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id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" 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Available in 19 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-19" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">19 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AD%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A1%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A1%E0%A6%BE_%E0%A6%AB%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%95" title="ভিন্ডোল্যান্ডা ফলক – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="ভিন্ডোল্যান্ডা ফলক" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tauletes_de_Vindolanda" title="Tauletes de Vindolanda – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Tauletes de Vindolanda" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vindolandsk%C3%A9_tabulky" title="Vindolandské tabulky – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Vindolandské tabulky" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vindolanda-Tafeln" title="Vindolanda-Tafeln – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Vindolanda-Tafeln" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A0%CE%B9%CE%BD%CE%B1%CE%BA%CE%AF%CE%B4%CE%B5%CF%82_%CF%84%CE%B7%CF%82_%CE%92%CE%B9%CE%BD%CF%84%CE%BF%CE%BB%CE%AC%CE%BD%CF%84%CE%B1" title="Πινακίδες της Βιντολάντα – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Πινακίδες της Βιντολάντα" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tablillas_de_Vindolanda" title="Tablillas de Vindolanda – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Tablillas de Vindolanda" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vindolandaj_tabuletoj" title="Vindolandaj tabuletoj – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Vindolandaj tabuletoj" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vindolandako_oholtxoak" title="Vindolandako oholtxoak – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Vindolandako oholtxoak" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tablettes_de_Vindolanda" title="Tablettes de Vindolanda – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Tablettes de Vindolanda" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8E%D5%AB%D5%B6%D5%A4%D5%B8%D5%AC%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%A4%D5%A1%D5%B5%D5%AB_%D5%BF%D5%A1%D5%AD%D5%BF%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%B6%D5%A5%D6%80" title="Վինդոլանդայի տախտակներ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Վինդոլանդայի տախտակներ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lauh_Vindolanda" title="Lauh Vindolanda – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Lauh Vindolanda" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tavolette_di_Vindolanda" title="Tavolette di Vindolanda – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Tavolette di Vindolanda" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%9B%D7%AA%D7%91%D7%99_%D7%95%D7%99%D7%A0%D7%93%D7%95%D7%9C%D7%A0%D7%93%D7%94" title="מכתבי וינדולנדה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="מכתבי וינדולנדה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tabulae_Vindolandenses" title="Tabulae Vindolandenses – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Tabulae Vindolandenses" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tabliczki_z_Vindolandy" title="Tabliczki z Vindolandy – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Tabliczki z Vindolandy" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Placas_de_Vindolanda" title="Placas de Vindolanda – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Placas de Vindolanda" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C4%83bli%C8%9Bele_de_la_Vindolanda" title="Tăblițele de la Vindolanda – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Tăblițele de la Vindolanda" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%B8%D0%B7_%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%8B" title="Таблички из Виндоланды – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Таблички из Виндоланды" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%B7_%D0%92%D1%96%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B8" title="Таблички з Віндоланди – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Таблички з Віндоланди" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" 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Click here for more information."><img alt="This is a good article. Click here for more information." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/19px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/29px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/39px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Roman writing tablets found in England</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above">Writing-tablet</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Roman_writing_tablet_02.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Roman_writing_tablet_02.jpg/220px-Roman_writing_tablet_02.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="148" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Roman_writing_tablet_02.jpg/330px-Roman_writing_tablet_02.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Roman_writing_tablet_02.jpg/440px-Roman_writing_tablet_02.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3388" data-file-height="2284" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Tablet 343: Letter from Octavius to Candidus concerning supplies of wheat, hides and sinews.</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;">Material</th><td class="infobox-data">Wood</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;">Size</th><td class="infobox-data">Length: 182 mm (7.2 in)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;">Writing</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;">Created</th><td class="infobox-data">late 1st to early 2nd century AD</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;">Period/culture</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Romano-British_culture" title="Romano-British culture">Romano-British</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;">Place</th><td class="infobox-data">Vindolanda</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;">Present location</th><td class="infobox-data">Room 49, <a href="/wiki/British_Museum" title="British Museum">British Museum</a>, London</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;">Registration</th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britishmuseum.org/collection/object/1362706">1989,0602.74 </a></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Archaeologists_at_Work_in_Vindolanda_-_geograph.org.uk_-_162180.