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<span>Geography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Geography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Climate" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Climate"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Climate</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Climate-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Flora_and_fauna" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Flora_and_fauna"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Flora and fauna</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Flora_and_fauna-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Disagreements" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Disagreements"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Disagreements</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Disagreements-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Neogene</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 78 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-78" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">78 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neogeen" title="Neogeen – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Neogeen" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neogen" title="Neogen – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Neogen" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%B5%D8%B1_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%86%D9%8A%D9%88%D8%AC%D9%8A%D9%86%D9%8A" title="العصر النيوجيني – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="العصر النيوجيني" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neoxenu" title="Neoxenu – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Neoxenu" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neogen" title="Neogen – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Neogen" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bjn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bjn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neogen" title="Neogen – Banjar" lang="bjn" hreflang="bjn" data-title="Neogen" data-language-autonym="Banjar" data-language-local-name="Banjar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Banjar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sin-chi%C3%A2%E2%81%BF-k%C3%AD" title="Sin-chiâⁿ-kí – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Sin-chiâⁿ-kí" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B5%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%8B_%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%8B%D1%8F%D0%B4" title="Неагенавы перыяд – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Неагенавы перыяд" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D1%8D%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%BD" title="Нэаген – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Нэаген" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%BD" title="Неоген – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Неоген" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neogen" title="Neogen – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Neogen" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neogenel" title="Neogenel – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Neogenel" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neogen" title="Neogen – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Neogen" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neog%C3%A9n" title="Neogén – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Neogén" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neogen" title="Neogen – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Neogen" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neogen" title="Neogen – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Neogen" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neogen" title="Neogen – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Neogen" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neogeen" title="Neogeen – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Neogeen" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9D%CE%B5%CE%BF%CE%B3%CE%B5%CE%BD%CE%AE%CF%82_%CF%80%CE%B5%CF%81%CE%AF%CE%BF%CE%B4%CE%BF%CF%82" title="Νεογενής περίοδος – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Νεογενής περίοδος" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ne%C3%B3geno" title="Neógeno – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Neógeno" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neogeno" title="Neogeno – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Neogeno" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neogeno" title="Neogeno – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Neogeno" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D8%A6%D9%88%DA%98%D9%86" title="نئوژن – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="نئوژن" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C3%A9og%C3%A8ne" title="Néogène – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Néogène" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/An_Tr%C3%A9imhse_Neoigineach" title="An Tréimhse Neoigineach – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="An Tréimhse Neoigineach" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neoxeno" title="Neoxeno – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Neoxeno" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%8B%A0%EC%A7%84%EA%B8%B0" title="신진기 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="신진기" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%86%D5%A5%D5%B8%D5%A3%D5%A5%D5%B6" title="Նեոգեն – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Նեոգեն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AA" title="नियोजीन कल्प – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="नियोजीन कल्प" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neogen" title="Neogen – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Neogen" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neogen" title="Neogen – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Neogen" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ne%C3%B3gent%C3%ADmabili%C3%B0" title="Neógentímabilið – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Neógentímabilið" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neogene" title="Neogene – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Neogene" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A0%D7%90%D7%95%D7%92%D7%9F" title="נאוגן – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="נאוגן" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9C%E1%83%94%E1%83%9D%E1%83%92%E1%83%94%E1%83%9C%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98_%E1%83%A1%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1%E1%83%A2%E1%83%94%E1%83%9B%E1%83%90" title="ნეოგენური სისტემა – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ნეოგენური სისტემა" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%BD_%D0%BA%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B5%D2%A3%D1%96" title="Неоген кезеңі – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Неоген кезеңі" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%BD_%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B3%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B8" title="Неоген мезгили – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Неоген мезгили" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neogenicum" title="Neogenicum – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Neogenicum" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neog%C4%93ns" title="Neogēns – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Neogēns" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neogen" title="Neogen – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Neogen" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neogenas" title="Neogenas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Neogenas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neog%C3%A9n" title="Neogén – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Neogén" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%BD" title="Неоген – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Неоген" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%A8%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%AF%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%9C%E0%B4%BF%E0%B5%BB" title="നിയോജിൻ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="നിയോജിൻ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%93%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8" title="निओजिन – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="निओजिन" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neogen" title="Neogen – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Neogen" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neogeen" title="Neogeen – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Neogeen" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%96%B0%E7%AC%AC%E4%B8%89%E7%B4%80" title="新第三紀 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="新第三紀" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neogen" title="Neogen – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Neogen" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neogen" title="Neogen – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Neogen" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neog%C3%A8n" title="Neogèn – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Neogèn" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neogen_sistemasi" title="Neogen sistemasi – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Neogen sistemasi" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%DB%8C%D9%88%D8%AC%DB%8C%D9%86" title="نیوجین – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="نیوجین" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neogen" title="Neogen – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Neogen" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neogen" title="Neogen – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Neogen" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neogeno" title="Neogeno – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Neogeno" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kaa mw-list-item"><a href="https://kaa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neogen_d%C3%A1wiri" title="Neogen dáwiri – Kara-Kalpak" lang="kaa" hreflang="kaa" data-title="Neogen dáwiri" data-language-autonym="Qaraqalpaqsha" data-language-local-name="Kara-Kalpak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Qaraqalpaqsha</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neogen" title="Neogen – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Neogen" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%B4" title="Неогеновый период – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Неогеновый период" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%BD" title="Неоген – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Неоген" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neogene" title="Neogene – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Neogene" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neog%C3%A9n" title="Neogén – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Neogén" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neogen" title="Neogen – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Neogen" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neojiin" title="Neojiin – Somali" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Neojiin" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="Somali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Soomaaliga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%BD" title="Неоген – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Неоген" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neogen" title="Neogen – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Neogen" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neogeenikausi" title="Neogeenikausi – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Neogeenikausi" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neogen" title="Neogen – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Neogen" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neoheno" title="Neoheno – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Neoheno" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B5%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%99" title="ยุคนีโอจีน – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ยุคนีโอจีน" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neojen" title="Neojen – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Neojen" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%96%D0%BE%D0%B4" title="Неогеновий період – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Неогеновий період" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%E1%BB%B7_Neogen" title="Kỷ Neogen – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Kỷ Neogen" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neogen" title="Neogen – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Neogen" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%96%B0%E8%BF%91%E7%BA%AA" title="新近纪 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="新近纪" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%8Cgb%C3%A0_%C3%8Cb%C3%ADni%E1%BB%8D%CC%80tun" title="Ìgbà Ìbíniọ̀tun – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Ìgbà Ìbíniọ̀tun" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="Yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Yorùbá</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%96%B0%E8%BF%91%E7%B4%80" title="新近紀 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="新近紀" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%96%B0%E8%BF%91%E7%BA%AA" title="新近纪 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="新近纪" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" 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class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Second geologic period in the Cenozoic Era 23–2.6 million years ago</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Neogenic" redirects here. For the fictional item featured in Marvel comics and animated series, see <a href="/wiki/Neogenic_(comics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Neogenic (comics)">Neogenic (comics)</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For the moth genus, see <a href="/wiki/Neogene_(moth)" title="Neogene (moth)"><i>Neogene</i> (moth)</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox" style="width:23em;"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="padding:0.25em 0.33em 0.33em;line-height:1.2em;font-size:1.25em;background:rgb(255,230,25);">Neogene</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader"><span class="noprint"><span style="display:inline-block;"></span><span style="display:inline-block;">23.03 ± 0.3 – 2.588 ± 0.04 <a href="/wiki/Year#SI_prefix_multipliers" title="Year">Ma</a></span> <span style="display:inline-block;"></span><div id="Timeline-row" style="margin: 4px auto 0; clear:both; width:220px; padding:0px; height:18px; overflow:visible; white-space:nowrap; border:1px #666; border-style:solid none; position:relative; z-index:0; font-size:97%;"> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; left:0px; width:207.23076923077px; padding-left:5px; text-align:left; background-color:rgb(254,217,106); background-image: linear-gradient(to right, rgba(255,255,255,1), rgba(254,217,106,1) 15%, rgba(254,217,106,1));"><a href="/wiki/Precambrian" title="Precambrian">PreꞒ</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(127,160,86); left:37.636923076923px; width:18.073846153846px;"><a href="/wiki/Cambrian" title="Cambrian">Ꞓ</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(0,146,112); left:55.710769230769px; width:14.08px;"><a href="/wiki/Ordovician" title="Ordovician">O</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(179,225,182); left:69.790769230769px; width:8.3261538461539px;"><a href="/wiki/Silurian" title="Silurian">S</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(203,140,55); left:78.116923076923px; width:20.409230769231px;"><a href="/wiki/Devonian" title="Devonian">D</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(103,165,153); left:98.526153846154px; width:20.307692307692px;"><a href="/wiki/Carboniferous" title="Carboniferous">C</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(240,64,40); left:118.83384615385px; width:15.907015384615px;"><a href="/wiki/Permian" title="Permian">P</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(129,43,146); left:134.74086153846px; width:17.092984615385px;"><a href="/wiki/Triassic" title="Triassic">T</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(52,178,201); left:151.83384615385px; width:19.089230769231px;"><a href="/wiki/Jurassic" title="Jurassic">J</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(127,198,78); left:170.92307692308px; width:26.738461538462px;"><a href="/wiki/Cretaceous" title="Cretaceous">K</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(253,154,82); left:197.66153846154px; width:14.543692307692px;"><a href="/wiki/Paleogene" title="Paleogene">Pg</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(255,230,25); left:212.20523076923px; width:6.9215384615385px;"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">N</a></div> <div id="end-border" style="position:absolute; height:100%; background-color:#666; width:1px; left:219px"></div><div style="margin:0 auto; line-height:0; clear:both; width:220px; padding:0px; height:8px; overflow:visible; background-color:transparent; position:relative; top:-4px; z-index:100;"><div style="position:absolute; height:8px; left:212.20523076923px; width:6.9188307692308px; background-color:#360; opacity:0.42;"></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:8px; left:212.20523076923px; width:6.9188307692308px; background-color:#360; opacity:1;"></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:6px; top:1px; left:213.20523076923px; width:4.9188307692308px; background-color:#6c3;"></div> </div> </div></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Mollweide_Paleographic_Map_of_Earth,_15_Ma_(Langhian_Age).png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Mollweide_Paleographic_Map_of_Earth%2C_15_Ma_%28Langhian_Age%29.png/250px-Mollweide_Paleographic_Map_of_Earth%2C_15_Ma_%28Langhian_Age%29.