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class="mw-page-title-main">Bikram Yoga</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. 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title="Ioga Bikram – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Ioga Bikram" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bikram-Yoga" title="Bikram-Yoga – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Bikram-Yoga" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bikrami_jooga" title="Bikrami jooga – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Bikrami jooga" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bikram_Yoga" title="Bikram Yoga – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Bikram Yoga" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bikram_yoga" title="Bikram yoga – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Bikram yoga" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/I%C3%B3ga_Bikram" title="Ióga Bikram – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Ióga Bikram" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%95%AB%EC%9A%94%EA%B0%80" title="핫요가 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="핫요가" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%AE_%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%97" title="विक्रम योग – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="विक्रम योग" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bikram_Yoga" title="Bikram Yoga – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Bikram Yoga" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%91%D7%99%D7%A7%D7%A8%D7%90%D7%9D_%D7%99%D7%95%D7%92%D7%94" title="ביקראם יוגה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="ביקראם יוגה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bikram-yoga" title="Bikram-yoga – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Bikram-yoga" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%93%E3%82%AF%E3%83%A9%E3%83%A0%E3%83%A8%E3%82%AC" title="ビクラムヨガ – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ビクラムヨガ" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bikram_yoga" title="Bikram yoga – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Bikram yoga" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bikram_Yoga" title="Bikram Yoga – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Bikram Yoga" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B8%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC-%D0%B9%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B0" title="Бикрам-йога – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Бикрам-йога" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bikram_joga" title="Bikram joga – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Bikram joga" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bikramyoga" title="Bikramyoga – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Bikramyoga" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%AC%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%95%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%AE%E0%B1%8D_%E0%B0%AF%E0%B1%8B%E0%B0%97%E0%B0%BE" title="బిక్రమ్ యోగా – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="బిక్రమ్ యోగా" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span 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data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above">Bikram Yoga</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image logo"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Bikram_Yoga_-_with_Bikram_Choudhury_-_Flickr_-_tiarescott.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Bikram_Yoga_-_with_Bikram_Choudhury_-_Flickr_-_tiarescott.jpg/220px-Bikram_Yoga_-_with_Bikram_Choudhury_-_Flickr_-_tiarescott.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Bikram_Yoga_-_with_Bikram_Choudhury_-_Flickr_-_tiarescott.jpg/330px-Bikram_Yoga_-_with_Bikram_Choudhury_-_Flickr_-_tiarescott.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Bikram_Yoga_-_with_Bikram_Choudhury_-_Flickr_-_tiarescott.jpg/440px-Bikram_Yoga_-_with_Bikram_Choudhury_-_Flickr_-_tiarescott.jpg 2x" data-file-width="768" data-file-height="1024" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption"><a href="/wiki/Bikram_Choudhury" title="Bikram Choudhury">Bikram Choudhury</a> leading a Bikram yoga class in his own personal style</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Founder</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Bikram_Choudhury" title="Bikram Choudhury">Bikram Choudhury</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Established</th><td class="infobox-data">1970s</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Practice emphases</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">Unchanging <a href="/wiki/Postures_of_Bikram_Yoga" title="Postures of Bikram Yoga">sequence of 26 postures</a> in a heated room</td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Bikram Yoga</b> is a system of <a href="/wiki/Hot_yoga" title="Hot yoga">hot yoga</a>, a type of <a href="/wiki/Yoga_as_exercise" title="Yoga as exercise">yoga as exercise</a>, spread by <a href="/wiki/Bikram_Choudhury" title="Bikram Choudhury">Bikram Choudhury</a> and based on the teachings of <a href="/wiki/B._C._Ghosh" class="mw-redirect" title="B. C. Ghosh">B. C. Ghosh</a>, that became popular in the early 1970s.<sup id="cite_ref-Forbes_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Forbes-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Classes consist of a <a href="/wiki/Postures_of_Bikram_Yoga" title="Postures of Bikram Yoga">fixed sequence of 26 postures</a>, practised in a room heated to 105 °F (41 °C) with a humidity of 40%, intended to replicate the climate of <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a>. The room is fitted with carpets and the walls are covered in mirrors. The instructor may adjust the students' <a href="/wiki/Asana" title="Asana">yoga postures</a>. Choudhury's teaching style was abrasive.