CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-disabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available" lang="ms" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>Upanishad - Wikipedia Bahasa Melayu, ensiklopedia bebas</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-disabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )mswikimwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":["",""],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""],"wgDefaultDateFormat":"dmy" ,"wgMonthNames":["","Januari","Februari","Mac","April","Mei","Jun","Julai","Ogos","September","Oktober","November","Disember"],"wgRequestId":"423017da-aa05-47d5-a458-177a2aa99dc4","wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"Upanishad","wgTitle":"Upanishad","wgCurRevisionId":5193003,"wgRevisionId":5193003,"wgArticleId":9815,"wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":["Laman dengan ralat rujukan","Harv and Sfn no-target errors","Laman menggunakan pautan ajaib ISBN","Teks Hindu","Teks Sanskrit"],"wgPageViewLanguage":"ms","wgPageContentLanguage":"ms","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgRelevantPageName":"Upanishad","wgRelevantArticleId":9815,"wgIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRestrictionEdit":[],"wgRestrictionMove":[],"wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia","wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive":false,"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true, "wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgPopupsFlags":0,"wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"ms","pageLanguageDir":"ltr","pageVariantFallbacks":"ms"},"wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true,"watchlist":true,"tagline":true,"nearby":true},"wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false,"wgWMEPageLength":20000,"wgRelatedArticlesCompat":[],"wgCentralAuthMobileDomain":false,"wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true,"wgULSPosition":"interlanguage","wgULSisCompactLinksEnabled":false,"wgVector2022LanguageInHeader":true,"wgULSisLanguageSelectorEmpty":false,"wgWikibaseItemId":"Q6113985","wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":["brands","architecture","bitness","fullVersionList","mobile","model","platform","platformVersion"],"GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics":true,"wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled":false,"wgGEStructuredTaskRejectionReasonTextInputEnabled":false,"wgGELevelingUpEnabledForUser":false};RLSTATE={"ext.gadget.charinsert-styles":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready","site.styles": "ready","user.styles":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"loading","ext.cite.styles":"ready","skins.vector.search.codex.styles":"ready","skins.vector.styles":"ready","skins.vector.icons":"ready","ext.wikimediamessages.styles":"ready","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript":"ready","ext.uls.interlanguage":"ready","wikibase.client.init":"ready","ext.wikimediaBadges":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=["ext.cite.ux-enhancements","ext.scribunto.logs","site","mediawiki.page.ready","mediawiki.toc","skins.vector.js","ext.centralNotice.geoIP","ext.centralNotice.startUp","ext.gadget.teahouse","ext.gadget.ReferenceTooltips","ext.gadget.watchlist-notice","ext.gadget.DRN-wizard","ext.gadget.charinsert","ext.gadget.refToolbar","ext.gadget.extra-toolbar-buttons","ext.gadget.MenuKedaiKopi","ext.gadget.mySandbox","ext.gadget.AdvancedSiteNotices","ext.gadget.switcher","ext.gadget.featured-articles-links","ext.urlShortener.toolbar","ext.centralauth.centralautologin", "mmv.bootstrap","ext.popups","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.init","ext.visualEditor.targetLoader","ext.echo.centralauth","ext.eventLogging","ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming","ext.uls.interface","ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns","ext.cx.uls.quick.actions","wikibase.client.vector-2022","ext.checkUser.clientHints","ext.growthExperiments.SuggestedEditSession","wikibase.sidebar.tracking"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=ms&modules=ext.cite.styles%7Cext.uls.interlanguage%7Cext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript%7Cext.wikimediaBadges%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cskins.vector.icons%2Cstyles%7Cskins.vector.search.codex.styles%7Cwikibase.client.init&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=ms&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=vector-2022"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=ms&modules=ext.gadget.charinsert-styles&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=ms&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.4"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=1120"> <meta property="og:title" content="Upanishad - Wikipedia Bahasa Melayu, ensiklopedia bebas"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="alternate" media="only screen and (max-width: 640px)" href="//ms.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Upanishad"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/x-wiki" title="Sunting" href="/w/index.php?title=Upanishad&action=edit"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Wikipedia (ms)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//ms.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Upanishad"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.ms"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Suapan Atom Wikipedia" href="/w/index.php?title=Khas:Perubahan_terkini&feed=atom"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//login.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject mw-editable page-Upanishad rootpage-Upanishad skin-vector-2022 action-view"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">Pergi ke kandungan</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Tapak"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Menu utama" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-menu mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-menu"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Menu utama</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Menu utama</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">alih ke bar sisi</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">sorokkan</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pandu arah </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-Laman-Utama" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Laman_Utama"><span>Laman Utama</span></a></li><li id="n-Tinjau" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Tinjau"><span>Tinjau</span></a></li><li id="n-currentevents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Hal_semasa" title="Cari maklumat latar belakang mengenai peristiwa semasa"><span>Hal semasa</span></a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Khas:Rawak" title="Muat laman rawak [x]" accesskey="x"><span>Rencana rawak</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-interaction" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-interaction" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Perhubungan </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-Tentang-Wikipedia" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Perihal"><span>Tentang Wikipedia</span></a></li><li id="n-Gerbang-komuniti" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Gerbang_Komuniti"><span>Gerbang komuniti</span></a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Khas:Perubahan_terkini" title="Senarai perubahan terkini dalam wiki [r]" accesskey="r"><span>Perubahan terkini</span></a></li><li id="n-Hubungi-kami" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Hubungi_kami"><span>Hubungi kami</span></a></li><li id="n-Menderma" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_ms.wikipedia.org&uselang=ms"><span>Menderma</span></a></li><li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Help:Contents" title="Tempat mencari jawapan"><span>Bantuan</span></a></li><li id="n-Kedai-Kopi" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Kedai_Kopi"><span>Kedai Kopi</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Laman_Utama" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <span class="mw-logo-container skin-invert"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="Ensiklopedia Bebas" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-ms.svg" width="120" height="13" style="width: 7.5em; height: 0.8125em;"> </span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Khas:Cari" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Cari di wiki ini [f]" accesskey="f"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>Cari</span> </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Cari Wikipedia" aria-label="Cari Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Cari di wiki ini [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Khas:Cari"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Cari</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Alat peribadi"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Penampilan"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Tukar penampilan saiz, lebar dan warna fon laman" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Penampilan" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-appearance mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-appearance"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Penampilan</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="//donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_ms.wikipedia.org&uselang=ms" class=""><span>Derma</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Khas:Buka_akaun&returnto=Upanishad" title="Anda digalakkan untuk membuka akaun dan melog masuk; walau bagaimanapun, ianya tidak wajib" class=""><span>Buka akaun</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Khas:Log_masuk&returnto=Upanishad" title="Anda digalakkan untuk melog masuk; walau bagaimanapun, ia tidak wajib. [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>Log masuk</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Lebih pilihan" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Alat peribadi" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Alat peribadi</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="Menu pengguna" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="//donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_ms.wikipedia.org&uselang=ms"><span>Derma</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Khas:Buka_akaun&returnto=Upanishad" title="Anda digalakkan untuk membuka akaun dan melog masuk; walau bagaimanapun, ianya tidak wajib"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>Buka akaun</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Khas:Log_masuk&returnto=Upanishad" title="Anda digalakkan untuk melog masuk; walau bagaimanapun, ia tidak wajib. [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Log masuk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Laman untuk penyunting log keluar <a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Pengenalan" aria-label="Ketahui lebih lanjut tentang menyunting"><span>Ketahui lebih lanjut</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Khas:Sumbangan_saya" title="Senarai suntingan yang dibuat daripada alamat IP ini [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Sumbangan</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Khas:Perbincangan_saya" title="Perbincangan mengenai penyuntingan daripada alamat IP anda [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Perbincangan</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Tapak"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Kandungan" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Kandungan</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">alih ke bar sisi</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">sorokkan</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">Permulaan</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Etimologi" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Etimologi"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Etimologi</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Etimologi-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Perkembangan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Perkembangan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Perkembangan</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Perkembangan-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Togol subbahagian Perkembangan</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Perkembangan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Pengarang" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pengarang"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Pengarang</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pengarang-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Zaman_Penulisan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Zaman_Penulisan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Zaman Penulisan</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Zaman_Penulisan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Kronologi" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kronologi"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Kronologi</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kronologi-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Geografi" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Geografi"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Geografi</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Geografi-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bilangan_&_Klasifikasi" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bilangan_&_Klasifikasi"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>Bilangan & Klasifikasi</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bilangan_&_Klasifikasi-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Sepuluh_Upanishad_Utama" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sepuluh_Upanishad_Utama"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5.1</span> <span>Sepuluh Upanishad Utama</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sepuluh_Upanishad_Utama-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Klasifikasi_Mukhya_Upanishad" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Klasifikasi_Mukhya_Upanishad"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.6</span> <span>Klasifikasi Mukhya Upanishad</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Klasifikasi_Mukhya_Upanishad-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Kaitan_dengan_Veda" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kaitan_dengan_Veda"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Kaitan dengan Veda</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kaitan_dengan_Veda-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mazhab-mazhab_Vedanta" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mazhab-mazhab_Vedanta"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Mazhab-mazhab Vedanta</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Mazhab-mazhab_Vedanta-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Togol subbahagian Mazhab-mazhab Vedanta</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Mazhab-mazhab_Vedanta-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Advaita_Vedanta" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Advaita_Vedanta"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Advaita Vedanta</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Advaita_Vedanta-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Terjemahan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Terjemahan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Terjemahan</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Terjemahan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Kandungan" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Togol isi kandungan" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Togol isi kandungan</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Upanishad</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Pergi ke rencana dalam bahasa lain. Tersedia dalam 92 bahasa" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-92" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">92 bahasa</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Upanishad" title="Upanishad – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Upanishad" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-anp mw-list-item"><a href="https://anp.