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Upaniṣad - Wikipedia
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class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"><!-- CentralNotice --></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Sito"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Indice" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Indice</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">sposta nella barra laterale</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">nascondi</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">Inizio</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Origine_e_funzione_delle_Upaniṣad" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Origine_e_funzione_delle_Upaniṣad"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Origine e funzione delle <i>Upaniṣad</i></span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Origine_e_funzione_delle_Upaniṣad-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Le_Upaniṣad_vediche" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Le_Upaniṣad_vediche"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Le <i>Upaniṣad</i> vediche</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Le_Upaniṣad_vediche-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Attiva/disattiva la sottosezione Le <i>Upaniṣad</i> vediche</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Le_Upaniṣad_vediche-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Le_dottrine_delle_Upaniṣad_vediche" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Le_dottrine_delle_Upaniṣad_vediche"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Le dottrine delle <i>Upaniṣad</i> vediche</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Le_dottrine_delle_Upaniṣad_vediche-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Le_Upaniṣad_posteriori" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Le_Upaniṣad_posteriori"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Le <i>Upaniṣad</i> posteriori</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Le_Upaniṣad_posteriori-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Attiva/disattiva la sottosezione Le <i>Upaniṣad</i> posteriori</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Le_Upaniṣad_posteriori-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Le_108_Upaniṣad_elencati_nella_Muktikā_Upaniṣad" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Le_108_Upaniṣad_elencati_nella_Muktikā_Upaniṣad"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Le 108 <i>Upaniṣad</i> elencati nella <i>Muktikā Upaniṣad</i></span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Le_108_Upaniṣad_elencati_nella_Muktikā_Upaniṣad-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Note" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Note"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Note</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Note-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliografia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliografia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Bibliografia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliografia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Voci_correlate" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Voci_correlate"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Voci correlate</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Voci_correlate-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Altri_progetti" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Altri_progetti"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Altri progetti</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Altri_progetti-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Collegamenti_esterni" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Collegamenti_esterni"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Collegamenti esterni</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Collegamenti_esterni-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Indice" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Mostra/Nascondi l'indice" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Mostra/Nascondi l'indice</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Upaniṣad</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Vai a una voce in un'altra lingua. Disponibile in 92 lingue" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-92" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">92 lingue</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Upanishad" title="Upanishad - afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Upanishad" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-anp mw-list-item"><a href="https://anp.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%89%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%A6" title="उपनिषद - angika" lang="anp" hreflang="anp" data-title="उपनिषद" data-language-autonym="अंगिका" data-language-local-name="angika" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>अंगिका</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%AF" title="الأبانيشاد - arabo" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="الأبانيشاد" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="arabo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%89%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B7%E0%A6%A6" title="উপনিষদ - assamese" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="উপনিষদ" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="assamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>অসমীয়া</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Upanishads" title="Upanishads - asturiano" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Upanishads" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="asturiano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Upani%C5%9Fadlar" title="Upanişadlar - azerbaigiano" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Upanişadlar" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="azerbaigiano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Upanishad" title="Upanishad - Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Upanishad" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%96%D1%88%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%8B" title="Упанішады - bielorusso" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Упанішады" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="bielorusso" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%88%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B8" title="Упанишади - bulgaro" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Упанишади" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="bulgaro" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%89%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%A6" title="उपनिषद - Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="उपनिषद" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>भोजपुरी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bjn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bjn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Upanisad" title="Upanisad - banjar" lang="bjn" hreflang="bjn" data-title="Upanisad" data-language-autonym="Banjar" data-language-local-name="banjar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Banjar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%89%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B7%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%8D%E2%80%8C" title="উপনিষদ্ - bengalese" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="উপনিষদ্" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="bengalese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Upanixad" title="Upanixad - catalano" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Upanixad" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="catalano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Upani%C5%A1ady" title="Upanišady - ceco" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Upanišady" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="ceco" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Upanishadau" title="Upanishadau - gallese" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Upanishadau" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="gallese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Upanishaderne" title="Upanishaderne - danese" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Upanishaderne" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="danese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Upanishaden" title="Upanishaden - tedesco" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Upanishaden" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="tedesco" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9F%CF%85%CF%80%CE%B1%CE%BD%CE%B9%CF%83%CE%AC%CE%B4%CE%B5%CF%82" title="Ουπανισάδες - greco" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Ουπανισάδες" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="greco" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="voce di qualità"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Upanishads" title="Upanishads - inglese" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Upanishads" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="inglese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Upani%C5%9Dadoj" title="Upaniŝadoj - esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Upaniŝadoj" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Upanishad" title="Upanishad - spagnolo" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Upanishad" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="spagnolo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Upani%C5%A1adid" title="Upanišadid - estone" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Upanišadid" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="estone" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Upanishad" title="Upanishad - basco" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Upanishad" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="basco" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="voce di qualità"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%88%D9%BE%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%AF%D9%87%D8%A7" title="اوپانیشادها - persiano" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="اوپانیشادها" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="persiano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Upanishad" title="Upanishad - finlandese" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Upanishad" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="finlandese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fiu-vro mw-list-item"><a href="https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Upani%C5%A1adiq" title="Upanišadiq - võro" lang="vro" hreflang="vro" data-title="Upanišadiq" data-language-autonym="Võro" data-language-local-name="võro" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Võro</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Upanishad" title="Upanishad - francese" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Upanishad" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="francese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Upanishad" title="Upanishad - frisone occidentale" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Upanishad" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="frisone occidentale" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gcr mw-list-item"><a href="https://gcr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Upanishad" title="Upanishad - Guianan Creole" lang="gcr" hreflang="gcr" data-title="Upanishad" data-language-autonym="Kriyòl gwiyannen" data-language-local-name="Guianan Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kriyòl gwiyannen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Upanishads" title="Upanishads - galiziano" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Upanishads" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="galiziano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gom mw-list-item"><a href="https://gom.