<sup id="cite_ref-Delaney_2019_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Delaney_2019-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Bikram Yoga spread rapidly across America and the Western world, reaching a peak of some 1,650 studios in at least 40 countries in 2006. Choudhury attempted to <a href="/wiki/Copyright" title="Copyright">copyright</a> the Bikram Yoga sequence from 2011, but was ultimately unsuccessful. In 2016, facing lawsuits and <a href="/wiki/Sexual_abuse_by_yoga_gurus" title="Sexual abuse by yoga gurus">accusations of sexual assault</a>, Choudhury fled to India, leaving Bikram Yoga, Inc. to be run by others.<sup id="cite_ref-The_Guardian_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-The_Guardian-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Origins">Origins</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bikram_Yoga&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Origins"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Bikram_Choudhury" title="Bikram Choudhury">Bikram Choudhury</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Bikram_Choudhury" title="Bikram Choudhury">Bikram Choudhury</a> was born in Calcutta in 1944. He began studying yoga in 1969.<sup id="cite_ref-Schickel_2003_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Schickel_2003-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He arrived in America in 1971, and soon began to teach yoga in health resorts in California.<sup id="cite_ref-Syman_2010_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Syman_2010-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1974, two pupils, <a href="/wiki/Shirley_MacLaine" title="Shirley MacLaine">Shirley MacLaine</a> and Anne Marie Bennstrom, helped him to open his own school at 9441 <a href="/wiki/Wilshire_Boulevard" title="Wilshire Boulevard">Wilshire Boulevard</a> in <a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles" title="Los Angeles">Los Angeles</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Syman_2010_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Syman_2010-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He attracted celebrity pupils including the Hollywood dancer <a href="/wiki/Marge_Champion" title="Marge Champion">Marge Champion</a> and the actors <a href="/wiki/Keir_Dullea" title="Keir Dullea">Keir Dullea</a>, <a href="/wiki/Martin_Sheen" title="Martin Sheen">Martin Sheen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Susan_Sarandon" title="Susan Sarandon">Susan Sarandon</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Raquel_Welch" title="Raquel Welch">Raquel Welch</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Syman_2010_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Syman_2010-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Yoga classes were initially free, with a donation box. Maclaine told Choudhury he could not run an American yoga school like one in India, and he began to charge $5 for classes; attendance started to grow at once.<sup id="cite_ref-Syman_2010_5-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Syman_2010-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Choudhury later devised the 26-posture sequence of Bikram Yoga, based on the teachings of B. C. Ghosh.<sup id="cite_ref-Schickel_2003_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Schickel_2003-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Style">Style</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bikram_Yoga&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Style"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Postures_of_Bikram_Yoga" title="Postures of Bikram Yoga">Postures of Bikram Yoga</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bikram_Yoga_sequence_of_asanas.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Bikram_Yoga_sequence_of_asanas.jpg/220px-Bikram_Yoga_sequence_of_asanas.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="197" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Bikram_Yoga_sequence_of_asanas.jpg/330px-Bikram_Yoga_sequence_of_asanas.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Bikram_Yoga_sequence_of_asanas.jpg/440px-Bikram_Yoga_sequence_of_asanas.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="538" /></a><figcaption>Bikram yoga sequence of asanas (poses). Standing pranayama (a), standing sequence (b–l), savasana (m), floor asanas (n–z), kapalabati (aa) and final savasana (m)</figcaption></figure><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Dandayamana-Janushirasana.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Dandayamana-Janushirasana.jpg/170px-Dandayamana-Janushirasana.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="231" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Dandayamana-Janushirasana.jpg/255px-Dandayamana-Janushirasana.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Dandayamana-Janushirasana.jpg/340px-Dandayamana-Janushirasana.jpg 2x" data-file-width="354" data-file-height="480" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Postures_of_Bikram_Yoga" title="Postures of Bikram Yoga">Bikram Yoga's 26 postures</a> include some such as Dandayamana-Janushirsasana not widely used in other styles.</figcaption></figure> <p>Bikram Yoga Beginning Series classes run for 90 minutes and always consist of <a href="/wiki/Postures_of_Bikram_Yoga" title="Postures of Bikram Yoga">26 postures</a>, namely a fixed sequence of 24 <a href="/wiki/Asana" title="Asana">asanas</a> and two <a href="/wiki/Pranayama" title="Pranayama">pranayama</a> (breathing exercise). It starts with a standing pranayama, followed by a standing sequence of asanas, a first <a href="/wiki/Shavasana" title="Shavasana">savasana</a>, floor asanas, the last pranayama named <a href="/wiki/Kapalabhati" title="Kapalabhati">Kapalabhati</a> which is a <a href="/wiki/Shatkarma" title="Shatkarma">shatkarma</a> (a purification), and a final savasana that ends the sequence.