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="125" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Mollweide_Paleographic_Map_of_Earth%2C_15_Ma_%28Langhian_Age%29.png/375px-Mollweide_Paleographic_Map_of_Earth%2C_15_Ma_%28Langhian_Age%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Mollweide_Paleographic_Map_of_Earth%2C_15_Ma_%28Langhian_Age%29.png/500px-Mollweide_Paleographic_Map_of_Earth%2C_15_Ma_%28Langhian_Age%29.png 2x" data-file-width="3610" data-file-height="1810" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">A map of Earth as it appeared 15 million years ago during the Neogene Period, Miocene Epoch</div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:#ededed;">Chronology</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><div style="font-size:14px"><table id="Container" role="presentation" class="toccolours searchaux" style="text-align:left;padding:0 0.5em;border-style:none;margin:auto;overflow:hidden;min-width:23.65em"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td id="Scale" style="padding:0;margin:0.7em 0 0.7em 0;width:4.2em;position:relative;float:left;font-size:100%;height:32em;border-right:1px solid #242020"><div style="float:right;position:absolute;right:-1px;top:31.57em;transform:translateY(-50%)"><span style="font-size:90%">−24 —</span></div><div style="float:right;position:absolute;right:-1px;top:30.18em;transform:translateY(-50%)"><span style="font-size:90%">–</span></div><div style="float:right;position:absolute;right:-1px;top:28.79em;transform:translateY(-50%)"><span style="font-size:90%">−22 —</span></div><div style="float:right;position:absolute;right:-1px;top:27.40em;transform:translateY(-50%)"><span style="font-size:90%">–</span></div><div style="float:right;position:absolute;right:-1px;top:26.01em;transform:translateY(-50%)"><span style="font-size:90%">−20 —</span></div><div style="float:right;position:absolute;right:-1px;top:24.62em;transform:translateY(-50%)"><span style="font-size:90%">–</span></div><div style="float:right;position:absolute;right:-1px;top:23.23em;transform:translateY(-50%)"><span style="font-size:90%">−18 —</span></div><div style="float:right;position:absolute;right:-1px;top:21.83em;transform:translateY(-50%)"><span style="font-size:90%">–</span></div><div style="float:right;position:absolute;right:-1px;top:20.44em;transform:translateY(-50%)"><span style="font-size:90%">−16 —</span></div><div style="float:right;position:absolute;right:-1px;top:19.05em;transform:translateY(-50%)"><span style="font-size:90%">–</span></div><div style="float:right;position:absolute;right:-1px;top:17.66em;transform:translateY(-50%)"><span style="font-size:90%">−14 —</span></div><div style="float:right;position:absolute;right:-1px;top:16.27em;transform:translateY(-50%)"><span style="font-size:90%">–</span></div><div style="float:right;position:absolute;right:-1px;top:14.88em;transform:translateY(-50%)"><span style="font-size:90%">−12 —</span></div><div style="float:right;position:absolute;right:-1px;top:13.49em;transform:translateY(-50%)"><span style="font-size:90%">–</span></div><div style="float:right;position:absolute;right:-1px;top:12.10em;transform:translateY(-50%)"><span style="font-size:90%">−10 —</span></div><div style="float:right;position:absolute;right:-1px;top:10.71em;transform:translateY(-50%)"><span style="font-size:90%">–</span></div><div style="float:right;position:absolute;right:-1px;top:9.32em;transform:translateY(-50%)"><span style="font-size:90%">−8 —</span></div><div style="float:right;position:absolute;right:-1px;top:7.93em;transform:translateY(-50%)"><span style="font-size:90%">–</span></div><div style="float:right;position:absolute;right:-1px;top:6.53em;transform:translateY(-50%)"><span style="font-size:90%">−6 —</span></div><div style="float:right;position:absolute;right:-1px;top:5.14em;transform:translateY(-50%)"><span style="font-size:90%">–</span></div><div style="float:right;position:absolute;right:-1px;top:3.75em;transform:translateY(-50%)"><span style="font-size:90%">−4 —</span></div><div style="float:right;position:absolute;right:-1px;top:2.36em;transform:translateY(-50%)"><span style="font-size:90%">–</span></div><div style="float:right;position:absolute;right:-1px;top:0.97em;transform:translateY(-50%)"><span style="font-size:90%">−2 —</span></div></td><td id="Timeline" class="toccolours notheme" style="padding:0px;margin:0.7em 0 0.7em 0;position:relative;font-size:100%;width:7.5em;height:32em;float:left;border:none;background-color:#000000"><div class="notheme" style="font-size:100%;background-color:rgb(242,249,29);border-style:none none;position:absolute;text-align:center;margin:0;padding:0;top:0.000em;height:32.000em;left:0.000em;width:0.825em"><div class="notheme" style="position:relative;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;display:block;bottom:-16.000em;transform:translateY(-50%);z-index:5"><span style="line-height:16px;display:block;"><b><a href="/wiki/Cenozoic" title="Cenozoic">C<br />e<br />n<br />o<br />z<br />o<br />i<br />c</a></b></span></div></div><div class="notheme" style="font-size:100%;background-color:rgb(253,154,82);border-width:0em;border-style:solid none;position:absolute;text-align:center;margin:0;padding:0;top:30.222em;height:1.778em;left:0.900em;width:6.600em"><div class="notheme" style="position:relative;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;display:block;bottom:-0.889em;transform:translateY(-50%);z-index:5"><b><a href="/wiki/Paleogene" title="Paleogene">Paleogene</a></b></div></div><div class="notheme" 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style="position:relative;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;display:block;bottom:-1.205em;transform:translateY(-50%);z-index:5"><span style="font-size:90%"><a href="/wiki/Zanclean" title="Zanclean">Zanclean</a></span></div></div><div class="notheme" style="font-size:100%;background-color:rgb(255,255,191);border-width:0.05em;border-style:solid none;position:absolute;text-align:center;margin:0;padding:0;top:1.778em;height:1.319em;left:2.700em;width:4.800em"><div class="notheme" style="position:relative;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;display:block;bottom:-0.659em;transform:translateY(-50%);z-index:5"><span style="font-size:90%"><a href="/wiki/Piacenzian" title="Piacenzian">Piacenzian</a></span></div></div><div class="notheme" style="font-size:100%;background-color:#000000;border-style:none none;position:absolute;text-align:center;margin:0;padding:0;top:5.600em;height:0.072em;left:1.725em;width:5.775em"><div class="notheme" style="position:relative;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;display:block;bottom:-0.036em;transform:translateY(-50%);z-index:5"> </div></div><div class="notheme" style="font-size:100%;background-color:#000000;border-style:none none;position:absolute;text-align:center;margin:0;padding:0;top:30.222em;height:0.070em;left:0.900em;width:6.600em"><div class="notheme" style="position:relative;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;display:block;bottom:-0.035em;transform:translateY(-50%);z-index:5"> </div></div><div class="notheme" style="font-size:100%;background-color:#000000;border-style:none none;position:absolute;text-align:center;margin:0;padding:0;top:1.778em;height:0.070em;left:0.900em;width:6.600em"><div class="notheme" style="position:relative;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;display:block;bottom:-0.035em;transform:translateY(-50%);z-index:5"> </div></div><div class="notheme" style="font-size:100%;background-color:#000000;border-style:none none;position:absolute;text-align:center;margin:0;padding:0;top:0.000em;height:32.000em;left:7.425em;width:0.075em"><div class="notheme" style="position:relative;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;display:block;bottom:-16.000em;transform:translateY(-50%);z-index:5"> </div></div></td><td id="Annotations" style="padding:0;margin:0.7em 0 0.7em 0;float:left;position:relative;width:10.25em;height:32em"><table role="presentation" style="position:absolute;z-index:15;top:6.479em;left:0em;transform:translateY(-50%);padding:0;margin:0;font-size:100%"><tbody><tr><td style="padding:0;text-align:left;vertical-align:middle"><span style="color:var( --color-base, #000)">←</span></td><td style="padding:0;text-align:left;vertical-align:middle"><div style="z-index:10;font-size:75%;color:var( --color-base, #000);display:block;line-height:105%;bottom:0"><span style="line-height:10px;display:block;"><a href="/wiki/Messinian_salinity_crisis" title="Messinian salinity crisis">Messinian salinity crisis</a><sup id="cite_ref-Krijgsman1996_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Krijgsman1996-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table><table role="presentation" style="position:absolute;z-index:15;top:7.926em;left:0em;transform:translateY(-50%);padding:0;margin:0;font-size:100%"><tbody><tr><td style="padding:0;text-align:left;vertical-align:middle"><span style="color:var( --color-base, #000)">←</span></td><td style="padding:0;text-align:left;vertical-align:middle"><div style="z-index:10;font-size:75%;color:var( --color-base, #000);display:block;line-height:105%;bottom:0"><span style="line-height:10px;display:block;">North American <a href="/wiki/Prairie" title="Prairie">prairie</a> expands<sup id="cite_ref-Retallack1997_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Retallack1997-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><td id="Caption" colspan="3" style="padding:0;margin:0 0.2em 0.7em 0.2em"><div id="Caption" class="toccolours" style="margin:0 auto;float:left;border-style:none;clear:both;text-align:center;width:20.5em"><b>Subdivision of the Neogene according to the <a href="/wiki/International_Commission_on_Stratigraphy" title="International Commission on Stratigraphy">ICS</a>, as of 2021.</b><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br />Vertical axis: millions of years ago.