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%89%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D" title="उपनिषद् - konkani goano" lang="gom" hreflang="gom" data-title="उपनिषद्" data-language-autonym="गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni" data-language-local-name="konkani goano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%89%E0%AA%AA%E0%AA%A8%E0%AA%BF%E0%AA%B7%E0%AA%A6" title="ઉપનિષદ - gujarati" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="ઉપનિષદ" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="gujarati" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ગુજરાતી</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%95%D7%A4%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%A9%D7%93%D7%95%D7%AA" title="אופנישדות - ebraico" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="אופנישדות" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="ebraico" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%89%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%80" title="उपनिषद् सूची - hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="उपनिषद् सूची" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Upanishad" title="Upanishad - hindi figiano" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Upanishad" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="hindi figiano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Fiji Hindi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Upanisadok" title="Upanisadok - ungherese" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Upanisadok" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="ungherese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%88%D6%82%D5%BA%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%AB%D5%B7%D5%A1%D5%A4%D5%B6%D5%A5%D6%80" title="Ուպանիշադներ - armeno" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ուպանիշադներ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="armeno" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Upanisad" title="Upanisad - indonesiano" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Upanisad" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="indonesiano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Upanishad" title="Upanishad - islandese" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Upanishad" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="islandese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A6%E3%83%91%E3%83%8B%E3%82%B7%E3%83%A3%E3%83%83%E3%83%89" title="ウパニシャッド - giapponese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ウパニシャッド" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="giapponese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jam mw-list-item"><a href="https://jam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Upanishad" title="Upanishad - creolo giamaicano" lang="jam" hreflang="jam" data-title="Upanishad" data-language-autonym="Patois" data-language-local-name="creolo giamaicano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Patois</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Upanisad" title="Upanisad - giavanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Upanisad" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="giavanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9E%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98%E1%83%A8%E1%83%90%E1%83%93%E1%83%94%E1%83%91%E1%83%98" title="უპანიშადები - georgiano" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="უპანიშადები" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="georgiano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%88%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Упанишадтар - kazako" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Упанишадтар" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="kazako" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%89%E0%B2%AA%E0%B2%A8%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%B7%E0%B2%A4%E0%B3%8D" title="ಉಪನಿಷತ್ - kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಉಪನಿಷತ್" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%9A%B0%ED%8C%8C%EB%8B%88%EC%83%A4%EB%93%9C" title="우파니샤드 - coreano" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="우파니샤드" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="coreano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%88%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Упанишаддар - kirghiso" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Упанишаддар" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="kirghiso" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Upanishad" title="Upanishad - latino" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Upanishad" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="latino" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Upani%C5%A1ados" title="Upanišados - lituano" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Upanišados" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="lituano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Upani%C5%A1adas" title="Upanišadas - lettone" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Upanišadas" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="lettone" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%89%E0%B4%AA%E0%B4%A8%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%B7%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8D" title="ഉപനിഷത്ത് - malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ഉപനിഷത്ത്" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mni mw-list-item"><a href="https://mni.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%AF%8E%EA%AF%84%EA%AF%85%EA%AF%A4%EA%AF%81%EA%AF%97" title="ꯎꯄꯅꯤꯁꯗ - manipuri" lang="mni" hreflang="mni" data-title="ꯎꯄꯅꯤꯁꯗ" data-language-autonym="ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ" data-language-local-name="manipuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%89%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%A6" title="उपनिषद - marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="उपनिषद" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Upanishad" title="Upanishad - malese" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Upanishad" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="malese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%88%D9%BE%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C%D8%B4%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%AF" title="اوپانیشتاد - mazandarani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="اوپانیشتاد" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="mazandarani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Upanischaden" title="Upanischaden - basso tedesco" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Upanischaden" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="basso tedesco" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%89%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D" title="उपनिषद् - nepalese" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="उपनिषद्" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="nepalese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%89%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D" title="उपनिषद् - newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="उपनिषद्" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="newari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाल भाषा</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Upanishad" title="Upanishad - olandese" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Upanishad" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="olandese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Upanisjad" title="Upanisjad - norvegese nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Upanisjad" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="norvegese nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Upanishadene" title="Upanishadene - norvegese bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Upanishadene" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="norvegese bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-or mw-list-item"><a href="https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AC%89%E0%AC%AA%E0%AC%A8%E0%AC%BF%E0%AC%B7%E0%AC%A6%E0%AD%8D" title="ଉପନିଷଦ୍ - odia" lang="or" hreflang="or" data-title="ଉପନିଷଦ୍" data-language-autonym="ଓଡ଼ିଆ" data-language-local-name="odia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ଓଡ଼ିଆ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%89%E0%A8%AA%E0%A8%A8%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%BC%E0%A8%A6%E0%A9%8D" title="ਉਪਨਿਸ਼ਦ੍ - punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਉਪਨਿਸ਼ਦ੍" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pi mw-list-item"><a href="https://pi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%89%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%A6" title="उपनिषद - pali" lang="pi" hreflang="pi" data-title="उपनिषद" data-language-autonym="पालि" data-language-local-name="pali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>पालि</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Upaniszady" title="Upaniszady - polacco" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Upaniszady" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="polacco" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%8F%D9%BE%D9%86%D9%90%D8%B4%D8%AF" title="اُپنِشد - Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="اُپنِشد" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Upanixade" title="Upanixade - portoghese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Upanixade" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="portoghese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Upani%C8%99ade" title="Upanișade - rumeno" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Upanișade" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="rumeno" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%88%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%8B" title="Упанишады - russo" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Упанишады" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="russo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%89%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D" title="उपनिषद् - sanscrito" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="उपनिषद्" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="sanscrito" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>संस्कृतम्</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%BE%D9%86%D8%B4%D8%AF" title="اپنشد - sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="اپنشد" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Upani%C5%A1ade" title="Upanišade - serbo-croato" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Upanišade" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="serbo-croato" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Upanishad" title="Upanishad - Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Upanishad" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Upani%C5%A1ady" title="Upanišady - slovacco" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Upanišady" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="slovacco" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Upani%C5%A1ade" title="Upanišade - sloveno" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Upanišade" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="sloveno" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Upanishadet" title="Upanishadet - albanese" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Upanishadet" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="albanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%88%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B5" title="Упанишаде - serbo" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Упанишаде" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="serbo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Upanishaderna" title="Upanishaderna - svedese" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Upanishaderna" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="svedese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%89%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%A8%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D" title="உபநிடதம் - tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="உபநிடதம்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%89%E0%B0%AA%E0%B0%A8%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%B7%E0%B0%A4%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%A4%E0%B1%81" title="ఉపనిషత్తు - telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="ఉపనిషత్తు" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A9%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%97" title="อุปนิษัท - thailandese" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="อุปนิษัท" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="thailandese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Upanishad" title="Upanishad - tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Upanishad" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Upani%C5%9Fad" title="Upanişad - turco" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Upanişad" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="turco" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%96%D1%88%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B8" title="Упанішади - ucraino" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Упанішади" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="ucraino" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%8F%D9%BE%D9%86%D9%90%D8%B4%D8%AF" title="اُپنِشد - urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="اُپنِشد" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Upanishadlar" title="Upanishadlar - uzbeco" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Upanishadlar" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="uzbeco" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%81o_ngh%C4%A9a_th%C6%B0" title="Áo nghĩa thư - vietnamita" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Áo nghĩa thư" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="vietnamita" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%A5%A5%E4%B9%89%E4%B9%A6" title="奥义书 - wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="奥义书" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9E%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98%E1%83%A8%E1%83%90%E1%83%93%E1%83%94%E1%83%A4%E1%83%98" title="უპანიშადეფი - mengrelio" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="უპანიშადეფი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="mengrelio" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%A5%A5%E4%B9%89%E4%B9%A6" title="奥义书 - cinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="奥义书" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="cinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Upanishad" title="Upanishad - min nan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Upanishad" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="min nan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%A5%A7%E7%BE%A9%E6%9B%B8" title="奧義書 - cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="奧義書" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q6113985#sitelinks-wikipedia" 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class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">sposta nella barra laterale</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">nascondi</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">Da Wikipedia, l'enciclopedia libera.