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<span>Tablets</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tablets-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tablet_11" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tablet_11"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Tablet 11</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tablet_11-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Flood_myth_section" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Flood_myth_section"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Flood myth section</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Flood_myth_section-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Flood myth section subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Flood_myth_section-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Ea_leaks_the_secret_plan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ea_leaks_the_secret_plan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Ea leaks the secret plan</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ea_leaks_the_secret_plan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Building_and_launching_the_boat" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Building_and_launching_the_boat"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Building and launching the boat</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Building_and_launching_the_boat-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_storm" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_storm"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>The storm</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_storm-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Calm_after_the_storm" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Calm_after_the_storm"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>Calm after the storm</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Calm_after_the_storm-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_sacrifice" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_sacrifice"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.5</span> <span>The sacrifice</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_sacrifice-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_flood_hero_and_his_wife_are_granted_immortality_and_transported_far_away" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_flood_hero_and_his_wife_are_granted_immortality_and_transported_far_away"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.6</span> <span>The flood hero and his wife are granted immortality and transported far away</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_flood_hero_and_his_wife_are_granted_immortality_and_transported_far_away-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Last_third_of_Tablet_XI-Outline" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Last_third_of_Tablet_XI-Outline"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Last third of Tablet XI-Outline</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Last_third_of_Tablet_XI-Outline-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Comparison_between_Atrahasis_and_Gilgamesh" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Comparison_between_Atrahasis_and_Gilgamesh"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Comparison between Atrahasis and Gilgamesh</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Comparison_between_Atrahasis_and_Gilgamesh-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Material_altered_or_omitted" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Material_altered_or_omitted"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Material altered or omitted</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Material_altered_or_omitted-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Alternative_translations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Alternative_translations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Alternative translations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Alternative_translations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button 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id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Flood myth in the Epic of Gilgamesh</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above">Gilgamesh tablet XI</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:British_Museum_Flood_Tablet_1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/British_Museum_Flood_Tablet_1.jpg/220px-British_Museum_Flood_Tablet_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="237" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/British_Museum_Flood_Tablet_1.jpg/330px-British_Museum_Flood_Tablet_1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/British_Museum_Flood_Tablet_1.jpg/440px-British_Museum_Flood_Tablet_1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2493" data-file-height="2686" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption"><a href="/wiki/Deluge_(mythology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Deluge (mythology)">Flood</a> tablet in <a href="/wiki/Akkadian_language" title="Akkadian language">Akkadian</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;">Material</th><td class="infobox-data">clay</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;">Size</th><td class="infobox-data">Length: 15.24 cm (6.00 in)<br />Breadth: 13.33 cm (5.25 in)<br />Depth: 3.17 cm (1.25 in)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;">Writing</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Cuneiform" title="Cuneiform">cuneiform</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;">Created</th><td class="infobox-data">7th century BCE</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;">Period/culture</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Neo-Assyrian" class="mw-redirect" title="Neo-Assyrian">Neo-Assyrian</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;">Discovered</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Kouyunjik" class="mw-redirect" title="Kouyunjik">Kouyunjik</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;">Present location</th><td class="infobox-data">Room 55, <a href="/wiki/British_Museum" title="British Museum">British Museum</a>, London</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;">Identification</th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britishmuseum.org/collection/object/W_K-3375">K.3375</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>Gilgamesh flood myth</b> is a <a href="/wiki/Flood_myth" title="Flood myth">flood myth</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Epic_of_Gilgamesh" title="Epic of Gilgamesh">Epic of Gilgamesh</a>. It is one of three Mesopotamian Flood Myths alongside the one including in the <a href="/wiki/Eridu_Genesis" title="Eridu Genesis">Eridu Genesis</a>, and an episode from the <a href="/wiki/Atra-Hasis" title="Atra-Hasis">Atra-Hasis</a> Epic. Many scholars believe that the flood myth was added to Tablet XI in the "standard version" of the Gilgamesh Epic by an editor who used the flood story from the <a href="/wiki/Atra-Hasis" title="Atra-Hasis">Epic of Atra-Hasis</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A short reference to the flood myth is also present in the much older Sumerian Gilgamesh poems, from which the later Babylonian versions drew much of their inspiration and subject matter. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gilgamesh_flood_myth&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Gilgamesh" title="Gilgamesh">Gilgamesh</a>'s supposed historical reign is believed to have been approximately <a href="/wiki/2700_BC" class="mw-redirect" title="2700 BC">2700 BC</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> shortly before the earliest known written stories. The discovery of artifacts associated with <a href="/wiki/Aga_of_Kish" title="Aga of Kish">Aga</a> and <a href="/wiki/Enmebaragesi" title="Enmebaragesi">Enmebaragesi</a> of <a href="/wiki/Kish_(Sumer)" title="Kish (Sumer)">Kish</a>, two other kings named in the stories, has lent credibility to the historical existence of Gilgamesh.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The earliest <a href="/wiki/Sumer" title="Sumer">Sumerian</a> Gilgamesh poems date from as early as the <a href="/wiki/Third_dynasty_of_Ur" class="mw-redirect" title="Third dynasty of Ur">Third dynasty of Ur</a> (2100–2000 BC).<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One of these poems mentions Gilgamesh’s journey to meet the flood hero, as well as a short version of the flood story.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The earliest <a href="/wiki/Akkadian_language" title="Akkadian language">Akkadian</a> versions of the unified epic are dated to ca. 2000–<a href="/wiki/1500_BC" class="mw-redirect" title="1500 BC">1500 BC</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Due to the fragmentary nature of these Old Babylonian versions, it is unclear whether they included an expanded account of the flood myth; although one fragment definitely includes the story of Gilgamesh's journey to meet <a href="/wiki/Utnapishtim" title="Utnapishtim">Utnapishtim</a>. The "standard" Akkadian version included a long version of the story and was edited by <a href="/wiki/Sin-liqe-unninni" class="mw-redirect" title="Sin-liqe-unninni">Sin-liqe-unninni</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> who lived sometime between 1300 and 1000 BC. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Tablets">Tablets</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gilgamesh_flood_myth&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Tablets"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The first Gilgamesh flood tablet was discovered by <a href="/wiki/Hormuzd_Rassam" title="Hormuzd Rassam">Hormuzd Rassam</a> in <a href="/wiki/Nineveh" title="Nineveh">Nineveh</a> and was in the collection of the <a href="/wiki/British_Museum" title="British Museum">British Museum</a> but had not been translated. In 1872, George Smith, an assistant at the British Museum, translated the tablet from the seventh-century B.C Akkadian. Reportedly, he exclaimed, "I am the first man to read that after more than two thousand years of oblivion". </p><p>While on a subsequent archeological expedition to Nineveh in Iraq, Smith found on May 7, 1873 a portion of a tablet containing the missing part of the flood story, describing the provisioning of the ark: "Into the midst of it thy grain, thy furniture, and thy goods, thy wealth, thy woman servants, thy female slaves...the animals of the field all, I will gather and I will send to thee, and they shall be enclosed in thy door."<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A much older Cuneiform tablet dating to 1646-1626 B.C., about one thousand years before the Book of Genesis is believed to have been written, and known as the <a href="/wiki/Atra-Hasis" title="Atra-Hasis">Epic of Atra-Hasis</a> describing a great flood was discovered in 1898. J. P. Morgan acquired it and today it is in the <a href="/wiki/Morgan_Library_%26_Museum" title="Morgan Library & Museum">Morgan Library & Museum</a>. </p><p>In 2007, Andrew George translated a 3,200 year old tablet dating to around 1200 B.C. found during excavations at <a href="/wiki/Ugarit" title="Ugarit">Ugarit</a>. The tablet contains a fragment of the Epic of Gilgamesh, including parts of the story of Utnapishtim and the flood.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Tablet_11">Tablet 11</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gilgamesh_flood_myth&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Tablet 11"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Gilgamesh flood tablet 11 (XI) contains additional story material besides the flood. The flood story was included because in it, the flood hero <a href="/wiki/Utnapishtim" title="Utnapishtim">Utnapishtim</a> is granted <a href="/wiki/Immortality" title="Immortality">immortality</a> by the gods and that fits the immortality theme of the epic. The main point seems to be that Utnapishtim was granted eternal life in unique, never-to-be-repeated circumstances. As if to demonstrate this point, Utnapishtim challenges Gilgamesh to stay awake for six days and seven nights. However, as soon as Utnapishtim finishes speaking Gilgamesh falls asleep. Utnapishtim instructs his wife to bake a loaf of bread for every day he is asleep so that Gilgamesh cannot deny his failure. Gilgamesh, who wants to overcome death, cannot even conquer sleep. </p><p>As Gilgamesh is leaving, Utnapishtim's wife asks her husband to offer a parting gift. Utnapishtim tells Gilgamesh of a <a href="/wiki/Boxthorn" class="mw-redirect" title="Boxthorn">boxthorn</a>-like plant at the very bottom of the ocean that will make him young again. Gilgamesh obtains the plant by binding stones to his feet so he can walk on the bottom of the sea. He recovers the plant and plans to test it on an old man when he returns to <a href="/wiki/Uruk" title="Uruk">Uruk</a>. Unfortunately, when Gilgamesh stops to bathe it is stolen by a <a href="/wiki/Serpent_(symbolism)" class="mw-redirect" title="Serpent (symbolism)">serpent</a> that sheds its skin as it departs, apparently reborn. Gilgamesh, having failed both chances, returns to Uruk, where the sight of its massive walls provokes him to praise this enduring work of mortal men. The implication may be that mortals can achieve immortality through lasting works of civilization and culture. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Flood_myth_section">Flood myth section</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gilgamesh_flood_myth&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Flood myth section"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Prose plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-style ambox-Prose" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/40px-Edit-clear.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/60px-Edit-clear.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/80px-Edit-clear.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>is in <a href="/wiki/MOS:LIST" class="mw-redirect" title="MOS:LIST">list</a> format but may read better as <a href="/wiki/MOS:PROSE" class="mw-redirect" title="MOS:PROSE">prose</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> You can help by <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gilgamesh_flood_myth&action=edit">converting this section</a>, if appropriate. <a href="/wiki/Help:Editing" title="Help:Editing">Editing help</a> is available.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">February 2021</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Lines 1-203, Tablet XI<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (note: with <i>supplemental sub-titles and line numbers added for clarity</i>) </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ea_leaks_the_secret_plan">Ea leaks the secret plan</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gilgamesh_flood_myth&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Ea leaks the secret plan"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ol><li>Utnapishtim tells Gilgamesh a secret story that begins in the old city of <a href="/wiki/Shuruppak" title="Shuruppak">Shuruppak</a> on the banks of the Euphrates River.</li> <li>The "great gods" <a href="/wiki/Anu" title="Anu">Anu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Enlil" title="Enlil">Enlil</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ninurta" title="Ninurta">Ninurta</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ennugi" title="Ennugi">Ennugi</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Enki" title="Enki">Ea</a> were sworn to secrecy about their plan to cause the flood.</li> <li>But the god Ea (Sumerian god Enki) repeated the plan to Utnapishtim through a reed wall in a reed house.</li> <li>Ea commanded Utnapishtim to demolish his house and build a boat, regardless of the cost, to keep living beings alive.</li> <li>The boat must have equal dimensions with corresponding width and length and be covered over like Apsu boats.</li> <li>Utnapishtim promised to do what Ea commanded.</li> <li>He asked Ea what he should say to the city elders and the population.</li> <li>Ea tells him to say that Enlil has rejected him and he can no longer reside in the city or set foot in Enlil's territory.</li> <li>He should also say that he will go down to the Apsu "to live with my lord Ea".</li></ol> <p><br />Note: 'Apsu' can refer to a freshwater marsh near the temple of Ea/Enki at the city of Eridu.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Building_and_launching_the_boat">Building and launching the boat</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gilgamesh_flood_myth&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Building and launching the boat"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ol><li>Carpenters, reed workers, and other people assembled one morning.</li> <li>[missing lines]</li> <li>Five days later, Utnapishtim laid out the exterior walls of the boat of 120 <a href="/wiki/Cubit" title="Cubit">cubits</a>.</li> <li>The sides of the superstructure had equal lengths of 120 cubits. He also made a drawing of the interior structure.</li> <li>The boat had six decks [?] divided into seven and nine compartments.</li> <li>Water plugs were driven into the middle part.</li> <li>Punting poles and other necessary things were laid in.</li> <li>Three times 3,600 units of raw bitumen were melted in a kiln and three times 3,600 units of oil were used in addition to two times 3,600 units of oil that were stored in the boat.</li> <li>Oxen and sheep were slaughtered and ale, beer, oil, and wine were distributed to the workmen, like at a new year's festival.</li> <li>When the boat was finished, the launch was very difficult. A runway of poles was used to slide the boat into the water.</li> <li>Two-thirds of the boat was in the water.</li> <li>Utnapishtim loaded his silver and gold into the boat.</li> <li>He loaded "all the living beings that I had."</li> <li>His relatives and craftsmen, and "all the beasts and animals of the field" boarded the boat.</li> <li>The time arrived, as stated by the god Shamash, to seal the entry door.</li></ol> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_storm">The storm</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gilgamesh_flood_myth&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: The storm"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ol><li>Early in the morning at dawn a black cloud arose from the horizon.</li> <li>The weather was frightful.</li> <li>Utnapishtim boarded the boat and entrusted the boat and its contents to his boat master Puzurammurri who sealed the entry.</li> <li>The thunder god Adad rumbled in the cloud and storm gods <a href="/wiki/Shullat_and_Hanish" title="Shullat and Hanish">Shullat and Hanish</a> went over mountains and land.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erragal" title="Erragal">Erragal</a> pulled out the mooring poles and the dikes overflowed.</li> <li>The Anunnaki gods lit up the land with their lightning.</li> <li>There was stunned shock at Adad's deeds which turned everything to blackness. The land was shattered like a pot.</li> <li>All day long the south wind blew rapidly and the water overwhelmed the people like an attack.</li> <li>No one could see his fellows. They could not recognize each other in the torrent.</li> <li>The gods were frightened by the flood and retreated up to the Anu heaven. They cowered like dogs lying by the outer wall.</li> <li>Ishtar shrieked like a woman in childbirth.</li> <li>The Mistress of the gods wailed that the old days had turned to clay because "I said evil things in the Assembly of the Gods, ordering a catastrophe to destroy my people who fill the sea like fish."</li> <li>The other gods were weeping with her and sat sobbing with grief, their lips burning, parched with thirst.