Kolibrići – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Kolibrići" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kolibrio" title="Kolibrio – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Kolibrio" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ido</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kolibri" title="Kolibri – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Kolibri" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%B8" title="Колибри – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Колибри" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ирон</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%B3libr%C3%ADfugl" title="Kólibrífugl – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Kólibrífugl" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trochilidae" title="Trochilidae – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Trochilidae" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A7%D7%95%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%91%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%99%D7%9D" title="קוליבריים – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="קוליבריים" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kolibri" title="Kolibri – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Kolibri" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Jawa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%B9%E0%B2%AE%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%AE%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%82%E0%B2%97%E0%B3%8D_%E0%B2%AC%E0%B2%B0%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%A1%E0%B3%8D" title="ಹಮ್ಮಿಂಗ್ ಬರ್ಡ್ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಹಮ್ಮಿಂಗ್ ಬರ್ಡ್" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target">ಕನ್ನಡ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%99%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98%E1%83%91%E1%83%A0%E1%83%94%E1%83%91%E1%83%98" title="კოლიბრები – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="კოლიბრები" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-csb mw-list-item"><a href="https://csb.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%B2libr%C3%AB" title="Kòlibrë – Kashubian" lang="csb" hreflang="csb" data-title="Kòlibrë" data-language-autonym="Kaszëbsczi" data-language-local-name="Kashubian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kaszëbsczi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%B8" title="Колибри – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Колибри" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kolibri" title="Kolibri – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Kolibri" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kiswahili</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-avk mw-list-item"><a href="https://avk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peang_(Trochilidae)" title="Peang (Trochilidae) – Kotava" lang="avk" hreflang="avk" data-title="Peang (Trochilidae)" data-language-autonym="Kotava" data-language-local-name="Kotava" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kotava</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zwazo_mouch" title="Zwazo mouch – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Zwazo mouch" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kreyòl ayisyen</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Колибрилер – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Колибрилер" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кыргызча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mrj mw-list-item"><a href="https://mrj.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%B8" title="Колибри – Western Mari" lang="mrj" hreflang="mrj" data-title="Колибри" data-language-autonym="Кырык мары" data-language-local-name="Western Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кырык мары</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trochilidae" title="Trochilidae – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Trochilidae" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kolibri" title="Kolibri – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Kolibri" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lez mw-list-item"><a href="https://lez.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%B8" title="Колибри – Lezghian" lang="lez" hreflang="lez" data-title="Колибри" data-language-autonym="Лезги" data-language-local-name="Lezghian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Лезги</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kolibriniai" title="Kolibriniai – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Kolibriniai" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colibri" title="Colibri – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Colibri" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lingua Franca Nova</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kolibrif%C3%A9l%C3%A9k" title="Kolibrifélék – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Kolibrifélék" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%B8" title="Колибри – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Колибри" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B9%E0%B4%AE%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AE%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%99%E0%B5%8D_%E0%B4%AC%E0%B5%87%E0%B4%A1%E0%B5%8D" title="ഹമ്മിങ് ബേഡ് – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ഹമ്മിങ് ബേഡ്" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B7%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%86_(%D9%81%D9%8E%D8%B5%D9%8A%D9%84%D9%87_%D9%85%D9%86_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B7%D9%8A%D9%88%D8%B1)" title="طنان (فَصيله من الطيور) – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="طنان (فَصيله من الطيور)" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burung_madu" title="Burung madu – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Burung madu" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D1%80%D1%8D%D1%8D%D0%BD_%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%82_%D0%B1%D1%8F%D1%86%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D1%88%D1%83%D0%B2%D1%83%D1%83" title="Эрээн далт бяцхан шувуу – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Эрээн далт бяцхан шувуу" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Монгол</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%84%E1%80%BE%E1%80%80%E1%80%BA%E1%80%95%E1%80%AD%E1%80%90%E1%80%AF%E1%80%94%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8" title="ငှက်ပိတုန်း – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ငှက်ပိတုန်း" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target">မြန်မာဘာသာ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kolibries" title="Kolibries – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Kolibries" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%8F%E3%83%81%E3%83%89%E3%83%AA" title="ハチドリ – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ハチドリ" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kolibris" title="Kolibris – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Kolibris" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nordfriisk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kolibrier" title="Kolibrier – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Kolibrier" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kolibriar" title="Kolibriar – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Kolibriar" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kolibrilar" title="Kolibrilar – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Kolibrilar" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%B9%E0%A8%AE%E0%A8%BF%E0%A9%B0%E0%A8%97_%E0%A8%AA%E0%A9%B0%E0%A8%9B%E0%A9%80" title="ਹਮਿੰਗ ਪੰਛੀ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਹਮਿੰਗ ਪੰਛੀ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D8%AF%DB%8C_%DA%86%DA%91%DB%8C" title="پدی چڑی – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="پدی چڑی" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B4%DA%A9%D8%B1%D8%AE%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%87" title="شکرخوره – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="شکرخوره" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target">پښتو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kolibrowate" title="Kolibrowate – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Kolibrowate" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beija-flor" title="Beija-flor – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Beija-flor" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colibri" title="Colibri – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Colibri" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Q%27inti" title="Q'inti – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Q'inti" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Runa Simi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%B8" title="Колибри – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Колибри" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kolibri" title="Kolibri – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Kolibri" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hummingbird" title="Hummingbird – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Hummingbird" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kolibr%C3%ADkovit%C3%A9" title="Kolibríkovité – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Kolibríkovité" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kolibriji" title="Kolibriji – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Kolibriji" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%B8" title="Колибри – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Колибри" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kolibri" title="Kolibri – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Kolibri" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kolibri" title="Kolibri – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Kolibri" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sunda</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi badge-Q17559452 badge-recommendedarticle mw-list-item" title="recommended article"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kolibrit" title="Kolibrit – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Kolibrit" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kolibrier" title="Kolibrier – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Kolibrier" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trochilidae" title="Trochilidae – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Trochilidae" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tagalog</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%93%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%A9%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%81" title="ஓசனிச்சிட்டு – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="ஓசனிச்சிட்டு" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%B9%E0%B0%AE%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%AE%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%82%E0%B0%97%E0%B1%8D_%E0%B0%AA%E0%B0%95%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B7%E0%B0%BF" title="హమ్మింగ్ పక్షి – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="హమ్మింగ్ పక్షి" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target">తెలుగు</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%AE%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%87%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%94" title="ฮัมมิงเบิร์ด – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ฮัมมิงเบิร์ด" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-chy mw-list-item"><a href="https://chy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ma%27kaataev%C3%A9%27k%C3%A9so" title="Ma'kaataevé'késo – Cheyenne" lang="chy" hreflang="chy" data-title="Ma'kaataevé'késo" data-language-autonym="Tsetsêhestâhese" data-language-local-name="Cheyenne" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tsetsêhestâhese</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tcy mw-list-item"><a href="https://tcy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%B9%E0%B2%AE%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%AE%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%82%E0%B2%97%E0%B3%8D_%E0%B2%AC%E0%B2%B0%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%A1%E0%B3%8D" title="ಹಮ್ಮಿಂಗ್ ಬರ್ಡ್ – Tulu" lang="tcy" hreflang="tcy" data-title="ಹಮ್ಮಿಂಗ್ ಬರ್ಡ್" data-language-autonym="ತುಳು" data-language-local-name="Tulu" class="interlanguage-link-target">ತುಳು</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinek_ku%C5%9Fu" title="Sinek kuşu – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Sinek kuşu" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%B1%D1%80%D1%96%D1%94%D0%B2%D1%96" title="Колібрієві – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Колібрієві" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%E1%BB%8D_Chim_ru%E1%BB%93i" title="Họ Chim ruồi – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Họ Chim ruồi" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trochilidae" title="Trochilidae – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Trochilidae" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target">Winaray</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%9C%82%E9%B8%9F" title="蜂鸟 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="蜂鸟" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target">吴语</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%9C%82%E9%B3%A5" title="蜂鳥 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="蜂鳥" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">粵語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%9C%82%E9%B8%9F" title="蜂鸟 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="蜂鸟" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q43624#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Hummingbird" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c">Article</a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:Hummingbird" rel="discussion" title="Discuss improvements to the content page [t]" accesskey="t">Talk</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Change language variant" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" >English </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Views"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Hummingbird">Read</a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hummingbird&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e">Edit</a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hummingbird&action=history" title="Past revisions of this page [h]" accesskey="h">View history</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Tools" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" >Tools </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Tools</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="More options" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Actions </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Hummingbird">Read</a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hummingbird&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e">Edit</a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hummingbird&action=history">View history</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> General </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Hummingbird" title="List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [j]" accesskey="j">What links here</a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChangesLinked/Hummingbird" rel="nofollow" title="Recent changes in pages linked from this page [k]" accesskey="k">Related changes</a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard" title="Upload files [u]" accesskey="u">Upload file</a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:SpecialPages" title="A list of all special pages [q]" accesskey="q">Special pages</a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hummingbird&oldid=1257287831" title="Permanent link to this revision of this page">Permanent link</a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hummingbird&action=info" title="More information about this page">Page information</a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CiteThisPage&page=Hummingbird&id=1257287831&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Information on how to cite this page">Cite this page</a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FHummingbird">Get shortened URL</a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FHummingbird">Download QR code</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Print/export </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=Hummingbird&action=show-download-screen" title="Download this page as a PDF file">Download as PDF</a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hummingbird&printable=yes" title="Printable version of this page [p]" accesskey="p">Printable version</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> In other projects </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Trochilidae" hreflang="en">Wikimedia Commons</a></li><li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-species mw-list-item"><a href="https://species.wikimedia.org/wiki/Trochilidae" hreflang="en">Wikispecies</a></li><li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikiquote mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Hummingbirds" hreflang="en">Wikiquote</a></li><li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikisource mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_Encyclopedia_Americana_(1920)/Humming-birds" hreflang="en">Wikisource</a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q43624" title="Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [g]" accesskey="g">Wikidata item</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> <div id="mw-indicator-good-star" class="mw-indicator"><div class="mw-parser-output"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Good_articles*" title="This is a good article. Click here for more information."><img alt="This is a good article. Click here for more information." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/19px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/29px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/39px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Family of birds</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Hummingbird_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Hummingbird (disambiguation)">Hummingbird (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <table class="infobox biota" style="text-align: left; width: 200px; font-size: 100%"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(235,235,210)">Hummingbird <div style="font-size: 85%;">Temporal range: <a href="/wiki/Rupelian" title="Rupelian">Rupelian</a> 30–0 <a href="/wiki/Megaannum" class="mw-redirect" title="Megaannum">Ma</a> <div id="Timeline-row" style="margin: 4px auto 0; clear:both; width:220px; padding:0px; height:18px; overflow:visible; white-space:nowrap; border:1px #666; border-style:solid none; position:relative; z-index:0; font-size:97%;"> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; left:0px; width:207.23076923077px; padding-left:5px; text-align:left; background-color:rgb(254,217,106); background-image: linear-gradient(to right, rgba(255,255,255,1), rgba(254,217,106,1) 15%, rgba(254,217,106,1));"><a href="/wiki/Precambrian" title="Precambrian">PreꞒ</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(127,160,86); left:37.636923076923px; width:18.073846153846px;"><a href="/wiki/Cambrian" title="Cambrian">Ꞓ</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(0,146,112); left:55.710769230769px; width:14.08px;"><a href="/wiki/Ordovician" title="Ordovician">O</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(179,225,182); left:69.790769230769px; width:8.3261538461539px;"><a href="/wiki/Silurian" title="Silurian">S</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(203,140,55); left:78.116923076923px; width:20.409230769231px;"><a href="/wiki/Devonian" title="Devonian">D</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(103,165,153); left:98.526153846154px; width:20.307692307692px;"><a href="/wiki/Carboniferous" title="Carboniferous">C</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(240,64,40); left:118.83384615385px; width:15.907015384615px;"><a href="/wiki/Permian" title="Permian">P</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(129,43,146); left:134.74086153846px; width:17.092984615385px;"><a href="/wiki/Triassic" title="Triassic">T</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(52,178,201); left:151.83384615385px; width:19.089230769231px;"><a href="/wiki/Jurassic" title="Jurassic">J</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(127,198,78); left:170.92307692308px; width:26.738461538462px;"><a href="/wiki/Cretaceous" title="Cretaceous">K</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(253,154,82); left:197.66153846154px; width:14.543692307692px;"><a href="/wiki/Paleogene" title="Paleogene">Pg</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(255,230,25); left:212.20523076923px; width:6.9215384615385px;"><a href="/wiki/Neogene" title="Neogene">N</a></div> <div id="end-border" style="position:absolute; height:100%; background-color:#666; width:1px; left:219px"></div><div style="margin:0 auto; line-height:0; clear:both; width:220px; padding:0px; height:8px; overflow:visible; background-color:transparent; position:relative; top:-4px; z-index:100;"><div style="position:absolute; height:8px; left:209.84615384615px; width:10.153846153846px; background-color:#360; opacity:0.42;"></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:8px; left:209.84615384615px; width:10.153846153846px; background-color:#360; opacity:1;"></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:6px; top:1px; left:210.84615384615px; width:8.1538461538462px; background-color:#6c3;"></div> </div> </div></div> </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center"><a href="/wiki/File:Trinidad_and_Tobago_hummingbirds_composite.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Trinidad_and_Tobago_hummingbirds_composite.jpg/220px-Trinidad_and_Tobago_hummingbirds_composite.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Trinidad_and_Tobago_hummingbirds_composite.jpg/330px-Trinidad_and_Tobago_hummingbirds_composite.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Trinidad_and_Tobago_hummingbirds_composite.jpg/440px-Trinidad_and_Tobago_hummingbirds_composite.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4010" data-file-height="4010" /></a> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-size: 88%">Four hummingbirds from <a href="/wiki/Trinidad_and_Tobago" title="Trinidad and Tobago">Trinidad and Tobago</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; min-width:15em; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(235,235,210)"><a href="/wiki/Taxonomy_(biology)" title="Taxonomy (biology)">Scientific classification</a> <a href="/wiki/Template:Taxonomy/Trochilidae" title="Edit this classification"><img alt="Edit this classification" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/23px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/30px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a> </th></tr> <tr> <td>Domain: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Eukaryote" title="Eukaryote">Eukaryota</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Kingdom: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Animal" title="Animal">Animalia</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Phylum: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Chordate" title="Chordate">Chordata</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Class: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Bird" title="Bird">Aves</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Clade: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Strisores" title="Strisores">Strisores</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Order: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Apodiformes" title="Apodiformes">Apodiformes</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Family: </td> <td><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Trochilidae</a> <a href="/wiki/Nicholas_Aylward_Vigors" title="Nicholas Aylward Vigors">Vigors</a>, 1825 </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(235,235,210)"><a href="/wiki/Type_genus" title="Type genus">Type genus</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center"><a href="/wiki/Trochilus" class="mw-redirect" title="Trochilus">Trochilus</a> <div style="font-size: 85%;"><a href="/wiki/Carl_Linnaeus" title="Carl Linnaeus">Linnaeus</a>, <a href="/wiki/10th_edition_of_Systema_Naturae" title="10th edition of Systema Naturae">1758</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(235,235,210)"><a href="/wiki/Subfamilies" class="mw-redirect" title="Subfamilies">Subfamilies</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: left"> <div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left;"> <div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold;"><div>Subfamiles:</div></div> <ul class="mw-collapsible-content" style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit;"><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0">†<a href="/wiki/Eurotrochilus" title="Eurotrochilus">Eurotrochilus</a></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Florisuginae" title="Florisuginae">Florisuginae</a></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Hermit_(hummingbird)" title="Hermit (hummingbird)">Phaethornithinae</a></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Polytminae" title="Polytminae">Polytminae</a></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Lesbiinae" title="Lesbiinae">Lesbiinae</a></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Patagoninae" class="mw-redirect" title="Patagoninae">Patagoninae</a></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Trochilinae" title="Trochilinae">Trochilinae</a></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0">(For an alphabetic species list, see <a href="/wiki/List_of_hummingbird_species" class="mw-redirect" title="List of hummingbird species">List of hummingbird species</a>)</li></ul> </div> </td></tr> </tbody></table><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238732961">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota tr{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota img{background:transparent}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota tr{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota img{background:white}}.mw-parser-output .infobox.biota .taxobox-edit-taxonomy img{background:transparent!important}body.skin-vector .mw-parser-output table.biota.infobox{margin-top:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output table.biota.infobox tr.taxonrow td{padding:2px 10px}</style> Hummingbirds are <a href="/wiki/Bird" title="Bird">birds</a> native to the <a href="/wiki/Americas" title="Americas">Americas</a> and comprise the <a href="/wiki/Family_(biology)" title="Family (biology)">biological family</a> Trochilidae. With approximately 366 species and 113 <a href="/wiki/Genus" title="Genus">genera</a>,<a href="#cite_note-IOC-1">[1]</a> they occur from <a href="/wiki/Alaska" title="Alaska">Alaska</a> to <a href="/wiki/Tierra_del_Fuego" title="Tierra del Fuego">Tierra del Fuego</a>, but most species are found in <a href="/wiki/Central_America" title="Central America">Central</a> and <a href="/wiki/South_America" title="South America">South America</a>.<a href="#cite_note-abc-2">[2]</a> As of 2024, 21 hummingbird species are listed as <a href="/wiki/Endangered_species" title="Endangered species">endangered</a> or <a href="/wiki/Critically_endangered" class="mw-redirect" title="Critically endangered">critically endangered</a>, with numerous species declining in population.<a href="#cite_note-iucn-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-English-4">[4]</a> Hummingbirds have varied specialized characteristics to enable rapid, maneuverable flight: exceptional <a href="/wiki/Metabolism" title="Metabolism">metabolic capacity</a>, adaptations to high altitude, sensitive visual and communication abilities, and long-distance migration in some species. Among all birds, male hummingbirds have the widest diversity of <a href="/wiki/Plumage" title="Plumage">plumage</a> color, particularly in blues, greens, and purples.<a href="#cite_note-venable-5">[5]</a> Hummingbirds are the smallest mature birds, measuring 7.5–13 cm (3–5 in) in length. The smallest is the 5 cm (2.0 in) <a href="/wiki/Bee_hummingbird" title="Bee hummingbird">bee hummingbird</a>, which weighs less than 2.0 g (0.07 oz), and the largest is the 23 cm (9 in) <a href="/wiki/Giant_hummingbird" class="mw-redirect" title="Giant hummingbird">giant hummingbird</a>, weighing 18–24 grams (0.63–0.85 oz). Noted for long <a href="/wiki/Beak" title="Beak">beaks</a>, hummingbirds are specialized for <a href="/wiki/Nectarivore" title="Nectarivore">feeding on flower nectar</a>, but all species also consume small insects. They are known as hummingbirds because of the humming sound created by their beating <a href="/wiki/Bird%27s_wing" class="mw-redirect" title="Bird's wing">wings</a>, which flap at high frequencies audible to other birds and humans. They hover at rapid wing-flapping rates, which vary from around 12 beats per second in the largest species to 80 per second in small hummingbirds. Hummingbirds have the highest <a href="/wiki/Basal_metabolic_rate" title="Basal metabolic rate">mass-specific metabolic rate</a> of any <a href="/wiki/Homeothermic" class="mw-redirect" title="Homeothermic">homeothermic</a> animal.<a href="#cite_note-suarez-6">[6]</a><a href="#cite_note-Hargrove-7">[7]</a> To conserve energy when food is scarce and at night when not foraging, they can enter <a href="/wiki/Torpor" title="Torpor">torpor</a>, a state similar to <a href="/wiki/Hibernation" title="Hibernation">hibernation</a>, and slow their <a href="/wiki/Metabolic_rate" class="mw-redirect" title="Metabolic rate">metabolic rate</a> to <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1154941027">.mw-parser-output .frac{white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output .frac .num,.mw-parser-output .frac .den{font-size:80%;line-height:0;vertical-align:super}.mw-parser-output .frac .den{vertical-align:sub}.mw-parser-output .sr-only{border:0;clip:rect(0,0,0,0);clip-path:polygon(0px 0px,0px 0px,0px 0px);height:1px;margin:-1px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;position:absolute;width:1px}</style>1⁄15 of its normal rate.<a href="#cite_note-Hargrove-7">[7]</a><a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a> While most hummingbirds do not <a href="/wiki/Bird_migration" title="Bird migration">migrate</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Rufous_hummingbird" title="Rufous hummingbird">rufous hummingbird</a> has one of the longest migrations among birds, traveling twice per year between Alaska and <a href="/wiki/Mexico" title="Mexico">Mexico</a>, a distance of about 3,900 miles (6,300 km). Hummingbirds split from their <a href="/wiki/Sister_taxon" class="mw-redirect" title="Sister taxon">sister group</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Swift_(bird)" title="Swift (bird)">swifts</a> and <a href="/wiki/Treeswift" title="Treeswift">treeswifts</a>, around 42 million years ago.<a href="#cite_note-mcguire2014-9">[9]</a> The oldest known fossil hummingbird is <a href="/wiki/Eurotrochilus" title="Eurotrochilus">Eurotrochilus</a>, from the <a href="/wiki/Rupelian" title="Rupelian">Rupelian</a> Stage of Early Oligocene Europe.<a href="#cite_note-Mayr2004-10">[10]</a> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Description">Description</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hummingbird&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Description">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mellisuga_helenae_Size_Comparison.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Mellisuga_helenae_Size_Comparison.svg/220px-Mellisuga_helenae_Size_Comparison.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="171" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Mellisuga_helenae_Size_Comparison.svg/330px-Mellisuga_helenae_Size_Comparison.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Mellisuga_helenae_Size_Comparison.svg/440px-Mellisuga_helenae_Size_Comparison.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="398" /></a><figcaption>Size of Mellisuga helenae (bee hummingbird) – the world's smallest bird – compared to a human hand</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bee_hummingbird_(Mellisuga_helenae)_adult_male_non-breeding.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Bee_hummingbird_%28Mellisuga_helenae%29_adult_male_non-breeding.jpg/220px-Bee_hummingbird_%28Mellisuga_helenae%29_adult_male_non-breeding.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Bee_hummingbird_%28Mellisuga_helenae%29_adult_male_non-breeding.jpg/330px-Bee_hummingbird_%28Mellisuga_helenae%29_adult_male_non-breeding.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Bee_hummingbird_%28Mellisuga_helenae%29_adult_male_non-breeding.jpg/440px-Bee_hummingbird_%28Mellisuga_helenae%29_adult_male_non-breeding.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2679" data-file-height="1787" /></a><figcaption>Adult male bee hummingbird, <a href="/wiki/Cuba" title="Cuba">Cuba</a></figcaption></figure> Hummingbirds are the smallest known and smallest living <a href="/wiki/Origin_of_birds" title="Origin of birds">avian theropod dinosaurs</a>.<a href="#cite_note-brus-11">[11]</a><a href="#cite_note-Chiappe-12">[12]</a><a href="#cite_note-nhm-13">[13]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Iridescence" title="Iridescence">iridescent</a> colors and highly specialized feathers of many species (mainly in males) give some hummingbirds exotic common names, such as sun gem, fairy, woodstar, sapphire or <a href="/wiki/Sylph" title="Sylph">sylph</a>.<a href="#cite_note-eb-h-14">[14]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Morphology">Morphology</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hummingbird&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Morphology">edit</a>]</div> Across the estimated 366 species, hummingbird weights range from as small as 2 grams (0.071 oz) to as large as 20 grams (0.71 oz).<a href="#cite_note-eb-h-14">[14]</a><a href="#cite_note-smithsonian-15">[15]</a> They have characteristic long, narrow beaks (bills) which may be straight (of varying lengths) or highly curved.<a href="#cite_note-eb-h-14">[14]</a><a href="#cite_note-smithsonian-15">[15]</a> The bee hummingbird – only 6 centimetres (2.4 in) long and weighing about 2 grams (0.071 oz) – is the world's smallest bird and smallest <a href="/wiki/Warm-blooded" title="Warm-blooded">warm-blooded</a> <a href="/wiki/Vertebrate" title="Vertebrate">vertebrate</a>.<a href="#cite_note-eb-h-14">[14]</a><a href="#cite_note-ADW-16">[16]</a> Hummingbirds have compact bodies with relatively long, bladelike wings having anatomical structure enabling <a href="/wiki/Helicopter" title="Helicopter">helicopter</a>-like flight in any direction, including the ability to hover.<a href="#cite_note-eb-h-14">[14]</a><a href="#cite_note-smithsonian-15">[15]</a> Particularly while hovering, the wing beats produce the humming sounds, which function to alert other birds.<a href="#cite_note-eb-h-14">[14]</a> In some species, the tail feathers produce sounds used by males during courtship flying.<a href="#cite_note-eb-h-14">[14]</a><a href="#cite_note-smithsonian-15">[15]</a> Hummingbirds have extremely rapid wing-beats as high as 80 per second, supported by a high metabolic rate dependent on foraging for sugars from flower nectar.<a href="#cite_note-Hargrove-7">[7]</a><a href="#cite_note-smithsonian-15">[15]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ruby_Throated_Hummingbird,_F,_leg,_430_ESt._NW,_8.22.12_2013-04-12-14.49.36_ZS_PMax_(8644622066).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Ruby_Throated_Hummingbird%2C_F%2C_leg%2C_430_ESt._NW%2C_8.22.12_2013-04-12-14.49.36_ZS_PMax_%288644622066%29.jpg/220px-Ruby_Throated_Hummingbird%2C_F%2C_leg%2C_430_ESt._NW%2C_8.22.12_2013-04-12-14.49.36_ZS_PMax_%288644622066%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="148" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Ruby_Throated_Hummingbird%2C_F%2C_leg%2C_430_ESt._NW%2C_8.22.12_2013-04-12-14.49.36_ZS_PMax_%288644622066%29.jpg/330px-Ruby_Throated_Hummingbird%2C_F%2C_leg%2C_430_ESt._NW%2C_8.22.12_2013-04-12-14.49.36_ZS_PMax_%288644622066%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Ruby_Throated_Hummingbird%2C_F%2C_leg%2C_430_ESt._NW%2C_8.22.12_2013-04-12-14.49.36_ZS_PMax_%288644622066%29.jpg/440px-Ruby_Throated_Hummingbird%2C_F%2C_leg%2C_430_ESt._NW%2C_8.22.12_2013-04-12-14.49.36_ZS_PMax_%288644622066%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4832" data-file-height="3241" /></a><figcaption>Close-up of toe arrangement in a <a href="/wiki/Ruby-throated_hummingbird" title="Ruby-throated hummingbird">ruby-throated hummingbird</a> foot, showing three claw-like toes forward and one backward.</figcaption></figure> Hummingbird legs are short with <a href="/wiki/Dactyly#Anisodactyly" title="Dactyly">feet</a> having <a href="/wiki/Bird_feet_and_legs#Tarsometatarsus" title="Bird feet and legs">three toes pointing forward and one backward</a> – the <a href="/wiki/Hallux" class="mw-redirect" title="Hallux">hallux</a>.<a href="#cite_note-b&b-17">[17]</a><a href="#cite_note-scoop-18">[18]</a> The toes of hummingbirds are formed as <a href="/wiki/Claw" title="Claw">claws</a> with ridged inner surfaces to aid gripping onto flower stems or petals.<a href="#cite_note-scoop-18">[18]</a> Hummingbirds do not walk on the ground or hop like most birds, but rather shuffle laterally and use their feet to grip while perching, <a href="/wiki/Preening" title="Preening">preening</a> feathers, or nest-building (by females), and during fights to grab feathers of opponents.<a href="#cite_note-b&b-17">[17]</a><a href="#cite_note-scoop-18">[18]</a> Hummingbirds apply their legs as <a href="/wiki/Piston" title="Piston">pistons</a> for generating <a href="/wiki/Thrust" title="Thrust">thrust</a> upon taking flight, although the shortness of their legs provides about 20% less propulsion than assessed in other birds.<a href="#cite_note-reiser-19">[19]</a> During flight, hummingbird feet are tucked up under the body, enabling optimal <a href="/wiki/Aerodynamics" title="Aerodynamics">aerodynamics</a> and maneuverability.<a href="#cite_note-scoop-18">[18]</a> Of those species that have been measured during flight, the top flight speeds of hummingbirds exceed 15 m/s (54 km/h; 34 mph).<a href="#cite_note-ADW-16">[16]</a> During <a href="/wiki/Courtship_display" title="Courtship display">courtship</a>, some male species dive from 30 metres (100 ft) of height above a female at speeds around 23 m/s (83 km/h; 51 mph).<a href="#cite_note-20">[20]</a><a href="#cite_note-21">[21]</a> The sexes differ in feather coloration, with males having distinct brilliance and ornamentation of head, neck, wing, and breast feathers.<a href="#cite_note-eb-h-14">[14]</a><a href="#cite_note-smithsonian-15">[15]</a> The most typical feather ornament in males is the <a href="/wiki/Gorget_(bird)" title="Gorget (bird)">gorget</a> – a bib-like iridescent neck-feather patch that changes brilliance with the viewing angle to attract females and warn male competitors away from territory.<a href="#cite_note-eb-h-14">[14]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Life_cycle">Life cycle</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hummingbird&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Life cycle">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Allens_hummingbird_on_nest_(26198483795).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Allens_hummingbird_on_nest_%2826198483795%29.jpg/220px-Allens_hummingbird_on_nest_%2826198483795%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Allens_hummingbird_on_nest_%2826198483795%29.jpg/330px-Allens_hummingbird_on_nest_%2826198483795%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Allens_hummingbird_on_nest_%2826198483795%29.jpg/440px-Allens_hummingbird_on_nest_%2826198483795%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3075" data-file-height="2306" /></a><figcaption>A nesting female Allen's hummingbird</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Allen%27s_Hummingbird_Nest_(8563916462).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Allen%27s_Hummingbird_Nest_%288563916462%29.jpg/220px-Allen%27s_Hummingbird_Nest_%288563916462%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Allen%27s_Hummingbird_Nest_%288563916462%29.jpg/330px-Allen%27s_Hummingbird_Nest_%288563916462%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Allen%27s_Hummingbird_Nest_%288563916462%29.jpg/440px-Allen%27s_Hummingbird_Nest_%288563916462%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2032" data-file-height="2035" /></a><figcaption>Each approximately the size of a pea, two eggs in the nest of an Allen's hummingbird</figcaption></figure> Hummingbirds begin mating when they are a year old.<a href="#cite_note-scien-22">[22]</a> Sex occurs over 3–5 seconds when the male <a href="/wiki/Bird_anatomy#Reproduction" title="Bird anatomy">joins its cloaca</a> with the female's, passing sperm to fertilize the female's eggs.<a href="#cite_note-scien-22">[22]</a> Hummingbird females build a nest resembling a small cup about 1.5 inches (3.8 cm) in diameter, commonly attached to a tree branch using spider webs, <a href="/wiki/Lichen" title="Lichen">lichens</a>, moss, and loose strings of plant fibers (image).<a href="#cite_note-eb-h-14">[14]</a><a href="#cite_note-smithsonian-15">[15]</a> Typically, two <a href="/wiki/Pea" title="Pea">pea</a>-shaped white eggs (image) – the smallest of any bird – are incubated over 2–3 weeks in breeding season.<a href="#cite_note-eb-h-14">[14]</a><a href="#cite_note-smithsonian-15">[15]</a> Fed by <a href="/wiki/Regurgitation_(digestion)" title="Regurgitation (digestion)">regurgitation</a> only from the mother, the chicks <a href="/wiki/Fledge" title="Fledge">fledge</a> about 3 weeks after hatching.<a href="#cite_note-smithsonian-15">[15]</a><a href="#cite_note-central-23">[23]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Friday%27s_Hummingbird_Nest_(8819601954).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Friday%27s_Hummingbird_Nest_%288819601954%29.jpg/220px-Friday%27s_Hummingbird_Nest_%288819601954%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Friday%27s_Hummingbird_Nest_%288819601954%29.jpg/330px-Friday%27s_Hummingbird_Nest_%288819601954%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Friday%27s_Hummingbird_Nest_%288819601954%29.jpg/440px-Friday%27s_Hummingbird_Nest_%288819601954%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2631" data-file-height="2633" /></a><figcaption>Hummingbird nestlings ready to fledge</figcaption></figure> The average lifespan of a <a href="/wiki/Ruby-throated_hummingbird" title="Ruby-throated hummingbird">ruby-throated hummingbird</a> is estimated to be 3–5 years, with most deaths occurring in yearlings,<a href="#cite_note-central-23">[23]</a> although one <a href="/wiki/Bird_ringing" title="Bird ringing">banded</a> ruby-throated hummingbird lived for 9 years and 2 months.<a href="#cite_note-ruby-24">[24]</a> Bee hummingbirds live 7–10 years.<a href="#cite_note-ADW-16">[16]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Population_estimates_and_threatened_species">Population estimates and threatened species</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hummingbird&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Population estimates and threatened species">edit</a>]</div> Although most hummingbird species live in remote habitats where their population numbers are difficult to assess, population studies in the United States and Canada indicate that the ruby-throated hummingbird numbers are around 34 million, rufous hummingbirds are around 19 million, <a href="/wiki/Black-chinned_hummingbird" title="Black-chinned hummingbird">black-chinned</a>, <a href="/wiki/Anna%27s_hummingbird" title="Anna's hummingbird">Anna's</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Broad-tailed_hummingbird" title="Broad-tailed hummingbird">broad-tailed hummingbirds</a> are about 8 million each, <a href="/wiki/Calliope_hummingbird" title="Calliope hummingbird">calliopes</a> at 4 million, and <a href="/wiki/Costa%27s_hummingbird" title="Costa's hummingbird">Costa's</a> and <a href="/wiki/Allen%27s_hummingbird" title="Allen's hummingbird">Allen's hummingbirds</a> are around 2 million each.<a href="#cite_note-abc-2">[2]</a> Several species exist only in the thousands or hundreds.<a href="#cite_note-abc-2">[2]</a> According to the <a href="/wiki/IUCN_Red_List" title="IUCN Red List">International Union for Conservation of Nature Red List of Threatened Species</a> in 2024, 8 hummingbird species are classified as <a href="/wiki/Critically_endangered" class="mw-redirect" title="Critically endangered">critically endangered</a>, 13 are <a href="/wiki/Endangered_species" title="Endangered species">endangered</a>, 13 are <a href="/wiki/Vulnerable_species" title="Vulnerable species">vulnerable</a>, and 20 species are <a href="/wiki/Near-threatened_species" title="Near-threatened species">near-threatened</a>.<a href="#cite_note-iucn-3">[3]</a> Two species – the <a href="/wiki/Brace%27s_emerald" title="Brace's emerald">Brace's emerald</a> (Riccordia bracei) and Caribbean emerald (Riccordia elegans) – have been declared <a href="/wiki/Extinction" title="Extinction">extinct</a>.<a href="#cite_note-iucn-3">[3]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Archilochus_colubris_(Male).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Archilochus_colubris_%28Male%29.jpg/220px-Archilochus_colubris_%28Male%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="151" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Archilochus_colubris_%28Male%29.jpg/330px-Archilochus_colubris_%28Male%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Archilochus_colubris_%28Male%29.jpg/440px-Archilochus_colubris_%28Male%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2862" data-file-height="1968" /></a><figcaption>Male ruby-throated hummingbird (Archilochus colubris)</figcaption></figure> Of the 15 species of North American hummingbirds that inhabit the United States and Canada,<a href="#cite_note-abc-2">[2]</a> several have changed their range of distribution, while others showed declines in numbers since the 1970s,<a href="#cite_note-abc-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-English-4">[4]</a> including in 2023 with dozens of hummingbird species in decline. As of the 21st century, rufous, Costa's, calliope, broad-tailed, and Allen's hummingbirds are in significant decline, some losing as much as 67% of their numbers since 1970 at nearly double the rate of population loss over the previous 50 years.<a href="#cite_note-abc-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-English-4">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-cnn-25">[25]</a> The ruby-throated hummingbird population – the most populous North American hummingbird – decreased by 17% over the early 21st century.<a href="#cite_note-English-4">[4]</a> Habitat loss, glass collisions, cat predation, <a href="/wiki/Pesticide" title="Pesticide">pesticides</a>, and possibly <a href="/wiki/Climate_change" title="Climate change">climate change</a> affecting food availability, migration signals, and breeding are factors that may contribute to declining hummingbird numbers.<a href="#cite_note-abc-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-cnn-25">[25]</a> By contrast, Anna's hummingbirds had large population growth at an accelerating rate since 2010,<a href="#cite_note-English-4">[4]</a> and expanded their range northward to reside year-round in cold winter climates.<a href="#cite_note-greig-26">[26]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Superficially_similar_species">Superficially similar species</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hummingbird&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Superficially similar species">edit</a>]</div> Some species of <a href="/wiki/Sunbird" title="Sunbird">sunbirds</a> — an <a href="/wiki/Old_World" title="Old World">Old World</a> group restricted in distribution to <a href="/wiki/Eurasia" title="Eurasia">Eurasia</a>, Africa, and Australia — resemble hummingbirds in appearance and behavior,<a href="#cite_note-white-27">[27]</a> but are not related to hummingbirds, as their resemblance is due to <a href="/wiki/Convergent_evolution" title="Convergent evolution">convergent evolution</a>.<a href="#cite_note-28">[28]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Hemaris" title="Hemaris">hummingbird moth</a> has flying and feeding characteristics similar to those of a hummingbird.<a href="#cite_note-29">[29]</a> Hummingbirds may be mistaken for <a href="/wiki/Hummingbird_hawk-moth" title="Hummingbird hawk-moth">hummingbird hawk-moths</a>, which are large, flying insects with hovering capabilities, and exist only in Eurasia.<a href="#cite_note-white-27">[27]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Range">Range</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hummingbird&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Range">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_Apodiformes_by_population" title="List of Apodiformes by population">List of Apodiformes by population</a></div> Hummingbirds are restricted to the Americas from south central Alaska to <a href="/wiki/Tierra_del_Fuego" title="Tierra del Fuego">Tierra del Fuego</a>, including the Caribbean. The majority of species occur in tropical and subtropical Central and South America, but several species also breed in temperate climates and some <a href="/wiki/Hillstar" title="Hillstar">hillstars</a> occur even in alpine Andean highlands at altitudes up to 5,200 m (17,100 ft).<a href="#cite_note-30">[30]</a> The greatest <a href="/wiki/Species_richness" title="Species richness">species richness</a> is in humid tropical and subtropical forests of the northern Andes and adjacent foothills, but the number of species found in the <a href="/wiki/Atlantic_Forest" title="Atlantic Forest">Atlantic Forest</a>, Central America or southern <a href="/wiki/Mexico" title="Mexico">Mexico</a> also far exceeds the number found in southern South America, the Caribbean islands, the United States, and Canada. While fewer than 25 different species of hummingbirds have been recorded from the United States and fewer than 10 from Canada and <a href="/wiki/Chile" title="Chile">Chile</a> each,<a href="#cite_note-31">[31]</a> <a href="/wiki/Colombia" title="Colombia">Colombia</a> alone has more than 160<a href="#cite_note-32">[32]</a> and the comparably small <a href="/wiki/Ecuador" title="Ecuador">Ecuador</a> has about 130 species.<a href="#cite_note-33">[33]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Taxonomy_and_systematics">Taxonomy and systematics</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hummingbird&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Taxonomy and systematics">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/List_of_hummingbird_species" class="mw-redirect" title="List of hummingbird species">List of hummingbird species</a></div> The family Trochilidae was introduced in 1825 by Irish zoologist <a href="/wiki/Nicholas_Aylward_Vigors" title="Nicholas Aylward Vigors">Nicholas Aylward Vigors</a> with <a href="/wiki/Trochilus" class="mw-redirect" title="Trochilus">Trochilus</a> as the <a href="/wiki/Type_genus" title="Type genus">type genus</a>.<a href="#cite_note-34">[34]</a><a href="#cite_note-35">[35]</a> In traditional <a href="/wiki/Taxonomy_(biology)" title="Taxonomy (biology)">taxonomy</a>, hummingbirds are placed in the order <a href="/wiki/Apodiformes" title="Apodiformes">Apodiformes</a>, which also contains the <a href="/wiki/Swift_(bird)" title="Swift (bird)">swifts</a>, but some taxonomists have separated them into their own order, the Trochiliformes.<a href="#cite_note-S&A1990-36">[36]</a> Hummingbirds' wing <a href="/wiki/Bone" title="Bone">bones</a> are hollow and fragile, making <a href="/wiki/Fossil" title="Fossil">fossilization</a> difficult and leaving their evolutionary history poorly documented. Though scientists theorize that hummingbirds originated in South America, where species diversity is greatest, possible ancestors of extant hummingbirds may have lived in parts of Europe and what is southern <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a> today.<a href="#cite_note-mayr2005-37">[37]</a> As of 2023, 366 hummingbird species have been identified.<a href="#cite_note-IOC-1">[1]</a> They have been traditionally divided into two <a href="/wiki/Subfamily" title="Subfamily">subfamilies</a>: the <a href="/wiki/Hermit_(hummingbird)" title="Hermit (hummingbird)">hermits</a> (subfamily Phaethornithinae) and the typical hummingbirds (subfamily <a href="/wiki/Trochilinae" title="Trochilinae">Trochilinae</a>, all the others). Molecular phylogenetic studies have shown, though, that the hermits are <a href="/wiki/Sister_taxon" class="mw-redirect" title="Sister taxon">sister</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Topaz_(hummingbird)" title="Topaz (hummingbird)">topazes</a>, making the former definition of the Trochilinae not <a href="/wiki/Monophyletic" class="mw-redirect" title="Monophyletic">monophyletic</a>. The hummingbirds form nine major <a href="/wiki/Clade" title="Clade">clades</a>: the topazes and <a href="/wiki/Jacobin_(hummingbird)" title="Jacobin (hummingbird)">jacobins</a>, the hermits, the <a href="/wiki/Anthracothorax" title="Anthracothorax">mangoes</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Lophornis" title="Lophornis">coquettes</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Heliodoxa" title="Heliodoxa">brilliants</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Giant_hummingbird" class="mw-redirect" title="Giant hummingbird">giant hummingbird</a> (Patagona gigas), the <a href="/wiki/Mountaingem" title="Mountaingem">mountaingems</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Mellisuga" title="Mellisuga">bees</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Chlorostilbon" title="Chlorostilbon">emeralds</a>.<a href="#cite_note-mcguire2014-9">[9]</a> The topazes and jacobins combined have the oldest split with the rest of the hummingbirds. The hummingbird family has the third-greatest number of species of any bird family (after the <a href="/wiki/Tyrant_flycatcher" title="Tyrant flycatcher">tyrant flycatchers</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Tanager" title="Tanager">tanagers</a>).<a href="#cite_note-mcguire2014-9">[9]</a><a href="#cite_note-IOC-1">[1]</a> Fossil hummingbirds are known from the <a href="/wiki/Pleistocene" title="Pleistocene">Pleistocene</a> of <a href="/wiki/Brazil" title="Brazil">Brazil</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Bahamas" class="mw-redirect" title="Bahamas">Bahamas</a>, but neither has yet been scientifically described, and fossils and subfossils of a few extant species are known. Until recently, older fossils had not been securely identifiable as those of hummingbirds. In 2004, <a href="/wiki/Gerald_Mayr" title="Gerald Mayr">Gerald Mayr</a> identified two 30-million-year-old hummingbird fossils. The fossils of this primitive hummingbird species, named <a href="/wiki/Eurotrochilus" title="Eurotrochilus">Eurotrochilus</a> inexpectatus ("unexpected European hummingbird"), had been sitting in a <a href="/wiki/Museum" title="Museum">museum</a> drawer in <a href="/wiki/Stuttgart" title="Stuttgart">Stuttgart</a>; they had been unearthed in a clay pit at <a href="/wiki/Wiesloch" title="Wiesloch">Wiesloch</a>–Frauenweiler, south of <a href="/wiki/Heidelberg" title="Heidelberg">Heidelberg</a>, <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a>, and, because hummingbirds were assumed to have never occurred outside the Americas, were not recognized to be hummingbirds until Mayr took a closer look at them.<a href="#cite_note-mayr2005-37">[37]</a><a href="#cite_note-Mayr2004-10">[10]</a> Fossils of birds not clearly assignable to either hummingbirds or a related extinct family, the Jungornithidae, have been found at the <a href="/wiki/Messel_pit" class="mw-redirect" title="Messel pit">Messel pit</a> and in the <a href="/wiki/Caucasus" title="Caucasus">Caucasus</a>, dating from 35 to 40 million years ago; this indicates that the split between these two lineages indeed occurred around that time. The areas where these early fossils have been found had a climate quite similar to that of the northern Caribbean or southernmost <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a> during that time. The biggest remaining mystery at present is what happened to hummingbirds in the roughly 25 million years between the primitive Eurotrochilus and the modern fossils. The astounding morphological <a href="/wiki/Adaptation" title="Adaptation">adaptations</a>, the decrease in size, and the dispersal to the Americas and extinction in Eurasia all occurred during this timespan. <a href="/wiki/DNA%E2%80%93DNA_hybridization" title="DNA–DNA hybridization">DNA–DNA hybridization</a> results suggest that the main radiation of South American hummingbirds took place at least partly in the <a href="/wiki/Miocene" title="Miocene">Miocene</a>, some 12 to 13 million years ago, during the uplifting of the northern <a href="/wiki/Andes" title="Andes">Andes</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Bleiweiss_et_al.-38">[38]</a> In 2013, a 50-million-year-old bird fossil unearthed in <a href="/wiki/Wyoming" title="Wyoming">Wyoming</a> was found to be a predecessor to hummingbirds and swifts before the groups diverged.<a href="#cite_note-39">[39]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Evolution">Evolution</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hummingbird&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Evolution">edit</a>]</div> Hummingbirds split from other members of Apodiformes, the insectivorous swifts (family Apodidae) and <a href="/wiki/Treeswift" title="Treeswift">treeswifts</a> (family Hemiprocnidae), about 42 million years ago, probably in <a href="/wiki/Eurasia" title="Eurasia">Eurasia</a>.<a href="#cite_note-mcguire2014-9">[9]</a> Despite their current New World distribution, the earliest species of hummingbird occurred in the early <a href="/wiki/Oligocene" title="Oligocene">Oligocene</a> (<a href="/wiki/Rupelian" title="Rupelian">Rupelian</a> about 34–28 million years ago) of Europe, belonging to the genus Eurotrochilus, having similar morphology to modern hummingbirds.<a href="#cite_note-Mayr2004-10">[10]</a><a href="#cite_note-40">[40]</a><a href="#cite_note-41">[41]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Phylogeny">Phylogeny</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hummingbird&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Phylogeny">edit</a>]</div> A phylogenetic tree unequivocally indicates that modern hummingbirds originated in South America, with the last common ancestor of all living hummingbirds living around 22 million years ago.<a href="#cite_note-mcguire2014-9">[9]</a> A map of the hummingbird family tree – reconstructed from analysis of 284 <a href="/wiki/Species" title="Species">species</a> – shows rapid diversification from 22 million years ago.<a href="#cite_note-sd-42">[42]</a> Hummingbirds fall into nine main clades – the <a href="/wiki/Florisuginae" title="Florisuginae">topazes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Phaethornithinae" class="mw-redirect" title="Phaethornithinae">hermits</a>, <a href="/wiki/Polytminae" title="Polytminae">mangoes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Heliantheini" title="Heliantheini">brilliants</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lesbiini" title="Lesbiini">coquettes</a>, the giant hummingbird, <a href="/wiki/Lampornithini" title="Lampornithini">mountaingems</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mellisugini" title="Mellisugini">bees</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Trochilini" title="Trochilini">emeralds</a> – defining their relationship to <a href="/wiki/Nectar" title="Nectar">nectar</a>-bearing <a href="/wiki/Flowering_plant" title="Flowering plant">flowering plants</a> which attract hummingbirds into new geographic areas.<a href="#cite_note-mcguire2014-9">[9]</a><a href="#cite_note-mcguire2007-43">[43]</a><a href="#cite_note-mcg08-44">[44]</a> <a href="/wiki/Molecular_phylogenetics" title="Molecular phylogenetics">Molecular phylogenetic</a> studies of the hummingbirds have shown that the family is composed of nine major clades.<a href="#cite_note-mcguire2007-43">[43]</a><a href="#cite_note-mcguire2014-9">[9]</a> When <a href="/wiki/Edward_C._Dickinson" title="Edward C. Dickinson">Edward Dickinson</a> and <a href="/wiki/James_Van_Remsen_Jr." title="James Van Remsen Jr.">James Van Remsen Jr.</a> updated the <a href="/wiki/Howard_and_Moore_Complete_Checklist_of_the_Birds_of_the_World" title="Howard and Moore Complete Checklist of the Birds of the World">Howard and Moore Complete Checklist of the Birds of the World</a> for the 4th edition in 2013, they divided the hummingbirds into six subfamilies.