</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="it" dir="ltr"><table class="noprint" style="float: right; border: 1px solid orange; background: #FFFFFF; padding: 1px; font-size: 90%; margin: 0 15px 0 15px;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="background: orange; text-align: center;"> <p><a href="/wiki/Testo_sacro#Induismo" title="Testo sacro">Testi sacri</a> di<br /> <span style="font-size:100%;"><b><a href="/wiki/Induismo" title="Induismo">induismo</a></b>, <b><a href="/wiki/Vedismo" title="Vedismo">vedismo</a></b> e <b><a href="/wiki/Bramanesimo" title="Bramanesimo">bramanesimo</a></b></span> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background: orange; text-align: center;"> <p><span style=""><b><a href="/wiki/%C5%9Aruti" title="Śruti">Śruti</a></b></span> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Veda" title="Veda">Veda</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rigveda" class="mw-redirect" title="Rigveda">Ṛgveda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C4%81maveda" title="Sāmaveda">Sāmaveda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yajurveda" title="Yajurveda">Yajurveda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atharvaveda" title="Atharvaveda">Atharvaveda</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sa%E1%B9%83hit%C4%81" title="Saṃhitā">Saṃhitā</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E1%B9%9Agveda_Sa%E1%B9%83hit%C4%81" title="Ṛgveda Saṃhitā">Ṛgveda Saṃhitā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C4%81maveda_Sa%E1%B9%83hit%C4%81" title="Sāmaveda Saṃhitā">Sāmaveda Saṃhitā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atharvaveda_Sa%E1%B9%83hit%C4%81" title="Atharvaveda Saṃhitā">Atharvaveda Saṃhitā</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Br%C4%81hma%E1%B9%87a" title="Brāhmaṇa">Brāhmaṇa</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jaimin%C4%ABya_Br%C4%81hma%E1%B9%87a" title="Jaiminīya Brāhmaṇa">Jaiminīya Brāhmaṇa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shatapatha_Brahmana" class="mw-redirect" title="Shatapatha Brahmana">Śatapatha Brāhmaṇa</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C4%80ra%E1%B9%87yaka" title="Āraṇyaka">Āraṇyaka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upanishad" class="mw-redirect" title="Upanishad">Upaniṣad</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aitareya_Upanishad" class="mw-redirect" title="Aitareya Upanishad">Aitareya Upaniṣad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chandogya_Upanishad" class="mw-redirect" title="Chandogya Upanishad">Chāndogya Upaniṣad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taittir%C4%ABya_Upani%E1%B9%A3ad" title="Taittirīya Upaniṣad">Taittirīya Upaniṣad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shvetashvatara_Upanishad" class="mw-redirect" title="Shvetashvatara Upanishad">Śvetāśvatara Upaniṣad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B%E1%B9%9Bhad%C4%81ra%E1%B9%87yaka_Upani%E1%B9%A3ad" title="Bṛhadāraṇyaka Upaniṣad">Bṛhadāraṇyaka Upaniṣad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C4%AA%E1%B9%A3a_Upani%E1%B9%A3ad" title="Īṣa Upaniṣad">Īṣa Upaniṣad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mundaka_Upanishad" class="mw-redirect" title="Mundaka Upanishad">Muṇḍaka Upaniṣad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandukya_Upanishad" class="mw-redirect" title="Mandukya Upanishad">Māṇḍūkya Upaniṣad</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhagavadg%C4%ABt%C4%81" title="Bhagavadgītā">Bhagavadgītā</a></li></ul> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background: orange; text-align: center;"> <p><span style=""><b><a href="/wiki/Smriti" title="Smriti">Smṛti</a></b></span> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ved%C4%81%E1%B9%85ga" title="Vedāṅga">Vedāṅga</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nirukta" title="Nirukta">Nirukta</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pur%C4%81%E1%B9%87a" title="Purāṇa">Purāṇa</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vishnu_Purana" class="mw-redirect" title="Vishnu Purana">Viṣṇu Purāṇa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bh%C4%81gavata_Pur%C4%81%E1%B9%87a" title="Bhāgavata Purāṇa">Bhāgavata Purāṇa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K%C5%ABrma_Pur%C4%81%E1%B9%87a" title="Kūrma Purāṇa">Kūrma Purāṇa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matsya_Pur%C4%81%E1%B9%87a" title="Matsya Purāṇa">Matsya Purāṇa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shiva_Purana" class="mw-redirect" title="Shiva Purana">Śiva Purāṇa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Li%E1%B9%85ga_Pur%C4%81%E1%B9%87a" title="Liṅga Purāṇa">Liṅga Purāṇa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skanda_Pur%C4%81%E1%B9%87a" title="Skanda Purāṇa">Skanda Purāṇa</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Itih%C4%81sa" title="Itihāsa">Itihāsa</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/R%C4%81m%C4%81ya%E1%B9%87a" title="Rāmāyaṇa">Rāmāyaṇa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mah%C4%81bh%C4%81rata" title="Mahābhārata">Mahābhārata</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shastra" class="mw-redirect" title="Shastra">Śāstra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sutra" title="Sutra">Sūtra</a></li></ul> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <p>Le <i><b>Upaniṣad</b></i> (in <a href="/wiki/Lingua_sanscrita" title="Lingua sanscrita">sanscrito</a> <span dir="ltr" lang="sa">उपनिषद्</span>) sono un insieme di testi religiosi e filosofici <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">indiani</a> composti in <a href="/wiki/Lingua_sanscrita" title="Lingua sanscrita">lingua sanscrita</a> a partire dal <a href="/wiki/IX_secolo_a.C." title="IX secolo a.C.">IX</a>-<a href="/wiki/VIII_secolo_a.C." title="VIII secolo a.C.">VIII secolo a.C.</a> fino al <a href="/wiki/IV_secolo_a.C." title="IV secolo a.C.">IV secolo a.C.</a> (le quattordici <i>Upaniṣad</i> <a href="/wiki/Veda" title="Veda">vediche</a>) anche se progressivamente ne furono aggiunte di minori fino al <a href="/wiki/XVI_secolo" title="XVI secolo">XVI secolo</a> raggiungendo un numero complessivo di circa trecento opere aventi questo nome. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:MS_Indic_37,_Isa_upanisad._Wellcome_L0027330.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/MS_Indic_37%2C_Isa_upanisad._Wellcome_L0027330.jpg/220px-MS_Indic_37%2C_Isa_upanisad._Wellcome_L0027330.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="91" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/MS_Indic_37%2C_Isa_upanisad._Wellcome_L0027330.jpg/330px-MS_Indic_37%2C_Isa_upanisad._Wellcome_L0027330.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/MS_Indic_37%2C_Isa_upanisad._Wellcome_L0027330.jpg/440px-MS_Indic_37%2C_Isa_upanisad._Wellcome_L0027330.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2128" data-file-height="880" /></a><figcaption>Pagina <a href="/wiki/Manoscritto" title="Manoscritto">manoscritta</a> della <a href="/wiki/%C4%AA%E1%B9%A3a_Upani%E1%B9%A3ad" title="Īṣa Upaniṣad">Īṣa Upaniṣad</a></figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Tradizione_orale" title="Tradizione orale">Trasmesse per via orale</a>, furono messe per iscritto per la prima volta nel 1656 quando il <a href="/wiki/Sultano" title="Sultano">sultano</a> <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">musulmano</a> <a href="/wiki/Dara_Sukoh" class="mw-redirect" title="Dara Sukoh">Dara Shikoh</a> (1615-1659) ordinò la traduzione dal <a href="/wiki/Sanscrito" class="mw-redirect" title="Sanscrito">sanscrito</a> al <a href="/wiki/Lingua_persiana" title="Lingua persiana">persiano</a> di cinquanta di esse e quindi la loro resa in forma scritta<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. </p><p>Il termine <i>Upaniṣad</i> deriva dalla radice verbale sanscrita <i>sad</i> (sedersi) e dai prefissi <i>upa</i> e <i>ni</i> (vicino) ossia "sedersi vicino", ma più in basso (ad un <i><a href="/wiki/Guru" title="Guru">guru</a></i>, o maestro spirituale), suggerendo l'azione di ascolto di insegnamenti spirituali. </p><p>Questo termine richiama chiaramente, come evidenziato da <a href="/wiki/Mario_Piantelli" title="Mario Piantelli">Mario Piantelli</a><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>, anche un insegnamento "esoterico". Significativo è che persino la <i><a href="/wiki/Bhagavadg%C4%ABt%C4%81" title="Bhagavadgītā">Bhagavadgītā</a></i> si qualificava come <i>upaniṣad</i> nel <a href="/wiki/Colophon" title="Colophon">colophon</a> dei manoscritti del <i><a href="/wiki/Mah%C4%81bh%C4%81rata" title="Mahābhārata">Mahābhārata</a></i> e che, evidenzia Piantelli ricordando le note dell'antico commentatore Bhāskara, le persone di bassa casta<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> che l'avessero ascoltata avrebbero subito la stessa sorte di coloro che avessero ascoltato le <i>Upaniṣad</i> senza averne la qualifica: gli sarebbe stato versato del piombo fuso nelle orecchie. Questo spiega la ragione per cui le <i>Upaniṣad</i> non furono mai messe per iscritto ma sempre trasmesse per via orale solo a persone che erano autorizzate a riceverne gli insegnamenti. </p><p>Le <i>Upaniṣad</i> sono, dunque, commentari "segreti" (<i>rahasya</i>) dei <i><a href="/wiki/Veda" title="Veda">Veda</a></i>, nonché loro 'fine', nel senso di completamento dell'insegnamento vedico; per questo motivo sono anche conosciuti come <i><a href="/wiki/Ved%C4%81nta" title="Vedānta">Vedānta</a></i> (Fine dei Veda) e sono alla base del pensiero religioso indiano che attraverso il <a href="/wiki/Brahmanesimo" class="mw-redirect" title="Brahmanesimo">Brahmanesimo</a> giungerà, nella nostra era, a costituire quel complesso di dottrine e pratiche che va sotto il nome di <a href="/wiki/Induismo" title="Induismo">Induismo</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Origine_e_funzione_delle_Upaniṣad"><span id="Origine_e_funzione_delle_Upani.E1.B9.A3ad"></span>Origine e funzione delle <i>Upaniṣad</i></h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Upani%E1%B9%A3ad&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Modifica la sezione Origine e funzione delle Upaniṣad" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Upani%E1%B9%A3ad&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section's source code: Origine e funzione delle Upaniṣad"><span>modifica wikitesto</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>La maggior parte degli studiosi contemporanei<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> ritiene l'avvio della loro composizione a partire dal IX-VIII secolo a.C. </p><p>Le <i>Upaniṣad</i> fungono da commentari o estensioni rispettivamente di ognuno dei quattro <i><a href="/wiki/Veda" title="Veda">Veda</a></i> (<i>Ṛgveda</i>, <i>Sāmaveda</i>, <i>Yajurveda</i> e <i>Atharvaveda</i>) e unitamente ai <i><a href="/wiki/Veda" title="Veda">Veda</a></i>, ai <i><a href="/wiki/Br%C4%81hma%E1%B9%87a" title="Brāhmaṇa">Brāhmaṇa</a></i> e agli <i> <a href="/wiki/%C4%80ra%E1%B9%87yaka" title="Āraṇyaka">Āraṇyaka</a></i> rappresentano, secondo la tradizione induista, la cosiddetta <i><a href="/wiki/%C5%9Aruti" title="Śruti">Śruti</a></i> ovvero la sapienza per come è stata rivelata dall'Assoluto ai loro mistici cantori indicati come <i><a href="/wiki/%E1%B9%9A%E1%B9%A3i" title="Ṛṣi">ṛṣi</a></i> i quali si sarebbero limitati alla sua trasmissione orale. </p><p>La loro datazione è difficile e controversa, ma risultando opere comunque successive ai <i><a href="/wiki/Br%C4%81hma%E1%B9%87a" title="Brāhmaṇa">Brāhmaṇa</a></i>, la somiglianza nello stile e nei contenuti di alcune di queste può far stabilire con sufficiente contezza la loro collocazione temporale. Per questa ragione le <i>Upaniṣad</i> più antiche vengono indicate come <i>vediche</i>. </p><p>Tali <i>Upaniṣad</i> vediche si inseriscono nella tradizione degli <i><a href="/wiki/%C4%80ra%E1%B9%87yaka" title="Āraṇyaka">Āraṇyaka</a></i> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Le_Upaniṣad_vediche"><span id="Le_Upani.E1.B9.A3ad_vediche"></span>Le <i>Upaniṣad</i> vediche</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Upani%E1%B9%A3ad&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Modifica la sezione Le Upaniṣad vediche" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Upani%E1%B9%A3ad&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section's source code: Le Upaniṣad vediche"><span>modifica wikitesto</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Le <i>Upaniṣad</i> più antiche, altrimenti dette "vediche", risultano essere quattordici<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>: </p> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/B%E1%B9%9Bhad%C4%81ra%E1%B9%87yaka_Upani%E1%B9%A3ad" title="Bṛhadāraṇyaka Upaniṣad">Bṛhadāraṇyaka Upaniṣad</a></i> collegata al <i>Sukla Yajurveda</i>.