</li> <li>The flood and wind lasted six days and six nights, flattening the land.</li> <li>On the seventh day, the storm was pounding [intermittently?] like a woman in labour.</li></ol> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Calm_after_the_storm">Calm after the storm</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gilgamesh_flood_myth&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Calm after the storm"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ol><li>The sea calmed and the whirlwind and flood stopped. All-day long there was quiet. All humans had turned to clay.</li> <li>The terrain was as flat as a rooftop. Utnapishtim opened a window and felt fresh air on his face.</li> <li>He fell to his knees and sat weeping, tears streaming down his face. He looked for coastlines on the horizon and saw a region of land.</li> <li>The boat lodged firmly on mount Nimush which held the boat for several days, allowing no swaying.</li> <li>On the seventh day he released a dove that flew away but came back to him. He released a swallow, but it also came back to him.</li> <li>He released a raven that was able to eat and scratch, and did not circle back to the boat.</li> <li>He then sent his livestock out in various directions.</li></ol> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_sacrifice">The sacrifice</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gilgamesh_flood_myth&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: The sacrifice"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ol><li>He sacrificed a sheep and offered incense at a mountainous ziggurat where he placed 14 sacrificial vessels and poured reeds, cedar, and myrtle into the fire.</li> <li>The gods smelled the sweet odour of the sacrificial animal and gathered like flies over the sacrifice.</li> <li>Then the great goddess arrived, lifted up her flies (beads), and said</li> <li>"Ye gods, as surely as I shall not forget this lapis lazuli [amulet] around my neck, I shall be mindful of these days and never forget them! The gods may come to the sacrificial offering. But Enlil may not come, because he brought about the flood and annihilated my people without considering [the consequences]."</li> <li>When Enlil arrived, he saw the boat and became furious at the Igigi gods. He said "Where did a living being escape? No man was to survive the annihilation!"</li> <li>Ninurta spoke to Enlil saying "Who else but Ea could do such a thing? It is Ea who knew all of our plans."</li> <li>Ea spoke to Enlil saying "It was you, the Sage of the Gods. How could <i>you</i> bring about a flood without consideration?"</li> <li>Ea then accuses Enlil of sending a disproportionate punishment and reminds him of the need for compassion.</li> <li>Ea denies leaking the god's secret plan to Atrahasis (= Utnapishtim), admitting only sending him a dream and deflecting Enlil's attention to the flood hero.</li></ol> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_flood_hero_and_his_wife_are_granted_immortality_and_transported_far_away">The flood hero and his wife are granted immortality and transported far away</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gilgamesh_flood_myth&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: The flood hero and his wife are granted immortality and transported far away"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ol><li>Enlil then boards a boat and grasping Utnapishtim's hand, helps him and his wife aboard where they kneel. Standing between Utnapishtim and his wife, he touches their foreheads and blesses them. "Formerly Utnapishtim was a human being, but now he and his wife have become gods like us. Let Utnapishtim reside far away, at the mouth of the rivers."</li> <li>Utnapishtim and his wife are transported and settled at the "mouth of the rivers".</li></ol> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Last_third_of_Tablet_XI-Outline">Last third of Tablet XI-Outline</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gilgamesh_flood_myth&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Last third of Tablet XI-Outline"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In addition to the flood story material, (lines 1–203), tablet XI contains the following flood story elements: </p><p>List of titled subparts, Tablet XI-(by Kovacs):<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <dl><dd><i>The Story of the Flood</i>–(1-203)</dd> <dd><i>A Chance at Immortality</i>–(204-240)</dd> <dd><i>Home Empty-Handed</i>–(241-265)</dd> <dd><i>A Second Chance at Life</i>–(266-309)</dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Comparison_between_Atrahasis_and_Gilgamesh">Comparison between Atrahasis and Gilgamesh</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gilgamesh_flood_myth&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Comparison between Atrahasis and Gilgamesh"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>These are some of the sentences copied more or less directly from the <i>Atrahasis</i> version to the <i>Gilgamesh</i> epic:<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Atrahasis Epic</th> <th>Gilgamesh Epic, tablet XI </th></tr> <tr> <td>"Wall, listen to me." Atrahasis III,i,20</td> <td>"Wall, pay attention" Gilgamesh XI,22 </td></tr> <tr> <td>"Like the apsu you shall roof it" Atrahasis III,i,29</td> <td>"Like the apsu you shall roof it" Gilgamesh XI,31 </td></tr> <tr> <td>"I cannot live in [your city]" Atrahasis III,i,47</td> <td>"I cannot live in your city" Gilgamesh XI,40 </td></tr> <tr> <td>"Ninurta went forth making the dikes [overflow]" Atrahasis U rev,14</td> <td>"Ninurta went forth making the dikes overflow" Gilgamesh XI,102 </td></tr> <tr> <td>"One person could [not] see another" Atrahasis III,iii,13</td> <td>"One person could not see another" Gilgamesh XI,111 </td></tr> <tr> <td>"For seven days and seven nights came the storm" Atrahasis III,iv,24</td> <td>"Six days and seven nights the wind and storm flood" Gilgamesh XI,127 </td></tr> <tr> <td>"He offered [a sacrifice]" Atrahasis III,v,31</td> <td>"And offered a sacrifice" Gilgamesh XI,155 </td></tr> <tr> <td>"the lapis around my neck" Atrahasis III,vi,2</td> <td>"the lapis lazuli on my neck" Gilgamesh XI,164 </td></tr> <tr> <td>"How did man survive the destruction?" Atrahasis III,vi,10</td> <td>"No man was to survive the destruction" Gilgamesh XI,173 </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Material_altered_or_omitted">Material altered or omitted</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gilgamesh_flood_myth&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Material altered or omitted"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Epic of Atrahasis provides additional information on the flood and flood hero that is omitted in Gilgamesh XI and other versions of the Ancient Near East flood myth. According to Atrahasis III ii, lines 40–47 the flood hero was at a banquet when the storm and flood began: "He invited his people ... to a banquet ... He sent his family on board. They ate and they drank. But he (Atrahasis) was in and out. He could not sit, could not crouch, for his heart was broken and he was vomiting gall."<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to Tigay, Atrahasis tablet III iv, lines 6–9 clearly identify the flood as a local river flood: "Like dragonflies they [dead bodies] have filled the river. Like a raft they have moved in to the edge [of the boat]. Like a raft they have moved in to the riverbank." The sentence "Like dragonflies they have filled the river." was changed in Gilgamesh XI line 123 to "Like the spawn of fishes, they fill the sea."<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Tigay holds that we can see the mythmaker's hand at work here, changing a local river flood into an ocean deluge. </p><p>Most other authorities interpret the Atrahasis flood as universal. A. R. George, and Lambert and Millard make it clear that the gods' intention in Atrahasis is to "wipe out mankind".<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The flood destroys "all of the earth".<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The use of a comparable metaphor in the Gilgamesh epic suggests that the reference to "dragonflies [filling] the river" is simply an evocative image of death rather than a literal description of the flood<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Other editorial changes were made to the Atrahasis text in Gilgamesh to lessen the suggestion that the gods may have experienced human needs. For example, Atrahasis OB III, 30–31 "The Anunnaki, the great gods [were sitt]ing in thirst and hunger" was changed in Gilgamesh XI, line 113 to "The gods feared the deluge." Sentences in Atrahasis III iv were omitted in Gilgamesh, e.g. "She was surfeited with grief and thirsted for beer" and "From hunger they were suffering cramp."<sup id="cite_ref-Tigay,_page_226_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tigay,_page_226-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>These and other editorial changes to Atrahasis are documented and described in the book by Prof. Tigay (see below) who is associate professor of Hebrew and Semitic languages and literature in the University of Pennsylvania. Prof. Tigay comments: "The dropping of individual lines between others which are preserved, but are not synonymous with them, appears to be a more deliberate editorial act. These lines share a common theme, the hunger and thirst of the gods during the flood."<sup id="cite_ref-Tigay,_page_226_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tigay,_page_226-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Although the 18th century BC copy of the Atrahasis (Atra-Hasis) epic post-dates the early Gilgamesh epic, we do not know whether the Old-Akkadian Gilgamesh tablets included the flood story, because of the fragmentary nature of surviving tablets. Some scholars argue that they did not.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Tigay, for example, maintains that three major additions to the Gilgamesh epic, namely the prologue, the flood story (tablet XI), and tablet XII, were added by an editor or editors, possibly by Sin-leqi-unninni, to whom the entire epic was later attributed. According to this view, the flood story in tablet XI was based on a late version of the Atrahasis story.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Alternative_translations">Alternative translations</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gilgamesh_flood_myth&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Alternative translations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>As with most translations, especially from an ancient, dead language, scholars differ on the meaning of ambiguous sentences. </p><p>For example, line 57 in Gilgamesh XI is usually translated (with reference to the boat) "ten rods the height of her sides",<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or "its walls were each 10 times 12 cubits in height".<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A rod was a dozen cubits, and a Sumerian cubit was about 20 inches. Hence these translations imply that the boat was about 200 feet high, which would be impractical<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with the technology in Gilgamesh's time (about 2700 BC).<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There is no Akkadian word for "height" in line 57. The sentence literally reads "Ten dozen-cubits each I-raised its-walls."<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A similar example from an unrelated house building tablet reads: "he shall build the wall [of the house] and raise it four ninda and two cubits." This measurement (about 83 feet) means wall length not height.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Line 142 in Gilgamesh XI is usually translated "Mount Niṣir held the boat, allowing no motion." Niṣir is often spelled <i>Nimush</i>,<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which is described as the newer reading.<sup id="cite_ref-AitkenDellMastin2011_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AitkenDellMastin2011-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Akkadian words translated "Mount Niṣir" are "KUR-ú KUR ni-ṣir".<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The word KUR could mean hill or country; it is capitalized because it is a Sumerian word.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The first KUR is followed by a <a href="/wiki/Phonetic_complement" title="Phonetic complement">phonetic complement</a> <i>-ú</i> which indicates that KUR-ú is to be read in Akkadian as <i>šadú</i> (hill) and not as <i>mātu</i> (country). Since <i>šadú</i> (hill) could also mean <i>mountain</i> in Akkadian, and scholars knew the Biblical expression <i><a href="/wiki/Mount_Ararat" title="Mount Ararat">Mount Ararat</a></i>, it has become customary to translate <i>šadú</i> as <i>mountain</i> or <i>mount</i>. The flood hero was Sumerian, according to the WB-62 <a href="/wiki/Sumerian_King_List" title="Sumerian King List">Sumerian King List</a>,.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In Sumerian the word KUR's primary meaning is "mountain" as attested by the sign used for it.<sup id="cite_ref-Kramer1961_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kramer1961-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> From the word mountain, the meaning "foreign country" is developed due to mountainous countries bordering Sumer. KUR in Sumerian also means "land" in general.<sup id="cite_ref-Kramer1961_34-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kramer1961-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The second KUR lacks a phonetic complement and is therefore read in Akkadian as <i>mātu</i> (country). Hence, the entire clause reads "The hill/mound country niṣir held the boat". </p><p>Lines 146-147 in Gilgamesh XI are usually translated "I ... made sacrifice, incense I placed on the peak of the mountain."<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Similarly "I poured out a libation on the peak of the mountain."<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> But Kovacs<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> provides this translation of line 156: "I offered incense in front of the mountain-ziggurat." Parpola provides the original Akkadian for this sentence: "áš-kun sur-qin-nu <a href="/wiki/A%C5%A1_(cuneiform)" title="Aš (cuneiform)">ina</a> UGU ziq-qur-rat KUR-i"<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Áš-kun means I-placed; sur-qin-nu means offering; ina-(the preposition) means on-(upon); UGU means top-of; <a href="/wiki/Ziggurat" title="Ziggurat">ziq-qur-rat</a> means temple tower; and KUR-i means hilly. Parpola's glossary (page 145) defines ziq-qur-rat as "temple tower, ziggurat" and refers to line 157 so he translates ziq-qur-rat as temple tower in this context. The sentence literally reads "I placed an offering on top of a hilly ziggurat." A ziggurat was an elevated platform or temple tower where priests made offerings to the temple god. Most translators of line 157 disregard ziq-qur-rat as a redundant metaphor for peak. There is no authority for this other than previous translations of line 157.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Kovacs' translation retains the word ziggurat on page 102. </p><p>One of the Sumerian cities with a ziggurat was <a href="/wiki/Eridu" title="Eridu">Eridu</a> located on the southern branch of the Euphrates River next to a large swampy low-lying depression known as the <a href="/wiki/Aps%C3%BB" class="mw-redirect" title="Apsû">apsû</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The only ziggurat at Eridu was at the temple of the god Ea (Enki), known as the apsû-house.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In Gilgamesh XI, line 42 the flood hero said "I will go down [the river] to the apsû to live with Ea, my Lord."<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Lines 189–192 (lines 198–201) in Gilgamesh XI are usually translated "Then <sup>god</sup>Enlil came aboard the boat. He took hold of my hand and brought me on board. He brought aboard my wife and made her kneel at my side. Standing between us, he touched our foreheads to bless us."<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the first sentence "Then dingir-kabtu came aboard the boat" the Akkadian determinative <a href="/wiki/Dingir" title="Dingir">dingir</a> is usually translated as "god", but can also mean "priest"<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Dingir-kabtu literally means "divine important-person".<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Translating this as Enlil is the translator's conjecture. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gilgamesh_flood_myth&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atrahasis" class="mw-redirect" title="Atrahasis">Atrahasis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Babylonian_and_Assyrian_religion" class="mw-redirect" title="Babylonian and Assyrian religion">Babylonian and Assyrian religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deluge_(mythology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Deluge (mythology)">Deluge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/En%C3%BBma_Eli%C5%A1" class="mw-redirect" title="Enûma Eliš">Enûma Eliš</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Epic_of_Gilgamesh" title="Epic of Gilgamesh">Epic of Gilgamesh</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noah%27s_Ark" title="Noah's Ark">Noah's Ark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panbabylonism" title="Panbabylonism">Panbabylonism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ziusudra" title="Ziusudra">Ziusudra</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gilgamesh_flood_myth&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-columns-2"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">(<a href="#CITEREFTigay1982">Tigay 1982</a>) page 25</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Georges Roux, <i>Ancient Iraq</i>, pages 123, 502</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Stephanie_Dalley" title="Stephanie Dalley">Dalley, Stephanie</a>, <i>Myths from Mesopotamia</i>, Oxford University Press (1989), p. 40–41</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Andrew George, page xix</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://etcsl.orinst.ox.ac.uk/cgi-bin/etcsl.cgi?text=t.1.8.1.3#">"The Electronic Text Corpus of Sumerian Literature; The death of Gilgameš (three versions, translated)"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Electronic+Text+Corpus+of+Sumerian+Literature%3B+The+death+of+Gilgame%C5%A1+%28three+versions%2C+translated%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fetcsl.orinst.ox.ac.uk%2Fcgi-bin%2Fetcsl.cgi%3Ftext%3Dt.1.8.1.3%23&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGilgamesh+flood+myth" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Andrew George, page 101, "Early Second Millennium BCE" in Old Babylonian</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Andrew George, pages xxiv–xxv</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/epic-hero-153362976">"Epic Hero: How a self-taught British genius rediscovered the Mesopotamian saga of Gilgamesh after 2,500 years"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Epic+Hero%3A+How+a+self-taught+British+genius+rediscovered+the+Mesopotamian+saga+of+Gilgamesh+after+2%2C500+years&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.smithsonianmag.com%2Fhistory%2Fepic-hero-153362976&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGilgamesh+flood+myth" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLyons2011" class="citation book cs1">Lyons, Martyn (2011). <i>Books: a Living History</i>. Los Angeles, CA: Getty Publications. p. 17. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781606060834" title="Special:BookSources/9781606060834"><bdi>9781606060834</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Books%3A+a+Living+History&rft.place=Los+Angeles%2C+CA&rft.pages=17&rft.pub=Getty+Publications&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=9781606060834&rft.aulast=Lyons&rft.aufirst=Martyn&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGilgamesh+flood+myth" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">George, Andrew (2007) "The Gilgameš epic at Ugarit". <i>Aula Orientalis</i>, 25 (2). pp. 237-254.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kovacs, <i>The Epic of Gilgamesh</i>, Tablet XI, p. 95-103. (Lines 1-203)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Literary tradition depicts Eridu as a city of the marshes and tells of a large body of freshwater, the Abzu, in the immediate vicinity of Eridu." <i>Eridu in Sumerian Literature</i>, Margaret Whitney Green, Ph.D. dissertation, University of Chicago, August 1975, page 6.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kovacs, <i>The Epic of Gilgamesh</i>, Tablet XI, p. 95-103, 104-108. (Lines 1-203 & 204-319)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">(<a href="#CITEREFTigay1982">Tigay 1982</a>, p. 217), "The eleventh tablet of the late version consists of two separate components: the flood story from <i>Atrahasis</i>, and the rest of Gilgamesh's encounter with Utnapishtim."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lambert & Millard, page 93</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">(<a href="#CITEREFTigay1982">Tigay 1982</a>, pp. 220, 225)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Andrew George, p. xliv.; Lambert and Millard p. 12</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Frymer-Kensky, Tikva Simone (2006), <i>Studies in Bible and feminist criticism</i>, Philadelphia: Jewish Publication Society. p. 354</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">George, Andrew (2003), <i>The Babylonian Gilgamesh epic: introduction, critical edition and cuneiform texts</i>, New York: Oxford University Press, pp. 506, 875-876. Apparently, the appearance of large numbers of drowned dragonflies—or mayflies according to George—was a common phenomenon associated with Mesopotamian river floods.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Tigay,_page_226-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Tigay,_page_226_20-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Tigay,_page_226_20-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">(<a href="#CITEREFTigay1982">Tigay 1982</a>, p. 226)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">(<a href="#CITEREFTigay1982">Tigay 1982</a>, p. 244)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">(<a href="#CITEREFTigay1982">Tigay 1982</a>, p. 245)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Andrew George, page 90</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kovacs, page 99</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Ships and Seafaring in Ancient Times</i>, Lionel Casson, page 86.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Ancient Iraq</i>, Georges Roux, page 502 Table II</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Parpola, page 109</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>The Assyrian Dictionary</i>, John Brinkman et al. (editors), University of Chicago, 1980, vol. I–J under igaru, page 36.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Rene Labat, <i>Manuel D'Épigraphie Akkadienne</i>, 1988, sign 374.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-AitkenDellMastin2011-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-AitkenDellMastin2011_30-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDay2011" class="citation book cs1">Day, John (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=-WBYsiLkGosC&pg=PA213">"The Flood and the Ten Antediluvian Figures"</a>. In James K. Aitken; Katharine Julia Dell; Brian A. Mastin (eds.). <i>On Stone and Scroll</i>. Walter de Gruyter. p. 213. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-11-022805-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-11-022805-2"><bdi>978-3-11-022805-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Flood+and+the+Ten+Antediluvian+Figures&rft.btitle=On+Stone+and+Scroll&rft.pages=213&rft.pub=Walter+de+Gruyter&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-3-11-022805-2&rft.aulast=Day&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D-WBYsiLkGosC%26pg%3DPA213&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGilgamesh+flood+myth" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Parpola, page 111, line 142</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>The Assyrian Dictionary</i>, Brinkman et al. (editors), vol. Š part 1, pages 58–59 under šadú.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">S. Langdon, "The Chaldean Kings Before the Flood", <i>Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society, 1923, pages 251–259.</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kramer1961-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Kramer1961_34-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kramer1961_34-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKramer1961" class="citation cs2">Kramer, Samuel Noah (1961), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sacred-texts.com/ane/sum/"><i>Sumerian Mythology: A Study of Spiritual and Literary Achievement in the Third Millennium B.C.: Revised Edition</i></a>, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania: University of Pennsylvania Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8122-1047-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-8122-1047-6"><bdi>0-8122-1047-6</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sumerian+Mythology%3A+A+Study+of+Spiritual+and+Literary+Achievement+in+the+Third+Millennium+B.C.%3A+Revised+Edition&rft.place=Philadelphia%2C+Pennsylvania&rft.pub=University+of+Pennsylvania+Press&rft.date=1961&rft.isbn=0-8122-1047-6&rft.aulast=Kramer&rft.aufirst=Samuel+Noah&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sacred-texts.com%2Fane%2Fsum%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGilgamesh+flood+myth" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Andrew George, page 94</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Heidel page 87</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kovacs, page 102, at 12th line from the top.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Parpola, page 111</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>The Assyrian Dictionary</i>, Brinkman et al. (editors), vol. Z, page 131.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Eridu in Sumerian Literature</i>, Margaret Whitney Green, pages 8, 169.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Green, pages 201–202</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Green, page 98, at 21st line from top.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Andrew George, page 95.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Margaret Whitney Green, <i>Eridu in Sumerian Literature</i>, PhD dissertation, University of Chicago (1975), p. 224.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Parpola, page 128</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gilgamesh_flood_myth&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTigay1982" class="citation cs2">Tigay, Jeffrey H. (1982), <i>The Evolution of the Gilgamesh Epic</i>, University of Pennsylvania Press, Philadelphia, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8122-7805-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-8122-7805-4"><bdi>0-8122-7805-4</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Evolution+of+the+Gilgamesh+Epic&rft.pub=University+of+Pennsylvania+Press%2C+Philadelphia&rft.date=1982&rft.isbn=0-8122-7805-4&rft.aulast=Tigay&rft.aufirst=Jeffrey+H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGilgamesh+flood+myth" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>W. G. Lambert and <a href="/wiki/Alan_Millard" title="Alan Millard">A. R. Millard</a>, <i>Atrahasis: The Babylonian Story of the Flood</i>, Eisenbrauns, 1999, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-57506-039-6" title="Special:BookSources/1-57506-039-6">1-57506-039-6</a>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGeorge,_Andrew_R.,_trans._&_edit.1999" class="citation cs2">George, Andrew R., trans. & edit. (1999), <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780140449198"><i>The Epic of Gilgamesh</i></a></span> (reprinted with corrections 2003 ed.), Penguin Books, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-14-044919-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-14-044919-1"><bdi>0-14-044919-1</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Epic+of+Gilgamesh&rft.edition=reprinted+with+corrections+2003&rft.pub=Penguin+Books&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=0-14-044919-1&rft.au=George%2C+Andrew+R.%2C+trans.+%26+edit.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fisbn_9780140449198&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGilgamesh+flood+myth" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Citation" title="Template:Citation">citation</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">link</a>)</span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKovacs,_Maureen_Gallery,_transl._with_intro.1985–1989" class="citation cs2">Kovacs, Maureen Gallery, transl. with intro. (1985–1989), <i>The Epic of Gilgamesh</i>, Stanford University Press: Stanford, California, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8047-1711-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-8047-1711-7"><bdi>0-8047-1711-7</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Epic+of+Gilgamesh&rft.place=Stanford+University+Press&rft.pub=Stanford%2C+California&rft.date=1985%2F1989&rft.isbn=0-8047-1711-7&rft.au=Kovacs%2C+Maureen+Gallery%2C+transl.+with+intro.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGilgamesh+flood+myth" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Citation" title="Template:Citation">citation</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">link</a>)</span> Glossary, Appendices, Appendix (Chapter XII=Tablet XII). A line-by-line translation (Chapters I-XI).</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFParpola,_Simo,_with_Mikko_Luuko,_and_Kalle_Fabritius1997" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Simo_Parpola" title="Simo Parpola">Parpola, Simo</a>, with Mikko Luuko, and Kalle Fabritius (1997), <i>The Standard Babylonian, Epic of Gilgamesh</i>, The Neo-Assyrian Text Corpus Project, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/951-45-7760-4" title="Special:BookSources/951-45-7760-4"><bdi>951-45-7760-4</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Standard+Babylonian%2C+Epic+of+Gilgamesh&rft.pub=The+Neo-Assyrian+Text+Corpus+Project&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=951-45-7760-4&rft.au=Parpola%2C+Simo%2C+with+Mikko+Luuko%2C+and+Kalle+Fabritius&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGilgamesh+flood+myth" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Citation" title="Template:Citation">citation</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">link</a>)</span> (Volume 1) in the original Akkadian cuneiform and transliteration. Commentary and glossary are in English</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHeidel,_Alexander1946" class="citation cs2">Heidel, Alexander (1946), <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/gilgameshepicold00heid"><i>The Gilgamesh Epic and Old Testament Parallels</i></a></span>, University of Chicago, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-226-32398-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-226-32398-6"><bdi>0-226-32398-6</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Gilgamesh+Epic+and+Old+Testament+Parallels&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago&rft.date=1946&rft.isbn=0-226-32398-6&rft.au=Heidel%2C+Alexander&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fgilgameshepicold00heid&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGilgamesh+flood+myth" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBailey1989" class="citation cs2">Bailey, Lloyd R. (1989), <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/noahpersonstoryi0000bail"><i>Noah, the Person and the Story</i></a></span>, South Carolina: University of South Carolina Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-87249-637-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-87249-637-6"><bdi>0-87249-637-6</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Noah%2C+the+Person+and+the+Story&rft.place=South+Carolina&rft.pub=University+of+South+Carolina+Press&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=0-87249-637-6&rft.aulast=Bailey&rft.aufirst=Lloyd+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fnoahpersonstoryi0000bail&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGilgamesh+flood+myth" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBest1999" class="citation cs2">Best, Robert M. (1999), <i>Noah's Ark and the Ziusudra Epic</i>, Eisenbrauns, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-9667840-1-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-9667840-1-4"><bdi>0-9667840-1-4</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Noah%27s+Ark+and+the+Ziusudra+Epic&rft.pub=Eisenbrauns&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=0-9667840-1-4&rft.aulast=Best&rft.aufirst=Robert+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGilgamesh+flood+myth" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gilgamesh_flood_myth&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Flood_Tablet" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Flood Tablet">Flood Tablet</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060829004437/http://www.noahs-ark-flood.com/parallels.htm">Comparison of equivalent lines in six ancient versions of the flood story</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.livius.org/fa-fn/flood/flood1.html">Ancient Near East flood myths</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170511143340/http://www.livius.org/fa-fn/flood/flood1.html">Archived</a> 2017-05-11 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> All texts: (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.livius.org/fa-fn/flood/flood2-t.html">Ziusudra</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170516030839/http://www.livius.org/fa-fn/flood/flood2-t.html">Archived</a> 2017-05-16 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.livius.org/fa-fn/flood/flood3-t-atrahasis.html">Atrahasis</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170512122637/http://www.livius.org/fa-fn/flood/flood3-t-atrahasis.html">Archived</a> 2017-05-12 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.livius.org/fa-fn/flood/flood3-t-gilgamesh.html">Gilgamesh</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170512122646/http://www.livius.org/fa-fn/flood/flood3-t-gilgamesh.html">Archived</a> 2017-05-12 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.livius.org/fa-fn/flood/flood1-t-bible1.html">Genesis</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170324065623/http://www.livius.org/fa-fn/flood/flood1-t-bible1.html">Archived</a> 2017-03-24 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.livius.org/fa-fn/flood/flood3-t-berossus.html">Berossus</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170324070123/http://www.livius.org/fa-fn/flood/flood3-t-berossus.html">Archived</a> 2017-03-24 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>), commentary, and a <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.livius.org/fa-fn/flood/flood6-parallels.html">table with parallels</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170514171805/http://www.livius.org/fa-fn/flood/flood6-parallels.html">Archived</a> 2017-05-14 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ancienttexts.org/library/mesopotamian/gilgamesh/tab11.htm">Gilgamesh Tablet XI (The Flood Chapter)</a></li></ul> <p><br /> </p> <table class="wikitable succession-box noprint" style="margin:0.5em auto; font-size:small;clear:both;"> <tbody><tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold">15: <a href="/wiki/Cuneiform" title="Cuneiform">Early writing tablet</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/A_History_of_the_World_in_100_Objects" title="A History of the World in 100 Objects">A History of the World in 100 Objects</a><br /><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/ahistoryoftheworld/about/transcripts/episode16/">Object 16</a> </b> </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold">17: <a href="/wiki/Rhind_Mathematical_Papyrus" title="Rhind Mathematical Papyrus">Rhind Mathematical Papyrus</a></div> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><div style="padding-left: 1.6em;"><i>This article is about an item held in the <a href="/wiki/British_Museum" title="British Museum">British Museum</a>. The object reference is <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britishmuseum.org/research/search_the_collection_database/search_object_details.aspx?objectid=309929&partid=1">K.3375 (The Gilgamesh Tablet)</a>.</i></div></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist 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style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><i><a href="/wiki/Epic_of_Gilgamesh" title="Epic of Gilgamesh">Epic of Gilgamesh</a></i></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_characters_in_Epic_of_Gilgamesh" title="List of characters in Epic of Gilgamesh">Characters</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Humans</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gilgamesh" title="Gilgamesh">Gilgamesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aga_of_Kish" title="Aga of Kish">Aga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enmebaragesi" title="Enmebaragesi">Enmebaragesi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enkidu" title="Enkidu">Enkidu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shamhat" title="Shamhat">Shamhat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urshanabi" title="Urshanabi">Urshanabi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Utnapishtim" title="Utnapishtim">Utnapishtim</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Deities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adad" class="mw-redirect" title="Adad">Adad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anunnaki" title="Anunnaki">Anunnaki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ea_(god)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ea (god)">Ea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enlil" title="Enlil">Enlil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ishtar" class="mw-redirect" title="Ishtar">Ishtar</a> (<a href="/wiki/Inanna" title="Inanna">Inanna</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ninsun" title="Ninsun">Ninsun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shamash" title="Shamash">Shamash</a> (<a href="/wiki/Utu" class="mw-redirect" title="Utu">Utu</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shullat_and_Hanish" title="Shullat and Hanish">Shullat and Hanish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siduri" title="Siduri">Siduri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silili" title="Silili">Silili</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wer_(god)" title="Wer (god)">Wer</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other mythical beings</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bull_of_Heaven" title="Bull of Heaven">Bull of Heaven</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humbaba" title="Humbaba">Humbaba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scorpion_man" title="Scorpion man">Scorpion man</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="3" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Hero_lion_Dur-Sharrukin_Louvre_AO19862.