<a href="#cite_note-h&m4-45">[45]</a> Molecular phylogenetic studies determined the relationships between the major groups of hummingbirds.<a href="#cite_note-mcguire2014-9">[9]</a><a href="#cite_note-mcg08-44">[44]</a> In the <a href="/wiki/Cladogram" title="Cladogram">cladogram</a> below, the English names are those introduced in 1997.<a href="#cite_note-46">[46]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Scientific_names" class="mw-redirect" title="Scientific names">scientific names</a> are those introduced in 2013.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDickinsonRemsen2013105–136-47">[47]</a> <div class="clade"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1258728058">body.skin-vector-2022 .mw-parser-output div.clade,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output div.clade{overflow-x:auto;overflow-y:hidden}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output div.clade p{font-size:inherit}.mw-parser-output table.clade{border-spacing:0;margin:0;font-size:100%;line-height:100%;border-collapse:separate;width:auto}.mw-parser-output table.clade table.clade{width:100%;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-label{min-width:0.2em;width:0.2em;padding:0.1em 0.25em;vertical-align:bottom;text-align:center;border-left:1px solid;border-bottom:1px solid;white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-label::before,.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-slabel::before{content:"\2060 "}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-fixed-width{overflow:hidden;text-overflow:ellipsis}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-fixed-width:hover{overflow:visible}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-label.first{border-left:none;border-right:none}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-label.reverse{border-left:none;border-right:1px solid}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-slabel{padding:0.1em 0.25em;vertical-align:top;text-align:center;border-left:1px solid;white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-slabel:hover{overflow:visible}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-slabel.last{border-left:none;border-right:none}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-slabel.reverse{border-left:none;border-right:1px solid}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-bar{vertical-align:middle;text-align:left;padding:0 0.5em;position:relative}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-bar.reverse{text-align:right;position:relative}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-leaf{border:0;padding:0;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-leafR{border:0;padding:0;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-leaf.reverse{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output table.clade:hover span.linkA{background-color:yellow}.mw-parser-output table.clade:hover span.linkB{background-color:green}</style> <table class="clade" style="font-size:100%;line-height:100%"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first">Trochilidae </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <a href="/wiki/Florisuginae" title="Florisuginae">Florisuginae</a> – topazes </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <a href="/wiki/Phaethornithinae" class="mw-redirect" title="Phaethornithinae">Phaethornithinae</a> – hermits </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <a href="/wiki/Polytminae" title="Polytminae">Polytminae</a> – mangoes </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"><a href="/wiki/Lesbiinae" title="Lesbiinae">Lesbiinae</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <a href="/wiki/Heliantheini" title="Heliantheini">Heliantheini</a> – brilliants </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <a href="/wiki/Lesbiini" title="Lesbiini">Lesbiini</a> – coquettes </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <a href="/wiki/Patagoninae" class="mw-redirect" title="Patagoninae">Patagoninae</a> – giants </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"><a href="/wiki/Trochilinae" title="Trochilinae">Trochilinae</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <a href="/wiki/Lampornithini" title="Lampornithini">Lampornithini</a> – mountain gems </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <a href="/wiki/Mellisugini" title="Mellisugini">Mellisugini</a> – bees </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <a href="/wiki/Trochilini" title="Trochilini">Trochilini</a> – emeralds </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> While all hummingbirds depend on flower nectar to fuel their high metabolisms and hovering flight, coordinated changes in flower and bill shape stimulated the formation of new species of hummingbirds and plants. Due to this exceptional <a href="/wiki/Evolution" title="Evolution">evolutionary</a> pattern, as many as 140 hummingbird species can coexist in a specific region, such as the Andes <a href="/wiki/Mountain_range" title="Mountain range">range</a>.<a href="#cite_note-sd-42">[42]</a> The hummingbird <a href="/wiki/Phylogenetic_tree" title="Phylogenetic tree">evolutionary tree</a> shows that one key evolutionary factor appears to have been an altered <a href="/wiki/Taste_receptor" title="Taste receptor">taste receptor</a> that enabled hummingbirds to seek nectar.<a href="#cite_note-48">[48]</a> Upon maturity, males of a particular species, Phaethornis longirostris, the <a href="/wiki/Long-billed_hermit" title="Long-billed hermit">long-billed hermit</a>, appear to be evolving a <a href="/wiki/Dagger" title="Dagger">dagger</a>-like weapon on the beak tip as a secondary <a href="/wiki/Sexual_dimorphism" title="Sexual dimorphism">sexual trait</a> to defend <a href="/wiki/Lek_mating" title="Lek mating">mating areas</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Rico-Guevara2015-49">[49]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Geographic_diversification">Geographic diversification</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hummingbird&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Geographic diversification">edit</a>]</div> The Andes Mountains appear to be a particularly rich environment for hummingbird evolution because diversification occurred simultaneously with mountain uplift over the past 10 million years.<a href="#cite_note-sd-42">[42]</a> Hummingbirds remain in dynamic diversification inhabiting ecological regions across South America, North America, and the Caribbean, indicating an enlarging <a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_radiation" title="Evolutionary radiation">evolutionary radiation</a>.<a href="#cite_note-sd-42">[42]</a> Within the same geographic region, hummingbird clades coevolved with nectar-bearing plant clades, affecting mechanisms of <a href="/wiki/Pollination" title="Pollination">pollination</a>.<a href="#cite_note-50">[50]</a><a href="#cite_note-51">[51]</a> The same is true for the <a href="/wiki/Sword-billed_hummingbird" title="Sword-billed hummingbird">sword-billed hummingbird</a> (Ensifera ensifera), one of the morphologically most extreme species, and one of its main food plant clades (Passiflora section Tacsonia).<a href="#cite_note-52">[52]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Coevolution_with_ornithophilous_flowers">Coevolution with ornithophilous flowers</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hummingbird&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Coevolution with ornithophilous flowers">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Purple-throated_carib_hummingbird_feeding.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Purple-throated_carib_hummingbird_feeding.jpg/220px-Purple-throated_carib_hummingbird_feeding.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="137" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Purple-throated_carib_hummingbird_feeding.jpg/330px-Purple-throated_carib_hummingbird_feeding.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Purple-throated_carib_hummingbird_feeding.jpg/440px-Purple-throated_carib_hummingbird_feeding.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1692" data-file-height="1057" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Purple-throated_carib" title="Purple-throated carib">Purple-throated carib</a> feeding at a flower</figcaption></figure> Hummingbirds are specialized <a href="/wiki/Nectarivore" title="Nectarivore">nectarivores</a> tied to the <a href="/wiki/Ornithophily" title="Ornithophily">ornithophilous</a> flowers upon which they feed.<a href="#cite_note-53">[53]</a> This <a href="/wiki/Coevolution" title="Coevolution">coevolution</a> implies that morphological traits of hummingbirds, such as bill length, bill curvature, and body mass, are correlated with morphological traits of plants, such as <a href="/wiki/Petal" title="Petal">corolla</a> length, curvature, and volume.<a href="#cite_note-54">[54]</a> Some species, especially those with unusual bill shapes, such as the sword-billed hummingbird and the <a href="/wiki/Eutoxeres" title="Eutoxeres">sicklebills</a>, are coevolved with a small number of flower species. Even in the most specialized hummingbird–plant mutualisms, the number of food plant lineages of the individual hummingbird species increases with time.<a href="#cite_note-55">[55]</a> The bee hummingbird (Mellisuga helenae) – the world's smallest bird – evolved to <a href="/wiki/Dwarfism" title="Dwarfism">dwarfism</a> likely because it had to compete with long-billed hummingbirds having an advantage for nectar foraging from specialized flowers, consequently leading the bee hummingbird to more successfully compete for flower foraging against insects.<a href="#cite_note-56">[56]</a><a href="#cite_note-57">[57]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Colibri-thalassinus-001-edit.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Colibri-thalassinus-001-edit.jpg/220px-Colibri-thalassinus-001-edit.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="138" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Colibri-thalassinus-001-edit.jpg/330px-Colibri-thalassinus-001-edit.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Colibri-thalassinus-001-edit.jpg/440px-Colibri-thalassinus-001-edit.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2112" data-file-height="1320" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Lesser_violetear" title="Lesser violetear">Lesser violetear</a> at a flower</figcaption></figure> Many plants pollinated by hummingbirds produce flowers in shades of red, orange, and bright pink, although the birds take nectar from flowers of other colors. Hummingbirds can see <a href="/wiki/Wavelength" title="Wavelength">wavelengths</a> into the near-<a href="/wiki/Ultraviolet" title="Ultraviolet">ultraviolet</a>, but hummingbird-pollinated flowers do not reflect these wavelengths as many insect-pollinated flowers do. This narrow <a href="/wiki/Color_spectrum" class="mw-redirect" title="Color spectrum">color spectrum</a> may render hummingbird-pollinated flowers relatively inconspicuous to most insects, thereby reducing <a href="/wiki/Nectar_robbing" title="Nectar robbing">nectar robbing</a>.<a href="#cite_note-58">[58]</a><a href="#cite_note-59">[59]</a> Hummingbird-pollinated flowers also produce relatively weak nectar (averaging 25% sugars) containing a high proportion of <a href="/wiki/Sucrose" title="Sucrose">sucrose</a>, whereas insect-pollinated flowers typically produce more concentrated nectars dominated by <a href="/wiki/Fructose" title="Fructose">fructose</a> and <a href="/wiki/Glucose" title="Glucose">glucose</a>.<a href="#cite_note-60">[60]</a> Hummingbirds and the plants they visit for nectar have a tight coevolutionary association, generally called a plant–bird <a href="/wiki/Mutualism_(biology)" title="Mutualism (biology)">mutualistic network</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Junker-61">[61]</a> These birds show high specialization and modularity, especially in communities with high species richness. These associations are also observed when closely related hummingbirds, such as two species of the same genus, visit distinct sets of flowering species.<a href="#cite_note-Junker-61">[61]</a><a href="#cite_note-Martín-62">[62]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sexual_dimorphisms">Sexual dimorphisms</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hummingbird&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Sexual dimorphisms">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:248px;max-width:248px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:152px;max-width:152px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Violet-tailed_Sylph_2_JCB.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Violet-tailed_Sylph_2_JCB.jpg/150px-Violet-tailed_Sylph_2_JCB.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="225" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Violet-tailed_Sylph_2_JCB.jpg/225px-Violet-tailed_Sylph_2_JCB.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Violet-tailed_Sylph_2_JCB.jpg/300px-Violet-tailed_Sylph_2_JCB.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2382" data-file-height="3573" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">Male</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:92px;max-width:92px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Violet-tailed_Sylph_(f)_JCB.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Violet-tailed_Sylph_%28f%29_JCB.jpg/90px-Violet-tailed_Sylph_%28f%29_JCB.jpg" decoding="async" width="90" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Violet-tailed_Sylph_%28f%29_JCB.jpg/135px-Violet-tailed_Sylph_%28f%29_JCB.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Violet-tailed_Sylph_%28f%29_JCB.jpg/180px-Violet-tailed_Sylph_%28f%29_JCB.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1595" data-file-height="2127" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">Female</div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flex"><div class="thumbcaption">Sexual dimorphism in <a href="/wiki/Violet-tailed_sylph" title="Violet-tailed sylph">violet-tailed sylph</a></div></div></div></div> Hummingbirds exhibit sexual size dimorphism according to <a href="/wiki/Rensch%27s_rule" title="Rensch's rule">Rensch's rule</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Colwell2000-63">[63]</a> in which males are smaller than females in small-bodied species, and males are larger than females in large-bodied species.<a href="#cite_note-Lisle2013-64">[64]</a> The extent of this sexual size difference varies among clades of hummingbirds.<a href="#cite_note-Lisle2013-64">[64]</a><a href="#cite_note-Berns2012-65">[65]</a> For example, the Mellisugini clade (bees) exhibits a large size dimorphism, with females being larger than males.<a href="#cite_note-Berns2012-65">[65]</a> Conversely, the Lesbiini clade (coquettes) displays very little size dimorphism; males and females are similar in size.<a href="#cite_note-Berns2012-65">[65]</a> Sexual dimorphisms in bill size and shape are also present between male and female hummingbirds,<a href="#cite_note-Berns2012-65">[65]</a> where in many clades, females have longer, more curved bills favored for accessing nectar from tall flowers.<a href="#cite_note-Temeles2010-66">[66]</a> For males and females of the same size, females tend to have larger bills.<a href="#cite_note-Berns2012-65">[65]</a> Sexual size and bill differences likely evolved due to constraints imposed by courtship, because mating displays of male hummingbirds require complex aerial maneuvers.<a href="#cite_note-Colwell2000-63">[63]</a> Males tend to be smaller than females, allowing conservation of energy to <a href="/wiki/Forage" title="Forage">forage</a> competitively and participate more frequently in courtship.<a href="#cite_note-Colwell2000-63">[63]</a> Thus, <a href="/wiki/Sexual_selection" title="Sexual selection">sexual selection</a> favors smaller male hummingbirds.<a href="#cite_note-Colwell2000-63">[63]</a> Female hummingbirds tend to be larger, requiring more energy, with longer beaks that allow for more effective reach into crevices of tall flowers for nectar.<a href="#cite_note-Temeles2010-66">[66]</a> Thus, females are better at foraging, acquiring flower nectar, and supporting the energy demands of their larger body size.<a href="#cite_note-Temeles2010-66">[66]</a> <a href="/wiki/Directional_selection" title="Directional selection">Directional selection</a> thus favors the larger hummingbirds in terms of acquiring food.<a href="#cite_note-Lisle2013-64">[64]</a> Another evolutionary cause of this sexual bill dimorphism is that the selective forces from competition for nectar between the sexes of each species drives sexual dimorphism.<a href="#cite_note-Berns2012-65">[65]</a> Depending on which sex holds territory in the species, the other sex having a longer bill and being able to feed on a wide variety of flowers is advantageous, decreasing <a href="/wiki/Intraspecific_competition" title="Intraspecific competition">intraspecific competition</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Temeles2010-66">[66]</a> For example, in species of hummingbirds where males have longer bills, males do not hold a specific territory and have a lek mating system.<a href="#cite_note-Temeles2010-66">[66]</a> In species where males have shorter bills than females, males defend their resources, so females benefit from a longer bill to feed from a broader range of flowers.<a href="#cite_note-Temeles2010-66">[66]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Feather_colors">Feather colors</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hummingbird&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Feather colors">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:AnnasHummingbirdPaloAltoNorvig.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/AnnasHummingbirdPaloAltoNorvig.jpg/170px-AnnasHummingbirdPaloAltoNorvig.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="213" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/AnnasHummingbirdPaloAltoNorvig.jpg/255px-AnnasHummingbirdPaloAltoNorvig.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/AnnasHummingbirdPaloAltoNorvig.jpg/340px-AnnasHummingbirdPaloAltoNorvig.jpg 2x" data-file-width="818" data-file-height="1024" /></a><figcaption>Male Anna's hummingbird showing iridescent crown and gorget feathers</figcaption></figure> The hummingbird plumage coloration <a href="/wiki/Gamut" title="Gamut">gamut</a>, particularly for blue, green, and purple colors in the gorget and crown of males, occupies 34% of the total color space for bird feathers.<a href="#cite_note-venable-5">[5]</a> White (unpigmented) feathers have the lowest incidence in the hummingbird color gamut.<a href="#cite_note-venable-5">[5]</a> Hummingbird plumage color diversity evolved from sexual and social selection on plumage coloration, which correlates with the rate of hummingbird species development over millions of years.<a href="#cite_note-venable-5">[5]</a> Bright plumage colors in males are part of aggressive <a href="/wiki/Competition_(biology)" title="Competition (biology)">competition</a> for flower resources and mating.<a href="#cite_note-venable-5">[5]</a><a href="#cite_note-learner-67">[67]</a> The bright colors result from <a href="/wiki/Pigment" title="Pigment">pigmentation</a> in the feathers and from <a href="/wiki/Prism_(optics)" title="Prism (optics)">prismal</a> cells within the top layers of feathers of the head, gorget, breast, back and wings.<a href="#cite_note-venable-5">[5]</a><a href="#cite_note-williamson-68">[68]</a> When <a href="/wiki/Sunlight" title="Sunlight">sunlight</a> hits these cells, it is split into wavelengths that reflect to the observer in varying degrees of intensity,<a href="#cite_note-williamson-68">[68]</a> with the feather structure acting as a <a href="/wiki/Diffraction_grating" title="Diffraction grating">diffraction grating</a>.<a href="#cite_note-williamson-68">[68]</a> Iridescent hummingbird colors result from a combination of refraction and pigmentation, since the diffraction structures themselves are made of <a href="/wiki/Melanin" title="Melanin">melanin</a>, a pigment,<a href="#cite_note-venable-5">[5]</a><a href="#cite_note-learner-67">[67]</a> and may also be colored by <a href="/wiki/Carotenoid" title="Carotenoid">carotenoid</a> pigmentation and more subdued black, brown or gray colors dependent on melanin.<a href="#cite_note-williamson-68">[68]</a> By merely shifting position, feather regions of a muted-looking bird can instantly become fiery red or vivid green.<a href="#cite_note-williamson-68">[68]</a> In courtship displays for one example, males of the colorful Anna's hummingbird orient their bodies and feathers toward the sun to enhance the display value of iridescent plumage toward a female of interest.<a href="#cite_note-69">[69]</a> One study of Anna's hummingbirds found that dietary <a href="/wiki/Protein" title="Protein">protein</a> was an influential factor in feather color, as birds receiving more protein grew significantly more colorful <a href="/wiki/Crown_(anatomy)" title="Crown (anatomy)">crown</a> feathers than those fed a low-protein diet.<a href="#cite_note-jeb-70">[70]</a> Additionally, birds on a high-protein diet grew yellower (higher <a href="/wiki/Hue" title="Hue">hue</a>) green tail feathers than birds on a low-protein diet.<a href="#cite_note-jeb-70">[70]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Specialized_characteristics_and_metabolism">Specialized characteristics and metabolism</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hummingbird&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Specialized characteristics and metabolism">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Humming">Humming</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hummingbird&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Humming">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><audio id="mwe_player_0" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" style="width:220px;" data-durationhint="12" data-mwtitle="Calliope_hum(a)oga.ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/File:Calliope_hum(a)oga.ogg"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/f/fd/Calliope_hum%28a%29oga.ogg/Calliope_hum%28a%29oga.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/fd/Calliope_hum%28a%29oga.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /></audio><figcaption>A calliope hummingbird hovering near a <a href="/wiki/Bird_feeder#Hummingbird_feeders" title="Bird feeder">feeder</a>, creating the "humming" sound from its rapid wingbeats, while <a href="/wiki/Bird_vocalization" title="Bird vocalization">chirping by vocalization</a></figcaption></figure> Hummingbirds are named for the prominent humming sound their wingbeats make while flying and hovering to feed or interact with other hummingbirds.<a href="#cite_note-hightower21-71">[71]</a> Humming serves communication purposes by alerting other birds of the arrival of a fellow forager or potential mate.<a href="#cite_note-hightower21-71">[71]</a> The humming sound derives from <a href="/wiki/Aerodynamic_force" title="Aerodynamic force">aerodynamic forces</a> generated by the downstrokes and upstrokes of the rapid wingbeats, causing <a href="/wiki/Harmonic_oscillator" title="Harmonic oscillator">oscillations and harmonics</a> that evoke an acoustic quality likened to that of a <a href="/wiki/Musical_instrument" title="Musical instrument">musical instrument</a>.<a href="#cite_note-hightower21-71">[71]</a><a href="#cite_note-hum-72">[72]</a> The humming sound of hummingbirds is unique among flying animals, compared to the whine of <a href="/wiki/Mosquito" title="Mosquito">mosquitoes</a>, buzz of <a href="/wiki/Bee" title="Bee">bees</a>, and "whoosh" of larger birds.<a href="#cite_note-hightower21-71">[71]</a><a href="#cite_note-hum-72">[72]</a> The wingbeats causing the hum of hummingbirds during hovering are achieved by <a href="/wiki/Elastic_recoil" title="Elastic recoil">elastic recoil</a> of wing strokes produced by the main flight muscles: the <a href="/wiki/Pectoralis_major" title="Pectoralis major">pectoralis major</a> (the main downstroke muscle) and <a href="/wiki/Supracoracoideus" class="mw-redirect" title="Supracoracoideus">supracoracoideus</a> (the main upstroke muscle).<a href="#cite_note-inger-73">[73]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Vision">Vision</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hummingbird&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Vision">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Rufous_Hummingbird,_male_01.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Rufous_Hummingbird%2C_male_01.jpg/220px-Rufous_Hummingbird%2C_male_01.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="167" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Rufous_Hummingbird%2C_male_01.jpg/330px-Rufous_Hummingbird%2C_male_01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Rufous_Hummingbird%2C_male_01.jpg/440px-Rufous_Hummingbird%2C_male_01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2743" data-file-height="2085" /></a><figcaption>Male rufous hummingbird (Selasphorus rufus) displaying a proportionally large eye in relation to its head</figcaption></figure> Although hummingbird eyes are small in diameter (5–6 mm), they are accommodated in the <a href="/wiki/Skull" title="Skull">skull</a> by reduced skull <a href="/wiki/Ossification" title="Ossification">ossification</a>, and occupy a larger proportion of the skull compared to other birds and animals.<a href="#cite_note-ocampo-74">[74]</a> Further, hummingbird eyes have large <a href="/wiki/Cornea" title="Cornea">corneas</a>, which comprise about 50% of the total transverse eye diameter, combined with an extraordinary density of <a href="/wiki/Retinal_ganglion_cell" title="Retinal ganglion cell">retinal ganglion cells</a> responsible for visual processing, containing some 45,000 <a href="/wiki/Neuron" title="Neuron">neurons</a> per mm2.<a href="#cite_note-lisney-75">[75]</a> The enlarged cornea relative to total eye diameter serves to increase the amount of light perception by the eye when the <a href="/wiki/Pupil" title="Pupil">pupil</a> is dilated maximally, enabling <a href="/wiki/Nocturnal" class="mw-redirect" title="Nocturnal">nocturnal</a> flight.<a href="#cite_note-lisney-75">[75]</a> During evolution, hummingbirds adapted to the navigational needs of visual processing while in rapid flight or hovering by development of the exceptionally dense array of retinal neurons, allowing for increased <a href="/wiki/Spatial_resolution" title="Spatial resolution">spatial resolution</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Geometric_terms_of_location" title="Geometric terms of location">lateral and frontal</a> <a href="/wiki/Visual_field" title="Visual field">visual fields</a>.<a href="#cite_note-lisney-75">[75]</a> <a href="/wiki/Morphology_(biology)" title="Morphology (biology)">Morphological</a> studies of the hummingbird brain showed that neuronal <a href="/wiki/Hypertrophy" title="Hypertrophy">hypertrophy</a> – relatively the largest in any bird – exists in a region called the <a href="/wiki/Pretectal_area" title="Pretectal area">pretectal</a> nucleus lentiformis <a href="/wiki/Midbrain" title="Midbrain">mesencephali</a> (called the nucleus of the <a href="/wiki/Optic_tract" title="Optic tract">optic tract</a> in mammals) responsible for refining dynamic visual processing while hovering and during rapid flight.<a href="#cite_note-76">[76]</a><a href="#cite_note-gaede-77">[77]</a> The enlargement of the brain region responsible for visual processing indicates an enhanced ability for perception and processing of fast-moving visual stimuli encountered during rapid forward flight, insect foraging, competitive interactions, and high-speed courtship.<a href="#cite_note-gaede-77">[77]</a><a href="#cite_note-sd2017-78">[78]</a> A study of broad-tailed hummingbirds indicated that hummingbirds have a fourth <a href="/wiki/Photoreceptor_cell#Difference_between_rods_and_cones" title="Photoreceptor cell">color-sensitive visual cone</a> (humans have three) that detects <a href="/wiki/Ultraviolet" title="Ultraviolet">ultraviolet light</a> and enables discrimination of <a href="/wiki/Color#Spectral_colors" title="Color">non-spectral colors</a>, possibly having a role in flower identity, courtship displays, territorial defense, and predator evasion.<a href="#cite_note-stoddard-79">[79]</a> The fourth color cone would extend the range of visible colors for hummingbirds to perceive ultraviolet light and color combinations of feathers and gorgets, colorful plants, and other objects in their environment, enabling detection of as many as five non-spectral colors, including purple, ultraviolet-red, ultraviolet-green, ultraviolet-yellow, and ultraviolet-purple.<a href="#cite_note-stoddard-79">[79]</a> Hummingbirds are highly sensitive to stimuli in their visual fields, responding to even minimal motion in any direction by reorienting themselves in midflight.<a href="#cite_note-gaede-77">[77]</a><a href="#cite_note-sd2017-78">[78]</a><a href="#cite_note-goller-80">[80]</a> Their visual sensitivity allows them to precisely hover in place while in complex and dynamic natural environments,<a href="#cite_note-goller-80">[80]</a> functions enabled by the <a href="/wiki/Lentiform_nucleus" title="Lentiform nucleus">lentiform nucleus</a> which is tuned to fast-pattern velocities, enabling highly tuned control and collision avoidance during forward flight.<a href="#cite_note-gaede-77">[77]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Song,_vocal_learning,_and_hearing">Song, vocal learning, and hearing</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hummingbird&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Song, vocal learning, and hearing">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><audio id="mwe_player_1" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" style="width:220px;" data-durationhint="14" data-mwtitle="Acoustic-Divergence-with-Gene-Flow-in-a-Lekking-Hummingbird-with-Complex-Songs-pone.0109241.s010.oga" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/File:Acoustic-Divergence-with-Gene-Flow-in-a-Lekking-Hummingbird-with-Complex-Songs-pone.0109241.s010.oga"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c0/Acoustic-Divergence-with-Gene-Flow-in-a-Lekking-Hummingbird-with-Complex-Songs-pone.0109241.s010.oga" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/c/c0/Acoustic-Divergence-with-Gene-Flow-in-a-Lekking-Hummingbird-with-Complex-Songs-pone.0109241.s010.oga/Acoustic-Divergence-with-Gene-Flow-in-a-Lekking-Hummingbird-with-Complex-Songs-pone.0109241.s010.oga.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /></audio><figcaption>Complex songs of male <a href="/wiki/Wedge-tailed_sabrewing" title="Wedge-tailed sabrewing">wedge-tailed sabrewing</a> hummingbirds (Campylopterus curvipennis) in <a href="/wiki/Lek_mating" title="Lek mating">mating leks</a> of eastern Mexico<a href="#cite_note-Gonz-81">[81]</a></figcaption></figure> Many hummingbird species exhibit a diverse vocal repertoire of chirps, squeaks, whistles and buzzes.<a href="#cite_note-duque-82">[82]</a><a href="#cite_note-clo-83">[83]</a> Vocalizations vary in complexity and spectral content during social interactions, foraging, territorial defense, courtship, and mother-nestling communication.<a href="#cite_note-duque-82">[82]</a> Territorial vocal signals may be produced in rapid succession to discourage aggressive encounters, with the chirping rate and loudness increasing when intruders persist.<a href="#cite_note-duque-82">[82]</a> During the breeding season, male and female hummingbirds vocalize as part of courtship.<a href="#cite_note-duque-82">[82]</a> Hummingbirds exhibit vocal production learning to enable song variation – "dialects" that exist across the same species.<a href="#cite_note-duque-82">[82]</a> For example, the blue-throated hummingbird's song differs from typical oscine songs in its wide frequency range, extending from 1.8 kHz to about 30 kHz.<a href="#cite_note-pytte-84">[84]</a> It also produces <a href="/wiki/Ultrasound" title="Ultrasound">ultrasonic</a> vocalizations which do not function in communication.<a href="#cite_note-pytte-84">[84]</a> As blue-throated hummingbirds often alternate singing with catching small flying insects, it is possible the ultrasonic clicks produced during singing disrupt insect flight patterns, making insects more vulnerable to predation.<a href="#cite_note-pytte-84">[84]</a> Anna's, Costa's, long-billed hermits, and Andean hummingbirds have song dialects that vary across habitat locations and phylogenetic clades.<a href="#cite_note-duque-82">[82]</a><a href="#cite_note-duque2-85">[85]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><audio id="mwe_player_2" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" style="width:220px;" data-durationhint="16" data-mwtitle="Calypte_anna_-_Anna's_Hummingbird_XC109651.mp3" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/File:Calypte_anna_-_Anna%27s_Hummingbird_XC109651.mp3"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/6/6c/Calypte_anna_-_Anna%27s_Hummingbird_XC109651.mp3/Calypte_anna_-_Anna%27s_Hummingbird_XC109651.mp3.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-transcodekey="ogg" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/6c/Calypte_anna_-_Anna%27s_Hummingbird_XC109651.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-width="0" data-height="0" /></audio><figcaption>Song of male Anna's hummingbird (Calypte anna)</figcaption></figure> The avian vocal organ, the <a href="/wiki/Syrinx_(bird_anatomy)" title="Syrinx (bird anatomy)">syrinx</a>, plays an important role in understanding hummingbird song production.<a href="#cite_note-Monte2020-86">[86]</a> What makes the hummingbird's syrinx different from that of other birds in the Apodiformes order is the presence of internal muscle structure, accessory cartilages, and a large <a href="/wiki/Eardrum" title="Eardrum">tympanum</a> that serves as an attachment point for external muscles, all of which are adaptations thought to be responsible for the hummingbird's increased ability in pitch control and large frequency range.<a href="#cite_note-Monte2020-86">[86]</a><a href="#cite_note-Riede2020-87">[87]</a> Hummingbird songs originate from at least seven specialized <a href="/wiki/Nucleus_(neuroanatomy)" title="Nucleus (neuroanatomy)">nuclei</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Forebrain" title="Forebrain">forebrain</a>.<a href="#cite_note-jarvis-88">[88]</a><a href="#cite_note-89">[89]</a> A <a href="/wiki/Genetic_expression" class="mw-redirect" title="Genetic expression">genetic expression</a> study showed that these nuclei enable <a href="/wiki/Vocal_learning" title="Vocal learning">vocal learning</a> (ability to acquire vocalizations through imitation), a rare trait known to occur in only two other groups of birds (<a href="/wiki/Parrot" title="Parrot">parrots</a> and <a href="/wiki/Songbird" title="Songbird">songbirds</a>) and a few groups of mammals (including humans, <a href="/wiki/Cetacea" title="Cetacea">whales and dolphins</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Bat" title="Bat">bats</a>).<a href="#cite_note-jarvis-88">[88]</a> Within the past 66 million years, only hummingbirds, parrots, and songbirds out of 23 bird <a href="/wiki/Order_(biology)" title="Order (biology)">orders</a> may have independently evolved seven similar forebrain structures for singing and vocal learning, indicating that evolution of these structures is under strong <a href="/wiki/Epigenetics" title="Epigenetics">epigenetic</a> constraints possibly derived from a common ancestor.<a href="#cite_note-jarvis-88">[88]</a><a href="#cite_note-90">[90]</a> Generally, birds have been assessed to vocalize and hear in the range of 2–5 kHz, with hearing sensitivity falling with higher frequencies.<a href="#cite_note-duque2-85">[85]</a> In the <a href="/wiki/Ecuadorian_hillstar" title="Ecuadorian hillstar">Ecuadorian hillstar</a> (Oreotrochilus chimborazo), vocalizations were recorded in the wild to be at a frequency above 10 kHz, well outside of the known hearing ability of most birds.<a href="#cite_note-duque2-85">[85]</a> Song system nuclei in the hummingbird brain are similar to those songbird brains, but the hummingbird brain has specialized regions involved for song processing.<a href="#cite_note-duque-82">[82]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Metabolism">Metabolism</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hummingbird&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Metabolism">edit</a>]</div> Hummingbirds have the highest metabolism of all vertebrate animals – a necessity to support the rapid beating of their wings during hovering and fast forward flight.<a href="#cite_note-Hargrove-7">[7]</a><a href="#cite_note-91">[91]</a> During flight and hovering, oxygen consumption per gram of muscle tissue in a hummingbird is about 10 times higher than that measured in elite human athletes.<a href="#cite_note-suarez-6">[6]</a> Hummingbirds achieve this extraordinary capacity for oxygen consumption by an exceptional density and proximity of capillaries and <a href="/wiki/Mitochondrion" title="Mitochondrion">mitochondria</a> in their flight muscles.<a href="#cite_note-suarez91-92">[92]</a> Hummingbirds are rare among vertebrates in their ability to rapidly make use of ingested sugars to fuel energetically expensive hovering flight, powering up to 100% of their metabolic needs with the sugars they drink.<a href="#cite_note-93">[93]</a> Hummingbird flight muscles have extremely high capacities for <a href="/wiki/Redox" title="Redox">oxidizing</a> <a href="/wiki/Carbohydrate" title="Carbohydrate">carbohydrates</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fatty_acid" title="Fatty acid">fatty acids</a> via <a href="/wiki/Hexokinase" title="Hexokinase">hexokinase</a>, <a href="/wiki/Carnitine_palmitoyltransferase" class="mw-redirect" title="Carnitine palmitoyltransferase">carnitine palmitoyltransferase</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Citrate_synthase" title="Citrate synthase">citrate synthase</a> <a href="/wiki/Enzyme" title="Enzyme">enzymes</a> at rates that are the highest known for vertebrate <a href="/wiki/Skeletal_muscle" title="Skeletal muscle">skeletal muscle</a>.<a href="#cite_note-fuel-94">[94]</a> To sustain rapid wingbeats during flight and hovering, hummingbirds expend the <a href="/wiki/Human_equivalent" title="Human equivalent">human equivalent</a> of 150,000 <a href="/wiki/Calorie" title="Calorie">calories</a> per day,<a href="#cite_note-bartlett-95">[95]</a> an amount estimated to be 10 times the energy consumption by a <a href="/wiki/Marathon" title="Marathon">marathon</a> runner in competition.<a href="#cite_note-campbell-96">[96]</a> Hummingbirds can use newly ingested sugars to fuel hovering flight within 30–45 minutes of consumption.<a href="#cite_note-chen-97">[97]</a><a href="#cite_note-98">[98]</a> These data suggest that hummingbirds are able to oxidize sugar in flight muscles at rates rapid enough to satisfy their extreme metabolic demands – as indicated by a 2017 review showing that hummingbirds have in their flight muscles a mechanism for "direct oxidation" of sugars into maximal <a href="/wiki/Adenosine_triphosphate" title="Adenosine triphosphate">ATP</a> yield to support a high metabolic rate for hovering, foraging at altitude, and migrating.<a href="#cite_note-Suarez-99">[99]</a> This adaptation occurred through the <a href="/wiki/Natural_selection" title="Natural selection">evolutionary</a> loss of a key <a href="/wiki/Gene" title="Gene">gene</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fructose-bisphosphatase_2" title="Fructose-bisphosphatase 2">fructose-bisphosphatase 2</a> (FBP2), coinciding with the onset of hovering by hummingbirds estimated by fossil evidence to be some 35 million years ago.<a href="#cite_note-callier-100">[100]</a><a href="#cite_note-osipova-101">[101]</a> Without FBP2, <a href="/wiki/Glycolysis" title="Glycolysis">glycolysis</a> and mitochondrial respiration in flight muscles are enhanced, enabling hummingbirds to metabolize sugar more efficiently for energy.<a href="#cite_note-callier-100">[100]</a><a href="#cite_note-osipova-101">[101]</a> By relying on newly ingested sugars to fuel flight, hummingbirds reserve their limited fat stores to sustain their overnight <a href="/wiki/Fasting" title="Fasting">fasting</a> during torpor or to power migratory flights.<a href="#cite_note-chen-97">[97]</a> Studies of hummingbird metabolism address how a <a href="/wiki/Bird_migration" title="Bird migration">migrating</a> ruby-throated hummingbird can cross 800 km (500 mi) of the <a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Mexico" title="Gulf of Mexico">Gulf of Mexico</a> on a nonstop flight.<a href="#cite_note-Hargrove-7">[7]</a> This hummingbird, like other long-distance migrating birds, stores fat as a fuel reserve, augmenting its weight by as much as 100%, then enabling metabolic fuel for flying over open water.<a href="#cite_note-Hargrove-7">[7]</a><a href="#cite_note-Skutch,_1973-102">[102]</a> The amount of fat (1–2 g) used by a migrating hummingbird to cross the Gulf of Mexico in a single flight is similar to that used by a human climbing about 50 feet (15 m).<a href="#cite_note-Hargrove-7">[7]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Heart_rate" title="Heart rate">heart rate</a> of hummingbirds can reach as high as 1,260 beats per minute, a rate measured in a <a href="/wiki/Blue-throated_hummingbird" class="mw-redirect" title="Blue-throated hummingbird">blue-throated hummingbird</a> with a <a href="/wiki/Respiratory_rate" title="Respiratory rate">breathing rate</a> of 250 breaths per minute at rest.<a href="#cite_note-Hargrove-7">[7]</a><a href="#cite_note-103">[103]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Heat_dissipation">Heat dissipation</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hummingbird&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Heat dissipation">edit</a>]</div> The high metabolic rate of hummingbirds – especially during rapid forward flight and hovering – produces increased body heat that requires specialized mechanisms of <a href="/wiki/Thermoregulation" title="Thermoregulation">thermoregulation</a> for heat dissipation, which becomes an even greater challenge in hot, humid climates.<a href="#cite_note-powers-104">[104]</a> Hummingbirds dissipate heat partially by <a href="/wiki/Evaporation" title="Evaporation">evaporation</a> through exhaled air, and from body structures with thin or no feather covering, such as around the eyes, shoulders, under the wings (<a href="/wiki/Patagium" title="Patagium">patagia</a>), and feet.<a href="#cite_note-evang-105">[105]</a><a href="#cite_note-soniak-106">[106]</a> While hovering, hummingbirds do not benefit from the heat loss by <a href="/wiki/Convection" title="Convection">air convection</a> during forward flight, except for air movement generated by their rapid wing-beat, possibly aiding convective heat loss from the extended feet.<a href="#cite_note-powers-104">[104]</a><a href="#cite_note-udvardy-107">[107]</a> Smaller hummingbird species, such as the calliope, appear to adapt their relatively higher <a href="/wiki/Surface-to-volume_ratio" class="mw-redirect" title="Surface-to-volume ratio">surface-to-volume ratio</a> to improve convective cooling from air movement by the wings.<a href="#cite_note-powers-104">[104]</a> When air temperatures rise above 36 °C (97 °F), thermal gradients driving heat passively by convective dissipation from around the eyes, shoulders, and feet are reduced or eliminated, requiring heat dissipation mainly by evaporation and <a href="/wiki/Exhalation" title="Exhalation">exhalation</a>.<a href="#cite_note-powers-104">[104]</a> In cold climates, hummingbirds retract their feet into breast feathers to eliminate skin exposure and minimize heat dissipation.<a href="#cite_note-udvardy-107">[107]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Kidney_function">Kidney function</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hummingbird&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Kidney function">edit</a>]</div> The dynamic range of metabolic rates in hummingbirds<a href="#cite_note-108">[108]</a> requires a parallel dynamic range in <a href="/wiki/Kidney" title="Kidney">kidney</a> function.<a href="#cite_note-Bakken_et_al-109">[109]</a> During a day of nectar consumption with a corresponding high water intake that may total five times the body weight per day, hummingbird kidneys process water via <a href="/wiki/Renal_function" class="mw-redirect" title="Renal function">glomerular filtration rates</a> (GFR) in amounts proportional to water consumption, thereby avoiding <a href="/wiki/Water_intoxication" title="Water intoxication">overhydration</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Bakken_et_al-109">[109]</a><a href="#cite_note-ajp-110">[110]</a> During brief periods of water deprivation, however, such as in nighttime torpor, GFR drops to zero, preserving body water.<a href="#cite_note-Bakken_et_al-109">[109]</a><a href="#cite_note-ajp-110">[110]</a> Hummingbird kidneys also have a unique ability to control the levels of <a href="/wiki/Electrolyte" title="Electrolyte">electrolytes</a> after consuming nectars with high amounts of <a href="/wiki/Sodium" title="Sodium">sodium</a> and <a href="/wiki/Chloride" title="Chloride">chloride</a> or none, indicating that kidney and glomerular structures must be highly specialized for variations in nectar <a href="/wiki/Mineral_(nutrient)" title="Mineral (nutrient)">mineral</a> quality.<a href="#cite_note-111">[111]</a> Morphological studies on Anna's hummingbird kidneys showed adaptations of high <a href="/wiki/Capillary" title="Capillary">capillary</a> density in close proximity to <a href="/wiki/Nephron" title="Nephron">nephrons</a>, allowing for precise regulation of water and electrolytes.<a href="#cite_note-ajp-110">[110]</a><a href="#cite_note-112">[112]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hemoglobin_adaptation_to_altitude">Hemoglobin adaptation to altitude</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hummingbird&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Hemoglobin adaptation to altitude">edit</a>]</div> Dozens of hummingbird species live year-round in tropical mountain habitats at high altitudes, such as in the Andes over ranges of 1,500 metres (4,900 ft) to 5,200 metres (17,100 ft) where the <a href="/wiki/Blood_gas_tension" title="Blood gas tension">partial pressure of oxygen</a> in the air is reduced, a condition of <a href="/wiki/Hypoxia_(medical)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hypoxia (medical)">hypoxic challenge</a> for the high metabolic demands of hummingbirds.<a href="#cite_note-projecto-113">[113]</a><a href="#cite_note-guardian-114">[114]</a><a href="#cite_note-Lim-115">[115]</a> In Andean hummingbirds living at high elevations, researchers found that the oxygen-carrying protein in blood – <a href="/wiki/Hemoglobin" title="Hemoglobin">hemoglobin</a> – had increased oxygen-<a href="/wiki/Ligand_(biochemistry)" title="Ligand (biochemistry)">binding affinity</a>, and that this adaptive effect likely resulted from evolutionary <a href="/wiki/Mutation" title="Mutation">mutations</a> within the hemoglobin molecule via specific amino acid changes due to natural selection.<a href="#cite_note-projecto-113">[113]</a><a href="#cite_note-guardian-114">[114]</a><a href="#cite_note-gayman-116">[116]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Adaptation_to_winter">Adaptation to winter</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hummingbird&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Adaptation to winter">edit</a>]</div> Anna's hummingbirds are the northernmost year-round residents of any hummingbird. Anna's hummingbirds were recorded in Alaska as early as 1971, and resident in the <a href="/wiki/Pacific_Northwest" title="Pacific Northwest">Pacific Northwest</a> since the 1960s, particularly increasing as a year-round population during the early 21st century.<a href="#cite_note-greig-26">[26]</a><a href="#cite_note-battey-117">[117]</a> Scientists estimate that some Anna's hummingbirds overwinter and presumably breed at northern latitudes where food and shelter are available throughout winter, tolerating moderately cold winter temperatures.<a href="#cite_note-greig-26">[26]</a><a href="#cite_note-battey-117">[117]</a> During cold temperatures, Anna's hummingbirds gradually gain weight during the day as they convert sugar to fat.<a href="#cite_note-Beuchat-118">[118]</a><a href="#cite_note-Powers-119">[119]</a> In addition, hummingbirds with inadequate stores of body fat or insufficient plumage are able to survive periods of subfreezing weather by lowering their metabolic rate and entering a state of <a href="/wiki/Torpor" title="Torpor">torpor</a>.<a href="#cite_note-shankar-120">[120]</a> While their range was originally limited to the <a href="/wiki/Chaparral" title="Chaparral">chaparral</a> of California and <a href="/wiki/Baja_California_Peninsula" class="mw-redirect" title="Baja California Peninsula">Baja California</a>, it expanded northward to <a href="/wiki/Oregon" title="Oregon">Oregon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Washington_(state)" title="Washington (state)">Washington</a>, and <a href="/wiki/British_Columbia" title="British Columbia">British Columbia</a>, and east to <a href="/wiki/Arizona" title="Arizona">Arizona</a> over the 1960s to 1970s.<a href="#cite_note-battey-117">[117]</a> This rapid expansion is attributed to the widespread planting of <a href="/wiki/Flora" title="Flora">non-native species</a>, such as <a href="/wiki/Eucalyptus" title="Eucalyptus">eucalyptus</a>, as well as the use of urban <a href="/wiki/Bird_feeders" class="mw-redirect" title="Bird feeders">bird feeders</a>, in combination with the species' natural tendency for extensive postbreeding <a href="/wiki/Biological_dispersal" title="Biological dispersal">dispersal</a>.<a href="#cite_note-test-121">[121]</a> In the Pacific Northwest, the fastest growing populations occur in regions with breeding-season cold temperatures similar to those of its native range.<a href="#cite_note-battey-117">[117]</a> Northward expansion of the Anna's hummingbird represents an <a href="/wiki/Ecological_release" title="Ecological release">ecological release</a> associated with introduced plants, year-round nectar availability from feeders supplied by humans, milder winter temperatures associated with climate change, and acclimation of the species to a winter climate cooler than its native region.<a href="#cite_note-greig-26">[26]</a><a href="#cite_note-battey-117">[117]</a> Although quantitative data are absent, it is likely that a sizable percentage of Anna's hummingbirds in the Pacific Northwest still do migrate south for winter, as of 2017.<a href="#cite_note-greig-26">[26]</a> Anna's hummingbird is the official city bird of <a href="/wiki/Vancouver,_British_Columbia" class="mw-redirect" title="Vancouver, British Columbia">Vancouver, British Columbia</a>, Canada,<a href="#cite_note-122">[122]</a> and is a non-migrating resident of <a href="/wiki/Seattle" title="Seattle">Seattle</a> where it lives year-round through winter enduring extended periods of subfreezing temperatures, snow, and high winds.<a href="#cite_note-green-123">[123]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Torpor">Torpor</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hummingbird&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Torpor">edit</a>]</div> The metabolism of hummingbirds can slow at night or at any time when food is not readily available; the birds enter a deep-sleep state (known as torpor) to prevent energy reserves from falling to a critical level. One study of broad-tailed hummingbirds found that body weight decreased linearly throughout torpor at a rate of 0.04 g per hour.<a href="#cite_note-Bakken_et_al-109">[109]</a> During nighttime torpor, <a href="/wiki/Body_temperature" class="mw-redirect" title="Body temperature">body temperature</a> in a Caribbean hummingbird was shown to fall from 40 to 18 °C,<a href="#cite_note-124">[124]</a> with heart and <a href="/wiki/Breathing_rate" class="mw-redirect" title="Breathing rate">breathing rates</a> slowing dramatically (heart rate of roughly 50 to 180 bpm from its daytime rate of higher than 1000 bpm).<a href="#cite_note-125">[125]</a> Recordings from a <a href="/wiki/Metallura_phoebe" class="mw-redirect" title="Metallura phoebe">Metallura phoebe</a> hummingbird in noctural torpor at around 3,800 metres (12,500 ft) in the Andes mountains showed that body temperature fell to 3.3 °C (38 °F), the lowest known level for a bird or non-hibernating mammal.<a href="#cite_note-wolf-126">[126]</a><a href="#cite_note-127">[127]</a> During cold nights at altitude, hummingbirds were in torpor for 2–13 hours depending on species, with cooling occurring at the rate of 0.6 °C per minute and rewarming at 1–1.5 °C per minute.<a href="#cite_note-wolf-126">[126]</a> High-altitude Andean hummingbirds also lost body weight in negative proportion to how long the birds were in torpor, losing about 6% of weight each night.<a href="#cite_note-wolf-126">[126]</a> During torpor, to prevent <a href="/wiki/Dehydration" title="Dehydration">dehydration</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Glomerular_filtration_rate" title="Glomerular filtration rate">kidney function</a> declines, preserving needed compounds, such as glucose, water, and nutrients.<a href="#cite_note-Bakken_et_al-109">[109]</a> The circulating <a href="/wiki/Hormone" title="Hormone">hormone</a>, <a href="/wiki/Corticosterone" title="Corticosterone">corticosterone</a>, is one signal that arouses a hummingbird from torpor.<a href="#cite_note-128">[128]</a> Use and duration of torpor vary among hummingbird species and are affected by whether a dominant bird defends territory, with nonterritorial subordinate birds having longer periods of torpor.<a href="#cite_note-129">[129]</a> A hummingbird with a higher fat percentage will be less likely to enter a state of torpor compared to one with less fat, as a bird can use the energy from its fat stores.<a href="#cite_note-shankar-120">[120]</a> Torpor in hummingbirds appears to be unrelated to nighttime temperature, as it occurs across a wide temperature range, with energy savings of such deep sleep being more related to the <a href="/wiki/Photoperiod" class="mw-redirect" title="Photoperiod">photoperiod</a> and duration of torpor.<a href="#cite_note-shankar-120">[120]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Lifespan">Lifespan</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hummingbird&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Lifespan">edit</a>]</div> Hummingbirds have unusually long lifespans for organisms with such rapid metabolisms. Though many die during their first year of life, especially in the vulnerable period between hatching and <a href="/wiki/Fledging" class="mw-redirect" title="Fledging">fledging</a>, those that survive may occasionally live a decade or more.<a href="#cite_note-rpbo-130">[130]</a> Among the better-known North American species, the typical lifespan is probably 3 to 5 years.<a href="#cite_note-rpbo-130">[130]</a> For comparison, the smaller <a href="/wiki/Shrew" title="Shrew">shrews</a>, among the smallest of all mammals, seldom live longer than 2 years.<a href="#cite_note-Churchfield-131">[131]</a> The longest recorded lifespan in the wild relates to a female broad-tailed hummingbird that was banded as an adult at least one year old, then recaptured 11 years later, making her at least 12 years old.<a href="#cite_note-132">[132]</a> Other longevity records for banded hummingbirds include an estimated minimum age of 10 years 1 month for a female black-chinned hummingbird similar in size to the broad-tailed hummingbird, and at least 11 years 2 months for a much larger <a href="/wiki/Buff-bellied_hummingbird" title="Buff-bellied hummingbird">buff-bellied hummingbird</a>.<a href="#cite_note-BBL-133">[133]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Natural_enemies">Natural enemies</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hummingbird&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Natural enemies">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Predators">Predators</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hummingbird&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Predators">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/Mantis" title="Mantis">Praying mantises</a> have been observed as predators of hummingbirds.<a href="#cite_note-134">[134]</a><a href="#cite_note-135">[135]</a><a href="#cite_note-nyff-136">[136]</a> Other predators include <a href="/wiki/Cat" title="Cat">domestic cats</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dragonfly" title="Dragonfly">dragonflies</a>, <a href="/wiki/Frog" title="Frog">frogs</a>, <a href="/wiki/Orb-weaver_spider" title="Orb-weaver spider">orb-weaver spiders</a>, and other birds, such as the <a href="/wiki/Roadrunner" title="Roadrunner">roadrunner</a>.<a href="#cite_note-abc-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-137">[137]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Parasites">Parasites</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hummingbird&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Parasites">edit</a>]</div> Hummingbirds host a highly specialized lice fauna. Two genera of <a href="/wiki/Ricinidae" title="Ricinidae">Ricinid</a> lice, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Trochiloecetes&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Trochiloecetes (page does not exist)">Trochiloecetes</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Trochiliphagus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Trochiliphagus (page does not exist)">Trochiliphagus</a>, are specialized on them, often infesting 5–15% of their populations. In contrast, two genera of <a href="/wiki/Menoponidae" title="Menoponidae">Menoponid</a> lice, <a href="/wiki/Myrsidea" title="Myrsidea">Myrsidea</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Leremenopon&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Leremenopon (page does not exist)">Leremenopon</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify">clarification needed</a>], are extremely rare on them.<a href="#cite_note-Oniki-Willis23-138">[138]</a><a href="#cite_note-Sychra24-139">[139]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Reproduction">Reproduction</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hummingbird&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Reproduction">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><video id="mwe_player_3" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Trochilidae_-_Hummingbird.webm/220px--Trochilidae_-_Hummingbird.webm.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" height="165" data-durationhint="142" data-mwtitle="Trochilidae_-_Hummingbird.webm" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/File:Trochilidae_-_Hummingbird.webm"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/1/19/Trochilidae_-_Hummingbird.webm/Trochilidae_-_Hummingbird.webm.480p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="480p.vp9.webm" data-width="640" data-height="480" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/19/Trochilidae_-_Hummingbird.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-width="960" data-height="720" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/1/19/Trochilidae_-_Hummingbird.webm/Trochilidae_-_Hummingbird.webm.720p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="720p.vp9.webm" data-width="960" data-height="720" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/1/19/Trochilidae_-_Hummingbird.webm/Trochilidae_-_Hummingbird.webm.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="320" data-height="240" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/1/19/Trochilidae_-_Hummingbird.webm/Trochilidae_-_Hummingbird.webm.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="480" data-height="360" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/1/19/Trochilidae_-_Hummingbird.webm/Trochilidae_-_Hummingbird.webm.360p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="360p.vp9.webm" data-width="480" data-height="360" /></video><figcaption>Video of a hummingbird building a nest</figcaption></figure> Male hummingbirds do not take part in nesting.<a href="#cite_note-oniki-140">[140]</a> Most species build a cup-shaped nest on the branch of a tree or shrub.<a href="#cite_note-pbs-141">[141]</a> The nest varies in size relative to the particular species – from smaller than half a <a href="/wiki/Walnut" title="Walnut">walnut</a> shell to several centimeters in diameter.<a href="#cite_note-oniki-140">[140]</a> Many hummingbird species use <a href="/wiki/Spider_silk" title="Spider silk">spider silk</a> and lichen to bind the nest material together and secure the structure.<a href="#cite_note-pbs-141">[141]</a><a href="#cite_note-rubyproj-142">[142]</a> The unique properties of the silk allow the nest to expand as the young hummingbirds grow. Two white eggs are laid,<a href="#cite_note-ruby-24">[24]</a><a href="#cite_note-pbs-141">[141]</a> which despite being the smallest of all bird eggs, are large relative to the adult hummingbird's size.<a href="#cite_note-pbs-141">[141]</a> <a href="/wiki/Egg_incubation" title="Egg incubation">Incubation</a> lasts 14 to 23 days, depending on the species, ambient temperature, and female attentiveness to the nest.