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%89%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%A6" title="उपनिषद – Angika" lang="anp" hreflang="anp" data-title="उपनिषद" data-language-autonym="अंगिका" data-language-local-name="Angika" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>अंगिका</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%AF" title="الأبانيشاد – Arab" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="الأبانيشاد" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arab" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%89%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B7%E0%A6%A6" title="উপনিষদ – Assam" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="উপনিষদ" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="Assam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>অসমীয়া</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Upanishads" title="Upanishads – Asturia" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Upanishads" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Upani%C5%9Fadlar" title="Upanişadlar – Azerbaijan" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Upanişadlar" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Upanisad" title="Upanisad – Indonesia" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Upanisad" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%89%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B7%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%8D%E2%80%8C" title="উপনিষদ্‌ – Benggali" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="উপনিষদ্‌" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Benggali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bjn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bjn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Upanisad" title="Upanisad – Banjar" lang="bjn" hreflang="bjn" data-title="Upanisad" data-language-autonym="Banjar" data-language-local-name="Banjar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Banjar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Upanishad" title="Upanishad – Cina Min Nan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Upanishad" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Cina Min Nan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%96%D1%88%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%8B" title="Упанішады – Belarus" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Упанішады" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarus" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%89%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%A6" title="उपनिषद – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="उपनिषद" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>भोजपुरी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Upanishad" title="Upanishad – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Upanishad" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%88%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B8" title="Упанишади – Bulgaria" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Упанишади" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgaria" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Upanixad" title="Upanixad – Catalonia" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Upanixad" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalonia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Upani%C5%A1ady" title="Upanišady – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Upanišady" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Upanishadau" title="Upanishadau – Wales" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Upanishadau" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Wales" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Upanishaderne" title="Upanishaderne – Denmark" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Upanishaderne" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Denmark" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Upanishaden" title="Upanishaden – Jerman" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Upanishaden" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="Jerman" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Upani%C5%A1adid" title="Upanišadid – Estonia" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Upanišadid" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9F%CF%85%CF%80%CE%B1%CE%BD%CE%B9%CF%83%CE%AC%CE%B4%CE%B5%CF%82" title="Ουπανισάδες – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Ουπανισάδες" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="rencana baik"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Upanishads" title="Upanishads – Inggeris" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Upanishads" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="Inggeris" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Upanishad" title="Upanishad – Sepanyol" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Upanishad" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Sepanyol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Upani%C5%9Dadoj" title="Upaniŝadoj – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Upaniŝadoj" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Upanishad" title="Upanishad – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Upanishad" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="rencana baik"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%88%D9%BE%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%AF%D9%87%D8%A7" title="اوپانیشادها – Parsi" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="اوپانیشادها" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Parsi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Upanishad" title="Upanishad – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Upanishad" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Fiji Hindi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Upanishad" title="Upanishad – Perancis" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Upanishad" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="Perancis" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Upanishad" title="Upanishad – Frisian Barat" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Upanishad" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Frisian Barat" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Upanishads" title="Upanishads – Galicia" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Upanishads" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galicia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%89%E0%AA%AA%E0%AA%A8%E0%AA%BF%E0%AA%B7%E0%AA%A6" title="ઉપનિષદ – Gujarat" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="ઉપનિષદ" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="Gujarat" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ગુજરાતી</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gom mw-list-item"><a href="https://gom.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%89%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D" title="उपनिषद् – Goan Konkani" lang="gom" hreflang="gom" data-title="उपनिषद्" data-language-autonym="गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni" data-language-local-name="Goan Konkani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%9A%B0%ED%8C%8C%EB%8B%88%EC%83%A4%EB%93%9C" title="우파니샤드 – Korea" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="우파니샤드" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korea" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%88%D6%82%D5%BA%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%AB%D5%B7%D5%A1%D5%A4%D5%B6%D5%A5%D6%80" title="Ուպանիշադներ – Armenia" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ուպանիշադներ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%89%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D" title="उपनिषद् – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="उपनिषद्" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Upanishad" title="Upanishad – Iceland" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Upanishad" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Iceland" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Upani%E1%B9%A3ad" title="Upaniṣad – Itali" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Upaniṣad" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Itali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%95%D7%A4%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%A9%D7%93%D7%95%D7%AA" title="אופנישדות – Ibrani" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="אופנישדות" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Ibrani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Upanisad" title="Upanisad – Jawa" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Upanisad" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Jawa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%89%E0%B2%AA%E0%B2%A8%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%B7%E0%B2%A4%E0%B3%8D" title="ಉಪನಿಷತ್ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಉಪನಿಷತ್" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9E%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98%E1%83%A8%E1%83%90%E1%83%93%E1%83%94%E1%83%91%E1%83%98" title="უპანიშადები – Georgia" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="უპანიშადები" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%88%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Упанишадтар – Kazakhstan" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Упанишадтар" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakhstan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%88%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Упанишаддар – Kirghiz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Упанишаддар" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kirghiz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gcr mw-list-item"><a href="https://gcr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Upanishad" title="Upanishad – Guianan Creole" lang="gcr" hreflang="gcr" data-title="Upanishad" data-language-autonym="Kriyòl gwiyannen" data-language-local-name="Guianan Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kriyòl gwiyannen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Upanishad" title="Upanishad – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Upanishad" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Upani%C5%A1adas" title="Upanišadas – Latvia" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Upanišadas" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Upani%C5%A1ados" title="Upanišados – Lithuania" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Upanišados" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuania" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Upanisadok" title="Upanisadok – Hungary" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Upanisadok" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungary" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%89%E0%B4%AA%E0%B4%A8%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%B7%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8D" title="ഉപനിഷത്ത് – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ഉപനിഷത്ത്" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%89%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%A6" title="उपनिषद – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="उपनिषद" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9E%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98%E1%83%A8%E1%83%90%E1%83%93%E1%83%94%E1%83%A4%E1%83%98" title="უპანიშადეფი – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="უპანიშადეფი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%88%D9%BE%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C%D8%B4%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%AF" title="اوپانیشتاد – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="اوپانیشتاد" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mni mw-list-item"><a href="https://mni.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%AF%8E%EA%AF%84%EA%AF%85%EA%AF%A4%EA%AF%81%EA%AF%97" title="ꯎꯄꯅꯤꯁꯗ – Manipuri" lang="mni" hreflang="mni" data-title="ꯎꯄꯅꯤꯁꯗ" data-language-autonym="ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ" data-language-local-name="Manipuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Upanishad" title="Upanishad – Belanda" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Upanishad" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Belanda" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%89%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D" title="उपनिषद् – Nepal" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="उपनिषद्" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepal" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%89%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D" title="उपनिषद् – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="उपनिषद्" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाल भाषा</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A6%E3%83%91%E3%83%8B%E3%82%B7%E3%83%A3%E3%83%83%E3%83%89" title="ウパニシャッド – Jepun" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ウパニシャッド" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Jepun" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Upanishadene" title="Upanishadene – Bokmal Norway" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Upanishadene" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Bokmal Norway" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Upanisjad" title="Upanisjad – Nynorsk Norway" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Upanisjad" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Nynorsk Norway" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-or mw-list-item"><a href="https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AC%89%E0%AC%AA%E0%AC%A8%E0%AC%BF%E0%AC%B7%E0%AC%A6%E0%AD%8D" title="ଉପନିଷଦ୍ – Odia" lang="or" hreflang="or" data-title="ଉପନିଷଦ୍" data-language-autonym="ଓଡ଼ିଆ" data-language-local-name="Odia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ଓଡ଼ିଆ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Upanishadlar" title="Upanishadlar – Uzbekistan" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Upanishadlar" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbekistan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%89%E0%A8%AA%E0%A8%A8%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%BC%E0%A8%A6%E0%A9%8D" title="ਉਪਨਿਸ਼ਦ੍ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਉਪਨਿਸ਼ਦ੍" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pi mw-list-item"><a href="https://pi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%89%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%A6" title="उपनिषद – Pali" lang="pi" hreflang="pi" data-title="उपनिषद" data-language-autonym="पालि" data-language-local-name="Pali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>पालि</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%8F%D9%BE%D9%86%D9%90%D8%B4%D8%AF" title="اُپنِشد – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="اُپنِشد" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jam mw-list-item"><a href="https://jam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Upanishad" title="Upanishad – Jamaican Creole English" lang="jam" hreflang="jam" data-title="Upanishad" data-language-autonym="Patois" data-language-local-name="Jamaican Creole English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Patois</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Upanischaden" title="Upanischaden – Jerman Rendah" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Upanischaden" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Jerman Rendah" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Upaniszady" title="Upaniszady – Poland" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Upaniszady" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Poland" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Upanixade" title="Upanixade – Portugis" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Upanixade" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portugis" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Upani%C8%99ade" title="Upanișade – Romania" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Upanișade" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romania" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%88%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%8B" title="Упанишады – Rusia" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Упанишады" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Rusia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%89%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D" title="उपनिषद् – Sanskrit" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="उपनिषद्" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="Sanskrit" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>संस्कृतम्</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Upanishadet" title="Upanishadet – Albania" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Upanishadet" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albania" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Upanishad" title="Upanishad – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Upanishad" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%BE%D9%86%D8%B4%D8%AF" title="اپنشد – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="اپنشد" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Upani%C5%A1ady" title="Upanišady – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Upanišady" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Upani%C5%A1ade" title="Upanišade – Slovenia" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Upanišade" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%88%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B5" title="Упанишаде – Serbia" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Упанишаде" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Upani%C5%A1ade" title="Upanišade – SerboCroatia" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Upanišade" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="SerboCroatia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Upanishad" title="Upanishad – Finland" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Upanishad" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finland" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Upanishaderna" title="Upanishaderna – Sweden" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Upanishaderna" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Sweden" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Upanishad" title="Upanishad – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Upanishad" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%89%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%A8%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D" title="உபநிடதம் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="உபநிடதம்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%89%E0%B0%AA%E0%B0%A8%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%B7%E0%B0%A4%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%A4%E0%B1%81" title="ఉపనిషత్తు – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="ఉపనిషత్తు" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A9%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%97" title="อุปนิษัท – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="อุปนิษัท" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%81o_ngh%C4%A9a_th%C6%B0" title="Áo nghĩa thư – Vietnam" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Áo nghĩa thư" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Upani%C5%9Fad" title="Upanişad – Turki" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Upanişad" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%96%D1%88%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B8" title="Упанішади – Ukraine" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Упанішади" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukraine" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%8F%D9%BE%D9%86%D9%90%D8%B4%D8%AF" title="اُپنِشد – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="اُپنِشد" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fiu-vro mw-list-item"><a href="https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Upani%C5%A1adiq" title="Upanišadiq – Võro" lang="vro" hreflang="vro" data-title="Upanišadiq" data-language-autonym="Võro" data-language-local-name="Võro" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Võro</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%A5%A5%E4%B9%89%E4%B9%A6" title="奥义书 – Cina Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="奥义书" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Cina Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%A5%A7%E7%BE%A9%E6%9B%B8" title="奧義書 – Kantonis" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="奧義書" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Kantonis" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%A5%A5%E4%B9%89%E4%B9%A6" title="奥义书 – Cina" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="奥义书" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Cina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q6113985#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Sunting pautan antara bahasa" class="wbc-editpage">Sunting pautan</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Ruang nama"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Upanishad" title="Lihat laman kandungan [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Rencana</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Perbincangan:Upanishad" rel="discussion" title="Perbincangan mengenai laman kandungan [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Perbincangan</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Tukar kelainan bahasa" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Bahasa Melayu</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Rupa"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Upanishad"><span>Baca</span></a></li><li id="ca-ve-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Upanishad&veaction=edit" title="Sunting laman ini [v]" accesskey="v"><span>Sunting</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="collapsible vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Upanishad&action=edit" title="Sunting kod sumber untuk laman ini [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Sunting sumber</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Upanishad&action=history" title="Semakan terdahulu bagi laman ini [h]" accesskey="h"><span>Lihat sejarah</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Alatan laman"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Peralatan" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Peralatan</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Peralatan</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">alih ke bar sisi</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">sorokkan</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="Lagi pilihan" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Tindakan </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Upanishad"><span>Baca</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-ve-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Upanishad&veaction=edit" title="Sunting laman ini [v]" accesskey="v"><span>Sunting</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="collapsible vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Upanishad&action=edit" title="Sunting kod sumber untuk laman ini [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Sunting sumber</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Upanishad&action=history"><span>Lihat sejarah</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Umum </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Khas:Pautan_ke_sini/Upanishad" title="Senarai semua laman wiki yang mengandungi pautan ke laman ini [j]" accesskey="j"><span>Pautan ke laman ini</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Khas:Perubahan_berkaitan/Upanishad" rel="nofollow" title="Perubahan terkini bagi laman yang dipaut dari laman ini [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Perubahan berkaitan</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:UploadWizard?uselang=ms" title="Muat naik fail [u]" accesskey="u"><span>Muat naik fail</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Khas:Laman_khas" title="Senarai semua laman khas [q]" accesskey="q"><span>Laman khas</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Upanishad&oldid=5193003" title="Pautan kekal ke semakan laman ini"><span>Pautan kekal</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Upanishad&action=info" title="Maklumat lanjut mengenai laman ini"><span>Maklumat laman</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Khas:Petik_laman_ini&page=Upanishad&id=5193003&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Maklumat tentang cara memetik laman ini"><span>Petik laman ini</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Khas:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fms.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FUpanishad"><span>Dapatkan URL pendek</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Khas:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fms.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FUpanishad"><span>Muat turun kod QR</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Cetak/eksport </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-create_a_book" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Khas:Buku&bookcmd=book_creator&referer=Upanishad"><span>Cipta buku</span></a></li><li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Khas:DownloadAsPdf&page=Upanishad&action=show-download-screen"><span>Muat turun sebagai PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Upanishad&printable=yes" title="Versi boleh cetak bagi laman ini [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Versi boleh cetak</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Dalam projek lain </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Upanishads" hreflang="en"><span>Wikimedia Commons</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q6113985" title="Pautan ke item repositori data yang bersambung [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Butir Wikidata</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Alatan laman"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Penampilan"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Penampilan</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">alih ke bar sisi</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">sorokkan</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">Daripada Wikipedia, ensiklopedia bebas.</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="ms" dir="ltr"><table align="right" cellspacing="0" style="float:right; clear:right; border: 1px solid #e1b039; font-size: 85%; margin: 0 0 5px 10px;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="padding:5px; background:orange; text-align: center; font-size: 140%"><b><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kitab_Hindu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kitab Hindu (laman tidak wujud)">Teks Hindu</a></b> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="padding:5px;"><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fail:Aum.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Aum.svg/75px-Aum.svg.png" decoding="async" width="75" height="62" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Aum.svg/113px-Aum.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Aum.svg/150px-Aum.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="242" data-file-height="201" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="padding:2px 10px;"><b><a href="/w/index.php?title=%C5%9Aruti_(scripture)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Śruti (scripture) (laman tidak wujud)">Śruti</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Veda" title="Veda">Veda</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rig_Veda" title="Rig Veda">Rig Veda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sama_Veda" title="Sama Veda">Sama Veda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yajur_Veda" title="Yajur Veda">Yajur Veda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atharva_Veda" title="Atharva Veda">Atharva Veda</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Brahmana&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Brahmana (laman tidak wujud)">Brahmana</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aranyaka&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Aranyaka (laman tidak wujud)">Aranyaka</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Upanishad</a></li></ul> <p><b><a href="/w/index.php?title=Smriti&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Smriti (laman tidak wujud)">Smriti</a></b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Itihasa" title="Itihasa">Itihasa</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mahabharata" title="Mahabharata">Mahābhārata</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bhagavad_Gita" title="Bhagavad Gita">Bhagavad Gītā</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramayana" title="Ramayana">Ramayana</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Purana" title="Purana">Purana</a> (<a href="/wiki/Purana#Senarai_Puranas" title="Purana">Senari</a>)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tantra&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tantra (laman tidak wujud)">Tantra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sutra" title="Sutra">Sutra</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Senarai_sutra&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Senarai sutra (laman tidak wujud)">Senarai</a>)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stotra&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Stotra (laman tidak wujud)">Stotra</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ashtavakra_Gita&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ashtavakra Gita (laman tidak wujud)">Ashtavakra Gita</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gherand_Samhita&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gherand Samhita (laman tidak wujud)">Gherand Samhita</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gita_Govinda&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gita Govinda (laman tidak wujud)">Gita Govinda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hatha_Yoga_Pradipika" title="Hatha Yoga Pradipika">Hatha Yoga Pradipika</a></li></ul> <center><div class="plainlinks hlist navbar" style=""><span style="word-spacing:0;">Kotak ini: </span><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Templat:Kitab_Hindu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Templat:Kitab Hindu (laman tidak wujud)"><span title="Lihat templat ini" style="">pralihat</span></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Perbincangan_templat:Kitab_Hindu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Perbincangan templat:Kitab Hindu (laman tidak wujud)"><span title="Bincang templat ini" style="">bincang</span></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a class="external text" href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Templat:Kitab_Hindu&action=edit"><span title="Sunting templat ini" style="">sunting</span></a></li></ul></div></center> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Istilah <b>Upanishad</b> bermaksud "mereka yang duduk berhampiran" merujuk kepada para <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pendita&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pendita (laman tidak wujud)">pendita</a> yang sering mendengar ajaran-ajaran rahsia dari para <a href="/wiki/Wali" title="Wali">wali</a> atau guru kerohanian ("<i>spiritual teacher</i>"). Walaupun terdapat lebih dua ratus Upanishad, hanya lima belas disebut oleh para sarjana <a href="/wiki/Hinduisme" title="Hinduisme">Hindu</a> seperti <a href="/wiki/Sankaracharya" title="Sankaracharya">Sankara</a> (<a href="/wiki/788" title="788">788</a>-<a href="/wiki/820" title="820">820</a>). Lima belas ini serta <a href="/w/index.php?title=Maitri&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Maitri (laman tidak wujud)">Maitri</a> adalah dianggap sebagai Upanishad yang utama. Upanishad yang tertua dan terpanjang ialah <a href="/w/index.php?title=Brihadaranyaka_Upanishad&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Brihadaranyaka Upanishad (laman tidak wujud)"><i>Brihadaranyaka Upanishad</i></a> dan <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chandogya_Upanishad&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Chandogya Upanishad (laman tidak wujud)">Chandogya Upanishad</a></i> dari <a href="/wiki/Abad_ke-7_SM" title="Abad ke-7 SM">abad ke-7 SM</a>. </p><p>Upanishad merupakan sebahagian daripada <a href="/wiki/Veda" title="Veda">Veda</a>. Semua Upanishad adalah bahasa <a href="/wiki/Sanskrit" class="mw-redirect" title="Sanskrit">Sanskrit</a> purba yang digunakan dalam <a href="/wiki/Veda" title="Veda">Veda</a>. Upanishad mengandungi ajaran falsafah serta konsep-konsep utama agama <a href="/wiki/Hinduisme" title="Hinduisme">Hindu</a>. Beberapa ajaran Upanishad juga kemudiannya dikongsi oleh tradisi lain seperti agama-agama <a href="/wiki/Agama_Buddha" title="Agama Buddha">Buddha</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Jainisme" title="Jainisme">Jain</a>. </p><p>Upanishad dianggap sebagai kesusasteraan utama dan paling penting dalam sejarah agama-agama dan kebudayaan India. Teks-teks ini memainkan peranan penting dalam perkembangan idea-idea kerohanian di <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a> purba, menandakan titik peralihan daripada ritualisme Vedik kepada idea-idea dan institusi-institusi baru. Antara semua sastera Vedik, hanya Upanishad yang telah menjadi popular dan masih berkembang ke seluruh dunia. Tidak dapat dinafikan bahawa ajaran Upanishad merupakan intipati agama <a href="/wiki/Hinduisme" title="Hinduisme">Hindu</a>. </p><p>Amnya, Upanishad juga dikenali sebagai <a href="/wiki/Falsafah_Vedanta" title="Falsafah Vedanta">Vedanta</a>. <a href="/wiki/Falsafah_Vedanta" title="Falsafah Vedanta">Vedanta</a> bermaksud "bahagian akhir <a href="/wiki/Veda" title="Veda">Veda</a>" atau "matlamat akhir <a href="/wiki/Veda" title="Veda">Veda</a>". Konsep-konsep <a href="/w/index.php?title=Brahman&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Brahman (laman tidak wujud)">Brahman</a> (Realiti Agung) dan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Atman&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Atman (laman tidak wujud)">Atman</a> (Diri) merupakan tema utama Upanishad. Selain <a href="/wiki/Bhagavad_Gita" title="Bhagavad Gita">Bhagavadgita</a> dan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Brahmasutra&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Brahmasutra (laman tidak wujud)">Brahmasutra</a>, Upanishad-Upanishad utama merupakan tiga asas kepada beberapa fahaman <a href="/wiki/Falsafah_Vedanta" title="Falsafah Vedanta">Vedanta</a>. </p><p>Menurut suatu pendapat, terdapat lebih 200 Upanishad. </p><p>Pada awal kurun ke-19, Upanishad mula diterjemahkan ke dalam bahasa asing dan sejak itu, ramai cendekiawan dan pemikir Barat telah menunjuk minat untuk mempelajari teks-teks purba ini. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Arthur_Schopenhauer&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Arthur Schopenhauer (laman tidak wujud)">Arthur Schopenhauer</a> yang amat tertarik dengan Upanishad memanggilnya sebagai "hasil terunggul pengetahuan manusia". Para Indologi moden telah membandingkan konsep-konsep asas Upanishad dengan falsafah barat. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etimologi">Etimologi</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Upanishad&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Sunting bahagian: Etimologi" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Upanishad&action=edit&section=1" title="Sunting kod sumber bahagian: Etimologi"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Perkataan 'Upanishad' berasal daripada perkataan "sad" yang mempunyai beberapa maksud iaitu melonggarkan, pergerakan, dan penghapusan. Maka, "Upanishad" boleh diberi maksud "ilmu atau pengetahuan suci yang melonggarkan ikatan samsara (kehidupan semula), menghapuskan kejahilan manusia mengenai Dirinya yang sebenar, dan membawanya kepada Tuhan atau <a href="/w/index.php?title=Brahman&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Brahman (laman tidak wujud)">Brahman</a>. Maka, kitab suci yang mengajar ilmu ini dipanggil sebagai "Upanishad". </p><p>Satu lagi maksud "Upanishad" ialah "duduk di samping". Maka, "Upanishad" ialah "ilmu kerohanian yang diajar secara peribadi atau sulit kepada seorang pelajar yang berkelayakan dan ilmu yang  dipelihara dengan penuh rahsia." </p><p>Kamus Sanskrit oleh <a href="/w/index.php?title=Monier-Williams&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Monier-Williams (laman tidak wujud)">Monier-Williams</a> menyatakan bahawa "Menurut otoriti orang-orang India, Upanishad bermaksud menyingkirkan kejahilan dengan mendedahkan ilmu Roh yang Agung." </p><p><a href="/wiki/Sankaracharya" title="Sankaracharya">Sankaracharya</a> menjelaskan dalam ulasan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Katha_Upanishad&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Katha Upanishad (laman tidak wujud)">Katha Upanishad</a> dan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Brihadaranyaka_Upanishad&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Brihadaranyaka Upanishad (laman tidak wujud)">Brihadaranyaka Upanishad</a> bahawa perkataan ini membawa maksud, "<a href="/w/index.php?title=Atmavidya&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Atmavidya (laman tidak wujud)">Atmavidya</a>, iaitu, Ilmu <a href="/w/index.php?title=Atman&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Atman (laman tidak wujud)">Atman</a>", atau "<a href="/w/index.php?title=Brahmavidya&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Brahmavidya (laman tidak wujud)">Brahmavidya</a>, Ilmu <a href="/w/index.php?title=Brahman&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Brahman (laman tidak wujud)">Brahman</a>". </p><p><a href="/w/index.php?title=Max_Muller&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Max Muller (laman tidak wujud)">Max Muller</a> dan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Paul_Deussen&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Paul Deussen (laman tidak wujud)">Paul Deussen</a> menterjemahkan "Upanishad" sebagai "doktrin rahsia". </p><p><a href="/w/index.php?title=Robert_Hume&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Robert Hume (laman tidak wujud)">Robert Hume</a> pula menterjemahkan perkataan ini sebagai "maksud mistik", sementara <a href="/w/index.php?title=Patrick_Olivelle&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Patrick Olivelle (laman tidak wujud)">Patrick Olivelle</a> pula memberikan maksud "hubungan terselindung". </p><p><a href="/wiki/Swami_Vivekananda" title="Swami Vivekananda">Swami Vivekananda</a> menyatakan bahawa <i>"Upanishad mempunyai satu subjek, satu kerja yang perlu dilakukan iaitu kerja membuktikan perkara ini: 'Seperti mana seketul tanah dapat mengajar kita mengenai semua tanah dalam dunia ini, jadi, apakah perkara yang boleh mengajar kita tentang segala-galanya dalam dunia ini?'"</i> </p><p>Menurut <a href="/wiki/Swami_Vivekananda" title="Swami Vivekananda">Swami Vivekananda</a>, <i>"Upanishad mengajar kita segala-galanya tentang agama."</i> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Perkembangan">Perkembangan</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Upanishad&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Sunting bahagian: Perkembangan" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Upanishad&action=edit&section=2" title="Sunting kod sumber bahagian: Perkembangan"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pengarang">Pengarang</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Upanishad&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Sunting bahagian: Pengarang" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Upanishad&action=edit&section=3" title="Sunting kod sumber bahagian: Pengarang"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Sama seperti <a href="/wiki/Veda" title="Veda">Veda</a>, tidak ada sebarang catatan mengenai pengarang atau penulis Upanishad. Menurut S.Radhakrisnan<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>, "tiada nama pengarang untuk hampir semua sastera awal India. Kita tidak tahu nama penulis-penulis Upanishad". Upanishad-Upanishad yang purba adalah sebahagian daripada Veda. Oleh itu, seperti Veda, Upanishad juga dianggap sebagai <i>Apauruseya</i>, yang bermaksud "bukan buatan manusia". Ayat-ayat suci Veda telah ditemui oleh para <a href="/w/index.php?title=Rishi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rishi (laman tidak wujud)">Rishi</a>. Maka, kita boleh katakan bahawa Upanishad juga telah ditemui oleh para Rishi. </p><p>Teori-teori falsafah dalam Upanishad-Upanishad yang tertua boleh dikaitkan dengan Rishi-Rishi popular seperti Yajnavalkya, Uddalaka Aruni, Shvetaketu, Shandilya, Aitareya, Balaki, Pippalada, dan Sanatkumara. Rishi wanita seperti Maitreyi dan Gargi juga turut mengambil bahagian dalam dialog dalam Upanishad-Upanishad yang tertua. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Zaman_Penulisan">Zaman Penulisan</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Upanishad&veaction=edit&section=4" title="Sunting bahagian: Zaman Penulisan" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Upanishad&action=edit&section=4" title="Sunting kod sumber bahagian: Zaman Penulisan"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Menurut tradisi, Upanishad ialah Wahyu. Ayat-ayat suci ini didedahkan oleh Tuhan pada permulaan setiap kitaran ciptaan kepada orang-orang yang berkelayakan. Maka, ayat-ayat suci ini adalah abadi. </p><p>Upanishad adalah suatu bahagian integral <a href="/wiki/Veda" title="Veda">Veda</a>. Oleh itu, Upanishad juga dipercayai didedahkan serentak dengan masa pendedahan <a href="/wiki/Veda" title="Veda">Veda</a>. </p><p>Tarikh-tarikh <a href="/wiki/Rig_Veda" title="Rig Veda">Rigveda</a> adalah antara 4500 S.M. (oleh <a href="/w/index.php?title=B.G.Tilak)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="B.G.Tilak) (laman tidak wujud)">B.G.Tilak)</a> dan 2400 S.M. (oleh Hang) dan 1200 S.M. (oleh <a href="/w/index.php?title=Max_Muller&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Max Muller (laman tidak wujud)">Max Muller</a>). </p><p>Para cendekiawan Eropah menyatakan bahawa kemungkinan Upanishad didedahkan antara 700 S.M hingga 600 S.M. </p><p>Menurut data astronomikal dalam <a href="/w/index.php?title=Maitrayaniya_Upanishad&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Maitrayaniya Upanishad (laman tidak wujud)">Maitrayaniya Upanishad</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=B.G.Tilak&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="B.G.Tilak (laman tidak wujud)">B.G.Tilak</a> mengandaikan bahawa Upanishad itu dihasilkan pada 1900 S.M. Maka, menurut <a href="/w/index.php?title=B.G.Tilak&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="B.G.Tilak (laman tidak wujud)">Tilak</a> dan para cendekiawan yang bersetuju dengannya, Upanishad dihasilkan antara tahun 2500 S.M. hingga 2000 S.M. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Kronologi">Kronologi</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Upanishad&veaction=edit&section=5" title="Sunting bahagian: Kronologi" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Upanishad&action=edit&section=5" title="Sunting kod sumber bahagian: Kronologi"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Para cendekiawan tidak dapat menentukan bilakah Upanishad dihasilkan. Menurut ahli falsafah dan sarjana <a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Sanskrit" title="Bahasa Sanskrit">Sanskrit</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Stephen_Phillips&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Stephen Phillips (laman tidak wujud)">Stephen Phillips</a>, adalah amat sukar untuk menentukan Upanishad-Upanishad yang paling tua kerana semua pendapat bergantung kepada bukti-bukti yang tidak mencukupi dan teks-teks kuno dalam bahasa yang kuno dan sukar difahami. Menurut ahli Indologi <a href="/w/index.php?title=Patrick_Olivelle&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Patrick Olivelle (laman tidak wujud)">Patrick Olivelle</a>, sebarang percubaan untuk menentukan tarikh teks-teks Upanishad yang tepat kepada beberapa kurun adalah sama seperti kestabilan rumah yang dibina dengan kad terup! Beberapa orang sarjana juga telah cuba untuk menentukan kronologi Upanishad dengan membuat perbandingan dengan teks-teks <a href="/wiki/Agama_Buddha" title="Agama Buddha">agama Buddha</a>. </p><p><a href="/w/index.php?title=Patrick_Olivelle&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Patrick Olivelle (laman tidak wujud)">Patrick Olivelle</a> telah memberikan kronologi Upanishad awal seperti berikut: </p> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Brihadaranyaka&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Brihadaranyaka (laman tidak wujud)">Brihadaranyaka</a> dan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Chandogya&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Chandogya (laman tidak wujud)">Chandogya</a> adalah dua Upanishad yang paling awal. Kedua-dua teks ini adalah sebelum teks-teks <a href="/wiki/Agama_Buddha" title="Agama Buddha">agama Buddha</a>, iaitu lebih kurang antara kurun ke-7 hingga ke-6 S.M.</li> <li>Taittiriya, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Aitareya&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Aitareya (laman tidak wujud)">Aitareya</a>, dan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kausitaki&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kausitaki (laman tidak wujud)">Kausitaki</a> adalah kumpulan kedua yang dihasilkan sebelum zaman Buddha, kemungkinan antara kurun ke-6 hingga kurun ke-5 S.M.