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Hero_lion_Dur-Sharrukin_Louvre_AO19862.jpg/100px-Hero_lion_Dur-Sharrukin_Louvre_AO19862.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="233" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Hero_lion_Dur-Sharrukin_Louvre_AO19862.jpg/150px-Hero_lion_Dur-Sharrukin_Louvre_AO19862.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Hero_lion_Dur-Sharrukin_Louvre_AO19862.jpg/200px-Hero_lion_Dur-Sharrukin_Louvre_AO19862.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="2800" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Adaptations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Literature</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Great_American_Novel_(Roth)" class="mw-redirect" title="The Great American Novel (Roth)">The Great American Novel</a></i> (1973)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Gilgamesh_the_King" title="Gilgamesh the King">Gilgamesh the King</a></i> (1984)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Gilgamesh_in_the_Outback" title="Gilgamesh in the Outback">Gilgamesh in the Outback</a></i> (1986)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Timewyrm:_Genesys" title="Timewyrm: Genesys">Timewyrm: Genesys</a></i> (1991)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Slaves_of_the_Shinar" title="Slaves of the Shinar">Slaves of the Shinar</a></i> (2006)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Sorceress:_The_Secrets_of_the_Immortal_Nicholas_Flamel" title="The Sorceress: The Secrets of the Immortal Nicholas Flamel">The Sorceress: The Secrets of the Immortal Nicholas Flamel</a></i> (2009)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Classical music</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Epic_of_Gilgamesh_(Martin%C5%AF)" title="The Epic of Gilgamesh (Martinů)">The Epic of Gilgamesh</a></i> (1955 Czech oratorio)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gilgamesh_(Kodall%C4%B1_opera)" title="Gilgamesh (Kodallı opera)"><i>Gilgamesh</i> (Kodallı)</a> (1964 Turkish opera)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gilgamesh_(Saygun_opera)" title="Gilgamesh (Saygun opera)"><i>Gilgamesh</i> (Saygun)</a> (1970 Turkish opera)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gilgamesh_(N%C3%B8rg%C3%A5rd)" class="mw-redirect" title="Gilgamesh (Nørgård)"><i>Gilgamesh</i> (Nørgård)</a> (1972 Danish opera)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gilgamesh_(Brucci_opera)" title="Gilgamesh (Brucci opera)"><i>Gilgamesh</i> (Brucci)</a> (1986 Serbian opera)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Film</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Epic_of_Gilgamesh,_or_This_Unnameable_Little_Broom" title="The Epic of Gilgamesh, or This Unnameable Little Broom">The Epic of Gilgamesh, or This Unnameable Little Broom</a></i> (1985)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Princess_Mononoke" title="Princess Mononoke">Princess Mononoke</a></i> (1997)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Where_Is_Gilgamesh%3F" title="Where Is Gilgamesh?">Where Is Gilgamesh?</a></i> (2024)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Television</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>"<a href="/wiki/Darmok" title="Darmok">Darmok</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Demon_with_a_Glass_Hand" title="Demon with a Glass Hand">Demon with a Glass Hand</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/The_Tower_of_Druaga_(TV_series)" title="The Tower of Druaga (TV series)">The Tower of Druaga</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Bharat_Ek_Khoj" title="Bharat Ek Khoj">The Beginnings</a>"</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Comics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Gilgamesh_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Gilgamesh II">Gilgamesh II</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forgotten_One_(character)" title="Forgotten One (character)">Forgotten One</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Gilgamesh_(manga)" title="Gilgamesh (manga)">Gilgamesh</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Video games</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Tower_of_Druaga" title="The Tower of Druaga">The Tower of Druaga</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gilgamesh_in_the_arts_and_popular_culture" title="Gilgamesh in the arts and popular culture">Popular culture</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Gilgamesh flood myth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uruk" title="Uruk">Uruk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mashu" title="Mashu">Mashu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C3%AEn-l%C4%93qi-unninni" title="Sîn-lēqi-unninni">Sîn-lēqi-unninni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Smith_(assyriologist)" class="mw-redirect" title="George Smith (assyriologist)">George Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tale_of_Gudam" title="Tale of Gudam">Tale of Gudam</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Category:Epic_of_Gilgamesh" title="Category:Epic of Gilgamesh">Category</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="British_Museum" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:British_Museum" title="Template:British Museum"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:British_Museum" title="Template talk:British Museum"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:British_Museum" title="Special:EditPage/Template:British Museum"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="British_Museum" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/British_Museum" title="British Museum">British Museum</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;">Building</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Queen_Elizabeth_II_Great_Court" title="Queen Elizabeth II Great Court">Great Court</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/King%27s_Library" title="King's Library">King's Library</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Museum_Reading_Room" title="British Museum Reading Room">Round Reading Room</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;">Departments<br />and objects</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;background-color: #eee;"><a href="/wiki/British_Museum_Department_of_Africa,_Oceania_and_the_Americas" class="mw-redirect" title="British Museum Department of Africa, Oceania and the Americas">Africa, Oceania<br />and Americas</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Akan_Drum" title="Akan Drum">Akan Drum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aubin_Codex" title="Aubin Codex">Aubin Codex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benin_Bronzes" title="Benin Bronzes">Benin Bronzes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Briggs_Enigma" title="Briggs Enigma">Briggs Enigma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bronze_Head_from_Ife" title="Bronze Head from Ife">Bronze Head from Ife</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Codex_Kingsborough" title="Codex Kingsborough">Codex Kingsborough</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Double-headed_serpent" title="Double-headed serpent">Double-headed serpent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hoa_Hakananai%27a" title="Hoa Hakananai'a">Hoa Hakananai'a</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Throne_of_Weapons" title="Throne of Weapons">Throne of Weapons</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kayung_totem_pole" title="Kayung totem pole">Kayung totem pole</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tree_of_Life_(Kester)" title="Tree of Life (Kester)">Tree of Life</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yaxchilan_Lintel_24" title="Yaxchilan Lintel 24">Yaxchilan Lintel 24</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;background-color: #eee;"><a href="/wiki/British_Museum_Department_of_Ancient_Egypt_and_Sudan" title="British Museum Department of Ancient Egypt and Sudan">Ancient Egypt<br />and Sudan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battlefield_Palette" title="Battlefield Palette">Battlefield Palette</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colossal_quartzite_statue_of_Amenhotep_III" title="Colossal quartzite statue of Amenhotep III">Colossal quartzite statue of Amenhotep III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colossal_red_granite_statue_of_Amenhotep_III" title="Colossal red granite statue of Amenhotep III">Colossal head of Amenhotep III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/El-Amra_clay_model_of_cattle" title="El-Amra clay model of cattle">El-Amra clay model of cattle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gebelein_predynastic_mummies" title="Gebelein predynastic mummies">Gebelein predynastic mummies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greenfield_papyrus" class="mw-redirect" title="Greenfield papyrus">Greenfield papyrus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hornedjitef" title="Hornedjitef">Hornedjitef</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hunters_Palette" title="Hunters Palette">Hunters Palette</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MacGregor_plaque" title="MacGregor plaque">MacGregor plaque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Min_Palette" title="Min Palette">Min Palette</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papyrus_of_Ani" title="Papyrus of Ani">Papyrus of Ani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prudhoe_Lions" title="Prudhoe Lions">Prudhoe Lions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhind_Mathematical_Papyrus" title="Rhind Mathematical Papyrus">Rhind Mathematical Papyrus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosetta_Stone" title="Rosetta Stone">Rosetta Stone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sphinx_of_Taharqo" title="Sphinx of Taharqo">Sphinx of Taharqo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statues_of_Amun_in_the_form_of_a_ram_protecting_King_Taharqa" title="Statues of Amun in the form of a ram protecting King Taharqa">Amun in the form of a ram protecting King Taharqa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Younger_Memnon" title="Younger Memnon">Younger Memnon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;background-color: #eee;"><a href="/wiki/British_Museum_Department_of_Asia" title="British Museum Department of Asia">Asia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Admonitions_Scroll" title="Admonitions Scroll">Admonitions Scroll</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aphsad_inscription_of_%C4%80dityasena" title="Aphsad inscription of Ādityasena">Aphsad inscription of Ādityasena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amaravati_Marbles" title="Amaravati Marbles">Amaravati Marbles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ambika_Statue_from_Dhar" title="Ambika Statue from Dhar">Ambika Statue from Dhar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amit%C4%81bha_Buddha_from_Hancui" title="Amitābha Buddha from Hancui">Amitābha Buddha from Hancui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bimaran_casket" title="Bimaran casket">Bimaran casket</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhapad_Hoard" title="Buddhapad Hoard">Buddhapad Hoard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mogao_Christian_painting" title="Mogao Christian painting">Mogao Christian painting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Vases" title="David Vases">David Vases</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhaneswar_Khera_Buddha_image_inscription" title="Dhaneswar Khera Buddha image inscription">Dhaneswar Khera Buddha image inscription</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hephthalite_silver_bowl" title="Hephthalite silver bowl">Hephthalite silver bowl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huixian_Bronze_Hu" title="Huixian Bronze Hu">Huixian Bronze Hu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jade_terrapin_from_Allahabad" title="Jade terrapin from Allahabad">Jade terrapin from Allahabad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kakiemon_elephants_(British_Museum)" title="Kakiemon elephants (British Museum)">Kakiemon elephants</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kang_Hou_gui" title="Kang Hou gui">Kang Hou gui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kanishka_casket" class="mw-redirect" title="Kanishka casket">Kanishka casket</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Klang_Bell" title="Klang Bell">Klang Bell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kulu_Vase" title="Kulu Vase">Kulu Vase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mathura_lion_capital" title="Mathura lion capital">Mathura lion capital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Percival_David_Foundation_of_Chinese_Art" title="Percival David Foundation of Chinese Art">Percival David Foundation of Chinese Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seated_Buddha_from_Gandhara" title="Seated Buddha from Gandhara">Seated Buddha from Gandhara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stamp_seal_(BM_119999)" title="Stamp seal (BM 119999)">Stamp seal (BM 119999)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statue_of_Tara" title="Statue of Tara">Statue of Tara</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Great_Wave_off_Kanagawa" title="The Great Wave off Kanagawa">The Great Wave off Kanagawa</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vishnu_Nicolo_Seal" class="mw-redirect" title="Vishnu Nicolo Seal">Vishnu Nicolo Seal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wardak_Vase" title="Wardak Vase">Wardak Vase</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;background-color: #eee;"><a href="/wiki/British_Museum_Department_of_Greece_and_Rome" class="mw-redirect" title="British Museum Department of Greece and Rome">Greece<br />and Rome</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aegina_Treasure" title="Aegina Treasure">Aegina Treasure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aineta_aryballos" title="Aineta aryballos">Aineta aryballos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apollo_of_Cyrene" title="Apollo of Cyrene">Apollo of Cyrene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archangel_ivory" title="Archangel ivory">Archangel ivory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arcisate_Treasure" title="Arcisate Treasure">Arcisate Treasure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armento_Rider" title="Armento Rider">Armento Rider</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arundel_Head" title="Arundel Head">Arundel Head</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asclepius_of_Milos" title="Asclepius of Milos">Asclepius of Milos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barber_Cup_and_Crawford_Cup" title="Barber Cup and Crawford Cup">Barber Cup and Crawford Cup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bassae_Frieze" title="Bassae Frieze">Bassae Frieze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beaurains_Treasure" title="Beaurains Treasure">Beaurains Treasure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blacas_Cameo" title="Blacas Cameo">Blacas Cameo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boscoreale_Treasure" title="Boscoreale Treasure">Boscoreale Treasure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boy_with_Thorn" title="Boy with Thorn">Boy with Thorn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Braganza_Brooch" title="Braganza Brooch">Braganza Brooch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bronze_Head_of_Hypnos_from_Civitella_d%27Arna" title="Bronze Head of Hypnos from Civitella d'Arna">Bronze head of Hypnos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burgon_vase" title="Burgon vase">Burgon vase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bursa_Treasure" title="Bursa Treasure">Bursa Treasure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Campo_Iemini_Venus" title="Campo Iemini Venus">Campo Iemini Venus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carthage_Treasure" title="Carthage Treasure">Carthage Treasure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caubiac_Treasure" title="Caubiac Treasure">Caubiac Treasure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chaourse_Treasure" title="Chaourse Treasure">Chaourse Treasure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chatsworth_Head" title="Chatsworth Head">Chatsworth Head</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chatuzange_Treasure" title="Chatuzange Treasure">Chatuzange Treasure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Choiseul-Gouffier_Apollo" title="Choiseul-Gouffier Apollo">Choiseul-Gouffier Apollo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demeter_of_Knidos" title="Demeter of Knidos">Demeter of Knidos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dionysus_Sardanapalus" title="Dionysus Sardanapalus">Dionysus Sardanapalus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elgin_Amphora" title="Elgin Amphora">Elgin Amphora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elgin_Marbles" title="Elgin Marbles">Elgin Marbles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Esquiline_Treasure" title="Esquiline Treasure">Esquiline Treasure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euphorbos_plate" title="Euphorbos plate">Euphorbos plate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Farnese_Diadumenos" title="Farnese Diadumenos">Farnese Diadumenos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guilford_Puteal" title="Guilford Puteal">Guilford Puteal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harpy_Tomb" title="Harpy Tomb">Harpy Tomb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herculean_Sarcophagus_of_Genzano" title="Herculean Sarcophagus of Genzano">Herculean Sarcophagus of Genzano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isis_Tomb,_Vulci" title="Isis Tomb, Vulci">Isis Tomb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jennings_Dog" title="Jennings Dog">Jennings Dog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lion_of_Knidos" title="Lion of Knidos">Lion of Knidos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lycurgus_Cup" title="Lycurgus Cup">Lycurgus Cup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macmillan_aryballos" title="Macmillan aryballos">Macmillan aryballos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C3%A2con_Treasure" title="Mâcon Treasure">Mâcon Treasure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mainz_Gladius" title="Mainz Gladius">Mainz Gladius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mero%C3%AB_Head" title="Meroë Head">Meroë Head</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minoan_Bull-leaper" title="Minoan Bull-leaper">Minoan Bull-leaper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nereid_Monument" title="Nereid Monument">Nereid Monument</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oscan_Tablet" title="Oscan Tablet">Oscan Tablet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oxyrhynchus_Papyri" title="Oxyrhynchus Papyri">Papyri of Oxyrhynchus</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Papyrus_Oxyrhynchus_84" title="Papyrus Oxyrhynchus 84">84</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papyrus_Oxyrhynchus_85" title="Papyrus Oxyrhynchus 85">85</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papyrus_Oxyrhynchus_102" title="Papyrus Oxyrhynchus 102">102</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papyrus_Oxyrhynchus_103" title="Papyrus Oxyrhynchus 103">103</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paramythia_Hoard" title="Paramythia Hoard">Paramythia Hoard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pericles_with_the_Corinthian_helmet" title="Pericles with the Corinthian