<a href="#cite_note-ruby-24">[24]</a><a href="#cite_note-oniki-140">[140]</a> The mother feeds her nestlings on small <a href="/wiki/Arthropod" title="Arthropod">arthropods</a> and nectar by inserting her bill into the open mouth of a <a href="/wiki/Nestling#Parental_care_and_fledging" class="mw-redirect" title="Nestling">nestling</a>, and then regurgitating the food into its <a href="/wiki/Crop_(anatomy)" title="Crop (anatomy)">crop</a>.<a href="#cite_note-oniki-140">[140]</a> Hummingbirds stay in the nest for 18–22 days, after which they leave the nest to forage on their own, although the mother bird may continue feeding them for another 25 days.<a href="#cite_note-143">[143]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Flight">Flight</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hummingbird&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Flight">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hummingbird_Aerodynamics_of_flight.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Hummingbird_Aerodynamics_of_flight.jpg/220px-Hummingbird_Aerodynamics_of_flight.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="167" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Hummingbird_Aerodynamics_of_flight.jpg/330px-Hummingbird_Aerodynamics_of_flight.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Hummingbird_Aerodynamics_of_flight.jpg/440px-Hummingbird_Aerodynamics_of_flight.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4001" data-file-height="3031" /></a><figcaption>A female ruby-throated hummingbird hovering in mid-air</figcaption></figure> Hummingbird flight has been studied intensively from an aerodynamic perspective using wind tunnels and high-speed <a href="/wiki/Video_camera" title="Video camera">video cameras</a>. Two studies of rufous or Anna's hummingbirds in a wind tunnel used <a href="/wiki/Particle_image_velocimetry" title="Particle image velocimetry">particle image velocimetry</a> techniques to investigate the lift generated on the bird's upstroke and downstroke.<a href="#cite_note-Warrick_et_al.-144">[144]</a><a href="#cite_note-145">[145]</a> The birds produced 75% of their weight support during the downstroke and 25% during the upstroke, with the wings making a "figure 8" motion.<a href="#cite_note-146">[146]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hummingbird_wake_Pengo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Hummingbird_wake_Pengo.svg/150px-Hummingbird_wake_Pengo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="215" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Hummingbird_wake_Pengo.svg/225px-Hummingbird_wake_Pengo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Hummingbird_wake_Pengo.svg/300px-Hummingbird_wake_Pengo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="680" data-file-height="975" /></a><figcaption>Hummingbirds generate a trail of wake <a href="/wiki/Vortex" title="Vortex">vortices</a> under each wing while hovering.<a href="#cite_note-ucr-147">[147]</a><a href="#cite_note-Pour-148">[148]</a></figcaption></figure> Many earlier studies had assumed that <a href="/wiki/Lift_(force)" title="Lift (force)">lift</a> was generated equally during the two phases of the wingbeat cycle, as is the case of insects of a similar size.<a href="#cite_note-Warrick_et_al.-144">[144]</a> This finding shows that hummingbird <a href="/wiki/Levitation_(physics)" title="Levitation (physics)">hovering</a> is similar to, but distinct from, that of hovering insects such as the <a href="/wiki/Hawk_moth" class="mw-redirect" title="Hawk moth">hawk moth</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Warrick_et_al.-144">[144]</a> Further studies using <a href="/wiki/Electromyography" title="Electromyography">electromyography</a> in hovering rufous hummingbirds showed that <a href="/wiki/Muscle_strain" class="mw-redirect" title="Muscle strain">muscle strain</a> in the pectoralis major (principal downstroke muscle) was the lowest yet recorded in a flying bird, and the primary upstroke muscle (supracoracoideus) is proportionately larger than in other bird species.<a href="#cite_note-149">[149]</a> Presumably due to rapid wingbeats for flight and hovering, hummingbird wings have adapted to perform without an <a href="/wiki/Alula" title="Alula">alula</a>.<a href="#cite_note-150">[150]</a> The giant hummingbird's wings beat as few as 12 times per second,<a href="#cite_note-151">[151]</a> and the wings of typical hummingbirds beat up to 80 times per second.<a href="#cite_note-bbc-152">[152]</a> As air density decreases, for example, at higher altitudes, the amount of power a hummingbird must use to hover increases. Hummingbird species adapted for life at higher altitudes, therefore, have larger wings to help offset these negative effects of low air density on lift generation.<a href="#cite_note-153">[153]</a> A slow-motion video has shown how the hummingbirds deal with rain when they are flying. To remove the water from their heads, they shake their heads and bodies, similar to a dog shaking, to shed water.<a href="#cite_note-154">[154]</a> Further, when raindrops collectively may weigh as much as 38% of the bird's body weight, hummingbirds shift their bodies and tails horizontally, beat their wings faster, and reduce their wings' angle of motion when flying in heavy rain.<a href="#cite_note-155">[155]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Wingbeats_and_flight_stability">Wingbeats and flight stability</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hummingbird&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Wingbeats and flight stability">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><video id="mwe_player_4" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Hummingbird_feeding_closeup_2000fps.webm/220px--Hummingbird_feeding_closeup_2000fps.webm.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" height="122" data-durationhint="169" data-mwtitle="Hummingbird_feeding_closeup_2000fps.webm" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/File:Hummingbird_feeding_closeup_2000fps.webm"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/21/Hummingbird_feeding_closeup_2000fps.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-width="864" data-height="480" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/2/21/Hummingbird_feeding_closeup_2000fps.webm/Hummingbird_feeding_closeup_2000fps.webm.480p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="480p.vp9.webm" data-width="854" data-height="474" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/2/21/Hummingbird_feeding_closeup_2000fps.webm/Hummingbird_feeding_closeup_2000fps.webm.144p.mjpeg.mov" type="video/quicktime" data-transcodekey="144p.mjpeg.mov" data-width="256" data-height="142" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/2/21/Hummingbird_feeding_closeup_2000fps.webm/Hummingbird_feeding_closeup_2000fps.webm.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="426" data-height="236" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/2/21/Hummingbird_feeding_closeup_2000fps.webm/Hummingbird_feeding_closeup_2000fps.webm.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="640" data-height="356" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/2/21/Hummingbird_feeding_closeup_2000fps.webm/Hummingbird_feeding_closeup_2000fps.webm.360p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="360p.vp9.webm" data-width="640" data-height="356" /></video><figcaption>Slow-motion video of hummingbirds feeding</figcaption></figure> The highest recorded wingbeat rate for hummingbirds during hovering is 99.1 per second, as measured for male woodstars (Chaetocercus sp.).<a href="#cite_note-:0-156">[156]</a> Males in the genus <a href="/wiki/Chaetocercus" title="Chaetocercus">Chaetocercus</a> have been recorded above 100 beats per second during courtship displays.<a href="#cite_note-:0-156">[156]</a> The number of beats per second increases above "normal" hovering while flying during courtship displays (up to 90 per second for the calliope hummingbird, Selasphorus calliope); a wingbeat rate 40% higher than its typical hovering rate.<a href="#cite_note-157">[157]</a> During turbulent airflow conditions created experimentally in a <a href="/wiki/Wind_tunnel" title="Wind tunnel">wind tunnel</a>, hummingbirds exhibit stable head positions and orientation when they <a href="/wiki/Bird_flight#Hovering" title="Bird flight">hover</a> at a feeder.<a href="#cite_note-ravi-158">[158]</a> When wind gusts from the side, hummingbirds compensate by increasing wing-stroke <a href="/wiki/Amplitude" title="Amplitude">amplitude</a> and stroke plane angle and by varying these parameters asymmetrically between the wings and from one stroke to the next.<a href="#cite_note-ravi-158">[158]</a> They also vary the orientation and enlarge the collective <a href="/wiki/Surface_area" title="Surface area">surface area</a> of their tail feathers into the shape of a <a href="/wiki/Hand_fan" title="Hand fan">fan</a>.<a href="#cite_note-ravi-158">[158]</a> While hovering, the <a href="/wiki/Visual_system" title="Visual system">visual system</a> of a hummingbird is able to separate apparent motion caused by the movement of the hummingbird itself from motions caused by external sources, such as an approaching predator.<a href="#cite_note-goller-80">[80]</a> In natural settings full of highly complex background motion, hummingbirds are able to precisely hover in place by rapid coordination of vision with body position.<a href="#cite_note-goller-80">[80]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Feather_sounds">Feather sounds</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hummingbird&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Feather sounds">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Courtship_dives">Courtship dives</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hummingbird&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Courtship dives">edit</a>]</div> When courting, the male Anna's hummingbird ascends some 35 m (115 ft) above a female, before diving at a speed of 27 m/s (89 ft/s), equal to 385 body lengths/sec – producing a high-pitched sound near the female at the <a href="/wiki/Nadir" title="Nadir">nadir</a> of the dive.<a href="#cite_note-clark09-159">[159]</a> This downward acceleration during a dive is the highest reported for any vertebrate undergoing a voluntary aerial maneuver; in addition to acceleration, the speed relative to body length is the highest known for any vertebrate. For instance, it is about twice the diving speed of <a href="/wiki/Peregrine_falcon" title="Peregrine falcon">peregrine falcons</a> in pursuit of prey.<a href="#cite_note-clark09-159">[159]</a> At maximum descent speed, about 10 g of gravitational force occur in the courting hummingbird during a dive (Note: G-force is generated as the bird pulls out of the dive).<a href="#cite_note-clark09-159">[159]</a><a href="#cite_note-161">[a]</a> The outer tail feathers of male Anna's (Calypte anna) and Selasphorus hummingbirds (e.g., Allen's, calliope) vibrate during courtship display dives and produce an audible chirp caused by aeroelastic flutter.<a href="#cite_note-clark08-162">[161]</a><a href="#cite_note-clark14-163">[162]</a> Hummingbirds cannot make the courtship dive sound when missing their outer tail feathers, and those same feathers could produce the dive sound in a wind tunnel.<a href="#cite_note-clark08-162">[161]</a> The bird can sing at the same frequency as the tail-feather chirp, but its small syrinx is not capable of the same volume.<a href="#cite_note-164">[163]</a> The sound is caused by the aerodynamics of rapid air flow past tail feathers, causing them to <a href="/wiki/Aeroelasticity" title="Aeroelasticity">flutter</a> in a <a href="/wiki/Vibration" title="Vibration">vibration</a>, which produces the high-pitched sound of a courtship dive.<a href="#cite_note-clark08-162">[161]</a><a href="#cite_note-165">[164]</a> Many other species of hummingbirds also produce sounds with their wings or tails while flying, hovering, or diving, including the wings of the calliope hummingbird,<a href="#cite_note-clark-166">[165]</a> broad-tailed hummingbird, rufous hummingbird, Allen's hummingbird, and the <a href="/wiki/Streamertail" title="Streamertail">streamertail</a> species, as well as the tail of the Costa's hummingbird and the black-chinned hummingbird, and a number of related species.<a href="#cite_note-167">[166]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Harmonic" title="Harmonic">harmonics</a> of sounds during courtship dives vary across species of hummingbirds.<a href="#cite_note-clark14-163">[162]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Wing_feather_trill">Wing feather trill</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hummingbird&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Wing feather trill">edit</a>]</div> Male rufous and broad-tailed hummingbirds (genus <a href="/wiki/Selasphorus" title="Selasphorus">Selasphorus</a>) have a distinctive wing feature during normal flight that sounds like jingling or a buzzing shrill whistle – a trill.<a href="#cite_note-miller-168">[167]</a> The trill arises from air rushing through slots created by the tapered tips of the ninth and tenth primary wing feathers, creating a sound loud enough to be detected by female or competitive male hummingbirds and researchers up to 100 m away.<a href="#cite_note-miller-168">[167]</a> Behaviorally, the trill serves several purposes: It announces the sex and presence of a male bird; it provides audible aggressive defense of a feeding territory and an intrusion tactic; it enhances communication of a threat; and it favors mate attraction and courtship.<a href="#cite_note-miller-168">[167]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Migration">Migration</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hummingbird&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Migration">edit</a>]</div> Relatively few hummingbirds migrate as a percentage of the total number of species; of the roughly 366 known hummingbird species, only 12–15 species migrate annually, particularly those in North America.<a href="#cite_note-lowe-169">[168]</a> Most hummingbirds live in the <a href="/wiki/Amazonia" class="mw-redirect" title="Amazonia">Amazonia</a>-Central America <a href="/wiki/Tropical_rainforest" title="Tropical rainforest">tropical rainforest</a> belt, where seasonal temperature changes and food sources are relatively constant, obviating the need to migrate.<a href="#cite_note-170">[169]</a> As the smallest living birds, hummingbirds are relatively limited at conserving heat energy, and are generally unable to maintain a presence in higher latitudes during winter months, unless the specific location has a large food supply throughout the year, particularly access to flower nectar.<a href="#cite_note-lopez-171">[170]</a> Other migration factors are seasonal fluctuation of food, climate, competition for resources, predators, and inherent signals.<a href="#cite_note-lopez-171">[170]</a> Most North American hummingbirds migrate southward in fall to spend winter in Mexico, the Caribbean Islands, or Central America.<a href="#cite_note-migrate-172">[171]</a> A few species are year-round residents of <a href="/wiki/Florida" title="Florida">Florida</a>, California, and the southwestern desert regions of the US.<a href="#cite_note-migrate-172">[171]</a> Among these are Anna's hummingbird, a common resident from southern Arizona and inland California, and the <a href="/wiki/Buff-bellied_hummingbird" title="Buff-bellied hummingbird">buff-bellied hummingbird</a>, a winter resident from Florida across the Gulf Coast to <a href="/wiki/South_Texas" title="South Texas">South Texas</a>.<a href="#cite_note-migrate-172">[171]</a> Ruby-throated hummingbirds are common along the <a href="/wiki/Atlantic_flyway" class="mw-redirect" title="Atlantic flyway">Atlantic flyway</a>, and migrate in summer from as far north as <a href="/wiki/Atlantic_Canada" title="Atlantic Canada">Atlantic Canada</a>, returning to Mexico, South America, southern Texas, and Florida to winter.<a href="#cite_note-abc-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-migrate-172">[171]</a> During winter in southern <a href="/wiki/Louisiana" title="Louisiana">Louisiana</a>, black-chinned, buff-bellied, calliope, Allen's, Anna's, ruby-throated, rufous, broad-tailed, and broad-billed hummingbirds are present.<a href="#cite_note-migrate-172">[171]</a> The rufous hummingbird breeds farther north than any other species of hummingbird, spending summers along coastal British Columbia and Alaska, and wintering in the southwestern United States and Mexico,<a href="#cite_note-migrate-172">[171]</a> with some distributed along the coasts of the subtropical Gulf of Mexico and Florida.<a href="#cite_note-Cornell-173">[172]</a> By migrating in spring as far north as the <a href="/wiki/Yukon" title="Yukon">Yukon</a> or southern Alaska,<a href="#cite_note-Cornell-173">[172]</a> the rufous hummingbird migrates more extensively and nests farther north than any other hummingbird species, and must tolerate occasional temperatures below freezing in its breeding territory. This cold hardiness enables it to survive temperatures below freezing, provided that adequate shelter and food are available.<a href="#cite_note-Cornell-173">[172]</a> As calculated by <a href="/wiki/Displacement_(vector)" class="mw-redirect" title="Displacement (vector)">displacement</a> of body size, the rufous hummingbird makes perhaps the longest migratory journey of any bird in the world. At just over 3 inches (7.6 cm) long, rufous hummingbirds travel 3,900 miles (6,300 km) one-way from Alaska to Mexico in late summer, a distance equal to 78,470,000 body lengths, then make the return journey in the following spring.<a href="#cite_note-lowe-169">[168]</a><a href="#cite_note-Cornell-173">[172]</a> By comparison, the 13 inches (33 cm)-long <a href="/wiki/Arctic_tern" title="Arctic tern">Arctic tern</a> makes a one-way flight of about 18,000 kilometres (11,000 mi), or 51,430,000 body lengths, just 65% of the body displacement during migration by rufous hummingbirds.<a href="#cite_note-Cornell-173">[172]</a> The northward migration of rufous hummingbirds occurs along the <a href="/wiki/Pacific_flyway" class="mw-redirect" title="Pacific flyway">Pacific flyway</a>,<a href="#cite_note-174">[173]</a> and may be time-coordinated with flower and tree-leaf emergence in early spring, and also with availability of insects as food.<a href="#cite_note-Cornell-173">[172]</a> Arrival at breeding grounds before nectar availability from mature flowers may jeopardize breeding opportunities.<a href="#cite_note-175">[174]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Feeding">Feeding</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hummingbird&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: Feeding">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><video id="mwe_player_5" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Humming_birds_feeding_at_1500fps.webm/220px--Humming_birds_feeding_at_1500fps.webm.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" height="122" data-durationhint="106" data-mwtitle="Humming_birds_feeding_at_1500fps.webm" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/File:Humming_birds_feeding_at_1500fps.webm"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/f/fe/Humming_birds_feeding_at_1500fps.webm/Humming_birds_feeding_at_1500fps.webm.480p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="480p.vp9.webm" data-width="854" data-height="474" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/fe/Humming_birds_feeding_at_1500fps.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-width="864" data-height="480" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/f/fe/Humming_birds_feeding_at_1500fps.webm/Humming_birds_feeding_at_1500fps.webm.144p.mjpeg.mov" type="video/quicktime" data-transcodekey="144p.mjpeg.mov" data-width="256" data-height="142" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/f/fe/Humming_birds_feeding_at_1500fps.webm/Humming_birds_feeding_at_1500fps.webm.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="426" data-height="236" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/f/fe/Humming_birds_feeding_at_1500fps.webm/Humming_birds_feeding_at_1500fps.webm.360p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="360p.vp9.webm" data-width="640" data-height="356" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/f/fe/Humming_birds_feeding_at_1500fps.webm/Humming_birds_feeding_at_1500fps.webm.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="640" data-height="356" /></video><figcaption>Hummingbirds feeding; video recorded at 1,500 frames per second</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><video id="mwe_player_6" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Hummingbird.ogv/220px--Hummingbird.ogv.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" height="124" data-durationhint="21" data-mwtitle="Hummingbird.ogv" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/File:Hummingbird.ogv"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/d/db/Hummingbird.ogv/Hummingbird.ogv.480p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="480p.vp9.webm" data-width="854" data-height="480" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/db/Hummingbird.ogv" type="video/ogg; codecs="theora, vorbis"" data-width="854" data-height="480" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/d/db/Hummingbird.ogv/Hummingbird.ogv.144p.mjpeg.mov" type="video/quicktime" data-transcodekey="144p.mjpeg.mov" data-width="256" data-height="144" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/d/db/Hummingbird.ogv/Hummingbird.ogv.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="426" data-height="240" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/d/db/Hummingbird.ogv/Hummingbird.ogv.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/d/db/Hummingbird.ogv/Hummingbird.ogv.360p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="360p.vp9.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /></video><figcaption>Hummingbird visiting flowers in <a href="/wiki/Copiap%C3%B3,_Chile" class="mw-redirect" title="Copiapó, Chile">Copiapó, Chile</a>: The apparent slow movement of hummingbird wings is a result of the <a href="/wiki/Stroboscopic_effect" title="Stroboscopic effect">stroboscopic effect</a>.</figcaption></figure> All hummingbirds are overwhelmingly <a href="/wiki/Nectarivorous" class="mw-redirect" title="Nectarivorous">nectarivorous</a>,<a href="#cite_note-eb-h-14">[14]</a><a href="#cite_note-hoya-176">[175]</a><a href="#cite_note-hermits-177">[176]</a><a href="#cite_note-diversity-178">[177]</a><a href="#cite_note-honey-179">[178]</a><a href="#cite_note-cali-180">[179]</a> being by far the most specialized such feeders among birds, as well as the only birds for whom nectar typically comprises the vast majority of energy intake. Hummingbirds exhibit numerous and extensive adaptations to nectarivory, including long, probing bills and tongues which rapidly take up fluids. Hummingbirds also possess the most sophisticated <a href="/wiki/Bird_flight#Hovering" title="Bird flight">hovering</a> flight of all birds, a necessity for rapidly visiting many flowers without perching. Their <a href="/wiki/Intestines" class="mw-redirect" title="Intestines">intestines</a> are capable of extracting over 99% of the glucose from nectar feedings within minutes, owing to high densities of glucose transporters (the highest known among vertebrates).<a href="#cite_note-hoya-176">[175]</a> As among the most important vertebrate <a href="/wiki/Pollinator" title="Pollinator">pollinators</a>, hummingbirds have <a href="/wiki/Coevolution#Birds_and_bird-pollinated_flowers" title="Coevolution">coevolved</a> in complex ways with flowering plants; thousands of <a href="/wiki/New_World" title="New World">New World</a> species have evolved to be pollinated exclusively by hummingbirds, even barring access to <a href="/wiki/Insect" title="Insect">insect</a> pollinators.<a href="#cite_note-hoya-176">[175]</a><a href="#cite_note-hermits-177">[176]</a> In some plants these mechanisms, which include highly modified <a href="/wiki/Corolla_(flower)" class="mw-redirect" title="Corolla (flower)">corollas</a>, even render their <a href="/wiki/Nectaries" class="mw-redirect" title="Nectaries">nectaries</a> inaccessible to all but certain hummingbirds, i.e., those possessing appropriate beak morphologies (although some hummingbirds rob nectar to overcome this). Bird-pollinated plants (also termed "ornithophilous") were formerly thought to exemplify very close mutualisms, with specific flowering plants coevolving alongside specific hummingbirds in mutualistic pairings. Both ornithophilous plants and hummingbirds are now known to not be nearly selective enough for this to be true.<a href="#cite_note-hoya-176">[175]</a><a href="#cite_note-diversity-178">[177]</a><a href="#cite_note-cali-180">[179]</a> Less accessible ornithophiles (for example, those requiring long bills) still rely on multiple hummingbird species for pollination. More importantly, hummingbirds tend not to be especially selective nectar-feeders, even regularly visiting non-ornithophilous plants, as well as ornithophiles which appear poorly suited for feeding by their species. Feeding efficiency is optimized, however, when birds feed on flowers better suited to their bill morphologies.<a href="#cite_note-hoya-176">[175]</a><a href="#cite_note-hermits-177">[176]</a> Although they may not be one-to-one, there are still marked overall preferences for certain genera, families, and orders of flowering plants by hummingbirds in general, as well as by certain species of hummingbird. Flowers which are attractive to hummingbirds are often colorful (particularly red), open diurnally, and produce nectar with a high sucrose content; in ornithophilous plants, the corollas are often elongated and tubular, and they may be scentless (several of these are adaptations discouraging insect visitation).<a href="#cite_note-hoya-176">[175]</a> Some common genera consumed by many species include <a href="/wiki/Castilleja" title="Castilleja">Castilleja</a>, <a href="/wiki/Centropogon" title="Centropogon">Centropogon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Costus" title="Costus">Costus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Delphinium" title="Delphinium">Delphinium</a>, <a href="/wiki/Heliconia" title="Heliconia">Heliconia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hibiscus" title="Hibiscus">Hibiscus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Inga" title="Inga">Inga</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Mimulus" title="Mimulus">Mimulus</a>; some of these are primarily insect-pollinated. Three Californian species were found to feed from 62 plant families in 30 orders, with the most frequently occurring orders being <a href="/wiki/Apiales" title="Apiales">Apiales</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fabales" title="Fabales">Fabales</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lamiales" title="Lamiales">Lamiales</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Rosales" title="Rosales">Rosales</a>. A hummingbird may have to visit one or two thousand flowers daily to meet energy demands.<a href="#cite_note-hoya-176">[175]</a><a href="#cite_note-cali-180">[179]</a><a href="#cite_note-saopaulo-181">[180]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Green-crowned_brilliant_%26_Heliconia_stricta.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Green-crowned_brilliant_%26_Heliconia_stricta.jpg/220px-Green-crowned_brilliant_%26_Heliconia_stricta.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Green-crowned_brilliant_%26_Heliconia_stricta.jpg/330px-Green-crowned_brilliant_%26_Heliconia_stricta.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Green-crowned_brilliant_%26_Heliconia_stricta.jpg/440px-Green-crowned_brilliant_%26_Heliconia_stricta.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1178" data-file-height="1570" /></a><figcaption>Heliconia species are popular nectar sources for many hummingbirds; here, a <a href="/wiki/Green-crowned_brilliant" title="Green-crowned brilliant">green-crowned brilliant</a> (Heliodoxa jacula) visits <a href="/wiki/Heliconia_stricta" title="Heliconia stricta">Heliconia stricta</a></figcaption></figure> Although a high-quality source of energy, nectar is deficient in many <a href="/wiki/Macronutrient" class="mw-redirect" title="Macronutrient">macro</a>- and <a href="/wiki/Micronutrient" title="Micronutrient">micronutrients</a>;<a href="#cite_note-hoya-176">[175]</a><a href="#cite_note-hermits-177">[176]</a><a href="#cite_note-protein-182">[181]</a> it tends to be low in <a href="/wiki/Lipid" title="Lipid">lipids</a>, and although it may contain trace quantities of <a href="/wiki/Amino_acid" title="Amino acid">amino acids</a>, some essential acids are severely or entirely lacking. Though hummingbird protein requirements appear to be quite small, at 1.5% of the diet, nectar is still an inadequate source;<a href="#cite_note-protein-182">[181]</a> most if not all hummingbirds therefore supplement their diet with the consumption of invertebrates.<a href="#cite_note-hoya-176">[175]</a><a href="#cite_note-cali-180">[179]</a><a href="#cite_note-protein-182">[181]</a><a href="#cite_note-jaw-183">[182]</a> Insectivory is not thought to be calorically important; nonetheless, regular consumption of arthropods is considered crucial for birds to thrive. In fact, it has been suggested that the majority of non-caloric nutritional needs of hummingbirds are met by insectivory, but nectars do contain appreciable quantities of certain <a href="/wiki/Vitamin" title="Vitamin">vitamins</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mineral" title="Mineral">minerals</a>.<a href="#cite_note-184">[183]</a> (Here, "<a href="/wiki/Insectivory" class="mw-redirect" title="Insectivory">insectivory</a>" refers to the consumption of any arthropod, not exclusively insects). Though not as insectivorous as once believed, and far less so than most of their relatives and ancestors among the <a href="/wiki/Strisores" title="Strisores">Strisores</a> (e.g., swifts), insectivory is probably of regular importance to most hummingbirds. About 95% of individuals from 140 species in one study showed evidence of arthropod consumption,<a href="#cite_note-protein-182">[181]</a> while another study found arthropod remains in 79% of over 1600 birds from sites across South and Central America.<a href="#cite_note-dominica-185">[184]</a> Some species have even been recorded to be largely or entirely insectivorous for periods of time, particularly when nectar sources are scarce, and possibly, for some species, with seasonal regularity in areas with a <a href="/wiki/Wet_season" title="Wet season">wet season</a>. Observations of seasonal, near-exclusive insectivory have been made for <a href="/wiki/Blue-throated_mountaingem" title="Blue-throated mountaingem">blue-throated hummingbirds</a>,<a href="#cite_note-texas-186">[185]</a> as well as <a href="/wiki/Swallow-tailed_hummingbird" title="Swallow-tailed hummingbird">swallow-tailed hummingbirds</a> in an urban park in Brazil.<a href="#cite_note-saopaulo-181">[180]</a> In Arizona, when nearby nectar sources were seemingly absent, a nesting female broad-tailed hummingbird was recorded feeding only on arthropods for two weeks.<a href="#cite_note-arizona-187">[186]</a> Other studies report 70-100% of feeding time devoted to arthropods;<a href="#cite_note-saopaulo-181">[180]</a><a href="#cite_note-dominica-185">[184]</a> these accounts suggest a degree of adaptability, particularly when appropriate nectar sources are unavailable, although nectarivory always predominates when flowers are abundant (e.g., in non-seasonal tropical habitats). In addition, the aforementioned Arizona study only surveyed a small portion of the study area, and mostly did not observe the bird while she was off the nest. Similar concerns have been raised for other reports, leading to skepticism over whether hummingbirds can in fact subsist without nectar for extended periods at all.<a href="#cite_note-hermits-177">[176]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Chironomus_plumosus01.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Chironomus_plumosus01.jpg/220px-Chironomus_plumosus01.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="158" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Chironomus_plumosus01.jpg/330px-Chironomus_plumosus01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Chironomus_plumosus01.jpg/440px-Chironomus_plumosus01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1575" data-file-height="1129" /></a><figcaption>Among the commonest invertebrate food items of hummingbirds are flies, particularly <a href="/wiki/Chironomidae" title="Chironomidae">nonbiting midges</a>, members of the family Chironomidae</figcaption></figure> Hummingbirds exhibit various feeding strategies and some morphological adaptations for insectivory.<a href="#cite_note-jaw-183">[182]</a> Typically, they <a href="/wiki/Hawking_(birds)" title="Hawking (birds)">hawk</a> for small flying insects, but also glean <a href="/wiki/Spider" title="Spider">spiders</a> from their <a href="/wiki/Spiderweb" class="mw-redirect" title="Spiderweb">webs</a>.<a href="#cite_note-hoya-176">[175]</a><a href="#cite_note-hermits-177">[176]</a> Bill shape may play a role, as hummingbirds with longer or more curved bills may be unable to hawk efficiently, and so rely more heavily on gleaning spiders.<a href="#cite_note-cali-180">[179]</a> Regardless of bill shape, spiders are a common <a href="/wiki/Prey" class="mw-redirect" title="Prey">prey</a> item; other very common prey items include <a href="/wiki/Flies" class="mw-redirect" title="Flies">flies</a>, especially those of the family <a href="/wiki/Chironomidae" title="Chironomidae">Chironomidae</a>, as well as various <a href="/wiki/Hymenoptera" title="Hymenoptera">Hymenopterans</a> (such as <a href="/wiki/Wasp" title="Wasp">wasps</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ant" title="Ant">ants</a>) and <a href="/wiki/Hemiptera" title="Hemiptera">Hemipterans</a>.<a href="#cite_note-hoya-176">[175]</a><a href="#cite_note-cali-180">[179]</a><a href="#cite_note-hermits-177">[176]</a> The aforementioned California study found three species to consume invertebrates from 72 families in 15 orders, with flies alone occurring in over 90% of samples; the three species exhibited high dietary overlap, with little evidence for <a href="/wiki/Niche_partitioning" class="mw-redirect" title="Niche partitioning">niche partitioning</a>.<a href="#cite_note-cali-180">[179]</a> This suggests that prey availability is not a limiting resource for hummingbirds. Estimates of overall dietary makeup for hummingbirds vary, but insectivory is often cited as comprising 5-15% of feeding time budgets, typically;<a href="#cite_note-hoya-176">[175]</a><a href="#cite_note-hermits-177">[176]</a><a href="#cite_note-arizona-187">[186]</a> 2-12% is a figure that is also cited.<a href="#cite_note-saopaulo-181">[180]</a><a href="#cite_note-protein-182">[181]</a> In one study, 84% of feeding time was allotted to nectar feeding if breeding females are included, and 89% otherwise; 86% of total feeding records were on nectar.<a href="#cite_note-honey-179">[178]</a><a href="#cite_note-arizona-187">[186]</a> It has been estimated, based on time budgets and other data, that the hummingbird diet is generally about 90% nectar and 10% arthropods by mass.<a href="#cite_note-hoya-176">[175]</a><a href="#cite_note-188">[187]</a> As their <a href="/wiki/Nestlings" class="mw-redirect" title="Nestlings">nestlings</a> consume only arthropods, and possibly because their own requirements increase, breeding females spend 3-4 times as long as males foraging for arthropods, although 65-70% of their feeding time is still devoted to nectar.<a href="#cite_note-hermits-177">[176]</a> Estimates for overall insectivory can be as low as <5%. Such low numbers have been documented for some species; insects comprised 3% of foraging attempts for Peruvian <a href="/wiki/Shining_sunbeam" title="Shining sunbeam">shining sunbeams</a> in one study,<a href="#cite_note-189">[188]</a> while the <a href="/wiki/Purple-throated_carib" title="Purple-throated carib">purple-throated carib</a> has been reported to spend <1% of time consuming insects in <a href="/wiki/Dominica" title="Dominica">Dominica</a>.<a href="#cite_note-dominica-185">[184]</a> Both species also have more typical numbers recorded elsewhere, however. Overall, for most hummingbirds, insectivory is an essential and regular, albeit minor, component of the diet, while nectar is the primary feeding focus when conditions allow.<a href="#cite_note-hoya-176">[175]</a><a href="#cite_note-dominica-185">[184]</a> It has been shown that floral abundance (but not floral diversity) influences hummingbird diversity, but that arthropod abundance does not (i.e., that it is non-limiting).<a href="#cite_note-diversity-178">[177]</a><a href="#cite_note-cali-180">[179]</a> Hummingbirds do not spend all day flying, as the energy cost would be prohibitive; the majority of their activity consists simply of sitting or perching. Hummingbirds eat many small meals and consume around half their weight in nectar (twice their weight in nectar, if the nectar is 25% sugar) each day.<a href="#cite_note-190">[189]</a> Hummingbirds digest their food rapidly due to their small size and high metabolism; a mean retention time less than an hour has been reported.<a href="#cite_note-191">[190]</a> Hummingbirds spend an average of 20% of their time feeding and 75–80% sitting and digesting.<a href="#cite_note-jmd-192">[191]</a> Because their high metabolism makes them vulnerable to <a href="/wiki/Starvation" title="Starvation">starvation</a>, hummingbirds are highly attuned to food sources. Some species, including many found in North America, are territorial and try to guard food sources (such as a feeder) against other hummingbirds, attempting to ensure a future food supply.<a href="#cite_note-abc-2">[2]</a> Additionally, hummingbirds have an enlarged <a href="/wiki/Hippocampus" title="Hippocampus">hippocampus</a>, a brain region facilitating spatial memory used to map flowers previously visited during nectar foraging.<a href="#cite_note-193">[192]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Beak_specializations">Beak specializations</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hummingbird&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: Beak specializations">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:333px;max-width:333px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:177px;max-width:177px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Eutoxeres_aquila_28748616.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Eutoxeres_aquila_28748616.jpg/175px-Eutoxeres_aquila_28748616.jpg" decoding="async" width="175" height="95" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Eutoxeres_aquila_28748616.jpg/263px-Eutoxeres_aquila_28748616.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Eutoxeres_aquila_28748616.jpg/350px-Eutoxeres_aquila_28748616.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1108" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">Curved beak (approx. 90o) of the <a href="/wiki/White-tipped_sicklebill" title="White-tipped sicklebill">white-tipped sicklebill</a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:152px;max-width:152px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Centropogon_grandidentatus_(9349553006).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Centropogon_grandidentatus_%289349553006%29.jpg/150px-Centropogon_grandidentatus_%289349553006%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="134" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Centropogon_grandidentatus_%289349553006%29.jpg/225px-Centropogon_grandidentatus_%289349553006%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Centropogon_grandidentatus_%289349553006%29.jpg/300px-Centropogon_grandidentatus_%289349553006%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="804" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/Centropogon" title="Centropogon">Centropogon</a> flowers</div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flex"><div class="thumbcaption">Coevolution of the sicklebill beak curve facilitates both nectar feeding and pollination of long tubular Centropogon flowers.<a href="#cite_note-boehm-194">[193]</a></div></div></div></div> The shapes of hummingbird <a href="/wiki/Beak" title="Beak">beaks</a> (also called bills) vary widely as an adaptation for specialized feeding,<a href="#cite_note-Berns2012-65">[65]</a><a href="#cite_note-Temeles2010-66">[66]</a> with some 7000 flowering plants pollinated by hummingbird nectar feeding.<a href="#cite_note-leim-195">[194]</a> Hummingbird beak lengths range from about 6 millimetres (0.24 in) to as long as 110 millimetres (4.3 in).<a href="#cite_note-morph-196">[195]</a> When catching insects in flight, a hummingbird's jaw <a href="/wiki/Bending" title="Bending">flexes</a> downward to widen the beak for successful capture.<a href="#cite_note-jaw-183">[182]</a> The extreme curved beaks of sicklebills are adapted for extracting nectar from the curved corolla tubes of Centropogon flowers.<a href="#cite_note-boehm-194">[193]</a> Some species, such as hermits (Phaethornis spp.), have long beaks that enable insertion deeply into flowers with long corolla tubes.<a href="#cite_note-leim-195">[194]</a><a href="#cite_note-betts-197">[196]</a> <a href="/wiki/Chalcostigma" title="Chalcostigma">Thornbills</a> have short, sharp beaks adapted for feeding from flowers with short corolla tubes and piercing the bases of longer ones. The beak of the <a href="/wiki/Fiery-tailed_awlbill" title="Fiery-tailed awlbill">fiery-tailed awlbill</a> has an upturned tip adapted for feeding on nectar from tubular flowers while hovering.<a href="#cite_note-198">[197]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Perception_of_sweet_nectar">Perception of sweet nectar</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hummingbird&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: Perception of sweet nectar">edit</a>]</div> Perception of sweetness in nectar evolved in hummingbirds during their <a href="/wiki/Genetic_divergence" title="Genetic divergence">genetic divergence</a> from insectivorous swifts, their closest bird relatives.<a href="#cite_note-baldwin-199">[198]</a> Although the only known sweet sensory receptor, called <a href="/wiki/TAS1R2" title="TAS1R2">T1R2</a>,<a href="#cite_note-200">[199]</a> is absent in birds, receptor expression studies showed that hummingbirds adapted a carbohydrate receptor from the <a href="/wiki/TAS1R1" title="TAS1R1">T1R1</a>-<a href="/wiki/TAS1R3" title="TAS1R3">T1R3</a> receptor, identical to the one perceived as <a href="/wiki/Umami" title="Umami">umami</a> in humans, essentially repurposing it to function as a nectar sweetness receptor.<a href="#cite_note-baldwin-199">[198]</a> This adaptation for taste enabled hummingbirds to detect and exploit sweet nectar as an energy source, facilitating their distribution across geographical regions where nectar-bearing flowers are available.<a href="#cite_note-baldwin-199">[198]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tongue_as_a_micropump">Tongue as a micropump</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hummingbird&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: Tongue as a micropump">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:PSM_V05_D295_Hummingbird_tongue.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/PSM_V05_D295_Hummingbird_tongue.jpg/220px-PSM_V05_D295_Hummingbird_tongue.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="23" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/PSM_V05_D295_Hummingbird_tongue.jpg/330px-PSM_V05_D295_Hummingbird_tongue.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/PSM_V05_D295_Hummingbird_tongue.jpg/440px-PSM_V05_D295_Hummingbird_tongue.jpg 2x" data-file-width="589" data-file-height="62" /></a><figcaption>Drawing of a hummingbird tongue; 1874, unknown artist. Upon reaching nectar in a flower, the tongue splits into opposing tips fringed with <a href="/wiki/Lamella_(cell_biology)" title="Lamella (cell biology)">lamellae</a> and grooves, which fill with nectar, then retracts to a cylindrical configuration into the bill to complete the drink.<a href="#cite_note-rico-201">[200]</a><a href="#cite_note-frank-202">[201]</a></figcaption></figure> Hummingbirds drink with their long tongues by rapidly lapping nectar. Their tongues have <a href="/wiki/Semicircle" title="Semicircle">semicircular</a> tubes which run down their lengths to facilitate nectar consumption via rapid pumping in and out of the nectar.<a href="#cite_note-rico-201">[200]</a><a href="#cite_note-frank-202">[201]</a> While capillary action was believed to be what drew nectar into these tubes,<a href="#cite_note-kim-203">[202]</a> high-speed photography revealed that the tubes open down their sides as the tongue goes into the nectar, and then close around the nectar, trapping it so it can be pulled back into the beak over a period of 14 <a href="/wiki/Millisecond" title="Millisecond">milliseconds</a> per lick at a rate of up to 20 licks per second.<a href="#cite_note-204">[203]</a><a href="#cite_note-cade1-205">[204]</a> The tongue, which is forked, is compressed until it reaches nectar, then the tongue springs open, the rapid action traps the nectar which moves up the grooves, like a <a href="/wiki/Pump" title="Pump">pump</a> action, with <a href="/wiki/Capillary_action" title="Capillary action">capillary action</a> not involved.<a href="#cite_note-rico-201">[200]</a><a href="#cite_note-frank-202">[201]</a><a href="#cite_note-cade1-205">[204]</a><a href="#cite_note-206">[205]</a> Consequently, tongue flexibility enables accessing, transporting and unloading nectar via pump action,<a href="#cite_note-rico-201">[200]</a><a href="#cite_note-frank-202">[201]</a> not by a capillary <a href="/wiki/Syphon" class="mw-redirect" title="Syphon">syphon</a> as once believed.<a href="#cite_note-kim-203">[202]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ruby-Throated_Hummingbird.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Ruby-Throated_Hummingbird.png/170px-Ruby-Throated_Hummingbird.png" decoding="async" width="170" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Ruby-Throated_Hummingbird.png/255px-Ruby-Throated_Hummingbird.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Ruby-Throated_Hummingbird.png/340px-Ruby-Throated_Hummingbird.png 2x" data-file-width="2075" data-file-height="2075" /></a><figcaption>Male <a href="/wiki/Ruby-throated_hummingbird" title="Ruby-throated hummingbird">ruby-throated hummingbird</a> (Archilochus colubris) with tongue extended</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Feeders_and_artificial_nectar">Feeders and artificial nectar</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hummingbird&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section: Feeders and artificial nectar">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hummingbirds_at_feeder.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Hummingbirds_at_feeder.jpg/220px-Hummingbirds_at_feeder.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Hummingbirds_at_feeder.jpg/330px-Hummingbirds_at_feeder.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Hummingbirds_at_feeder.jpg/440px-Hummingbirds_at_feeder.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1198" data-file-height="724" /></a><figcaption>Hummingbirds hovering at an artificial nectar feeder</figcaption></figure> In the wild, hummingbirds visit flowers for food, extracting nectar, which is 55% sucrose, 24% glucose, and 21% fructose on a dry-matter basis.<a href="#cite_note-207">[206]</a> Hummingbirds also take sugar-water from <a href="/wiki/Bird_feeder" title="Bird feeder">bird feeders</a>, which allow people to observe and enjoy hummingbirds up close while providing the birds with a reliable source of energy, especially when flower blossoms are less abundant. A negative aspect of artificial feeders, however, is that the birds may seek less flower nectar for food, and so may reduce the amount of pollination their feeding naturally provides.<a href="#cite_note-208">[207]</a> White granulated sugar is used in hummingbird feeders in a 20% concentration as a common recipe,<a href="#cite_note-209">[208]</a> although hummingbirds will defend feeders more aggressively when sugar content is at 35%, indicating preference for nectar with higher sugar content.<a href="#cite_note-210">[209]</a> Organic and "raw" sugars contain <a href="/wiki/Iron" title="Iron">iron</a>, which can be harmful,<a href="#cite_note-audubon--nectar-211">[210]</a> and brown sugar, <a href="/wiki/Agave_syrup" title="Agave syrup">agave syrup</a>, <a href="/wiki/Molasses" title="Molasses">molasses</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Sugar_substitute" title="Sugar substitute">artificial sweeteners</a> also should not be used.<a href="#cite_note-kern--feeding-212">[211]</a> <a href="/wiki/Honey" title="Honey">Honey</a> is made by bees from the nectar of flowers, but it is not good to use in feeders because when it is diluted with water, <a href="/wiki/Microorganism" title="Microorganism">microorganisms</a> easily grow in it, causing it to spoil rapidly.<a href="#cite_note-213">[212]</a><a href="#cite_note-214">[213]</a><a href="#cite_note-215">[214]</a> <a href="/wiki/Allura_Red_AC" title="Allura Red AC">Red food dye</a> was once thought to be a favorable ingredient for the nectar in home feeders, but it is unnecessary.<a href="#cite_note-dye-216">[215]</a> Commercial products sold as "instant nectar" or "hummingbird food" may also contain <a href="/wiki/Preservative" title="Preservative">preservatives</a> or artificial flavors, as well as dyes, which are unnecessary and potentially harmful.<a href="#cite_note-dye-216">[215]</a><a href="#cite_note-217">[216]</a> Although some commercial products contain small amounts of nutritional additives, hummingbirds obtain all necessary nutrients from the insects they eat, rendering added nutrients unnecessary.<a href="#cite_note-hummingbirds2002-218">[217]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Visual_cues_of_foraging">Visual cues of foraging</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hummingbird&action=edit&section=40" title="Edit section: Visual cues of foraging">edit</a>]</div> Hummingbirds have exceptional visual acuity providing them with discrimination of food sources while foraging.<a href="#cite_note-lisney-75">[75]</a> Although hummingbirds are thought to be attracted to color while seeking food, such as red flowers or artificial feeders, experiments indicate that location and flower nectar quality are the most important "<a href="/wiki/Beacon" title="Beacon">beacons</a>" for foraging.<a href="#cite_note-audubon-219">[218]</a><a href="#cite_note-220">[219]</a> Hummingbirds depend little on visual cues of flower color to beacon to nectar-rich locations, but rather they use surrounding landmarks to find the nectar reward.<a href="#cite_note-221">[220]</a><a href="#cite_note-222">[221]</a><a href="#cite_note-Hornsby-223">[222]</a> In at least one hummingbird species – the <a href="/wiki/Green-backed_firecrown" title="Green-backed firecrown">green-backed firecrown</a> (Sephanoides sephaniodes) – flower colors preferred are in the red-green wavelength for the bird's visual system, providing a higher <a href="/wiki/Contrast_(vision)" title="Contrast (vision)">contrast</a> than for other flower colors.<a href="#cite_note-herrera-224">[223]</a> Further, the crown plumage of firecrown males is highly iridescent in the red wavelength range (peak at 650 nanometers), possibly providing a competitive advantage of <a href="/wiki/Dominance_(ethology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Dominance (ethology)">dominance</a> when foraging among other hummingbird species with less colorful plumage.<a href="#cite_note-herrera-224">[223]</a> The ability to discriminate colors of flowers and plumage is enabled by a visual system having four single <a href="/wiki/Cone_cell" title="Cone cell">cone cells</a> and a double cone screened by <a href="/wiki/Photoreceptor_cell" title="Photoreceptor cell">photoreceptor</a> <a href="/wiki/Oil_droplet" title="Oil droplet">oil droplets</a> which enhance color discrimination.<a href="#cite_note-audubon-219">[218]</a><a href="#cite_note-herrera-224">[223]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Olfaction">Olfaction</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hummingbird&action=edit&section=41" title="Edit section: Olfaction">edit</a>]</div> While hummingbirds rely primarily on vision and hearing to assess competition from bird and insect foragers near food sources, they may also be able to detect by <a href="/wiki/Olfaction" class="mw-redirect" title="Olfaction">smell</a> the presence in nectar of insect defensive chemicals (such as <a href="/wiki/Formic_acid" title="Formic acid">formic acid</a>) and aggregation <a href="/wiki/Pheromone" title="Pheromone">pheromones</a> of foraging ants, which discourage feeding.<a href="#cite_note-kim21-225">[224]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_myth_and_culture">In myth and culture</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hummingbird&action=edit&section=42" title="Edit section: In myth and culture">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:L%C3%ADneas_de_Nazca,_Nazca,_Per%C3%BA,_2015-07-29,_DD_52.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/L%C3%ADneas_de_Nazca%2C_Nazca%2C_Per%C3%BA%2C_2015-07-29%2C_DD_52.JPG/220px-L%C3%ADneas_de_Nazca%2C_Nazca%2C_Per%C3%BA%2C_2015-07-29%2C_DD_52.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/L%C3%ADneas_de_Nazca%2C_Nazca%2C_Per%C3%BA%2C_2015-07-29%2C_DD_52.JPG/330px-L%C3%ADneas_de_Nazca%2C_Nazca%2C_Per%C3%BA%2C_2015-07-29%2C_DD_52.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/L%C3%ADneas_de_Nazca%2C_Nazca%2C_Per%C3%BA%2C_2015-07-29%2C_DD_52.JPG/440px-L%C3%ADneas_de_Nazca%2C_Nazca%2C_Per%C3%BA%2C_2015-07-29%2C_DD_52.JPG 2x" data-file-width="7836" data-file-height="4755" /></a><figcaption>Nazca Lines - hummingbird</figcaption></figure><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Caribbean_Airlines_Boeing_737-800_LDS.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Caribbean_Airlines_Boeing_737-800_LDS.jpg/220px-Caribbean_Airlines_Boeing_737-800_LDS.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Caribbean_Airlines_Boeing_737-800_LDS.jpg/330px-Caribbean_Airlines_Boeing_737-800_LDS.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Caribbean_Airlines_Boeing_737-800_LDS.jpg/440px-Caribbean_Airlines_Boeing_737-800_LDS.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="683" /></a><figcaption>Hummingbird emblem on <a href="/wiki/Caribbean_Airlines" title="Caribbean Airlines">Caribbean Airlines</a></figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Aztecs" title="Aztecs">Aztecs</a> wore hummingbird <a href="/wiki/Amulet" title="Amulet">talismans</a>, artistic representations of hummingbirds and <a href="/wiki/Fetishism" title="Fetishism">fetishes</a> made from actual hummingbird parts as emblematic for vigor, energy, and propensity to do work along with their sharp beaks that symbolically mimic instruments of weaponry, bloodletting, penetration, and intimacy. Hummingbird talismans were prized as drawing sexual potency, energy, vigor, and skill at arms and <a href="/wiki/Warfare" class="mw-redirect" title="Warfare">warfare</a> to the wearer.<a href="#cite_note-226">[225]</a> The Aztec god of war <a href="/wiki/Huitzilopochtli" class="mw-redirect" title="Huitzilopochtli">Huitzilopochtli</a> is often depicted in art as a hummingbird.<a href="#cite_note-eb-227">[226]</a> Aztecs believed that fallen warriors would be <a href="/wiki/Reincarnation" title="Reincarnation">reincarnated</a> as hummingbirds.<a href="#cite_note-eb-227">[226]</a><a href="#cite_note-F.MacDonald-228">[227]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Nahuatl" title="Nahuatl">Nahuatl</a> word huitzil translates to hummingbird.<a href="#cite_note-eb-227">[226]</a> One of the <a href="/wiki/Nazca_Lines" class="mw-redirect" title="Nazca Lines">Nazca Lines</a> depicts a hummingbird (right).<a href="#cite_note-golomb-229">[228]</a> <a href="/wiki/Trinidad_and_Tobago" title="Trinidad and Tobago">Trinidad and Tobago</a>, known as "The land of the hummingbird", displays a hummingbird on its <a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Trinidad_and_Tobago" title="Coat of arms of Trinidad and Tobago">coat of arms</a>,<a href="#cite_note-230">[229]</a> 1-cent coin,<a href="#cite_note-231">[230]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Livery" title="Livery">livery</a> on its national airline, <a href="/wiki/Caribbean_Airlines" title="Caribbean Airlines">Caribbean Airlines</a>.<a href="#cite_note-232">[231]</a> <a href="/wiki/Mt._Umunhum" class="mw-redirect" title="Mt. Umunhum">Mt. Umunhum</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Santa_Cruz_Mountains" title="Santa Cruz Mountains">Santa Cruz Mountains</a> of <a href="/wiki/Northern_California" title="Northern California">Northern California</a> is <a href="/wiki/Ohlone_languages" title="Ohlone languages">Ohlone</a> for "resting place of the hummingbird".<a href="#cite_note-mrosd-233">[232]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Gibson_Hummingbird" title="Gibson Hummingbird">Gibson Hummingbird</a> is an <a href="/wiki/Acoustic_guitar" title="Acoustic guitar">acoustic guitar</a> model that incorporates a pickguard in the shape of a hummingbird by Gibson Brands, a major guitar manufacturer.<a href="#cite_note-234">[233]</a> During the costume competition of the <a href="/wiki/Miss_Universe_2016" title="Miss Universe 2016">Miss Universe 2016</a> beauty pageant, <a href="/wiki/Miss_Ecuador" title="Miss Ecuador">Miss Ecuador</a>, Connie Jiménez, wore a costume inspired by hummingbird wing feathers.<a href="#cite_note-235">[234]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Gallery">Gallery</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hummingbird&action=edit&section=43" title="Edit section: Gallery">edit</a>]</div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 144.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 142.66666666667px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Haeckel_Trochilidae.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="A color plate illustration from Ernst Haeckel's Kunstformen der Natur (1899), showing a variety of hummingbirds"><img alt="A color plate illustration from Ernst Haeckel's Kunstformen der Natur (1899), showing a variety of hummingbirds" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Haeckel_Trochilidae.jpg/214px-Haeckel_Trochilidae.jpg" decoding="async" width="143" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Haeckel_Trochilidae.jpg/321px-Haeckel_Trochilidae.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Haeckel_Trochilidae.jpg/428px-Haeckel_Trochilidae.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2359" data-file-height="3308" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">A color plate illustration from <a href="/wiki/Ernst_Haeckel" title="Ernst Haeckel">Ernst Haeckel</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Kunstformen_der_Natur" title="Kunstformen der Natur">Kunstformen der Natur</a> (1899), showing a variety of hummingbirds</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 270.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 268.66666666667px;"><a href="/wiki/File:AnnasHummingbird-NestCollage.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Fallen Anna's hummingbird nest shown next to a toothpick for scale"><img alt="Fallen Anna's hummingbird nest shown next to a toothpick for scale" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/AnnasHummingbird-NestCollage.png/403px-AnnasHummingbird-NestCollage.png" decoding="async" width="269" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/AnnasHummingbird-NestCollage.png/604px-AnnasHummingbird-NestCollage.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/AnnasHummingbird-NestCollage.png/805px-AnnasHummingbird-NestCollage.png 2x" data-file-width="5183" data-file-height="3863" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Fallen Anna's hummingbird nest shown next to a <a href="/wiki/Toothpick" title="Toothpick">toothpick</a> for scale</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hummingbird&action=edit&section=44" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Eagle_01.svg/23px-Eagle_01.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Eagle_01.svg/35px-Eagle_01.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Eagle_01.svg/47px-Eagle_01.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="317" data-file-height="381" /><a href="/wiki/Portal:Birds" title="Portal:Birds">Birds portal</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/AeroVironment_Nano_Hummingbird" title="AeroVironment Nano Hummingbird">AeroVironment Nano Hummingbird</a> – artificial hummingbird</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hummingbird&action=edit&section=45" title="Edit section: Notes">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-161"><a href="#cite_ref-161">^</a> By comparison to humans, this is a G-force acceleration well beyond the threshold of causing near loss of <a href="/wiki/Consciousness" title="Consciousness">consciousness</a> (occurring at about +5 Gz) in <a href="/wiki/Fighter_pilot" title="Fighter pilot">fighter pilots</a> during operation of a <a href="/wiki/Fixed-wing_aircraft" title="Fixed-wing aircraft">fixed-wing aircraft</a> in a high-speed <a href="/wiki/Banked_turn" title="Banked turn">banked turn</a>.