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The room is fitted with mirrors and carpets, and the yoga postures of students may be adjusted by the teacher, who can also adjust themselves using the mirrors.<sup id="cite_ref-Delaney_2019_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Delaney_2019-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Tripp_2013_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tripp_2013-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Hot_yoga" title="Hot yoga">hot yoga</a> style is practised in a room heated to 105 °F (41 °C) with a humidity of 40%, intended to replicate the climate of <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a> where it was created.<sup id="cite_ref-Bikram_Yoga_Basic_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bikram_Yoga_Basic-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Bikram Yoga <a href="/wiki/Yoga_teacher_training" title="Yoga teacher training">trains its own teachers</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They are taught a standardized dialogue to run the class, but are encouraged to develop their own delivery style.<sup id="cite_ref-Bikram_Yoga_Basic_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bikram_Yoga_Basic-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The author Brigid Delaney described seeing Choudhury in his first yoga studio in Australia, and was "shocked"<sup id="cite_ref-Delaney_2019_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Delaney_2019-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> by the environment and by Choudhury's bragging and abrasive manner; she noted also the docility of his students and the "fawning"<sup id="cite_ref-Delaney_2019_2-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Delaney_2019-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> atmosphere, writing:<sup id="cite_ref-Delaney_2019_2-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Delaney_2019-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>What the hell was this practice? The yoga took place in a room heated to around 41C. It was packed and it stunk. There were mirrors everywhere and the room was carpeted, which absorbed the stench and the sweat."<sup id="cite_ref-Delaney_2019_2-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Delaney_2019-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Growth">Growth</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bikram_Yoga&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Growth"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bikram.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Bikram.jpg/220px-Bikram.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Bikram.jpg/330px-Bikram.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Bikram.jpg/440px-Bikram.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1240" data-file-height="904" /></a><figcaption>Bikram's Yoga College of India on La Cienega Boulevard in Los Angeles, California</figcaption></figure> <p>Choudhury was extremely charismatic and persuasive, and this contributed to his success according to principal Bikram teacher Emmy Cleaves. He also had a philosophy of making pupils work through pain, and a "highly entertaining in-class patter," being happy to tell pupils "I am a butcher and I try to kill you ... but don't worry, yoga is the best death."<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Syman_2010_5-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Syman_2010-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By 1984, classes were priced at $20 (about $50 in 2019 terms).<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> That year, sports journalist <a href="/wiki/Jack_McCallum" title="Jack McCallum">Jack McCallum</a> watched a class respond to Choudhury's verbal abuse "like eager cadets."<sup id="cite_ref-Syman_2010_5-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Syman_2010-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Practice was so intense that it demanded "an entire identity" based on commitment to hard work, a regular yoga schedule, and verbal castigation. In short, "a complete religion of bodily purification" rewarded by "a feeling of pure energy."<sup id="cite_ref-Syman_2010_5-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Syman_2010-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The franchise grew rapidly and spread to other countries. By 2006, there were 1,650 Bikram Yoga studios around the world.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The franchise then declined somewhat, and by 2012, there were 330 studios in the United States and 600 worldwide.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In Africa, there were studios in Morocco and South Africa; in America, Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Mexico, 39 U.S. states, and Canada; in Asia, China, India, Indonesia, Israel, Japan, Malaysia, Philippines, Singapore, South Korea, Thailand, and the UAE; in Europe, Austria, Belgium, Czech Republic, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Hungary, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Netherlands, Norway, Russia, Spain, Sweden, Turkey, and the United Kingdom; and Australia and New Zealand.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Health_effects">Health effects</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bikram_Yoga&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Health effects"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Yoga_as_therapy" title="Yoga as therapy">Yoga as therapy</a></div> <p>A 2013 review of 76 yoga-related adverse events included 3 in Bikram Yoga. The three case reports consisted of one case of <a href="/wiki/Rosacea" title="Rosacea">rosacea</a>, one <a href="/wiki/Psychotic_episode" class="mw-redirect" title="Psychotic episode">psychotic episode</a>, and one of <a href="/wiki/Hyponatremia" title="Hyponatremia">hyponatremia</a> (low salt level).