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Archaeologists_at_Work_in_Vindolanda_-_geograph.org.uk_-_162180.jpg/220px-Archaeologists_at_Work_in_Vindolanda_-_geograph.org.uk_-_162180.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="132" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Archaeologists_at_Work_in_Vindolanda_-_geograph.org.uk_-_162180.jpg/330px-Archaeologists_at_Work_in_Vindolanda_-_geograph.org.uk_-_162180.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Archaeologists_at_Work_in_Vindolanda_-_geograph.org.uk_-_162180.jpg/440px-Archaeologists_at_Work_in_Vindolanda_-_geograph.org.uk_-_162180.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="384" /></a><figcaption>Archaeologists at work in Vindolanda, 2006</figcaption></figure> <p>The <b>Vindolanda tablets</b> are some of the oldest surviving handwritten documents in Britain (antedated by the <a href="/wiki/Bloomberg_tablets" title="Bloomberg tablets">Bloomberg tablets</a>). They are a rich source of information about life on the northern frontier of <a href="/wiki/Roman_Britain" title="Roman Britain">Roman Britain</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-OurTopTen_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OurTopTen-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-lead1_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lead1-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBowman200312_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBowman200312-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Written on fragments of thin, postcard-sized wooden leaf-tablets with carbon-based ink, the tablets date to the 1st and 2nd centuries AD (roughly contemporary with <a href="/wiki/Hadrian%27s_Wall" title="Hadrian's Wall">Hadrian's Wall</a>). Although similar records on <a href="/wiki/Papyrus" title="Papyrus">papyrus</a> were known from elsewhere in the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman Empire</a>, wooden tablets with ink text had not been recovered until 1973, when archaeologist <a href="/wiki/Robin_Birley_(archaeologist)" title="Robin Birley (archaeologist)">Robin Birley</a>, his attention being drawn by student excavator Keith Liddell, discovered some at the site of <a href="/wiki/Vindolanda" title="Vindolanda">Vindolanda</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Castra" title="Castra">Roman fort</a> in northern England.<sup id="cite_ref-OurTopTen_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OurTopTen-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-blackshaw_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-blackshaw-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The documents record official military matters as well as personal messages to and from members of the garrison of Vindolanda, their families, and their slaves. Highlights of the tablets include an invitation to a birthday party held in about 100, which is perhaps the oldest surviving document written in Latin by a woman. </p><p>The excavated tablets are nearly all held at the <a href="/wiki/British_Museum" title="British Museum">British Museum</a>, but arrangements have been made for some to be displayed at Vindolanda. As of 2023, more than 1,700 tablets have been discovered.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Description">Description</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vindolanda_tablets&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Description"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The wooden tablets found at Vindolanda were the first known surviving examples of the use of ink letters in the Roman period. The use of ink tablets was documented in contemporary records; <a href="/wiki/Herodian" title="Herodian">Herodian</a> in the 3rd century describes "a writing-tablet of the kind that were made from lime-wood, cut into thin sheets and folded face-to-face by being bent".<sup id="cite_ref-bowman1994a15_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bowman1994a15-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Vindolanda tablets are made from birch, alder and oak that grew locally—in contrast to stylus tablets, another type of writing tablet used in Roman Britain, which were imported and made from non-native wood. The tablets are 0.25–3 mm (0.01–0.12 in) thick with a typical size being 20 cm × 8 cm (8 in × 3 in) (the size of a modern postcard). They were scored down the middle and folded to form <a href="/wiki/Diptych" title="Diptych">diptychs</a> with ink writing on the inner faces, the ink being carbon, <a href="/wiki/Gum_arabic" title="Gum arabic">gum arabic</a> and water. Nearly 500 tablets were excavated in the 1970s and 1980s.<sup id="cite_ref-bowman1994a15_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bowman1994a15-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>First discovered in March 1973, the tablets were initially thought to be wood shavings until one of the excavators found two stuck together and peeled them apart to discover writing on the inside. They were taken to the epigraphist <a href="/w/index.php?title=Richard_Wright_(epigrapher)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Richard Wright (epigrapher) (page does not exist)">Richard Wright</a>, but rapid oxygenation of the wood meant that they were black and unreadable by the time he was able to view them. They were sent to Alison Rutherford at <a href="/wiki/Newcastle_University_Medical_School" class="mw-redirect" title="Newcastle University Medical School">Newcastle University Medical School</a> for multi-spectrum photography, which led to infrared photographs showing the scripts for researchers for the first time. The results were disappointing as the scripts were initially indecipherable. However, <a href="/wiki/Alan_Bowman_(classicist)" title="Alan Bowman (classicist)">Alan Bowman</a> at Manchester University and David Thomas at Durham University analysed the previously unknown form of cursive script and were able to produce transcriptions.