<br /></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:#ededed;">Etymology</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width:10em;">Name formality</th><td class="infobox-data">Formal</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:#ededed;">Usage information</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width:10em;">Celestial body</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Geological_history_of_Earth" title="Geological history of Earth">Earth</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width:10em;">Regional usage</th><td class="infobox-data">Global (<a href="/wiki/International_Commission_on_Stratigraphy" title="International Commission on Stratigraphy">ICS</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width:10em;">Time scale(s) used</th><td class="infobox-data">ICS Time Scale</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:#ededed;">Definition</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width:10em;">Chronological unit</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Geological_period" class="mw-redirect" title="Geological period">Period</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width:10em;">Stratigraphic unit</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/System_(stratigraphy)" title="System (stratigraphy)">System</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width:10em;">Time span formality</th><td class="infobox-data">Formal</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width:10em;">Lower boundary definition</th><td class="infobox-data"> <ul><li>Base of magnetic polarity <a href="/wiki/Chronozone" title="Chronozone">chronozone</a> C6Cn.2n</li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_appearance_datum" title="First appearance datum">FAD</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Foraminifera" title="Foraminifera">Planktonic foraminiferan</a> <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Paragloborotalia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Paragloborotalia (page does not exist)">Paragloborotalia kugleri</a></i></li></ul> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width:10em;">Lower boundary GSSP</th><td class="infobox-data">Lemme-Carrosio Section, <a href="/wiki/Carrosio" title="Carrosio">Carrosio</a>, <a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a><br /><span class="geo-inline"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Neogene&params=44.6589_N_8.8364_E_"><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">44°39′32″N</span> <span class="longitude">8°50′11″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">44.6589°N 8.8364°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">44.6589; 8.8364</span></span></span></a></span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width:10em;">Lower GSSP ratified</th><td class="infobox-data">1996<sup id="cite_ref-Steininger_1997_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Steininger_1997-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width:10em;">Upper boundary definition</th><td class="infobox-data"> <ul><li>Base of magnetic polarity chronozone C2r (Matuyama).</li> <li>Extinction of the <a href="/wiki/Haptophyte" title="Haptophyte">Haptophytes</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Discoaster" title="Discoaster">Discoaster pentaradiatus</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Discoaster" title="Discoaster">Discoaster surculus</a></i></li></ul> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width:10em;">Upper boundary GSSP</th><td class="infobox-data">Monte San Nicola Section, <a href="/wiki/Gela" title="Gela">Gela</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sicily" title="Sicily">Sicily</a>, <a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a><br /><span class="geo-inline"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Neogene&params=37.1469_N_14.2035_E_"><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">37°08′49″N</span> <span class="longitude">14°12′13″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">37.1469°N 14.2035°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">37.1469; 14.2035</span></span></span></a></span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width:10em;">Upper GSSP ratified</th><td class="infobox-data">2009 (as base of Quaternary and Pleistocene)<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:#ededed;">Atmospheric and climatic data</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width:10em;">Mean atmospheric <a href="/wiki/Oxygen" title="Oxygen">O<sub>2</sub></a> content</th><td class="infobox-data">c. 21.5 vol %<br />(100 % of modern)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width:10em;">Mean atmospheric <a href="/wiki/Carbon_dioxide" title="Carbon dioxide">CO<sub style="font-size: 80%;vertical-align: -0.35em">2</sub></a> content</th><td class="infobox-data">c. 280 <a href="/wiki/Parts_per_million" class="mw-redirect" title="Parts per million">ppm</a><br />(1 times pre-industrial)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width:10em;">Mean surface temperature</th><td class="infobox-data">c. 14 °C<br />(0.5 °C above pre-industrial)</td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>Neogene</b> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'n' in 'nigh'">n</span><span title="/iː/: 'ee' in 'fleece'">iː</span><span title="/./: syllable break">.</span><span title="/ə/: 'a' in 'about'">ə</span><span title="/dʒ/: 'j' in 'jam'">dʒ</span><span title="/iː/: 'ee' in 'fleece'">iː</span><span title="'n' in 'nigh'">n</span></span>/</a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key"><i title="English pronunciation respelling"><span style="font-size:90%">NEE</span>-ə-jeen</i></a>,<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) is a <a href="/wiki/Geologic_time_scale#Terminology" title="Geologic time scale">geologic period and system</a> that spans 20.45 million years from the end of the <a href="/wiki/Paleogene" title="Paleogene">Paleogene</a> Period 23.03 million years ago (<a href="/wiki/Year#Abbreviations_yr_and_ya" title="Year">Mya</a>) to the beginning of the present <a href="/wiki/Quaternary" title="Quaternary">Quaternary</a> Period 2.58 million years ago. It is the second period of the <a href="/wiki/Cenozoic" title="Cenozoic">Cenozoic</a> and the eleventh period of the <a href="/wiki/Phanerozoic" title="Phanerozoic">Phanerozoic</a>. The Neogene is sub-divided into two <a href="/wiki/Epoch_(geology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Epoch (geology)">epochs</a>, the earlier <a href="/wiki/Miocene" title="Miocene">Miocene</a> and the later <a href="/wiki/Pliocene" title="Pliocene">Pliocene</a>. Some geologists assert that the Neogene cannot be clearly delineated from the modern geological period, the <a href="/wiki/Quaternary" title="Quaternary">Quaternary</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-tucker-2001_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tucker-2001-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The term "Neogene" was coined in 1853 by the Austrian palaeontologist <a href="/wiki/Moritz_Hoernes" title="Moritz Hoernes">Moritz Hörnes</a> (1815–1868).<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The earlier term <a href="/wiki/Tertiary" title="Tertiary">Tertiary</a> Period was used to define the span of time now covered by Paleogene and Neogene and, despite no longer being recognized as a formal <a href="/wiki/Stratigraphy" title="Stratigraphy">stratigraphic term</a>, "Tertiary" still sometimes remains in informal use.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During this period, <a href="/wiki/Mammal" title="Mammal">mammals</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bird" title="Bird">birds</a> continued to evolve into modern forms, while other groups of life remained relatively unchanged. The first humans (<i><a href="/wiki/Homo_habilis" title="Homo habilis">Homo habilis</a></i>) appeared in Africa near the end of the period.<sup id="cite_ref-homo-habilis_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-homo-habilis-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some continental movements took place, the most significant event being the connection of <a href="/wiki/North_America" title="North America">North</a> and <a href="/wiki/South_America" title="South America">South America</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Isthmus_of_Panama" title="Isthmus of Panama">Isthmus of Panama</a>, late in the Pliocene. This cut off the warm ocean currents from the Pacific to the Atlantic Ocean, leaving only the <a href="/wiki/Gulf_Stream" title="Gulf Stream">Gulf Stream</a> to transfer heat to the <a href="/wiki/Arctic_Ocean" title="Arctic Ocean">Arctic Ocean</a>. The global climate cooled considerably throughout the Neogene, culminating in a series of continental <a href="/wiki/Quaternary_glaciation" title="Quaternary glaciation">glaciations</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Quaternary" title="Quaternary">Quaternary</a> Period that followed. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Divisions">Divisions</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Neogene&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Divisions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In ICS terminology, from upper (later, more recent) to lower (earlier): </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Pliocene" title="Pliocene">Pliocene</a> Epoch is subdivided into two ages: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Piacenzian" title="Piacenzian">Piacenzian</a> Age, preceded by</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zanclean" title="Zanclean">Zanclean</a> Age</li></ul> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Miocene" title="Miocene">Miocene</a> Epoch is subdivided into six ages: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Messinian" title="Messinian">Messinian</a> Age, preceded by</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tortonian" title="Tortonian">Tortonian</a> Age</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serravallian" title="Serravallian">Serravallian</a> Age</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Langhian" title="Langhian">Langhian</a> Age</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burdigalian" title="Burdigalian">Burdigalian</a> Age</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aquitanian_(stage)" title="Aquitanian (stage)">Aquitanian</a> Age</li></ul> <p>In different geophysical regions of the world, other regional names are also used for the same or overlapping ages and other timeline subdivisions. </p><p>The terms <i>Neogene System</i> (formal) and <i>Upper Tertiary System</i> (informal) describe the rocks deposited during the <i>Neogene Period</i>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Geography">Geography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Neogene&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Geography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The continents in the Neogene were very close to their current positions. The <a href="/wiki/Isthmus_of_Panama" title="Isthmus of Panama">Isthmus of Panama</a> formed, connecting <a href="/wiki/North_America" title="North America">North</a> and <a href="/wiki/South_America" title="South America">South America</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Indian_subcontinent" title="Indian subcontinent">Indian subcontinent</a> continued to collide with <a href="/wiki/Asia" title="Asia">Asia</a>, forming the <a href="/wiki/Himalayas" title="Himalayas">Himalayas</a>. Sea levels fell, creating <a href="/wiki/Land_bridge" title="Land bridge">land bridges</a> between <a href="/wiki/Africa" title="Africa">Africa</a> and <a href="/wiki/Eurasia" title="Eurasia">Eurasia</a> and between Eurasia and North America. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Climate">Climate</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Neogene&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Climate"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The global climate became more seasonal and continued an overall drying and cooling trend which began during the <a href="/wiki/Paleogene" title="Paleogene">Paleogene</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Early_Miocene" title="Early Miocene">Early Miocene</a> was relatively cool;<sup id="cite_ref-ChristopherScotese_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ChristopherScotese-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Early Miocene mid-latitude seawater and continental thermal gradients were already very similar to those of the present.<sup id="cite_ref-GoedertEtAl2017_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GoedertEtAl2017-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the <a href="/wiki/Middle_Miocene" title="Middle Miocene">Middle Miocene</a>, Earth entered a warm phase known as the Middle Miocene Climatic Optimum (MMCO),<sup id="cite_ref-ChristopherScotese_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ChristopherScotese-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which was driven by the emplacement of the <a href="/wiki/Columbia_River_Basalt_Group" title="Columbia River Basalt Group">Columbia River Basalt Group</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Around 11 Ma, the Middle Miocene Warm Interval gave way to the much cooler Late Miocene.<sup id="cite_ref-ChristopherScotese_12-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ChristopherScotese-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The ice caps on both poles began to grow and thicken, a process enhanced by positive feedbacks from increased formation of sea ice.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Between 7 and 5.3 Ma, a decrease in global temperatures termed the Late Miocene Cooling (LMC) ensued, driven by decreases in carbon dioxide concentrations.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the Pliocene, from about 5.3 to 2.7 Ma, another warm interval occurred, being known as the Pliocene Warm Interval (PWI), interrupting the longer-term cooling trend. The <a href="/wiki/Middle_Pliocene_Warm_Period" class="mw-redirect" title="Middle Pliocene Warm Period">Pliocene Thermal Maximum</a> (PTM) occurred between 3.3 and 3.0 Ma.<sup id="cite_ref-ChristopherScotese_12-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ChristopherScotese-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the Pliocene, <a href="/wiki/Green_Sahara" class="mw-redirect" title="Green Sahara">Green Sahara</a> phases of wet conditions in <a href="/wiki/North_Africa" title="North Africa">North Africa</a> were frequent and occurred about every 21 kyr, being especially intense when Earth's orbit's eccentricity was high.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The PWI had similar levels of atmospheric carbon dioxide to contemporary times and is often seen as an analogous climate to the projected climate of the near future as a result of <a href="/wiki/Climate_change" title="Climate change">anthropogenic global warming</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Towards the end of the Pliocene, decreased heat transport towards the Antarctic resulting from a weakening of the <a href="/wiki/Indonesian_Throughflow" title="Indonesian Throughflow">Indonesian Throughflow</a> (ITF) cooled the Earth, a process that exacerbated itself in a positive feedback as sea levels dropped and the ITF diminished and further limited the heat transported southward by the <a href="/wiki/Leeuwin_Current" title="Leeuwin Current">Leeuwin Current</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By the end of the period the first of a series of glaciations of the <a href="/wiki/Quaternary_glaciation" title="Quaternary glaciation">current Ice Age</a> began.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Flora_and_fauna">Flora and fauna</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Neogene&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Flora and fauna"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Marine and continental flora and fauna have a modern appearance. The reptile group <a href="/wiki/Choristodera" title="Choristodera">Choristodera</a> went extinct in the early part of the period, while the amphibians known as <a href="/wiki/Albanerpetontidae" title="Albanerpetontidae">Allocaudata</a> disappeared at the end of it. Neogene also marked the end of the reptilian genera <a href="/wiki/Langstonia" title="Langstonia">Langstonia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Barinasuchus" title="Barinasuchus">Barinasuchus</a>, terrestrial predators that were the last surviving members of <a href="/wiki/Sebecosuchia" title="Sebecosuchia">Sebecosuchia</a>, a group related to crocodiles. The oceans were dominated by large carnivores like <a href="/wiki/Megalodon" title="Megalodon">megalodons</a> and <a href="/wiki/Livyatan" title="Livyatan">livyatans</a>, and 19 million years ago about 70% of all pelagic shark species disappeared.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Mammal" title="Mammal">Mammals</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bird" title="Bird">birds</a> continued to be the dominant terrestrial vertebrates, and took many forms as they adapted to various habitats. An explosive radiation of ursids took place at the Miocene-Pliocene boundary.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The first <a href="/wiki/Hominini" title="Hominini">hominins</a>, the ancestors of humans, may have appeared in southern Europe and migrated into Africa.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The first humans (belonging to the species <i><a href="/wiki/Homo_habilis" title="Homo habilis">Homo habilis</a></i>) appeared in Africa near the end of the period.<sup id="cite_ref-homo-habilis_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-homo-habilis-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>About 20 million years ago <a href="/wiki/Gymnosperm" title="Gymnosperm">gymnosperms</a> in the form of some <a href="/wiki/Conifer" title="Conifer">conifer</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cycad" title="Cycad">cycad</a> groups started to diversify and produce more species due to the changing conditions.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In response to the cooler, seasonal climate, tropical plant species gave way to <a href="/wiki/Deciduous" title="Deciduous">deciduous</a> ones and grasslands replaced many forests. Grasses therefore greatly diversified, and herbivorous mammals evolved alongside it, creating the many grazing animals of today such as <a href="/wiki/Horse" title="Horse">horses</a>, <a href="/wiki/Antelope" title="Antelope">antelope</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Bison" title="Bison">bison</a>. Ice age mammals like the <a href="/wiki/Mammoth" title="Mammoth">mammoths</a> and <a href="/wiki/Woolly_rhinoceros" title="Woolly rhinoceros">woolly rhinoceros</a> were common in <a href="/wiki/Pliocene" title="Pliocene">Pliocene</a>. With lower levels of CO<sub style="font-size: 80%;vertical-align: -0.35em">2</sub> in the atmosphere, <a href="/wiki/List_of_C4_plants" title="List of C4 plants">C<sub>4</sub> plants</a> expanded and reached ecological dominance in grasslands during the last 10 million years. Also <a href="/wiki/Asteraceae" title="Asteraceae">Asteraceae</a> (daisies) went through a significant <a href="/wiki/Adaptive_radiation" title="Adaptive radiation">adaptive radiation</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i><a href="/wiki/Eucalyptus" title="Eucalyptus">Eucalyptus</a></i> fossil leaves occur in the <a href="/wiki/Miocene" title="Miocene">Miocene</a> of New Zealand, where the genus is not native today, but have been introduced from Australia.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Disagreements">Disagreements</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Neogene&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Disagreements"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Neogene traditionally ended at the end of the Pliocene Epoch, just before the older definition of the beginning of the <a href="/wiki/Quaternary" title="Quaternary">Quaternary</a> Period; many time scales show this division. </p><p>However, there was a movement amongst geologists (particularly <a href="/wiki/Marine_geologist" class="mw-redirect" title="Marine geologist">marine geologists</a>) to also include ongoing geological time (Quaternary) in the Neogene, while others (particularly terrestrial geologists) insist the Quaternary to be a separate period of distinctly different record. The somewhat confusing terminology and disagreement amongst geologists on where to draw what hierarchical boundaries is due to the comparatively fine divisibility of time units as time approaches the present, and due to geological preservation that causes the youngest sedimentary geological record to be preserved over a much larger area and to reflect many more environments than the older geological record.