</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ch%C4%81ndogya_Upani%E1%B9%A3ad" title="Chāndogya Upaniṣad">Chāndogya Upaniṣad</a></i> collegata al <i>Sāmaveda</i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Aitareya_Upani%E1%B9%A3ad" title="Aitareya Upaniṣad">Aitareya Upaniṣad</a></i> collegata al <i>Ṛgveda</i>.</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Taittir%C4%ABya_Upani%E1%B9%A3ad" title="Taittirīya Upaniṣad">Taittirīya Upaniṣad</a></i> collegata al <i>Kṛṣṇa Yajurveda</i>.</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kau%E1%B9%A3itak%C4%AB_Upani%E1%B9%A3ad&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kauṣitakī Upaniṣad (la pagina non esiste)">Kauṣitakī Upaniṣad</a></i> collegata al <i>Ṛgveda</i>.</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kena_Upani%E1%B9%A3ad&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kena Upaniṣad (la pagina non esiste)">Kena Upaniṣad</a></i> collegata al <i>Sāmaveda</i>.</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/%C4%AA%E1%B9%A3a_Upani%E1%B9%A3ad" title="Īṣa Upaniṣad">Īṣa Upaniṣad</a></i> collegata al <i>Sukla Yajurveda</i>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katha_Upanishad" title="Katha Upanishad"><i>Kaṭha Upaniṣad</i></a> o <i>Kaṭhaka Upaniṣad</i> collegata al <i>Kṛṣṇa Yajurveda</i>.</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/%C5%9Avet%C4%81%C5%9Bvatara_Upani%E1%B9%A3ad" title="Śvetāśvatara Upaniṣad">Śvetāśvatara Upaniṣad</a></i> collegata al <i>Kṛṣṇa Yajurveda</i>.</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pra%C5%9Bna_Upani%E1%B9%A3ad&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Praśna Upaniṣad (la pagina non esiste)">Praśna Upaniṣad</a></i> collegata all'<i>Atharvaveda</i>.</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mu%E1%B9%87%E1%B8%8Daka_Upani%E1%B9%A3ad" title="Muṇḍaka Upaniṣad">Muṇḍaka Upaniṣad</a></i> collegata all'<i>Atharvaveda</i>.</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mah%C4%81n%C4%81r%C4%81ya%E1%B9%87a_Upani%E1%B9%A3ad&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mahānārāyaṇa Upaniṣad (la pagina non esiste)">Mahānārāyaṇa Upaniṣad</a></i> collegata all'<i>Atharvaveda</i>.</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/M%C4%81%E1%B9%87%E1%B8%8D%C5%ABkya_Upani%E1%B9%A3ad" title="Māṇḍūkya Upaniṣad">Māṇḍūkya Upaniṣad</a></i> collegata all'<i>Atharvaveda</i>.</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Maitr%C4%AB_Upani%E1%B9%A3ad&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Maitrī Upaniṣad (la pagina non esiste)">Maitrī Upaniṣad</a></i> o <i>Maitrāyaṇīa Upaniṣad</i> collegata al <i>Kṛṣṇa Yajurveda</i>.</li></ul> <p>Le differenti tradizioni induiste forniscono elencazioni diverse che vanno da dieci a diciotto opere. </p><p><a href="/w/index.php?title=William_K._Mahony&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="William K. Mahony (la pagina non esiste)">William K. Mahony</a><sup id="cite_ref-Op._cit._6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Op._cit.-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>, facendo riferimento alle analisi <a href="/wiki/Filologia" title="Filologia">filologiche</a> sui testi, evidenzia tra queste tre raggruppamenti cronologici: </p> <ol><li>Le <i>Upaniṣad</i> più antiche, risalenti al IX-VII secolo a.C., risulterebbero <i>Bṛhadāraṇyaka</i>, <i>Chāndogya</i>, <i>Aitareya</i>, <i>Taittirīya</i> e <i>Kauṣitakī</i>, nonché le parti in prosa della <i>Kena</i>. Queste <i>Upaniṣad</i> o parti di esse sarebbero quindi precedenti alla fondazione del <a href="/wiki/Buddhismo" class="mw-redirect" title="Buddhismo">Buddhismo</a>. <i>Bṛhadāraṇyaka</i> e <i>Chāndogya</i> risulterebbero inoltre le più antiche in assoluto, la <i>Kena</i> la più recente tra queste. Il loro stile, <a href="/wiki/Allegoria" title="Allegoria">allegorico</a> è simile agli <i><a href="/wiki/%C4%80ra%E1%B9%87yaka" title="Āraṇyaka">Āraṇyaka</a></i> e fungono da supporto <a href="/wiki/Teologia" title="Teologia">teologico</a> e filosofico delle <i>Upaniṣad</i> successive.</li> <li><i>Kaṭha</i>, <i>Īṣa </i>, <i>Śvetāśvatara</i>, <i>Muṇḍaka</i>, <i>Mahānārāyaṇa</i>, nonché le parti metriche della <i>Kena</i>, sono riferibili al VI-V secolo a.C. Queste <i>Upaniṣad</i> iniziano a manifestare delle divisioni scolastiche e marcano un uso meno frequente delle <a href="/wiki/Metafora" title="Metafora">metafore</a>.</li> <li><i>Praśna</i>, <i>Maitrī</i>, <i>Māṇḍūkya</i>, ma anche le <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pai%E1%B9%85gala_Upani%E1%B9%A3ad&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Paiṅgala Upaniṣad (la pagina non esiste)">Paiṅgala Upaniṣad</a></i> e <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=J%C4%81b%C4%81la_Upani%E1%B9%A3ad&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jābāla Upaniṣad (la pagina non esiste)">Jābāla Upaniṣad</a></i>, risultano essere più tarde in quanto composte in un <a href="/wiki/Sanscrito" class="mw-redirect" title="Sanscrito">sanscrito</a> che somiglia più al <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sanscrito_classico&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sanscrito classico (la pagina non esiste)">sanscrito classico</a> che a quello <a href="/wiki/Sanscrito_vedico" title="Sanscrito vedico">vedico</a>. È probabile che apparvero all'inizio del IV secolo a.C., anche se la loro datazione è piuttosto incerta.</li></ol> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Le_dottrine_delle_Upaniṣad_vediche"><span id="Le_dottrine_delle_Upani.E1.B9.A3ad_vediche"></span>Le dottrine delle <i>Upaniṣad</i> vediche</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Upani%E1%B9%A3ad&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Modifica la sezione Le dottrine delle Upaniṣad vediche" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Upani%E1%B9%A3ad&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section's source code: Le dottrine delle Upaniṣad vediche"><span>modifica wikitesto</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Le dottrine esposte nelle <i>Upaniṣad</i> non rappresentano un pensiero filosofico o religioso organizzato quanto piuttosto un approfondimento delle concezioni vediche. </p><p>Così, se nel <i> <a href="/wiki/%E1%B9%9Agveda" title="Ṛgveda">Ṛgveda</a></i> viene suggerita una unità sottostante alle divinità (<i><a href="/wiki/Deva" title="Deva">Deva</a></i>): </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r139517313">.mw-parser-output .itwiki-template-citazione{margin-bottom:.5em;font-size:95%;padding-left:2.4em;padding-right:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .itwiki-template-citazione-doppia{display:flex;gap:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .itwiki-template-citazione-doppia>div{width:0;flex:1 1 0}.mw-parser-output .itwiki-template-citazione-footer{padding:0 1.2em 0 0;margin:0}</style><div class="itwiki-template-citazione"> <div class="itwiki-template-citazione-doppia"> <div>(<span style="font-weight:bolder; font-size:80%"><abbr title="sanscrito">SA</abbr></span>) <p>«indraṃ mitraṃ varuṇamaghnimāhuratho divyaḥ sa suparṇo gharutmān ekaṃ sad viprā bahudhā vadantyaghniṃ yamaṃ mātariśvānamāhuḥ» </p> </div> <div>(<span style="font-weight:bolder; font-size:80%"><abbr title="italiano">IT</abbr></span>) <p>«Indra, Mitra, Varuṇa, Agni lo hanno chiamato e anche divino Garútman dalle meravigliose ali, una unica Realtà i saggi in modo molteplice invocano, Agni, Yama, Mātariśvān lo hanno chiamato» </p> </div></div><p class="itwiki-template-citazione-footer">(<small><i>Ṛgveda</i>, I, 164,46</small>)</p></div> <p>e nel <i>Samāvidhāna <a href="/wiki/Br%C4%81hma%E1%B9%87a" title="Brāhmaṇa">Brāhmaṇa</a></i> (I,1,3) tale unità è indicata nel <i><a href="/wiki/Brahman" title="Brahman">Brahman</a></i>: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r139517313"><div class="itwiki-template-citazione"> <div class="itwiki-template-citazione-doppia"> <div>(<span style="font-weight:bolder; font-size:80%"><abbr title="sanscrito">SA</abbr></span>) <p>«brahma ha vā idam agra āsīt tasya tejoraso 'tyaricyata sa brahmā samabhavat sa tūṣṇīṃ manasādhyāyat tasya yan mana āsīt sa Prajāpatir abhavat» </p> </div> <div>(<span style="font-weight:bolder; font-size:80%"><abbr title="italiano">IT</abbr></span>) <p>«In origine vi era il Brahman soltanto; poiché il succo della sua forza si espandeva, divenne Brahmā. Brahmā meditò in silenzio con la mente e la sua mente divenne Prajāpati» </p> </div></div><p class="itwiki-template-citazione-footer">(<small><i>Samāvidhāna Brāhmaṇa</i> (I,1,3)</small>)</p></div> <p>per la <i><a href="/wiki/B%E1%B9%9Bhad%C4%81ra%E1%B9%87yaka_Upani%E1%B9%A3ad" title="Bṛhadāraṇyaka Upaniṣad">Bṛhadāraṇyaka Upaniṣad</a></i> occorre comprendere che non vi è differenza non solo tra gli Dei ma anche tra gli Dei, gli uomini e il Tutto: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r139517313"><div class="itwiki-template-citazione"> <div class="itwiki-template-citazione-doppia"> <div>(<span style="font-weight:bolder; font-size:80%"><abbr title="sanscrito">SA</abbr></span>) <p>«brahma vā idam agra āsīt tad ātmānam evāvet ahaṃ brahmāsmīti tasmāt tat sarvam abhavat tad yo yo devānāṃ pratyabudhyata sa eva tad abhavat tatharṣīnām tathā manuṣyāṇām tad dhaitat paśyann ṛṣir vāmadevaḥ pratipede 'haṃ manur abhavaṃ sūryaś ceti tad idam apy etarhi ya evaṃ vedāhaṃ brahmāsmīti sa idaṃ sarvaṃ bhavati tasya ha na devāś canābhūtyā īśate ātmā hy eṣāṃ sa bhavati atha yo 'nyāṃ devatām upāste 'nyo 'sāv anyo 'ham asmīti na sa veda yathā paśur evaṃ sa devānām yathā ha vai bahavaḥ paśavo manuṣyaṃ bhuñjyur evam ekaikaḥ puruṣo devān bhunakti ekasminn eva paśāv ādīyamāne 'priyaṃ bhavati kim u bahuṣu tasmād eṣāṃ tan na yaṃ yad etan manuṣyā vidyuḥ» </p> </div> <div>(<span style="font-weight:bolder; font-size:80%"><abbr title="italiano">IT</abbr></span>) <p>«In verità all'inizio questo universo era unicamente Brahman, questi conobbe sé stesso "Io sono Brahman" ed esso era Tutto. Così gli Dei (<i>deva</i>) che si svegliavano a tale pensiero (<i>pratyabudhyata</i>) diventarono anche loro <i>Brahman</i> così per i <i><a href="/wiki/%E1%B9%9A%E1%B9%A3i" title="Ṛṣi">ṛṣi</a></i> e per gli uomini (<i>manuṣyā</i>). Comprendendo ciò il <i><a href="/wiki/%E1%B9%9A%E1%B9%A3i" title="Ṛṣi">ṛṣi</a></i> <a href="/w/index.php?title=V%C4%81madeva&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Vāmadeva (la pagina non esiste)">Vāmadeva</a> affermò: "Io fui Manu io fui il Sole (<i>Sūrya</i>)". E colui che ancora oggi comprende: "Io sono il <i>Brahman</i>" costui è il Tutto e neppure gli Dei possono impedirglielo, in quanto diventa il Sé (<i>atman</i>) di loro stessi. Quello che venera una divinità ritenendo che essa sia altra da sé "Altri è Dio, altri sono io" quello non sa. Per gli Dei è come una bestia. Così come le bestie nutrono gli uomini, gli uomini nutrono<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> gli Dei. Come perdere un animale è cosa sgradevole, più grave è perderne molti. Per questa ragione non piace agli Dei che gli uomini conoscano questo» </p> </div></div><p class="itwiki-template-citazione-footer">(<small><i><a href="/wiki/B%E1%B9%9Bhad%C4%81ra%E1%B9%87yaka_Upani%E1%B9%A3ad" title="Bṛhadāraṇyaka Upaniṣad">Bṛhadāraṇyaka Upaniṣad</a></i> I, 4, 10</small>)</p></div> <p>Su questo <a href="/wiki/Gianluca_Magi" title="Gianluca Magi">Gianluca Magi</a><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> chiosa: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r139517313"><div class="itwiki-template-citazione"> <div