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Chronology">Chronology</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vindolanda_tablets&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Chronology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Vindolanda fort was garrisoned before the construction of Hadrian's Wall, and most of the tablets are slightly older than the wall, which was begun in 122. The original director of excavations <a href="/wiki/Robin_Birley_(archaeologist)" title="Robin Birley (archaeologist)">Robin Birley</a> identified five periods of occupation and expansion:<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ol><li><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 85–92</span>, first fort constructed.</li> <li><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 92–97</span>, fort enlargement.</li> <li><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 97–103</span>, further fort enlargements.</li> <li><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 104–120</span>, hiatus and reoccupation.</li> <li><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 120–130</span>, the period when Hadrian's Wall was constructed</li></ol> <p>The tablets were produced in periods 2 and 3 (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 92–103</span>), with the majority written before 102.<sup id="cite_ref-Franklin2002_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Franklin2002-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They were used for official notes about the Vindolanda camp business and personal affairs of the officers and households. The largest group is correspondence of Flavius Cerialis, prefect of the ninth <a href="/wiki/Cohort_(military_unit)" title="Cohort (military unit)">cohort</a> of <a href="/wiki/Batavi_(Germanic_tribe)" title="Batavi (Germanic tribe)">Batavians</a> and that of his wife, <a href="/wiki/Sulpicia_Lepidina" title="Sulpicia Lepidina">Sulpicia Lepidina</a>. Some correspondence may relate to civilian traders and contractors; for example Octavian, the writer of Tablet 343, is an entrepreneur dealing in wheat, hides and sinews, but this does not prove him to be a civilian. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Transcription">Transcription</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vindolanda_tablets&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Transcription"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hocgracili.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Hocgracili.jpg/220px-Hocgracili.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="58" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Hocgracili.jpg/330px-Hocgracili.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Hocgracili.jpg/440px-Hocgracili.jpg 2x" data-file-width="691" data-file-height="182" /></a><figcaption>Illustration of Old Roman cursive script</figcaption></figure> <p>The tablets are written in forms of <a href="/wiki/Roman_cursive" title="Roman cursive">Roman cursive</a> script, considered to be the forerunner of joined-up writing, which varies in style by author.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> With few exceptions, they have been classified as old Roman cursive.<sup id="cite_ref-Bowman1984_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bowman1984-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The cursive writing from Vindolanda differs greatly from the <a href="/wiki/Roman_square_capitals" title="Roman square capitals">Latin capitals</a> used for inscriptions. The script is derived from the capital writing of the late 1st century BC and the 1st century AD. The text rarely shows the unusual or distorted letter forms or the extravagant <a href="/wiki/Ligature_(writing)" title="Ligature (writing)">ligatures</a> to be found in Greek papyri of the same period.<sup id="cite_ref-Bowman1984_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bowman1984-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Additional challenges for transcription are the use of abbreviations such as "<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r920966791">.mw-parser-output span.smallcaps{font-variant:small-caps}.mw-parser-output span.smallcaps-smaller{font-size:85%}</style><span class="smallcaps">h</span>" for <i>homines</i> (men) or "<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r920966791"><span class="smallcaps">cos</span>" for <i><a href="/wiki/Consularis" title="Consularis">consularis</a></i> (consular), and the arbitrary division of words at the end of lines for space reasons such as "<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r920966791"><span class="smallcaps">epistulas</span>" (letters) being split between the "<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r920966791"><span class="smallcaps">e</span>" and the rest of the word.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The ink is often badly faded or survives as little more than a blur, so that in some instances transcription is not possible. In most cases infrared photographs of the tablets provide a far more legible version of what was written than visual inspection. However, the photographs contain marks which appear similar to writing but which certainly are not letters; additionally, they contain a great many lines, dots and other dark marks which may or may not be writing. Consequently, the published transcriptions have often had to be interpreted subjectively in deciding which marks should be regarded as writing.<sup id="cite_ref-Bowman1984_12-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bowman1984-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Contents">Contents</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vindolanda_tablets&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Contents"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Vindolanda_tablet_291.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Vindolanda_tablet_291.jpg/220px-Vindolanda_tablet_291.