helmet">Pericles bust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petelia_Gold_Tablet" title="Petelia Gold Tablet">Petelia Gold Tablet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piranesi_Vase" title="Piranesi Vase">Piranesi Vase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portland_Vase" title="Portland Vase">Portland Vase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Priene_inscription_of_Alexander_the_Great" title="Priene inscription of Alexander the Great">Priene dedicatory inscription</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_the_Great%27s_edict_to_Priene" title="Alexander the Great's edict to Priene">Priene edict inscription</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/San_Sosti_Axe-Head" title="San Sosti Axe-Head">San Sosti Axe-Head</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sant%27Angelo_Muxaro_Patera" title="Sant'Angelo Muxaro Patera">Sant'Angelo Muxaro Patera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarcophagus_of_Seianti_Hanunia_Tlesnasa" title="Sarcophagus of Seianti Hanunia Tlesnasa">Sarcophagus of Seianti Hanunia Tlesnasa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satala_Aphrodite" title="Satala Aphrodite">Satala Aphrodite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stony_Stratford_Hoard" class="mw-redirect" title="Stony Stratford Hoard">Stony Stratford Hoard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strangford_Apollo" title="Strangford Apollo">Strangford Apollo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tomb_of_Payava" title="Tomb of Payava">Tomb of Payava</a></li> <li>Townley collection <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Townley_Antinous" title="Townley Antinous">Antinous</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Townley_Caryatid" title="Townley Caryatid">Caryatid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Townley_Discobolus" class="mw-redirect" title="Townley Discobolus">Discobolus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Townley_Hadrian" title="Townley Hadrian">Hadrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Townley_Vase" title="Townley Vase">Vase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Townley_Venus" title="Townley Venus">Venus</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uerdingen_Hoard" title="Uerdingen Hoard">Uerdingen Hoard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaison_Diadumenos" title="Vaison Diadumenos">Vaison Diadumenos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warren_Cup" title="Warren Cup">Warren Cup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xanten_Horse-Phalerae" title="Xanten Horse-Phalerae">Xanten Horse-Phalerae</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;background-color: #eee;"><a href="/wiki/British_Museum_Department_of_the_Middle_East" title="British Museum Department of the Middle East">Middle East</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ain_Sakhri_figurine" title="Ain Sakhri figurine">Ain Sakhri figurine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assyrian_lion_weights" title="Assyrian lion weights">Assyrian lion weights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balawat_Gates" title="Balawat Gates">Balawat Gates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blacas_ewer" title="Blacas ewer">Blacas ewer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uruk_Trough" title="Uruk Trough">Uruk Trough</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blau_Monuments" title="Blau Monuments">Blau Monuments</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palmer_Cup" title="Palmer Cup">Palmer Cup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Standard_of_Ur" title="Standard of Ur">Standard of Ur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ram_in_a_Thicket" title="Ram in a Thicket">Ram in a Thicket</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lyres_of_Ur" title="Lyres of Ur">Lyres of Ur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tell_al-%27Ubaid_Copper_Lintel" title="Tell al-'Ubaid Copper Lintel">Tell al-'Ubaid Copper Lintel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_Obelisk" title="White Obelisk">White Obelisk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Obelisk_of_Shalmaneser_III" title="Black Obelisk of Shalmaneser III">Black Obelisk of Shalmaneser III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kition_Necropolis_Phoenician_inscriptions" title="Kition Necropolis Phoenician inscriptions">Kition Necropolis Phoenician inscriptions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burney_Relief" title="Burney Relief">Burney Relief</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Complaint_tablet_to_Ea-n%C4%81%E1%B9%A3ir" title="Complaint tablet to Ea-nāṣir">Complaint tablet to Ea-nāṣir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tablet_of_Shamash" title="Tablet of Shamash">Tablet of Shamash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statue_of_Idrimi" title="Statue of Idrimi">Statue of Idrimi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Babylonian_Map_of_the_World" title="Babylonian Map of the World">Babylonian Map of the World</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rassam_cylinder" title="Rassam cylinder">Rassam cylinder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cylinders_of_Nabonidus" title="Cylinders of Nabonidus">Cylinders of Nabonidus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyrus_Cylinder" title="Cyrus Cylinder">Cyrus Cylinder</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Flood tablet (Gilgamesh)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jar_of_Xerxes_I" title="Jar of Xerxes I">Jar of Xerxes I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Library_of_Ashurbanipal" title="Library of Ashurbanipal">Library of Ashurbanipal</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Lion_Hunt_of_Ashurbanipal" title="Lion Hunt of Ashurbanipal">Lion Hunt of Ashurbanipal</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oxus_Treasure" title="Oxus Treasure">Oxus Treasure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sennacherib%27s_Annals" title="Sennacherib's Annals">Taylor Prism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lachish_reliefs" title="Lachish reliefs">Lachish reliefs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Babylonian_Chronicles" title="Babylonian Chronicles">Babylonian Chronicles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ur_Box_inscription" title="Ur Box inscription">Ur Box inscription</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurkh_Monoliths" title="Kurkh Monoliths">Kurkh Monoliths</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antiochus_cylinder" title="Antiochus cylinder">Antiochus cylinder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nimrud_ivories" title="Nimrud ivories">Nimrud ivories</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phoenician_metal_bowls" title="Phoenician metal bowls">Phoenician metal bowls</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;background-color: #eee;"><a href="/wiki/British_Museum_Department_of_Prehistory_and_Europe" class="mw-redirect" title="British Museum Department of Prehistory and Europe">Prehistory<br />and Europe</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Portable_altar_(WB.232)" class="mw-redirect" title="Portable altar (WB.232)">Boxwood altar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franks_Casket" title="Franks Casket">Franks Casket</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_Thorn_Reliquary" title="Holy Thorn Reliquary">Holy Thorn Reliquary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hoxne_Hoard" title="Hoxne Hoard">Hoxne Hoard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lewis_chessmen" title="Lewis chessmen">Lewis chessmen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lindow_Man" title="Lindow Man">Lindow Man</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mildenhall_Treasure" title="Mildenhall Treasure">Mildenhall Treasure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ringlemere_Cup" title="Ringlemere Cup">Ringlemere Cup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Gold_Cup" title="Royal Gold Cup">Royal Gold Cup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seax_of_Beagnoth" title="Seax of Beagnoth">Seax of Beagnoth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sutton_Hoo" title="Sutton Hoo">Sutton Hoo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sutton_Hoo_helmet" title="Sutton Hoo helmet">Sutton Hoo helmet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sutton_Hoo_purse-lid" title="Sutton Hoo purse-lid">Sutton Hoo purse-lid</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Swimming_Reindeer" title="Swimming Reindeer">Swimming Reindeer</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hedwig_glass" title="Hedwig glass">Hedwig glass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vindolanda_tablets" title="Vindolanda tablets">Vindolanda Tablets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lampsacus_Treasure" title="Lampsacus Treasure">Lampsacus Treasure</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;background-color: #eee;"><a href="/wiki/British_Museum_Department_of_Prints_and_Drawings" class="mw-redirect" title="British Museum Department of Prints and Drawings">Prints and<br />Drawings</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/D%C3%BCrer%27s_Rhinoceros" title="Dürer's Rhinoceros">Dürer's Rhinoceros</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Epifania_(Michelangelo_drawing)" class="mw-redirect" title="Epifania (Michelangelo drawing)">Epifania</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/I_Modi" title="I Modi">I Modi</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Isabella_Brant_(drawing)" title="Isabella Brant (drawing)">Isabella Brant</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Ancient_of_Days" title="The Ancient of Days">The Ancient of Days</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Disasters_of_War" title="The Disasters of War">The Disasters of War</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Tale_of_The_Flopsy_Bunnies#Illustrations" class="mw-redirect" title="The Tale of The Flopsy Bunnies">The Tale of the Flopsy Bunnies</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Triumphal_Arch_(woodcut)" title="Triumphal Arch (woodcut)">Triumphal Arch</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;background-color: #eee;">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/British_Museum_Department_of_Coins_and_Medals" title="British Museum Department of Coins and Medals">Coins and Medals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Museum_Department_of_Conservation_and_Scientific_Research" class="mw-redirect" title="British Museum Department of Conservation and Scientific Research">Conservation and Scientific Research</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Museum_Department_of_Libraries_and_Archives" class="mw-redirect" title="British Museum Department of Libraries and Archives">Libraries and Archives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portable_Antiquities_Scheme" title="Portable Antiquities Scheme">Portable Antiquities and Treasure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rondanini_Faun" title="Rondanini Faun">Rondanini Faun</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/A_History_of_the_World_in_100_Objects" title="A History of the World in 100 Objects">A History of the World in 100 Objects</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blythe_House" title="Blythe House">Blythe House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Museum_Act" title="British Museum Act">British Museum Acts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dingwall_Beloe_Lecture_Series" title="Dingwall Beloe Lecture Series">Dingwall Beloe Lectures</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_films_shot_at_the_British_Museum" title="List of films shot at the British Museum">Films shot at the British Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Private_Case" title="Private Case">Private Case</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Museum#Contested_artefacts" title="British Museum">Repatriation controversy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secretum_(British_Museum)" title="Secretum (British Museum)">Secretum</a></li> <li>Staff <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_directors_of_the_British_Museum" title="List of directors of the British Museum">Directors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_British_Museum_Friends" title="The British Museum Friends">Friends</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_keepers_of_the_British_Museum" title="List of keepers of the British Museum">Keepers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Commission_on_the_British_Museum" title="Royal Commission on the British Museum">Royal Commission on the British Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_trustees_of_the_British_Museum" title="List of trustees of the British Museum">Trustees</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:British_Museum" title="Category:British Museum">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Noah&#039;s_Ark" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Noah%27s_Ark" title="Template:Noah's Ark"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Noah%27s_Ark" title="Template talk:Noah's Ark"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Noah%27s_Ark" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Noah's Ark"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Noah&#039;s_Ark" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Noah%27s_Ark" title="Noah's Ark">Noah's Ark</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Theology</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Source</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Genesis_flood_narrative" title="Genesis flood narrative">Genesis flood narrative</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Genesis" title="Book of Genesis">Book of Genesis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Characters</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Noah" title="Noah">Noah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shem" title="Shem">Shem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ham_(son_of_Noah)" title="Ham (son of Noah)">Ham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japheth" title="Japheth">Japheth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wives_aboard_Noah%27s_Ark" title="Wives aboard Noah's Ark">Wives aboard Noah's Ark</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Noah" title="Book of Noah">Book of Noah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Generations_of_Noah" title="Generations of Noah">Generations of Noah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gopher_wood" title="Gopher wood">Gopher wood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noah%27s_wine" title="Noah's wine">Noah's wine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seven_Laws_of_Noah" title="Seven Laws of Noah">Seven Laws of Noah</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Media</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Television</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Captain_Noah_and_His_Magical_Ark" title="Captain Noah and His Magical Ark">Captain Noah and His Magical Ark</a></i> (1967)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bible_Ki_Kahaniyan" title="Bible Ki Kahaniyan">"Noah's Ark"</a> (1992)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Noah%27s_Island" title="Noah's Island">Noah's Island</a></i> (1997)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Noah%27s_Ark_(miniseries)" title="Noah's Ark (miniseries)">Noah's Ark</a></i> (1999)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/VeggieTales" title="VeggieTales">VeggieTales</a>: Noah's Ark</i> (2015)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Ark_(film)" title="The Ark (film)">The Ark</a></i> (2015)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Film</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Noah%27s_Ark_(1928_film)" title="Noah's Ark (1928 film)">Noah's Ark</a></i> (1928)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Father_Noah%27s_Ark" title="Father Noah's Ark">Father Noah's Ark</a></i> (1933)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Bible:_In_the_Beginning..." title="The Bible: In the Beginning...">The Bible: In the Beginning...</a></i> (1966)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/O_Trapalh%C3%A3o_na_Arca_de_No%C3%A9" title="O Trapalhão na Arca de Noé">O Trapalhão na Arca de Noé</a></i> (1983)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/La_Biblia_en_pasta" title="La Biblia en pasta">La Biblia en pasta</a></i> (1984)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Angel%27s_Egg" title="Angel's Egg">Angel's Egg</a></i> (1985)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Stowaways_on_the_Ark" title="Stowaways on the Ark">Stowaways on the Ark</a></i> (1988)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Genesis:_The_Creation_and_the_Flood" title="Genesis: The Creation and the Flood">Genesis: The Creation and the Flood</a></i> (1994)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Noah_(1998_film)" title="Noah (1998 film)">Noah</a></i> (1998)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Fantasia_2000" title="Fantasia 2000">Fantasia 2000</a></i> (1999)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Raining_Cats_and_Frogs" title="Raining Cats and Frogs">Raining Cats and Frogs</a></i> (2003)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Noah%27s_Ark_(2007_film)" title="Noah's Ark (2007 film)">Noah's Ark</a></i> (2007)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Evan_Almighty" title="Evan Almighty">Evan Almighty</a></i> (2007)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/40_Days_and_Nights" title="40 Days and Nights">40 Days and Nights</a></i> (2012)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Noah_(2014_film)" title="Noah (2014 film)">Noah</a></i> (2014)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ooops!_Noah_Is_Gone..." title="Ooops! Noah Is Gone...">Ooops! Noah Is Gone...