class="itwiki-template-citazione-singola"> <p>«Il problema filosofico fondamentale delle <i>Upaniṣad</i>, al quale tutti gli altri possono essere considerati subordinati, è quello della vera natura di ciò che esiste. I pensatori delle <i>Upaniṣad</i> considerano che dietro ogni manifestazione, di qualunque natura essa sia, si debba trovare un fondamento autoesistente e incondizionato, un principio che viene chiamato appunto <i>brahman</i>» </p> </div></div> <p>Nella <i><a href="/wiki/Ch%C4%81ndogya_Upani%E1%B9%A3ad" title="Chāndogya Upaniṣad">Chāndogya Upaniṣad</a></i> con tale principio assoluto viene identificato anche ogni principio individuale, l'<i><a href="/wiki/%C4%80tman" title="Ātman">ātman</a></i>: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r139517313"><div class="itwiki-template-citazione"> <div class="itwiki-template-citazione-doppia"> <div>(<span style="font-weight:bolder; font-size:80%"><abbr title="sanscrito">SA</abbr></span>) <p>«tasya kva mūlaṃ syād anyatrādbhyaḥ adbhiḥ somya śuṅgena tejo mūlam anviccha tejasā somya śuṅgena sanmūlam anviccha sanmūlāḥ somyemāḥ sarvāḥ prajāḥ sad āyatanāḥ satpratiṣṭhāḥ yathā nu khalu somyemās tisro devatāḥ puruṣaṃ prāpya trivṛt trivṛd ekaikā bhavati tad uktaṃ purastād eva bhavati asya somya puruṣasya prayato vāṅ manasi saṃpadyate manaḥ prāṇe prāṇas tejasi tejaḥ parasyāṃ devatāyām sa ya eṣo 'ṇimaitad ātmyam idaṃ sarvam tat satyam sa ātmā tat tvam asi śvetaketo iti bhūya eva mā bhagavān vijñāpayatv iti tathā somyeti hovāca» </p> </div> <div>(<span style="font-weight:bolder; font-size:80%"><abbr title="italiano">IT</abbr></span>) <p>«"E, dove risiederà la radice del corpo se non nell'acqua? Analogamente se riteniamo il germoglio l'acqua, figlio mio, il calore (<i>tejas</i>) sarà la sua radice. Se consideriamo il calore un germoglio l'essere (<i>sat</i>) sarà la radice. Tutti i viventi hanno le proprie radici nell'essere (<i>sat</i>), si basano sull'essere, si sostengono sull'essere. Ora mio caro ti è stato detto come queste tre divinità pervenute nell'uomo siano divenute triplici. Quando un uomo muore, mio caro, la parola rientra nella mente, la sua mente rientra nel soffio vitale, il soffio vitale rientra nel calore e questi rientra nella suprema divinità. Qualunque sia questa essenza sottile, tutto l'universo è costituito di essa, essa è la realtà di tutto, essa è l'<i>Ātman</i>. Quello sei tu (<i>Tat tvam Asi</i>) o Śvetaketu!". "Continua il tuo insegnamento o signore!". "Bene, mio caro" gli rispose.» </p> </div></div><p class="itwiki-template-citazione-footer">(<small><i><a href="/wiki/Ch%C4%81ndogya_Upani%E1%B9%A3ad" title="Chāndogya Upaniṣad">Chāndogya Upaniṣad</a></i> VI, 8, 6-7</small>)</p></div> <p>In questo brano è enunciata una delle grandi frasi (<i>mahāvākya</i>): <i>Tat tvam Asi</i>, "Quello sei Tu", <a href="/wiki/Gianluca_Magi" title="Gianluca Magi">Gianluca Magi</a><sup id="cite_ref-Op._cit._6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Op._cit.-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> nota: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r139517313"><div class="itwiki-template-citazione"> <div class="itwiki-template-citazione-singola"> <p>«Il principio della verità ultima è quello per cui l'identico, il principio universale (<i>tat</i>, "quello", che rappresenta il <i>brahman</i>) si manifesta apparentemente come differente (<i>tvam asi</i>, "sei tu", che rappresenta l'<i>atman</i>, l'aspetto individuale e soggettivo del <i>brahman</i>) pur mantenendosi identico in se stesso» </p> </div><p class="itwiki-template-citazione-footer">(<small>Gianluca Magi. <i>Op. cit.</i> pag. 11934</small>)</p></div> <p>Altra dottrina fondamentale che emerge, per la prima volta, dalle <i>Upaniṣad</i> è quella del <i><a href="/wiki/Karman" class="mw-redirect" title="Karman">karman</a></i>, la dottrina della rinascita, e della conseguente dottrina del <i><a href="/wiki/Sa%E1%B9%83s%C4%81ra" title="Saṃsāra">Saṃsāra</a></i>, il ciclo di vita, morte e rinascita<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r139517313"><div class="itwiki-template-citazione"> <div class="itwiki-template-citazione-doppia"> <div>(<span style="font-weight:bolder; font-size:80%"><abbr title="sanscrito">SA</abbr></span>) <p>«atha ye yajñena dānena tapasā lokāñ jayanti te dhūmam abhisaṃbhavanti dhūmād rātrim rātrer pakṣīyamāṇapakṣam apakṣīyamāṇapakṣād yān ṣaṇ māsān dakṣiṇāditya eti māsebhyaḥ pitṛlokam pitṛlokāc candram te candraṃ prāpyānnaṃ bhavanti tāṃs tatra devā yathā somaṃ rājānam āpyāyasvāpakṣīyasvety evam enāṃs tatra bhakṣayanti teṣāṃ yadā tat paryavaity athemam evākāśam abhiniṣpadyante ākāśād vāyum vāyor vṛṣṭim vṛṣṭeḥ pṛthivīm te pṛthivīṃ prāpyānnaṃ bhavanti te punaḥ puruṣāgnau hūyante tato yoṣāgnau jāyante lokān pratyuthāyinas ta evam evānuparivartante atha ya etau panthānau na vidus te kīṭāḥ pataṅgā yad idaṃ dandaśūkam» </p> </div> <div>(<span style="font-weight:bolder; font-size:80%"><abbr title="italiano">IT</abbr></span>) <p>«Coloro che conquistano i mondi celesti con il sacrificio, l'elemosina, l'ascesi, costoro entrano nel fumo, dal fumo [passano] nella notte, dalla notte nella quindicina della luna calante, dalla quindicina della luna calante nel semestre in cui il sole si muove verso il Sud, da questo semestre nel "mondo dei Mani, dal mondo dei Mani nella luna. Giunti che siano alla luna, essi diventano nutrimento e gli dei quivi se ne cibano come si cibano della luna con le parole "Accresciti, riduciti!". Poiché questa [sosta] è per essi terminata, allora ritornano nello spazio, dallo spazio passano nel vento, dal vento nella pioggia, dalla pioggia sulla terra. Giunti che siano sulla terra, diventano cibo e di nuovo sono sacrificati in quel fuoco che è l'uomo e rinascono in quel fuoco che è la donna. Giungendo ai diversi mondi, continuano così il loro ciclo. Ma coloro che non conoscono queste due vie, rinascono come vermi, insetti e tutte le specie che mordono» </p> </div></div><p class="itwiki-template-citazione-footer">(<small><i><a href="/wiki/B%E1%B9%9Bhad%C4%81ra%E1%B9%87yaka_Upani%E1%B9%A3ad" title="Bṛhadāraṇyaka Upaniṣad">Bṛhadāraṇyaka Upaniṣad</a></i>. VI, 2, 16</small>)</p></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Le_Upaniṣad_posteriori"><span id="Le_Upani.E1.B9.A3ad_posteriori"></span>Le <i>Upaniṣad</i> posteriori</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Upani%E1%B9%A3ad&veaction=edit&section=4" title="Modifica la sezione Le Upaniṣad posteriori" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Upani%E1%B9%A3ad&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section's source code: Le Upaniṣad posteriori"><span>modifica wikitesto</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In aggiunta alle <i>Upaniṣad</i> vediche vengono elencate delle <i>Upaniṣad</i> considerate posteriori in quanto di epoca medievale e non riconosciute universalmente come <i><a href="/wiki/%C5%9Aruti" title="Śruti">Śruti</a></i>. L'importanza di queste <i>Upaniṣad</i> posteriori è collegata direttamente alla scuola o comunità <a href="/wiki/Induismo" title="Induismo">hindū</a> che se ne fa propugnatrice, prevalendo a volte in questi casi, come fondamento religioso, persino su quelle "vediche". </p><p>La maggioranza di queste <i>Upaniṣad</i> è composta in <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sanscrito_classico&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sanscrito classico (la pagina non esiste)">sanscrito classico</a> ed è collegata all'<i><a href="/wiki/Atharvaveda" title="Atharvaveda">Atharvaveda</a></i>, risentendo l'influenza o della filosofia <i><a href="/wiki/S%C4%81%E1%B9%83khya" title="Sāṃkhya">sāṃkhya</a></i>, o di quella di indirizzo <i><a href="/wiki/Yoga" title="Yoga">yogico</a></i>, o delle dottrine <a href="/wiki/Teismo" title="Teismo">teistiche</a> ad esempio <i>śivaite</i> o <i>viṣnuite</i>. </p><p><a href="/w/index.php?title=William_K._Mahony&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="William K. Mahony (la pagina non esiste)">William K. Mahony</a><sup id="cite_ref-Op._cit._6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Op._cit.-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> procede a differenziarle, secondo la loro natura e secondo gli indirizzi tradizionali, in sei gruppi principali: </p> <ul><li><i>Upaniṣad</i> del <a href="/wiki/Ved%C4%81nta" title="Vedānta">Vedānta</a>. Sono circa una trentina <i>Upaniṣad</i> che rispecchiano come stile e dottrine le <i>Upaniṣad</i> vediche, senza addentrarsi in analisi di tipo scolastico, non sono considerate "vediche" in quanto non compaiono nei commentari tradizionali. Tra queste: la <i>Muktitka</i>, <i>Garba</i>, <i>Ātman</i>, <i>Ādhyatman</i>, <i>Brahmā</i>, <i>Piṇḍa</i>.</li> <li><i>Upaniṣad</i> dello <a href="/wiki/Yoga" title="Yoga">Yoga</a>. Riflettono pratiche ascetiche tipiche degli ambienti <i><a href="/wiki/Yoga" title="Yoga">yogici</a></i> dove sono state elaborate. Centrale è la pratica meditativa sulla sacra sillaba <i><a href="/wiki/O%E1%B9%83" class="mw-redirect" title="Oṃ">Oṃ</a></i>. Tra queste: <i>Yogattatva</i>, <i>Yogakuṇdalī</i>, <i>Amṛtabindhu</i>, <i>Dhyanabhindu</i>, <i>Sāndilya</i>, <i>Varāha</i>.</li> <li><i>Upaniṣad</i> <a href="/wiki/Sa%E1%B9%83ny%C4%81sa" title="Saṃnyāsa">Saṃnyāsa</a>. Sono <i>Upaniṣad</i> dei <i><a href="/wiki/Sa%E1%B9%83ny%C4%81sa" title="Saṃnyāsa">saṃnyāsa</a></i>, gli asceti rinuncianti. Hanno come obiettivo il distacco dal <i><a href="/wiki/Sa%E1%B9%83s%C4%81ra" title="Saṃsāra">saṃsāra</a></i> e, tra le altre, elencano: <i>Saṃnyāsa</i>, <i>Aśrama</i>, <i>Nāradaparivrājaka</i>, <i>Paramahaṃsa</i>.</li> <li><i>Upaniṣad</i> <a href="/wiki/Mantra" title="Mantra">Mantra</a>. Sono <i>Upaniṣad</i> 'esoteriche' che hanno come oggetto le sillabe e i suoni, tra queste: <i>Tārasāra</i>, <i>Kalisaṃtaraṇa </i>, <i>Nārāyaṇa</i>.</li> <li><i>Upaniṣad</i> <a href="/wiki/Shivaismo" class="mw-redirect" title="Shivaismo">śivaite</a>. Ispiratrice di queste <i>Upaniṣad</i> potrebbe essere la vedica <i><a href="/wiki/%C5%9Avet%C4%81%C5%9Bvatara_Upani%E1%B9%A3ad" title="Śvetāśvatara Upaniṣad">Śvetāśvatara Upaniṣad</a></i> con il ruolo importante affidato a <a href="/wiki/Rudra" title="Rudra">Rudra</a>, divinita vedica precursore di <a href="/wiki/%C5%9Aiva" class="mw-redirect" title="Śiva">Śiva</a>. In queste <i>Upaniṣad</i>, Śiva viene identificato come espressione del Sé (<i><a href="/wiki/%C4%80tman" title="Ātman">ātman</a></i>). Tra queste: <i>Kaivalya</i>, <i>Nīlarudra</i>, <i>Kālāgnirudra</i>.</li> <li><i>Upaniṣad</i> <a href="/wiki/Vaishnavismo" class="mw-redirect" title="Vaishnavismo">viṣnuite</a>. Ispiratrice, secondo la tradizione, di queste <i>Upaniṣad</i> è la vedica <i><a href="/wiki/%C4%AA%E1%B9%A3a_Upani%E1%B9%A3ad" title="Īṣa Upaniṣad">Īṣa Upaniṣad</a></i>. In queste <i>Upaniṣad</i> <a href="/wiki/Visn%C3%B9" title="Visnù">Visnù</a> viene identificato come espressione del Sé (<i><a href="/wiki/%C4%80tman" title="Ātman">ātman</a></i>). Tra queste: <i>Maha</i>, <i>Nṛsimhapūrvatāpanīya</i>, <i> Rāmapūrvatāpanīya</i>, <i>Nṛsimhottarātpaīya</i>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Le_108_Upaniṣad_elencati_nella_Muktikā_Upaniṣad"><span id="Le_108_Upani.E1.B9.A3ad_elencati_nella_Muktik.C4.81_Upani.E1.B9.A3ad"></span>Le 108 <i>Upaniṣad</i> elencati nella <i>Muktikā Upaniṣad</i></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Upani%E1%B9%A3ad&veaction=edit&section=5" title="Modifica la sezione Le 108 Upaniṣad elencati nella Muktikā Upaniṣad" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Upani%E1%B9%A3ad&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section's source code: Le 108 Upaniṣad elencati nella Muktikā Upaniṣad"><span>modifica wikitesto</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Nei primi versi (I,30-39) di una <i>Upaniṣad</i> medievale, la <i>Muktikā Upaniṣad</i>, vengono elencate 108 ''<i>Upaniṣad</i> divenute 'tradizionali' secondo le scuole <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Advaite&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Advaite (la pagina non esiste)">advaite</a></i>. Esse sono tradizionalmente catalogate come: </p> <ul><li>Genere <i>mukhya</i>: termine <a href="/wiki/Sanscrito" class="mw-redirect" title="Sanscrito">sanscrito</a> traducibile con "inizio", "guida", "principale", indica le <i>Upaniṣad</i> vediche.</li> <li>Genere <i><a href="/wiki/Ved%C4%81nta" title="Vedānta">vedānta</a></i>: termine che indica, in questo caso, l'omonima scuola filosofica e religiosa. Sono piuttosto legate alle <i>Upaniṣad</i> vediche conservando poco o nulla degli insegnamenti propri delle scuole successive.</li> <li>Genere <i><a href="/wiki/Sa%E1%B9%83ny%C4%81sa" title="Saṃnyāsa">saṃnyāsa</a></i>: sono <i>Upaniṣad</i> che esaltano la vita dell'asceta (<i>saṃnyāsa</i>) promuovendone i principi e le tecniche di liberazione.</li> <li>Genere <i>śakta</i>: sono relative alle scuole di tradizione <i><a href="/wiki/%C5%9Aakti" title="Śakti">śakta</a></i>.</li> <li>Genere <i>śivaite</i>: sono relative alle scuole di tradizione <i><a href="/wiki/%C5%9Aivaismo" class="mw-redirect" title="Śivaismo">śivaita</a></i>.