<a href="#cite_note-clark09-159">[159]</a><a href="#cite_note-Akparibo-160">[160]</a> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hummingbird&action=edit&section=46" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-IOC-1">^ <a href="#cite_ref-IOC_1-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-IOC_1-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-IOC_1-2">c</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFGillDonskerRasmussen2023" class="citation web cs1">Gill, F.; Donsker, D.; Rasmussen, P. (29 January 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldbirdnames.org/new/bow/hummingbirds">"IOC World Bird List (v 13.2), International Ornithological Committee"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Birds_of_the_World:_Recommended_English_Names" title="Birds of the World: Recommended English Names">IOC World Bird List</a>. Retrieved 5 March 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=IOC+World+Bird+List+%28v+13.2%29%2C+International+Ornithological+Committee&rft.pub=IOC+World+Bird+List&rft.date=2023-01-29&rft.aulast=Gill&rft.aufirst=F.&rft.au=Donsker%2C+D.&rft.au=Rasmussen%2C+P.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldbirdnames.org%2Fnew%2Fbow%2Fhummingbirds&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHummingbird" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-abc-2">^ <a href="#cite_ref-abc_2-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-abc_2-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-abc_2-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-abc_2-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-abc_2-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-abc_2-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-abc_2-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-abc_2-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-abc_2-8">i</a> <a href="#cite_ref-abc_2-9">j</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStonich2021" class="citation web cs1">Stonich, Kathryn (26 April 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://abcbirds.org/blog21/types-of-hummingbirds/">"Hummingbirds of the United States: A Photo List of All Species"</a>. American Bird Conservancy. Retrieved 7 March 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Hummingbirds+of+the+United+States%3A+A+Photo+List+of+All+Species&rft.pub=American+Bird+Conservancy&rft.date=2021-04-26&rft.aulast=Stonich&rft.aufirst=Kathryn&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fabcbirds.org%2Fblog21%2Ftypes-of-hummingbirds%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHummingbird" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-iucn-3">^ <a href="#cite_ref-iucn_3-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-iucn_3-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-iucn_3-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.iucnredlist.org/search?query=hummingbird&searchType=species">"Hummingbird (search)"</a>. International Union for Conservation of Nature’s Red List of Threatened Species. 2024. Retrieved 13 March 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Hummingbird+%28search%29&rft.pub=International+Union+for+Conservation+of+Nature%E2%80%99s+Red+List+of+Threatened+Species&rft.date=2024&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.iucnredlist.org%2Fsearch%3Fquery%3Dhummingbird%26searchType%3Dspecies&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHummingbird" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-English-4">^ <a href="#cite_ref-English_4-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-English_4-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-English_4-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-English_4-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-English_4-4">e</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEnglishBishopWilsonSmith2021" class="citation journal cs1">English, Simon G.; Bishop, Christine A.; Wilson, Scott; Smith, Adam C. (15 September 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8443710">"Current contrasting population trends among North American hummingbirds"</a>. Scientific Reports. 11 (1): 18369. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2021NatSR..1118369E">2021NatSR..1118369E</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fs41598-021-97889-x">10.1038/s41598-021-97889-x</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2045-2322">2045-2322</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8443710">8443710</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34526619">34526619</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Scientific+Reports&rft.atitle=Current+contrasting+population+trends+among+North+American+hummingbirds&rft.volume=11&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=18369&rft.date=2021-09-15&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC8443710%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2021NatSR..1118369E&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F34526619&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fs41598-021-97889-x&rft.issn=2045-2322&rft.aulast=English&rft.aufirst=Simon+G.&rft.au=Bishop%2C+Christine+A.&rft.au=Wilson%2C+Scott&rft.au=Smith%2C+Adam+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC8443710&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHummingbird" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-venable-5">^ <a href="#cite_ref-venable_5-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-venable_5-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-venable_5-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-venable_5-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-venable_5-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-venable_5-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-venable_5-6">g</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVenable,_G.X.Gahm,_K.Prum,_R.O.2022" class="citation journal cs1">Venable, G.X.; Gahm, K.; Prum, R.O. (June 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9226176">"Hummingbird plumage color diversity exceeds the known gamut of all other birds"</a>. Communications Biology. 5 (1): 576. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fs42003-022-03518-2">10.1038/s42003-022-03518-2</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9226176">9226176</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35739263">35739263</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Communications+Biology&rft.atitle=Hummingbird+plumage+color+diversity+exceeds+the+known+gamut+of+all+other+birds&rft.volume=5&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=576&rft.date=2022-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC9226176%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F35739263&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fs42003-022-03518-2&rft.au=Venable%2C+G.X.&rft.au=Gahm%2C+K.&rft.au=Prum%2C+R.O.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC9226176&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHummingbird" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-suarez-6">^ <a href="#cite_ref-suarez_6-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-suarez_6-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSuarez1992" class="citation journal cs1">Suarez, R.K. (1992). "Hummingbird flight: Sustaining the highest mass-specific metabolic rates among vertebrates". Experientia. 48 (6): 565–570. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fbf01920240">10.1007/bf01920240</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/1612136">1612136</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:21328995">21328995</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Experientia&rft.atitle=Hummingbird+flight%3A+Sustaining+the+highest+mass-specific+metabolic+rates+among+vertebrates&rft.volume=48&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=565-570&rft.date=1992&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A21328995%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F1612136&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fbf01920240&rft.aulast=Suarez&rft.aufirst=R.K.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHummingbird" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hargrove-7">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Hargrove_7-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hargrove_7-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hargrove_7-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hargrove_7-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hargrove_7-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hargrove_7-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hargrove_7-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hargrove_7-7">h</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHargrove2005" class="citation journal cs1">Hargrove, J.L. (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1325055">"Adipose energy stores, physical work, and the metabolic syndrome: Lessons from hummingbirds"</a>. Nutrition Journal. 4: 36. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1186%2F1475-2891-4-36">10.1186/1475-2891-4-36</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1325055">1325055</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16351726">16351726</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nutrition+Journal&rft.atitle=Adipose+energy+stores%2C+physical+work%2C+and+the+metabolic+syndrome%3A+Lessons+from+hummingbirds&rft.volume=4&rft.pages=36&rft.date=2005&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC1325055%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F16351726&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1186%2F1475-2891-4-36&rft.aulast=Hargrove&rft.aufirst=J.L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC1325055&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHummingbird" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20120716064758/http://nationalzoo.si.edu/scbi/migratorybirds/webcam/hummingbirds.cfm">"Hummingbirds"</a>. Migratory Bird Center, Smithsonian National Zoological Park. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nationalzoo.si.edu/scbi/migratorybirds/webcam/hummingbirds.cfm">the original</a> on 16 July 2012. Retrieved 1 April 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Hummingbirds&rft.pub=Migratory+Bird+Center%2C+Smithsonian+National+Zoological+Park&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnationalzoo.si.edu%2Fscbi%2Fmigratorybirds%2Fwebcam%2Fhummingbirds.cfm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHummingbird" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-mcguire2014-9">^ <a href="#cite_ref-mcguire2014_9-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-mcguire2014_9-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-mcguire2014_9-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-mcguire2014_9-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-mcguire2014_9-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-mcguire2014_9-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-mcguire2014_9-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-mcguire2014_9-7">h</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcGuireWittRemsenCorl2014" class="citation journal cs1">McGuire, J.; Witt, C.; Remsen, J.V.; Corl, A.; Rabosky, D.; Altshuler, D.; Dudley, R. (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.cub.2014.03.016">"Molecular phylogenetics and the diversification of hummingbirds"</a>. Current Biology. 24 (8): 910–916. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014CBio...24..910M">2014CBio...24..910M</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.cub.2014.03.016">10.1016/j.cub.2014.03.016</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24704078">24704078</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Current+Biology&rft.atitle=Molecular+phylogenetics+and+the+diversification+of+hummingbirds&rft.volume=24&rft.issue=8&rft.pages=910-916&rft.date=2014&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F24704078&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.cub.2014.03.016&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2014CBio...24..910M&rft.aulast=McGuire&rft.aufirst=J.&rft.au=Witt%2C+C.&rft.au=Remsen%2C+J.V.&rft.au=Corl%2C+A.&rft.au=Rabosky%2C+D.&rft.au=Altshuler%2C+D.&rft.au=Dudley%2C+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1016%252Fj.cub.2014.03.016&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHummingbird" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Mayr2004-10">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Mayr2004_10-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mayr2004_10-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mayr2004_10-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMayr2004" class="citation journal cs1">Mayr, Gerald (2004). "Old World fossil record of modern-type hummingbirds". Science. 304 (5672): 861–864. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2004Sci...304..861M">2004Sci...304..861M</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.1096856">10.1126/science.1096856</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15131303">15131303</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:6845608">6845608</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Science&rft.atitle=Old+World+fossil+record+of+modern-type+hummingbirds&rft.volume=304&rft.issue=5672&rft.pages=861-864&rft.date=2004&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1126%2Fscience.1096856&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A6845608%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F15131303&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2004Sci...304..861M&rft.aulast=Mayr&rft.aufirst=Gerald&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHummingbird" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-brus-11"><a href="#cite_ref-brus_11-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrusatteO'ConnorJarvis2015" class="citation journal cs1">Brusatte, SL; O'Connor, JK; Jarvis, ED (October 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.cub.2015.08.003">"The origin and diversification of birds"</a>. Current Biology. 25 (19): R888–98. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015CBio...25.R888B">2015CBio...25.R888B</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.cub.2015.08.003">10.1016/j.cub.2015.08.003</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/10161%2F11144">10161/11144</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26439352">26439352</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:3099017">3099017</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Current+Biology&rft.atitle=The+origin+and+diversification+of+birds&rft.volume=25&rft.issue=19&rft.pages=R888-98&rft.date=2015-10&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F10161%2F11144&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A3099017%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2015CBio...25.R888B&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F26439352&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.cub.2015.08.003&rft.aulast=Brusatte&rft.aufirst=SL&rft.au=O%27Connor%2C+JK&rft.au=Jarvis%2C+ED&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1016%252Fj.cub.2015.08.003&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHummingbird" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Chiappe-12"><a href="#cite_ref-Chiappe_12-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChiappe2009" class="citation journal cs1">Chiappe, Luis M. (16 April 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs12052-009-0133-4">"Downsized dinosaurs: The evolutionary transition to modern birds"</a>. Evolution: Education and Outreach. 2 (2): 248–256. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs12052-009-0133-4">10.1007/s12052-009-0133-4</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1936-6426">1936-6426</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:26966516">26966516</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Evolution%3A+Education+and+Outreach&rft.atitle=Downsized+dinosaurs%3A+The+evolutionary+transition+to+modern+birds&rft.volume=2&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=248-256&rft.date=2009-04-16&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A26966516%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=1936-6426&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs12052-009-0133-4&rft.aulast=Chiappe&rft.aufirst=Luis+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1007%252Fs12052-009-0133-4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHummingbird" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-nhm-13"><a href="#cite_ref-nhm_13-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHendry2023" class="citation web cs1">Hendry, Lisa (2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nhm.ac.uk/discover/why-are-birds-the-only-surviving-dinosaurs.html">"Are birds the only surviving dinosaurs?"</a>. The Trustees of The Natural History Museum, London. Retrieved 14 April 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Are+birds+the+only+surviving+dinosaurs%3F&rft.pub=The+Trustees+of+The+Natural+History+Museum%2C+London&rft.date=2023&rft.aulast=Hendry&rft.aufirst=Lisa&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nhm.ac.uk%2Fdiscover%2Fwhy-are-birds-the-only-surviving-dinosaurs.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHummingbird" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-eb-h-14">^ <a href="#cite_ref-eb-h_14-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-eb-h_14-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-eb-h_14-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-eb-h_14-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-eb-h_14-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-eb-h_14-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-eb-h_14-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-eb-h_14-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-eb-h_14-8">i</a> <a href="#cite_ref-eb-h_14-9">j</a> <a href="#cite_ref-eb-h_14-10">k</a> <a href="#cite_ref-eb-h_14-11">l</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/animal/hummingbird">"Hummingbird"</a>. Encyclopaedia Britannica. 2023. Retrieved 7 March 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Hummingbird&rft.pub=Encyclopaedia+Britannica&rft.date=2023&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fanimal%2Fhummingbird&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHummingbird" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-smithsonian-15">^ <a href="#cite_ref-smithsonian_15-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-smithsonian_15-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-smithsonian_15-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-smithsonian_15-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-smithsonian_15-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-smithsonian_15-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-smithsonian_15-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-smithsonian_15-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-smithsonian_15-8">i</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nationalzoo.si.edu/migratory-birds/hummingbirds">"What is a hummingbird?"</a>. Smithsonian’s National Zoo and Conservation Biology Institute. 2023. Retrieved 7 March 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=What+is+a+hummingbird%3F&rft.pub=Smithsonian%E2%80%99s+National+Zoo+and+Conservation+Biology+Institute&rft.date=2023&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnationalzoo.si.edu%2Fmigratory-birds%2Fhummingbirds&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHummingbird" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-ADW-16">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ADW_16-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ADW_16-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ADW_16-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGlick2002" class="citation web cs1">Glick, Adrienne (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Mellisuga_helenae/">"Mellisuga helenae"</a>. Animal Diversity Web. Retrieved 14 April 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Mellisuga+helenae&rft.pub=Animal+Diversity+Web&rft.date=2002&rft.aulast=Glick&rft.aufirst=Adrienne&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fanimaldiversity.org%2Faccounts%2FMellisuga_helenae%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHummingbird" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-b&b-17">^ <a href="#cite_ref-b&b_17-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-b&b_17-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHannemann2022" class="citation web cs1">Hannemann, Emily (12 May 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.birdsandblooms.com/birding/attracting-hummingbirds/hummingbird-feet/">"Hummingbird feet: Can hummingbirds walk?"</a>. Birds&Blooms. Retrieved 4 April 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Hummingbird+feet%3A+Can+hummingbirds+walk%3F&rft.pub=Birds%26Blooms&rft.date=2022-05-12&rft.aulast=Hannemann&rft.aufirst=Emily&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.birdsandblooms.com%2Fbirding%2Fattracting-hummingbirds%2Fhummingbird-feet%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHummingbird" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-scoop-18">^ <a href="#cite_ref-scoop_18-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-scoop_18-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-scoop_18-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-scoop_18-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wildbirdscoop.com/do-hummingbirds-have-feet.html">"Do hummingbirds have feet?"</a>. Wild Bird Scoop. 2023. Retrieved 4 April 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Do+hummingbirds+have+feet%3F&rft.pub=Wild+Bird+Scoop&rft.date=2023&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wildbirdscoop.com%2Fdo-hummingbirds-have-feet.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHummingbird" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-reiser-19"><a href="#cite_ref-reiser_19-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTobalskeAltshulerPowers2004" class="citation journal cs1">Tobalske, Bret W.; Altshuler, Douglas L.; Powers, Donald R. (March 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://journals.biologists.com/jeb/article/207/8/1345/15063/Take-off-mechanics-in-hummingbirds-Trochilidae">"Take-off mechanics in hummingbirds (Trochilidae)"</a>. The Journal of Experimental Biology. 207 (Pt 8): 1345–52. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1242%2Fjeb.00889">10.1242/jeb.00889</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15010485">15010485</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:12323960">12323960</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+Experimental+Biology&rft.atitle=Take-off+mechanics+in+hummingbirds+%28Trochilidae%29&rft.volume=207&rft.issue=Pt+8&rft.pages=1345-52&rft.date=2004-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A12323960%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F15010485&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1242%2Fjeb.00889&rft.aulast=Tobalske&rft.aufirst=Bret+W.&rft.au=Altshuler%2C+Douglas+L.&rft.au=Powers%2C+Donald+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fjournals.biologists.com%2Fjeb%2Farticle%2F207%2F8%2F1345%2F15063%2FTake-off-mechanics-in-hummingbirds-Trochilidae&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHummingbird" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFClarkDudley2009" class="citation journal cs1">Clark, C.J.; Dudley, R. (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2677254">"Flight costs of long, sexually selected tails in hummingbirds"</a>. Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences. 276 (1664): 2109–115. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1098%2Frspb.2009.0090">10.1098/rspb.2009.0090</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2677254">2677254</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19324747">19324747</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Proceedings+of+the+Royal+Society+B%3A+Biological+Sciences&rft.atitle=Flight+costs+of+long%2C+sexually+selected+tails+in+hummingbirds&rft.volume=276&rft.issue=1664&rft.pages=2109-115&rft.date=2009&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2677254%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F19324747&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1098%2Frspb.2009.0090&rft.aulast=Clark&rft.aufirst=C.J.&rft.au=Dudley%2C+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2677254&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHummingbird" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRidgelyGreenfield2001" class="citation book cs1">Ridgely, R.S.; Greenfield, P.G. (2001). The Birds of Ecuador, Field Guide (1 ed.). Cornell University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8014-8721-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8014-8721-7"><bdi>978-0-8014-8721-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Birds+of+Ecuador%2C+Field+Guide&rft.edition=1&rft.pub=Cornell+University+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-8014-8721-7&rft.aulast=Ridgely&rft.aufirst=R.S.&rft.au=Greenfield%2C+P.G.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHummingbird" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-scien-22">^ <a href="#cite_ref-scien_22-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-scien_22-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMohrman2019" class="citation web cs1">Mohrman, Eric (22 November 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://sciencing.com/hummingbirds-mate-4566850.html">"How do hummingbirds mate?"</a>. Sciencing, Leaf Media Group Ltd. Retrieved 17 April 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=How+do+hummingbirds+mate%3F&rft.pub=Sciencing%2C+Leaf+Media+Group+Ltd.&rft.date=2019-11-22&rft.aulast=Mohrman&rft.aufirst=Eric&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsciencing.com%2Fhummingbirds-mate-4566850.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHummingbird" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-central-23">^ <a href="#cite_ref-central_23-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-central_23-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hummingbirdcentral.com/hummingbird-facts.htm">"Hummingbird facts and family introduction"</a>. Hummingbird Central. 2023. Retrieved 4 April 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Hummingbird+facts+and+family+introduction&rft.pub=Hummingbird+Central&rft.date=2023&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.hummingbirdcentral.com%2Fhummingbird-facts.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHummingbird" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-ruby-24">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ruby_24-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ruby_24-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ruby_24-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.allaboutbirds.org/guide/Ruby-throated_Hummingbird/">"Ruby-throated hummingbird"</a>. All About Birds, Cornell University Laboratory of Ornithology. 2023. Retrieved 23 April 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Ruby-throated+hummingbird&rft.pub=All+About+Birds%2C+Cornell+University+Laboratory+of+Ornithology&rft.date=2023&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.allaboutbirds.org%2Fguide%2FRuby-throated_Hummingbird%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHummingbird" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-cnn-25">^ <a href="#cite_ref-cnn_25-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-cnn_25-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChillag2023" class="citation news cs1">Chillag, Amy (21 April 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cnn.com/2023/04/21/world/iyw-rufous-hummingbird-tipping-point-extinction-earth-da">"These tiny creatures are losing their battle to survive. Here's what we can do to save them"</a>. CNN. Retrieved 22 April 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=CNN&rft.atitle=These+tiny+creatures+are+losing+their+battle+to+survive.+Here%27s+what+we+can+do+to+save+them&rft.date=2023-04-21&rft.aulast=Chillag&rft.aufirst=Amy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cnn.com%2F2023%2F04%2F21%2Fworld%2Fiyw-rufous-hummingbird-tipping-point-extinction-earth-da&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHummingbird" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-greig-26">^ <a href="#cite_ref-greig_26-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-greig_26-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-greig_26-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-greig_26-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-greig_26-4">e</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGreigWoodBonter2017" class="citation journal cs1">Greig, Emma I.; Wood, Eric M.; Bonter, David N. (5 April 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5394677">"Winter range expansion of a hummingbird is associated with urbanization and supplementary feeding"</a>. Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences. 284 (1852): 20170256. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1098%2Frspb.2017.0256">10.1098/rspb.2017.0256</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0962-8452">0962-8452</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5394677">5394677</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28381617">28381617</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Proceedings+of+the+Royal+Society+B%3A+Biological+Sciences&rft.atitle=Winter+range+expansion+of+a+hummingbird+is+associated+with+urbanization+and+supplementary+feeding&rft.volume=284&rft.issue=1852&rft.pages=20170256&rft.date=2017-04-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC5394677%23id-name%3DPMC&rft.issn=0962-8452&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F28381617&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1098%2Frspb.2017.0256&rft.aulast=Greig&rft.aufirst=Emma+I.&rft.au=Wood%2C+Eric+M.&rft.au=Bonter%2C+David+N.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC5394677&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHummingbird" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-white-27">^ <a href="#cite_ref-white_27-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-white_27-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWhite2015" class="citation web cs1">White, Richard (19 September 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://besgroup.org/2015/09/19/hummingbird-hawk-moth-hummingbird-and-sunbird/">"Hummingbird hawk moth, hummingbird and sunbird"</a>. Bird Ecology Study Group. Retrieved 8 March 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Hummingbird+hawk+moth%2C+hummingbird+and+sunbird&rft.pub=Bird+Ecology+Study+Group&rft.date=2015-09-19&rft.aulast=White&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbesgroup.org%2F2015%2F09%2F19%2Fhummingbird-hawk-moth-hummingbird-and-sunbird%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHummingbird" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPrinzingerSchaferSchuchmann1992" class="citation journal cs1">Prinzinger, R.; Schafer, T.; Schuchmann, K.L. (1992). "Energy metabolism, respiratory quotient and breathing parameters in two convergent small bird species : the fork-tailed sunbird Aethopyga christinae (Nectariniidae) and the chilean hummingbird Sephanoides sephanoides (Trochilidae)". Journal of Thermal Biology. 17 (2): 71–79. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1992JTBio..17...71P">1992JTBio..17...71P</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2F0306-4565%2892%2990001-V">10.1016/0306-4565(92)90001-V</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Thermal+Biology&rft.atitle=Energy+metabolism%2C+respiratory+quotient+and+breathing+parameters+in+two+convergent+small+bird+species+%3A+the+fork-tailed+sunbird+Aethopyga+christinae+%28Nectariniidae%29+and+the+chilean+hummingbird+Sephanoides+sephanoides+%28Trochilidae%29&rft.volume=17&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=71-79&rft.date=1992&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2F0306-4565%2892%2990001-V&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1992JTBio..17...71P&rft.aulast=Prinzinger&rft.aufirst=R.&rft.au=Schafer%2C+T.&rft.au=Schuchmann%2C+K.L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHummingbird" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMoisset2022" class="citation web cs1">Moisset, Beatriz (2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.fs.fed.us/wildflowers/pollinators/pollinator-of-the-month/hummingbird_moth.shtml">"Hummingbird moth (Hemaris spp.)"</a>. Forest Service, US Department of Agriculture. Retrieved 2 August 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Hummingbird+moth+%28Hemaris+spp.%29&rft.pub=Forest+Service%2C+US+Department+of+Agriculture&rft.date=2022&rft.aulast=Moisset&rft.aufirst=Beatriz&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.fs.fed.us%2Fwildflowers%2Fpollinators%2Fpollinator-of-the-month%2Fhummingbird_moth.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHummingbird" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFjeldsåHeynen1999" class="citation book cs1">Fjeldså, J.; Heynen, I. (1999). Genus Oreotrochilus. In: del Hoyo, J., A. Elliott, & J. Sargatal. eds. (1999). <a href="/wiki/Handbook_of_the_Birds_of_the_World" title="Handbook of the Birds of the World">Handbook of the Birds of the World</a>. Vol. 5. Barn-owls to Hummingbirds. Lynx Edicions, Barcelona. Lynx Edicions. pp. 623–624. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/84-87334-25-3" title="Special:BookSources/84-87334-25-3"><bdi>84-87334-25-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Genus+Oreotrochilus.+In%3A+del+Hoyo%2C+J.%2C+A.+Elliott%2C+%26+J.+Sargatal.+eds.+%281999%29.+Handbook+of+the+Birds+of+the+World.+Vol.+5.+Barn-owls+to+Hummingbirds.+Lynx+Edicions%2C+Barcelona&rft.pages=623-624&rft.pub=Lynx+Edicions&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=84-87334-25-3&rft.aulast=Fjelds%C3%A5&rft.aufirst=J.&rft.au=Heynen%2C+I.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHummingbird" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJaramilloBarros,_R.2010" class="citation web cs1">Jaramillo, A.; Barros, R. (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.museum.lsu.edu/~Remsen/SACCListByCountry.xls">"Species lists of birds for South American countries and territories: Chile"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Species+lists+of+birds+for+South+American+countries+and+territories%3A+Chile.&rft.date=2010&rft.aulast=Jaramillo&rft.aufirst=A.&rft.au=Barros%2C+R.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.museum.lsu.edu%2F~Remsen%2FSACCListByCountry.xls&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHummingbird" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSalamanDonegan,_T.Caro,_D.2009" class="citation web cs1">Salaman, P.; Donegan, T.; Caro, D. (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090824105022/http://www.proaves.org/IMG/pdf/Aves_de_Colombia_2009-2.pdf">"Checklist to the Birds of Colombia 2009"</a> (PDF). Conservation Colombiana. <a href="/wiki/Fundaci%C3%B3n_ProAves" title="Fundación ProAves">Fundación ProAves</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.proaves.org/IMG/pdf/Aves_de_Colombia_2009-2.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 24 August 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Conservation+Colombiana&rft.atitle=Checklist+to+the+Birds+of+Colombia+2009.&rft.date=2009&rft.aulast=Salaman&rft.aufirst=P.&rft.au=Donegan%2C+T.&rft.au=Caro%2C+D.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.proaves.org%2FIMG%2Fpdf%2FAves_de_Colombia_2009-2.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHummingbird" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFreile2009" class="citation web cs1">Freile, J. (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.museum.lsu.edu/~Remsen/SACCListByCountry.xls">"Species lists of birds for South American countries and territories: Ecuador"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Species+lists+of+birds+for+South+American+countries+and+territories%3A+Ecuador.&rft.date=2009&rft.aulast=Freile&rft.aufirst=J.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.museum.lsu.edu%2F~Remsen%2FSACCListByCountry.xls&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHummingbird" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVigors1825" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Nicholas_Aylward_Vigors" title="Nicholas Aylward Vigors">Vigors, Nicholas Aylward</a> (1825). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/752841">"Observations on the natural affinities that connect the orders and families of birds"</a>. Transactions of the Linnean Society of London. 14 (3): 395–517 [463]. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1095-8339.1823.tb00098.x">10.1111/j.1095-8339.1823.tb00098.x</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Transactions+of+the+Linnean+Society+of+London&rft.atitle=Observations+on+the+natural+affinities+that+connect+the+orders+and+families+of+birds&rft.volume=14&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=395-517+463&rft.date=1825&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1095-8339.1823.tb00098.x&rft.aulast=Vigors&rft.aufirst=Nicholas+Aylward&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.biodiversitylibrary.org%2Fpage%2F752841&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHummingbird" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBock1994" class="citation book cs1">Bock, Walter J. (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://digitallibrary.amnh.org/handle/2246/830">History and Nomenclature of Avian Family-Group Names</a>. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History. Vol. 222. New York: American Museum of Natural History. pp. 143, 264. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/2246%2F830">2246/830</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+and+Nomenclature+of+Avian+Family-Group+Names&rft.place=New+York&rft.series=Bulletin+of+the+American+Museum+of+Natural+History&rft.pages=143%2C+264&rft.pub=American+Museum+of+Natural+History&rft.date=1994&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F2246%2F830&rft.aulast=Bock&rft.aufirst=Walter+J.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdigitallibrary.amnh.org%2Fhandle%2F2246%2F830&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHummingbird" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-S&A1990-36"><a href="#cite_ref-S&A1990_36-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSibleyAhlquist1990" class="citation book cs1">Sibley, Charles Gald; Ahlquist, Jon Edward (1990). Phylogeny and classification of birds. New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Phylogeny+and+classification+of+birds&rft.place=New+Haven%2C+Conn.&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=1990&rft.aulast=Sibley&rft.aufirst=Charles+Gald&rft.au=Ahlquist%2C+Jon+Edward&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHummingbird" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-mayr2005-37">^ <a href="#cite_ref-mayr2005_37-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-mayr2005_37-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMayr2005" class="citation journal cs1">Mayr, Gerald (March 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110927045239/http://www.senckenberg.de/files/content/forschung/abteilung/terrzool/ornithologie/hummingbird_biologist.pdf">"Fossil hummingbirds of the Old World"</a> (PDF). Biologist. 52 (1): 12–16. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.senckenberg.de/files/content/forschung/abteilung/terrzool/ornithologie/hummingbird_biologist.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 27 September 2011. Retrieved 14 December 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Biologist&rft.atitle=Fossil+hummingbirds+of+the+Old+World&rft.volume=52&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=12-16&rft.date=2005-03&rft.aulast=Mayr&rft.aufirst=Gerald&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.senckenberg.de%2Ffiles%2Fcontent%2Fforschung%2Fabteilung%2Fterrzool%2Fornithologie%2Fhummingbird_biologist.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHummingbird" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bleiweiss_et_al.-38"><a href="#cite_ref-Bleiweiss_et_al._38-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBleiweissKirschMatheus1999" class="citation journal cs1">Bleiweiss, Robert; Kirsch, John A. W.; Matheus, Juan Carlos (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210725122234/https://sora.unm.edu/sites/default/files/journals/auk/v111n01/p0008-p0019.pdf">"DNA-DNA hybridization evidence for subfamily structure among hummingbirds"</a> (PDF). <a href="/wiki/Auk_(journal)" class="mw-redirect" title="Auk (journal)">Auk</a>. 111 (1): 8–19. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F4088500">10.2307/4088500</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/4088500">4088500</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://sora.unm.edu/sites/default/files/journals/auk/v111n01/p0008-p0019.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 25 July 2021. Retrieved 1 April 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Auk&rft.atitle=DNA-DNA+hybridization+evidence+for+subfamily+structure+among+hummingbirds&rft.volume=111&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=8-19&rft.date=1999&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F4088500&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F4088500%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Bleiweiss&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft.au=Kirsch%2C+John+A.+W.&rft.au=Matheus%2C+Juan+Carlos&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsora.unm.edu%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2Fjournals%2Fauk%2Fv111n01%2Fp0008-p0019.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHummingbird" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKsepkaClarkeNesbittKulp2013" class="citation journal cs1">Ksepka, Daniel T.; Clarke, Julia A.; Nesbitt, Sterling J.; Kulp, Felicia B.; Grande, Lance (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3652446">"Fossil evidence of wing shape in a stem relative of swifts and hummingbirds (Aves, Pan-Apodiformes)"</a>. Proceedings of the Royal Society B. 280 (1761): 1761. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1098%2Frspb.2013.0580">10.1098/rspb.2013.0580</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3652446">3652446</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23760643">23760643</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Proceedings+of+the+Royal+Society+B&rft.atitle=Fossil+evidence+of+wing+shape+in+a+stem+relative+of+swifts+and+hummingbirds+%28Aves%2C+Pan-Apodiformes%29&rft.volume=280&rft.issue=1761&rft.pages=1761&rft.date=2013&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3652446%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F23760643&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1098%2Frspb.2013.0580&rft.aulast=Ksepka&rft.aufirst=Daniel+T.&rft.au=Clarke%2C+Julia+A.&rft.au=Nesbitt%2C+Sterling+J.&rft.au=Kulp%2C+Felicia+B.&rft.au=Grande%2C+Lance&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3652446&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHummingbird" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMayr2007" class="citation journal cs1">Mayr, Gerald (1 January 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007/s10336-006-0108-y">"New specimens of the early Oligocene Old World hummingbird Eurotrochilus inexpectatus"</a>. Journal of Ornithology. 148 (1): 105–111. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2007JOrni.148..105M">2007JOrni.148..105M</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs10336-006-0108-y">10.1007/s10336-006-0108-y</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2193-7206">2193-7206</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:11821178">11821178</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Ornithology&rft.atitle=New+specimens+of+the+early+Oligocene+Old+World+hummingbird+Eurotrochilus+inexpectatus&rft.volume=148&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=105-111&rft.date=2007-01-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs10336-006-0108-y&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A11821178%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=2193-7206&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2007JOrni.148..105M&rft.aulast=Mayr&rft.aufirst=Gerald&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1007%2Fs10336-006-0108-y&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHummingbird" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBochenskiBochenski2008" class="citation journal cs1">Bochenski, Zygmunt; Bochenski, Zbigniew M. (1 April 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007/s10336-007-0261-y">"An Old World hummingbird from the Oligocene: a new fossil from Polish Carpathians"</a>. Journal of Ornithology. 149 (2): 211–216. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2008JOrni.149..211B">2008JOrni.149..211B</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs10336-007-0261-y">10.1007/s10336-007-0261-y</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2193-7206">2193-7206</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:22193761">22193761</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Ornithology&rft.atitle=An+Old+World+hummingbird+from+the+Oligocene%3A+a+new+fossil+from+Polish+Carpathians&rft.volume=149&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=211-216&rft.date=2008-04-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs10336-007-0261-y&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A22193761%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=2193-7206&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2008JOrni.149..211B&rft.aulast=Bochenski&rft.aufirst=Zygmunt&rft.au=Bochenski%2C+Zbigniew+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1007%2Fs10336-007-0261-y&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHummingbird" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-sd-42">^ <a href="#cite_ref-sd_42-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-sd_42-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-sd_42-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-sd_42-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2014/04/140403132207.htm">"Hummingbirds' 22-million-year-old history of remarkable change is far from complete"</a>. ScienceDaily. 3 April 2014. Retrieved 30 September 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ScienceDaily&rft.atitle=Hummingbirds%27+22-million-year-old+history+of+remarkable+change+is+far+from+complete&rft.date=2014-04-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sciencedaily.com%2Freleases%2F2014%2F04%2F140403132207.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHummingbird" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-mcguire2007-43">^ <a href="#cite_ref-mcguire2007_43-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-mcguire2007_43-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcGuireWittAltshulerRemsen2007" class="citation journal cs1">McGuire, J.A.; Witt, C.C.; Altshuler, D.L.; Remsen, J.V. (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F10635150701656360">"Phylogenetic systematics and biogeography of hummingbirds: Bayesian and maximum likelihood analyses of partitioned data and selection of an appropriate partitioning strategy"</a>. Systematic Biology. 56 (5): 837–856. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F10635150701656360">10.1080/10635150701656360</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17934998">17934998</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Systematic+Biology&rft.atitle=Phylogenetic+systematics+and+biogeography+of+hummingbirds%3A+Bayesian+and+maximum+likelihood+analyses+of+partitioned+data+and+selection+of+an+appropriate+partitioning+strategy&rft.volume=56&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=837-856&rft.date=2007&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F10635150701656360&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F17934998&rft.aulast=McGuire&rft.aufirst=J.A.&rft.au=Witt%2C+C.C.&rft.au=Altshuler%2C+D.L.&rft.au=Remsen%2C+J.V.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1080%252F10635150701656360&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHummingbird" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-mcg08-44">^ <a href="#cite_ref-mcg08_44-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-mcg08_44-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcGuireWittRemsenDudley2008" class="citation journal cs1">McGuire, Jimmy A.; Witt, Christopher C.; Remsen, J.V. Jr.; Dudley, R.; Altshuler, Douglas L. (2008). "A higher-level taxonomy for hummingbirds". Journal of Ornithology. 150 (1): 155–165. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs10336-008-0330-x">10.1007/s10336-008-0330-x</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0021-8375">0021-8375</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:1918245">1918245</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Ornithology&rft.atitle=A+higher-level+taxonomy+for+hummingbirds&rft.volume=150&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=155-165&rft.date=2008&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A1918245%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=0021-8375&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs10336-008-0330-x&rft.aulast=McGuire&rft.aufirst=Jimmy+A.&rft.au=Witt%2C+Christopher+C.&rft.au=Remsen%2C+J.V.+Jr.&rft.au=Dudley%2C+R.&rft.au=Altshuler%2C+Douglas+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHummingbird" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-h&m4-45"><a href="#cite_ref-h&m4_45-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDickinsonRemsen2013" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol"><a href="/wiki/Edward_C._Dickinson" title="Edward C. Dickinson">Dickinson, E.C.</a>; <a href="/wiki/James_Van_Remsen_Jr." title="James Van Remsen Jr.">Remsen, J.V. Jr.</a>, eds. (2013). The Howard & Moore Complete Checklist of the Birds of the World. Vol. 1: Non-passerines (4th ed.). Eastbourne, UK: Aves Press. pp. 105–136. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-9568611-0-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-9568611-0-8"><bdi>978-0-9568611-0-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Howard+%26+Moore+Complete+Checklist+of+the+Birds+of+the+World&rft.place=Eastbourne%2C+UK&rft.pages=105-136&rft.edition=4th&rft.pub=Aves+Press&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-0-9568611-0-8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHummingbird" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBleiweissKirschMatheus1997" class="citation journal cs1">Bleiweiss, R.; Kirsch, J.A.; Matheus, J.C. (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Foxfordjournals.molbev.a025767">"DNA hybridization evidence for the principal lineages of hummingbirds (Aves:Trochilidae)"</a>. Molecular Biology and Evolution. 14 (3): 325–343. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Foxfordjournals.molbev.a025767">10.1093/oxfordjournals.molbev.a025767</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9066799">9066799</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Molecular+Biology+and+Evolution&rft.atitle=DNA+hybridization+evidence+for+the+principal+lineages+of+hummingbirds+%28Aves%3ATrochilidae%29.&rft.volume=14&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=325-343&rft.date=1997&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Foxfordjournals.molbev.a025767&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F9066799&rft.aulast=Bleiweiss&rft.aufirst=R.&rft.au=Kirsch%2C+J.A.&rft.au=Matheus%2C+J.C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1093%252Foxfordjournals.molbev.a025767&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHummingbird" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDickinsonRemsen2013105–136-47"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDickinsonRemsen2013105–136_47-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDickinsonRemsen2013">Dickinson & Remsen 2013</a>, pp. 105–136. </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBaldwinTodaNakagitaO'Connell2014" class="citation journal cs1">Baldwin, M.W.; Toda, Y.; Nakagita, T.; O'Connell, M.J.; Klasing, K.C.; Misaka, T.; Edwards, S.V.; Liberles, S. D. (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4302410">"Evolution of sweet taste perception in hummingbirds by transformation of the ancestral umami receptor"</a>. Science. 345 (6199): 929–933. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014Sci...345..929B">2014Sci...345..929B</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.1255097">10.1126/science.1255097</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4302410">4302410</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25146290">25146290</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Science&rft.atitle=Evolution+of+sweet+taste+perception+in+hummingbirds+by+transformation+of+the+ancestral+umami+receptor&rft.volume=345&rft.issue=6199&rft.pages=929-933&rft.date=2014&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4302410%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F25146290&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1126%2Fscience.1255097&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2014Sci...345..929B&rft.aulast=Baldwin&rft.aufirst=M.W.&rft.au=Toda%2C+Y.&rft.au=Nakagita%2C+T.&rft.au=O%27Connell%2C+M.J.&rft.au=Klasing%2C+K.C.&rft.au=Misaka%2C+T.&rft.au=Edwards%2C+S.V.&rft.au=Liberles%2C+S.+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4302410&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHummingbird" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Rico-Guevara2015-49"><a href="#cite_ref-Rico-Guevara2015_49-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRico-Guevara,_A.Araya-Salas,_M.2015" class="citation journal cs1">Rico-Guevara, A.; Araya-Salas, M. (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fbeheco%2Faru182">"Bills as daggers? A test for sexually dimorphic weapons in a lekking hummingbird"</a>. Behavioral Ecology. 26 (1): 21–29. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fbeheco%2Faru182">10.1093/beheco/aru182</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Behavioral+Ecology&rft.atitle=Bills+as+daggers%3F+A+test+for+sexually+dimorphic+weapons+in+a+lekking+hummingbird&rft.volume=26&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=21-29&rft.date=2015&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fbeheco%2Faru182&rft.au=Rico-Guevara%2C+A.&rft.au=Araya-Salas%2C+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1093%252Fbeheco%252Faru182&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHummingbird" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAbrahamczyk,_S.Renner,_S.S.2015" class="citation journal cs1">Abrahamczyk, S.; Renner, S.S. (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4460853">"The temporal build-up of hummingbird/plant mutualisms in North America and temperate South America"</a>. BMC Evolutionary Biology. 15 (1): 104. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015BMCEE..15..104A">2015BMCEE..15..104A</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1186%2Fs12862-015-0388-z">10.1186/s12862-015-0388-z</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4460853">4460853</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26058608">26058608</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BMC+Evolutionary+Biology&rft.atitle=The+temporal+build-up+of+hummingbird%2Fplant+mutualisms+in+North+America+and+temperate+South+America&rft.volume=15&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=104&rft.date=2015&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4460853%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F26058608&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1186%2Fs12862-015-0388-z&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2015BMCEE..15..104A&rft.au=Abrahamczyk%2C+S.&rft.au=Renner%2C+S.S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4460853&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHummingbird" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAbrahamczyk,_S.Souto-Vilarós,_D.McGuire,_J.A.Renner,_S.S.2015" class="citation journal cs1">Abrahamczyk, S.; Souto-Vilarós, D.; McGuire, J.A.; Renner, S.S. (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://zenodo.org/record/890511">"Diversity and clade ages of West Indian hummingbirds and the largest plant clades dependent on them: a 5–9 Myr young mutualistic system"</a>. Biological Journal of the Linnean Society. 114 (4): 848–859. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fbij.12476">10.1111/bij.12476</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Biological+Journal+of+the+Linnean+Society&rft.atitle=Diversity+and+clade+ages+of+West+Indian+hummingbirds+and+the+largest+plant+clades+dependent+on+them%3A+a+5%E2%80%939+Myr+young+mutualistic+system&rft.volume=114&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=848-859&rft.date=2015&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fbij.12476&rft.au=Abrahamczyk%2C+S.&rft.au=Souto-Vilar%C3%B3s%2C+D.&rft.au=McGuire%2C+J.A.&rft.au=Renner%2C+S.S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fzenodo.org%2Frecord%2F890511&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHummingbird" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAbrahamczykSouto-VilarosRenner2014" class="citation journal cs1">Abrahamczyk, S.; Souto-Vilaros, D.; Renner, S. S. (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4213610">"Escape from extreme specialization: Passionflowers, bats and the sword-billed hummingbird"</a>. Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences. 281 (1795): 20140888. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1098%2Frspb.2014.0888">10.1098/rspb.2014.0888</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4213610">4213610</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25274372">25274372</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Proceedings+of+the+Royal+Society+B%3A+Biological+Sciences&rft.atitle=Escape+from+extreme+specialization%3A+Passionflowers%2C+bats+and+the+sword-billed+hummingbird&rft.volume=281&rft.issue=1795&rft.pages=20140888&rft.date=2014&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4213610%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F25274372&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1098%2Frspb.2014.0888&rft.aulast=Abrahamczyk&rft.aufirst=S.&rft.au=Souto-Vilaros%2C+D.&rft.au=Renner%2C+S.+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4213610&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHummingbird" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStiles1981" class="citation journal cs1">Stiles, Gary (1981). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/pdf2/002816500087380.pdf">"Geographical aspects of bird flower coevolution, with particular reference to Central America"</a> (PDF). Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden. 68 (2): 323–351. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2398801">10.2307/2398801</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2398801">2398801</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:87692272">87692272</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Annals+of+the+Missouri+Botanical+Garden&rft.atitle=Geographical+aspects+of+bird+flower+coevolution%2C+with+particular+reference+to+Central+America&rft.volume=68&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=323-351&rft.date=1981&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A87692272%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2398801%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F2398801&rft.aulast=Stiles&rft.aufirst=Gary&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.biodiversitylibrary.org%2Fpdf2%2F002816500087380.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHummingbird" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMaglianesiBlüthgenBöhning-GaeseSchleuning2014" class="citation journal cs1">Maglianesi, M.A.; Blüthgen, N.; Böhning-Gaese, K. & Schleuning, M. (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/268518487">"Morphological traits determine specialization and resource use in plant–hummingbird networks in the Neotropics"</a>. Ecology. 95 (12): 3325–334. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014Ecol...95.3325M">2014Ecol...95.3325M</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1890%2F13-2261.1">10.1890/13-2261.1</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Ecology&rft.atitle=Morphological+traits+determine+specialization+and+resource+use+in+plant%E2%80%93hummingbird+networks+in+the+Neotropics&rft.volume=95&rft.issue=12&rft.pages=3325-334&rft.date=2014&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1890%2F13-2261.1&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2014Ecol...95.3325M&rft.aulast=Maglianesi&rft.aufirst=M.A.