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="96" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Vindolanda_tablet_291.jpg/330px-Vindolanda_tablet_291.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Vindolanda_tablet_291.jpg/440px-Vindolanda_tablet_291.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3591" data-file-height="1560" /></a><figcaption>Invitation from Claudia Severa to Sulpicia Lepidina, ref Tab. Vindol. II 291</figcaption></figure> <p>The tablets contain various letters of correspondence. For instance, the cavalry <a href="/wiki/Decurion_(Roman_cavalry_officer)" title="Decurion (Roman cavalry officer)">decurion</a> Masculus wrote a letter to prefect Flavius Cerialis inquiring about the instructions for his men for the following day, including a polite request for more beer to be sent to the garrison (which had entirely consumed its previous stock of beer).<sup id="cite_ref-ibeji_bbc_2012_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ibeji_bbc_2012-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The documents provide information about various roles performed by the men at the fort, such as a keeper of the <a href="/wiki/Public_bathing" title="Public bathing">bath-house</a>, <a href="/wiki/Caligae" title="Caligae">shoe-makers</a>, construction workers, <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Roman_medicine" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient Roman medicine">medical doctors</a>, maintainers of wagons and <a href="/wiki/Kiln" title="Kiln">kilns</a>, and those put on <a href="/wiki/Plaster" title="Plaster">plastering</a> duty.<sup id="cite_ref-ibeji_bbc_2012_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ibeji_bbc_2012-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One of the tablets confirms that Roman soldiers wore underpants (<i>subligaculum</i>),<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Sebesta2001_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sebesta2001-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and also testifies to a high degree of literacy in the <a href="/wiki/Roman_army" title="Roman army">Roman army</a>. </p><p>The best-known document is perhaps Tablet 291, written around 100 by <a href="/wiki/Claudia_Severa" title="Claudia Severa">Claudia Severa</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-birley200585_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-birley200585-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the wife of the commander of a nearby fort, to Sulpicia Lepidina, inviting her to a birthday party. The invitation is one of the earliest known examples of writing in Latin by a woman.<sup id="cite_ref-g1_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-g1-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There are two handwriting styles in the tablet, with the majority of the text written in a professional hand (thought to be the household scribe) and with closing greetings personally added by Claudia Severa (on the lower right hand side of the tablet).<sup id="cite_ref-birley200585_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-birley200585-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There are only scant references to the indigenous <a href="/wiki/Celtic_Britons" title="Celtic Britons">Celtic Britons</a>. Until the discovery of the tablets, historians could only speculate on whether the Romans had a nickname for the Britons. <i>Brittunculi</i> (diminutive of <i>Britto</i>; hence 'little Britons'), found on one of the Vindolanda tablets, is now known to be a derogatory, or patronising, term used by the Roman garrisons that were based in Northern Britain to describe the locals.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Comparison_to_other_sites">Comparison to other sites</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vindolanda_tablets&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Comparison to other sites"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Wooden tablets have been found at 20 Roman settlements in Britain.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, most of those sites did not yield the type of tablet found at Vindolanda, but rather "stylus tablets", marked with pointed metal <a href="/wiki/Stylus" title="Stylus">styli</a>. A significant number of ink tablets have been identified at <a href="/wiki/Luguvalium" title="Luguvalium">Carlisle</a> (also on Hadrian's Wall).<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The fact that letters were sent to and from places on Hadrian's Wall and further afield (<a href="/wiki/Catterick,_North_Yorkshire" title="Catterick, North Yorkshire">Catterick</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eboracum" title="Eboracum">York</a>, and London)<sup id="cite_ref-Franklin2002_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Franklin2002-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> raises the question of why more letters have been found at Vindolanda than other sites, but it is not possible to give a definitive answer. The anaerobic conditions found at Vindolanda are not unique, and identical deposits have been found in parts of London.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One possibility, given the fragile condition of the tablets found at Vindolanda, is that archaeologists excavating other Roman sites have overlooked evidence of writing in ink. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Imaging">Imaging</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vindolanda_tablets&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Imaging"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1973, the tablets were photographed by Susan M. Blackshaw in the British Museum, using infrared sensitive cameras and, more comprehensively, in 1990 at Vindolanda, by Alison Rutherford.<sup id="cite_ref-blackshaw_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-blackshaw-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The tablets were scanned again using improved techniques in 2000–2001 with a Kodak <a href="/wiki/Wratten_number" title="Wratten number">Wratten 87C</a> <a href="/wiki/Infrared_photography" title="Infrared photography">infra-red filter</a>. The photographs are taken in infrared to enhance the faded ink against the wood of the tablets, or to distinguish between ink and dirt, to make the writing more visible.