</li> <li>Genere <i>viṣnuite</i>: sono relative alle scuole di tradizione <i><a href="/wiki/Vi%E1%B9%A3%E1%B9%87uismo" class="mw-redirect" title="Viṣṇuismo">viṣnuita</a></i>.</li></ul> <table> <tbody><tr> <td valign="top"> <ul><li>1) <i><a href="/wiki/%C4%AA%E1%B9%A3a_Upani%E1%B9%A3ad" title="Īṣa Upaniṣad">Īṣa</a></i> (collegata al ‘‘Sukla Yajurveda’’, genere ‘‘mukhya’’)</li> <li>2) <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kena_Upani%E1%B9%A3ad&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kena Upaniṣad (la pagina non esiste)">Kena</a></i> (collegata al ‘‘Sāmaveda’’, genere ‘‘mukhya’’)</li> <li>3) <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ka%E1%B9%ADha_Upani%E1%B9%A3ad&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kaṭha Upaniṣad (la pagina non esiste)">Kaṭha</a></i> (collegata al ‘‘Kṛṣṇa Yajurveda’’, genere ‘‘mukhya’’)</li> <li>4) <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pra%C5%9Bna_Upani%E1%B9%A3ad&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Praśna Upaniṣad (la pagina non esiste)">Praśna</a></i> (collegata all'‘‘ Atharvaveda'’, genere ‘‘mukhya’’)</li> <li>5) <i><a href="/wiki/Mu%E1%B9%87%E1%B8%8Daka_Upani%E1%B9%A3ad" title="Muṇḍaka Upaniṣad">Muṇḍaka</a></i> (collegata all'‘‘ Atharvaveda'’, genere ‘‘mukhya’’)</li> <li>6) <i><a href="/wiki/M%C4%81%E1%B9%87%E1%B8%8D%C5%ABkya_Upani%E1%B9%A3ad" title="Māṇḍūkya Upaniṣad">Māṇḍūkya</a></i> (collegata all'‘‘ Atharvaveda'’, genere ‘‘mukhya’’)</li> <li>7) <i><a href="/wiki/Taittir%C4%ABya_Upani%E1%B9%A3ad" title="Taittirīya Upaniṣad">Taittirīya</a></i> (collegata al ‘‘Kṛṣṇa Yajurveda’’, genere ‘‘mukhya’’)</li> <li>8) <i><a href="/wiki/Aitareya_Upani%E1%B9%A3ad" title="Aitareya Upaniṣad">Aitareya</a></i> (collegata al ‘‘Ṛgveda'’ genere ‘‘mukhya’’)</li> <li>9) <i><a href="/wiki/Ch%C4%81ndogya_Upani%E1%B9%A3ad" title="Chāndogya Upaniṣad">Chāndogya</a></i> (collegata al ‘‘Sāmaveda’’, genere ‘‘mukhya’’)</li> <li>10) <i><a href="/wiki/B%E1%B9%9Bhad%C4%81ra%E1%B9%87yaka_Upani%E1%B9%A3ad" title="Bṛhadāraṇyaka Upaniṣad">Bṛhadāraṇyaka</a></i> (collegata al ‘‘Sukla Yajurveda’’, genere ‘‘mukhya’’)</li> <li>11) <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Brahma_Upani%E1%B9%A3ad&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Brahma Upaniṣad (la pagina non esiste)">Brahma</a></i> (collegata al ‘‘Kṛṣṇa Yajurveda’’, genere ‘‘Saṃnyāsa’’)</li> <li>12) <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kaivalya_Upani%E1%B9%A3ad&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kaivalya Upaniṣad (la pagina non esiste)">Kaivalya</a></i> (collegata al ‘‘Kṛṣṇa Yajurveda’’, genere ‘‘śivaite'’)</li> <li>13) <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=J%C4%81b%C4%81la_Upani%E1%B9%A3ad&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jābāla Upaniṣad (la pagina non esiste)">Jābāla</a></i> (collegata al ‘‘Sukla Yajurveda’’, genere ‘‘Saṃnyāsa’’)</li> <li>14) <i><a href="/wiki/%C5%9Avet%C4%81%C5%9Bvatara_Upani%E1%B9%A3ad" title="Śvetāśvatara Upaniṣad">Śvetāśvatara</a></i> (collegata al ‘‘Kṛṣṇa Yajurveda’’, genere ‘‘Saṃnyāsa’’)</li> <li>15) <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ha%E1%B9%83sa_Upani%E1%B9%A3ad&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Haṃsa Upaniṣad (la pagina non esiste)">Haṃsa</a></i> (collegata al ‘‘Sukla Yajurveda’’, genere ‘‘Yoga’’)</li> <li>16) <i> <a href="/w/index.php?title=%C4%80ru%E1%B9%87ika_Upani%E1%B9%A3ad&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Āruṇika Upaniṣad (la pagina non esiste)">Āruṇika</a></i> (collegata al ‘‘Sāmaveda’’, genere ‘‘Saṃnyāsa’’)</li> <li>17) <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Garbha_Upani%E1%B9%A3ad&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Garbha Upaniṣad (la pagina non esiste)">Garbha</a></i> (collegata al ‘‘Kṛṣṇa Yajurveda’’, genere ‘‘Saṃnyāsa’’)</li> <li>18) <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=N%C4%81r%C4%81ya%E1%B9%87a_Upani%E1%B9%A3ad&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nārāyaṇa Upaniṣad (la pagina non esiste)">Nārāyaṇa</a></i> (collegata al ‘‘Kṛṣṇa Yajurveda’’, genere ‘‘viṣnuite’’)</li> <li>19) <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Paramaha%E1%B9%83sa_Upani%E1%B9%A3ad&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Paramahaṃsa Upaniṣad (la pagina non esiste)">Paramahaṃsa</a></i> (collegata al ‘‘Sukla Yajurveda’’, genere ‘‘Saṃnyāsa’’)</li> <li>20) <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Am%E1%B9%9Btabindu_Upani%E1%B9%A3ad&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Amṛtabindu Upaniṣad (la pagina non esiste)">Amṛtabindu</a></i> (collegata al ‘‘Kṛṣṇa Yajurveda’’, genere ‘‘Yoga’’)</li> <li>21) <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Am%E1%B9%9Btan%C4%81da_Upani%E1%B9%A3ad&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Amṛtanāda Upaniṣad (la pagina non esiste)">Amṛtanāda</a></i> (collegata al ‘‘Kṛṣṇa Yajurveda’’, genere ‘‘Yoga’’)</li> <li>22) <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Atharva%C5%9Biras_Upani%E1%B9%A3ad&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Atharvaśiras Upaniṣad (la pagina non esiste)">Atharvaśiras</a></i> (collegata all'‘‘ Atharvaveda'’, genere ‘‘śivaite'’)</li> <li>23) <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Atharva%C5%9Bikh%C4%81_Upani%E1%B9%A3ad&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Atharvaśikhā Upaniṣad (la pagina non esiste)">Atharvaśikhā</a></i> (collegata all'‘‘ Atharvaveda'’, genere ‘‘śivaite'’)</li> <li>24) <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Maitr%C4%81ya%E1%B9%87i_Upani%E1%B9%A3ad&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Maitrāyaṇi Upaniṣad (la pagina non esiste)">Maitrāyaṇi</a></i> (collegata al ‘‘Sāmaveda’’, genere ‘‘Saṃnyāsa’’)</li> <li>25) <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kau%C5%9B%C4%ABt%C4%81ki_Upani%E1%B9%A3ad&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kauśītāki Upaniṣad (la pagina non esiste)">Kauśītāki</a></i> (collegata al ‘‘Ṛgveda'’, genere ‘‘Vedānta’’)</li> <li>26) <i><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r107150125">.mw-parser-output .Unicode{font-family:TITUS Cyberbit Basic,Code2000,Doulos SIL,Chrysanthi Unicode,Bitstream Cyberbit,Bitstream CyberBase,Bitstream Vera,Thryomanes,Gentium,GentiumAlt,Visual Geez Unicode,Lucida Grande,Arial Unicode MS,Microsoft Sans Serif,Lucida Sans Unicode;font-family:inherit}</style><span class="Unicode" style="font-family:Antinoou, Code2000, Code2001, TITUS Cyberbit Basic, Doulos SIL, Chrysanthi Unicode, Arial Unicode MS, Bitstream Cyberbit, Bitstream Vera, Gentium, GentiumAlt, Lucida Sans Unicode, Noto Sans Mandaic, Penuturesu, Segoe UI Symbol; font-family :inherit;">Bṛhajjābāla</span></i> (collegata all'‘‘ Atharvaveda'’, genere ‘‘śivaite'’)</li> <li>27) <i><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r107150125"><span class="Unicode" style="font-family:Antinoou, Code2000, Code2001, TITUS Cyberbit Basic, Doulos SIL, Chrysanthi Unicode, Arial Unicode MS, Bitstream Cyberbit, Bitstream Vera, Gentium, GentiumAlt, Lucida Sans Unicode, Noto Sans Mandaic, Penuturesu, Segoe UI Symbol; font-family :inherit;">Nṛsiṃhatāpanī</span></i> (collegata all'‘‘ Atharvaveda'’, genere ‘‘viṣnuite’’)</li> <li>28) <i>Kālāgnirudra</i> (collegata al ‘‘Kṛṣṇa Yajurveda’’, genere ‘‘śivaite'’)</li> <li>29) <i>Maitreyi</i> (collegata al ‘‘Sāmaveda’’, genere ‘‘Saṃnyāsa’’)</li> <li>30) <i>Subāla</i> (collegata al ‘‘Sukla Yajurveda’’, genere ‘‘Vedānta’’)</li> <li>31) <i><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r107150125"><span class="Unicode" style="font-family:Antinoou, Code2000, Code2001, TITUS Cyberbit Basic, Doulos SIL, Chrysanthi Unicode, Arial Unicode MS, Bitstream Cyberbit, Bitstream Vera, Gentium, GentiumAlt, Lucida Sans Unicode, Noto Sans Mandaic, Penuturesu, Segoe UI Symbol; font-family :inherit;">Kṣurika</span></i> (collegata al ‘‘Kṛṣṇa Yajurveda’’, genere ‘‘Yoga’’)</li> <li>32) <i>Mantrika</i> (collegata al ‘‘Sukla Yajurveda’’, genere ‘‘Vedānta’’)</li> <li>33) <i>Sarvasāra</i> (collegata al ‘‘Kṛṣṇa Yajurveda’’, genere ‘‘Vedānta’’)</li> <li>34) <i>Nirālamba</i> (collegata al ‘‘Sukla Yajurveda’’, genere ‘‘Vedānta’’)</li> <li>35) <i>Śukarahasya</i> (collegata al ‘‘Kṛṣṇa Yajurveda’’, genere ‘‘Vedānta’’)</li> <li>36) <i>Vajrasūchi</i> (collegata al ‘‘Sāmaveda’’, genere ‘‘Vedānta’’)</li> <li>37) <i>Tejobindu</i> (collegata al ‘‘Kṛṣṇa Yajurveda’’, genere ‘‘Saṃnyāsa’’)</li> <li>38) <i>Nādabindu</i> (collegata al ‘‘Ṛgveda'’, genere ‘‘Yoga’’)</li> <li>39) <i>Dhyānabindu</i> (collegata al ‘‘Kṛṣṇa Yajurveda’’, genere ‘‘Yoga’’)</li> <li>40) <i>Brahmavidyā</i> (collegata al ‘‘Kṛṣṇa Yajurveda’’, genere ‘‘Yoga’’)</li> <li>41) <i>Yogatattva</i> (collegata al ‘‘Kṛṣṇa Yajurveda’’, genere ‘‘Yoga’’)</li> <li>42) <i>Ātmabodha</i> (collegata al ‘‘Ṛgveda'’, genere ‘‘Vedānta’’)</li> <li>43) <i>Parivrāt</i> (<i>Nāradaparivrājaka</i>) (collegata all'‘‘ Atharvaveda'’, genere ‘‘Saṃnyāsa’’)</li> <li>44) <i>Triśikhi</i> (collegata al ‘‘Sukla Yajurveda’’, genere ‘‘Yoga’’)</li> <li>45) <i>Sītā</i> (collegata all'‘‘ Atharvaveda'’, śakta)</li> <li>46) <i><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r107150125"><span class="Unicode" style="font-family:Antinoou, Code2000, Code2001, TITUS Cyberbit Basic, Doulos SIL, Chrysanthi Unicode, Arial Unicode MS, Bitstream Cyberbit, Bitstream Vera, Gentium, GentiumAlt, Lucida Sans Unicode, Noto Sans Mandaic, Penuturesu, Segoe UI Symbol; font-family :inherit;">Yogachūḍāmaṇi</span></i> (collegata al ‘‘Sāmaveda’’, genere ‘‘Yoga’’)</li> <li>47) <i><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r107150125"><span class="Unicode" style="font-family:Antinoou, Code2000, Code2001, TITUS Cyberbit Basic, Doulos SIL, Chrysanthi Unicode, Arial Unicode MS, Bitstream Cyberbit, Bitstream Vera, Gentium, GentiumAlt, Lucida Sans Unicode, Noto Sans Mandaic, Penuturesu, Segoe UI Symbol; font-family :inherit;">Nirvāṇa</span></i> (collegata al ‘‘Ṛgveda'’, genere ‘‘Saṃnyāsa’’)</li> <li>48) <i><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r107150125"><span class="Unicode" style="font-family:Antinoou, Code2000, Code2001, TITUS Cyberbit Basic, Doulos SIL, Chrysanthi Unicode, Arial Unicode MS, Bitstream Cyberbit, Bitstream Vera, Gentium, GentiumAlt, Lucida Sans Unicode, Noto Sans Mandaic, Penuturesu, Segoe UI Symbol; font-family :inherit;">Maṇḍalabrāhmaṇa</span></i> (collegata al ‘‘Sukla Yajurveda’’, genere ‘‘Yoga’’)</li> <li>49) <i><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r107150125"><span class="Unicode" style="font-family:Antinoou, Code2000, Code2001, TITUS Cyberbit Basic, Doulos SIL, Chrysanthi Unicode, Arial Unicode MS, Bitstream Cyberbit, Bitstream Vera, Gentium, GentiumAlt, Lucida Sans Unicode, Noto Sans Mandaic, Penuturesu, Segoe UI Symbol; font-family :inherit;">Dakṣiṇāmūrti</span></i> (collegata al ‘‘Kṛṣṇa Yajurveda’’, genere ‘‘śivaite'’)</li> <li>50) <i>Śarabha</i> (collegata all'‘‘ Atharvaveda'’, genere ‘‘śivaite'’)</li> <li>51) <i>Skanda</i> (<i><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r107150125"><span class="Unicode" style="font-family:Antinoou, Code2000, Code2001, TITUS Cyberbit Basic, Doulos SIL, Chrysanthi Unicode, Arial Unicode MS, Bitstream Cyberbit, Bitstream Vera, Gentium, GentiumAlt, Lucida Sans Unicode, Noto Sans Mandaic, Penuturesu, Segoe UI Symbol; font-family :inherit;">Tripāḍvibhūṭi</span></i>) (collegata al ‘‘Kṛṣṇa Yajurveda’’, genere ‘‘Vedānta’’)</li> <li>52) <i><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r107150125"><span class="Unicode" style="font-family:Antinoou, Code2000, Code2001, TITUS Cyberbit Basic, Doulos SIL, Chrysanthi Unicode, Arial Unicode MS, Bitstream Cyberbit, Bitstream Vera, Gentium, GentiumAlt, Lucida Sans Unicode, Noto Sans Mandaic, Penuturesu, Segoe UI Symbol; font-family :inherit;">Mahānārāyaṇa</span></i> (collegata all'‘‘ Atharvaveda'’, genere ‘‘viṣnuite’’)</li> <li>53) <i>Advayatāraka</i> (collegata al ‘‘Sukla Yajurveda’’, genere ‘‘Saṃnyāsa’’)</li> <li>54) <i>Rāmarahasya</i> (collegata all'‘‘ Atharvaveda'’, genere ‘‘viṣnuite’’)</li></ul> </td> <td valign="top"> <ul><li>55) <i><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r107150125"><span class="Unicode" style="font-family:Antinoou, Code2000, Code2001, TITUS Cyberbit Basic, Doulos SIL, Chrysanthi Unicode, Arial Unicode MS, Bitstream Cyberbit, Bitstream Vera, Gentium, GentiumAlt, Lucida Sans Unicode, Noto Sans Mandaic, Penuturesu, Segoe UI Symbol; font-family :inherit;">Rāmatāpaṇi</span></i> (collegata all'‘‘ Atharvaveda'’, genere ‘‘viṣnuite’’)</li> <li>56) <i>Vāsudeva</i> (collegata al ‘‘Sāmaveda’’, genere ‘‘viṣnuite’’)</li> <li>57) <i>Mudgala</i> (collegata al ‘‘Ṛgveda'’, genere ‘‘Vedānta’’)</li> <li>58) <i><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r107150125"><span class="Unicode" style="font-family:Antinoou, Code2000, Code2001, TITUS Cyberbit Basic, Doulos SIL, Chrysanthi Unicode, Arial Unicode MS, Bitstream Cyberbit, Bitstream Vera, Gentium, GentiumAlt, Lucida Sans Unicode, Noto Sans Mandaic, Penuturesu, Segoe UI Symbol; font-family :inherit;">Śāṇḍilya</span></i> (collegata all'‘‘ Atharvaveda'’, genere ‘‘Yoga’’)</li> <li>59) <i><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r107150125"><span