&rft.au=Bl%C3%BCthgen%2C+N.&rft.au=B%C3%B6hning-Gaese%2C+K.&rft.au=Schleuning%2C+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.researchgate.net%2Fpublication%2F268518487&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHummingbird" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAbrahamczykPoretschkinRenner2017" class="citation journal cs1">Abrahamczyk, Stefan; Poretschkin, Constantin & Renner, Susanne S. (2017). "Evolutionary flexibility in five hummingbird/plant mutualistic systems: testing temporal and geographic matching". Journal of Biogeography. 44 (8): 1847–855. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017JBiog..44.1847A">2017JBiog..44.1847A</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fjbi.12962">10.1111/jbi.12962</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:90399556">90399556</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Biogeography&rft.atitle=Evolutionary+flexibility+in+five+hummingbird%2Fplant+mutualistic+systems%3A+testing+temporal+and+geographic+matching&rft.volume=44&rft.issue=8&rft.pages=1847-855&rft.date=2017&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A90399556%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fjbi.12962&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2017JBiog..44.1847A&rft.aulast=Abrahamczyk&rft.aufirst=Stefan&rft.au=Poretschkin%2C+Constantin&rft.au=Renner%2C+Susanne+S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHummingbird" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSimon,_Matt2015" class="citation magazine cs1">Simon, Matt (10 July 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wired.com/2015/07/absurd-creature-of-the-week-bee-hummingbird">"Absurd Creature of the Week: The World's Tiniest Bird Weighs Less Than a Dime"</a>. Wired. Retrieved 8 March 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Wired&rft.atitle=Absurd+Creature+of+the+Week%3A+The+World%27s+Tiniest+Bird+Weighs+Less+Than+a+Dime&rft.date=2015-07-10&rft.au=Simon%2C+Matt&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wired.com%2F2015%2F07%2Fabsurd-creature-of-the-week-bee-hummingbird&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHummingbird" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDalsgaardMartín_GonzálezOlesenOllerton2009" class="citation journal cs1">Dalsgaard, Bo; Martín González, Ana M.; Olesen, Jens M.; et al. (2009). "Plant-hummingbird interactions in the West Indies: Floral specialisation gradients associated with environment and hummingbird size". Oecologia. 159 (4): 757–766. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2009Oecol.159..757D">2009Oecol.159..757D</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs00442-008-1255-z">10.1007/s00442-008-1255-z</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19132403">19132403</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:35922888">35922888</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Oecologia&rft.atitle=Plant-hummingbird+interactions+in+the+West+Indies%3A+Floral+specialisation+gradients+associated+with+environment+and+hummingbird+size&rft.volume=159&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=757-766&rft.date=2009&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs00442-008-1255-z&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A35922888%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F19132403&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2009Oecol.159..757D&rft.aulast=Dalsgaard&rft.aufirst=Bo&rft.au=Mart%C3%ADn+Gonz%C3%A1lez%2C+Ana+M.&rft.au=Olesen%2C+Jens+M.&rft.au=Ollerton%2C+J&rft.au=Timmermann%2C+A&rft.au=Andersen%2C+L.+H.&rft.au=Tossas%2C+A.+G.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHummingbird" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRodríguez-GironésSantamaría2004" class="citation journal cs1">Rodríguez-Gironés, M.A. & Santamaría, L. (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC521733">"Why are so many bird flowers red?"</a>. PLOS Biology. 2 (10): e350. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1371%2Fjournal.pbio.0020350">10.1371/journal.pbio.0020350</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC521733">521733</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15486585">15486585</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=PLOS+Biology&rft.atitle=Why+are+so+many+bird+flowers+red%3F&rft.volume=2&rft.issue=10&rft.pages=e350&rft.date=2004&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC521733%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F15486585&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pbio.0020350&rft.aulast=Rodr%C3%ADguez-Giron%C3%A9s&rft.aufirst=M.A.&rft.au=Santamar%C3%ADa%2C+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC521733&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHummingbird" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAltschuler2003" class="citation journal cs1">Altschuler, D. L. (2003). "Flower color, hummingbird pollination, and habitat irradiance in four Neotropical forests". <a href="/wiki/Biotropica" title="Biotropica">Biotropica</a>. 35 (3): 344–355. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1646%2F02113">10.1646/02113</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:55929111">55929111</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Biotropica&rft.atitle=Flower+color%2C+hummingbird+pollination%2C+and+habitat+irradiance+in+four+Neotropical+forests&rft.volume=35&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=344-355&rft.date=2003&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1646%2F02113&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A55929111%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Altschuler&rft.aufirst=D.+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHummingbird" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNicolsonFleming2003" class="citation journal cs1">Nicolson, S.W. & Fleming, P.A. (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://researchrepository.murdoch.edu.au/id/eprint/4725">"Nectar as food for birds: the physiological consequences of drinking dilute sugar solutions"</a>. Plant Systematics and Evolution. 238 (1–4): 139–153. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2003PSyEv.238..139N">2003PSyEv.238..139N</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs00606-003-0276-7">10.1007/s00606-003-0276-7</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:23401164">23401164</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Plant+Systematics+and+Evolution&rft.atitle=Nectar+as+food+for+birds%3A+the+physiological+consequences+of+drinking+dilute+sugar+solutions&rft.volume=238&rft.issue=1%E2%80%934&rft.pages=139-153&rft.date=2003&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A23401164%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs00606-003-0276-7&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2003PSyEv.238..139N&rft.aulast=Nicolson&rft.aufirst=S.W.&rft.au=Fleming%2C+P.A.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fresearchrepository.murdoch.edu.au%2Fid%2Feprint%2F4725&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHummingbird" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Junker-61">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Junker_61-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Junker_61-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJunkerBlüthgenBrehmBinkenstein2012" class="citation journal cs1">Junker, Robert R.; Blüthgen, Nico; Brehm, Tanja; Binkenstein, Julia; Paulus, Justina; Martin Schaefer, H. & Stang, Martina (13 December 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2F1365-2435.12005">"Specialization on traits as basis for the niche-breadth of flower visitors and as structuring mechanism of ecological networks"</a>. Functional Ecology. 27 (2): 329–341. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2F1365-2435.12005">10.1111/1365-2435.12005</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Functional+Ecology&rft.atitle=Specialization+on+traits+as+basis+for+the+niche-breadth+of+flower+visitors+and+as+structuring+mechanism+of+ecological+networks&rft.volume=27&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=329-341&rft.date=2012-12-13&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2F1365-2435.12005&rft.aulast=Junker&rft.aufirst=Robert+R.&rft.au=Bl%C3%BCthgen%2C+Nico&rft.au=Brehm%2C+Tanja&rft.au=Binkenstein%2C+Julia&rft.au=Paulus%2C+Justina&rft.au=Martin+Schaefer%2C+H.&rft.au=Stang%2C+Martina&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1111%252F1365-2435.12005&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHummingbird" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Martín-62"><a href="#cite_ref-Martín_62-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMartín_GonzálezDalsgaard2015" class="citation journal cs1">Martín González, Ana M.; Dalsgaard, Bo; et al. (30 July 2015). "The macroecology of phylogenetically structured hummingbird-plant networks". Global Ecology and Biogeography. 24 (11): 1212–224. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015GloEB..24.1212M">2015GloEB..24.1212M</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fgeb.12355">10.1111/geb.12355</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/10026.1%2F3407">10026.1/3407</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Global+Ecology+and+Biogeography&rft.atitle=The+macroecology+of+phylogenetically+structured+hummingbird-plant+networks&rft.volume=24&rft.issue=11&rft.pages=1212-224&rft.date=2015-07-30&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F10026.1%2F3407&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fgeb.12355&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2015GloEB..24.1212M&rft.aulast=Mart%C3%ADn+Gonz%C3%A1lez&rft.aufirst=Ana+M.&rft.au=Dalsgaard%2C+Bo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHummingbird" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Colwell2000-63">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Colwell2000_63-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Colwell2000_63-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Colwell2000_63-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Colwell2000_63-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFColwell2000" class="citation journal cs1">Colwell, Robert K. (1 November 2000). "Rensch's Rule Crosses the Line: Convergent Allometry of Sexual Size Dimorphism in Hummingbirds and Flower Mites". The American Naturalist. 156 (5): 495–510. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2F303406">10.1086/303406</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29587514">29587514</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:4401233">4401233</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+American+Naturalist&rft.atitle=Rensch%27s+Rule+Crosses+the+Line%3A+Convergent+Allometry+of+Sexual+Size+Dimorphism+in+Hummingbirds+and+Flower+Mites&rft.volume=156&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=495-510&rft.date=2000-11-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A4401233%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F29587514&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1086%2F303406&rft.aulast=Colwell&rft.aufirst=Robert+K.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHummingbird" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lisle2013-64">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Lisle2013_64-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lisle2013_64-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lisle2013_64-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLisleRowe2013" class="citation journal cs1">Lisle, Stephen P. De; Rowe, Locke (1 November 2013). "Correlated Evolution of Allometry and Sexual Dimorphism across Higher Taxa". The American Naturalist. 182 (5): 630–639. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2F673282">10.1086/673282</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24107370">24107370</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:25612107">25612107</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+American+Naturalist&rft.atitle=Correlated+Evolution+of+Allometry+and+Sexual+Dimorphism+across+Higher+Taxa&rft.volume=182&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=630-639&rft.date=2013-11-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A25612107%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F24107370&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1086%2F673282&rft.aulast=Lisle&rft.aufirst=Stephen+P.+De&rft.au=Rowe%2C+Locke&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHummingbird" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Berns2012-65">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Berns2012_65-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Berns2012_65-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Berns2012_65-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Berns2012_65-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Berns2012_65-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Berns2012_65-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Berns2012_65-6">g</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBernsAdams2012" class="citation journal cs1">Berns, Chelsea M.; Adams, Dean C. (11 November 2012). "Becoming Different But Staying Alike: Patterns of Sexual Size and Shape Dimorphism in Bills of Hummingbirds". Evolutionary Biology. 40 (2): 246–260. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs11692-012-9206-3">10.1007/s11692-012-9206-3</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0071-3260">0071-3260</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:276492">276492</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Evolutionary+Biology&rft.atitle=Becoming+Different+But+Staying+Alike%3A+Patterns+of+Sexual+Size+and+Shape+Dimorphism+in+Bills+of+Hummingbirds&rft.volume=40&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=246-260&rft.date=2012-11-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A276492%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=0071-3260&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs11692-012-9206-3&rft.aulast=Berns&rft.aufirst=Chelsea+M.&rft.au=Adams%2C+Dean+C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHummingbird" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Temeles2010-66">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Temeles2010_66-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Temeles2010_66-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Temeles2010_66-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Temeles2010_66-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Temeles2010_66-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Temeles2010_66-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Temeles2010_66-6">g</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTemelesMillerRifkin2010" class="citation journal cs1">Temeles, Ethan J.; Miller, Jill S.; Rifkin, Joanna L. (12 April 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2830232">"Evolution of sexual dimorphism in bill size and shape of hermit hummingbirds (Phaethornithinae): a role for ecological causation"</a>. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London B: Biological Sciences. 365 (1543): 1053–063. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1098%2Frstb.2009.0284">10.1098/rstb.2009.0284</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0962-8436">0962-8436</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2830232">2830232</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20194168">20194168</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Philosophical+Transactions+of+the+Royal+Society+of+London+B%3A+Biological+Sciences&rft.atitle=Evolution+of+sexual+dimorphism+in+bill+size+and+shape+of+hermit+hummingbirds+%28Phaethornithinae%29%3A+a+role+for+ecological+causation&rft.volume=365&rft.issue=1543&rft.pages=1053-063&rft.date=2010-04-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2830232%23id-name%3DPMC&rft.issn=0962-8436&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F20194168&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1098%2Frstb.2009.0284&rft.aulast=Temeles&rft.aufirst=Ethan+J.&rft.au=Miller%2C+Jill+S.&rft.au=Rifkin%2C+Joanna+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2830232&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHummingbird" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-learner-67">^ <a href="#cite_ref-learner_67-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-learner_67-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161111085045/http://learner.org/jnorth/search/HummerNotes1.html">"Hummingbird characteristics"</a>. learner.org. Annenberg Learner, The Annenberg Foundation. 2015. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.learner.org/jnorth/search/HummerNotes1.html">the original</a> on 11 November 2016. Retrieved 30 August 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=learner.org&rft.atitle=Hummingbird+characteristics&rft.date=2015&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.learner.org%2Fjnorth%2Fsearch%2FHummerNotes1.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHummingbird" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-williamson-68">^ <a href="#cite_ref-williamson_68-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-williamson_68-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-williamson_68-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-williamson_68-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-williamson_68-4">e</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilliamson_S2001" class="citation book cs1">Williamson S (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=XtZ1xotyal8C&q=Iridescent+colors+hummingbird+feathers.&pg=PA28">A Field Guide to Hummingbirds of North America. Section: Plumage and Molt</a>. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. pp. 13–18. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-618-02496-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-618-02496-4"><bdi>978-0-618-02496-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Field+Guide+to+Hummingbirds+of+North+America.+Section%3A+Plumage+and+Molt&rft.pages=13-18&rft.pub=Houghton+Mifflin+Harcourt&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-618-02496-4&rft.au=Williamson+S&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DXtZ1xotyal8C%26q%3DIridescent%2Bcolors%2Bhummingbird%2Bfeathers.%26pg%3DPA28&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHummingbird" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHamilton1965" class="citation journal cs1">Hamilton, W.J. (1965). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://sora.unm.edu/sites/default/files/journals/wilson/v077n01/p0038-p0044.pdf">"Sun-oriented display of the Anna's hummingbird"</a> (PDF). The Wilson Bulletin. 77 (1).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Wilson+Bulletin&rft.atitle=Sun-oriented+display+of+the+Anna%27s+hummingbird&rft.volume=77&rft.issue=1&rft.date=1965&rft.aulast=Hamilton&rft.aufirst=W.J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsora.unm.edu%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2Fjournals%2Fwilson%2Fv077n01%2Fp0038-p0044.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHummingbird" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-jeb-70">^ <a href="#cite_ref-jeb_70-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-jeb_70-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMeadows,_M.G.Roudybush,_T.E.McGraw,_K.J.2012" class="citation journal cs1">Meadows, M.G.; Roudybush, T.E.; McGraw, K.J. (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3404802">"Dietary protein level affects iridescent coloration in Anna's hummingbirds, Calypte anna"</a>. Journal of Experimental Biology. 215 (16): 2742–750. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1242%2Fjeb.069351">10.1242/jeb.069351</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3404802">3404802</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22837446">22837446</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Experimental+Biology&rft.atitle=Dietary+protein+level+affects+iridescent+coloration+in+Anna%27s+hummingbirds%2C+Calypte+anna&rft.volume=215&rft.issue=16&rft.pages=2742-750&rft.date=2012&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3404802%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F22837446&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1242%2Fjeb.069351&rft.au=Meadows%2C+M.G.&rft.au=Roudybush%2C+T.E.&rft.au=McGraw%2C+K.J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3404802&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHummingbird" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-hightower21-71">^ <a href="#cite_ref-hightower21_71-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-hightower21_71-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-hightower21_71-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-hightower21_71-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHightowerWijningsScholteIngersoll2021" class="citation journal cs1">Hightower, Ben J.; Wijnings, Patrick W.A.; Scholte, Rick; et al. (16 March 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8055270">"How oscillating aerodynamic forces explain the timbre of the hummingbird's hum and other animals in flapping flight"</a>. eLife. 10: e63107. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.7554%2Felife.63107">10.7554/elife.63107</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2050-084X">2050-084X</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8055270">8055270</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33724182">33724182</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=eLife&rft.atitle=How+oscillating+aerodynamic+forces+explain+the+timbre+of+the+hummingbird%27s+hum+and+other+animals+in+flapping+flight&rft.volume=10&rft.pages=e63107&rft.date=2021-03-16&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC8055270%23id-name%3DPMC&rft.issn=2050-084X&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F33724182&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.7554%2Felife.63107&rft.aulast=Hightower&rft.aufirst=Ben+J.&rft.au=Wijnings%2C+Patrick+W.A.&rft.au=Scholte%2C+Rick&rft.au=Ingersoll%2C+Rivers&rft.au=Chin%2C+Diana+D.&rft.au=Nguyen%2C+Jade&rft.au=Shorr%2C+Daniel&rft.au=Lentink%2C+David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC8055270&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHummingbird" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-hum-72">^ <a href="#cite_ref-hum_72-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-hum_72-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEindhoven_University_of_Technology2021" class="citation web cs1">Eindhoven University of Technology (16 March 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://phys.org/news/2021-03-technique-unravels-hummingbird-wings-characteristic.html">"New measurement technique unravels what gives hummingbird wings their characteristic sound"</a>. Phys.org. Retrieved 13 May 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=New+measurement+technique+unravels+what+gives+hummingbird+wings+their+characteristic+sound&rft.pub=Phys.org&rft.date=2021-03-16&rft.au=Eindhoven+University+of+Technology&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fphys.org%2Fnews%2F2021-03-technique-unravels-hummingbird-wings-characteristic.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHummingbird" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-inger-73"><a href="#cite_ref-inger_73-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIngersollLentink2018" class="citation journal cs1">Ingersoll, Rivers; Lentink, David (15 October 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://journals.biologists.com/jeb/article/221/20/jeb178228/19706/How-the-hummingbird-wingbeat-is-tuned-for">"How the hummingbird wingbeat is tuned for efficient hovering"</a>. Journal of Experimental Biology. 221 (20). <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1242%2Fjeb.178228">10.1242/jeb.178228</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1477-9145">1477-9145</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30323114">30323114</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Experimental+Biology&rft.atitle=How+the+hummingbird+wingbeat+is+tuned+for+efficient+hovering&rft.volume=221&rft.issue=20&rft.date=2018-10-15&rft.issn=1477-9145&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F30323114&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1242%2Fjeb.178228&rft.aulast=Ingersoll&rft.aufirst=Rivers&rft.au=Lentink%2C+David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fjournals.biologists.com%2Fjeb%2Farticle%2F221%2F20%2Fjeb178228%2F19706%2FHow-the-hummingbird-wingbeat-is-tuned-for&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHummingbird" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-ocampo-74"><a href="#cite_ref-ocampo_74-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOcampoBarrantesUy2018" class="citation journal cs1">Ocampo, Diego; Barrantes, Gilbert; Uy, J. Albert C. (27 September 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6238128">"Morphological adaptations for relatively larger brains in hummingbird skulls"</a>. Ecology and Evolution. 8 (21): 10482–10488. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018EcoEv...810482O">2018EcoEv...810482O</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fece3.4513">10.1002/ece3.4513</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2045-7758">2045-7758</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6238128">6238128</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30464820">30464820</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Ecology+and+Evolution&rft.atitle=Morphological+adaptations+for+relatively+larger+brains+in+hummingbird+skulls&rft.volume=8&rft.issue=21&rft.pages=10482-10488&rft.date=2018-09-27&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC6238128%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2018EcoEv...810482O&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F30464820&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2Fece3.4513&rft.issn=2045-7758&rft.aulast=Ocampo&rft.aufirst=Diego&rft.au=Barrantes%2C+Gilbert&rft.au=Uy%2C+J.+Albert+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC6238128&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHummingbird" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-lisney-75">^ <a href="#cite_ref-lisney_75-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-lisney_75-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-lisney_75-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-lisney_75-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLisney,_T.J.Wylie,_D.R.Kolominsky,_J.Iwaniuk,_A.N.2015" class="citation journal cs1">Lisney, T.J.; Wylie, D.R.; Kolominsky, J.; Iwaniuk, A.N. (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.karger.com/Article/FullText/441834">"Eye morphology and retinal topography in hummingbirds (Trochilidae Aves)"</a>. Brain, Behavior and Evolution. 86 (3–4): 176–190. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1159%2F000441834">10.1159/000441834</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26587582">26587582</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Brain%2C+Behavior+and+Evolution&rft.atitle=Eye+morphology+and+retinal+topography+in+hummingbirds+%28Trochilidae+Aves%29&rft.volume=86&rft.issue=3%E2%80%934&rft.pages=176-190&rft.date=2015&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1159%2F000441834&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F26587582&rft.au=Lisney%2C+T.J.&rft.au=Wylie%2C+D.R.&rft.au=Kolominsky%2C+J.&rft.au=Iwaniuk%2C+A.N.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.karger.com%2FArticle%2FFullText%2F441834&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHummingbird" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIwaniuk,_A.N.Wylie,_D.R.2007" class="citation journal cs1">Iwaniuk, A.N.; Wylie, D.R. (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.psych.ualberta.ca/~dwylie/Iwaniuk%20and%20Wylie%20JCN%202007.pdf">"Neural specialization for hovering in hummingbirds: hypertrophy of the pretectal nucleus Lentiformis mesencephali"</a> (PDF). Journal of Comparative Neurology. 500 (2): 211–221. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fcne.21098">10.1002/cne.21098</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17111358">17111358</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:15678218">15678218</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Comparative+Neurology&rft.atitle=Neural+specialization+for+hovering+in+hummingbirds%3A+hypertrophy+of+the+pretectal+nucleus+Lentiformis+mesencephali&rft.volume=500&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=211-221&rft.date=2007&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A15678218%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F17111358&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2Fcne.21098&rft.au=Iwaniuk%2C+A.N.&rft.au=Wylie%2C+D.R.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.psych.ualberta.ca%2F~dwylie%2FIwaniuk%2520and%2520Wylie%2520JCN%25202007.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHummingbird" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-gaede-77">^ <a href="#cite_ref-gaede_77-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-gaede_77-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-gaede_77-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-gaede_77-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGaedeGollerLamWylie2017" class="citation journal cs1">Gaede, A.H.; Goller, B.; Lam, J.P.; Wylie, D.R.; Altshuler, D.L. (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.cub.2016.11.041">"Neurons responsive to global visual motion have unique tuning properties in hummingbirds"</a>. Current Biology. 27 (2): 279–285. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017CBio...27..279G">2017CBio...27..279G</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.cub.2016.11.041">10.1016/j.cub.2016.11.041</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28065606">28065606</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:28314419">28314419</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Current+Biology&rft.atitle=Neurons+responsive+to+global+visual+motion+have+unique+tuning+properties+in+hummingbirds&rft.volume=27&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=279-285&rft.date=2017&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.cub.2016.11.041&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A28314419%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F28065606&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2017CBio...27..279G&rft.aulast=Gaede&rft.aufirst=A.H.&rft.au=Goller%2C+B.&rft.au=Lam%2C+J.P.&rft.au=Wylie%2C+D.R.&rft.au=Altshuler%2C+D.L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1016%252Fj.cub.2016.11.041&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHummingbird" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-sd2017-78">^ <a href="#cite_ref-sd2017_78-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-sd2017_78-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2017/01/170105123115.htm">"Hummingbirds see motion in an unexpected way"</a>. ScienceDaily. 5 January 2017. Retrieved 24 April 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ScienceDaily&rft.atitle=Hummingbirds+see+motion+in+an+unexpected+way&rft.date=2017-01-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sciencedaily.com%2Freleases%2F2017%2F01%2F170105123115.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHummingbird" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-stoddard-79">^ <a href="#cite_ref-stoddard_79-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-stoddard_79-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStoddard,_M.C.Eyster,_H.N.Hogan,_B.G.Morris,_D.H.2020" class="citation journal cs1">Stoddard, M.C.; Eyster, H.N.; Hogan, B.G.; et al. (15 June 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7334476">"Wild hummingbirds discriminate nonspectral colors"</a>. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 117 (26): 15112–122. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2020PNAS..11715112S">2020PNAS..11715112S</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1073%2Fpnas.1919377117">10.1073/pnas.1919377117</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0027-8424">0027-8424</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7334476">7334476</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32541035">32541035</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Proceedings+of+the+National+Academy+of+Sciences&rft.atitle=Wild+hummingbirds+discriminate+nonspectral+colors&rft.volume=117&rft.issue=26&rft.pages=15112-122&rft.date=2020-06-15&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC7334476%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2020PNAS..11715112S&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F32541035&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1073%2Fpnas.1919377117&rft.issn=0027-8424&rft.au=Stoddard%2C+M.C.&rft.au=Eyster%2C+H.N.&rft.au=Hogan%2C+B.G.&rft.au=Morris%2C+D.H.&rft.au=Soucy%2C+E.R.&rft.au=Inouye%2C+D.W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC7334476&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHummingbird" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-goller-80">^ <a href="#cite_ref-goller_80-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-goller_80-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-goller_80-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-goller_80-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGoller,_B.Altshuler,_D.L.2014" class="citation journal cs1">Goller, B.; Altshuler, D.L. (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4280641">"Hummingbirds control hovering flight by stabilizing visual motion"</a>. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 111 (51): 18375–380. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014PNAS..11118375G">2014PNAS..11118375G</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1073%2Fpnas.1415975111">10.1073/pnas.1415975111</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4280641">4280641</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25489117">25489117</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Proceedings+of+the+National+Academy+of+Sciences&rft.atitle=Hummingbirds+control+hovering+flight+by+stabilizing+visual+motion&rft.volume=111&rft.issue=51&rft.pages=18375-380&rft.date=2014&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4280641%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F25489117&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1073%2Fpnas.1415975111&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2014PNAS..11118375G&rft.au=Goller%2C+B.&rft.au=Altshuler%2C+D.L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4280641&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHummingbird" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Gonz-81"><a href="#cite_ref-Gonz_81-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGonzálezOrnelas2014" class="citation journal cs1">González, Clementina; Ornelas, Juan Francisco (1 October 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4182805">"Acoustic divergence with gene flow in a lekking hummingbird with complex songs"</a>. PLOS ONE. 9 (10): e109241. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014PLoSO...9j9241G">2014PLoSO...9j9241G</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0109241">10.1371/journal.pone.0109241</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1932-6203">1932-6203</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4182805">4182805</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25271429">25271429</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=PLOS+ONE&rft.atitle=Acoustic+divergence+with+gene+flow+in+a+lekking+hummingbird+with+complex+songs&rft.volume=9&rft.issue=10&rft.pages=e109241&rft.date=2014-10-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4182805%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2014PLoSO...9j9241G&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F25271429&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0109241&rft.issn=1932-6203&rft.aulast=Gonz%C3%A1lez&rft.aufirst=Clementina&rft.au=Ornelas%2C+Juan+Francisco&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4182805&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHummingbird" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-duque-82">^ <a href="#cite_ref-duque_82-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-duque_82-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-duque_82-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-duque_82-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-duque_82-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-duque_82-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-duque_82-6">g</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDuque,_F.G.Carruth,_L.L.2022" class="citation journal cs1">Duque, F.G.; Carruth, L.L. (2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.karger.com/Article/FullText/522148">"Vocal communication in hummingbirds"</a>. Brain, Behavior and Evolution (Review). 97 (3–4): 241–252. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1159%2F000522148">10.1159/000522148</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35073546">35073546</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:246278322">246278322</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Brain%2C+Behavior+and+Evolution&rft.atitle=Vocal+communication+in+hummingbirds&rft.volume=97&rft.issue=3%E2%80%934&rft.pages=241-252&rft.date=2022&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A246278322%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F35073546&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1159%2F000522148&rft.au=Duque%2C+F.G.&rft.au=Carruth%2C+L.L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.karger.com%2FArticle%2FFullText%2F522148&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHummingbird" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-clo-83"><a href="#cite_ref-clo_83-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.allaboutbirds.org/guide/browse.aspx?shape=37,11">"Song sounds of various hummingbird species"</a>. All About Birds. The Cornell Lab of Ornithology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York. 2015. Retrieved 25 June 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=All+About+Birds&rft.atitle=Song+sounds+of+various+hummingbird+species&rft.date=2015&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.allaboutbirds.org%2Fguide%2Fbrowse.aspx%3Fshape%3D37%2C11&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHummingbird" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-pytte-84">^ <a href="#cite_ref-pytte_84-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-pytte_84-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-pytte_84-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPytteFickenMoiseff2004" class="citation journal cs1">Pytte, C.L.; Ficken, M.S.; Moiseff, A. (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/8542654">"Ultrasonic singing by the blue-throated hummingbird: A comparison between production and perception"</a>. Journal of Comparative Physiology A. 190 (8): 665–673. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs00359-004-0525-4">10.1007/s00359-004-0525-4</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15164219">15164219</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:7231117">7231117</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Comparative+Physiology+A&rft.atitle=Ultrasonic+singing+by+the+blue-throated+hummingbird%3A+A+comparison+between+production+and+perception&rft.volume=190&rft.issue=8&rft.pages=665-673&rft.date=2004&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A7231117%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F15164219&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs00359-004-0525-4&rft.aulast=Pytte&rft.aufirst=C.L.&rft.au=Ficken%2C+M.S.&rft.au=Moiseff%2C+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.researchgate.net%2Fpublication%2F8542654&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHummingbird" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-duque2-85">^ <a href="#cite_ref-duque2_85-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-duque2_85-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-duque2_85-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDuque,_F.G.Rodríguez-Saltos,_C.A.Wilczynsk,_W.2018" class="citation journal cs1">Duque, F.G.; Rodríguez-Saltos, C.A.; Wilczynsk, W. (September 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.cub.2018.07.058">"High-frequency vocalizations in Andean hummingbirds"</a>. Current Biology. 28 (17): R927–R928. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018CBio...28.R927D">2018CBio...28.R927D</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.cub.2018.07.058">10.1016/j.cub.2018.07.058</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30205060">30205060</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:52188456">52188456</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Current+Biology&rft.atitle=High-frequency+vocalizations+in+Andean+hummingbirds&rft.volume=28&rft.issue=17&rft.pages=R927-R928&rft.date=2018-09&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.cub.2018.07.058&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A52188456%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F30205060&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2018CBio...28.R927D&rft.au=Duque%2C+F.G.&rft.au=Rodr%C3%ADguez-Saltos%2C+C.A.&rft.au=Wilczynsk%2C+W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1016%252Fj.cub.2018.07.058&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHummingbird" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Monte2020-86">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Monte2020_86-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Monte2020_86-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMonteCerwenkaRuthensteinerGahr2020" class="citation journal cs1">Monte, Amanda; Cerwenka, Alexander F.; Ruthensteiner, Bernhard; Gahr, Manfred; Düring, Daniel N. (6 July 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1186%2Fs40850-020-00057-3">"The hummingbird syrinx morphome: a detailed three-dimensional description of the black jacobin's vocal organ"</a>. BMC Zoology. 5 (1): 7. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1186%2Fs40850-020-00057-3">10.1186/s40850-020-00057-3</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11850%2F429165">20.500.11850/429165</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2056-3132">2056-3132</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:220509046">220509046</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BMC+Zoology&rft.atitle=The+hummingbird+syrinx+morphome%3A+a+detailed+three-dimensional+description+of+the+black+jacobin%27s+vocal+organ&rft.volume=5&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=7&rft.date=2020-07-06&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F20.500.11850%2F429165&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A220509046%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=2056-3132&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1186%2Fs40850-020-00057-3&rft.aulast=Monte&rft.aufirst=Amanda&rft.au=Cerwenka%2C+Alexander+F.&rft.au=Ruthensteiner%2C+Bernhard&rft.au=Gahr%2C+Manfred&rft.au=D%C3%BCring%2C+Daniel+N.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1186%252Fs40850-020-00057-3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHummingbird" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Riede2020-87"><a href="#cite_ref-Riede2020_87-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRiedeOlson2020" class="citation journal cs1">Riede, Tobias; Olson, Christopher R. (6 February 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7005288">"The vocal organ of hummingbirds shows convergence with songbirds"</a>. Scientific Reports. 10 (1): 2007. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2020NatSR..10.2007R">2020NatSR..10.2007R</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fs41598-020-58843-5">10.1038/s41598-020-58843-5</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2045-2322">2045-2322</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7005288">7005288</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32029812">32029812</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Scientific+Reports&rft.atitle=The+vocal+organ+of+hummingbirds+shows+convergence+with+songbirds&rft.volume=10&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=2007&rft.date=2020-02-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC7005288%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2020NatSR..10.2007R&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F32029812&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fs41598-020-58843-5&rft.issn=2045-2322&rft.aulast=Riede&rft.aufirst=Tobias&rft.au=Olson%2C+Christopher+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC7005288&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHummingbird" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-jarvis-88">^ <a href="#cite_ref-jarvis_88-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-jarvis_88-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-jarvis_88-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJarvisRibeiroda_SilvaVentura2000" class="citation journal cs1">Jarvis, Erich D.; Ribeiro, Sidarta; da Silva, Maria Luisa; Ventura, Dora; Vielliard, Jacques; Mello, Claudio V. (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2531203">"Behaviourally driven gene expression reveals song nuclei in hummingbird brain"</a>. Nature. 406 (6796): 628–632. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2000Natur.406..628J">2000Natur.406..628J</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2F35020570">10.1038/35020570</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2531203">2531203</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10949303">10949303</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature&rft.atitle=Behaviourally+driven+gene+expression+reveals+song+nuclei+in+hummingbird+brain&rft.volume=406&rft.issue=6796&rft.pages=628-632&rft.date=2000&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2531203%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F10949303&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2F35020570&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2000Natur.406..628J&rft.aulast=Jarvis&rft.aufirst=Erich+D.&rft.au=Ribeiro%2C+Sidarta&rft.au=da+Silva%2C+Maria+Luisa&rft.au=Ventura%2C+Dora&rft.au=Vielliard%2C+Jacques&rft.au=Mello%2C+Claudio+V.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2531203&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHummingbird" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGahr_M.2000" class="citation journal cs1">Gahr M. (2000). "Neural song control system of hummingbirds: comparison to swifts, vocal learning (Songbirds) and nonlearning (Suboscines) passerines, and vocal learning (Budgerigars) and nonlearning (Dove, owl, gull, quail, chicken) nonpasserines". J Comp Neurol. 486 (2): 182–196. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2F1096-9861%2820001016%29426%3A2%3C182%3A%3AAID-CNE2%3E3.0.CO%3B2-M">10.1002/1096-9861(20001016)426:2<182::AID-CNE2>3.0.CO;2-M</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10982462">10982462</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:10763166">10763166</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=J+Comp+Neurol&rft.atitle=Neural+song+control+system+of+hummingbirds%3A+comparison+to+swifts%2C+vocal+learning+%28Songbirds%29+and+nonlearning+%28Suboscines%29+passerines%2C+and+vocal+learning+%28Budgerigars%29+and+nonlearning+%28Dove%2C+owl%2C+gull%2C+quail%2C+chicken%29+nonpasserines&rft.volume=486&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=182-196&rft.date=2000&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A10763166%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F10982462&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2F1096-9861%2820001016%29426%3A2%3C182%3A%3AAID-CNE2%3E3.0.CO%3B2-M&rft.au=Gahr+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHummingbird" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRenneDeinoHilgenKuiper2013" class="citation journal cs1">Renne, Paul R.; Deino, Alan L.; Hilgen, Frederik J.; et al. (7 February 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170207164818/http://www.cugb.edu.cn/uploadCms/file/20600/20131028144132060.pdf">"Time Scales of Critical Events Around the Cretaceous-Paleogene Boundary"</a> (PDF). Science. 339 (6120): 684–687. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013Sci...339..684R">2013Sci...339..684R</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.1230492">10.1126/science.1230492</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23393261">23393261</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:6112274">6112274</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cugb.edu.cn/uploadCms/file/20600/20131028144132060.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 7 February 2017. Retrieved 1 April 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Science&rft.atitle=Time+Scales+of+Critical+Events+Around+the+Cretaceous-Paleogene+Boundary&rft.volume=339&rft.issue=6120&rft.pages=684-687&rft.date=2013-02-07&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1126%2Fscience.1230492&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A6112274%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F23393261&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2013Sci...339..684R&rft.aulast=Renne&rft.aufirst=Paul+R.&rft.au=Deino%2C+Alan+L.&rft.au=Hilgen%2C+Frederik+J.&rft.au=Kuiper%2C+Klaudia+F.&rft.au=Mark%2C+Darren+F.&rft.au=Mitchell%2C+William+S.&rft.au=Morgan%2C+Leah+E.&rft.au=Mundil%2C+Roland&rft.au=Smit%2C+Jan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cugb.edu.cn%2FuploadCms%2Ffile%2F20600%2F20131028144132060.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHummingbird" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAltshulerDudley2002" class="citation journal cs1">Altshuler, D.L.; Dudley, R. (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://journals.biologists.com/jeb/article/205/16/2325/9117/The-ecological-and-evolutionary-interface-of">"The ecological and evolutionary interface of hummingbird flight physiology"</a>. The Journal of Experimental Biology. 205 (Pt 16): 2325–336. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1242%2Fjeb.205.16.2325">10.1242/jeb.205.16.2325</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12124359">12124359</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+Experimental+Biology&rft.atitle=The+ecological+and+evolutionary+interface+of+hummingbird+flight+physiology&rft.volume=205&rft.issue=Pt+16&rft.pages=2325-336&rft.date=2002&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1242%2Fjeb.205.16.2325&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F12124359&rft.aulast=Altshuler&rft.aufirst=D.L.&rft.au=Dudley%2C+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fjournals.biologists.com%2Fjeb%2Farticle%2F205%2F16%2F2325%2F9117%2FThe-ecological-and-evolutionary-interface-of&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHummingbird" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-suarez91-92"><a href="#cite_ref-suarez91_92-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSuarez_R.K.Lighton_J.R.Brown_G.S.Mathieu-Costello_O.1991" class="citation journal cs1">Suarez R.K.; Lighton J.R.; Brown G.S.; Mathieu-Costello O. (June 1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC51768">"Mitochondrial respiration in hummingbird flight muscles"</a>. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 88 (11): 4870–3. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1991PNAS...88.4870S">1991PNAS...88.4870S</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1073%2Fpnas.88.11.4870">10.1073/pnas.88.11.4870</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC51768">51768</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/2052568">2052568</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Proceedings+of+the+National+Academy+of+Sciences+of+the+United+States+of+America&rft.atitle=Mitochondrial+respiration+in+hummingbird+flight+muscles&rft.volume=88&rft.issue=11&rft.pages=4870-3&rft.date=1991-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC51768%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F2052568&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1073%2Fpnas.88.11.4870&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1991PNAS...88.4870S&rft.au=Suarez+R.K.&rft.au=Lighton+J.R.&rft.au=Brown+G.S.&rft.au=Mathieu-Costello+O.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC51768&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHummingbird" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWelchChen2014" class="citation journal cs1">Welch, K.C. Jr.; Chen, C.C. (2014). "Sugar flux through the flight muscles of hovering vertebrate nectarivores: A review". Journal of Comparative Physiology B. 184 (8): 945–959. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs00360-014-0843-y">10.1007/s00360-014-0843-y</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25031038">25031038</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:11109453">11109453</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Comparative+Physiology+B&rft.atitle=Sugar+flux+through+the+flight+muscles+of+hovering+vertebrate+nectarivores%3A+A+review&rft.volume=184&rft.issue=8&rft.pages=945-959&rft.date=2014&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A11109453%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F25031038&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs00360-014-0843-y&rft.aulast=Welch&rft.aufirst=K.C.+Jr.&rft.au=Chen%2C+C.C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHummingbird" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-fuel-94"><a href="#cite_ref-fuel_94-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSuarezLightonMoyesBrown1990" class="citation journal cs1">Suarez, R.K.; Lighton, J.R.; Moyes, C.D.; et al. (1 December 1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC55133">"Fuel selection in rufous hummingbirds: ecological implications of metabolic biochemistry"</a>. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 87 (23): 9207–10. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1990PNAS...87.9207S">1990PNAS...87.9207S</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1073%2Fpnas.87.23.9207">10.1073/pnas.87.23.9207</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC55133">55133</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/2251266">2251266</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Proceedings+of+the+National+Academy+of+Sciences+of+the+United+States+of+America&rft.atitle=Fuel+selection+in+rufous+hummingbirds%3A+ecological+implications+of+metabolic+biochemistry&rft.volume=87&rft.issue=23&rft.pages=9207-10&rft.date=1990-12-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC55133%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F2251266&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1073%2Fpnas.87.23.9207&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1990PNAS...87.9207S&rft.aulast=Suarez&rft.aufirst=R.K.&rft.au=Lighton%2C+J.R.&rft.au=Moyes%2C+C.D.&rft.au=Brown%2C+G.S.&rft.au=Gass%2C+C.L.&rft.au=Hochachka%2C+P.W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC55133&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHummingbird" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-bartlett-95"><a href="#cite_ref-bartlett_95-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBarlett2018" class="citation web cs1">Barlett, Paige (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230322213148/https://www.hopkinsmedicine.org/research/advancements-in-research/fundamentals/in-depth/fueling-the-hummingbirds-extreme-biology">"Fueling the hummingbird's extreme biology"</a>. Johns Hopkins Medicine. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hopkinsmedicine.org/research/advancements-in-research/fundamentals/in-depth/fueling-the-hummingbirds-extreme-biology">the original</a> on 22 March 2023. Retrieved 27 March 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Fueling+the+hummingbird%27s+extreme+biology&rft.pub=Johns+Hopkins+Medicine&rft.date=2018&rft.aulast=Barlett&rft.aufirst=Paige&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.hopkinsmedicine.org%2Fresearch%2Fadvancements-in-research%2Ffundamentals%2Fin-depth%2Ffueling-the-hummingbirds-extreme-biology&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHummingbird" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-campbell-96"><a href="#cite_ref-campbell_96-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCampbell2013" class="citation web cs1">Campbell, Don (3 December 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://utsc.utoronto.ca/news-events/archived/hummingbird-metabolism-unique-burning-glucose-and-fructose-equally">"Hummingbird metabolism unique in burning glucose and fructose equally"</a>. University of Toronto - Scarborough. Retrieved 27 March 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Hummingbird+metabolism+unique+in+burning+glucose+and+fructose+equally&rft.pub=University+of+Toronto+-+Scarborough&rft.date=2013-12-03&rft.aulast=Campbell&rft.aufirst=Don&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Futsc.utoronto.ca%2Fnews-events%2Farchived%2Fhummingbird-metabolism-unique-burning-glucose-and-fructose-equally&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHummingbird" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-chen-97">^ <a href="#cite_ref-chen_97-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-chen_97-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChenWelch2014" class="citation journal cs1">Chen, Chris Chin Wah; Welch, Kenneth Collins (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2F1365-2435.12202">"Hummingbirds can fuel expensive hovering flight completely with either exogenous glucose or fructose"</a>. Functional Ecology. 28 (3): 589–600. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014FuEco..28..589C">2014FuEco..28..589C</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2F1365-2435.12202">10.1111/1365-2435.12202</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Functional+Ecology&rft.atitle=Hummingbirds+can+fuel+expensive+hovering+flight+completely+with+either+exogenous+glucose+or+fructose&rft.volume=28&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=589-600&rft.date=2014&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2F1365-2435.12202&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2014FuEco..28..589C&rft.aulast=Chen&rft.aufirst=Chris+Chin+Wah&rft.au=Welch%2C+Kenneth+Collins&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1111%252F1365-2435.12202&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHummingbird" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-98"><a href="#cite_ref-98">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWelchSuarez2007" class="citation journal cs1">Welch, K.C. Jr.; Suarez, R.K. (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1242%2Fjeb.005363">"Oxidation rate and turnover of ingested sugar in hovering Anna's (Calypte anna) and rufous (Selasphorus rufus) hummingbirds"</a>. Journal of Experimental Biology. 210 (Pt 12): 2154–162. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1242%2Fjeb.005363">10.1242/jeb.005363</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17562889">17562889</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Experimental+Biology&rft.atitle=Oxidation+rate+and+turnover+of+ingested+sugar+in+hovering+Anna%27s+%28Calypte+anna%29+and+rufous+%28Selasphorus+rufus%29+hummingbirds&rft.volume=210&rft.issue=Pt+12&rft.pages=2154-162&rft.date=2007&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1242%2Fjeb.005363&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F17562889&rft.aulast=Welch&rft.aufirst=K.C.+Jr.&rft.au=Suarez%2C+R.K.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1242%252Fjeb.005363&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHummingbird" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Suarez-99"><a href="#cite_ref-Suarez_99-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSuarezWelch2017" class="citation journal cs1">Suarez, Raul; Welch, Kenneth (12 July 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5537857">"Sugar metabolism in hummingbirds and nectar bats"</a>. Nutrients. 9 (7): 743. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3390%2Fnu9070743">10.3390/nu9070743</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2072-6643">2072-6643</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5537857">5537857</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28704953">28704953</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nutrients&rft.atitle=Sugar+metabolism+in+hummingbirds+and+nectar+bats&rft.volume=9&rft.issue=7&rft.pages=743&rft.date=2017-07-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC5537857%23id-name%3DPMC&rft.issn=2072-6643&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F28704953&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3390%2Fnu9070743&rft.aulast=Suarez&rft.aufirst=Raul&rft.au=Welch%2C+Kenneth&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC5537857&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHummingbird" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-callier-100">^ <a href="#cite_ref-callier_100-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-callier_100-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCallier2023" class="citation web cs1">Callier, Viviane (24 February 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/evolution-turns-these-knobs-to-make-a-hummingbird-hyperquick-and-a-cavefish-sluggishly-slow/">"Evolution Turns These Knobs to Make a Hummingbird Hyperquick and a Cavefish Sluggishly Slow"</a>. Scientific American. Retrieved 27 February 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Evolution+Turns+These+Knobs+to+Make+a+Hummingbird+Hyperquick+and+a+Cavefish+Sluggishly+Slow&rft.pub=Scientific+American&rft.date=2023-02-24&rft.aulast=Callier&rft.aufirst=Viviane&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.scientificamerican.com%2Farticle%2Fevolution-turns-these-knobs-to-make-a-hummingbird-hyperquick-and-a-cavefish-sluggishly-slow%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHummingbird" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-osipova-101">^ <a href="#cite_ref-osipova_101-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-osipova_101-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOsipovaBarsacchiBrownSadanandan2023" class="citation journal cs1">Osipova, Ekaterina; Barsacchi, Rico; Brown, Tom; et al. (13 January 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.abn7050">"Loss of a gluconeogenic muscle enzyme contributed to adaptive metabolic traits in hummingbirds"</a>. Science. 379 (6628): 185–190. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2023Sci...379..185O">2023Sci...379..185O</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.abn7050">10.1126/science.abn7050</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0036-8075">0036-8075</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36634192">36634192</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:255749672">255749672</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Science&rft.atitle=Loss+of+a+gluconeogenic+muscle+enzyme+contributed+to+adaptive+metabolic+traits+in+hummingbirds&rft.volume=379&rft.issue=6628&rft.pages=185-190&rft.date=2023-01-13&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A255749672%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2023Sci...379..185O&rft.issn=0036-8075&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1126%2Fscience.abn7050&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F36634192&rft.aulast=Osipova&rft.aufirst=Ekaterina&rft.au=Barsacchi%2C+Rico&rft.au=Brown%2C+Tom&rft.au=Sadanandan%2C+Keren&rft.au=Gaede%2C+Andrea+H.&rft.au=Monte%2C+Amanda&rft.au=Jarrells%2C+Julia&rft.au=Moebius%2C+Claudia&rft.au=Pippel%2C+Martin&rft.au=Altshuler%2C+Douglas+L.&rft.au=Winkler%2C+Sylke&rft.au=Bickle%2C+Marc&rft.au=Baldwin%2C+Maude+W.&rft.au=Hiller%2C+Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.science.org%2Fdoi%2F10.1126%2Fscience.abn7050&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHummingbird" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Skutch,_1973-102"><a href="#cite_ref-Skutch,_1973_102-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSkutchSinger1973" class="citation book cs1">Skutch, Alexander F. & Singer, Arthur B. (1973). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/lifeofhummingbir00skut">The Life of the Hummingbird</a>. New York: Crown Publishers. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-517-50572-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-517-50572-4"><bdi>978-0-517-50572-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Life+of+the+Hummingbird&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Crown+Publishers&rft.date=1973&rft.isbn=978-0-517-50572-4&rft.aulast=Skutch&rft.aufirst=Alexander+F.&rft.au=Singer%2C+Arthur+B.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Flifeofhummingbir00skut&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHummingbird" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-103"><a href="#cite_ref-103">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLasiewski1964" class="citation journal cs1">Lasiewski, Robert C. (1964). "Body temperatures, heart and breathing rate, and evaporative water loss in hummingbirds". Physiological Zoology. 37 (2): 212–223. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2Fphyszool.37.2.30152332">10.1086/physzool.37.2.30152332</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:87037075">87037075</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Physiological+Zoology&rft.atitle=Body+temperatures%2C+heart+and+breathing+rate%2C+and+evaporative+water+loss+in+hummingbirds&rft.volume=37&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=212-223&rft.date=1964&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1086%2Fphyszool.37.2.30152332&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A87037075%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Lasiewski&rft.aufirst=Robert+C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHummingbird" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-powers-104">^ <a href="#cite_ref-powers_104-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-powers_104-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-powers_104-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-powers_104-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPowersLanglandWethingtonPowers2017" class="citation journal cs1">Powers, Donald R.; Langland, Kathleen M.; Wethington, Susan M.; Powers, Sean D.; Graham, Catherine H.; Tobalske, Bret W. (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5750011">"Hovering in the heat: effects of environmental temperature on heat regulation in foraging hummingbirds"</a>. Royal Society Open Science. 4 (12): 171056. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1098%2Frsos.171056">10.1098/rsos.171056</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2054-5703">2054-5703</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5750011">5750011</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29308244">29308244</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Royal+Society+Open+Science&rft.atitle=Hovering+in+the+heat%3A+effects+of+environmental+temperature+on+heat+regulation+in+foraging+hummingbirds&rft.volume=4&rft.issue=12&rft.pages=171056&rft.date=2017&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC5750011%23id-name%3DPMC&rft.issn=2054-5703&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F29308244&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1098%2Frsos.171056&rft.aulast=Powers&rft.aufirst=Donald+R.&rft.au=Langland%2C+Kathleen+M.&rft.au=Wethington%2C+Susan+M.&rft.au=Powers%2C+Sean+D.&rft.au=Graham%2C+Catherine+H.&rft.au=Tobalske%2C+Bret+W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC5750011&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHummingbird" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-evang-105"><a href="#cite_ref-evang_105-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEvangelistaFernándezBernsHoover2010" class="citation journal cs1">Evangelista, Dennis; Fernández, María José; Berns, Madalyn S.; Hoover, Aaron; Dudley, Robert (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/42638033">"Hovering energetics and thermal balance in Anna's hummingbirds (Calypte anna)"</a>. Physiological and Biochemical Zoology. 83 (3): 406–413. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2F651460">10.1086/651460</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1522-2152">1522-2152</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20350142">20350142</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:26974159">26974159</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Physiological+and+Biochemical+Zoology&rft.atitle=Hovering+energetics+and+thermal+balance+in+Anna%27s+hummingbirds+%28Calypte+anna%29&rft.volume=83&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=406-413&rft.date=2010&rft.issn=1522-2152&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A26974159%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F20350142&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1086%2F651460&rft.aulast=Evangelista&rft.aufirst=Dennis&rft.au=Fern%C3%A1ndez%2C+Mar%C3%ADa+Jos%C3%A9&rft.au=Berns%2C+Madalyn+S.&rft.au=Hoover%2C+Aaron&rft.au=Dudley%2C+Robert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.researchgate.net%2Fpublication%2F42638033&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHummingbird" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-soniak-106"><a href="#cite_ref-soniak_106-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSoniak2016" class="citation web cs1">Soniak, Matt (2 February 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.mentalfloss.com/article/74571/infrared-video-shows-how-hummingbirds-shed-heat-through-their-eyes-and-feet">"Infrared video shows how hummingbirds shed heat through their eyes and feet"</a>. Mental Floss. Retrieved 14 January 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Infrared+video+shows+how+hummingbirds+shed+heat+through+their+eyes+and+feet&rft.pub=Mental+Floss&rft.date=2016-02-02&rft.aulast=Soniak&rft.aufirst=Matt&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.mentalfloss.com%2Farticle%2F74571%2Finfrared-video-shows-how-hummingbirds-shed-heat-through-their-eyes-and-feet&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHummingbird" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-udvardy-107">^ <a href="#cite_ref-udvardy_107-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-udvardy_107-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUdvardy1983" class="citation journal cs1">Udvardy, Miklos D.F. (1983). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://sora.unm.edu/sites/default/files/journals/condor/v085n03/p0281-p0285.pdf">"The role of the feet in behavioral thermoregulation of hummingbirds"</a> (PDF). Condor. 85 (3): 281–285. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F1367060">10.2307/1367060</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1367060">1367060</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Condor&rft.atitle=The+role+of+the+feet+in+behavioral+thermoregulation+of+hummingbirds&rft.volume=85&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=281-285&rft.date=1983&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F1367060&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1367060%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Udvardy&rft.aufirst=Miklos+D.F.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsora.unm.edu%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2Fjournals%2Fcondor%2Fv085n03%2Fp0281-p0285.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHummingbird" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-108"><a href="#cite_ref-108">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSuarezGass2002" class="citation journal cs1">Suarez, R.K.; Gass, C.L. (2002). "Hummingbirds foraging and the relation between bioenergetics and behavior". Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology. Part A. 133 (2): 335–343. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS1095-6433%2802%2900165-4">10.1016/S1095-6433(02)00165-4</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12208304">12208304</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Comparative+Biochemistry+and+Physiology&rft.atitle=Hummingbirds+foraging+and+the+relation+between+bioenergetics+and+behavior&rft.volume=133&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=335-343&rft.date=2002&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2FS1095-6433%2802%2900165-4&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F12208304&rft.aulast=Suarez&rft.aufirst=R.K.&rft.au=Gass%2C+C.L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHummingbird" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bakken_et_al-109">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Bakken_et_al_109-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bakken_et_al_109-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bakken_et_al_109-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bakken_et_al_109-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bakken_et_al_109-4">e</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBakkenMcWhorterTsaharMartinez_del_Rio2004" class="citation journal cs1">Bakken, B.H.; McWhorter, T.J.; Tsahar, E.; Martinez del Rio, C. (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1242%2Fjeb.01238">"Hummingbirds arrest their kidneys at night: diel variation in glomerular filtration rate in Selasphorus platycercus"</a>. The Journal of Experimental Biology. 207 (25): 4383–391. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1242%2Fjeb.01238">10.1242/jeb.01238</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/2440%2F55466">2440/55466</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15557024">15557024</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+Experimental+Biology&rft.atitle=Hummingbirds+arrest+their+kidneys+at+night%3A+diel+variation+in+glomerular+filtration+rate+in+Selasphorus+platycercus&rft.volume=207&rft.issue=25&rft.pages=4383-391&rft.date=2004&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F2440%2F55466&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F15557024&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1242%2Fjeb.01238&rft.aulast=Bakken&rft.aufirst=B.H.&rft.au=McWhorter%2C+T.J.&rft.au=Tsahar%2C+E.&rft.au=Martinez+del+Rio%2C+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1242%252Fjeb.01238&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHummingbird" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-ajp-110">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ajp_110-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ajp_110-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ajp_110-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBakkenSabat2006" class="citation journal cs1">Bakken, B.H.; Sabat, P. (2006). "Gastrointestinal and renal responses to water intake in the green-backed firecrown (Sephanoides sephanoides), a South American hummingbird". AJP: Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology. 291 (3): R830–836. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1152%2Fajpregu.00137.2006">10.1152/ajpregu.00137.2006</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/10533%2F177203">10533/177203</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16614056">16614056</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:2391784">2391784</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=AJP%3A+Regulatory%2C+Integrative+and+Comparative+Physiology&rft.atitle=Gastrointestinal+and+renal+responses+to+water+intake+in+the+green-backed+firecrown+%28Sephanoides+sephanoides%29%2C+a+South+American+hummingbird&rft.volume=291&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=R830-836&rft.date=2006&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F10533%2F177203&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A2391784%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F16614056&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1152%2Fajpregu.00137.2006&rft.aulast=Bakken&rft.aufirst=B.H.&rft.au=Sabat%2C+P.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHummingbird" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-111"><a href="#cite_ref-111">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLotzMartínez_Del_Rio2004" class="citation journal cs1">Lotz, Chris N.; Martínez Del Rio, Carlos (2004). "The ability of rufous hummingbirds Selasphorus rufus to dilute and concentrate urine". Journal of Avian Biology. 35: 54–62. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.0908-8857.2004.03083.x">10.1111/j.0908-8857.2004.03083.x</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Avian+Biology&rft.atitle=The+ability+of+rufous+hummingbirds+Selasphorus+rufus+to+dilute+and+concentrate+urine&rft.volume=35&rft.pages=54-62&rft.date=2004&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.0908-8857.2004.03083.x&rft.aulast=Lotz&rft.aufirst=Chris+N.&rft.au=Mart%C3%ADnez+Del+Rio%2C+Carlos&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHummingbird" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-112"><a href="#cite_ref-112">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBeuchat,_C.A.Preest,_M.R.Braun,_E.J.1999" class="citation journal cs1">Beuchat, C.A.; Preest, M.R.; Braun, E.J. (1999). "Glomerular and medullary architecture in the kidney of Anna's Hummingbird". Journal of Morphology. 240 (2): 95–100. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2F%28sici%291097-4687%28199905%29240%3A2%3C95%3A%3Aaid-jmor1%3E3.0.co%3B2-u">10.1002/(sici)1097-4687(199905)240:2<95::aid-jmor1>3.0.co;2-u</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29847878">29847878</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:44156688">44156688</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Morphology&rft.atitle=Glomerular+and+medullary+architecture+in+the+kidney+of+Anna%27s+Hummingbird&rft.volume=240&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=95-100&rft.date=1999&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A44156688%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F29847878&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2F%28sici%291097-4687%28199905%29240%3A2%3C95%3A%3Aaid-jmor1%3E3.0.co%3B2-u&rft.au=Beuchat%2C+C.A.&rft.au=Preest%2C+M.R.&rft.au=Braun%2C+E.J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHummingbird" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-projecto-113">^ <a href="#cite_ref-projecto_113-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-projecto_113-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFProjecto-GarciaNatarajanMoriyamaWeber2013" class="citation journal cs1">Projecto-Garcia, Joana; Natarajan, Chandrasekhar; Moriyama, Hideaki; et al. (2 December 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3870697">"Repeated elevational transitions in hemoglobin function during the evolution of Andean hummingbirds"</a>. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 110 (51): 20669–20674. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013PNAS..11020669P">2013PNAS..11020669P</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1073%2Fpnas.1315456110">10.1073/pnas.1315456110</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0027-8424">0027-8424</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3870697">3870697</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24297909">24297909</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Proceedings+of+the+National+Academy+of+Sciences+of+the+United+States+of+America&rft.atitle=Repeated+elevational+transitions+in+hemoglobin+function+during+the+evolution+of+Andean+hummingbirds&rft.volume=110&rft.issue=51&rft.pages=20669-20674&rft.date=2013-12-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3870697%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2013PNAS..11020669P&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F24297909&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1073%2Fpnas.1315456110&rft.issn=0027-8424&rft.aulast=Projecto-Garcia&rft.aufirst=Joana&rft.au=Natarajan%2C+Chandrasekhar&rft.au=Moriyama%2C+Hideaki&rft.au=Weber%2C+Roy+E.&rft.au=Fago%2C+Angela&rft.au=Cheviron%2C+Zachary+A.&rft.au=Dudley%2C+Robert&rft.au=McGuire%2C+Jimmy+A.&rft.au=Witt%2C+Christopher+C.&rft.au=Storz%2C+Jay+F.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3870697&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHummingbird" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-guardian-114">^ <a href="#cite_ref-guardian_114-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-guardian_114-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/science/grrlscientist/2013/dec/13/grrlscientist-hummingbirds-andes-hemoglobin-evolution">"How do hummingbirds thrive in the Andes?"</a>. The Guardian. 13 December 2013. Retrieved 15 August 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=How+do+hummingbirds+thrive+in+the+Andes%3F&rft.date=2013-12-13&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fscience%2Fgrrlscientist%2F2013%2Fdec%2F13%2Fgrrlscientist-hummingbirds-andes-hemoglobin-evolution&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHummingbird" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lim-115"><a href="#cite_ref-Lim_115-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLimWittGrahamDávalos2019" class="citation journal cs1">Lim, Marisa C.W.; Witt, Christopher C.; Graham, Catherine H.; Dávalos, Liliana M. (22 May 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6553505">"Parallel molecular evolution in pathways, genes, and sites in high-elevation hummingbirds revealed by comparative transcriptomics"</a>. Genome Biology and Evolution. 11 (6): 1573–1585. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fgbe%2Fevz101">10.1093/gbe/evz101</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1759-6653">1759-6653</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6553505">6553505</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31114863">31114863</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Genome+Biology+and+Evolution&rft.atitle=Parallel+molecular+evolution+in+pathways%2C+genes%2C+and+sites+in+high-elevation+hummingbirds+revealed+by+comparative+transcriptomics&rft.volume=11&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=1573-1585&rft.date=2019-05-22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC6553505%23id-name%3DPMC&rft.issn=1759-6653&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F31114863&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fgbe%2Fevz101&rft.aulast=Lim&rft.aufirst=Marisa+C.W.&rft.au=Witt%2C+Christopher+C.&rft.au=Graham%2C+Catherine+H.&rft.au=D%C3%A1valos%2C+Liliana+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC6553505&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHummingbird" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-gayman-116"><a href="#cite_ref-gayman_116-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGayman2013" class="citation web cs1">Gayman, Deann (2 December 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news.unl.edu/newsrooms/today/article/new-study-reveals-how-hummingbirds-evolved-to-fly-at-high-altitude">"New study reveals how hummingbirds evolved to fly at high altitude"</a>. Department of Communication and Marketing, University of Nebraska-Lincoln. Retrieved 15 August 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=New+study+reveals+how+hummingbirds+evolved+to+fly+at+high+altitude&rft.pub=Department+of+Communication+and+Marketing%2C+University+of+Nebraska-Lincoln&rft.date=2013-12-02&rft.aulast=Gayman&rft.aufirst=Deann&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnews.unl.edu%2Fnewsrooms%2Ftoday%2Farticle%2Fnew-study-reveals-how-hummingbirds-evolved-to-fly-at-high-altitude&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHummingbird" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-battey-117">^ <a href="#cite_ref-battey_117-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-battey_117-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-battey_117-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-battey_117-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-battey_117-4">e</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBattey2019" class="citation journal cs1">Battey, C. J. (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2F704249">"Ecological release of the Anna's hummingbird during a northern range expansion"</a>. The American Naturalist. 194 (3): 306–315. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2F704249">10.1086/704249</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0003-0147">0003-0147</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31553208">31553208</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:164398193">164398193</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+American+Naturalist&rft.atitle=Ecological+release+of+the+Anna%27s+hummingbird+during+a+northern+range+expansion&rft.volume=194&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=306-315&rft.date=2019&rft.issn=0003-0147&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A164398193%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F31553208&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1086%2F704249&rft.aulast=Battey&rft.aufirst=C.+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1086%252F704249&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHummingbird" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Beuchat-118"><a href="#cite_ref-Beuchat_118-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBeuchat,_C.A.Chaplin,_S.B.Morton,_M.L.1979" class="citation journal cs1">Beuchat, C.A.; Chaplin, S.B.; Morton, M.L. (1979). "Ambient temperature and the daily energetics of two species of hummingbirds, Calypte anna and Selasphorus rufus". Physiological Zoology. 52 (3): 280–295. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2Fphyszool.52.3.30155751">10.1086/physzool.52.3.30155751</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:87185364">87185364</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Physiological+Zoology&rft.atitle=Ambient+temperature+and+the+daily+energetics+of+two+species+of+hummingbirds%2C+Calypte+anna+and+Selasphorus+rufus&rft.volume=52&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=280-295&rft.date=1979&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1086%2Fphyszool.52.3.30155751&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A87185364%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.au=Beuchat%2C+C.A.&rft.au=Chaplin%2C+S.B.&rft.au=Morton%2C+M.L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHummingbird" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Powers-119"><a href="#cite_ref-Powers_119-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPowers1991" class="citation journal cs1">Powers, D. R. (1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dpowerslab.com/wp-content/uploads/2011/09/PZ1991.pdf">"Diurnal variation in mass, metabolic rate, and respiratory quotient in Anna's and Costa's hummingbirds"</a> (PDF). Physiological Zoology. 64 (3): 850–870. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2Fphyszool.64.3.30158211">10.1086/physzool.64.3.30158211</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/30158211">30158211</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:55730100">55730100</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Physiological+Zoology&rft.atitle=Diurnal+variation+in+mass%2C+metabolic+rate%2C+and+respiratory+quotient+in+Anna%27s+and+Costa%27s+hummingbirds&rft.volume=64&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=850-870&rft.date=1991&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A55730100%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F30158211%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1086%2Fphyszool.64.3.30158211&rft.aulast=Powers&rft.aufirst=D.+R.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dpowerslab.com%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2011%2F09%2FPZ1991.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHummingbird" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-shankar-120">^ <a href="#cite_ref-shankar_120-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-shankar_120-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-shankar_120-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShankarSchroederWethingtonGraham2020" class="citation journal cs1">Shankar, Anusha; Schroeder, Rebecca J.; Wethington, Susan M.; Graham, Catherine H.; Powers, Donald R. (May 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/jav.02305">"Hummingbird torpor in context: duration, more than temperature, is the key to nighttime energy savings"</a>. Journal of Avian Biology. 51 (5): jav.02305. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fjav.02305">10.1111/jav.02305</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0908-8857">0908-8857</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:216458501">216458501</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Avian+Biology&rft.atitle=Hummingbird+torpor+in+context%3A+duration%2C+more+than+temperature%2C+is+the+key+to+nighttime+energy+savings&rft.volume=51&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=jav.02305&rft.date=2020-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A216458501%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=0908-8857&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fjav.02305&rft.aulast=Shankar&rft.aufirst=Anusha&rft.au=Schroeder%2C+Rebecca+J.&rft.au=Wethington%2C+Susan+M.&rft.au=Graham%2C+Catherine+H.&rft.au=Powers%2C+Donald+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fonlinelibrary.wiley.com%2Fdoi%2F10.1111%2Fjav.02305&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHummingbird" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-test-121"><a href="#cite_ref-test_121-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFClarkRussell2012" class="citation journal cs1">Clark CJ, Russell SM (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://birdsoftheworld.org/bow/species/annhum/1.0/introduction">"Anna's hummingbird (Calypte anna)"</a>. The Birds of North America Online. The Birds of North America, Cornell University Laboratory of Ornithology. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2173%2Fbna.226">10.2173/bna.226</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Birds+of+North+America+Online&rft.atitle=Anna%27s+hummingbird+%28Calypte+anna%29&rft.date=2012&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2173%2Fbna.226&rft.aulast=Clark&rft.aufirst=CJ&rft.au=Russell%2C+SM&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbirdsoftheworld.org%2Fbow%2Fspecies%2Fannhum%2F1.0%2Fintroduction&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHummingbird" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-122"><a href="#cite_ref-122">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://vancouver.ca/parks-recreation-culture/official-city-bird.aspx">"Official City Bird: Anna's Hummingbird"</a>. City of Vancouver. 2019. Retrieved 6 November 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Official+City+Bird%3A+Anna%27s+Hummingbird&rft.pub=City+of+Vancouver&rft.date=2019&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fvancouver.ca%2Fparks-recreation-culture%2Fofficial-city-bird.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHummingbird" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-green-123"><a href="#cite_ref-green_123-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGreen2018" class="citation web cs1">Green, Gregory A. (2 October 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.birdwatchingdaily.com/news/species-profiles/annas-hummingbird-our-winter-hummingbird/#">"Anna's Hummingbird: Our winter hummingbird"</a>. BirdWatching. Retrieved 6 November 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Anna%27s+Hummingbird%3A+Our+winter+hummingbird&rft.pub=BirdWatching&rft.date=2018-10-02&rft.aulast=Green&rft.aufirst=Gregory+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.birdwatchingdaily.com%2Fnews%2Fspecies-profiles%2Fannas-hummingbird-our-winter-hummingbird%2F%23&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHummingbird" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-124"><a href="#cite_ref-124">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHainsworthWolf1970" class="citation journal cs1">Hainsworth, F.R.; Wolf, L.L. (1970). "Regulation of oxygen consumption and body temperature during torpor in a hummingbird, Eulampis jugularis". Science. 168 (3929): 368–369. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1970Sci...168..368R">1970Sci...168..368R</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.168.3929.368">10.1126/science.168.3929.368</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/5435893">5435893</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:30793291">30793291</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Science&rft.atitle=Regulation+of+oxygen+consumption+and+body+temperature+during+torpor+in+a+hummingbird%2C+Eulampis+jugularis&rft.volume=168&rft.issue=3929&rft.pages=368-369&rft.date=1970&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1126%2Fscience.168.3929.368&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A30793291%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F5435893&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1970Sci...168..368R&rft.aulast=Hainsworth&rft.aufirst=F.R.&rft.au=Wolf%2C+L.L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHummingbird" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-125"><a href="#cite_ref-125">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHiebert1992" class="citation journal cs1">Hiebert, S.M. (1992). "Time-dependent thresholds for torpor initiation in the rufous hummingbird (Selasphorus rufus)". Journal of Comparative Physiology B. 162 (3): 249–255. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fbf00357531">10.1007/bf00357531</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/1613163">1613163</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:24688360">24688360</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Comparative+Physiology+B&rft.atitle=Time-dependent+thresholds+for+torpor+initiation+in+the+rufous+hummingbird+%28Selasphorus+rufus%29&rft.volume=162&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=249-255&rft.date=1992&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A24688360%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F1613163&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fbf00357531&rft.aulast=Hiebert&rft.aufirst=S.M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHummingbird" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-wolf-126">^ <a href="#cite_ref-wolf_126-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-wolf_126-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-wolf_126-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWolfMcKechnieSchmittCzenze2020" class="citation journal cs1">Wolf, Blair O.; McKechnie, Andrew E.; Schmitt, C. Jonathan; Czenze, Zenon J.; Johnson, Andrew B.; Witt, Christopher C. (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7532710">"Extreme and variable torpor among high-elevation Andean hummingbird species"</a>. Biology Letters. 16 (9): 20200428. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1098%2Frsbl.2020.0428">10.1098/rsbl.2020.0428</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1744-9561">1744-9561</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7532710">7532710</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32898456">32898456</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Biology+Letters&rft.atitle=Extreme+and+variable+torpor+among+high-elevation+Andean+hummingbird+species&rft.volume=16&rft.issue=9&rft.pages=20200428&rft.date=2020&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC7532710%23id-name%3DPMC&rft.issn=1744-9561&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F32898456&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1098%2Frsbl.2020.0428&rft.aulast=Wolf&rft.aufirst=Blair+O.&rft.au=McKechnie%2C+Andrew+E.&rft.au=Schmitt%2C+C.+Jonathan&rft.au=Czenze%2C+Zenon+J.&rft.au=Johnson%2C+Andrew+B.&rft.au=Witt%2C+Christopher+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC7532710&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHummingbird" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-127"><a href="#cite_ref-127">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGreenwood2020" class="citation news cs1">Greenwood, Veronique (8 September 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2020/09/08/science/hummingbirds-torpor-hibernation.html">"These hummingbirds take extreme naps. Some may even hibernate"</a>. The New York Times. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331">0362-4331</a>. Retrieved 9 September 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=These+hummingbirds+take+extreme+naps.+Some+may+even+hibernate.&rft.date=2020-09-08&rft.issn=0362-4331&rft.aulast=Greenwood&rft.aufirst=Veronique&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2020%2F09%2F08%2Fscience%2Fhummingbirds-torpor-hibernation.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHummingbird" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-128"><a href="#cite_ref-128">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHiebertSalvanteRamenofskyWingfield2000" class="citation journal cs1">Hiebert, S.M.; Salvante, K.G.; Ramenofsky, M.; Wingfield, J.C. (2000). "Corticosterone and nocturnal torpor in the rufous hummingbird (Selasphorus rufus)". General and Comparative Endocrinology. 120 (2): 220–234. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1006%2Fgcen.2000.7555">10.1006/gcen.2000.7555</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11078633">11078633</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=General+and+Comparative+Endocrinology&rft.atitle=Corticosterone+and+nocturnal+torpor+in+the+rufous+hummingbird+%28Selasphorus+rufus%29&rft.volume=120&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=220-234&rft.date=2000&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1006%2Fgcen.2000.7555&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F11078633&rft.aulast=Hiebert&rft.aufirst=S.M.&rft.au=Salvante%2C+K.G.&rft.au=Ramenofsky%2C+M.&rft.au=Wingfield%2C+J.C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHummingbird" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-129"><a href="#cite_ref-129">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPowersBrownVan_Hook2003" class="citation journal cs1">Powers, D.R.; Brown, A.R.; Van Hook, J.A. (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://digitalcommons.georgefox.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1025&context=bio_fac">"Influence of normal daytime fat deposition on laboratory measurements of torpor use in territorial versus nonterritorial hummingbirds"</a>. Physiological and Biochemical Zoology. 76 (3): 389–397. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2F374286">10.1086/374286</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12905125">12905125</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:6475160">6475160</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Physiological+and+Biochemical+Zoology&rft.atitle=Influence+of+normal+daytime+fat+deposition+on+laboratory+measurements+of+torpor+use+in+territorial+versus+nonterritorial+hummingbirds&rft.volume=76&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=389-397&rft.date=2003&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A6475160%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F12905125&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1086%2F374286&rft.aulast=Powers&rft.aufirst=D.R.&rft.au=Brown%2C+A.R.&rft.au=Van+Hook%2C+J.A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdigitalcommons.georgefox.edu%2Fcgi%2Fviewcontent.cgi%3Farticle%3D1025%26context%3Dbio_fac&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHummingbird" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-rpbo-130">^ <a href="#cite_ref-rpbo_130-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-rpbo_130-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170202002338/http://rpbo.org/hummingbirds.php">"The hummingbird project of British Columbia"</a>. Rocky Point Bird Observatory, Vancouver Island, British Columbia. 2010. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://rpbo.org/hummingbirds.php">the original</a> on 2 February 2017. Retrieved 25 June 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+hummingbird+project+of+British+Columbia&rft.pub=Rocky+Point+Bird+Observatory%2C+Vancouver+Island%2C+British+Columbia&rft.date=2010&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Frpbo.org%2Fhummingbirds.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHummingbird" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Churchfield-131"><a href="#cite_ref-Churchfield_131-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChurchfield1990" class="citation book cs1">Churchfield, Sara (1990). The natural history of shrews. Cornell University Press. pp. 35–37. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8014-2595-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8014-2595-0"><bdi>978-0-8014-2595-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+natural+history+of+shrews&rft.pages=35-37&rft.pub=Cornell+University+Press&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=978-0-8014-2595-0&rft.aulast=Churchfield&rft.aufirst=Sara&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHummingbird" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-132"><a href="#cite_ref-132">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pwrc.usgs.gov/BBL/longevity/Longevity_main.cfm">"Longevity Records Of North American Birds"</a>. United States Geological Survey. Retrieved 26 January 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Longevity+Records+Of+North+American+Birds&rft.pub=United+States+Geological+Survey&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pwrc.usgs.gov%2FBBL%2Flongevity%2FLongevity_main.cfm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHummingbird" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-BBL-133"><a href="#cite_ref-BBL_133-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pwrc.usgs.gov/BBL/homepage/long3930.cfm">"Longevity Records AOU Numbers 3930–4920"</a>. Patuxent Wildlife Research Center, Bird Banding Laboratory. 31 August 2009. Retrieved 27 September 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Longevity+Records+AOU+Numbers+3930%E2%80%934920&rft.pub=Patuxent+Wildlife+Research+Center%2C+Bird+Banding+Laboratory&rft.date=2009-08-31&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pwrc.usgs.gov%2FBBL%2Fhomepage%2Flong3930.cfm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHummingbird" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-134"><a href="#cite_ref-134">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFisher1994" class="citation journal cs1">Fisher, R. Jr. (1994). "Praying mantis catches and eats hummingbird". Birding. 26: 376.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Birding&rft.atitle=Praying+mantis+catches+and+eats+hummingbird&rft.volume=26&rft.pages=376&rft.date=1994&rft.aulast=Fisher&rft.aufirst=R.+Jr.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHummingbird" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-135"><a href="#cite_ref-135">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLorenz2007" class="citation journal cs1">Lorenz, S. (2007). "Carolina mantid (Stagmomantis carolina) captures and feeds on a broad-tailed hummingbird (Selasphorus platycercus)". Bulletin of the Texas Ornithological Society. 40: 37–38.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Bulletin+of+the+Texas+Ornithological+Society&rft.atitle=Carolina+mantid+%28Stagmomantis+carolina%29+captures+and+feeds+on+a+broad-tailed+hummingbird+%28Selasphorus+platycercus%29&rft.volume=40&rft.pages=37-38&rft.date=2007&rft.aulast=Lorenz&rft.aufirst=S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHummingbird" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-nyff-136"><a href="#cite_ref-nyff_136-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNyffelerMaxwellRemsen2017" class="citation journal cs1">Nyffeler, Martin; Maxwell, Michael R.; Remsen, J.V. (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bioone.org/journals/the-wilson-journal-of-ornithology/volume-129/issue-2/16-100.1/Bird-Predation-By-Praying-Mantises-A-Global-Perspective/10.1676/16-100.1.full">"Bird predation by praying mantises: A global perspective"</a>. The Wilson Journal of Ornithology. 129 (2): 331–344. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1676%2F16-100.1">10.1676/16-100.1</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1559-4491">1559-4491</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:90832425">90832425</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Wilson+Journal+of+Ornithology&rft.atitle=Bird+predation+by+praying+mantises%3A+A+global+perspective&rft.volume=129&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=331-344&rft.date=2017&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A90832425%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=1559-4491&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1676%2F16-100.1&rft.aulast=Nyffeler&rft.aufirst=Martin&rft.au=Maxwell%2C+Michael+R.&rft.au=Remsen%2C+J.V.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbioone.org%2Fjournals%2Fthe-wilson-journal-of-ornithology%2Fvolume-129%2Fissue-2%2F16-100.1%2FBird-Predation-By-Praying-Mantises-A-Global-Perspective%2F10.1676%2F16-100.1.full&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHummingbird" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-137"><a href="#cite_ref-137">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStiteler2015" class="citation web cs1">Stiteler, Sharon (29 October 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.audubon.org/news/which-animals-prey-hummingbirds">"Which animals prey on hummingbirds?"</a>. National Audubon Society. Retrieved 4 November 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Which+animals+prey+on+hummingbirds%3F&rft.pub=National+Audubon+Society&rft.date=2015-10-29&rft.aulast=Stiteler&rft.aufirst=Sharon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.audubon.org%2Fnews%2Fwhich-animals-prey-hummingbirds&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHummingbird" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Oniki-Willis23-138"><a href="#cite_ref-Oniki-Willis23_138-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOniki-WillisWillisLopesRozsa2023" class="citation journal cs1">Oniki-Willis, Yoshika; Willis, Edwin O; Lopes, Leonardo E; Rozsa, Lajos (2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3390%2Fd15010054">"Museum-based research on the lice (Insecta: Phthiraptera) infestations of hummingbirds (Aves: Trochilidae) – prevalence, genus richness, and parasite associations"</a>. Diversity. 15: 54. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3390%2Fd15010054">10.3390/d15010054</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Diversity&rft.atitle=Museum-based+research+on+the+lice+%28Insecta%3A+Phthiraptera%29+infestations+of+hummingbirds+%28Aves%3A+Trochilidae%29+%E2%80%93+prevalence%2C+genus+richness%2C+and+parasite+associations&rft.volume=15&rft.pages=54&rft.date=2023&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3390%2Fd15010054&rft.aulast=Oniki-Willis&rft.aufirst=Yoshika&rft.au=Willis%2C+Edwin+O&rft.au=Lopes%2C+Leonardo+E&rft.au=Rozsa%2C+Lajos&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.3390%252Fd15010054&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHummingbird" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sychra24-139"><a href="#cite_ref-Sychra24_139-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSychra2024" class="citation journal cs1">Sychra, Oldřich; et al. (2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10941040">"Multivariate study of lice (Insecta: Psocodea: Phthiraptera) assemblages hosted by hummingbirds (Aves: Trochilidae)"</a>. Parasitology. 151 (2): 191–199. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0031182023001294">10.1017/S0031182023001294</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10941040">10941040</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38116659">38116659</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Parasitology&rft.atitle=Multivariate+study+of+lice+%28Insecta%3A+Psocodea%3A+Phthiraptera%29+assemblages+hosted+by+hummingbirds+%28Aves%3A+Trochilidae%29&rft.volume=151&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=191-199&rft.date=2024&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC10941040%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F38116659&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0031182023001294&rft.aulast=Sychra&rft.aufirst=Old%C5%99ich&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC10941040&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHummingbird" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-oniki-140">^ <a href="#cite_ref-oniki_140-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-oniki_140-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-oniki_140-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-oniki_140-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOnikiWillis2000" class="citation journal cs1">Oniki, Y; Willis, E.O. (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1590%2Fs0034-71082000000400016">"Nesting behavior of the swallow-tailed hummingbird, Eupetomena macroura (Trochilidae, Aves)"</a>. Brazilian Journal of Biology. 60 (4): 655–662. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1590%2Fs0034-71082000000400016">10.1590/s0034-71082000000400016</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/11449%2F28969">11449/28969</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11241965">11241965</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Brazilian+Journal+of+Biology&rft.atitle=Nesting+behavior+of+the+swallow-tailed+hummingbird%2C+Eupetomena+macroura+%28Trochilidae%2C+Aves%29&rft.volume=60&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=655-662&rft.date=2000&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F11449%2F28969&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F11241965&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1590%2Fs0034-71082000000400016&rft.aulast=Oniki&rft.aufirst=Y&rft.au=Willis%2C+E.O.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1590%252Fs0034-71082000000400016&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHummingbird" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-pbs-141">^ <a href="#cite_ref-pbs_141-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-pbs_141-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-pbs_141-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-pbs_141-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170202001143/http://www.learner.org/jnorth/humm/spring2016/c051316_nest.html">"Hummingbird nesting"</a>. Public Broadcasting System – Nature; from Learner.org, Journey North. 2016. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.learner.org/jnorth/humm/spring2016/c051316_nest.html">the original</a> (video) on 2 February 2017. Retrieved 12 May 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Hummingbird+nesting&rft.pub=Public+Broadcasting+System+%E2%80%93+Nature%3B+from+Learner.org%2C+Journey+North&rft.date=2016&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.learner.org%2Fjnorth%2Fhumm%2Fspring2016%2Fc051316_nest.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHummingbird" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-rubyproj-142"><a href="#cite_ref-rubyproj_142-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rubythroat.org/questionsnesteggs01.html">"Hummingbird Q&A: Nest and eggs"</a>. Operation Rubythroat: The Hummingbird Project, Hilton Pond Center for Piedmont Natural History. 2014. Retrieved 21 June 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Hummingbird+Q%26A%3A+Nest+and+eggs&rft.pub=Operation+Rubythroat%3A+The+Hummingbird+Project%2C+Hilton+Pond+Center+for+Piedmont+Natural+History&rft.date=2014&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.rubythroat.org%2Fquestionsnesteggs01.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHummingbird" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-143"><a href="#cite_ref-143">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMohrman2019" class="citation web cs1">Mohrman, Eric (22 November 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://sciencing.com/hummingbirds-mate-4566850.html">"How do hummingbirds mate?"</a>. Sciencing, Leaf Group Media. Retrieved 8 February 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=How+do+hummingbirds+mate%3F&rft.pub=Sciencing%2C+Leaf+Group+Media&rft.date=2019-11-22&rft.aulast=Mohrman&rft.aufirst=Eric&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsciencing.com%2Fhummingbirds-mate-4566850.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHummingbird" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Warrick_et_al.-144">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Warrick_et_al._144-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Warrick_et_al._144-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Warrick_et_al._144-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWarrickTobalskePowers2005" class="citation journal cs1">Warrick, Douglas R.; Tobalske, Bret W.; Powers, Donald R. (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://digitalcommons.georgefox.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1033&context=bio_fac">"Aerodynamics of the hovering hummingbird"</a>. Nature. 435 (7045): 1094–097. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2005Natur.435.1094W">2005Natur.435.1094W</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fnature03647">10.1038/nature03647</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15973407">15973407</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:4427424">4427424</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature&rft.atitle=Aerodynamics+of+the+hovering+hummingbird&rft.volume=435&rft.issue=7045&rft.pages=1094-097&rft.date=2005&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fnature03647&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A4427424%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F15973407&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2005Natur.435.1094W&rft.aulast=Warrick&rft.aufirst=Douglas+R.&rft.au=Tobalske%2C+Bret+W.&rft.au=Powers%2C+Donald+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdigitalcommons.georgefox.edu%2Fcgi%2Fviewcontent.cgi%3Farticle%3D1033%26context%3Dbio_fac&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHummingbird" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-145"><a href="#cite_ref-145">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSapirDudley2012" class="citation journal cs1">Sapir, N.; Dudley, R. (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1242%2Fjeb.073114">"Backward flight in hummingbirds employs unique kinematic adjustments and entails low metabolic cost"</a>. Journal of Experimental Biology. 215 (20): 3603–611. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1242%2Fjeb.073114">10.1242/jeb.073114</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23014570">23014570</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Experimental+Biology&rft.atitle=Backward+flight+in+hummingbirds+employs+unique+kinematic+adjustments+and+entails+low+metabolic+cost&rft.volume=215&rft.issue=20&rft.pages=3603-611&rft.date=2012&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1242%2Fjeb.073114&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F23014570&rft.aulast=Sapir&rft.aufirst=N.&rft.au=Dudley%2C+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1242%252Fjeb.073114&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHummingbird" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-146"><a href="#cite_ref-146">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTobalskeWarrickClarkPowers2007" class="citation journal cs1">Tobalske, Bret W.; Warrick, Douglas R.; Clark, Christopher J.; Powers, Donald R.; Hedrick, Tyson L.; Hyder, Gabriel A.; Biewener, Andrew A. (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1242%2Fjeb.005686">"Three-dimensional kinematics of hummingbird flight"</a>. J Exp Biol. 210 (13): 2368–382. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1242%2Fjeb.005686">10.1242/jeb.005686</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17575042">17575042</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=J+Exp+Biol&rft.atitle=Three-dimensional+kinematics+of+hummingbird+flight&rft.volume=210&rft.issue=13&rft.pages=2368-382&rft.date=2007&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1242%2Fjeb.005686&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F17575042&rft.aulast=Tobalske&rft.aufirst=Bret+W.&rft.au=Warrick%2C+Douglas+R.&rft.au=Clark%2C+Christopher+J.&rft.au=Powers%2C+Donald+R.&rft.au=Hedrick%2C+Tyson+L.&rft.au=Hyder%2C+Gabriel+A.&rft.au=Biewener%2C+Andrew+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1242%252Fjeb.005686&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHummingbird" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-ucr-147"><a href="#cite_ref-ucr_147-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUniversity_of_California_-_Riverside2013" class="citation web cs1">University of California - Riverside (25 February 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://phys.org/news/2013-02-hummingbirds-trails-vortices-wings-one-vortex.html">"Study shows hovering hummingbirds generate two trails of vortices under their wings, challenging one-vortex consensus"</a>. Phys.org. Retrieved 8 March 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Study+shows+hovering+hummingbirds+generate+two+trails+of+vortices+under+their+wings%2C+challenging+one-vortex+consensus&rft.pub=Phys.org&rft.date=2013-02-25&rft.au=University+of+California+-+Riverside&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fphys.org%2Fnews%2F2013-02-hummingbirds-trails-vortices-wings-one-vortex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHummingbird" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Pour-148"><a href="#cite_ref-Pour_148-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPournazeriSegrePrincevacAltshuler2012" class="citation journal cs1">Pournazeri, Sam; Segre, Paolo S.; Princevac, Marko; Altshuler, Douglas L. (25 December 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00348-012-1439-5">"Hummingbirds generate bilateral vortex loops during hovering: evidence from flow visualization"</a>. Experiments in Fluids. 54 (1): 1439. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs00348-012-1439-5">10.1007/s00348-012-1439-5</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0723-4864">0723-4864</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:253853891">253853891</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Experiments+in+Fluids&rft.atitle=Hummingbirds+generate+bilateral+vortex+loops+during+hovering%3A+evidence+from+flow+visualization&rft.volume=54&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=1439&rft.date=2012-12-25&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A253853891%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=0723-4864&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs00348-012-1439-5&rft.aulast=Pournazeri&rft.aufirst=Sam&rft.au=Segre%2C+Paolo+S.&rft.au=Princevac%2C+Marko&rft.au=Altshuler%2C+Douglas+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flink.springer.com%2Farticle%2F10.1007%2Fs00348-012-1439-5&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHummingbird" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-149"><a href="#cite_ref-149">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTobalskeBiewenerWarrickHedrick2010" class="citation journal cs1">Tobalske, B.W.; Biewener, A.A.; Warrick, D.R.; Hedrick, T.L.; Powers, D.R. (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1242%2Fjeb.043844">"Effects of flight speed upon muscle activity in hummingbirds"</a>. Journal of Experimental Biology. 213 (14): 2515–523. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1242%2Fjeb.043844">10.1242/jeb.043844</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20581281">20581281</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Experimental+Biology&rft.atitle=Effects+of+flight+speed+upon+muscle+activity+in+hummingbirds&rft.volume=213&rft.issue=14&rft.pages=2515-523&rft.date=2010&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1242%2Fjeb.043844&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F20581281&rft.aulast=Tobalske&rft.aufirst=B.W.&rft.au=Biewener%2C+A.A.&rft.au=Warrick%2C+D.R.&rft.au=Hedrick%2C+T.L.&rft.au=Powers%2C+D.R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1242%252Fjeb.043844&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHummingbird" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-150"><a href="#cite_ref-150">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVideler2005" class="citation book cs1">Videler, J.J. (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=5Xr9NZdgzP0C&q=hummingbird+alula+digit+is+reduced+and+immobile&pg=PA34">Avian Flight</a>. Oxford University Press, Ornithology Series. p. 34. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-856603-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-856603-8"><bdi>978-0-19-856603-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Avian+Flight&rft.pages=34&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press%2C+Ornithology+Series&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-19-856603-8&rft.aulast=Videler&rft.aufirst=J.J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D5Xr9NZdgzP0C%26q%3Dhummingbird%2Balula%2Bdigit%2Bis%2Breduced%2Band%2Bimmobile%26pg%3DPA34&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHummingbird" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-151"><a href="#cite_ref-151">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFernándezDudleyBozinovic2011" class="citation journal cs1">Fernández, M.J.; Dudley, R.; Bozinovic, F. (2011). "Comparative energetics of the giant hummingbird (Patagona gigas)". Physiological and Biochemical Zoology. 84 (3): 333–340. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2F660084">10.1086/660084</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21527824">21527824</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:31616893">31616893</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Physiological+and+Biochemical+Zoology&rft.atitle=Comparative+energetics+of+the+giant+hummingbird+%28Patagona+gigas%29&rft.volume=84&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=333-340&rft.date=2011&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A31616893%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F21527824&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1086%2F660084&rft.aulast=Fern%C3%A1ndez&rft.aufirst=M.J.&rft.au=Dudley%2C+R.&rft.au=Bozinovic%2C+F.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHummingbird" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-bbc-152"><a href="#cite_ref-bbc_152-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGill2014" class="citation news cs1">Gill, V. (30 July 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/28563737">"Hummingbirds edge out helicopters in hover contest"</a>. BBC News. Retrieved 1 September 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Hummingbirds+edge+out+helicopters+in+hover+contest&rft.date=2014-07-30&rft.aulast=Gill&rft.aufirst=V.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fnews%2F28563737&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHummingbird" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-153"><a href="#cite_ref-153">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFeinsingerColwellTerborghChaplin1979" class="citation journal cs1">Feinsinger, Peter; Colwell, Robert K.; Terborgh, John; Chaplin, Susan Budd (1979). "Elevation and the Morphology, Flight Energetics, and Foraging Ecology of Tropical Hummingbirds". The American Naturalist. 113 (4): 481–497. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2F283408">10.1086/283408</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0003-0147">0003-0147</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:85317341">85317341</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+American+Naturalist&rft.atitle=Elevation+and+the+Morphology%2C+Flight+Energetics%2C+and+Foraging+Ecology+of+Tropical+Hummingbirds&rft.volume=113&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=481-497&rft.date=1979&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A85317341%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=0003-0147&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1086%2F283408&rft.aulast=Feinsinger&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft.au=Colwell%2C+Robert+K.&rft.au=Terborgh%2C+John&rft.au=Chaplin%2C+Susan+Budd&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHummingbird" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-154"><a href="#cite_ref-154">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMorelle2011" class="citation news cs1"><a href="/wiki/Rebecca_Morelle" title="Rebecca Morelle">Morelle, R.</a> (8 November 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/science-environment-15620024">"Hummingbirds shake their heads to deal with rain"</a>. BBC News. Retrieved 22 March 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Hummingbirds+shake+their+heads+to+deal+with+rain&rft.date=2011-11-08&rft.aulast=Morelle&rft.aufirst=R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fnews%2Fscience-environment-15620024&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHummingbird" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-155"><a href="#cite_ref-155">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSt._Fleur2012" class="citation news cs1">St. Fleur, N. (20 July 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2012/07/19/hummingbird-rain-video_n_1685752.html">"Hummingbird rain trick: New study shows tiny birds alter posture in storms"</a> (video). Huffington Post. Retrieved 22 March 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Huffington+Post&rft.atitle=Hummingbird+rain+trick%3A+New+study+shows+tiny+birds+alter+posture+in+storms&rft.date=2012-07-20&rft.aulast=St.+Fleur&rft.aufirst=N.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.huffingtonpost.com%2F2012%2F07%2F19%2Fhummingbird-rain-video_n_1685752.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHummingbird" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-156">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_156-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_156-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilcoxClark2022" class="citation journal cs1">Wilcox, Sean; Clark, Christopher (2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://academic.oup.com/beheco/article/33/6/1093/6686581">"Sexual selection for flight performance in hummingbirds"</a>. Behavioral Ecology. 33 (6): 1093–1106. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fbeheco%2Farac075">10.1093/beheco/arac075</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Behavioral+Ecology&rft.atitle=Sexual+selection+for+flight+performance+in+hummingbirds&rft.volume=33&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=1093-1106&rft.date=2022&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fbeheco%2Farac075&rft.aulast=Wilcox&rft.aufirst=Sean&rft.au=Clark%2C+Christopher&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Facademic.oup.com%2Fbeheco%2Farticle%2F33%2F6%2F1093%2F6686581&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHummingbird" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-157"><a href="#cite_ref-157">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFClark2011" class="citation journal cs1">Clark, C.J. (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fczoolo%2F57.2.187">"Wing, tail, and vocal contributions to the complex acoustic signals of courting Calliope hummingbirds"</a>. Current Zool. 57 (2): 187–196. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fczoolo%2F57.2.187">10.1093/czoolo/57.2.187</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Current+Zool.&rft.atitle=Wing%2C+tail%2C+and+vocal+contributions+to+the+complex+acoustic+signals+of+courting+Calliope+hummingbirds&rft.volume=57&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=187-196&rft.date=2011&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fczoolo%2F57.2.187&rft.aulast=Clark&rft.aufirst=C.J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1093%252Fczoolo%252F57.2.187&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHummingbird" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-ravi-158">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ravi_158-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ravi_158-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ravi_158-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRaviCrallMcNeillyGagliardi2015" class="citation journal cs1">Ravi, Sridhar; Crall, James D.; McNeilly, Lucas; Gagliardi, Susan F.; Biewener, Andrew A.; Combes, Stacey A. (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1242%2Fjeb.114553">"Hummingbird flight stability and control in freestream turbulent winds"</a>. J Exp Biol. 218 (Pt 9): 1444–452. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1242%2Fjeb.114553">10.1242/jeb.114553</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25767146">25767146</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=J+Exp+Biol&rft.atitle=Hummingbird+flight+stability+and+control+in+freestream+turbulent+winds&rft.volume=218&rft.issue=Pt+9&rft.pages=1444-452&rft.date=2015&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1242%2Fjeb.114553&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F25767146&rft.aulast=Ravi&rft.aufirst=Sridhar&rft.au=Crall%2C+James+D.&rft.au=McNeilly%2C+Lucas&rft.au=Gagliardi%2C+Susan+F.&rft.au=Biewener%2C+Andrew+A.&rft.au=Combes%2C+Stacey+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1242%252Fjeb.114553&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHummingbird" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-clark09-159">^ <a href="#cite_ref-clark09_159-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-clark09_159-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-clark09_159-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-clark09_159-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFClark2009" class="citation journal cs1">Clark, C.J. (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2817121">"Courtship dives of Anna's hummingbird offer insights into flight performance limits"</a>. Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences. 276 (1670): 3047–052. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1098%2Frspb.2009.0508">10.1098/rspb.2009.0508</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2817121">2817121</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19515669">19515669</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Proceedings+of+the+Royal+Society+B%3A+Biological+Sciences&rft.atitle=Courtship+dives+of+Anna%27s+hummingbird+offer+insights+into+flight+performance+limits&rft.volume=276&rft.issue=1670&rft.pages=3047-052&rft.date=2009&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2817121%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F19515669&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1098%2Frspb.2009.0508&rft.aulast=Clark&rft.aufirst=C.J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2817121&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHummingbird" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Akparibo-160"><a href="#cite_ref-Akparibo_160-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAkpariboAndersonChumbley2020" class="citation book cs1">Akparibo, Issaka Y.; Anderson, Jackie; Chumbley, Eric (7 September 2020). "Aerospace Gravitational Effects". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK430768">Aerospace, gravitational effects, high performance</a>. National Center for Biotechnology Information, US National Institute of Medicine. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28613519">28613519</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Aerospace+Gravitational+Effects&rft.btitle=Aerospace%2C+gravitational+effects%2C+high+performance&rft.pub=National+Center+for+Biotechnology+Information%2C+US+National+Institute+of+Medicine&rft.date=2020-09-07&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F28613519&rft.aulast=Akparibo&rft.aufirst=Issaka+Y.&rft.au=Anderson%2C+Jackie&rft.au=Chumbley%2C+Eric&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fbooks%2FNBK430768&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHummingbird" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-clark08-162">^ <a href="#cite_ref-clark08_162-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-clark08_162-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-clark08_162-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFClarkFeo2008" class="citation journal cs1">Clark, C. J.; Feo, T.J. (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2599939">"The Anna's hummingbird chirps with its tail: A new mechanism of sonation in birds"</a>. Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences. 275 (1637): 955–962. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1098%2Frspb.2007.1619">10.1098/rspb.2007.1619</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2599939">2599939</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18230592">18230592</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Proceedings+of+the+Royal+Society+B%3A+Biological+Sciences&rft.atitle=The+Anna%27s+hummingbird+chirps+with+its+tail%3A+A+new+mechanism+of+sonation+in+birds&rft.volume=275&rft.issue=1637&rft.pages=955-962&rft.date=2008&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2599939%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F18230592&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1098%2Frspb.2007.1619&rft.aulast=Clark&rft.aufirst=C.+J.&rft.au=Feo%2C+T.J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2599939&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHummingbird" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-clark14-163">^ <a href="#cite_ref-clark14_163-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-clark14_163-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFClark2014" class="citation journal cs1">Clark, C.J. (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3983109">"Harmonic hopping, and both punctuated and gradual evolution of acoustic characters in Selasphorus hummingbird tail-feathers"</a>. PLOS ONE. 9 (4): e93829. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014PLoSO...993829C">2014PLoSO...993829C</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0093829">10.1371/journal.pone.0093829</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3983109">3983109</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24722049">24722049</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=PLOS+ONE&rft.atitle=Harmonic+hopping%2C+and+both+punctuated+and+gradual+evolution+of+acoustic+characters+in+Selasphorus+hummingbird+tail-feathers&rft.volume=9&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=e93829&rft.date=2014&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3983109%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F24722049&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0093829&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2014PLoSO...993829C&rft.aulast=Clark&rft.aufirst=C.J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3983109&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHummingbird" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-164"><a href="#cite_ref-164">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFClarkFeo2010" class="citation journal cs1">Clark, C. J.; Feo, T. J. (2010). "Why do Calypte hummingbirds "sing" with both their tail and their syrinx? An apparent example of sexual sensory bias". The American Naturalist. 175 (1): 27–37. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2F648560">10.1086/648560</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19916787">19916787</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:29680714">29680714</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+American+Naturalist&rft.atitle=Why+do+Calypte+hummingbirds+%22sing%22+with+both+their+tail+and+their+syrinx%3F+An+apparent+example+of+sexual+sensory+bias&rft.volume=175&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=27-37&rft.date=2010&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A29680714%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F19916787&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1086%2F648560&rft.aulast=Clark&rft.aufirst=C.+J.&rft.au=Feo%2C+T.+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHummingbird" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-165"><a href="#cite_ref-165">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFClarkEliasPrum2013" class="citation journal cs1">Clark, C.J.; Elias, D.O.; Prum, R.O. (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1242%2Fjeb.080317">"Hummingbird feather sounds are produced by aeroelastic flutter, not vortex-induced vibration"</a>. Journal of Experimental Biology. 216 (18): 3395–403. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1242%2Fjeb.080317">10.1242/jeb.080317</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23737562">23737562</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Experimental+Biology&rft.atitle=Hummingbird+feather+sounds+are+produced+by+aeroelastic+flutter%2C+not+vortex-induced+vibration&rft.volume=216&rft.issue=18&rft.pages=3395-403&rft.date=2013&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1242%2Fjeb.080317&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F23737562&rft.aulast=Clark&rft.aufirst=C.J.&rft.au=Elias%2C+D.O.&rft.au=Prum%2C+R.O.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1242%252Fjeb.080317&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHummingbird" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-clark-166"><a href="#cite_ref-clark_166-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFClark2011" class="citation journal cs1">Clark, C.J. (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150716160821/http://www.actazool.org/temp/%7BACDC40CC-89E0-41E6-A4B2-7C7FB6734F1E%7D.pdf">"Wing, tail, and vocal contributions to the complex acoustic signals of courting Calliope hummingbirds"</a> (PDF). Current Zoology. 57 (2): 187–196. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fczoolo%2F57.2.187">10.1093/czoolo/57.2.187</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.actazool.org/temp/%7BACDC40CC-89E0-41E6-A4B2-7C7FB6734F1E%7D.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 16 July 2015. Retrieved 31 May 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Current+Zoology&rft.atitle=Wing%2C+tail%2C+and+vocal+contributions+to+the+complex+acoustic+signals+of+courting+Calliope+hummingbirds&rft.volume=57&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=187-196&rft.date=2011&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fczoolo%2F57.2.187&rft.aulast=Clark&rft.aufirst=C.J.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.actazool.org%2Ftemp%2F%257BACDC40CC-89E0-41E6-A4B2-7C7FB6734F1E%257D.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHummingbird" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-167"><a href="#cite_ref-167">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKovacevic2008" class="citation web cs1">Kovacevic, M. (30 January 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120503042604/http://www.cosmosmagazine.com/news/1829/hummingbird-sings-with-its-tail-feathers">"Hummingbird sings with its tail feathers"</a>. Cosmos Magazine. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cosmosmagazine.com/news/1829/hummingbird-sings-with-its-tail-feathers">the original</a> on 3 May 2012. Retrieved 13 July 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Hummingbird+sings+with+its+tail+feathers&rft.pub=Cosmos+Magazine&rft.date=2008-01-30&rft.aulast=Kovacevic&rft.aufirst=M.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cosmosmagazine.com%2Fnews%2F1829%2Fhummingbird-sings-with-its-tail-feathers&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHummingbird" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-miller-168">^ <a href="#cite_ref-miller_168-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-miller_168-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-miller_168-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMillerInouye1983" class="citation journal cs1">Miller, Sarah J.; Inouye, David W. (1983). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hummingbirds.net/miller1983.html">"Roles of the Wing Whistle in the Territorial Behaviour of Male Broad-tailed Hummingbirds (Selasphorus platycercus)"</a>. Animal Behaviour. 31 (3): 689–700. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0003-3472%2883%2980224-3">10.1016/S0003-3472(83)80224-3</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:53160649">53160649</a>. Retrieved 13 July 2014 – via hummingbirds.net.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Animal+Behaviour&rft.atitle=Roles+of+the+Wing+Whistle+in+the+Territorial+Behaviour+of+Male+Broad-tailed+Hummingbirds+%28Selasphorus+platycercus%29&rft.volume=31&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=689-700&rft.date=1983&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2FS0003-3472%2883%2980224-3&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A53160649%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Miller&rft.aufirst=Sarah+J.&rft.au=Inouye%2C+David+W.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hummingbirds.net%2Fmiller1983.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHummingbird" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-lowe-169">^ <a href="#cite_ref-lowe_169-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-lowe_169-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLowe2019" class="citation web cs1">Lowe, Joe (12 September 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://abcbirds.org/blog/do-hummingbirds-migrate/">"Do hummingbirds migrate?"</a>. American Bird Conservancy. Retrieved 8 March 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Do+hummingbirds+migrate%3F&rft.pub=American+Bird+Conservancy&rft.date=2019-09-12&rft.aulast=Lowe&rft.aufirst=Joe&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fabcbirds.org%2Fblog%2Fdo-hummingbirds-migrate%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHummingbird" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-170"><a href="#cite_ref-170">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGodshalk" class="citation web cs1">Godshalk, Katrina. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.highcountrygardens.com/gardening/best-plants-hummingbird-migration">"Hummingbird migration"</a>. High Country Gardens. Retrieved 16 January 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=High+Country+Gardens&rft.atitle=Hummingbird+migration&rft.aulast=Godshalk&rft.aufirst=Katrina&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.highcountrygardens.com%2Fgardening%2Fbest-plants-hummingbird-migration&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHummingbird" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-lopez-171">^ <a href="#cite_ref-lopez_171-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-lopez_171-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLópez-SegovianoArenas-NavarroVegaArizmendi2018" class="citation journal cs1">López-Segoviano, Gabriel; Arenas-Navarro, Maribel; Vega, Ernesto; Arizmendi, Maria del Coro (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6037137">"Hummingbird migration and flowering synchrony in the temperate forests of northwestern Mexico"</a>. PeerJ. 6: e5131. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.7717%2Fpeerj.5131">10.7717/peerj.5131</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6037137">6037137</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30002968">30002968</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=PeerJ&rft.atitle=Hummingbird+migration+and+flowering+synchrony+in+the+temperate+forests+of+northwestern+Mexico&rft.volume=6&rft.pages=e5131&rft.date=2018&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC6037137%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F30002968&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.7717%2Fpeerj.5131&rft.aulast=L%C3%B3pez-Segoviano&rft.aufirst=Gabriel&rft.au=Arenas-Navarro%2C+Maribel&rft.au=Vega%2C+Ernesto&rft.au=Arizmendi%2C+Maria+del+Coro&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC6037137&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHummingbird" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-migrate-172">^ <a href="#cite_ref-migrate_172-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-migrate_172-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-migrate_172-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-migrate_172-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-migrate_172-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-migrate_172-5">f</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hummingbirdcentral.com/hummingbird-migration.htm">"Hummingbird migration"</a>. Hummingbird Central. 2023. Retrieved 28 August 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Hummingbird+migration&rft.pub=Hummingbird+Central&rft.date=2023&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.hummingbirdcentral.com%2Fhummingbird-migration.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHummingbird" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Cornell-173">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Cornell_173-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cornell_173-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cornell_173-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cornell_173-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cornell_173-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cornell_173-5">f</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.allaboutbirds.org/guide/Rufous_Hummingbird/lifehistory">"Rufous hummingbird"</a>. Cornell University Laboratory of Ornithology. 2023. Retrieved 29 April 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Rufous+hummingbird&rft.pub=Cornell+University+Laboratory+of+Ornithology&rft.date=2023&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.allaboutbirds.org%2Fguide%2FRufous_Hummingbird%2Flifehistory&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHummingbird" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-174"><a href="#cite_ref-174">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://maps.journeynorth.org/map/?map=hummingbird-rufous-first&year=2023">"Map of rufous hummingbird migration, Spring 2023"</a>. Journey North, Annenberg Learner. 29 April 2023. Retrieved 29 April 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Map+of+rufous+hummingbird+migration%2C+Spring+2023&rft.pub=Journey+North%2C+Annenberg+Learner&rft.date=2023-04-29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmaps.journeynorth.org%2Fmap%2F%3Fmap%3Dhummingbird-rufous-first%26year%3D2023&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHummingbird" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-175"><a href="#cite_ref-175">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcKinneyCaradonnaInouyeBarr2012" class="citation journal cs1">McKinney, A.M.; Caradonna, P.J.; Inouye, D.W.; Barr, B; Bertelsen, C.D.; Waser, N.M. (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pure.au.dk/ws/files/83236748/McKinney_et_al._2012_with_cover.pdf">"Asynchronous changes in phenology of migrating broad-tailed hummingbirds and their early-season nectar resources"</a> (PDF). Ecology. 93 (9): 1987–993. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2012Ecol...93.1987M">2012Ecol...93.1987M</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1890%2F12-0255.1">10.1890/12-0255.1</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23094369">23094369</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Ecology&rft.atitle=Asynchronous+changes+in+phenology+of+migrating+broad-tailed+hummingbirds+and+their+early-season+nectar+resources&rft.volume=93&rft.issue=9&rft.pages=1987-993&rft.date=2012&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F23094369&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1890%2F12-0255.1&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2012Ecol...93.1987M&rft.aulast=McKinney&rft.aufirst=A.M.&rft.au=Caradonna%2C+P.J.&rft.au=Inouye%2C+D.W.&rft.au=Barr%2C+B&rft.au=Bertelsen%2C+C.D.&rft.au=Waser%2C+N.M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpure.au.dk%2Fws%2Ffiles%2F83236748%2FMcKinney_et_al._2012_with_cover.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHummingbird" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-hoya-176">^ <a href="#cite_ref-hoya_176-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-hoya_176-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-hoya_176-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-hoya_176-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-hoya_176-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-hoya_176-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-hoya_176-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-hoya_176-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-hoya_176-8">i</a> <a href="#cite_ref-hoya_176-9">j</a> <a href="#cite_ref-hoya_176-10">k</a> <a href="#cite_ref-hoya_176-11">l</a> <a href="#cite_ref-hoya_176-12">m</a> <a href="#cite_ref-hoya_176-13">n</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFdel_HoyoAndrewSargatal1999" class="citation book cs1">del Hoyo, Josep; Andrew, Elliott; Sargatal, Jordi (1999). Handbook of the Birds of the World Vol. 5. Barn-owls to Hummingbirds. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions. pp. 475–680. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/84-87334-25-3" title="Special:BookSources/84-87334-25-3"><bdi>84-87334-25-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Handbook+of+the+Birds+of+the+World+Vol.+5.+Barn-owls+to+Hummingbirds&rft.place=Barcelona&rft.pages=475-680&rft.pub=Lynx+Edicions&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=84-87334-25-3&rft.aulast=del+Hoyo&rft.aufirst=Josep&rft.au=Andrew%2C+Elliott&rft.au=Sargatal%2C+Jordi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHummingbird" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-hermits-177">^ <a href="#cite_ref-hermits_177-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-hermits_177-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-hermits_177-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-hermits_177-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-hermits_177-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-hermits_177-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-hermits_177-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-hermits_177-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-hermits_177-8">i</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStiles1995" class="citation journal cs1">Stiles, F. Gary (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://academic.oup.com/condor/article-abstract/97/4/853/5126159">"Behavioral, Ecological and Morphological Correlates of Foraging for Arthropods by the Hummingbirds of a Tropical Wet Forest"</a>. The Condor. 97 (4). Oxford University Press (OUP): 853–878. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F1369527">10.2307/1369527</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1369527">1369527</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Condor&rft.atitle=Behavioral%2C+Ecological+and+Morphological+Correlates+of+Foraging+for+Arthropods+by+the+Hummingbirds+of+a+Tropical+Wet+Forest&rft.volume=97&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=853-878&rft.date=1995&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F1369527&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1369527%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Stiles&rft.aufirst=F.+Gary&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Facademic.oup.com%2Fcondor%2Farticle-abstract%2F97%2F4%2F853%2F5126159&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHummingbird" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-diversity-178">^ <a href="#cite_ref-diversity_178-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-diversity_178-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-diversity_178-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAbrahamczykKessler2010" class="citation journal cs1">Abrahamczyk, Stefan; Kessler, Michael (12 February 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10336-010-0496-x">"Hummingbird diversity, food niche characters, and assemblage composition along a latitudinal precipitation gradient in the Bolivian lowlands"</a>. Journal of Ornithology. 151 (3). Springer Science and Business Media LLC: 615–625. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2010JOrni.151..615A">2010JOrni.151..615A</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs10336-010-0496-x">10.1007/s10336-010-0496-x</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:25235280">25235280</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Ornithology&rft.atitle=Hummingbird+diversity%2C+food+niche+characters%2C+and+assemblage+composition+along+a+latitudinal+precipitation+gradient+in+the+Bolivian+lowlands&rft.volume=151&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=615-625&rft.date=2010-02-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A25235280%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs10336-010-0496-x&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2010JOrni.151..615A&rft.aulast=Abrahamczyk&rft.aufirst=Stefan&rft.au=Kessler%2C+Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flink.springer.com%2Farticle%2F10.1007%2Fs10336-010-0496-x&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHummingbird" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-honey-179">^ <a href="#cite_ref-honey_179-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-honey_179-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPYKE1980" class="citation journal cs1">PYKE, GRAHAM H. (1980). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/j.1442-9993.1980.tb01258.x">"The foraging behaviour of Australian honeyeaters: a review and some comparisons with hummingbirds"</a>. Austral Ecology. 5 (4). Wiley: 343–369. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1980AusEc...5..343P">1980AusEc...5..343P</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1442-9993.1980.tb01258.x">10.1111/j.1442-9993.1980.tb01258.x</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Austral+Ecology&rft.atitle=The+foraging+behaviour+of+Australian+honeyeaters%3A+a+review+and+some+comparisons+with+hummingbirds&rft.volume=5&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=343-369&rft.date=1980&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1442-9993.1980.tb01258.x&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1980AusEc...5..343P&rft.aulast=PYKE&rft.aufirst=GRAHAM+H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fonlinelibrary.wiley.com%2Fdoi%2Fepdf%2F10.1111%2Fj.1442-9993.1980.tb01258.x&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHummingbird" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-cali-180">^ <a href="#cite_ref-cali_180-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-cali_180-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-cali_180-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-cali_180-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-cali_180-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-cali_180-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-cali_180-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-cali_180-7">h</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSpenceWilson_RankinTingley2021" class="citation journal cs1">Spence, Austin R; Wilson Rankin, Erin E; Tingley, Morgan W (3 December 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://academic.oup.com/auk/article/139/1/ukab074/6429138">"DNA metabarcoding reveals broadly overlapping diets in three sympatric North American hummingbirds"</a>. Ornithology. 139 (1). Oxford University Press (OUP). <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fornithology%2Fukab074">10.1093/ornithology/ukab074</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Ornithology&rft.atitle=DNA+metabarcoding+reveals+broadly+overlapping+diets+in+three+sympatric+North+American+hummingbirds&rft.volume=139&rft.issue=1&rft.date=2021-12-03&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fornithology%2Fukab074&rft.aulast=Spence&rft.aufirst=Austin+R&rft.au=Wilson+Rankin%2C+Erin+E&rft.au=Tingley%2C+Morgan+W&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Facademic.oup.com%2Fauk%2Farticle%2F139%2F1%2Fukab074%2F6429138&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHummingbird" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-saopaulo-181">^ <a href="#cite_ref-saopaulo_181-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-saopaulo_181-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-saopaulo_181-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-saopaulo_181-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFToledoMoreira2008" class="citation journal cs1">Toledo, MCB.; Moreira, DM. (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1590%2Fs1519-69842008000200027">"Analysis of the feeding habits of the swallow-tailed hummingbird, Eupetomena macroura (Gmelin, 1788), in an urban park in southeastern Brazil"</a>. Brazilian Journal of Biology. 68 (2). FapUNIFESP (SciELO): 419–426. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1590%2Fs1519-69842008000200027">10.1590/s1519-69842008000200027</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18660974">18660974</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Brazilian+Journal+of+Biology&rft.atitle=Analysis+of+the+feeding+habits+of+the+swallow-tailed+hummingbird%2C+Eupetomena+macroura+%28Gmelin%2C+1788%29%2C+in+an+urban+park+in+southeastern+Brazil&rft.volume=68&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=419-426&rft.date=2008&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1590%2Fs1519-69842008000200027&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F18660974&rft.aulast=Toledo&rft.aufirst=MCB.&rft.au=Moreira%2C+DM.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1590%252Fs1519-69842008000200027&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHummingbird" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-protein-182">^ <a href="#cite_ref-protein_182-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-protein_182-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-protein_182-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-protein_182-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-protein_182-4">e</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBriceGrau1991" class="citation journal cs1">Brice, Ann T.; Grau, C. Richard (1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/abs/10.1086/physzool.64.2.30158193">"Protein Requirements of Costa's Hummingbirds Calypte costae"</a>. Physiological Zoology. 64 (2). University of Chicago Press: 611–626. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2Fphyszool.64.2.30158193">10.1086/physzool.64.2.30158193</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:87673164">87673164</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Physiological+Zoology&rft.atitle=Protein+Requirements+of+Costa%27s+Hummingbirds+Calypte+costae&rft.volume=64&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=611-626&rft.date=1991&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1086%2Fphyszool.64.2.30158193&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A87673164%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Brice&rft.aufirst=Ann+T.&rft.au=Grau%2C+C.+Richard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.journals.uchicago.edu%2Fdoi%2Fabs%2F10.1086%2Fphyszool.64.2.30158193&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHummingbird" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-jaw-183">^ <a href="#cite_ref-jaw_183-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-jaw_183-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-jaw_183-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYanegaRubega2004" class="citation journal cs1">Yanega, Gregor M.; Rubega, Margaret A. (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2F428615a">"Feeding mechanisms: Hummingbird jaw bends to aid insect capture"</a>. Nature. 428 (6983): 615. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2004Natur.428..615Y">2004Natur.428..615Y</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2F428615a">10.1038/428615a</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15071586">15071586</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:4423676">4423676</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature&rft.atitle=Feeding+mechanisms%3A+Hummingbird+jaw+bends+to+aid+insect+capture&rft.volume=428&rft.issue=6983&rft.pages=615&rft.date=2004&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2F428615a&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A4423676%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F15071586&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2004Natur.428..615Y&rft.aulast=Yanega&rft.aufirst=Gregor+M.&rft.au=Rubega%2C+Margaret+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1038%252F428615a&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHummingbird" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-184"><a href="#cite_ref-184">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCarrollMoore1993" class="citation journal cs1">Carroll, Scott P.; Moore, Laurel (1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0003347283712613">"Hummingbirds take their vitamins"</a>. Animal Behaviour. 46 (4). Elsevier BV: 817–820. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1006%2Fanbe.1993.1261">10.1006/anbe.1993.1261</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:54417626">54417626</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Animal+Behaviour&rft.atitle=Hummingbirds+take+their+vitamins&rft.volume=46&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=817-820&rft.date=1993&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1006%2Fanbe.1993.1261&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A54417626%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Carroll&rft.aufirst=Scott+P.&rft.au=Moore%2C+Laurel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sciencedirect.com%2Fscience%2Farticle%2Fabs%2Fpii%2FS0003347283712613&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHummingbird" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-dominica-185">^ <a href="#cite_ref-dominica_185-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-dominica_185-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-dominica_185-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-dominica_185-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChavez-RamirezDowd1992" class="citation journal cs1">Chavez-Ramirez, Felipe; Dowd, McAlister (1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jstor.org/stable/4163229">"Arthropod Feeding by Two Dominican Hummingbird Species"</a>. The Wilson Bulletin. 104 (4). Wilson Ornithological Society: 743–747. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/4163229">4163229</a>. Retrieved 2 September 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Wilson+Bulletin&rft.atitle=Arthropod+Feeding+by+Two+Dominican+Hummingbird+Species&rft.volume=104&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=743-747&rft.date=1992&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F4163229%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Chavez-Ramirez&rft.aufirst=Felipe&rft.au=Dowd%2C+McAlister&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F4163229&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHummingbird" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-texas-186"><a href="#cite_ref-texas_186-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKubanNeill1980" class="citation journal cs1">Kuban, Joseph F.; Neill, Robert L. (1980). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://academic.oup.com/condor/article-abstract/82/2/180/5204713">"Feeding Ecology of Hummingbirds in the Highlands of the Chisos Mountains, Texas"</a>. The Condor. 82 (2). Oxford University Press (OUP): 180. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F1367475">10.2307/1367475</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1367475">1367475</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Condor&rft.atitle=Feeding+Ecology+of+Hummingbirds+in+the+Highlands+of+the+Chisos+Mountains%2C+Texas&rft.volume=82&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=180&rft.date=1980&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F1367475&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1367475%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Kuban&rft.aufirst=Joseph+F.&rft.au=Neill%2C+Robert+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Facademic.oup.com%2Fcondor%2Farticle-abstract%2F82%2F2%2F180%2F5204713&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHummingbird" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-arizona-187">^ <a href="#cite_ref-arizona_187-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-arizona_187-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-arizona_187-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMontgomerieRedsell1980" class="citation journal cs1">Montgomerie, Robert D.; Redsell, Catherine A. (1980). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://sora.unm.edu/sites/default/files/journals/condor/v082n04/p0463-p0464.pdf">"A Nesting Hummingbird Feeding Solely on Arthropods"</a> (PDF). The Condor. 82 (4). Oxford University Press (OUP): 463. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F1367577">10.2307/1367577</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1367577">1367577</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Condor&rft.atitle=A+Nesting+Hummingbird+Feeding+Solely+on+Arthropods&rft.volume=82&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=463&rft.date=1980&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F1367577&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1367577%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Montgomerie&rft.aufirst=Robert+D.&rft.au=Redsell%2C+Catherine+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsora.unm.edu%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2Fjournals%2Fcondor%2Fv082n04%2Fp0463-p0464.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHummingbird" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-188"><a href="#cite_ref-188">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWeathersStiles1989" class="citation journal cs1">Weathers, Wesley W.; Stiles, F. Gary (1989). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://academic.oup.com/condor/article-abstract/91/2/324/5189260">"Energetics and Water Balance in Free-Living Tropical Hummingbirds"</a>. The Condor. 91 (2). Oxford University Press (OUP): 324. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F1368310">10.2307/1368310</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1368310">1368310</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Condor&rft.atitle=Energetics+and+Water+Balance+in+Free-Living+Tropical+Hummingbirds&rft.volume=91&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=324&rft.date=1989&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F1368310&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1368310%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Weathers&rft.aufirst=Wesley+W.&rft.au=Stiles%2C+F.+Gary&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Facademic.oup.com%2Fcondor%2Farticle-abstract%2F91%2F2%2F324%2F5189260&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHummingbird" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-189"><a href="#cite_ref-189">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCéspedesPavanHazlehurstJankowski2019" class="citation journal cs1">Céspedes, Laura N.; Pavan, Lucas I.; Hazlehurst, Jenny A.; Jankowski, Jill E. (9 April 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://meridian.allenpress.com/wjo/article-abstract/131/1/24/430191/The-behavior-and-diet-of-the-Shining-Sunbeam">"The behavior and diet of the Shining Sunbeam (Aglaeactis cupripennis): A territorial high-elevation hummingbird"</a>. The Wilson Journal of Ornithology. 131 (1). Wilson Ornithological Society: 24. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1676%2F18-79">10.1676/18-79</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:91263467">91263467</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Wilson+Journal+of+Ornithology&rft.atitle=The+behavior+and+diet+of+the+Shining+Sunbeam+%28Aglaeactis+cupripennis%29%3A+A+territorial+high-elevation+hummingbird&rft.volume=131&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=24&rft.date=2019-04-09&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1676%2F18-79&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A91263467%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=C%C3%A9spedes&rft.aufirst=Laura+N.&rft.au=Pavan%2C+Lucas+I.&rft.au=Hazlehurst%2C+Jenny+A.&rft.au=Jankowski%2C+Jill+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmeridian.allenpress.com%2Fwjo%2Farticle-abstract%2F131%2F1%2F24%2F430191%2FThe-behavior-and-diet-of-the-Shining-Sunbeam&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHummingbird" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-190"><a href="#cite_ref-190">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUnwin2011" class="citation book cs1">Unwin, Mike (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Szh7ENErBUAC&q=hummingbird+twelve+times+their+own+body+weight+in+nectar&pg=PA57">The Atlas of Birds: Diversity, Behavior, and Conservation</a>. Princeton University Press. p. 57. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4008-3825-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4008-3825-7"><bdi>978-1-4008-3825-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Atlas+of+Birds%3A+Diversity%2C+Behavior%2C+and+Conservation&rft.pages=57&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-1-4008-3825-7&rft.aulast=Unwin&rft.aufirst=Mike&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DSzh7ENErBUAC%26q%3Dhummingbird%2Btwelve%2Btimes%2Btheir%2Bown%2Bbody%2Bweight%2Bin%2Bnectar%26pg%3DPA57&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHummingbird" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-191"><a href="#cite_ref-191">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStevensHume2004" class="citation book cs1">Stevens, C. Edward; Hume, Ian D. (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=DZuAsci2apAC&q=hummingbird+transit+time+1+hour&pg=PA126">Comparative Physiology of the Vertebrate Digestive System</a>. Cambridge University Press. p. 126. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-61714-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-61714-7"><bdi>978-0-521-61714-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Comparative+Physiology+of+the+Vertebrate+Digestive+System&rft.pages=126&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-521-61714-7&rft.aulast=Stevens&rft.aufirst=C.+Edward&rft.au=Hume%2C+Ian+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DDZuAsci2apAC%26q%3Dhummingbird%2Btransit%2Btime%2B1%2Bhour%26pg%3DPA126&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHummingbird" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-jmd-192"><a href="#cite_ref-jmd_192-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDiamondKarasovPhanCarpenter1986" class="citation journal cs1">Diamond, Jared M.; Karasov, William H.; Phan, Duong; Carpenter, F. Lynn (1986). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nature.com/articles/320062a0">"Digestive physiology is a determinant of foraging bout frequency in hummingbirds"</a>. Nature. 320 (6057): 62–3. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1986Natur.320...62D">1986Natur.320...62D</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2F320062a0">10.1038/320062a0</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/3951548">3951548</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:4363635">4363635</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature&rft.atitle=Digestive+physiology+is+a+determinant+of+foraging+bout+frequency+in+hummingbirds&rft.volume=320&rft.issue=6057&rft.pages=62-3&rft.date=1986&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2F320062a0&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A4363635%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F3951548&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1986Natur.320...62D&rft.aulast=Diamond&rft.aufirst=Jared+M.&rft.au=Karasov%2C+William+H.&rft.au=Phan%2C+Duong&rft.au=Carpenter%2C+F.+Lynn&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nature.com%2Farticles%2F320062a0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHummingbird" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-193"><a href="#cite_ref-193">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWardDayWilkeningWylie2012" class="citation journal cs1">Ward, B.J.; Day, L.B.; Wilkening, S.R.; et al. (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3391440">"Hummingbirds have a greatly enlarged hippocampal formation"</a>. Biology Letters. 8 (4): 657–659. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1098%2Frsbl.2011.1180">10.1098/rsbl.2011.1180</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3391440">3391440</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22357941">22357941</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Biology+Letters&rft.atitle=Hummingbirds+have+a+greatly+enlarged+hippocampal+formation&rft.volume=8&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=657-659&rft.date=2012&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3391440%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F22357941&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1098%2Frsbl.2011.1180&rft.aulast=Ward&rft.aufirst=B.J.&rft.au=Day%2C+L.B.&rft.au=Wilkening%2C+S.R.&rft.au=Wylie%2C+D.R.&rft.au=Saucier%2C+D.M.&rft.au=Iwaniuk%2C+A.N.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3391440&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHummingbird" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-boehm-194">^ <a href="#cite_ref-boehm_194-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-boehm_194-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBoehmGuevara-ApazaJankowskiCronk2022" class="citation journal cs1">Boehm, M.M.A.; Guevara-Apaza, D.; Jankowski, J.E.; Cronk, Q.C.B. (July 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9168340">"Floral phenology of an Andean bellflower and pollination by buff-tailed sicklebill hummingbird"</a>. Ecology and Evolution. 12 (6): e8988. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2022EcoEv..12E8988B">2022EcoEv..12E8988B</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fece3.8988">10.1002/ece3.8988</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9168340">9168340</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35784085">35784085</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Ecology+and+Evolution&rft.atitle=Floral+phenology+of+an+Andean+bellflower+and+pollination+by+buff-tailed+sicklebill+hummingbird&rft.volume=12&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=e8988&rft.date=2022-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC9168340%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F35784085&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2Fece3.8988&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2022EcoEv..12E8988B&rft.aulast=Boehm&rft.aufirst=M.M.A.&rft.au=Guevara-Apaza%2C+D.&rft.au=Jankowski%2C+J.E.&rft.au=Cronk%2C+Q.C.B.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC9168340&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHummingbird" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-leim-195">^ <a href="#cite_ref-leim_195-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-leim_195-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLeimbergerDalsgaardTobiasWolf2022" class="citation journal cs1">Leimberger, K.G.; Dalsgaard, B.; Tobias, J.A.; Wolf, C.; Betts, M.G. (June 2022). "The evolution, ecology, and conservation of hummingbirds and their interactions with flowering plants". Biological Reviews of the Cambridge Philosophical Society. 97 (3): 923–959. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fbrv.12828">10.1111/brv.12828</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/10044%2F1%2F94632">10044/1/94632</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35029017">35029017</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:245971244">245971244</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Biological+Reviews+of+the+Cambridge+Philosophical+Society&rft.atitle=The+evolution%2C+ecology%2C+and+conservation+of+hummingbirds+and+their+interactions+with+flowering+plants&rft.volume=97&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=923-959&rft.date=2022-06&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F10044%2F1%2F94632&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A245971244%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F35029017&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fbrv.12828&rft.aulast=Leimberger&rft.aufirst=K.G.&rft.au=Dalsgaard%2C+B.&rft.au=Tobias%2C+J.A.&rft.au=Wolf%2C+C.&rft.au=Betts%2C+M.G.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHummingbird" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-morph-196"><a href="#cite_ref-morph_196-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRico-GuevaraRubegaHurmeDudley2019" class="citation journal cs1">Rico-Guevara, A.; Rubega, M.A.; Hurme, K.J.; Dudley, R. (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7671138">"Shifting paradigms in the mechanics of nectar extraction and hummingbird bill morphology"</a>. Integrative Organismal Biology. 1 (1): oby006. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fiob%2Foby006">10.1093/iob/oby006</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7671138">7671138</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33791513">33791513</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Integrative+Organismal+Biology&rft.atitle=Shifting+paradigms+in+the+mechanics+of+nectar+extraction+and+hummingbird+bill+morphology&rft.volume=1&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=oby006&rft.date=2019&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC7671138%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F33791513&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fiob%2Foby006&rft.aulast=Rico-Guevara&rft.aufirst=A.&rft.au=Rubega%2C+M.A.&rft.au=Hurme%2C+K.J.&rft.au=Dudley%2C+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC7671138&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHummingbird" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-betts-197"><a href="#cite_ref-betts_197-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBettsHadleyKress2015" class="citation journal cs1">Betts, M.G.; Hadley, A.S.; Kress, W.J. (March 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4371984">"Pollinator recognition by a keystone tropical plant"</a>. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 112 (11): 3433–8. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015PNAS..112.3433B">2015PNAS..112.3433B</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1073%2Fpnas.1419522112">10.1073/pnas.1419522112</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4371984">4371984</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25733902">25733902</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Proceedings+of+the+National+Academy+of+Sciences+of+the+United+States+of+America&rft.atitle=Pollinator+recognition+by+a+keystone+tropical+plant&rft.volume=112&rft.issue=11&rft.pages=3433-8&rft.date=2015-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4371984%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F25733902&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1073%2Fpnas.1419522112&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2015PNAS..112.3433B&rft.aulast=Betts&rft.aufirst=M.G.&rft.au=Hadley%2C+A.S.&rft.au=Kress%2C+W.J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4371984&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHummingbird" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-198"><a href="#cite_ref-198">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://beautyofbirds.com/fierytailedawlbillhummingbirds/">"Fiery-tailed awlbills"</a>. Beauty of Birds. 16 September 2021. Retrieved 8 March 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Fiery-tailed+awlbills&rft.pub=Beauty+of+Birds&rft.date=2021-09-16&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbeautyofbirds.com%2Ffierytailedawlbillhummingbirds%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHummingbird" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-baldwin-199">^ <a href="#cite_ref-baldwin_199-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-baldwin_199-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-baldwin_199-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBaldwinTodaNakagitaO'Connell2014" class="citation journal cs1">Baldwin, Maude W.; Toda, Yasuka; Nakagita, Tomoya; O'Connell, Mary J.; Klasing, Kirk C.; Misaka, Takumi; Edwards, Scott V.; Liberles, Stephen D. (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4302410">"Sensory biology. Evolution of sweet taste perception in hummingbirds by transformation of the ancestral umami receptor"</a>. Science. 345 (6199): 929–933. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014Sci...345..929B">2014Sci...345..929B</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.1255097">10.1126/science.1255097</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4302410">4302410</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25146290">25146290</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Science&rft.atitle=Sensory+biology.+Evolution+of+sweet+taste+perception+in+hummingbirds+by+transformation+of+the+ancestral+umami+receptor&rft.volume=345&rft.issue=6199&rft.pages=929-933&rft.date=2014&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4302410%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F25146290&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1126%2Fscience.1255097&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2014Sci...345..929B&rft.aulast=Baldwin&rft.aufirst=Maude+W.&rft.au=Toda%2C+Yasuka&rft.au=Nakagita%2C+Tomoya&rft.au=O%27Connell%2C+Mary+J.&rft.au=Klasing%2C+Kirk+C.&rft.au=Misaka%2C+Takumi&rft.au=Edwards%2C+Scott+V.&rft.au=Liberles%2C+Stephen+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4302410&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHummingbird" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-200"><a href="#cite_ref-200">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLi2009" class="citation journal cs1">Li, X. (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3945%2Fajcn.2009.27462G">"T1R receptors mediate mammalian sweet and umami taste"</a>. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 90 (3): 733S–37S. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3945%2Fajcn.2009.27462G">10.3945/ajcn.2009.27462G</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19656838">19656838</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Journal+of+Clinical+Nutrition&rft.atitle=T1R+receptors+mediate+mammalian+sweet+and+umami+taste&rft.volume=90&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=733S-37S&rft.date=2009&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3945%2Fajcn.2009.27462G&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F19656838&rft.aulast=Li&rft.aufirst=X.