</a></i> (2015)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Noah%27s_Ark_(2024_film)" title="Noah's Ark (2024 film)">Noah's Ark</a></i> (2024)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Ark_and_the_Aardvark" title="The Ark and the Aardvark">The Ark and the Aardvark</a></i> (TBA)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Stage</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Flowering_Peach" title="The Flowering Peach">The Flowering Peach</a></i> (1954 play)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Two_by_Two_(musical)" title="Two by Two (musical)">Two by Two</a></i> (1970 musical)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Opera</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Il_diluvio_universale" title="Il diluvio universale">Il diluvio universale</a></i> (1830)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Le_D%C3%A9luge_(Saint-Sa%C3%ABns)" title="Le Déluge (Saint-Saëns)">Le Déluge</a></i> (1875)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/No%C3%A9_(opera)" title="Noé (opera)">Noé</a></i> (1885)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Noye%27s_Fludde" title="Noye's Fludde">Noye's Fludde</a></i> (1958)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Flood_(Stravinsky)" title="The Flood (Stravinsky)">The Flood</a></i> (1962)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Paintings</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Scenes_from_the_Life_of_Noah" title="Scenes from the Life of Noah">Scenes from the Life of Noah</a></i> (1436-1440)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Noah%27s_Ark_(Poulakis)" title="Noah's Ark (Poulakis)">Noah's Ark</a></i> (17th century)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Return_of_the_Dove_to_the_Ark" title="The Return of the Dove to the Ark">The Return of the Dove to the Ark</a></i> (1851)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/After_the_Deluge_(painting)" title="After the Deluge (painting)">After the Deluge</a></i> (1891)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Genesis_(Lebrun)" title="Genesis (Lebrun)">Genesis</a></i> (1960)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Songs</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Die_Sintflut" title="Die Sintflut">Die Sintflut</a></i></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/The_Unicorn_(song)" title="The Unicorn (song)">The Unicorn</a>" (1968)</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Captain_Noah_and_His_Floating_Zoo" title="Captain Noah and His Floating Zoo">Captain Noah and His Floating Zoo</a>" (1970)</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/The_Prophet%27s_Song" title="The Prophet's Song">The Prophet's Song</a>" (1975)</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Animals_(Kevin_Ayers_song)" title="Animals (Kevin Ayers song)">Animals</a>" (1980)</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Forever_Not_Yours" title="Forever Not Yours">Forever Not Yours</a>" (2002)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Games</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Noah%27s_Ark_(video_game)" title="Noah's Ark (video game)">Noah's Ark</a></i> (1992)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Super_3D_Noah%27s_Ark" title="Super 3D Noah's Ark">Super 3D Noah's Ark</a></i> (1994)</li> <li><i>Noah's Ark</i> (2002)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Literature</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Doctor_Dolittle_and_the_Secret_Lake" title="Doctor Dolittle and the Secret Lake">Doctor Dolittle and the Secret Lake</a></i> (1948)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Moon_in_the_Cloud" title="The Moon in the Cloud">The Moon in the Cloud</a></i> (1969)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Noah%27s_Ark_(Spier_book)" title="Noah's Ark (Spier book)">Noah's Ark</a></i> (1977)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Not_Wanted_on_the_Voyage" title="Not Wanted on the Voyage">Not Wanted on the Voyage</a></i> (1984)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Noah%27s_Brother" class="mw-redirect" title="Noah's Brother">Noah's Brother</a></i> (1985)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Many_Waters" title="Many Waters">Many Waters</a></i> (1986)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Noah%27s_Ark_(Pinkney_book)" title="Noah's Ark (Pinkney book)">Noah's Ark</a></i> (2002)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Not_the_End_of_the_World_(McCaughrean_novel)" title="Not the End of the World (McCaughrean novel)">Not the End of the World</a></i> (2004)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ararat_(novel)" title="Ararat (novel)">Ararat</a></i> (2017)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other cultures</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Flood_myth" title="Flood myth">Flood myth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eridu_Genesis" title="Eridu Genesis">Eridu Genesis</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Gilgamesh flood myth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_flood_myths" title="Ancient Greek flood myths">Ancient Greek flood myths</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finnish_flood_myth" title="Finnish flood myth">Finnish flood myth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Flood_(China)" title="Great Flood (China)">Great Flood of China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mesoamerican_flood_myths" title="Mesoamerican flood myths">Mesoamerican flood myths</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lebor_Gab%C3%A1la_%C3%89renn#Cessair" title="Lebor Gabála Érenn">Cessair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bergelmir" title="Bergelmir">Bergelmir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noah_in_Islam" title="Noah in Islam">Noah in Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noah_in_rabbinic_literature" title="Noah in rabbinic literature">Noah in rabbinic literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peluda" title="Peluda">Peluda</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Science</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black_Sea_deluge_hypothesis" title="Black Sea deluge hypothesis">Black Sea deluge hypothesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flood_geology" title="Flood geology">Flood geology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Searches_for_Noah%27s_Ark" title="Searches for Noah's Ark">Searches for Noah's Ark</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/In_Search_of_Noah%27s_Ark" title="In Search of Noah's Ark">In Search of Noah's Ark</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mountains_of_Ararat" title="Mountains of Ararat">Mountains of Ararat</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Ararat" title="Mount Ararat">Mount Ararat</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Judi" title="Mount Judi">Mount Judi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mosque_of_Ibn_Tulun" title="Mosque of Ibn Tulun">Mosque of Ibn Tulun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ararat_anomaly" title="Ararat anomaly">Ararat anomaly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Durup%C4%B1nar_site" title="Durupınar site">Durupınar site</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Noah%27s_Ark_replicas_and_derivatives" title="Noah's Ark replicas and derivatives">Noah's Ark replicas and derivatives</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Boner%27s_Ark" title="Boner's Ark">Boner's Ark</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noah%27s_Ark_silver_coins" title="Noah's Ark silver coins">Noah's Ark silver coins</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Ancient_seafaring" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Ancient_seafaring" title="Template:Ancient seafaring"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Ancient_seafaring" title="Template talk:Ancient seafaring"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Ancient_seafaring" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Ancient seafaring"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Ancient_seafaring" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_seafaring" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient seafaring">Ancient seafaring</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3" style="vertical-align:center; text-align:center;"><div id="Vessels" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_navies_and_vessels" title="Ancient navies and vessels">Vessels</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Watercraft" title="Watercraft">Types</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Balangay" title="Balangay">Balangay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bangka_(boat)" title="Bangka (boat)">Bangka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beden" title="Beden">Beden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coracle" title="Coracle">Coracle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhow" title="Dhow">Dhow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dragon_boat" title="Dragon boat">Dragon boat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dugout_canoe" title="Dugout canoe">Dugout canoe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galley" title="Galley">Galley</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Penteconter" title="Penteconter">Penteconter</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K%27unlun_po" class="mw-redirect" title="K'unlun po">Kunlun ship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liburna" title="Liburna">Liburna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Longship" title="Longship">Longship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multihull" title="Multihull">Multihull</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Navis_lusoria" title="Navis lusoria">Navis lusoria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Obelisk_ship" title="Obelisk ship">Obelisk ship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outrigger_boat" title="Outrigger boat">Outriggers</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Single-outrigger" class="mw-redirect" title="Single-outrigger">Single-outrigger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catamaran" title="Catamaran">Catamaran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trimaran" title="Trimaran">Trimaran</a></li></ul></li> <li>Polyremes <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bireme" title="Bireme">Bireme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hellenistic-era_warships" title="Hellenistic-era warships">Oared warships</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trireme" title="Trireme">Trireme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quadrireme" class="mw-redirect" title="Quadrireme">Quadrireme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quinquereme" class="mw-redirect" title="Quinquereme">Quinquereme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hexareme" class="mw-redirect" title="Hexareme">Hexareme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tessarakonteres" title="Tessarakonteres">Tessarakonteres</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raft" title="Raft">Raft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reed_boat" title="Reed boat">Reed boat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sailing_ship" title="Sailing ship">Sailing ship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tomol" title="Tomol">Tomol</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/T%C4%81kitimu" title="Tākitimu">Tākitimu</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Propulsion</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Paddling" title="Paddling">Paddling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sailing" title="Sailing">Sailing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Towpath" title="Towpath">Towing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poling_(watercraft)" class="mw-redirect" title="Poling (watercraft)">Poling </a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Components</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anchor" title="Anchor">Anchor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bow_(watercraft)" title="Bow (watercraft)">Bow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cabin_(ship)" title="Cabin (ship)">Cabin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deck_(ship)" title="Deck (ship)">Deck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Figurehead_(object)" title="Figurehead (object)">Figurehead</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hull_(watercraft)" title="Hull (watercraft)">Hull</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Boat_building#Construction_materials_and_methods" title="Boat building">Planking</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keel" title="Keel">Keel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mast_(sailing)" title="Mast (sailing)">Mast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oar" title="Oar">Oar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paddle" title="Paddle">Paddle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rope" title="Rope">Rope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudder" title="Rudder">Rudder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudder#History_of_the_rudder" title="Rudder">Steering oar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sail" title="Sail">Sail</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sail_components" title="Sail components">Sail components</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stem_(ship)" title="Stem (ship)">Stem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sternpost" title="Sternpost">Sternpost</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strake" title="Strake">Strake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nile_boat#Boat_design_/_steering" title="Nile boat">Tiller</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_shipbuilding_techniques" title="Ancient shipbuilding techniques">Construction</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Boat_building" title="Boat building">Boat building</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Careening" title="Careening">Careening</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carvel_(boat_building)" title="Carvel (boat building)">Carvel built</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clinker_(boat_building)" title="Clinker (boat building)">Clinker built</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mortise_and_tenon" title="Mortise and tenon">Mortise and tenon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lashed-lug_boat" title="Lashed-lug boat">Lashed-lug</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sewn_boat" title="Sewn boat">Sewn-plank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shipbuilding" title="Shipbuilding">Shipbuilding</a></li> <li>By region: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egyptian_technology#Navigation_and_ship_building" title="Ancient Egyptian technology">Egypt</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Rigging" title="Rigging">Rigging</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Crab_claw_sail" title="Crab claw sail">Crab claw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fore-and-aft_rig" title="Fore-and-aft rig">Fore-and-aft</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lateen" title="Lateen">Lateen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Settee_(sail)" title="Settee (sail)">Settee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanja_sail" title="Tanja sail">Tanja</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Triangular_sail_rig&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Triangular sail rig (page does not exist)">Triangular sail</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Junk_rig" title="Junk rig">Junk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mast-aft_rig" title="Mast-aft rig">Mast-aft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spritsail" title="Spritsail">Spritsail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Square_rig" title="Square rig">Square</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Armaments</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ballista" title="Ballista">Ballista</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catapult" title="Catapult">Catapult</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corvus_(boarding_device)" title="Corvus (boarding device)">Corvus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dolphin_(weapon)" title="Dolphin (weapon)">Dolphin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harpax" title="Harpax">Harpax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naval_ram" title="Naval ram">Ram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sambuca_(siege_engine)" title="Sambuca (siege engine)">Sambuca</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="1" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Galley_-_Layard_-_Ninive_page_324_detail.png/120px-Galley_-_Layard_-_Ninive_page_324_detail.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="78" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Galley_-_Layard_-_Ninive_page_324_detail.png/180px-Galley_-_Layard_-_Ninive_page_324_detail.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Galley_-_Layard_-_Ninive_page_324_detail.png/240px-Galley_-_Layard_-_Ninive_page_324_detail.png 2x" data-file-width="541" data-file-height="353" /></span></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3" style="vertical-align:center; text-align:center;"><div id="Navigation,_and_ports_and_harbors" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Navigation, and ports and harbors</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Marine_navigation" title="Marine navigation">Navigation</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Celestial_navigation" title="Celestial navigation">Celestial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_cartography" title="History of cartography">Charts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portolan_chart" title="Portolan chart">Portolan chart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rutter_(nautical)" title="Rutter (nautical)">Rutter (nautical)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coastal_navigation" class="mw-redirect" title="Coastal navigation">Coastal</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lighthouses" class="mw-redirect" title="Lighthouses">Lighthouses</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_navigation" title="History of navigation">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piloting" title="Piloting">Piloting</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pilot_boat" title="Pilot boat">Pilot boat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maritime_pilot" title="Maritime pilot">Maritime pilot</a></li></ul></li> <li>By region: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Inuit_navigation" title="Inuit navigation">Inuit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Micronesian_navigation" title="Micronesian navigation">Micronesian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polynesian_navigation" title="Polynesian navigation">Polynesia</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Port#Historical_ports" title="Port">Ports</a> and<br />harbors</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aden" title="Aden">Aden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adulis" title="Adulis">Adulis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexandria" title="Alexandria">Alexandria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arikamedu" title="Arikamedu">Arikamedu</a> (Podouke)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arsinoe_(Gulf_of_Suez)" title="Arsinoe (Gulf of Suez)">Arsinoe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avalites" title="Avalites">Avalites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbarikon" title="Barbarikon">Barbarikon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bharuch" title="Bharuch">Barygaza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basra" title="Basra">Basra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berenice_Troglodytica" title="Berenice Troglodytica">Berenice Troglodytica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canopus,_Egypt" title="Canopus, Egypt">Canopus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chittagong" title="Chittagong">Chittagong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Essina" title="Essina">Essina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jiaozhi" title="Jiaozhi">Giao Chỉ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Godavaya" title="Godavaya">Godavaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Port_of_Guangzhou" title="Port of Guangzhou">Guangzhou</a> (Canton)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Port_of_Jambukola" title="Port of Jambukola">Jambukola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeddah" title="Jeddah">Jeddah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puhar,_Mayiladuthurai" title="Puhar, Mayiladuthurai">Kaveri Poompattinam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kedah" title="Kedah">Kedah</a> (Kadaram)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korkai" title="Korkai">Korkai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lothal#Dockyard" title="Lothal">Lothal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manthai" title="Manthai">Manthai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madurai" title="Madurai">Madurai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malao" title="Malao">Malao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mersa_Gawasis" title="Mersa Gawasis">Mersa Gawasis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Myos_Hormos" title="Myos Hormos">Myos Hormos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mottama" title="Mottama">Martaban</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chonburi_province" title="Chonburi province">Mueang Phra Rot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muscat" title="Muscat">Muscat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muziris" title="Muziris">Muziris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%93c_Eo" title="Óc Eo">Óc Eo</a> (<a href="/wiki/Cattigara" title="Cattigara">Cattigara</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opone" title="Opone">Opone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ostia_Antica" title="Ostia Antica">Ostia Antica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palembang" title="Palembang">Palembang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piraeus#Ancient_and_medieval_times" title="Piraeus">Piraeus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prosphorion_Harbour" title="Prosphorion Harbour">Prosphorion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ptolemais_Theron" title="Ptolemais Theron">Ptolemais Theron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qandala" title="Qandala">Qandala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kollam" title="Kollam">Quilon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhacotis" title="Rhacotis">Rhacotis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarapion" title="Sarapion">Sarapion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sathing_Phra_district" title="Sathing Phra district">Satingpra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sidon" title="Sidon">Sidon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socotra" title="Socotra">Socotra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sonargaon" title="Sonargaon">Sounagoura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trincomalee" title="Trincomalee">Trincomalee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tulum" title="Tulum">Tulum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tyndis" title="Tyndis">Tyndis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tyre,_Lebanon" title="Tyre, Lebanon">Tyre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wadi_al-Jarf" title="Wadi al-Jarf">Wadi al-Jarf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Zanzibar" title="History of Zanzibar">Zanzibar</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="1" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Galley_-_Layard_-_Ninive_page_324_detail.png/120px-Galley_-_Layard_-_Ninive_page_324_detail.