class="Unicode" style="font-family:Antinoou, Code2000, Code2001, TITUS Cyberbit Basic, Doulos SIL, Chrysanthi Unicode, Arial Unicode MS, Bitstream Cyberbit, Bitstream Vera, Gentium, GentiumAlt, Lucida Sans Unicode, Noto Sans Mandaic, Penuturesu, Segoe UI Symbol; font-family :inherit;">Paiṅgala</span></i> (collegata al ‘‘Sukla Yajurveda’’, genere ‘‘Vedānta’’)</li> <li>60) <i><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r107150125"><span class="Unicode" style="font-family:Antinoou, Code2000, Code2001, TITUS Cyberbit Basic, Doulos SIL, Chrysanthi Unicode, Arial Unicode MS, Bitstream Cyberbit, Bitstream Vera, Gentium, GentiumAlt, Lucida Sans Unicode, Noto Sans Mandaic, Penuturesu, Segoe UI Symbol; font-family :inherit;">Bhikṣu</span></i> (collegata al ‘‘Sukla Yajurveda’’, genere ‘‘Saṃnyāsa’’)</li> <li>61) <i>Mahā</i> (collegata al ‘‘Sāmaveda’’, genere ‘‘Vedānta’’)</li> <li>62) <i>Śārīraka</i> (collegata al ‘‘Kṛṣṇa Yajurveda’’, genere ‘‘Vedānta’’)</li> <li>63) <i>Yogaśikhā</i> (collegata al ‘‘Kṛṣṇa Yajurveda’’ genere ‘‘Yoga’’)</li> <li>64) <i>Turīyātīta</i> (collegata al ‘‘Sukla Yajurveda’’, genere ‘‘Saṃnyāsa’’)</li> <li>65) <i><a href="/wiki/Sanny%C4%81sa" class="mw-redirect" title="Sannyāsa">Sannyāsa</a></i> (collegata al ‘‘Sāmaveda’’, genere ‘‘Saṃnyāsa’’)</li> <li>66) <i><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r107150125"><span class="Unicode" style="font-family:Antinoou, Code2000, Code2001, TITUS Cyberbit Basic, Doulos SIL, Chrysanthi Unicode, Arial Unicode MS, Bitstream Cyberbit, Bitstream Vera, Gentium, GentiumAlt, Lucida Sans Unicode, Noto Sans Mandaic, Penuturesu, Segoe UI Symbol; font-family :inherit;">Paramahaṃsaparivrājaka</span></i> (collegata all'‘‘ Atharvaveda'’, genere ‘‘Saṃnyāsa’’)</li> <li>67) <i><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r107150125"><span class="Unicode" style="font-family:Antinoou, Code2000, Code2001, TITUS Cyberbit Basic, Doulos SIL, Chrysanthi Unicode, Arial Unicode MS, Bitstream Cyberbit, Bitstream Vera, Gentium, GentiumAlt, Lucida Sans Unicode, Noto Sans Mandaic, Penuturesu, Segoe UI Symbol; font-family :inherit;">Akṣamālika</span></i> (<i>Mālika</i>) (collegata al ‘‘Ṛgveda'’, genere ‘‘śivaite'’)</li> <li>68) <i>Avyakta</i> (collegata al ‘‘Sāmaveda’’, genere ‘‘viṣnuite’’)</li> <li>69) <i><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r107150125"><span class="Unicode" style="font-family:Antinoou, Code2000, Code2001, TITUS Cyberbit Basic, Doulos SIL, Chrysanthi Unicode, Arial Unicode MS, Bitstream Cyberbit, Bitstream Vera, Gentium, GentiumAlt, Lucida Sans Unicode, Noto Sans Mandaic, Penuturesu, Segoe UI Symbol; font-family :inherit;">Ekākṣara</span></i> (collegata al ‘‘Kṛṣṇa Yajurveda’’, genere ‘‘Vedānta’’)</li> <li>70) <i><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r107150125"><span class="Unicode" style="font-family:Antinoou, Code2000, Code2001, TITUS Cyberbit Basic, Doulos SIL, Chrysanthi Unicode, Arial Unicode MS, Bitstream Cyberbit, Bitstream Vera, Gentium, GentiumAlt, Lucida Sans Unicode, Noto Sans Mandaic, Penuturesu, Segoe UI Symbol; font-family :inherit;">Annapūrṇa</span></i> (collegata all'‘‘ Atharvaveda'’, śakta)</li> <li>71) <i>Sūrya</i> (collegata all'‘‘ Atharvaveda'’, genere ‘‘Vedānta’’)</li> <li>72) <i><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r107150125"><span class="Unicode" style="font-family:Antinoou, Code2000, Code2001, TITUS Cyberbit Basic, Doulos SIL, Chrysanthi Unicode, Arial Unicode MS, Bitstream Cyberbit, Bitstream Vera, Gentium, GentiumAlt, Lucida Sans Unicode, Noto Sans Mandaic, Penuturesu, Segoe UI Symbol; font-family :inherit;">Akṣi</span></i> (collegata al ‘‘Kṛṣṇa Yajurveda’’, genere ‘‘Vedānta’’)</li> <li>73) <i>Adhyātmā</i> (collegata al ‘‘Sukla Yajurveda’’, genere ‘‘Vedānta’’)</li> <li>74) <i><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r107150125"><span class="Unicode" style="font-family:Antinoou, Code2000, Code2001, TITUS Cyberbit Basic, Doulos SIL, Chrysanthi Unicode, Arial Unicode MS, Bitstream Cyberbit, Bitstream Vera, Gentium, GentiumAlt, Lucida Sans Unicode, Noto Sans Mandaic, Penuturesu, Segoe UI Symbol; font-family :inherit;">Kuṇḍika</span></i> (collegata al ‘‘Sāmaveda’’, genere ‘‘Saṃnyāsa’’)</li> <li>75) <i>Sāvitrī</i> (collegata al ‘‘Sāmaveda’’, genere ‘‘Vedānta’’)</li> <li>76) <i>Ātmā</i> (collegata all'‘‘ Atharvaveda'’, genere ‘‘Vedānta’’)</li> <li>77) <i>Pāśupata</i> (collegata all'‘‘ Atharvaveda'’, genere ‘‘Yoga’’)</li> <li>78) <i>Parabrahma</i> (collegata all'‘‘ Atharvaveda'’, genere ‘‘Saṃnyāsa’’)</li> <li>79) <i>Avadhūta</i> (collegata al ‘‘Kṛṣṇa Yajurveda’’, genere ‘‘Saṃnyāsa’’)</li> <li>80) <i>Devī</i> (collegata all'‘‘ Atharvaveda'’, śakta)</li> <li>81) <i>Tripurātapani</i> (collegata all'‘‘ Atharvaveda'’, śakta)</li> <li>82) <i>Tripura</i> (collegata al ‘‘Ṛgveda'’, śakta)</li> <li>83) <i><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r107150125"><span class="Unicode" style="font-family:Antinoou, Code2000, Code2001, TITUS Cyberbit Basic, Doulos SIL, Chrysanthi Unicode, Arial Unicode MS, Bitstream Cyberbit, Bitstream Vera, Gentium, GentiumAlt, Lucida Sans Unicode, Noto Sans Mandaic, Penuturesu, Segoe UI Symbol; font-family :inherit;">Kaṭharudra</span></i> (collegata al ‘‘Kṛṣṇa Yajurveda’’, genere ‘‘Saṃnyāsa’’)</li> <li>84) <i>Bhāvana</i> (collegata all'‘‘ Atharvaveda'’, śakta)</li> <li>85) <i><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r107150125"><span class="Unicode" style="font-family:Antinoou, Code2000, Code2001, TITUS Cyberbit Basic, Doulos SIL, Chrysanthi Unicode, Arial Unicode MS, Bitstream Cyberbit, Bitstream Vera, Gentium, GentiumAlt, Lucida Sans Unicode, Noto Sans Mandaic, Penuturesu, Segoe UI Symbol; font-family :inherit;">Rudrahṛdaya</span></i> (collegata al ‘‘Kṛṣṇa Yajurveda’’, genere ‘‘śivaite'’)</li> <li>86) <i><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r107150125"><span class="Unicode" style="font-family:Antinoou, Code2000, Code2001, TITUS Cyberbit Basic, Doulos SIL, Chrysanthi Unicode, Arial Unicode MS, Bitstream Cyberbit, Bitstream Vera, Gentium, GentiumAlt, Lucida Sans Unicode, Noto Sans Mandaic, Penuturesu, Segoe UI Symbol; font-family :inherit;">Yogakuṇḍalini</span></i> (collegata al ‘‘Kṛṣṇa Yajurveda’’, genere ‘‘Yoga’’)</li> <li>87) <i>Bhasma</i> (collegata all'‘‘ Atharvaveda'’, genere ‘‘śivaite'’)</li> <li>88) <i><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r107150125"><span class="Unicode" style="font-family:Antinoou, Code2000, Code2001, TITUS Cyberbit Basic, Doulos SIL, Chrysanthi Unicode, Arial Unicode MS, Bitstream Cyberbit, Bitstream Vera, Gentium, GentiumAlt, Lucida Sans Unicode, Noto Sans Mandaic, Penuturesu, Segoe UI Symbol; font-family :inherit;">Rudrākṣa</span></i> (collegata al ‘‘Sāmaveda’’, genere ‘‘śivaite'’)</li> <li>89) <i><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r107150125"><span class="Unicode" style="font-family:Antinoou, Code2000, Code2001, TITUS Cyberbit Basic, Doulos SIL, Chrysanthi Unicode, Arial Unicode MS, Bitstream Cyberbit, Bitstream Vera, Gentium, GentiumAlt, Lucida Sans Unicode, Noto Sans Mandaic, Penuturesu, Segoe UI Symbol; font-family :inherit;">Gaṇapati</span></i> (collegata all'‘‘ Atharvaveda'’, genere ‘‘śivaite'’)</li> <li>90) <i>Darśana</i> (collegata al ‘‘Sāmaveda’’, genere ‘‘Yoga’’)</li> <li>91) <i>Tārasāra</i> (collegata al ‘‘Sukla Yajurveda’’, genere ‘‘viṣnuite’’)</li> <li>92) <i>Mahāvākya</i> (collegata all'‘‘ Atharvaveda'’, genere ‘‘Yoga’’)</li> <li>93) <i>Pañcabrahma</i> (collegata al ‘‘Kṛṣṇa Yajurveda’’, genere ‘‘śivaite'’)</li> <li>94) <i><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r107150125"><span class="Unicode" style="font-family:Antinoou, Code2000, Code2001, TITUS Cyberbit Basic, Doulos SIL, Chrysanthi Unicode, Arial Unicode MS, Bitstream Cyberbit, Bitstream Vera, Gentium, GentiumAlt, Lucida Sans Unicode, Noto Sans Mandaic, Penuturesu, Segoe UI Symbol; font-family :inherit;">Prāṇāgnihotra</span></i> (collegata al ‘‘Kṛṣṇa Yajurveda’’, genere ‘‘Vedānta’’)</li> <li>95) <i>Gopālatāpani</i> (collegata all'‘‘ Atharvaveda'’, genere ‘‘viṣnuite’’)</li> <li>96) <i><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r107150125"><span class="Unicode" style="font-family:Antinoou, Code2000, Code2001, TITUS Cyberbit Basic, Doulos SIL, Chrysanthi Unicode, Arial Unicode MS, Bitstream Cyberbit, Bitstream Vera, Gentium, GentiumAlt, Lucida Sans Unicode, Noto Sans Mandaic, Penuturesu, Segoe UI Symbol; font-family :inherit;">Kṛṣṇa</span></i> (collegata all'‘‘ Atharvaveda'’, genere ‘‘viṣnuite’’)</li> <li>97) <i>Yājñavalkya</i> (collegata al ‘‘Sukla Yajurveda’’, genere ‘‘Saṃnyāsa’’)</li> <li>98) <i>Varāha</i> (collegata al ‘‘Kṛṣṇa Yajurveda’’, genere ‘‘Saṃnyāsa’’)</li> <li>99) <i><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r107150125"><span class="Unicode" style="font-family:Antinoou, Code2000, Code2001, TITUS Cyberbit Basic, Doulos SIL, Chrysanthi Unicode, Arial Unicode MS, Bitstream Cyberbit, Bitstream Vera, Gentium, GentiumAlt, Lucida Sans Unicode, Noto Sans Mandaic, Penuturesu, Segoe UI Symbol; font-family :inherit;">Śāṭyāyani</span></i> (collegata al ‘‘Sukla Yajurveda’’, genere ‘‘Saṃnyāsa’’)</li> <li>100) <i>Hayagrīva</i> (collegata all'‘‘ Atharvaveda'’, genere ‘‘viṣnuite’’)</li> <li>101) <i>Dattātreya</i> (collegata all'‘‘ Atharvaveda'’, genere ‘‘viṣnuite’’)</li> <li>102) <i><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r107150125"><span class="Unicode" style="font-family:Antinoou, Code2000, Code2001, TITUS Cyberbit Basic, Doulos SIL, Chrysanthi Unicode, Arial Unicode MS, Bitstream Cyberbit, Bitstream Vera, Gentium, GentiumAlt, Lucida Sans Unicode, Noto Sans Mandaic, Penuturesu, Segoe UI Symbol; font-family :inherit;">Gāruḍa</span></i> (collegata all'‘‘ Atharvaveda'’, genere ‘‘viṣnuite’’)</li> <li>103) <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kalisa%E1%B9%83tara%E1%B9%87a&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kalisaṃtaraṇa (la pagina non esiste)">Kalisaṃtaraṇa</a></i> (collegata al ‘‘Kṛṣṇa Yajurveda’’, genere ‘‘viṣnuite’’)</li> <li>104) <i>Jābāli</i> (collegata al ‘‘Sāmaveda’’, genere ‘‘śivaite'’)</li> <li>105) <i>Saubhāgya</i> (collegata al ‘‘Ṛgveda'’, śakta)</li> <li>106) <i>Sarasvatīrahasya</i> (collegata al ‘‘Kṛṣṇa Yajurveda’’, śakta)</li> <li>107) <i><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r107150125"><span class="Unicode" style="font-family:Antinoou, Code2000, Code2001, TITUS Cyberbit Basic, Doulos SIL, Chrysanthi Unicode, Arial Unicode MS, Bitstream Cyberbit, Bitstream Vera, Gentium, GentiumAlt, Lucida Sans Unicode, Noto Sans Mandaic, Penuturesu, Segoe UI Symbol; font-family :inherit;">Bahvṛca</span></i> (collegata al ‘‘Ṛgveda'’, śakta)</li> <li>108) <i><a href="/wiki/Muktik%C4%81" title="Muktikā">Muktikā</a></i> (collegata al ‘‘Sukla Yajurveda’’, genere ‘‘Vedānta’’)</li></ul> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Note">Note</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Upani%E1%B9%A3ad&veaction=edit&section=6" title="Modifica la sezione Note" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Upani%E1%B9%A3ad&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section's source code: Note"><span>modifica wikitesto</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1"><b>^</b></a> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r139517313"><div class="itwiki-template-citazione"> <div class="itwiki-template-citazione-singola"> <p>«The Upaniṣad were first put into written form in 1656 CE, when Sultan Dara Shakoh sponsored the translation of fifty Upaniṣad from Sanskrit into Persian.» </p> </div><p class="itwiki-template-citazione-footer">(<small>William K. Mahony. «Upaniṣad» in <i>Encyclopedia of Religion</i> vol. 14. New York, MacMillan, 2005 pag. 9480.</small>)</p></div></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2"><b>^</b></a> <span class="reference-text">Prefazione a <i>Upaniṣad antiche e medie</i> (a cura di <a href="/wiki/Pio_Filippani_Ronconi" title="Pio Filippani Ronconi">Pio Filippani Ronconi</a>). Torino, Bollati Boringhieri, 2007, pagg. VIII e segg.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><a href="#cite_ref-3"><b>^</b></a> <span class="reference-text">Gianluca Magi. <i>Op. cit.</i>, pag. 11933, ritiene tuttavia che la segretezza di tali testi non includesse una distinzione di origine o di classe.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><a href="#cite_ref-4"><b>^</b></a> <span class="reference-text">Cfr., tra gli altri, <a href="/wiki/Gianluca_Magi" title="Gianluca Magi">Gianluca Magi</a>. <i>Enciclopedia Filosofica</i> vol. 12. Milano, Bompiani, 2006, pag. 11935; William K. Mahony. <i>Enciclopedia delle Religioni</i> vol. 9 Milano, Jaca Book, 2004 pag. 407; Mario Piantelli. In (a cura di Giovanni Filoramo) <i>Hinduismo</i>. Bari, Laterza, 2002, pag. 6; Margaret Sutley e James Sutley. <i>Dizionario dell'Induismo</i>. Roma, Ubaldini, 1980, pag. 453; Anna L. Dallapiccola. <i>Induismo</i>. Milano, Bompiani, 2005, pag. 273.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><a href="#cite_ref-5"><b>^</b></a> <span class="reference-text">Gianluca Magi. <i>Op. cit</i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Op._cit.