<sup id="cite_ref-tucker-2001_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tucker-2001-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By dividing the <a href="/wiki/Cenozoic" title="Cenozoic">Cenozoic</a> Era into three (arguably two) periods (<a href="/wiki/Paleogene" title="Paleogene">Paleogene</a>, Neogene, <a href="/wiki/Quaternary" title="Quaternary">Quaternary</a>) instead of seven epochs, the periods are more closely comparable to the duration of periods in the Mesozoic and Paleozoic Eras. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/International_Commission_on_Stratigraphy" title="International Commission on Stratigraphy">International Commission on Stratigraphy</a> (ICS) once proposed that the Quaternary be considered a sub-era (sub-erathem) of the Neogene, with a beginning date of 2.58 Ma, namely the start of the <a href="/wiki/Gelasian" title="Gelasian">Gelasian Stage</a>. In the 2004 proposal of the ICS, the Neogene would have consisted of the <a href="/wiki/Miocene" title="Miocene">Miocene</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pliocene" title="Pliocene">Pliocene</a> Epochs.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/International_Union_for_Quaternary_Research" title="International Union for Quaternary Research">International Union for Quaternary Research</a> (INQUA) counterproposed that the Neogene and the Pliocene end at 2.58 Ma, that the Gelasian be transferred to the Pleistocene, and the Quaternary be recognized as the third period in the Cenozoic, citing key changes in Earth's climate, oceans, and biota that occurred 2.58 Ma and its correspondence to the <a href="/wiki/Gauss-Matuyama_reversal" class="mw-redirect" title="Gauss-Matuyama reversal">Gauss-Matuyama magnetostratigraphic boundary</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-INQUA-16-1_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-INQUA-16-1-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2006 ICS and INQUA reached a compromise that made Quaternary a sub-era, subdividing Cenozoic into the old classical <a href="/wiki/Tertiary" title="Tertiary">Tertiary</a> and Quaternary, a compromise that was rejected by <a href="/wiki/International_Union_of_Geological_Sciences" title="International Union of Geological Sciences">International Union of Geological Sciences</a> because it split both Neogene and Pliocene in two.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Following formal discussions at the 2008 International Geological Congress in Oslo, Norway,<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the ICS decided in May 2009 to make the Quaternary the youngest period of the Cenozoic Era with its base at 2.58 Mya and including the Gelasian Age, which was formerly considered part of the Neogene Period and Pliocene Epoch.<sup id="cite_ref-ICS2009_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ICS2009-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Thus the Neogene Period ends bounding the succeeding Quaternary Period at 2.58 Mya. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Neogene&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Krijgsman1996-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Krijgsman1996_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFKrijgsman,_W.Garcés,_M.Langereis,_C._G.Daams,_R.1996" class="citation journal cs1">Krijgsman, W.; Garcés, M.; Langereis, C. 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"A new chronology for the middle to late Miocene continental record in Spain". <i>Earth and Planetary Science Letters</i>. <b>142</b> (3–4): 367–380. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1996E&PSL.142..367K">1996E&PSL.142..367K</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2F0012-821X%2896%2900109-4">10.1016/0012-821X(96)00109-4</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Earth+and+Planetary+Science+Letters&rft.atitle=A+new+chronology+for+the+middle+to+late+Miocene+continental+record+in+Spain&rft.volume=142&rft.issue=3%E2%80%934&rft.pages=367-380&rft.date=1996&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2F0012-821X%2896%2900109-4&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1996E%26PSL.142..367K&rft.au=Krijgsman%2C+W.&rft.au=Garc%C3%A9s%2C+M.&rft.au=Langereis%2C+C.+G.&rft.au=Daams%2C+R.&rft.au=Van+Dam%2C+J.&rft.au=Van+Der+Meulen%2C+A.+J.&rft.au=Agust%C3%AD%2C+J.&rft.au=Cabrera%2C+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANeogene" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Retallack1997-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Retallack1997_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRetallack,_G._J.1997" class="citation journal cs1">Retallack, G. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2008-02-11</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=PALAIOS&rft.atitle=Neogene+Expansion+of+the+North+American+Prairie&rft.volume=12&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=380-390&rft.date=1997&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F3515337&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F3515337%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.au=Retallack%2C+G.+J.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpalaios.sepmonline.org%2Fcontent%2F12%2F4%2F380&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANeogene" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://stratigraphy.org/ICSchart/ChronostratChart2020-03.pdf">"ICS Timescale Chart"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>www.stratigraphy.org</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.stratigraphy.org&rft.atitle=ICS+Timescale+Chart&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fstratigraphy.org%2FICSchart%2FChronostratChart2020-03.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANeogene" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Steininger_1997-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Steininger_1997_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSteiningerM._P._AubryW._A._BerggrenM._Biolzi1997" class="citation journal cs1">Steininger, Fritz F.; M. 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Zevenboom (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.stratigraphy.org/GSSP/file9.pdf">"The Global Stratotype Section and Point (GSSP) for the base of the Neogene"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Episodes</i>. <b>20</b> (1): 23–28. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.18814%2Fepiiugs%2F1997%2Fv20i1%2F005">10.18814/epiiugs/1997/v20i1/005</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Episodes&rft.atitle=The+Global+Stratotype+Section+and+Point+%28GSSP%29+for+the+base+of+the+Neogene&rft.volume=20&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=23-28&rft.date=1997&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.18814%2Fepiiugs%2F1997%2Fv20i1%2F005&rft.aulast=Steininger&rft.aufirst=Fritz+F.&rft.au=M.+P.+Aubry&rft.au=W.+A.+Berggren&rft.au=M.+Biolzi&rft.au=A.+M.+Borsetti&rft.au=Julie+E.+Cartlidge&rft.au=F.+Cati&rft.au=R.+Corfield&rft.au=R.+Gelati&rft.au=S.+Iaccarino&rft.au=C.+Napoleone&rft.au=F.+Ottner&rft.au=F.+R%C3%B6gl&rft.au=R.+Roetzel&rft.au=S.+Spezzaferri&rft.au=F.+Tateo&rft.au=G.+Villa&rft.au=D.+Zevenboom&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.stratigraphy.org%2FGSSP%2Ffile9.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANeogene" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGibbardHead2010" class="citation journal cs1">Gibbard, Philip; Head, Martin (September 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://stratigraphy.org/gssps/files/quaternary-pleistocene.pdf">"The newly-ratified definition of the Quaternary System/Period and redefinition of the Pleistocene Series/Epoch, and comparison of proposals advanced prior to formal ratification"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Episodes</i>. <b>33</b> (3): 152–158. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.18814%2Fepiiugs%2F2010%2Fv33i3%2F002">10.18814/epiiugs/2010/v33i3/002</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 December</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ResearchGate&rft.atitle=9.7+million-year-old+teeth+found+in+Germany+resemble+those+of+human+ancestors+in+Africa&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.researchgate.net%2Fblog%2Fpost%2F9-7-million-year-old-teeth-fossils-raise-questions-about-human-origin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANeogene" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.floridamuseum.ufl.edu/science/gymnosperm-origin-evolution/">DNA duplication linked to the origin and evolution of pine trees and their relatives</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPalazzesiHidalgoBarredaForest2022" class="citation journal cs1">Palazzesi, Luis; Hidalgo, Oriane; Barreda, Viviana D.; Forest, Félix; Höhna, Sebastian (2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8755714">"The rise of grasslands is linked to atmospheric CO2 decline in the late Palaeogene"</a>. <i>Nature Communications</i>. <b>13</b> (1): 293. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2022NatCo..13..293P">2022NatCo..13..293P</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fs41467-021-27897-y">10.1038/s41467-021-27897-y</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8755714">8755714</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35022396">35022396</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature+Communications&rft.atitle=The+rise+of+grasslands+is+linked+to+atmospheric+CO2+decline+in+the+late+Palaeogene&rft.volume=13&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=293&rft.date=2022&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC8755714%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F35022396&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fs41467-021-27897-y&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2022NatCo..13..293P&rft.aulast=Palazzesi&rft.aufirst=Luis&rft.au=Hidalgo%2C+Oriane&rft.au=Barreda%2C+Viviana+D.&rft.au=Forest%2C+F%C3%A9lix&rft.au=H%C3%B6hna%2C+Sebastian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC8755714&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANeogene" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mikepole.wordpress.com/2014/09/22/eucalyptus-fossils-in-new-zealand-the-thin-end-of-the-wedge/">"Eucalyptus fossils in New Zealand – the thin end of the wedge – Mike Pole"</a>. 22 September 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Eucalyptus+fossils+in+New+Zealand+%E2%80%93+the+thin+end+of+the+wedge+%E2%80%93+Mike+Pole&rft.date=2014-09-22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmikepole.wordpress.com%2F2014%2F09%2F22%2Feucalyptus-fossils-in-new-zealand-the-thin-end-of-the-wedge%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANeogene" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lourens, L., Hilgen, F., Shackleton, N.J., Laskar, J., Wilson, D., (2004) "The Neogene Period". In: Gradstein, F., Ogg, J., Smith, A.G. (Eds.), <i>Geologic Time Scale</i>, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-INQUA-16-1-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-INQUA-16-1_29-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.inqua.tcd.ie/documents/QP%2016-1.pdf">Clague, John <i>et al.</i> (2006) "Open Letter by INQUA Executive Committee"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060923053134/http://www.inqua.tcd.ie/documents/QP%2016-1.pdf">Archived</a> 2006-09-23 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> <i>Quaternary Perspective, the INQUA Newsletter</i> International Union for Quaternary Research 16(1)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFClague2006" class="citation journal cs1">Clague, John; et al. (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060923053134/http://www.inqua.tcd.ie/documents/QP%2016-1.pdf">"Open Letter by INQUA Executive Committee"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Quaternary Perspective, the INQUA Newsletter</i>. <b>16</b> (1). International Union for Quaternary Research: 158–159. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.quaint.2006.06.001">10.1016/j.quaint.2006.06.001</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1040-6182">1040-6182</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.inqua.tcd.ie/documents/QP%2016-1.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 2006-09-23<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2006-09-23</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Quaternary+Perspective%2C+the+INQUA+Newsletter&rft.atitle=Open+Letter+by+INQUA+Executive+Committee&rft.volume=16&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=158-159&rft.date=2006&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.quaint.2006.06.001&rft.issn=1040-6182&rft.aulast=Clague&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.inqua.tcd.ie%2Fdocuments%2FQP%252016-1.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANeogene" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.stratigraphy.org/report06.pdf">"ICS: Consolidated Annual Report for 2006"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Stratigraphy.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 June</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Stratigraphy.org&rft.atitle=ICS%3A+Consolidated+Annual+Report+for+2006&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.stratigraphy.org%2Freport06.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANeogene" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.33igc.org/coco/LayoutPage.aspx">"Geoparks and Geotourism – Field Excursion of South America"</a>. <i>33igc.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 December</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=33igc.org&rft.atitle=Geoparks+and+Geotourism+%E2%80%93+Field+Excursion+of+South+America&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.33igc.org%2Fcoco%2FLayoutPage.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANeogene" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ICS2009-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ICS2009_33-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.quaternary.stratigraphy.org.uk/correlation/GSAchron09.jpg">"See the 2009 version of the ICS geologic time scale"</a>. <i>Quaternary.stratigraphy.org.uk</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 December</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Quaternary.stratigraphy.org.uk&rft.atitle=See+the+2009+version+of+the+ICS+geologic+time+scale&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.quaternary.stratigraphy.org.uk%2Fcorrelation%2FGSAchron09.jpg&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANeogene" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Neogene&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Neogene" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Neogene">Neogene</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/38px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="38" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/57px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/76px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikisource has original works on the topic: <i><b><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Portal:Cenozoic#Neogene" class="extiw" title="s:Portal:Cenozoic">Cenozoic#Neogene</a></b></i></div></div> </div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130423191403/http://geosun.sjsu.edu/~jhendricks/AtlasTemp/neogene.html">"Digital Atlas of Neogene Life for the Southeastern United States"</a>. San Jose State University. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://geosun.sjsu.edu/~jhendricks/AtlasTemp/neogene.html">the original</a> on 2013-04-23<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 September</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Digital+Atlas+of+Neogene+Life+for+the+Southeastern+United+States&rft.pub=San+Jose+State+University&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fgeosun.sjsu.edu%2F~jhendricks%2FAtlasTemp%2Fneogene.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANeogene" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol 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.navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Neogene_Period" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color: #ffffff; border-style:solid; border-width: 3px 2.7em; border-color: rgb(255,230,25);"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Neogene_footer" title="Template:Neogene footer"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Neogene_footer" title="Template talk:Neogene footer"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Neogene_footer" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Neogene footer"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Neogene_Period" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Neogene Period</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-off hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;border: none;;background:transparent;color:inherit;"><div style="padding:0px"><table class="navbox-columns-table" style="border-spacing: 0px; text-align:left;width:100%;border-collapse: collapse;"><tbody><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" style="font-weight:bold;background-color: #ffffff; border-style:solid; border-width: 0 3px 3px 3px; border-color:rgb(255,230,25); text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Miocene" title="Miocene">Miocene Epoch</a></td><td class="navbox-abovebelow" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;font-weight:bold;background-color: #ffffff; border-style:solid; border-width: 0 3px 3px 3px; border-color:rgb(255,230,25); text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Pliocene" title="Pliocene">Pliocene Epoch</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td class="navbox-list" style="padding:0px;background-color: #ffffff; border-style:solid; border-width: 3px 0 0 0; border-color:rgb(255,230,25); text-align:center;width:10em;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aquitanian_(stage)" title="Aquitanian (stage)">Aquitanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burdigalian" title="Burdigalian">Burdigalian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Langhian" title="Langhian">Langhian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serravallian" title="Serravallian">Serravallian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tortonian" title="Tortonian">Tortonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Messinian" title="Messinian">Messinian</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;background-color: #ffffff; border-style:solid; border-width: 3px 0 0 0; border-color:rgb(255,230,25); text-align:center;width:10em;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zanclean" title="Zanclean">Zanclean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piacenzian" title="Piacenzian">Piacenzian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Geological_history_of_Earth" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Geological_history_of_Earth" title="Template:Geological history of Earth"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Geological_history_of_Earth" title="Template talk:Geological history of