</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kena&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kena (laman tidak wujud)">Kena</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Katha&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Katha (laman tidak wujud)">Katha</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Isa_Upanisad&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Isa Upanisad (laman tidak wujud)">Isa</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Svetasvatara&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Svetasvatara (laman tidak wujud)">Svetasvatara</a>, dan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mundaka_Upanisad&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mundaka Upanisad (laman tidak wujud)">Mundaka</a> kemungkinan dihasilkan pada kurun-kurun terakhir S.M.</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Prasna&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Prasna (laman tidak wujud)">Prasna</a> dan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mandukya&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mandukya (laman tidak wujud)">Mandukya</a> mungkin dihasilkan pada kurun pertama Masihi.</li></ul> <p><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stephen_Phillips&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Stephen Phillips (laman tidak wujud)">Stephen Phillips</a> pula berpendapat bahawa Upanishad-Upanishad bertarikh antara 800 hingga 300 S.M. Menurutnya lagi, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Brihadaranyaka&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Brihadaranyaka (laman tidak wujud)">Brihadaranyaka</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Chandogya&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Chandogya (laman tidak wujud)">Chandogya</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Isha&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Isha (laman tidak wujud)">Isha</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Taittiriya&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Taittiriya (laman tidak wujud)">Taittiriya</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Aitareya&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Aitareya (laman tidak wujud)">Aitareya</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kena&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kena (laman tidak wujud)">Kena</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Katha&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Katha (laman tidak wujud)">Katha</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mundaka_Upanisad&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mundaka Upanisad (laman tidak wujud)">Mundaka</a>, dan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Prasna_Upanisad&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Prasna Upanisad (laman tidak wujud)">Prasna</a> Upanishad adalah ke semuanya teks-teks sebelum zaman agama Buddha dan agama Jain. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Svetasvatara&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Svetasvatara (laman tidak wujud)">Svetasvatara</a> dan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mandukya&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mandukya (laman tidak wujud)">Mandukya</a> pula mungkin serentak dengan zaman Buddha dan Jain. </p><p>Upanishad-Upanishad yang baru pula, yang juga dikenali sebagai Upanishad minor, kemungkinan dihasilkan antara kurun pertama hingga kurun ke-2 Masihi. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Gavin_Flood&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gavin Flood (laman tidak wujud)">Gavin Flood</a> memberikan kebanyakan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Yoga_Upanishad&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Yoga Upanishad (laman tidak wujud)">Yoga Upanishad</a> tarikh antara 100 hingga 300 Masihi. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Patrick_Olivelle&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Patrick Olivelle (laman tidak wujud)">Patrick Olivelle</a> dan beberapa sarjana lain pula menandakan dua puluh <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sannyasa_Upanishad&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sannyasa Upanishad (laman tidak wujud)">Sannyasa Upanishad</a> sebagai teks-teks kurun kurun pertama Masihi hingga 200 Masihi. Hampir separuh daripada <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sannyasa_Upanishad&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sannyasa Upanishad (laman tidak wujud)">Sannyasa Upanishad</a> kemungkinan dihasilkan antara kurun ke-14 hingga ke-15 Masihi. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Geografi">Geografi</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Upanishad&veaction=edit&section=6" title="Sunting bahagian: Geografi" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Upanishad&action=edit&section=6" title="Sunting kod sumber bahagian: Geografi"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Amnya, Upanishad dianggap sebagai dihasilkan di <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a> utara. Kawasan ini dikelilingi lembah Indus di utara, lembah <a href="/wiki/Sungai_Ganges" title="Sungai Ganges">Ganges</a> di timur, pergunungan Himalaya di utara, dan pergunungan Vindhya di selatan. Menurut para cendekiawan, Upanishad-Upanishad awal kemungkinan dihasilkan di pusat Brahmanisme purba, merangkumi kawasan Kuru-Panchala dan Kosala-Videha. Bahagian ini tersebat daripada Bihar, Nepal, Uttar Pradesh, Uttarakhand, Himachal Pradesh, Haryana, Rajasthan timur,dan Madhya Pradesh utara. </p><p>Menurut <a href="/w/index.php?title=Witzel&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Witzel (laman tidak wujud)">Witzel</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Brihadaranyaka_Upanishad&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Brihadaranyaka Upanishad (laman tidak wujud)">Brihadaranyaka Upanishad</a> kemungkinan dihasilkan di Videha, di mana rajanya, Janaka, merupakan watak utama Upanishad ini. Kemungkinan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Chandogya_Upanishad&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Chandogya Upanishad (laman tidak wujud)">Chandogya Upanishad</a> dihasilkan di bahagian barat India, merangkumi wilayah Kuru-Panchala. </p><p>Sebanyakan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Muktik%C4%81_Upanishad&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Muktikā Upanishad (laman tidak wujud)">Muktikā Upanishad</a> nampaknya berasal daripada India selatan. Dalam bab keempat Kaushitaki Upanishad, suatu lokasi bernama <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kashi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kashi (laman tidak wujud)">Kashi</a> (<a href="/wiki/Varanasi,_Cantonment" title="Varanasi, Cantonment">Varanasi</a>) disebut. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bilangan_&_Klasifikasi"><span id="Bilangan_.26_Klasifikasi"></span>Bilangan & Klasifikasi</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Upanishad&veaction=edit&section=7" title="Sunting bahagian: Bilangan & Klasifikasi" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Upanishad&action=edit&section=7" title="Sunting kod sumber bahagian: Bilangan & Klasifikasi"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Pada masa ini, terdapat lebih 200 judul bercetak yang dikenali sebagai "Upanishad". </p><p>Di India Selatan, suatu senarai menurut <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Muktikopanishad&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Muktikopanishad (laman tidak wujud)">Mukhya Upanishad</a></i> yang diterbitkan dalam bahasa <a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Telugu" title="Bahasa Telugu">Telugu</a> memberikan senarai 108 Upanishad. Senarai ini telah menjadi popular dan masih diikuti kini. Di India Utara pula, satu senarai 52 Upanishad lebih popular. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Sepuluh_Upanishad_Utama">Sepuluh Upanishad Utama</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Upanishad&veaction=edit&section=8" title="Sunting bahagian: Sepuluh Upanishad Utama" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Upanishad&action=edit&section=8" title="Sunting kod sumber bahagian: Sepuluh Upanishad Utama"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Sankaracharya" title="Sankaracharya">Sankaracharya</a> (788 - 820 M) telah memilih sepuluh Upanishad sahaja untuk menulis ulasannya. <a href="/wiki/Sankaracharya" title="Sankaracharya">Sankaracharya</a> juga merujuk kepada beberapa buah Upanishad lain dalam ulasan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Brahmasutra&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Brahmasutra (laman tidak wujud)">Brahmasutra</a>. <a href="/wiki/Ramanujacharya" title="Ramanujacharya">Ramanuja</a> (1017-1137 M) pula telah menambah dua lagi Upanishad. Sekiranya kita menerima Upanishad-Upanishad ini sebagai yang paling purba dan utama, senarai berikut (menurut susunan abjad) dapat diberikan: </p> <ul><li><i>Aitareya Upaniṣad</i></li> <li><i>Bṛhadāraṇyaka Upaniṣad</i></li> <li><i>Chāndogya Upaniṣad</i></li> <li><i>Īśāvāsya Upaniṣad</i></li> <li><i>Jābāla Upaniṣad</i></li> <li><i>Kaivalya Upaniṣad</i></li> <li><i>Kaṭha Upaniṣad</i></li> <li><i>Kauṣītaki Upaniṣad</i></li> <li><i>Kena Upaniṣad</i></li> <li><i>Māṇḍūkya Upaniṣad</i></li> <li><i>Mahānārāyaṇa Upaniṣad</i></li> <li><i>Muṇḍaka Upaniṣad</i></li> <li><i>Praśna Upaniṣad</i></li> <li><i>Śvetāśvatara Upaniṣad</i></li> <li><i>Taittirīya Upaniṣad</i></li> <li><i>Vajrasūcikā Upaniṣad</i></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Klasifikasi_Mukhya_Upanishad">Klasifikasi Mukhya Upanishad</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Upanishad&veaction=edit&section=9" title="Sunting bahagian: Klasifikasi Mukhya Upanishad" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Upanishad&action=edit&section=9" title="Sunting kod sumber bahagian: Klasifikasi Mukhya Upanishad"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mukhya_Upanishad&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mukhya Upanishad (laman tidak wujud)">Mukhya Upanishad</a></i> boleh dibahagikan kepada dua kelas menurut masa. Teks paling tua ialah <i>Brihadaranyaka</i> dan <i>Chandogya.</i> </p><p>Setiap Upanishad utama boleh dikaitkan dengan salah satu bahagian Veda yang dikenali sebagai Shakha. Pada masa ini, hanya beberapa Shakha sahaja masih wujud. </p><p>Upanishad-Upanishad baru pula kebanyakannya tidak berkaitan dengan Veda dan tidak disebut atau diulas oleh para ahli falsafah Vedanta. Bahasa Upanishad baru juga agak moden dan tidak sama dengan bahasa dalam Upanishad klasik. Oleh itu, Upanishad-Upanishad baru ini lebih mudah untuk difahami. </p> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Hubungan Veda-Shakha-Upanishad </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Veda </th> <th><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shakha&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Shakha (laman tidak wujud)">Shakha</a> </th> <th>Upanishad Utama </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Rig_Veda" title="Rig Veda">Rig Veda</a> </td> <td>Shakala </td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aitareya_Upanishad&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Aitareya Upanishad (laman tidak wujud)"><span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit Transliteration" class="IAST Unicode" style="font-face: Arial Unicode MS, GNU Unifont, Lucida Sans Unicode; white-space: wrap; text-decoration: none">Aitareya</span></a> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="3"><a href="/wiki/Sama_Veda" title="Sama Veda">Sama Veda</a> </td> <td>Kauthuma </td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chandogya&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Chandogya (laman tidak wujud)"><span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit Transliteration" class="IAST Unicode" style="font-face: Arial Unicode MS, GNU Unifont, Lucida Sans Unicode; white-space: wrap; text-decoration: none">Chāndogya</span></a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jaiminiya&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jaiminiya (laman tidak wujud)">Jaiminiya</a> </td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kena_Upanishad&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kena Upanishad (laman tidak wujud)">Kena</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Ranayaniya </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="7"><a href="/wiki/Yajur_Veda" title="Yajur Veda">Yajur Veda</a> </td> <td>Katha </td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Katha_Upanishad&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Katha Upanishad (laman tidak wujud)"><span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit Transliteration" class="IAST Unicode" style="font-face: Arial Unicode MS, GNU Unifont, Lucida Sans Unicode; white-space: wrap; text-decoration: none">Kaṭha</span></a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Taittiriya&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Taittiriya (laman tidak wujud)">Taittiriya</a> </td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Taittiriya_Upanishad&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Taittiriya Upanishad (laman tidak wujud)"><span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit Transliteration" class="IAST Unicode" style="font-face: Arial Unicode MS, GNU Unifont, Lucida Sans Unicode; white-space: wrap; text-decoration: none">Taittirīya</span></a> dan <span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit Transliteration" class="IAST Unicode" style="font-face: Arial Unicode MS, GNU Unifont, Lucida Sans Unicode; white-space: wrap; text-decoration: none"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%C5%9Avet%C4%81%C5%9Bvatara&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Śvetāśvatara (laman tidak wujud)">Śvetāśvatara</a></span><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELal19924090_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELal19924090-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Maitrayani </td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Maitrayaniya_Upanishad&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Maitrayaniya Upanishad (laman tidak wujud)"><span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit Transliteration" class="IAST Unicode" style="font-face: Arial Unicode MS, GNU Unifont, Lucida Sans Unicode; white-space: wrap; text-decoration: none">Maitrāyaṇi</span></a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Hiranyakeshi (Kapishthala) </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Kathaka </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Vajasaneyi Madhyandina </td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Isha_Upanishad&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Isha Upanishad (laman tidak wujud)"><span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit Transliteration" class="IAST Unicode" style="font-face: Arial Unicode MS, GNU Unifont, Lucida Sans Unicode; white-space: wrap; text-decoration: none">Isha</span></a> dan <span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit Transliteration" class="IAST Unicode" style="font-face: Arial Unicode MS, GNU Unifont, Lucida Sans Unicode; white-space: wrap; text-decoration: none"><a href="/w/index.php?title=B%E1%B9%9Bhad%C4%81ra%E1%B9%87yaka&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bṛhadāraṇyaka (laman tidak wujud)">Bṛhadāraṇyaka</a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kanva_Shakha&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kanva Shakha (laman tidak wujud)">Kanva Shakha</a> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Atharva_Veda" title="Atharva Veda">Atharva Veda</a> </td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shaunaka&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Shaunaka (laman tidak wujud)">Shaunaka</a> </td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mandukya_Upanishad&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mandukya Upanishad (laman tidak wujud)"><span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit Transliteration" class="IAST