<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A <a href="/wiki/Systematic_review" title="Systematic review">systematic review</a> in 2015 found that Bikram Yoga improved lower body strength, range of joint motion in both upper and lower body, and balance. It noted that unsystematic trials (without <a href="/wiki/Randomized_controlled_trial" title="Randomized controlled trial">randomized controls</a>) had found possible improvements in glucose tolerance, bone density, blood lipids, artery stiffness, mindfulness, and "perceived stress". It recommended that future research should follow guidelines to provide reliable results.<sup id="cite_ref-HewettCheema2015_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HewettCheema2015-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Copyright_claims">Copyright claims</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bikram_Yoga&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Copyright claims"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Copyright_claims_on_Bikram_Yoga" title="Copyright claims on Bikram Yoga">Copyright claims on Bikram Yoga</a></div> <p>Choudhury claimed, starting in 2011, that Bikram Yoga was under <a href="/wiki/Copyright" title="Copyright">copyright</a> and that it could not be taught or presented by anyone whom he had not authorized. In that year, Choudhury started a lawsuit against <a href="/wiki/Yoga_to_the_People" title="Yoga to the People">Yoga to the People</a>, a competing yoga studio founded by a former student of Choudhury's and with a location near one of the Bikram Yoga studios in New York, and later started another against the Florida-based Evolation Yoga. Choudhury lost at first instance in both cases and appealed the decision, but the Court of Appeal ultimately dismissed his copyright claim over yoga poses in Bikram Yoga.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As a result of that lawsuit, the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Copyright_Office" title="United States Copyright Office">United States Copyright Office</a> issued a clarification that yoga postures (<i><a href="/wiki/Asanas" class="mw-redirect" title="Asanas">asanas</a></i>) could not be copyrighted in the way claimed by Choudhury, and that Yoga to the People and others could continue to freely teach these exercises.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sexual_abuse_by_Choudhury">Sexual abuse by Choudhury</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bikram_Yoga&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Sexual abuse by Choudhury"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Bikram_Choudhury#Sexual_abuse" title="Bikram Choudhury">Bikram Choudhury § Sexual abuse</a></div> <p>Choudhury has faced <a href="/wiki/Bikram_Choudhury#Sexual_abuse" title="Bikram Choudhury">multiple lawsuits alleging sexual harassment, assault, racism and homophobia</a>. In 2016 he fled to India, where he continued to teach yoga. His former lawyer, Minakshi Jafa-Bodden, took over the running of Bikram, Inc. in America, after she successfully sued Choudhury for $7M in damages and he fled the country to avoid payment.<sup id="cite_ref-The_Guardian_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-The_Guardian-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-newyorker_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-newyorker-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The accusations against Choudhury were the subject of a 2019 <a href="/wiki/Netflix" title="Netflix">Netflix</a> true crime documentary, <i><a href="/wiki/Bikram:_Yogi,_Guru,_Predator" title="Bikram: Yogi, Guru, Predator">Bikram: Yogi, Guru, Predator</a></i>. The documentary also gave an exploration of Choudhury's early life in India, mostly told by Choudhury himself, in juxtaposition with the allegations and testimonies of various women who claim to have been assaulted and bullied by him. They argue that Choudbury was a charismatic but abusive and rude narcissist who took pleasure in mocking the physical appearances of his students, while holding financial and emotional power over many of them. <i>Bikram: Yogi, Guru, Predator</i> has since been challenged by Choudhury's lawyer.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bikram_Yoga&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Forbes-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Forbes_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFFarrell2009" class="citation magazine cs1">Farrell, Maureen (September 3, 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.forbes.com/forbes/2009/0921/entrepreneurs-franchising-bikram-yoga-new-twists.html">"Bikram Yoga's New Twists"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Forbes.com" class="mw-redirect" title="Forbes.com">Forbes.com</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Forbes.com&rft.atitle=Bikram+Yoga%27s+New+Twists&rft.date=2009-09-03&rft.aulast=Farrell&rft.aufirst=Maureen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.forbes.com%2Fforbes%2F2009%2F0921%2Fentrepreneurs-franchising-bikram-yoga-new-twists.