Earth"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Geological_history_of_Earth" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Geological history of Earth"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Geological_history_of_Earth" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Geological_history_of_Earth" title="Geological history of Earth">Geological history of Earth</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Cenozoic" title="Cenozoic">Cenozoic Era<br /><span class="nobold">(present–66.0 Ma)</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:26ch"><a href="/wiki/Quaternary" title="Quaternary">Quaternary <span class="nobold">(present–2.58 Ma)</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Holocene" title="Holocene">Holocene (present–11.7 ka)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pleistocene" title="Pleistocene">Pleistocene (11.7 ka–2.58 Ma)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:26ch"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Neogene <span class="nobold">(2.58–23.0 Ma)</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pliocene" title="Pliocene">Pliocene (2.59–5.33 Ma)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miocene" title="Miocene">Miocene (5.33–23.0 Ma)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:26ch"><a href="/wiki/Paleogene" title="Paleogene">Paleogene <span class="nobold">(23.0–66.0 Ma)</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Oligocene" title="Oligocene">Oligocene (23.0–33.9 Ma)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eocene" title="Eocene">Eocene (33.9–56.0 Ma)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paleocene" title="Paleocene">Paleocene (56.0–66.0 Ma)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Mesozoic" title="Mesozoic">Mesozoic Era<br /><span class="nobold">(66.0–252 Ma)</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:26ch"><a href="/wiki/Cretaceous" title="Cretaceous">Cretaceous <span class="nobold">(66.0–145 Ma)</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Late_Cretaceous" title="Late Cretaceous">Late (66.0–100 Ma)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_Cretaceous" title="Early Cretaceous">Early (100–145 Ma)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:26ch"><a href="/wiki/Jurassic" title="Jurassic">Jurassic <span class="nobold">(145–201 Ma)</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Late_Jurassic" title="Late Jurassic">Late (145–164 Ma)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_Jurassic" title="Middle Jurassic">Middle (164–174 Ma)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_Jurassic" title="Early Jurassic">Early (174–201 Ma)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:26ch"><a href="/wiki/Triassic" title="Triassic">Triassic <span class="nobold">(201–252 Ma)</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Late_Triassic" title="Late Triassic">Late (201–237 Ma)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_Triassic" title="Middle Triassic">Middle (237–247 Ma)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_Triassic" title="Early Triassic">Early (247–252 Ma)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Paleozoic" title="Paleozoic">Paleozoic Era<br /><span class="nobold">(252–539 Ma)</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:26ch"><a href="/wiki/Permian" title="Permian">Permian <span class="nobold">(252–299 Ma)</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lopingian" title="Lopingian">Lopingian (252–260 Ma)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guadalupian" title="Guadalupian">Guadalupian (260–272 Ma)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cisuralian" title="Cisuralian">Cisuralian (272–299 Ma)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:26ch"><a href="/wiki/Carboniferous" title="Carboniferous">Carboniferous <span class="nobold">(299–359 Ma)</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pennsylvanian_(geology)" title="Pennsylvanian (geology)">Pennsylvanian (299–323 Ma)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mississippian_(geology)" title="Mississippian (geology)">Mississippian (323–359 Ma)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:26ch"><a href="/wiki/Devonian" title="Devonian">Devonian <span class="nobold">(359–419 Ma)</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Late_Devonian" class="mw-redirect" title="Late Devonian">Late (359–383 Ma)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_Devonian" title="Middle Devonian">Middle (383–393 Ma)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_Devonian" title="Early Devonian">Early (393–419 Ma)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:26ch"><a href="/wiki/Silurian" title="Silurian">Silurian <span class="nobold">(419–444 Ma)</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pridoli_Epoch" title="Pridoli Epoch">Pridoli (419–423 Ma)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ludlow_Epoch" title="Ludlow Epoch">Ludlow (423–427 Ma)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wenlock_Epoch" title="Wenlock Epoch">Wenlock (427–433 Ma)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Llandovery_Epoch" title="Llandovery Epoch">Llandovery (433–444 Ma)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:26ch"><a href="/wiki/Ordovician" title="Ordovician">Ordovician <span class="nobold">(444–485 Ma)</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Late_Ordovician" title="Late Ordovician">Late (444–458 Ma)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_Ordovician" class="mw-redirect" title="Middle Ordovician">Middle (458–470 Ma)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_Ordovician" title="Early Ordovician">Early (470–485 Ma)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:26ch"><a href="/wiki/Cambrian" title="Cambrian">Cambrian <span class="nobold">(485–539 Ma)</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Furongian" title="Furongian">Furongian (485–497 Ma)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miaolingian" title="Miaolingian">Miaolingian (497–509 Ma)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cambrian_Series_2" title="Cambrian Series 2">Series 2 (509–521 Ma)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terreneuvian" title="Terreneuvian">Terreneuvian (521–539 Ma)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Proterozoic" title="Proterozoic">Proterozoic Eon<br /><span class="nobold">(539 Ma–2.5 Ga)</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:26ch"><a href="/wiki/Neoproterozoic" title="Neoproterozoic">Neoproterozoic <span class="nobold">(539 Ma–1 Ga)</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ediacaran" title="Ediacaran">Ediacaran (539–635 Ma)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cryogenian" title="Cryogenian">Cryogenian (635–720 Ma)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tonian" title="Tonian">Tonian (720 Ma–1 Ga)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:26ch"><a href="/wiki/Mesoproterozoic" title="Mesoproterozoic">Mesoproterozoic <span class="nobold">(1–1.6 Ga)</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stenian" title="Stenian">Stenian (1–1.2 Ga)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ectasian" title="Ectasian">Ectasian (1.2–1.4 Ga)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calymmian" title="Calymmian">Calymmian (1.4–1.6 Ga)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:26ch"><a href="/wiki/Paleoproterozoic" title="Paleoproterozoic">Paleoproterozoic <span class="nobold">(1.6–2.5 Ga)</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Statherian" title="Statherian">Statherian (1.6–1.8 Ga)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orosirian" title="Orosirian">Orosirian (1.8–2.05 Ga)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhyacian" title="Rhyacian">Rhyacian (2.05–2.3 Ga)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siderian" title="Siderian">Siderian (2.3–2.5 Ga)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Archean" title="Archean">Archean Eon <span class="nobold">(2.5–4 Ga)</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neoarchean" title="Neoarchean">Neoarchean (2.5–2.8 Ga)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mesoarchean" title="Mesoarchean">Mesoarchean (2.8–3.2 Ga)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paleoarchean" title="Paleoarchean">Paleoarchean (3.2–3.6 Ga)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eoarchean" title="Eoarchean">Eoarchean (3.6–4 Ga)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hadean" title="Hadean">Hadean Eon <span class="nobold">(4–4.6 Ga)</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><a href="/wiki/Year#SI_prefix_multipliers" title="Year">ka</a> = kiloannum (thousand years ago); <a href="/wiki/Year#SI_prefix_multipliers" title="Year">Ma</a> = megaannum (million years ago); <a href="/wiki/Year#SI_prefix_multipliers" title="Year">Ga</a> = gigaannum (billion years ago).<br /> <i>See also:</i> <a href="/wiki/Geologic_time_scale" title="Geologic time scale">Geologic time scale</a>  •  <span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:WikiProject_Geology.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/WikiProject_Geology.svg/16px-WikiProject_Geology.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/WikiProject_Geology.svg/24px-WikiProject_Geology.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/WikiProject_Geology.svg/32px-WikiProject_Geology.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="327" data-file-height="328" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Geology" title="Portal:Geology">Geology portal</a>  •  <span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17.jpg/16px-The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17.jpg" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" 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