-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b>^</b> <sup><i><a href="#cite_ref-Op._cit._6-0">a</a></i></sup> <sup><i><a href="#cite_ref-Op._cit._6-1">b</a></i></sup> <sup><i><a href="#cite_ref-Op._cit._6-2">c</a></i></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Op. cit.</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><a href="#cite_ref-7"><b>^</b></a> <span class="reference-text">Attraverso i sacrifici.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><a href="#cite_ref-8"><b>^</b></a> <span class="reference-text"><i>Op. cit.</i>, pag. 11934</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><a href="#cite_ref-9"><b>^</b></a> <span class="reference-text">Cfr., tra gli altri, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r139517313"><div class="itwiki-template-citazione"> <div class="itwiki-template-citazione-singola"> <p>«The Upanisads introduced also the doctrine of the cycle of birth-death-rebirth (samsāra) and the hope of an escape from this cycle into moksa or mukti. The Bhagavadgītā attempted a synthesis of previous Vedic and Upanisadic ideas, whereas many rival systems of thought flourished at the same time. Of these latter, the two most durable have proved to be Buddhism and Jainism» </p> </div><p class="itwiki-template-citazione-footer">(<small>Companion Encyclopedia of Asian Philosophy (a cura di Brian Carr e Indira Mahalingam). London e NY, Routledge, 2005, pag. 87</small>)</p></div></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliografia">Bibliografia</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Upani%E1%B9%A3ad&veaction=edit&section=7" title="Modifica la sezione Bibliografia" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Upani%E1%B9%A3ad&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section's source code: Bibliografia"><span>modifica wikitesto</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><i>Upaniṣad antiche e medie</i> (a cura di <a href="/wiki/Pio_Filippani_Ronconi" title="Pio Filippani Ronconi">Pio Filippani Ronconi</a>). Torino, Paolo Boringhieri, 1960-1961</li> <li><i>Upaniṣad</i> (a cura di <a href="/wiki/Carlo_Della_Casa" title="Carlo Della Casa">Carlo Della Casa</a>). Torino, UTET, 1976 <a href="/wiki/Speciale:RicercaISBN/8802023050" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 88-02-02305-0</a></li> <li><i>Upaniṣad Vediche</i> (a cura di <a href="/wiki/Carlo_Della_Casa" title="Carlo Della Casa">Carlo Della Casa</a>). Milano, TEA, 2000 <a href="/wiki/Speciale:RicercaISBN/8878188107" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 88-7818-810-7</a></li> <li><i>Cinque Upaniṣad</i> (a cura di <a href="/w/index.php?title=Raphael_(orientalista)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Raphael (orientalista) (la pagina non esiste)">Raphael</a>). Roma, Edizioni Asram Vidya 2000.</li> <li><i>Upaniṣad antiche e medie</i> (a cura di <a href="/wiki/Pio_Filippani_Ronconi" title="Pio Filippani Ronconi">Pio Filippani Ronconi</a>). Torino, Bollati Boringhieri, 2007 <a href="/wiki/Speciale:RicercaISBN/9788833917979" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 978-88-339-1797-9</a></li> <li><i>Upaniṣad</i> (a cura di <a href="/w/index.php?title=Raphael_(orientalista)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Raphael (orientalista) (la pagina non esiste)">Raphael</a>). Milano, Bompiani, 2010. (testo sanscrito a fronte).</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Voci_correlate">Voci correlate</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Upani%E1%B9%A3ad&veaction=edit&section=8" title="Modifica la sezione Voci correlate" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Upani%E1%B9%A3ad&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section's source code: Voci correlate"><span>modifica wikitesto</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ved%C4%81nta" title="Vedānta">Vedānta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brahman" title="Brahman">Brahman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vidy%C4%81" title="Vidyā">Vidyā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mah%C4%81bh%C4%81rata" title="Mahābhārata">Mahābhārata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pur%C4%81%E1%B9%87a" title="Purāṇa">Purāṇa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R%C4%81m%C4%81ya%E1%B9%87a" title="Rāmāyaṇa">Rāmāyaṇa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Induismo" title="Induismo">Induismo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Veda" title="Veda">Veda</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Altri_progetti">Altri progetti</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Upani%E1%B9%A3ad&veaction=edit&section=9" title="Modifica la sezione Altri progetti" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Upani%E1%B9%A3ad&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section's source code: Altri progetti"><span>modifica wikitesto</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div id="interProject" class="toccolours" style="display: none; clear: both; margin-top: 2em"><p id="sisterProjects" style="background-color: #efefef; color: black; font-weight: bold; margin: 0"><span>Altri progetti</span></p><ul title="Collegamenti verso gli altri progetti Wikimedia"> <li class="" title=""><a href="https://it.wikiquote.org/wiki/Upani%E1%B9%A3ad" class="extiw" title="q:Upaniṣad">Wikiquote</a></li></ul></div> <ul><li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://it.wikiquote.org/wiki/" title="Collabora a Wikiquote"><img alt="Collabora a Wikiquote" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/18px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="18" height="21" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/27px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/36px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /></a></span> <a href="https://it.wikiquote.org/wiki/" class="extiw" title="q:">Wikiquote</a> contiene citazioni sulle <b><a href="https://it.wikiquote.org/wiki/Upani%E1%B9%A3ad" class="extiw" title="q:Upaniṣad"><i>Upaniṣad</i></a></b></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Collegamenti_esterni">Collegamenti esterni</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Upani%E1%B9%A3ad&veaction=edit&section=10" title="Modifica la sezione Collegamenti esterni" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Upani%E1%B9%A3ad&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section's source code: Collegamenti esterni"><span>modifica wikitesto</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li class="mw-empty-elt"></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFDizionario_di_filosofia" class="citation libro" style="font-style:normal"> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/upanisad_(Dizionario-di-filosofia)/"><span style="font-style:italic;">Upanisad</span></a>, in <span style="font-style:italic;"><a href="/wiki/Dizionario_di_filosofia" class="mw-redirect" title="Dizionario di filosofia">Dizionario di filosofia</a></span>, <a href="/wiki/Istituto_dell%27Enciclopedia_Italiana" title="Istituto dell'Enciclopedia Italiana">Istituto dell'Enciclopedia Italiana</a>, 2009.</cite> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6113985#P7993" title="Modifica su Wikidata"><img alt="Modifica su Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/10px-Blue_pencil.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/15px-Blue_pencil.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/20px-Blue_pencil.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFBritannica.com" class="citation web" style="font-style:normal">(<span style="font-weight:bolder; font-size:80%"><abbr title="inglese">EN</abbr></span>) Patrick Olivelle, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/topic/Upanishad"><span style="font-style:italic;">Upanishad</span></a>, su <span style="font-style:italic;"><a href="/wiki/Enciclopedia_Britannica" title="Enciclopedia Britannica">Enciclopedia Britannica</a></span>, Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.</cite> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6113985#P1417" title="Modifica su Wikidata"><img alt="Modifica su Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/10px-Blue_pencil.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/15px-Blue_pencil.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/20px-Blue_pencil.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFInternet_Encyclopedia_of_Philosophy" class="citation web" style="font-style:normal">(<span style="font-weight:bolder; font-size:80%"><abbr title="inglese">EN</abbr></span>) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.iep.utm.edu/upanisad/"><span style="font-style:italic;">Upaniṣad</span></a>, su <span style="font-style:italic;"><a href="/wiki/Internet_Encyclopedia_of_Philosophy" title="Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy">Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy</a></span>.</cite> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6113985#P5088" title="Modifica su Wikidata"><img alt="Modifica su Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/10px-Blue_pencil.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/15px-Blue_pencil.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/20px-Blue_pencil.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></li> <li><cite class="citation web" style="font-style:normal">(<span style="font-weight:bolder; font-size:80%"><abbr title="inglese">EN</abbr></span>) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060907124847/http://sanskrit.gde.to/doc_upanishhat/"><span style="font-style:italic;">Upaniṣad Texts from Sanskrit Documents Site</span></a>, su <span style="font-style:italic;">sanskrit.gde.to</span>. <small>URL consultato il 27 novembre 2004</small> <small>(archiviato dall'<abbr title="http://sanskrit.gde.to/doc_upanishhat/">url originale</abbr> il 7 settembre 2006)</small>.</cite></li> <li><cite class="citation web" style="font-style:normal">(<span style="font-weight:bolder; font-size:80%"><abbr title="inglese">EN</abbr></span>) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hindunet.org/upanishads/"><span style="font-style:italic;">Upaniṣad page from hindunet.org</span></a>, su <span style="font-style:italic;">hindunet.org</span>.</cite></li> <li><cite class="citation web" style="font-style:normal">(<span style="font-weight:bolder; font-size:80%"><abbr title="inglese">EN</abbr></span>) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101229070903/http://www.celextel.org/108upanishads/"><span style="font-style:italic;">The 108 Upaniṣads</span></a>, su <span style="font-style:italic;">celextel.org</span>. <small>URL consultato il 3 aprile 2006</small> <small>(archiviato dall'<abbr title="http://www.celextel.org/108upanishads/">url originale</abbr> il 29 dicembre 2010)</small>.</cite></li></ul> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r140554510">.mw-parser-output .CdA{border:1px solid #aaa;width:100%;margin:auto;font-size:90%;padding:2px}.mw-parser-output .CdA th{background-color:#f2f2f2;font-weight:bold;width:20%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .CdA{border-color:#54595D}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .CdA th{background-color:#202122}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .CdA{border-color:#54595D}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .CdA th{background-color:#202122}}</style><table class="CdA"><tbody><tr><th><a href="/wiki/Aiuto:Controllo_di_autorit%C3%A0" title="Aiuto:Controllo di autorità">Controllo di autorità</a></th><td><a href="/wiki/Virtual_International_Authority_File" title="Virtual International Authority File">VIAF</a> <span class="uid">(<span style="font-weight:bolder; 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font-size:80%"><abbr title="spagnolo">ES</abbr></span>) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX3572577">XX3572577</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://datos.bne.es/resource/XX3572577">(data)</a></span><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/Biblioteca_nazionale_di_Francia" title="Biblioteca nazionale di Francia">BNF</a> <span class="uid">(<span style="font-weight:bolder; font-size:80%"><abbr title="francese">FR</abbr></span>) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12008286g">cb12008286g</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12008286g">(data)</a></span><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/Biblioteca_nazionale_di_Israele" title="Biblioteca nazionale di Israele">J9U</a> <span class="uid">(<span style="font-weight:bolder; font-size:80%"><abbr title="inglese">EN</abbr>, <abbr title="ebraico">HE</abbr></span>) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007269452905171">987007269452905171</a></span><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/Biblioteca_della_Dieta_nazionale_del_Giappone" title="Biblioteca della Dieta nazionale del Giappone">NDL</a> <span class="uid">(<span style="font-weight:bolder; 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