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="78" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Galley_-_Layard_-_Ninive_page_324_detail.png/180px-Galley_-_Layard_-_Ninive_page_324_detail.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Galley_-_Layard_-_Ninive_page_324_detail.png/240px-Galley_-_Layard_-_Ninive_page_324_detail.png 2x" data-file-width="541" data-file-height="353" /></span></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3" style="vertical-align:center; text-align:center;"><div id="History" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_maritime_history" title="Ancient maritime history">History</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Maritime_prehistory" class="mw-redirect" title="Maritime prehistory">Prehistory</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Maritime_timeline#Prehistory" title="Maritime timeline">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_Britain" title="Prehistoric Britain">Britain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oceania#Prehistory_of_Oceania" title="Oceania">Oceania</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Remote_Oceania" title="Remote Oceania">Remote</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Near_Oceania" title="Near Oceania">Near</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ubaid_period" title="Ubaid period">Ubaid period</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indus_Valley_Civilisation" title="Indus Valley Civilisation">Indus Valley</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Civilizations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egypt" title="Ancient Egypt">Ancient Egypt</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Old_Kingdom_of_Egypt" title="Old Kingdom of Egypt">Old Kingdom</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austronesian_peoples" title="Austronesian peoples">Austronesia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Philippine_jade_culture" title="Philippine jade culture">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sa_Hu%E1%BB%B3nh_culture" title="Sa Huỳnh culture">Sa Huỳnh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lapita_culture" title="Lapita culture">Lapita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Micronesians" title="Micronesians">Micronesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Langkasuka" title="Langkasuka">Langkasuka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kedah" title="Kedah">Kedah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Champa" title="Champa">Champa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kutai" title="Kutai">Kutai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tarumanagara" title="Tarumanagara">Tarumanagara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalingga_kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Kalingga kingdom">Kalingga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Srivijaya" title="Srivijaya">Srivijaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sunda_Kingdom" title="Sunda Kingdom">Sunda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polynesians" title="Polynesians">Polynesia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minoan_Civilization" class="mw-redirect" title="Minoan Civilization">Minoan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indus_Valley_Civilisation" title="Indus Valley Civilisation">Indus Valley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamilakam" title="Tamilakam">Tamilakam</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chola_dynasty" title="Chola dynasty">Chola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chera_dynasty" title="Chera dynasty">Chera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pandya_dynasty" title="Pandya dynasty">Pandya</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maritime_history_of_Somalia" title="Maritime history of Somalia">Somalia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maya_civilization" title="Maya civilization">Maya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuragic_civilization" title="Nuragic civilization">Nuragic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mycenaean_Greece" title="Mycenaean Greece">Mycenaean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phoenicia" title="Phoenicia">Phoenicia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olmecs" title="Olmecs">Olmecs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carthaginian_civilization" class="mw-redirect" title="Carthaginian civilization">Carthage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_city-states" class="mw-redirect" title="Greek city-states">Greece</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Archaic_Greece" title="Archaic Greece">Archaic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classical_Greece" title="Classical Greece">Classical</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Achaemenid_Empire" title="Achaemenid Empire">Achaemenid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nabataean_Kingdom" title="Nabataean Kingdom">Nabatea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Aksum" title="Kingdom of Aksum">Aksum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Rome</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_maritime_migration_and_exploration" title="Timeline of maritime migration and exploration">Migration and<br />exploration</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Peopling_of_Australia" class="mw-redirect" title="Peopling of Australia">Peopling of Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peopling_of_Micronesia" class="mw-redirect" title="Peopling of Micronesia">Peopling of Micronesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austronesian_peoples#Migration_from_Taiwan" title="Austronesian peoples">Austronesian Expansion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greeks_in_pre-Roman_Gaul" title="Greeks in pre-Roman Gaul">Greeks in pre-Roman Gaul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ocean_exploration" title="Ocean exploration">Ocean exploration</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Phoenician_maritime_expansion&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Phoenician maritime expansion (page does not exist)">Phoenician maritime expansion</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Phoenician%E2%80%93Punic_Sardinia" title="Phoenician–Punic Sardinia">Sardinia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Necho_II#Phoenician_expedition" title="Necho II">Circumnavigation of Africa</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pytheas#Voyage_to_Britain" title="Pytheas">Pytheas' voyage to Britain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gnaeus_Julius_Agricola" title="Gnaeus Julius Agricola">Roman circumnavigation of Britain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_maritime_migration_and_exploration" title="Timeline of maritime migration and exploration">Timeline</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Mariners and<br />explorers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Henenu_(high_steward)" title="Henenu (high steward)">Henenu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euthymenes" title="Euthymenes">Euthymenes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hanno_the_Navigator" title="Hanno the Navigator">Hanno the Navigator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Himilco" title="Himilco">Himilco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sataspes" title="Sataspes">Sataspes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Androsthenes_of_Thasos" title="Androsthenes of Thasos">Androsthenes of Thasos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archias_of_Pella" title="Archias of Pella">Archias of Pella</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_the_Great" title="Alexander the Great">Alexander the Great</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nearchus" title="Nearchus">Nearchus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pytheas" title="Pytheas">Pytheas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Megasthenes" title="Megasthenes">Megasthenes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xu_Fu" title="Xu Fu">Xu Fu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hippalus" title="Hippalus">Hippalus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julius_Caesar" title="Julius Caesar">Julius Caesar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eudoxus_of_Cyzicus" title="Eudoxus of Cyzicus">Eudoxus of Cyzicus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maes_Titianus" title="Maes Titianus">Maes Titianus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Military</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_navies_and_vessels" title="Ancient navies and vessels">Navies</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egyptian_navy" title="Ancient Egyptian navy">Egyptian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Achaemenid_navy" title="Achaemenid navy">Achaemenid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_warfare#Naval_tactics" title="Ancient Greek warfare">Greek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_navy" title="Roman navy">Roman</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_naval_battles" title="List of naval battles">Battles</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b>Mediterranean:</b>   <a href="/wiki/Battles_of_Alashiya" title="Battles of Alashiya">Alashiya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Delta" title="Battle of the Delta">Nile Delta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Salamis" title="Battle of Salamis">Salamis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Artemisium" title="Battle of Artemisium">Artemisium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Eurymedon" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Eurymedon">Eurymedon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Naupactus" title="Battle of Naupactus">Naupactus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Olpae" title="Battle of Olpae">Olpae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sicilian_Expedition" title="Sicilian Expedition">Syracuse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Cynossema" title="Battle of Cynossema">Cynossema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Arginusae" title="Battle of Arginusae">Arginusae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Mytilene_(406_BC)" title="Battle of Mytilene (406 BC)">Mytilene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Hellespont" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Hellespont">Hellespont</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Echinades_(322_BC)" title="Battle of the Echinades (322 BC)">Echinades</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Salamis_(306_BC)" title="Battle of Salamis (306 BC)">Salamis II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Mylae" title="Battle of Mylae">Mylae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Cape_Hermaeum" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Cape Hermaeum">Cape Hermaeum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ecnomus" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Ecnomus">Ecnomus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Drepana" title="Battle of Drepana">Drepana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Aegates" title="Battle of the Aegates">Aegates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Lake_Trasimene" title="Battle of Lake Trasimene">Lake Trasimene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Chios_(201_BC)" title="Battle of Chios (201 BC)">Chios</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Myonessus" title="Battle of Myonessus">Myonessus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Nile" title="Battle of the Nile">Nile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Naulochus" title="Battle of Naulochus">Naulochus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Mycale" title="Battle of Mycale">Mycale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Actium" title="Battle of Actium">Actium</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Tactics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Naval_boarding" title="Naval boarding">Boarding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grappling_hook" title="Grappling hook">Grappling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Incendiary_device" title="Incendiary device">Incendiaries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oared_vessel_tactics" title="Oared vessel tactics">Oared vessels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sailing_ship_tactics" title="Sailing ship tactics">Sailing ships</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_warfare#Naval_tactics" title="Ancient Greek warfare">Greek navy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramming" title="Ramming">Ramming</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By region</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indian_maritime_history" title="Indian maritime history">India</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Maritime_history_of_Odisha" title="Maritime history of Odisha">Odisha</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naval_history_of_Japan" title="Naval history of Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ships_of_ancient_Rome" title="Ships of ancient Rome">Rome</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Maritime_history_of_South_America&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Maritime history of South America (page does not exist)">South America</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pre-Columbian_rafts" title="Pre-Columbian rafts">Rafts</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="1" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Galley_-_Layard_-_Ninive_page_324_detail.png/120px-Galley_-_Layard_-_Ninive_page_324_detail.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="78" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Galley_-_Layard_-_Ninive_page_324_detail.png/180px-Galley_-_Layard_-_Ninive_page_324_detail.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Galley_-_Layard_-_Ninive_page_324_detail.png/240px-Galley_-_Layard_-_Ninive_page_324_detail.png 2x" data-file-width="541" data-file-height="353" /></span></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3" style="vertical-align:center; text-align:center;"><div id="Economy_and_trade" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Economy and <a href="/wiki/Trade#Ancient_history" title="Trade">trade</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_whaling" title="History of whaling">Whaling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_fishing" title="History of fishing">Fishing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egyptian_trade" title="Ancient Egyptian trade">Egypt</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Land_of_Punt" title="Land of Punt">Land of Punt</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indus%E2%80%93Mesopotamia_relations" class="mw-redirect" title="Indus–Mesopotamia relations">Indus–Mesopotamia relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meluhha" title="Meluhha">Meluhha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippine_jade_culture" title="Philippine jade culture">Maritime Jade Route</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tin_sources_and_trade_in_ancient_times#Trade" class="mw-redirect" title="Tin sources and trade in ancient times">Tin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spice_trade" title="Spice trade">Spice trade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Iron_Age#Economy_of_Iron_Age_Britain" title="British Iron Age">Iron Age Britain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sa_Huynh-Kalanay_Interaction_Sphere" class="mw-redirect" title="Sa Huynh-Kalanay Interaction Sphere">Sa Huynh-Kalanay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Incense_trade_route" title="Incense trade route">Incense trade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maritime_Silk_Road" title="Maritime Silk Road">Maritime Silk Road</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Periplus_of_the_Erythraean_Sea" title="Periplus of the Erythraean Sea">Periplus of the Erythraean Sea</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maritime_trade_in_the_Maya_civilization" title="Maritime trade in the Maya civilization">Maya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_ancient_Greece#Trade" title="Economy of ancient Greece">Greece</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Greek_shipping" title="Greek shipping">shipping</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_commerce#Sea_routes" title="Roman commerce">Rome</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Roman_trade_relations" title="Indo-Roman trade relations">Indo-Roman</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="1" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Galley_-_Layard_-_Ninive_page_324_detail.png/120px-Galley_-_Layard_-_Ninive_page_324_detail.