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.3945%252Fajcn.2009.27462G&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHummingbird" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-rico-201">^ <a href="#cite_ref-rico_201-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-rico_201-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-rico_201-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-rico_201-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRico-GuevaraFanRubega2015" class="citation journal cs1">Rico-Guevara, Alejandro; Fan, Tai-Hsi; Rubega, Margaret A. (22 August 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4632618">"Hummingbird tongues are elastic micropumps"</a>. Proceedings of the Royal Society B. 282 (1813): 20151014. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1098%2Frspb.2015.1014">10.1098/rspb.2015.1014</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0962-8452">0962-8452</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4632618">4632618</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26290074">26290074</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Proceedings+of+the+Royal+Society+B&rft.atitle=Hummingbird+tongues+are+elastic+micropumps&rft.volume=282&rft.issue=1813&rft.pages=20151014&rft.date=2015-08-22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4632618%23id-name%3DPMC&rft.issn=0962-8452&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F26290074&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1098%2Frspb.2015.1014&rft.aulast=Rico-Guevara&rft.aufirst=Alejandro&rft.au=Fan%2C+Tai-Hsi&rft.au=Rubega%2C+Margaret+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4632618&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHummingbird" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-frank-202">^ <a href="#cite_ref-frank_202-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-frank_202-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-frank_202-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-frank_202-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFrankGorman2015" class="citation news cs1">Frank, David; Gorman, James (8 September 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/video/science/100000003892113/the-hummingbirds-tongue.html">"ScienceTake | The hummingbird's tongue"</a>. The New York Times. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331">0362-4331</a>. Retrieved 10 September 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=ScienceTake+%7C+The+hummingbird%27s+tongue&rft.date=2015-09-08&rft.issn=0362-4331&rft.aulast=Frank&rft.aufirst=David&rft.au=Gorman%2C+James&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2Fvideo%2Fscience%2F100000003892113%2Fthe-hummingbirds-tongue.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHummingbird" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-kim-203">^ <a href="#cite_ref-kim_203-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-kim_203-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKimPeaudecerfBaldwinBush2012" class="citation journal cs1">Kim, W.; Peaudecerf, F.; Baldwin, M.W.; Bush, J.W. (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3497234">"The hummingbird's tongue: A self-assembling capillary syphon"</a>. Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences. 279 (1749): 4990–996. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1098%2Frspb.2012.1837">10.1098/rspb.2012.1837</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3497234">3497234</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23075839">23075839</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Proceedings+of+the+Royal+Society+B%3A+Biological+Sciences&rft.atitle=The+hummingbird%27s+tongue%3A+A+self-assembling+capillary+syphon&rft.volume=279&rft.issue=1749&rft.pages=4990-996&rft.date=2012&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3497234%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F23075839&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1098%2Frspb.2012.1837&rft.aulast=Kim&rft.aufirst=W.&rft.au=Peaudecerf%2C+F.&rft.au=Baldwin%2C+M.W.&rft.au=Bush%2C+J.W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3497234&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHummingbird" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-204"><a href="#cite_ref-204">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRico-GuevaraRubega2011" class="citation journal cs1">Rico-Guevara, A.; Rubega, M.A. (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3111265">"The hummingbird tongue is a fluid trap, not a capillary tube"</a>. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 108 (23): 9356–360. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2011PNAS..108.9356R">2011PNAS..108.9356R</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1073%2Fpnas.1016944108">10.1073/pnas.1016944108</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3111265">3111265</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21536916">21536916</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Proceedings+of+the+National+Academy+of+Sciences&rft.atitle=The+hummingbird+tongue+is+a+fluid+trap%2C+not+a+capillary+tube&rft.volume=108&rft.issue=23&rft.pages=9356-360&rft.date=2011&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3111265%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F21536916&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1073%2Fpnas.1016944108&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2011PNAS..108.9356R&rft.aulast=Rico-Guevara&rft.aufirst=A.&rft.au=Rubega%2C+M.A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3111265&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHummingbird" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-cade1-205">^ <a href="#cite_ref-cade1_205-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-cade1_205-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMosher2011" class="citation web cs1">Mosher, D. (2 May 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wired.com/wiredscience/2011/05/hummingbird-tongue-drinking">"High-speed video shows how hummingbirds really drink"</a>. Wired. Retrieved 13 August 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=High-speed+video+shows+how+hummingbirds+really+drink&rft.pub=Wired&rft.date=2011-05-02&rft.aulast=Mosher&rft.aufirst=D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wired.com%2Fwiredscience%2F2011%2F05%2Fhummingbird-tongue-drinking&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHummingbird" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-206"><a href="#cite_ref-206">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGorman2015" class="citation news cs1">Gorman, James (8 September 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2015/09/08/science/the-hummingbirds-tongue-how-it-works.html">"The hummingbird's tongue: How it works"</a>. The New York Times. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331">0362-4331</a>. Retrieved 10 September 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=The+hummingbird%27s+tongue%3A+How+it+works&rft.date=2015-09-08&rft.issn=0362-4331&rft.aulast=Gorman&rft.aufirst=James&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2015%2F09%2F08%2Fscience%2Fthe-hummingbirds-tongue-how-it-works.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHummingbird" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-207"><a href="#cite_ref-207">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStahlNepiGalettoGuimarães2012" class="citation journal cs1">Stahl, J.M.; Nepi, M.; Galetto, L.; Guimarães, E.; Machado, S.R. (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3359915">"Functional aspects of floral nectar secretion of Ananas ananassoides, an ornithophilous bromeliad from the Brazilian savanna"</a>. Annals of Botany. 109 (7): 1243–252. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Faob%2Fmcs053">10.1093/aob/mcs053</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3359915">3359915</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22455992">22455992</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Annals+of+Botany&rft.atitle=Functional+aspects+of+floral+nectar+secretion+of+Ananas+ananassoides%2C+an+ornithophilous+bromeliad+from+the+Brazilian+savanna&rft.volume=109&rft.issue=7&rft.pages=1243-252&rft.date=2012&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3359915%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F22455992&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Faob%2Fmcs053&rft.aulast=Stahl&rft.aufirst=J.M.&rft.au=Nepi%2C+M.&rft.au=Galetto%2C+L.&rft.au=Guimar%C3%A3es%2C+E.&rft.au=Machado%2C+S.R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3359915&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHummingbird" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-208"><a href="#cite_ref-208">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAvalosSotoAlfaro2012" class="citation journal cs1">Avalos, G.; Soto, A.; Alfaro, W. (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.15517%2Frbt.v60i1.2362">"Effect of artificial feeders on pollen loads of the hummingbirds of Cerro de la Muerte, Costa Rica"</a>. Revista de Biología Tropical. 60 (1): 65–73. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.15517%2Frbt.v60i1.2362">10.15517/rbt.v60i1.2362</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22458209">22458209</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Revista+de+Biolog%C3%ADa+Tropical&rft.atitle=Effect+of+artificial+feeders+on+pollen+loads+of+the+hummingbirds+of+Cerro+de+la+Muerte%2C+Costa+Rica&rft.volume=60&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=65-73&rft.date=2012&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.15517%2Frbt.v60i1.2362&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F22458209&rft.aulast=Avalos&rft.aufirst=G.&rft.au=Soto%2C+A.&rft.au=Alfaro%2C+W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.15517%252Frbt.v60i1.2362&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHummingbird" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-209"><a href="#cite_ref-209">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nationalzoo.si.edu/migratory-birds/hummingbird-nectar-recipe">"Hummingbird Nectar Recipe"</a>. Nationalzoo.si.edu. 22 February 2017. Retrieved 7 September 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Hummingbird+Nectar+Recipe&rft.pub=Nationalzoo.si.edu&rft.date=2017-02-22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnationalzoo.si.edu%2Fmigratory-birds%2Fhummingbird-nectar-recipe&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHummingbird" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-210"><a href="#cite_ref-210">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRousseuCharetteBélisle2014" class="citation journal cs1">Rousseu, F.; Charette, Y.; Bélisle, M. (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3967903">"Resource defense and monopolization in a marked population of ruby-throated hummingbirds (Archilochus colubris)"</a>. Ecology and Evolution. 4 (6): 776–793. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014EcoEv...4..776R">2014EcoEv...4..776R</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fece3.972">10.1002/ece3.972</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3967903">3967903</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24683460">24683460</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Ecology+and+Evolution&rft.atitle=Resource+defense+and+monopolization+in+a+marked+population+of+ruby-throated+hummingbirds+%28Archilochus+colubris%29&rft.volume=4&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=776-793&rft.date=2014&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3967903%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F24683460&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2Fece3.972&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2014EcoEv...4..776R&rft.aulast=Rousseu&rft.aufirst=F.&rft.au=Charette%2C+Y.&rft.au=B%C3%A9lisle%2C+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3967903&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHummingbird" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-audubon--nectar-211"><a href="#cite_ref-audubon--nectar_211-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.audubon.org/news/how-make-hummingbird-nectar">"How to Make Hummingbird Nectar"</a>. Audubon.com. Audubon Society. 14 April 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Audubon.com&rft.atitle=How+to+Make+Hummingbird+Nectar&rft.date=2016-04-14&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.audubon.org%2Fnews%2Fhow-make-hummingbird-nectar&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHummingbird" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-kern--feeding-212"><a href="#cite_ref-kern--feeding_212-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220408140247/http://www.kern.audubon.org/hummer_feeding.htm">"Feeding Hummingbirds"</a>. www.kern.audubon.org. Audubon California Kern River Preserve. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.kern.audubon.org/hummer_feeding.htm">the original</a> on 8 April 2022. Retrieved 6 April 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.kern.audubon.org&rft.atitle=Feeding+Hummingbirds&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.kern.audubon.org%2Fhummer_feeding.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHummingbird" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-213"><a href="#cite_ref-213">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://faq.gardenweb.com/faq/lists/hummingbird/2003021845028716.html">"Feeders and Feeding Hummingbirds"</a>. Faq.gardenweb.com. 9 January 2008. Retrieved 25 January 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Feeders+and+Feeding+Hummingbirds&rft.pub=Faq.gardenweb.com&rft.date=2008-01-09&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ffaq.gardenweb.com%2Ffaq%2Flists%2Fhummingbird%2F2003021845028716.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHummingbird" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-214"><a href="#cite_ref-214">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141102002928/http://sabo.org/hbfaqs.htm#honey">"Hummingbird F.A.Q.s from the Southeastern Arizona Bird Observatory"</a>. Sabo.org. 25 November 2008. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sabo.org/hbfaqs.htm#honey">the original</a> on 2 November 2014. Retrieved 25 January 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Hummingbird+F.A.Q.s+from+the+Southeastern+Arizona+Bird+Observatory&rft.pub=Sabo.org&rft.date=2008-11-25&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sabo.org%2Fhbfaqs.htm%23honey&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHummingbird" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-215"><a href="#cite_ref-215">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://mdc.mo.gov/discover-nature/outdoor-recreation/nature-viewing/birding/ruby-throated-hummingbirds">Attracting Hummingbirds |Missouri Department of Conservation</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120419094054/http://mdc.mo.gov/discover-nature/outdoor-recreation/nature-viewing/birding/ruby-throated-hummingbirds">Archived</a> 19 April 2012 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Retrieved on 2013-04-01 </li> <li id="cite_note-dye-216">^ <a href="#cite_ref-dye_216-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-dye_216-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChambers2016" class="citation web cs1">Chambers, Lanny (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hummingbirds.net/dye.html">"Please Don't Use Red Dye"</a>. Hummingbirds.net. Retrieved 25 June 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Please+Don%27t+Use+Red+Dye&rft.pub=Hummingbirds.net&rft.date=2016&rft.aulast=Chambers&rft.aufirst=Lanny&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hummingbirds.net%2Fdye.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHummingbird" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-217"><a href="#cite_ref-217">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.trochilids.com/dye.html">"Should I Add Red Dye to My Hummingbird Food?"</a>. Trochilids.com. Retrieved 20 March 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Should+I+Add+Red+Dye+to+My+Hummingbird+Food%3F&rft.pub=Trochilids.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.trochilids.com%2Fdye.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHummingbird" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-hummingbirds2002-218"><a href="#cite_ref-hummingbirds2002_218-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilliamson2002" class="citation book cs1">Williamson, S. L. (2002). A Field Guide to Hummingbirds of North America. Peterson Field Guide Series. Boston: Houghton Mifflin. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-618-02496-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-618-02496-4"><bdi>0-618-02496-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Field+Guide+to+Hummingbirds+of+North+America&rft.place=Boston&rft.series=Peterson+Field+Guide+Series&rft.pub=Houghton+Mifflin&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=0-618-02496-4&rft.aulast=Williamson&rft.aufirst=S.+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHummingbird" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-audubon-219">^ <a href="#cite_ref-audubon_219-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-audubon_219-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.audubon.org/news/hummingbirds-see-red">"Hummingbirds See Red"</a>. US National Audubon Society. 28 May 2013. Retrieved 23 April 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Hummingbirds+See+Red&rft.pub=US+National+Audubon+Society&rft.date=2013-05-28&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.audubon.org%2Fnews%2Fhummingbirds-see-red&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHummingbird" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-220"><a href="#cite_ref-220">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://phys.org/news/2012-03-hummingbirds.html">"Hummingbirds take no notice of flower color"</a>. Phys.org. 16 March 2012. Retrieved 22 April 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Hummingbirds+take+no+notice+of+flower+color&rft.pub=Phys.org&rft.date=2012-03-16&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fphys.org%2Fnews%2F2012-03-hummingbirds.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHummingbird" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-221"><a href="#cite_ref-221">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHurlyFranzHealy2010" class="citation journal cs1">Hurly, T.A.; Franz, S; Healy, S.D. (2010). "Do rufous hummingbirds (Selasphorus rufus) use visual beacons?". Animal Cognition. 13 (2): 377–383. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs10071-009-0280-6">10.1007/s10071-009-0280-6</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19768647">19768647</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:9189780">9189780</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Animal+Cognition&rft.atitle=Do+rufous+hummingbirds+%28Selasphorus+rufus%29+use+visual+beacons%3F&rft.volume=13&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=377-383&rft.date=2010&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A9189780%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F19768647&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs10071-009-0280-6&rft.aulast=Hurly&rft.aufirst=T.A.&rft.au=Franz%2C+S&rft.au=Healy%2C+S.D.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHummingbird" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-222"><a href="#cite_ref-222">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHurlyFoxZwuesteHealy2014" class="citation journal cs1">Hurly, T.A.; Fox, T.A.O.; Zwueste, D.M.; Healy, S.D. (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://research-repository.st-andrews.ac.uk/bitstream/10023/6422/1/Hurly_et_al_Anim_Cog_14.pdf">"Wild hummingbirds rely on landmarks not geometry when learning an array of flowers"</a> (PDF). Animal Cognition. 17 (5): 1157–165. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs10071-014-0748-x">10.1007/s10071-014-0748-x</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/10023%2F6422">10023/6422</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24691650">24691650</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:15169177">15169177</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Animal+Cognition&rft.atitle=Wild+hummingbirds+rely+on+landmarks+not+geometry+when+learning+an+array+of+flowers&rft.volume=17&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=1157-165&rft.date=2014&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F10023%2F6422&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A15169177%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F24691650&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs10071-014-0748-x&rft.aulast=Hurly&rft.aufirst=T.A.&rft.au=Fox%2C+T.A.O.&rft.au=Zwueste%2C+D.M.&rft.au=Healy%2C+S.D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fresearch-repository.st-andrews.ac.uk%2Fbitstream%2F10023%2F6422%2F1%2FHurly_et_al_Anim_Cog_14.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHummingbird" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hornsby-223"><a href="#cite_ref-Hornsby_223-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHornsbyHealyHurly2017" class="citation journal cs1">Hornsby, Mark A.W.; Healy, Susan D.; Hurly, T. Andrew (2017). "Wild hummingbirds can use the geometry of a flower array". Behavioural Processes. 139: 33–37. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.beproc.2017.01.019">10.1016/j.beproc.2017.01.019</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/10023%2F12652">10023/12652</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0376-6357">0376-6357</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28161360">28161360</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:10692583">10692583</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Behavioural+Processes&rft.atitle=Wild+hummingbirds+can+use+the+geometry+of+a+flower+array&rft.volume=139&rft.pages=33-37&rft.date=2017&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F10023%2F12652&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A10692583%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.beproc.2017.01.019&rft.issn=0376-6357&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F28161360&rft.aulast=Hornsby&rft.aufirst=Mark+A.W.&rft.au=Healy%2C+Susan+D.&rft.au=Hurly%2C+T.+Andrew&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHummingbird" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-herrera-224">^ <a href="#cite_ref-herrera_224-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-herrera_224-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-herrera_224-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHerreraZagalDiazFernández2008" class="citation journal cs1">Herrera, G; Zagal, J. C.; Diaz, M; Fernández, M. J.; Vielma, A; Cure, M; Martinez, J; Bozinovic, F; Palacios, A. G. (2008). "Spectral sensitivities of photoreceptors and their role in colour discrimination in the green-backed firecrown hummingbird (Sephanoides sephaniodes)". Journal of Comparative Physiology A. 194 (9): 785–794. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs00359-008-0349-8">10.1007/s00359-008-0349-8</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/10533%2F142104">10533/142104</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18584181">18584181</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:7491787">7491787</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Comparative+Physiology+A&rft.atitle=Spectral+sensitivities+of+photoreceptors+and+their+role+in+colour+discrimination+in+the+green-backed+firecrown+hummingbird+%28Sephanoides+sephaniodes%29&rft.volume=194&rft.issue=9&rft.pages=785-794&rft.date=2008&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F10533%2F142104&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A7491787%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F18584181&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs00359-008-0349-8&rft.aulast=Herrera&rft.aufirst=G&rft.au=Zagal%2C+J.+C.&rft.au=Diaz%2C+M&rft.au=Fern%C3%A1ndez%2C+M.+J.&rft.au=Vielma%2C+A&rft.au=Cure%2C+M&rft.au=Martinez%2C+J&rft.au=Bozinovic%2C+F&rft.au=Palacios%2C+A.+G.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHummingbird" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-kim21-225"><a href="#cite_ref-kim21_225-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKimRankinRankin2021" class="citation journal cs1">Kim, Ashley Y.; Rankin, David T.; Rankin, Erin E. Wilson (2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs00265-021-03067-4">"What is that smell? Hummingbirds avoid foraging on resources with defensive insect compounds"</a>. Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology. 75 (9): 132. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2021BEcoS..75..132K">2021BEcoS..75..132K</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs00265-021-03067-4">10.1007/s00265-021-03067-4</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0340-5443">0340-5443</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Behavioral+Ecology+and+Sociobiology&rft.atitle=What+is+that+smell%3F+Hummingbirds+avoid+foraging+on+resources+with+defensive+insect+compounds&rft.volume=75&rft.issue=9&rft.pages=132&rft.date=2021&rft.issn=0340-5443&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs00265-021-03067-4&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2021BEcoS..75..132K&rft.aulast=Kim&rft.aufirst=Ashley+Y.&rft.au=Rankin%2C+David+T.&rft.au=Rankin%2C+Erin+E.+Wilson&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1007%252Fs00265-021-03067-4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHummingbird" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-226"><a href="#cite_ref-226">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWernessBenedictThomasRamsay-Lozano2004" class="citation book cs1">Werness, Hope B.; Benedict, Joanne H.; Thomas, Scott; Ramsay-Lozano, Tiffany (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=fr2rANLrPmoC&pg=PA228">The Continuum Encyclopedia of Animal Symbolism in Art</a>. <a href="/wiki/Continuum_International_Publishing_Group" title="Continuum International Publishing Group">Continuum International Publishing Group</a>. p. 229. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8264-1525-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8264-1525-7"><bdi>978-0-8264-1525-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Continuum+Encyclopedia+of+Animal+Symbolism+in+Art&rft.pages=229&rft.pub=Continuum+International+Publishing+Group&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-8264-1525-7&rft.aulast=Werness&rft.aufirst=Hope+B.&rft.au=Benedict%2C+Joanne+H.&rft.au=Thomas%2C+Scott&rft.au=Ramsay-Lozano%2C+Tiffany&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dfr2rANLrPmoC%26pg%3DPA228&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHummingbird" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-eb-227">^ <a href="#cite_ref-eb_227-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-eb_227-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-eb_227-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/topic/Huitzilopochtli">"Huitzilopochtli"</a>. Encyclopaedia Britannica. 2023. Retrieved 5 March 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Huitzilopochtli&rft.pub=Encyclopaedia+Britannica&rft.date=2023&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Ftopic%2FHuitzilopochtli&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHummingbird" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-F.MacDonald-228"><a href="#cite_ref-F.MacDonald_228-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMacDonald2008" class="citation book cs1">MacDonald, Fiona (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=a2VgkHouDLkC&q=hummingbird+butterfly+warriors+Aztec&pg=PA25-IA3">How to Be an Aztec Warrior</a>. National Geographic Books. p. 25. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4263-0168-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4263-0168-1"><bdi>978-1-4263-0168-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=How+to+Be+an+Aztec+Warrior&rft.pages=25&rft.pub=National+Geographic+Books&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-1-4263-0168-1&rft.aulast=MacDonald&rft.aufirst=Fiona&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Da2VgkHouDLkC%26q%3Dhummingbird%2Bbutterfly%2Bwarriors%2BAztec%26pg%3DPA25-IA3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHummingbird" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-golomb-229"><a href="#cite_ref-golomb_229-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGolomb2019" class="citation magazine cs1">Golomb, Jason (28 September 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190928050205/https://www.nationalgeographic.com/history/archaeology/nasca-lines/">"Nasca lines"</a>. National Geographic. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nationalgeographic.com/history/archaeology/nasca-lines/">the original</a> on 28 September 2019. Retrieved 5 March 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=National+Geographic&rft.atitle=Nasca+lines&rft.date=2019-09-28&rft.aulast=Golomb&rft.aufirst=Jason&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nationalgeographic.com%2Fhistory%2Farchaeology%2Fnasca-lines%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHummingbird" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-230"><a href="#cite_ref-230">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160507114705/http://www.nalis.gov.tt/Research/SubjectGuide/NationalSymbols/tabid/215/Default.aspx?PageContentMode=1">"National Symbols of Trinidad and Tobago"</a>. National Library of Trinidad and Tobago, Port of Spain. 2016. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nalis.gov.tt/Research/SubjectGuide/NationalSymbols/tabid/215/Default.aspx?PageContentMode=1">the original</a> on 7 May 2016. Retrieved 18 April 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=National+Symbols+of+Trinidad+and+Tobago&rft.pub=National+Library+of+Trinidad+and+Tobago%2C+Port+of+Spain&rft.date=2016&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nalis.gov.tt%2FResearch%2FSubjectGuide%2FNationalSymbols%2Ftabid%2F215%2FDefault.aspx%3FPageContentMode%3D1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHummingbird" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-231"><a href="#cite_ref-231">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170207120816/http://www.central-bank.org.tt/content/coins">"Coins of Trinidad and Tobago"</a>. Central Bank of Trinidad and Tobago, Port of Spain. 2015. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.central-bank.org.tt/content/coins">the original</a> on 7 February 2017. Retrieved 18 April 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Coins+of+Trinidad+and+Tobago&rft.pub=Central+Bank+of+Trinidad+and+Tobago%2C+Port+of+Spain&rft.date=2015&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.central-bank.org.tt%2Fcontent%2Fcoins&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHummingbird" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-232"><a href="#cite_ref-232">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.caribbean-airlines.com/#/pages/brand-refresh">"Brand Refresh: Introducing the new Caribbean Airlines"</a>. Caribbean Airlines. 1 March 2020. Retrieved 5 March 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Brand+Refresh%3A+Introducing+the+new+Caribbean+Airlines&rft.pub=Caribbean+Airlines&rft.date=2020-03-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.caribbean-airlines.com%2F%23%2Fpages%2Fbrand-refresh&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHummingbird" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-mrosd-233"><a href="#cite_ref-mrosd_233-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.openspace.org/preserves/sierra-azul#tabs-preserve_tabs-middle-4">"Sierra Azul Preserve - Overview"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Midpeninsula_Regional_Open_Space_District" title="Midpeninsula Regional Open Space District">Midpeninsula Regional Open Space District</a>. 2021. Retrieved 5 March 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Sierra+Azul+Preserve+-+Overview&rft.pub=Midpeninsula+Regional+Open+Space+District&rft.date=2021&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.openspace.org%2Fpreserves%2Fsierra-azul%23tabs-preserve_tabs-middle-4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHummingbird" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-234"><a href="#cite_ref-234">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gibson.com/en-US/Acoustic-Guitar/ACCFR6729/Antique-Natural">"Hummingbird Original"</a>. Gibson Brands, Inc. 2023. Retrieved 5 March 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Hummingbird+Original&rft.pub=Gibson+Brands%2C+Inc.&rft.date=2023&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.gibson.com%2Fen-US%2FAcoustic-Guitar%2FACCFR6729%2FAntique-Natural&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHummingbird" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-235"><a href="#cite_ref-235">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGarcia2017" class="citation news cs1">Garcia, Alexander (26 January 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.elcomercio.com/tendencias/entretenimiento/conniejimenez-missecuador-missuniverso-trajes-competenciapreliminar.html">"Connie Jiménez dressed as a hummingbird in the Miss Universe preliminary competition (translated from Spanish)"</a>. El Commercio. Retrieved 5 March 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=El+Commercio&rft.atitle=Connie+Jim%C3%A9nez+dressed+as+a+hummingbird+in+the+Miss+Universe+preliminary+competition+%28translated+from+Spanish%29&rft.date=2017-01-26&rft.aulast=Garcia&rft.aufirst=Alexander&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.elcomercio.com%2Ftendencias%2Fentretenimiento%2Fconniejimenez-missecuador-missuniverso-trajes-competenciapreliminar.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHummingbird" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hummingbird&action=edit&section=47" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Trochilidae" class="extiw" title="commons:Trochilidae">Trochilidae</a>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikispecies-logo.svg/34px-Wikispecies-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="34" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikispecies-logo.svg/51px-Wikispecies-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikispecies-logo.svg/68px-Wikispecies-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="941" data-file-height="1103" /></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikispecies" title="Wikispecies">Wikispecies</a> has information related to <a href="https://species.wikimedia.org/wiki/Trochilidae" class="extiw" title="wikispecies:Trochilidae">Trochilidae</a>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/34px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="34" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/51px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/68px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikiquote has quotations related to <a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Hummingbirds" class="extiw" title="q:Hummingbirds">Hummingbirds</a>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://hummingbirdwebsite.com">The Hummingbird Website</a> Hummingbird photos, videos, articles, links, frequently asked questions</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.birdphotos.com/photos/index.php?q=gallery&g2_itemId=2182">High-resolution photo gallery of almost 100 species</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.michaeldanielho.com/mdh-5g.html">High-resolution photo gallery of many species of hummingbirds</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170301202153/http://www.learner.org/jnorth/tm/humm/tongue_fluid_trap.html">Video of hummingbird tongue acting as a micropump during nectar feeding</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Taxon_identifiers" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Taxon_identifiers" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Taxon_identifiers" title="Help:Taxon identifiers">Taxon identifiers</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;">Trochilidae</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wikidata" title="Wikidata">Wikidata</a>: <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43624" class="extiw" title="wikidata:Q43624">Q43624</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikispecies" title="Wikispecies">Wikispecies</a>: <a href="https://species.wikimedia.org/wiki/Trochilidae" class="extiw" title="wikispecies:Trochilidae">Trochilidae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animal_Diversity_Web" title="Animal Diversity Web">ADW</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Trochilidae/">Trochilidae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barcode_of_Life_Data_System" title="Barcode of Life Data System">BOLD</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.boldsystems.org/index.php/TaxBrowser_TaxonPage?taxid=1455">1455</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catalogue_of_Life" title="Catalogue of Life">CoL</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.catalogueoflife.org/data/taxon/HHZ">HHZ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Encyclopedia_of_Life" title="Encyclopedia of Life">EoL</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://eol.org/pages/8021">8021</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EPPO_Code" title="EPPO Code">EPPO</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://gd.eppo.int/taxon/1TROCF">1TROCF</a></li> <li>Featherbase: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.featherbase.info/en/family/trochilidae">trochilidae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_Biodiversity_Information_Facility" title="Global Biodiversity Information Facility">GBIF</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gbif.org/species/5289">5289</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/INaturalist" title="INaturalist">iNaturalist</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://inaturalist.org/taxa/5562">5562</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interim_Register_of_Marine_and_Nonmarine_Genera" title="Interim Register of Marine and Nonmarine Genera">IRMNG</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.irmng.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=104628">104628</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Integrated_Taxonomic_Information_System" title="Integrated Taxonomic Information System">ITIS</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.itis.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt?search_topic=TSN&search_value=178028">178028</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Center_for_Biotechnology_Information" title="National Center for Biotechnology Information">NCBI</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Info&id=9242">9242</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_Tree_of_Life" title="Open Tree of Life">Open Tree of Life</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://tree.opentreeoflife.org/taxonomy/browse?id=810751">810751</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paleobiology_Database" title="Paleobiology Database">Paleobiology Database</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://paleobiodb.org/classic/basicTaxonInfo?taxon_no=39427">39427</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-label="Navbox" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a>: National <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43624#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85062944">United States</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00563012">Japan</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ph121715&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007531202505171">Israel</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hummingbird&oldid=1257287831">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hummingbird&oldid=1257287831</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Hummingbirds" title="Category:Hummingbirds">Hummingbirds</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Birds_of_the_Americas" title="Category:Birds of the Americas">Birds of the Americas</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Trochiliformes" title="Category:Trochiliformes">Trochiliformes</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:National_symbols_of_Trinidad_and_Tobago" title="Category:National symbols of Trinidad and Tobago">National symbols of Trinidad and Tobago</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Taxa_named_by_Nicholas_Aylward_Vigors" title="Category:Taxa named by Nicholas Aylward Vigors">Taxa named by Nicholas Aylward Vigors</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Extant_Rupelian_first_appearances" title="Category:Extant Rupelian first appearances">Extant Rupelian first appearances</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Symbols_of_Esp%C3%ADrito_Santo" title="Category:Symbols of Espírito Santo">Symbols of Espírito Santo</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1:_long_volume_value" title="Category:CS1: long volume value">CS1: long volume value</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Webarchive_template_wayback_links" title="Category:Webarchive template wayback links">Webarchive template wayback links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_matches_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description matches Wikidata">Short description matches Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Good_articles" title="Category:Good articles">Good articles</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Use_dmy_dates_from_March_2023" title="Category:Use dmy dates from March 2023">Use dmy dates from March 2023</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_%27species%27_microformats" title="Category:Articles with 'species' microformats">Articles with 'species' microformats</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_clarification_from_March_2024" title="Category:Wikipedia articles needing clarification from March 2024">Wikipedia articles needing clarification from March 2024</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Commons_link_is_on_Wikidata" title="Category:Commons link is on Wikidata">Commons link is on Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_video_clips" title="Category:Articles containing video clips">Articles containing video clips</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 14 November 2024, at 04:25 (UTC).</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms of Use">Terms of Use</a> and <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy policy">Privacy Policy</a>. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/">Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.</a>, a non-profit organization.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About">About Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer">Disclaimers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-contact"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us">Contact Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Code of Conduct</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">Developers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/en.wikipedia.org">Statistics</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Cookie statement</a></li> <li id="footer-places-mobileview"><a href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hummingbird&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">Mobile view</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg" width="84" height="29" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" loading="lazy"></a></li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" width="88" height="31" loading="lazy"></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-settings" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul></ul> </div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-f69cdc8f6-ktpz4","wgBackendResponseTime":207,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"3.000","walltime":"3.419","ppvisitednodes":{"value":31813,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":641853,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":26628,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":22,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":21,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":1000344,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":15,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 2953.698 1 -total"," 50.42% 1489.153 2 Template:Reflist"," 28.07% 828.978 144 Template:Cite_journal"," 14.56% 429.972 1 Template:Automatic_taxobox"," 10.25% 302.615 61 Template:Cite_web"," 7.22% 213.300 1 Template:Taxonbar"," 5.22% 154.313 1 Template:Sfn"," 4.11% 121.421 9 Template:Clade"," 3.23% 95.490 1 Template:Fossilrange"," 3.23% 95.405 3 Template:Sister_project"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"1.926","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":11992450,"limit":52428800},"limitreport-logs":"anchor_id_list = table#1 {\n [\"CITEREFAbrahamczyk,_S.Renner,_S.S.2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAbrahamczyk,_S.Souto-Vilarós,_D.McGuire,_J.A.Renner,_S.S.2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAbrahamczykKessler2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAbrahamczykPoretschkinRenner2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAbrahamczykSouto-VilarosRenner2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAkpariboAndersonChumbley2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAltschuler2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAltshulerDudley2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAvalosSotoAlfaro2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBakkenMcWhorterTsaharMartinez_del_Rio2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBakkenSabat2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBaldwinTodaNakagitaO\u0026#039;Connell2014\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFBarlett2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBattey2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBernsAdams2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBettsHadleyKress2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBeuchat,_C.A.Chaplin,_S.B.Morton,_M.L.1979\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBeuchat,_C.A.Preest,_M.R.Braun,_E.J.1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBleiweissKirschMatheus1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBleiweissKirschMatheus1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBochenskiBochenski2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBock1994\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBoehmGuevara-ApazaJankowskiCronk2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBriceGrau1991\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBrusatteO\u0026#039;ConnorJarvis2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCallier2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCampbell2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCarrollMoore1993\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChambers2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChavez-RamirezDowd1992\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChenWelch2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChiappe2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChillag2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChurchfield1990\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFClark2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFClark2011\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFClark2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFClarkDudley2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFClarkEliasPrum2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFClarkFeo2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFClarkFeo2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFClarkRussell2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFColwell2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCéspedesPavanHazlehurstJankowski2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDalsgaardMartín_GonzálezOlesenOllerton2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDiamondKarasovPhanCarpenter1986\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDickinsonRemsen2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDuque,_F.G.Carruth,_L.L.2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDuque,_F.G.Rodríguez-Saltos,_C.A.Wilczynsk,_W.2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEindhoven_University_of_Technology2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEnglishBishopWilsonSmith2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEvangelistaFernándezBernsHoover2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFeinsingerColwellTerborghChaplin1979\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFernándezDudleyBozinovic2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFisher1994\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFjeldsåHeynen1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFrankGorman2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFreile2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGaedeGollerLamWylie2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGahr_M.2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGarcia2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGayman2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGill2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGillDonskerRasmussen2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGlick2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGodshalk\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGoller,_B.Altshuler,_D.L.2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGolomb2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGonzálezOrnelas2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGorman2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGreen2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGreenwood2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGreigWoodBonter2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHainsworthWolf1970\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHamilton1965\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHannemann2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHargrove2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHendry2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHerreraZagalDiazFernández2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHiebert1992\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHiebertSalvanteRamenofskyWingfield2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHightowerWijningsScholteIngersoll2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHornsbyHealyHurly2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHurlyFoxZwuesteHealy2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHurlyFranzHealy2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFIngersollLentink2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFIwaniuk,_A.N.Wylie,_D.R.2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJaramilloBarros,_R.2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJarvisRibeiroda_SilvaVentura2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJunkerBlüthgenBrehmBinkenstein2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKimPeaudecerfBaldwinBush2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKimRankinRankin2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKovacevic2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKsepkaClarkeNesbittKulp2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKubanNeill1980\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLasiewski1964\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLeimbergerDalsgaardTobiasWolf2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLi2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLimWittGrahamDávalos2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLisleRowe2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLisney,_T.J.Wylie,_D.R.Kolominsky,_J.Iwaniuk,_A.N.2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLorenz2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLotzMartínez_Del_Rio2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLowe2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLópez-SegovianoArenas-NavarroVegaArizmendi2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMacDonald2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMaglianesiBlüthgenBöhning-GaeseSchleuning2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMartín_GonzálezDalsgaard2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMayr2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMayr2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMayr2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMcGuireWittAltshulerRemsen2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMcGuireWittRemsenCorl2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMcGuireWittRemsenDudley2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMcKinneyCaradonnaInouyeBarr2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMeadows,_M.G.Roudybush,_T.E.McGraw,_K.J.2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMillerInouye1983\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMohrman2019\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFMoisset2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMonteCerwenkaRuthensteinerGahr2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMontgomerieRedsell1980\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMorelle2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMosher2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNicolsonFleming2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNyffelerMaxwellRemsen2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOcampoBarrantesUy2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOniki-WillisWillisLopesRozsa2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOnikiWillis2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOsipovaBarsacchiBrownSadanandan2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPYKE1980\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPournazeriSegrePrincevacAltshuler2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPowers1991\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPowersBrownVan_Hook2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPowersLanglandWethingtonPowers2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPrinzingerSchaferSchuchmann1992\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFProjecto-GarciaNatarajanMoriyamaWeber2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPytteFickenMoiseff2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRaviCrallMcNeillyGagliardi2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRenneDeinoHilgenKuiper2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRico-Guevara,_A.Araya-Salas,_M.2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRico-GuevaraFanRubega2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRico-GuevaraRubega2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRico-GuevaraRubegaHurmeDudley2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRidgelyGreenfield2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRiedeOlson2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRodríguez-GironésSantamaría2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRousseuCharetteBélisle2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSalamanDonegan,_T.Caro,_D.2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSapirDudley2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFShankarSchroederWethingtonGraham2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSibleyAhlquist1990\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSimon,_Matt2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSkutchSinger1973\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSoniak2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSpenceWilson_RankinTingley2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSt._Fleur2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStahlNepiGalettoGuimarães2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStevensHume2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStiles1981\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStiles1995\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStiteler2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStoddard,_M.C.Eyster,_H.N.Hogan,_B.G.Morris,_D.H.2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStonich2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSuarez1992\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSuarezGass2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSuarezLightonMoyesBrown1990\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSuarezWelch2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSuarez_R.K.Lighton_J.R.Brown_G.S.Mathieu-Costello_O.1991\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSychra2024\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTemelesMillerRifkin2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTobalskeAltshulerPowers2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTobalskeBiewenerWarrickHedrick2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTobalskeWarrickClarkPowers2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFToledoMoreira2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFUdvardy1983\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFUniversity_of_California_-_Riverside2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFUnwin2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVenable,_G.X.Gahm,_K.Prum,_R.O.2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVideler2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVigors1825\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWardDayWilkeningWylie2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWarrickTobalskePowers2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWeathersStiles1989\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWelchChen2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWelchSuarez2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWernessBenedictThomasRamsay-Lozano2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWhite2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWilcoxClark2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWilliamson2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWilliamson_S2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWolfMcKechnieSchmittCzenze2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFYanegaRubega2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFdel_HoyoAndrewSargatal1999\"] = 1,\n}\ntemplate_list = table#1 {\n [\"!\"] = 1,\n [\"Authority control\"] = 1,\n [\"Automatic taxobox\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite book\"] = 16,\n [\"Cite journal\"] = 144,\n [\"Cite magazine\"] = 2,\n [\"Cite news\"] = 9,\n [\"Cite web\"] = 61,\n [\"Clade\"] = 9,\n [\"Clarify\"] = 1,\n [\"Collapsible list\"] = 1,\n [\"Commons\"] = 1,\n [\"Convert\"] = 29,\n [\"Efn\"] = 1,\n [\"Fossilrange\"] = 1,\n [\"Frac\"] = 1,\n [\"Further\"] = 1,\n [\"Good article\"] = 1,\n [\"Mdash\"] = 2,\n [\"Multiple image\"] = 2,\n [\"Ndash\"] = 19,\n [\"Notelist\"] = 1,\n [\"Other uses\"] = 1,\n [\"Portal\"] = 1,\n [\"Reflist\"] = 1,\n [\"See also\"] = 1,\n [\"Sfn\"] = 1,\n [\"Short description\"] = 1,\n [\"Taxonbar\"] = 1,\n [\"Use dmy dates\"] = 1,\n [\"Webarchive\"] = 1,\n [\"Wikiquote\"] = 1,\n [\"Wikispecies\"] = 1,\n}\narticle_whitelist = table#1 {\n}\n","limitreport-profile":[["?","340","17.5"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::callParserFunction","280","14.4"],["dataWrapper \u003Cmw.lua:672\u003E","180","9.3"],["recursiveClone \u003CmwInit.lua:45\u003E","160","8.2"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::find","140","7.2"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::match","120","6.2"],["type","100","5.2"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::getEntity","80","4.1"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::gsub","80","4.1"],["\u003Cmw.lua:694\u003E","60","3.1"],["[others]","400","20.6"]]},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.codfw.main-f69cdc8f6-n4k26","timestamp":"20241124112950","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Hummingbird","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Hummingbird","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q43624","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q43624","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2002-08-12T02:36:51Z","dateModified":"2024-11-14T04:25:56Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/7\/7c\/Trinidad_and_Tobago_hummingbirds_composite.jpg","headline":"family of birds"}</script> </body> </html>