Unicode" style="font-face: Arial Unicode MS, GNU Unifont, Lucida Sans Unicode; white-space: wrap; text-decoration: none">Māṇḍūkya</span></a> dan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mundaka_Upanishad&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mundaka Upanishad (laman tidak wujud)"><span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit Transliteration" class="IAST Unicode" style="font-face: Arial Unicode MS, GNU Unifont, Lucida Sans Unicode; white-space: wrap; text-decoration: none">Muṇḍaka</span></a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Paippalada </td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Prashna_Upanishad&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Prashna Upanishad (laman tidak wujud)">Prashna Upanishad</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Kaitan_dengan_Veda">Kaitan dengan Veda</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Upanishad&veaction=edit&section=10" title="Sunting bahagian: Kaitan dengan Veda" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Upanishad&action=edit&section=10" title="Sunting kod sumber bahagian: Kaitan dengan Veda"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Semua Upanishad boleh dikaitkan dengan Veda - <a href="/wiki/Rig_Veda" title="Rig Veda">Rigveda</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sama_Veda" title="Sama Veda">Samaveda</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yajur_Veda" title="Yajur Veda">Yajurveda</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Atharva_Veda" title="Atharva Veda">Atharvaveda</a>. Dalam zaman moden, Upanishad-Upanishad yang terkandung dalam <a href="/wiki/Veda" title="Veda">Veda</a> diasingkan daripada bahagian-bahagian <a href="/w/index.php?title=Brahmana&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Brahmana (laman tidak wujud)">Brahmana</a> dan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Aranyaka&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Aranyaka (laman tidak wujud)">Aranyaka</a>, dan diterbitkan sebagai teks-teks berasingan. </p><p>Senarai berikut memberikan kaitan Upanishad dengan empat Veda. Namun, senarai ini bukan muktamad. Terdapat juga beberapa senarai lain yang berbeza. Di India Selatan, misalnya, senarai yang digunakan adalah menurut senarai dalam <a href="/w/index.php?title=Muktika_Upanishad&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Muktika Upanishad (laman tidak wujud)">Muktika Upanishad</a> yang diterbitkan dalam bahasa <a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Telugu" title="Bahasa Telugu">Telugu</a>. Senarai ini menjadi popular dalam kurun ke-19 dan kini, ianya popular sebagai senarai 108 Upanishad. Di India utara pula, terdapat suatu senarai 52 Upanishad. </p><p><i>Muktikā</i> Upanishad menyenaraikan 108 Upanishad yang dibahagikan seperti berikut: 13 Upanishad awal yang dinamakan <i>mukhya (utama)</i>, 21 sebagai Sāmānya Vedānta, 20 sebagai Sannyāsa, 14 sebagai Vaishnava, 12 sebagai Shaiva, 8 sebagai Shakta, dan 20 sebagai Yoga. Senarai 108 Upanishad menurut <i>Muktikā</i> adalah seperti dalam rajah di bawah. Upanishad utama atau mukhya Upanishads adalah yang paling penting dan popular. </p> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Hubungan Veda-Upanishad </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Veda </th> <th>Bil. </th> <th style="background: #FFDD00; color: black">Mukhya<sup id="cite_ref-PeterHeehs_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PeterHeehs-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <th>Sāmānya </th> <th>Sannyāsa<sup id="cite_ref-olivellesamnyasa_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-olivellesamnyasa-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <th>Śākta<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <th>Vaiṣṇava<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <th>Śaiva<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <th>Yoga<sup id="cite_ref-ayyangaryoga_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ayyangaryoga-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th></tr> <tr> <td>Ṛigveda </td> <td>10 </td> <td style="background: #FFDD00; color: black"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aitareya_Upanishad&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Aitareya Upanishad (laman tidak wujud)">Aitareya</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kaushitaki_Upanishad&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kaushitaki Upanishad (laman tidak wujud)">Kauśītāki</a> </td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Atmabodha_Upanishad&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Atmabodha Upanishad (laman tidak wujud)">Ātmabodha</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mudgala_Upanishad&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mudgala Upanishad (laman tidak wujud)">Mudgala</a> </td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nirvana_Upanishad&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nirvana Upanishad (laman tidak wujud)">Nirvāṇa</a> </td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tripura_Upanishad&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tripura Upanishad (laman tidak wujud)">Tripura</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Saubhagyalakshmi_Upanishad&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Saubhagyalakshmi Upanishad (laman tidak wujud)">Saubhāgya-lakshmi</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Bahvricha_Upanishad&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bahvricha Upanishad (laman tidak wujud)">Bahvṛca</a> </td> <td>- </td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Akshamalika_Upanishad&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Akshamalika Upanishad (laman tidak wujud)">Akṣamālika</a> </td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nada_Bindu_Upanishad&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nada Bindu Upanishad (laman tidak wujud)">Nādabindu</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Samaveda </td> <td>16 </td> <td style="background: #FFDD00; color: black"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chandogya_Upanishad&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Chandogya Upanishad (laman tidak wujud)">Chāndogya</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kena_Upanishad&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kena Upanishad (laman tidak wujud)">Kena</a> </td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vajrasuchi_Upanishad&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Vajrasuchi Upanishad (laman tidak wujud)">Vajrasūchi</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Maha_Upanishad&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Maha Upanishad (laman tidak wujud)">Maha</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Savitri_Upanishad&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Savitri Upanishad (laman tidak wujud)">Sāvitrī</a> </td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aruneya_Upanishad&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Aruneya Upanishad (laman tidak wujud)">Āruṇi</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Maitreya_Upanishad&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Maitreya Upanishad (laman tidak wujud)">Maitreya</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Brihat-Sannyasa_Upanishad&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Brihat-Sannyasa Upanishad (laman tidak wujud)">Brhat-Sannyāsa</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kundika_Upanishad&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kundika Upanishad (laman tidak wujud)">Kuṇḍika</a> (Laghu-Sannyāsa) </td> <td>- </td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vasudeva_Upanishad&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Vasudeva Upanishad (laman tidak wujud)">Vāsudeva</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Avyakta_Upanishad&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Avyakta Upanishad (laman tidak wujud)">Avyakta</a> </td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rudrakshajabala_Upanishad&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rudrakshajabala Upanishad (laman tidak wujud)">Rudrākṣa</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Jabali_Upanishad&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jabali Upanishad (laman tidak wujud)">Jābāli</a> </td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yogachudamani_Upanishad&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Yogachudamani Upanishad (laman tidak wujud)">Yogachūḍāmaṇi</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Darshana_Upanishad&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Darshana Upanishad (laman tidak wujud)">Darśana</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Krishna Yajurveda </td> <td>32 </td> <td style="background: #FFDD00; color: black"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Taittiriya_Upanishad&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Taittiriya Upanishad (laman tidak wujud)">Taittiriya</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Katha_Upanishad&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Katha Upanishad (laman tidak wujud)">Katha</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Shvetashvatara_Upanishad&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Shvetashvatara Upanishad (laman tidak wujud)">Śvetāśvatara</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Maitrayaniya_Upanishad&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Maitrayaniya Upanishad (laman tidak wujud)">Maitrāyaṇi</a><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sarvasara_Upanishad&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sarvasara Upanishad (laman tidak wujud)">Sarvasāra</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Shukarahasya_Upanishad&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Shukarahasya Upanishad (laman tidak wujud)">Śukarahasya</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Skanda_Upanishad&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Skanda Upanishad (laman tidak wujud)">Skanda</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Garbha_Upanishad&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Garbha Upanishad (laman tidak wujud)">Garbha</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sariraka_Upanishad&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sariraka Upanishad (laman tidak wujud)">Śārīraka</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ekakshara_Upanishad&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ekakshara Upanishad (laman tidak wujud)">Ekākṣara</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Akshi_Upanishad&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Akshi Upanishad (laman tidak wujud)">Akṣi</a> </td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Brahma_Upanishad&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Brahma Upanishad (laman tidak wujud)">Brahma</a>, (Laghu, Brhad) <a href="/w/index.php?title=Avadhuta_Upanishad&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Avadhuta Upanishad (laman tidak wujud)">Avadhūta</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kathashruti_Upanishad&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kathashruti Upanishad (laman tidak wujud)">Kaṭhasruti</a> </td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sarasvati-rahasya_Upanishad&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sarasvati-rahasya Upanishad (laman tidak wujud)">Sarasvatī-rahasya</a> </td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Narayana_Upanishad&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Narayana Upanishad (laman tidak wujud)">Nārāyaṇa</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kali-Sa%E1%B9%87%E1%B9%AD%C4%81ra%E1%B9%87a_Upani%E1%B9%A3ad&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kali-Saṇṭāraṇa Upaniṣad (laman tidak wujud)">Kali-Saṇṭāraṇa</a> </td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kaivalya_Upanishad&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kaivalya Upanishad (laman tidak wujud)">Kaivalya</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kalagni_Rudra_Upanishad&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kalagni Rudra Upanishad (laman tidak wujud)">Kālāgnirudra</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Dakshinamurti_Upanishad&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dakshinamurti Upanishad (laman tidak wujud)">Dakṣiṇāmūrti</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Rudrahridaya_Upanishad&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rudrahridaya Upanishad (laman tidak wujud)">Rudrahṛdaya</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pancabrahma_Upanishad&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pancabrahma Upanishad (laman tidak wujud)">Pañcabrahma</a> </td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Amritabindu_Upanishad&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Amritabindu Upanishad (laman tidak wujud)">Amṛtabindu</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Tejobindu_Upanishad&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tejobindu Upanishad (laman tidak wujud)">Tejobindu</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Amritanada_Upanishad&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Amritanada Upanishad (laman tidak wujud)">Amṛtanāda</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kshurika_Upanishad&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kshurika Upanishad (laman tidak wujud)">Kṣurika</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Dhyanabindu_Upanishad&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dhyanabindu Upanishad (laman tidak wujud)">Dhyānabindu</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Brahmavidya_Upanishad&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Brahmavidya Upanishad (laman tidak wujud)">Brahmavidyā</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Yogatattva_Upanishad&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Yogatattva Upanishad (laman tidak wujud)">Yogatattva</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Yogashikha_Upanishad&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Yogashikha Upanishad (laman tidak wujud)">Yogaśikhā</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Yoga-kundalini_Upanishad&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Yoga-kundalini Upanishad (laman tidak wujud)">Yogakuṇḍalini</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Varaha_Upanishad&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Varaha Upanishad (laman tidak wujud)">Varāha</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Shukla Yajurveda </td> <td>19 </td> <td style="background: #FFDD00; color: black"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Brihadaranyaka_Upanishad&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Brihadaranyaka Upanishad (laman tidak wujud)">Bṛhadāraṇyaka</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Isha_Upanishad&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Isha Upanishad (laman tidak wujud)">Īśa</a> </td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Subala_Upanishad&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Subala Upanishad (laman tidak wujud)">Subala</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mantrika_Upanishad&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mantrika Upanishad (laman tidak wujud)">Mantrika</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Niralamba_Upanishad&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Niralamba Upanishad (laman tidak wujud)">Niralamba</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Paingala_Upanishad&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Paingala Upanishad (laman tidak