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="78" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Galley_-_Layard_-_Ninive_page_324_detail.png/180px-Galley_-_Layard_-_Ninive_page_324_detail.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Galley_-_Layard_-_Ninive_page_324_detail.png/240px-Galley_-_Layard_-_Ninive_page_324_detail.png 2x" data-file-width="541" data-file-height="353" /></span></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3" style="vertical-align:center; text-align:center;"><div id="Piracy" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Piracy</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Piracy#History" title="Piracy">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Mediterranean_piracy" title="Ancient Mediterranean piracy">Mediterranean piracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ameinias_the_Phocian" title="Ameinias the Phocian">Ameinias the Phocian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cilician_pirates" title="Cilician pirates">Cilician pirates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_pirates#Piracy_in_the_ancient_world:_pirates_of_Joppa" title="Jewish pirates">Jewish pirates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_life_and_career_of_Julius_Caesar#Kidnapping_by_pirates" title="Early life and career of Julius Caesar">Kidnapping of Julius Caesar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pompey%27s_campaign_against_the_pirates" title="Pompey's campaign against the pirates">Pompey's campaign against the pirates</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="1" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Galley_-_Layard_-_Ninive_page_324_detail.png/120px-Galley_-_Layard_-_Ninive_page_324_detail.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="78" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Galley_-_Layard_-_Ninive_page_324_detail.png/180px-Galley_-_Layard_-_Ninive_page_324_detail.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Galley_-_Layard_-_Ninive_page_324_detail.png/240px-Galley_-_Layard_-_Ninive_page_324_detail.png 2x" data-file-width="541" data-file-height="353" /></span></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3" style="vertical-align:center; text-align:center;"><div id="Research_and_education" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Research and education</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Scholars</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Historians</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/David_Blackman" title="David Blackman">David Blackman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lionel_Casson" title="Lionel Casson">Lionel Casson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fik_Meijer" title="Fik Meijer">Fik Meijer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Sinclair_Morrison" title="John Sinclair Morrison">John Sinclair Morrison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Ledyard_Rodgers" title="William Ledyard Rodgers">William L. Rodgers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chester_G._Starr" title="Chester G. Starr">Chester G. Starr</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Archaeologists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/George_Bass_(archaeologist)" title="George Bass (archaeologist)">George Bass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Yves_Empereur" title="Jean-Yves Empereur">Jean-Yves Empereur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boris_Rankov" title="Boris Rankov">Boris Rankov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._Richard_Steffy" title="J. Richard Steffy">J. Richard Steffy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Throckmorton" title="Peter Throckmorton">Peter Throckmorton</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shelley_Wachsmann&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Shelley Wachsmann (page does not exist)">Shelley Wachsmann</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Topics<br />and theories</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coastal_defence_and_fortification" title="Coastal defence and fortification">Coastal defence and fortification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grave_goods" title="Grave goods">Grave goods</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lighthouse" title="Lighthouse">Lighthouses</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lighthouse_of_Alexandria" title="Lighthouse of Alexandria">Alexandria</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marine_art" title="Marine art">Marine art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marine_navigation" title="Marine navigation">Marine navigation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maritime_archaeology" title="Maritime archaeology">Maritime archaeology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naval_warfare#Mediterranean_Sea" title="Naval warfare">Naval warfare</a></li> <li>Maritime temples <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Temple_of_Isthmia" title="Temple of Isthmia">Temple of Isthmia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temple_of_Poseidon,_Sounion" title="Temple of Poseidon, Sounion">Temple of Poseidon, Sounion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samothrace_temple_complex" title="Samothrace temple complex">Samothrace temple complex</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nusantao_Maritime_Trading_and_Communication_Network" title="Nusantao Maritime Trading and Communication Network">Nusantao network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theory_of_Phoenician_discovery_of_the_Americas" title="Theory of Phoenician discovery of the Americas">Phoenician discovery of America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pre-Columbian_transoceanic_contact_theories" title="Pre-Columbian transoceanic contact theories">Pre-Columbian theories</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sea_Peoples" title="Sea Peoples">Sea Peoples</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shipbuilding" title="Shipbuilding">Shipbuilding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Midden#Shells" title="Midden">Shell middens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ship_burial" title="Ship burial">Ship burial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tacking_(sailing)" title="Tacking (sailing)">Tacking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thalassocracy" title="Thalassocracy">Thalassocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underwater_archaeology" title="Underwater archaeology">Underwater archaeology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underwater_exploration" title="Underwater exploration">Underwater exploration</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Archaeology_of_shipwrecks" title="Archaeology of shipwrecks">Wrecks<br />and relics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_shipwrecks_before_Anno_Domini" title="List of shipwrecks before Anno Domini">Earliest</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pesse_canoe" title="Pesse canoe">Pesse canoe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dufuna_canoe" title="Dufuna canoe">Dufuna canoe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abydos_boats" title="Abydos boats">Abydos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moor_Sand_site" title="Moor Sand site">Moor Sand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dokos_shipwreck" title="Dokos shipwreck">Dokos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khufu_ship" title="Khufu ship">Khufu ship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dover_Bronze_Age_Boat" title="Dover Bronze Age Boat">Dover Bronze Age Boat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uluburun_shipwreck" title="Uluburun shipwreck">Uluburun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canaanite_shipwreck" title="Canaanite shipwreck">Canaanite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cape_Gelidonya#Bronze_Age_shipwreck" title="Cape Gelidonya">Cape Gelidonya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wreck_of_Rochelongue" title="Wreck of Rochelongue">Rochelongue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hjortspring_boat" title="Hjortspring boat">Hjortspring</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austronesian_peoples" title="Austronesian peoples">Austronesia</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pontian_boat&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pontian boat (page does not exist)">Pontian boat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balangay#Butuan_boats" title="Balangay">Butuan boats</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Black_Sea_shipwrecks" title="Ancient Black Sea shipwrecks">Black Sea‎</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sinop_D" title="Sinop D">Sinop D</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marsala_Punic_shipwreck" title="Marsala Punic shipwreck">Marsala</a></li> <li>Greek: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ashkelon_shipwrecks" title="Ashkelon shipwrecks">Ashkelon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kyrenia_ship" class="mw-redirect" title="Kyrenia ship">Kyrenia</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Leontophoros" title="Leontophoros">Leontophoros</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Syracusia" title="Syracusia">Syracusia</a></i></li></ul></li> <li>Phoenician: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gozo_Phoenician_shipwreck" title="Gozo Phoenician shipwreck">Gozo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bajo_de_la_Campana_Phoenician_shipwreck" title="Bajo de la Campana Phoenician shipwreck">Bajo de la Campana</a></li></ul></li> <li>Punic: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Marsala_Punic_shipwreck" title="Marsala Punic shipwreck">Marsala Punic shipwreck</a></li></ul></li> <li>Roman: <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Alkedo" title="Alkedo">Alkedo</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arles_Rh%C3%B4ne_3" title="Arles Rhône 3">Arles Rhône 3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blackfriars_shipwrecks" title="Blackfriars shipwrecks">Blackfriars I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caligula%27s_Giant_Ship" title="Caligula's Giant Ship">Caligula's Giant Ship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Ships_of_De_Meern" title="The Ships of De Meern">De Meern ships</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Isis_(ship)" title="Isis (ship)">Isis</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Madrague_de_Giens_(shipwreck)" title="Madrague de Giens (shipwreck)">Madrague de Giens</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nemi_ships" title="Nemi ships">Nemi ships</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_ship_of_Marausa" title="Roman ship of Marausa">Marausa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yassi_Ada" title="Yassi Ada">Yassi Ada</a></li></ul></li> <li>Lists: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_oldest_surviving_ships" title="List of oldest surviving ships">Oldest surviving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_museum_ships" title="List of museum ships">Museum ships</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_surviving_ancient_ships" title="List of surviving ancient ships">Surviving ancient ships</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sites</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/H3_(Kuwait)" title="H3 (Kuwait)">H3</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Experimental<br />archaeology</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thor_Heyerdahl" title="Thor Heyerdahl">Heyerdahl expeditions</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Kon-Tiki_expedition" title="Kon-Tiki expedition">Kon-Tiki</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thor_Heyerdahl#Boats_Ra_and_Ra_II" title="Thor Heyerdahl"><i>Ra</i> and <i>Ra II</i></a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austronesian_vessels" title="Austronesian vessels">Austronesian replicas</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/H%C5%8Dk%C5%ABle%CA%BBa" title="Hōkūleʻa">Hōkūleʻa</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sarimanok_(vinta)" title="Sarimanok (vinta)">Sarimanok</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Te_Au_o_Tonga" title="Te Au o Tonga">Te Au o Tonga</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hawai%CA%BBiloa" title="Hawaiʻiloa">Hawaiʻiloa</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Samudra_Raksa" title="Samudra Raksa">Samudra Raksa</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Alingano_Maisu" title="Alingano Maisu">Alingano Maisu</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sakman" title="Sakman">Saina</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balangay#Balangay_Voyage" title="Balangay">Balangay Voyage</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Fa%CA%BBafaite" title="Faʻafaite">Faʻafaite</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Gaualofa" title="Gaualofa">Gaualofa</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Marumaru_Atua" title="Marumaru Atua">Marumaru Atua</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_Maritime_Museum#Seaworthy_ships" title="New Zealand Maritime Museum">Aotearoa One</a></i></li></ul></li> <li>Mediterranean <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Olympias_(trireme)" title="Olympias (trireme)">Olympias</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Navis_lusoria#Other_reconstructions" title="Navis lusoria">Regina</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phoenician_Ship_Expedition" title="Phoenician Ship Expedition">Phoenician Ship Expedition</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viking_ship_replica" title="Viking ship replica">Viking replicas</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Viking_(replica_Viking_longship)" title="Viking (replica Viking longship)">Viking</a></i></li></ul></li> <li>Others <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vital_Alsar_Pacific_raft_expeditions" title="Vital Alsar Pacific raft expeditions">Vital Alsar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ivlia_(ship)" title="Ivlia (ship)"><i>Ivlia</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abora_(expeditions)" title="Abora (expeditions)">Abora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viracocha_expedition" title="Viracocha expedition">Viracocha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tangaroa_Expedition" title="Tangaroa Expedition">Tangaroa</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Institutes and <br />conferences</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Advisory_Council_on_Underwater_Archaeology" title="Advisory Council on Underwater Archaeology">Advisory Council on Underwater Archaeology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archaeological_Institute_of_America" title="Archaeological Institute of America">Archaeological Institute of America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Association_of_Archaeologists" title="European Association of Archaeologists">European Association of Archaeologists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Institute_of_Nautical_Archaeology" title="Institute of Nautical Archaeology">Institute of Nautical Archaeology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Congress_of_Maritime_Museums" title="International Congress of Maritime Museums">International Congress of Maritime Museums</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nautical_Archaeology_Society" title="Nautical Archaeology Society">Nautical Archaeology Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RPM_Nautical_Foundation" title="RPM Nautical Foundation">RPM Nautical Foundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sea_Research_Society" title="Sea Research Society">Sea Research Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Society_for_American_Archaeology" title="Society for American Archaeology">Society for American Archaeology</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Museums and<br />memorials</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bodrum_Castle#Museum_of_Underwater_Archaeology" title="Bodrum Castle">Bodrum Museum of Underwater Archaeology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giza_Solar_boat_museum" title="Giza Solar boat museum">Giza Solar boat museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Egyptian_Museum" title="Grand Egyptian Museum">Grand Egyptian Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kyrenia_Castle#Shipwreck_museum" title="Kyrenia Castle">Ancient Shipwreck Museum at Kyrenia Castle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Museum_of_Ancient_Seafaring" title="Museum of Ancient Seafaring">Museum of Ancient Seafaring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Museum_of_Ancient_Ships,_Pisa" title="Museum of Ancient Ships, Pisa">Museum of Ancient Ships, Pisa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Museum_of_Subaquatic_Archaeology" title="National Museum of Subaquatic Archaeology">National Museum of Subaquatic Archaeology</a></li> <li>Viking ship museums: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Viking_Ship_Museum_(Oslo)" title="Viking Ship Museum (Oslo)">Oslo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viking_Ship_Museum_(Roskilde)" title="Viking Ship Museum (Roskilde)">Roskilde</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="1" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Galley_-_Layard_-_Ninive_page_324_detail.png/120px-Galley_-_Layard_-_Ninive_page_324_detail.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="78" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Galley_-_Layard_-_Ninive_page_324_detail.png/180px-Galley_-_Layard_-_Ninive_page_324_detail.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Galley_-_Layard_-_Ninive_page_324_detail.png/240px-Galley_-_Layard_-_Ninive_page_324_detail.png 2x" data-file-width="541" data-file-height="353" /></span></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3" style="vertical-align:center; text-align:center;"><div id="Legend_and_literature" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Legend and literature</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Legend" title="Legend">Legend</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ark_of_bulrushes" title="Ark of bulrushes">Ark of bulrushes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_flood_myths" title="List of flood myths">Flood myths</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Genesis_flood_narrative" title="Genesis flood narrative">Genesis</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Gilgamesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_flood_myths" title="Ancient Greek flood myths">Greek</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Literature" title="Literature">Literature</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Odyssey" title="Odyssey">Odyssey</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Histories_(Herodotus)" title="Histories (Herodotus)"><i>The Histories</i> (Herodotus)</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/On_the_Ocean_(Pytheas)" class="mw-redirect" title="On the Ocean (Pytheas)">On the Ocean</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Argonautica" title="Argonautica">Argonautica</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Histories_(Polybius)" title="The Histories (Polybius)"><i>The Histories</i> (Polybius)</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Metamorphoses" title="Metamorphoses">Metamorphoses</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Geography_(Ptolemy)" title="Geography (Ptolemy)">Geography</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Aeneid" title="Aeneid">Aeneid</a></i></li></ul> 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