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABikram+Yoga" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Delaney_2019-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Delaney_2019_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Delaney_2019_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Delaney_2019_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Delaney_2019_2-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Delaney_2019_2-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Delaney_2019_2-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDelaney2019" class="citation news cs1">Delaney, Brigid (2 December 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/tv-and-radio/2019/dec/03/he-made-a-fortune-from-his-trademarked-bikram-yoga-but-now-his-empire-is-in-tatters">"He made a fortune from his trademarked Bikram yoga, but now his empire is in tatters"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=He+made+a+fortune+from+his+trademarked+Bikram+yoga%2C+but+now+his+empire+is+in+tatters&rft.date=2019-12-02&rft.aulast=Delaney&rft.aufirst=Brigid&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Ftv-and-radio%2F2019%2Fdec%2F03%2Fhe-made-a-fortune-from-his-trademarked-bikram-yoga-but-now-his-empire-is-in-tatters&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABikram+Yoga" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-The_Guardian-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-The_Guardian_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-The_Guardian_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGodwin2017" class="citation news cs1">Godwin, Richard (18 February 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/lifeandstyle/2017/feb/18/bikram-hot-yoga-scandal-choudhury-what-he-wanted">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'He said he could do what he wanted': the Scandal that Rocked Bikram Yoga"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=%27He+said+he+could+do+what+he+wanted%27%3A+the+Scandal+that+Rocked+Bikram+Yoga&rft.date=2017-02-18&rft.aulast=Godwin&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Flifeandstyle%2F2017%2Ffeb%2F18%2Fbikram-hot-yoga-scandal-choudhury-what-he-wanted&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABikram+Yoga" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Schickel_2003-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Schickel_2003_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Schickel_2003_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchickel2003" class="citation news cs1">Schickel, Erica (September 25, 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.laweekly.com/body-work/">"Body Work"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/L.A._Weekly" class="mw-redirect" title="L.A. Weekly">L.A. Weekly</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/LA_Weekly" title="LA Weekly">LA Weekly</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 November</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=L.A.+Weekly&rft.atitle=Body+Work&rft.date=2003-09-25&rft.aulast=Schickel&rft.aufirst=Erica&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.laweekly.com%2Fbody-work%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABikram+Yoga" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Syman_2010-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Syman_2010_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Syman_2010_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Syman_2010_5-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Syman_2010_5-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Syman_2010_5-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Syman_2010_5-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Syman_2010_5-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSyman2010" class="citation book cs1">Syman, Stefanie (2010). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/subtlebodystoryo0000syma/page/268"><i>The Subtle Body: The Story of Yoga in America</i></a></span>. New York: Farrar, Straus, and Giroux. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/subtlebodystoryo0000syma/page/268">268-279</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-374-23676-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-374-23676-2"><bdi>978-0-374-23676-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Subtle+Body%3A+The+Story+of+Yoga+in+America&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=268-279&rft.pub=Farrar%2C+Straus%2C+and+Giroux&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-374-23676-2&rft.aulast=Syman&rft.aufirst=Stefanie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsubtlebodystoryo0000syma%2Fpage%2F268&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABikram+Yoga" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHenderson2018" class="citation audio-visual cs1">Henderson, Julia L. 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(29 August 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6714085">"#MindinBody - feasibility of vigorous exercise (Bikram yoga versus high intensity interval training) to improve persistent pain in women with a history of trauma: a pilot randomized control trial"</a>. <i>BMC Complementary and Alternative Medicine</i>. <b>19</b> (1): Figure 1. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1186%2Fs12906-019-2642-1">10.1186/s12906-019-2642-1</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6714085">6714085</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31464643">31464643</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BMC+Complementary+and+Alternative+Medicine&rft.atitle=%23MindinBody+-+feasibility+of+vigorous+exercise+%28Bikram+yoga+versus+high+intensity+interval+training%29+to+improve+persistent+pain+in+women+with+a+history+of+trauma%3A+a+pilot+randomized+control+trial&rft.volume=19&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=Figure+1&rft.date=2019-08-29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC6714085%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F31464643&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1186%2Fs12906-019-2642-1&rft.aulast=Flehr&rft.aufirst=Alison&rft.au=Barton%2C+Christopher&rft.au=Coles%2C+Jan&rft.au=Gibson%2C+Stephen+J.&rft.au=Lambert%2C+Gavin+W.&rft.au=Lambert%2C+Elisabeth+A.&rft.au=Dhar%2C+Arup+K.&rft.au=Dixon%2C+John+B.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC6714085&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABikram+Yoga" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAchanta2019" class="citation web cs1">Achanta, Ramya (13 August 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.stylecraze.com/articles/bikram-yoga-the-ultimate-guide-to-all-asanas-and-their-benefits/">"The 26 Bikram Yoga Poses – A Complete Step-By-Step Guide"</a>. 