wujud)">Paingala</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Adhyatma_Upanishad&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Adhyatma Upanishad (laman tidak wujud)">Adhyatma</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Muktik%C4%81&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Muktikā (laman tidak wujud)">Muktika</a> </td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jabala_Upanishad&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jabala Upanishad (laman tidak wujud)">Jābāla</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Paramahamsa_Upanishad&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Paramahamsa Upanishad (laman tidak wujud)">Paramahaṃsa</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Bhikshuka_Upanishad&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bhikshuka Upanishad (laman tidak wujud)">Bhikṣuka</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Turiyatitavadhuta_Upanishad&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Turiyatitavadhuta Upanishad (laman tidak wujud)">Turīyātītavadhuta</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Yajnavalkya_Upanishad&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Yajnavalkya Upanishad (laman tidak wujud)">Yājñavalkya</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Shatyayaniya_Upanishad&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Shatyayaniya Upanishad (laman tidak wujud)">Śāṭyāyaniya</a> </td> <td>- </td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tarasara_Upanishad&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tarasara Upanishad (laman tidak wujud)">Tārasāra</a> </td> <td>- </td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Advayataraka_Upanishad&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Advayataraka Upanishad (laman tidak wujud)">Advayatāraka</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Hamsa_Upanishad&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hamsa Upanishad (laman tidak wujud)">Haṃsa</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Trishikhibrahmana_Upanishad&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Trishikhibrahmana Upanishad (laman tidak wujud)">Triśikhi</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mandala-brahmana_Upanishad&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mandala-brahmana Upanishad (laman tidak wujud)">Maṇḍalabrāhmaṇa</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Atharvaveda </td> <td>31 </td> <td style="background: #FFDD00; color: black"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mundaka_Upanishad&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mundaka Upanishad (laman tidak wujud)">Muṇḍaka</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mandukya_Upanishad&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mandukya Upanishad (laman tidak wujud)">Māṇḍūkya</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Prashna_Upanishad&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Prashna Upanishad (laman tidak wujud)">Praśna</a> </td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Atma_Upanishad&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Atma Upanishad (laman tidak wujud)">Ātmā</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Surya_Upanishad&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Surya Upanishad (laman tidak wujud)">Sūrya</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pranagnihotra_Upanishad&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pranagnihotra Upanishad (laman tidak wujud)">Prāṇāgnihotra</a><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>Āśrama, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Naradaparivrajaka_Upanishad&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Naradaparivrajaka Upanishad (laman tidak wujud)">Nārada-parivrājaka</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Paramahamsa_Parivrajaka_Upanishad&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Paramahamsa Parivrajaka Upanishad (laman tidak wujud)">Paramahaṃsa parivrājaka</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Parabrahma_Upanishad&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Parabrahma Upanishad (laman tidak wujud)">Parabrahma</a> </td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sita_Upanishad&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sita Upanishad (laman tidak wujud)">Sītā</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Devi_Upanishad&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Devi Upanishad (laman tidak wujud)">Devī</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Tripuratapini_Upanishad&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tripuratapini Upanishad (laman tidak wujud)">Tripurātapini</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Bhavana_Upanishad&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bhavana Upanishad (laman tidak wujud)">Bhāvana</a> </td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nrisimha_Tapaniya_Upanishad&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nrisimha Tapaniya Upanishad (laman tidak wujud)">Nṛsiṃhatāpanī</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mahanarayana_Upanishad&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mahanarayana Upanishad (laman tidak wujud)">Mahānārāyaṇa (Tripād vibhuti)</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Rama_Rahasya_Upanishad&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rama Rahasya Upanishad (laman tidak wujud)">Rāmarahasya</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Rama_tapaniya_Upanishad&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rama tapaniya Upanishad (laman tidak wujud)">Rāmatāpaṇi</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Gopala_Tapani_Upanishad&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gopala Tapani Upanishad (laman tidak wujud)">Gopālatāpani</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Krishna_Upanishad&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Krishna Upanishad (laman tidak wujud)">Kṛṣṇa</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Hayagriva_Upanishad&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hayagriva Upanishad (laman tidak wujud)">Hayagrīva</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Dattatreya_Upanishad&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dattatreya Upanishad (laman tidak wujud)">Dattātreya</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Garuda_Upanishad&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Garuda Upanishad (laman tidak wujud)">Gāruḍa</a> </td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Atharvashiras_Upanishad&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Atharvashiras Upanishad (laman tidak wujud)">Atharvasiras</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Atharvashikha_Upanishad&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Atharvashikha Upanishad (laman tidak wujud)">Atharvaśikha</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Brihajjabala_Upanishad&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Brihajjabala Upanishad (laman tidak wujud)">Bṛhajjābāla</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sharabha_Upanishad&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sharabha Upanishad (laman tidak wujud)">Śarabha</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Bhasmajabala_Upanishad&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bhasmajabala Upanishad (laman tidak wujud)">Bhasma</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ganapati_Upanishad&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ganapati Upanishad (laman tidak wujud)">Gaṇapati</a> </td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shandilya_Upanishad&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Shandilya Upanishad (laman tidak wujud)">Śāṇḍilya</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pashupatabrahma_Upanishad&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pashupatabrahma Upanishad (laman tidak wujud)">Pāśupata</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mahavakya_Upanishad&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mahavakya Upanishad (laman tidak wujud)">Mahāvākya</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background: #FFCC88; color: black">Jumlah Upanishads </td> <td style="background: #FFCC88; color: black">108 </td> <td style="background: #FFCC88; color: black">13<sup id="cite_ref-mukhya101213_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mukhya101213-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td style="background: #FFCC88; color: black">21 </td> <td style="background: #FFCC88; color: black">19 </td> <td style="background: #FFCC88; color: black">8 </td> <td style="background: #FFCC88; color: black">14 </td> <td style="background: #FFCC88; color: black">13 </td> <td style="background: #FFCC88; color: black">20 </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Mazhab-mazhab_Vedanta">Mazhab-mazhab Vedanta</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Upanishad&veaction=edit&section=11" title="Sunting bahagian: Mazhab-mazhab Vedanta" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Upanishad&action=edit&section=11" title="Sunting kod sumber bahagian: Mazhab-mazhab Vedanta"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Upanishad merupakan salah satu daripada tiga sumber utama mazhab-mazhab <a href="/wiki/Vedanta" class="mw-redirect" title="Vedanta">Vedanta</a>, di samping <a href="/wiki/Bhagavad_Gita" title="Bhagavad Gita">Bhagavadgita</a> dan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Brahmasutra&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Brahmasutra (laman tidak wujud)">Brahmasutra</a>. Pelbagai intepretasi berlainan dapat diberikan kepada ajaran-ajaran Upanishad. Amnya, mazhab-mazhab <a href="/wiki/Vedanta" class="mw-redirect" title="Vedanta">Vedanta</a> cuba untuk menjawab persoalan mengenai perhubungan antara <a href="/w/index.php?title=Brahman&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Brahman (laman tidak wujud)">Brahman</a> dan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Atman&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Atman (laman tidak wujud)">Atman</a>, dan perhubungan antara <a href="/w/index.php?title=Brahman&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Brahman (laman tidak wujud)">Brahman</a> dan dunia. Oleh itu, mazhab-mazhab <a href="/wiki/Falsafah_Vedanta" title="Falsafah Vedanta">Vedanta</a> dinamakan mengikut pandangannya terhadap perhubungan antara <a href="/w/index.php?title=Brahman&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Brahman (laman tidak wujud)">Brahman</a> dan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Atman&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Atman (laman tidak wujud)">Atman</a>. </p> <ul><li>Menurut <a href="/w/index.php?title=Advaita_Vedanta&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Advaita Vedanta (laman tidak wujud)">Advaita Vedanta</a>, tiada sebarang perbezaan antara <a href="/w/index.php?title=Brahman&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Brahman (laman tidak wujud)">Brahman</a> dan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Atman&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Atman (laman tidak wujud)">Atman</a>.</li> <li>Menurut <a href="/w/index.php?title=Vishishtadvaita&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Vishishtadvaita (laman tidak wujud)">Vishishtadvaita</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Atman&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Atman (laman tidak wujud)">Atman</a> individu adalah sebahagian daripada <a href="/w/index.php?title=Brahman&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Brahman (laman tidak wujud)">Brahman</a>, dan maka, ianya serupa tetapi bukan satu.</li> <li>Menurut <a href="/w/index.php?title=Dvaita_Vedanta&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dvaita Vedanta (laman tidak wujud)">Dvaita Vedanta</a>, semua <a href="/w/index.php?title=Atman&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Atman (laman tidak wujud)">Atman</a> individu (Jivatman) adalah entiti-entiti yang berasingan dan tidak sama dengan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Brahman&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Brahman (laman tidak wujud)">Brahman</a>.</li></ul> <p>Lain-lain mazhab <a href="/wiki/Vedanta" class="mw-redirect" title="Vedanta">Vedanta</a> termasuklah <a href="/w/index.php?title=Dvaitadvaita&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dvaitadvaita (laman tidak wujud)">Dvaitadvaita</a> oleh <a href="/w/index.php?title=Nimbarka&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nimbarka (laman tidak wujud)">Nimbarka</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Suddhadvaita&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Suddhadvaita (laman tidak wujud)">Suddhadvaita</a> oleh <a href="/w/index.php?title=Vallabha&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Vallabha (laman tidak wujud)">Vallabha</a>, dan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Acintya_Bhedabheda&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Acintya Bhedabheda (laman tidak wujud)">Acintya Bhedabheda</a> oleh <a href="/wiki/Sri_Krishna_Caitanya" title="Sri Krishna Caitanya">Sri Krishna Chaitanya</a>. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Sankaracharya" title="Sankaracharya">Sankaracharya</a> telah memberikan ulasan untuk 11 Upanishad utama. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Advaita_Vedanta">Advaita Vedanta</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Upanishad&veaction=edit&section=12" title="Sunting bahagian: Advaita Vedanta" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Upanishad&action=edit&section=12" title="Sunting kod sumber bahagian: Advaita Vedanta"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>(Artikel utama :<a href="/wiki/Falsafah_Vedanta" title="Falsafah Vedanta">Falsafah Vedanta</a>) </p><p>Advaita secara literal bermaksud "ketidakduaan". Ini adalah suatu sistem pemikiran monistik. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Brahman&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Brahman (laman tidak wujud)">Brahman</a> dan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Atman&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Atman (laman tidak wujud)">Atman</a> (Diri) bukan dua entiti berlainan. </p><p>Antara semua mazhab <a href="/wiki/Falsafah_Vedanta" title="Falsafah Vedanta">Vedanta</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Advaita_Vedanta&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Advaita Vedanta (laman tidak wujud)">Advaita Vedanta</a> merupakan mazhab falsafah India yang paling berpengaruh. Pelopor falsafah ini ialah <a href="/w/index.php?title=Gaudapada&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gaudapada (laman tidak wujud)">Gaudapada</a> yang memberikan prinsip-prinsip asas falsafah Advaita dalam ulasannya terhadap ayat-ayat bercanggah Upanishad. Idea-idea ini, kemudiannya diperkembangkan oleh <a href="/wiki/Sankaracharya" title="Sankaracharya">Sankaracharya</a>. </p><p>Menurut King, karya utama <a href="/w/index.php?title=Gaudapada&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gaudapada (laman tidak wujud)">Gaudapada</a>, <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=M%C4%81%E1%B9%87%E1%B8%8Dukya_K%C4%81rik%C4%81&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Māṇḍukya Kārikā (laman tidak wujud)">Māṇḍukya Kārikā</a>,</i> penuh dengan terminologi falsafah dan analogi <a href="/wiki/Agama_Buddha" title="Agama Buddha">agama Buddha</a>. Menurut King juga, penulisan <a href="/wiki/Sankaracharya" title="Sankaracharya">Sankaracharya</a> mempunyai perbezaan ketara dengan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Brahmasutra&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Brahmasutra (laman tidak wujud)">Brahmasutra</a>, dan bahawa idea-idea utama <a href="/wiki/Sankaracharya" title="Sankaracharya">Sankaracharya</a> bercanggah dengan idea-idea Upanishad. Sebaliknya, <a href="/w/index.php?title=S.Radhakrishnan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="S.Radhakrishnan (laman tidak wujud)">S.Radhakrishnan</a> berpendapat bahawa, pandangan <a href="/wiki/Sankaracharya" title="Sankaracharya">Sankaracharya</a> adalah terus. </p><p>Upanishad-Upanishad mengandungi empat ayat, Mahāvākya (Ayat-ayat Hebat), yang digunakan oleh <a href="/wiki/Sankaracharya" title="Sankaracharya">Shankaracharya</a> untuk membuktikan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Atman&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Atman (laman tidak wujud)">Atman</a> dan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Brahman&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Brahman (laman tidak wujud)">Brahman</a> sebagai kebenaran sastera: </p> <ul><li>"Prajñānam brahma" - "Kesedaran ialah Brahman" (<i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aitareya_Upanishad&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Aitareya Upanishad (laman tidak wujud)">Aitareya Upanishad</a></i>)</li> <li>"Aham brahmāsmi" - "Akulah Brahman" (<i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Brihadaranyaka_Upanishad&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Brihadaranyaka Upanishad (laman tidak wujud)">Brihadaranyaka Upanishad</a></i>)</li> <li>"Tat tvam asi" - "Kaulah Itu" (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Chandogya_Upanishad&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Chandogya Upanishad (laman tidak wujud)">Chandogya Upanishad</a>)</li> <li>"Ayamātmā brahma" - "Atman ini adalah Brahman" (<i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mandukya_Upanishad&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mandukya Upanishad (laman tidak wujud)">Mandukya Upanishad</a></i>)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Terjemahan">Terjemahan</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Upanishad&veaction=edit&section=13" title="Sunting bahagian: Terjemahan" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Upanishad&action=edit&section=13" title="Sunting kod sumber bahagian: Terjemahan"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Upanishad-Upanishad telah diterjemahkan ke dalam beberapa bahasa asing termasuk Persia, Itali, Urdu, Peranchis, Latin, Jerman, Inggeris, Belanda, Poland, Jepun, Sepanyol dan bahasa Russia. Semasa pemerintahan <a href="/wiki/Akbar_Agung" title="Akbar Agung">Akbar</a>, (1556–1586), Upanishad diterjemahkan buat pertama kali ke dalam bahasa Persia. Sultan Mohammed Dara Shikoh, cicit <a href="/wiki/Akbar_Agung" title="Akbar Agung">Akbar</a>, telah menerbitkan suatu koleksi yang bernama <i>Oupanekhat</i> pada tahun 1656. Dalam koleksi ini, 50 Upanishad telah diterjemahkan daripada bahasa <a href="/wiki/Sanskrit" class="mw-redirect" title="Sanskrit">Sanskrit</a> ke dalam bahasa Persia. </p><p><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anquetil_Duperron&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Anquetil Duperron (laman tidak wujud)">Anquetil Duperron</a>, seorang Peranchis, menerima satu manuskrip <i>Oupanekhat</i> dan menterjemahkannya daripada bahasa Persia ke dalam bahasa Peranchis dan <a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Latin" title="Bahasa Latin">Latin</a>. Terjemahan Latin, bernama <i>Oupneck'hat,</i> telah diterbitkan dalam dua jilid di antara tahun 1801-1802. Terjemahan Peranchis tidak pernah diterbitkan. Maka, versi Latin telah memperkenalkan ajaran Upanishad ke dunia barat. Walau bagaimanapun, menurut <a href="/w/index.php?title=Paul_Deussen&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Paul Deussen (laman tidak wujud)">Paul Deussen</a>, para penterjemah Persia telah menterjemahkan secara bebas dan telah mengubah maksud pada beberapa tempat. </p><p>Terjemahan pertama <a href="/w/index.php?title=Aitareya_Upanishad&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Aitareya Upanishad (laman tidak wujud)">Aitareya Upanishad</a> daripada Sanskrit ke dalam <a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Inggeris" title="Bahasa Inggeris">bahasa Inggeris</a> telah dilakukan oleh Colebrooke pada tahun 1805. Terjemahan pertama <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kena_Upanishad&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kena Upanishad (laman tidak wujud)">Kena Upanishad</a> pula dilakukan oleh <a href="/w/index.php?title=Raja_Rammohan_Roy&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Raja Rammohan Roy (laman tidak wujud)">Raja Rammohan Roy</a> pada tahun 1816. </p><p>Terjemahan Jerman yang pertama dikeluarkan pada tahun 1832. </p><p>Upanishad versi Inggeris mula-mula dikeluarkan pada tahun 1853 oleh Roer. Namun, pada tahun 1879 and 1884, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Max_Muller&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Max Muller (laman tidak wujud)">Max Muller</a> mengeluarkan edisi Inggeris yang sistematik dengan memasukkan semua 12 Upanishad utama. </p><p>Selain daripada itu, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Robert_Ernest_Hume&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Robert Ernest Hume (laman tidak wujud)">Robert Ernest Hume</a> telah menterjemahkan 13 Upanishad utama, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Paul_Deussen&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Paul Deussen (laman tidak wujud)">Paul Deussen</a> menterjemahkan 60 Upanishad, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sarvepalli_Radhakrishnan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan (laman tidak wujud)">Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan</a> menterjemah 18 Upanishad, dan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Patrick_Olivelle&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Patrick Olivelle (laman tidak wujud)">Patrick Olivelle</a> menterjemah 32 Upanishad. </p> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Parmeshwaranand classifies Maitrayani with Samaveda, most scholars with Krishna Yajurveda<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEParmeshwaranand2000404–406_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEParmeshwaranand2000404–406-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-mukhya101213-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-mukhya101213_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="error mw-ext-cite-error" lang="ms" dir="ltr">Ralat petik: Tag <code><ref></code> tidak sah; tiada teks disediakan bagi rujukan yang bernama <code>mukhya101213</code></span></li> </ol></div><div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">S Radhakrishnan, The Principal Upanishads George Allen & Co., 1951, pages 22, Reprinted as <a href="/wiki/Khas:Sumber_buku/9788172231248" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 978-8172231248</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELal19924090-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELal19924090_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLal1992">Lal 1992</a>, m/s. 4090.<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> sfn error: no target: CITEREFLal1992 (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Kategori:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kategori:Harv and Sfn template errors (laman tidak wujud)">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-PeterHeehs-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-PeterHeehs_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Peter Heehs (2002), Indian Religions, New York University Press, <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Khas:Sumber_buku/978-0814736500" title="Khas:Sumber buku/978-0814736500">978-0814736500</a>, pages 60-88</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-olivellesamnyasa-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-olivellesamnyasa_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Patrick_Olivelle&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Patrick Olivelle (laman tidak wujud)">Patrick Olivelle</a> (1992), The Samnyasa Upanisads, Oxford University Press, <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Khas:Sumber_buku/978-0195070453" title="Khas:Sumber buku/978-0195070453">978-0195070453</a>, pages x-xi, 5</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">AM Sastri, The Śākta Upaniṣads, with the commentary of Śrī Upaniṣad-Brahma-Yogin, Adyar Library, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Templat:Oclc&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Templat:Oclc (laman tidak wujud)">Templat:Oclc</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">AM Sastri, The Vaishnava-upanishads: with the commentary of Sri Upanishad-brahma-yogin, Adyar Library, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Templat:Oclc&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Templat:Oclc (laman tidak wujud)">Templat:Oclc</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">AM Sastri, The Śaiva-Upanishads with the commentary of Sri Upanishad-Brahma-Yogin, Adyar Library, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Templat:Oclc&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Templat:Oclc (laman tidak wujud)">Templat:Oclc</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ayyangaryoga-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ayyangaryoga_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="error mw-ext-cite-error" lang="ms" dir="ltr">Ralat petik: Tag <code><ref></code> tidak sah; tiada teks disediakan bagi rujukan yang bernama <code>ayyangaryoga</code></span></li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEParmeshwaranand2000404–406-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEParmeshwaranand2000404–406_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFParmeshwaranand2000">Parmeshwaranand 2000</a>, m/s. 404–406.<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> sfn error: no target: CITEREFParmeshwaranand2000 (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Kategori:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kategori:Harv and Sfn template errors (laman tidak wujud)">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Paul Deussen, Sixty Upanishads of the Veda, Volume 1, Motilal Banarsidass, <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Khas:Sumber_buku/978-8120814684" title="Khas:Sumber buku/978-8120814684">978-8120814684</a>, pages 217-219</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Prāṇāgnihotra is missing in some anthologies, included by Paul Deussen (2010 Reprint), Sixty Upanishads of the Veda, Volume 2, Motilal Banarsidass, <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Khas:Sumber_buku/978-8120814691" title="Khas:Sumber buku/978-8120814691">978-8120814691</a>, page 567</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Atharvasiras is missing in some anthologies, included by Paul Deussen (2010 Reprint), Sixty Upanishads of the Veda, Volume 2, Motilal Banarsidass, <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Khas:Sumber_buku/978-8120814691" title="Khas:Sumber buku/978-8120814691">978-8120814691</a>, page 568</span> </li> </ol></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Diambil daripada "<a dir="ltr" href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Upanishad&oldid=5193003">https://ms.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Upanishad&oldid=5193003</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Khas:Kategori" title="Khas:Kategori">Kategori</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kategori:Teks_Hindu" title="Kategori:Teks Hindu">Teks Hindu</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kategori:Teks_Sanskrit" title="Kategori:Teks Sanskrit">Teks Sanskrit</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Kategori-kategori tersembunyi: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kategori:Laman_dengan_ralat_rujukan" title="Kategori:Laman dengan ralat rujukan">Laman dengan ralat rujukan</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kategori:Harv_and_Sfn_no-target_errors" title="Kategori:Harv and Sfn no-target errors">Harv and Sfn no-target errors</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kategori:Laman_menggunakan_pautan_ajaib_ISBN" title="Kategori:Laman menggunakan pautan ajaib ISBN">Laman menggunakan pautan ajaib ISBN</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> Laman ini kali terakhir disunting pada 14:05, 8 Ogos 2021.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Teks disediakan di bawah <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.ms">Lesen Creative Commons Pengiktirafan/Perkongsian Serupa</a>; terma tambahan mungkin digunapakai. Lihat <a class="external text" href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use">Terma Penggunaan</a> untuk butiran lanjut.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Dasar privasi</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Perihal">Perihal Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Penafian_umum">Penafian</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Kod Tatakelakuan</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">Pembangun</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/ms.wikipedia.org">Statistik</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Kenyataan kuki</a></li> <li id="footer-places-mobileview"><a href="//ms.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Upanishad&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">Paparan mudah alih</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg" width="84" height="29" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" loading="lazy"></a></li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" width="88" height="31" loading="lazy"></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-settings" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul></ul> </div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-694cf4987f-zkmz7","wgBackendResponseTime":137,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"0.105","walltime":"0.147","ppvisitednodes":{"value":862,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":5772,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":824,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":10,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":0,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":7322,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":0,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 86.523 1 -total"," 35.49% 30.703 1 Templat:Hindu_scriptures"," 33.59% 29.066 2 Templat:Sfn"," 28.16% 24.363 1 Templat:Tnavbar"," 21.75% 18.817 3 Templat:Transclude"," 11.98% 10.366 5 Templat:ISBN"," 11.10% 9.603 2 Templat:Refn"," 3.25% 2.815 10 Templat:IAST"," 2.78% 2.401 5 Templat:Main_other"," 1.35% 1.172 3 Templat:Oclc"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"0.022","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":1330083,"limit":52428800},"limitreport-logs":"anchor_id_list = table#1 {\n}\narticle_whitelist = table#1 {\n}\ntemplate_list = table#1 {\n [\"Hindu scriptures\"] = 1,\n [\"IAST\"] = 10,\n [\"ISBN\"] = 5,\n [\"Oclc\"] = 3,\n [\"Refn\"] = 2,\n [\"Sfn\"] = 2,\n}\n"},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.eqiad.main-68db4b6789-5xwjd","timestamp":"20241126003508","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Upanishad","url":"https:\/\/ms.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Upanishad","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q6113985","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q6113985","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Yayasan Wikimedia Bhd.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2005-04-21T16:59:26Z","dateModified":"2021-08-08T14:05:17Z"}</script> </body> </html>