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href="/wiki/Template:Asanas" title="Template:Asanas"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Asanas" title="Template talk:Asanas"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Asanas" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Asanas"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Asanas" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_asanas" title="List of asanas">Asanas</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div><a href="/wiki/Asana" title="Asana">Asana</a> • <a href="/wiki/Kriy%C4%81" title="Kriyā">Kriya</a> • <a href="/wiki/Mudra" title="Mudra">Mudra</a> • <a href="/wiki/Drishti_(yoga)" title="Drishti (yoga)">Drishti</a> • <a href="/wiki/Pranayama" title="Pranayama">Pranayama</a> • <a href="/wiki/Sun_Salutation" title="Sun Salutation">Sun Salutation</a> • <a href="/wiki/Vinyasa" class="mw-redirect" title="Vinyasa">Vinyasa</a> • <a href="/wiki/Yoga_as_exercise" title="Yoga as exercise">Yoga as exercise</a> • <a href="/wiki/Yoga_for_therapeutic_purposes" class="mw-redirect" title="Yoga for therapeutic purposes">Yoga as therapy</a> • <a href="/wiki/Hatha_yoga" title="Hatha yoga">Hatha yoga</a> • <a href="/wiki/Yoga" title="Yoga">Yoga</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Backbend#Asanas" title="Backbend">Backbends</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anjaneyasana" title="Anjaneyasana">Anjaneyasana (crescent moon)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bidalasana" title="Bidalasana">Bidalasana (cat)/Bitilasana (cow)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhujangasana" title="Bhujangasana">Bhujangasana (cobra)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chakrasana" title="Chakrasana">Chakrasana (wheel) or Urdhva Dhanurasana (upward bow)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viparita_Dandasana" title="Viparita Dandasana">Viparita Dandasana (inverted staff)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kapotasana" title="Kapotasana">Kapotasana (pigeon)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eka_Pada_Rajakapotasana" title="Eka Pada Rajakapotasana">Eka Pada Rajakapotasana (king pigeon)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ustrasana" title="Ustrasana">Ushtrasana (camel)</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="6" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Kapala_Asana_(headstand)_from_Jogapradipika_1830_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Kapala Asana (headstand) in Jogapradipika, 1830"><img alt="Kapala Asana (headstand) in Jogapradipika, 1830" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Kapala_Asana_%28headstand%29_from_Jogapradipika_1830_%28cropped%29.jpg/60px-Kapala_Asana_%28headstand%29_from_Jogapradipika_1830_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="60" height="138" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Kapala_Asana_%28headstand%29_from_Jogapradipika_1830_%28cropped%29.jpg/90px-Kapala_Asana_%28headstand%29_from_Jogapradipika_1830_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/80/Kapala_Asana_%28headstand%29_from_Jogapradipika_1830_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="119" data-file-height="274" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Arm balances</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Astavakrasana" title="Astavakrasana">Ashtavakrasana (8-angled)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bakasana" title="Bakasana">Bakasana (crane) or Kakasana (crow)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koundinyasana" title="Koundinyasana">Koundinyasana (the sage Kaundinya)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kukkutasana" title="Kukkutasana">Kukkutasana (cockerel)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mayurasana" title="Mayurasana">Mayurasana (peacock)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tittibhasana" title="Tittibhasana">Tittibhasana (firefly)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Inverted</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Downward_Dog_Pose" title="Downward Dog Pose">Adho Mukha Svanasana (downward dog)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Handstand" title="Handstand">Adho Mukha Vrkshasana (handstand)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Halasana" title="Halasana">Halasana (plough)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarvangasana" title="Sarvangasana">Sarvangasana (shoulderstand)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Setu_Bandha_Sarvangasana" title="Setu Bandha Sarvangasana">Setu Bandha Sarvangasana (bridge)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shirshasana" title="Shirshasana">Shirshasana (headstand)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viparita_Karani" title="Viparita Karani">Viparita Karani (legs up the wall)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vrischikasana" class="mw-redirect" title="Vrischikasana">Vrischikasana (scorpion)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Reclining</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anantasana" title="Anantasana">Anantasana (Vishnu's couch)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ashtanga_Namaskara" title="Ashtanga Namaskara">Ashtanga Namaskara (eight-limbed)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhekasana" title="Bhekasana">Bhekasana (frog)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chaturanga_Dandasana" title="Chaturanga Dandasana">Chaturanga Dandasana (low plank)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhanurasana" title="Dhanurasana">Dhanurasana (bow)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jathara_Parivartanasana" title="Jathara Parivartanasana">Jathara Parivartanasana (belly twist)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Makarasana" title="Makarasana">Makarasana (crocodile)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matsyasana" title="Matsyasana">Matsyasana (fish)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salabhasana" title="Salabhasana">Shalabhasana (locust)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shavasana" title="Shavasana">Shavasana (corpse)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vasishtasana" class="mw-redirect" title="Vasishtasana">Vasishtasana (side plank)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoganidrasana" title="Yoganidrasana">Yoganidrasana (yogic sleep)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sitting</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Meditation_seat" class="mw-redirect" title="Meditation seat">Meditation</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baddha_Konasana" title="Baddha Konasana">Baddha Konasana (cobbler)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gomukhasana" title="Gomukhasana">Gomukhasana (cow face)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gorakshasana" title="Gorakshasana">Gorakshasana (cowherd)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lotus_position" title="Lotus position">Padmasana (lotus)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siddhasana" title="Siddhasana">Siddhasana (accomplished)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simhasana" title="Simhasana">Simhasana (lion)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vajrasana_(yoga)" title="Vajrasana (yoga)">Vajrasana (thunderbolt)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Twists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bharadvajasana" title="Bharadvajasana">Bharadvajasana (the sage Bharadvaja)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marichyasana" title="Marichyasana">Marichyasana (the sage Marichi)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matsyendrasana" title="Matsyendrasana">Matsyendrasana (the sage Matsyendra, lord of the fishes)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pasasana" title="Pasasana">Pashasana (noose)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Akarna_Dhanurasana" title="Akarna Dhanurasana">Akarna Dhanurasana (shooting bow)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balasana" title="Balasana">Balasana (child)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garbha_Pindasana" title="Garbha Pindasana">Garbha Pindasana (embryo in womb)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hanumanasana" title="Hanumanasana">Hanumanasana (monkey)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kraunchasana" title="Kraunchasana">Kraunchasana (heron)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurmasana" title="Kurmasana">Kurmasana (tortoise)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malasana" title="Malasana">Malasana (garland)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandukasana" title="Mandukasana">Mandukasana (frog)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mulabandhasana" title="Mulabandhasana">Mulabandhasana (root lock)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Navasana" title="Navasana">Navasana (boat)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paschimottanasana" title="Paschimottanasana">Paschimottanasana (seated forward bend)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Split_(gymnastics)" title="Split (gymnastics)">Samakonasana (split)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virasana" title="Virasana">Virasana (hero)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Standing_asanas" title="Standing asanas">Standing</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Both legs</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Parighasana" title="Parighasana">Parighasana (gate)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parshvottanasana" title="Parshvottanasana">Parshvottanasana (intense side stretch)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prasarita_Padottanasana" title="Prasarita Padottanasana">Prasarita Padottanasana (wide stance forward bend)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tadasana" title="Tadasana">Tadasana (mountain)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trikonasana" title="Trikonasana">Trikonasana (triangle)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Utkatasana" title="Utkatasana">Utkatasana (powerful)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uttanasana" title="Uttanasana">Uttanasana (standing forward bend)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Utthita_Parshvakonasana" title="Utthita Parshvakonasana">Utthita Parshvakonasana (sideways)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virabhadrasana" title="Virabhadrasana">Virabhadrasana (warrior)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">One leg</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ardha_chandrasana" title="Ardha chandrasana">Ardha Chandrasana (half moon)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Durvasasana" title="Durvasasana">Durvasasana (the sage Durvasa)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garudasana" title="Garudasana">Garudasana (eagle)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natarajasana" title="Natarajasana">Natarajasana (lord of the dance)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Utthita_Padangusthasana" title="Utthita Padangusthasana">Utthita Padangusthasana (standing big toe hold)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vriksasana" class="mw-redirect" title="Vriksasana">Vrikshasana (tree)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOYTTC2019" class="citation web cs1">OYTTC (20 December 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oceanicyoga.com/100-hours-yoga-teacher-training-goa/">"Online Yoga Teacher Training Virabhadrasana"</a>. <i>Online Yoga Teacher Training</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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