<sup id="cite_ref-Bowman2005_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bowman2005-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2002, the tablet images were used as part of a research programme to extend the use of the GRAVA iterative computer vision system,<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> to aid the transcription of the Vindolanda tablets through a series of processes modelled on the best practice of papyrologists, and to provide the images in an <a href="/wiki/XML" title="XML">XML</a> marked up format, identifying the likely placement of characters and words with their transcription.<sup id="cite_ref-Terras_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Terras-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2010, a collaboration between <a href="/w/index.php?title=Centre_for_the_Study_of_Ancient_Documents&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Centre for the Study of Ancient Documents (page does not exist)">Centre for the Study of Ancient Documents</a> at <a href="/wiki/University_of_Oxford" title="University of Oxford">University of Oxford</a>, the <a href="/wiki/British_Museum" title="British Museum">British Museum</a>, and the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Archaeological_Computing_Research_Group&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Archaeological Computing Research Group (page does not exist)">Archaeological Computing Research Group</a> at <a href="/wiki/University_of_Southampton" title="University of Southampton">University of Southampton</a>, used <a href="/wiki/Polynomial_texture_mapping" title="Polynomial texture mapping">polynomial texture mapping</a> on several hundreds of the original tablets for detailed recording and edge detection.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The images, at a resolution suitable for web page display, and text of the tablets from <i>Tab. Vindol. II</i><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBowman1994b_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBowman1994b-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> were published on-line.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>n 1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Tablets from both <i>Tab. Vindol. II</i><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBowman1994b_29-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBowman1994b-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <i>Tab. Vindol. III</i><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBowman2003_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBowman2003-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> were published in 2010.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>n 2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Exhibition_and_impact">Exhibition and impact</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vindolanda_tablets&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Exhibition and impact"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Vindolanda_tablets_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Vindolanda_tablets_2.jpg/220px-Vindolanda_tablets_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="164" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Vindolanda_tablets_2.jpg/330px-Vindolanda_tablets_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Vindolanda_tablets_2.jpg/440px-Vindolanda_tablets_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3467" data-file-height="2577" /></a><figcaption>Tablets on display at the British Museum</figcaption></figure> <p>The tablets are held at the British Museum, where a selection of them is on display in its Roman Britain gallery (Room 49). The tablets featured in the list of British archaeological finds selected by experts at the British Museum for the 2003 <a href="/wiki/BBC_Television" title="BBC Television">BBC Television</a> <a href="/wiki/Documentary_television_series" class="mw-redirect" title="Documentary television series">documentary</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Our_Top_Ten_Treasures" title="Our Top Ten Treasures">Our Top Ten Treasures</a></i>. Viewers were invited to vote for their favourite, and the tablets came top of the poll. </p><p>The Vindolanda Museum, run by the Vindolanda Trust, has funding so that a selection of tablets on loan from the British Museum can be displayed at the site where they were found.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Vindolanda Museum put nine of the tablets on display in 2011. This loan of items to a regional museum is in line with British Museum's current policy of encouraging loans both internationally and nationally (as part of its Partnership UK scheme).<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vindolanda_tablets&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bath_curse_tablets" title="Bath curse tablets">Bath curse tablets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bloomberg_tablets" title="Bloomberg tablets">Bloomberg tablets</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vindolanda_tablets&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://vindolanda.csad.ox.ac.uk">Vindolanda Tablets Online</a>. The digitization and online database project was a collaboration between the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Centre_for_the_Study_of_Ancient_Documents&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Centre for the Study of Ancient Documents (page does not exist)">Centre for the Study of Ancient Documents</a> and the Academic Computing Development Team at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Oxford" title="University of Oxford">University of Oxford</a> with the support of the <a href="/wiki/Andrew_W._Mellon_Foundation" title="Andrew W. Mellon Foundation">Andrew W. Mellon Foundation</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Arts_and_Humanities_Research_Board" class="mw-redirect" title="Arts and Humanities Research Board">Arts and Humanities Research Board</a>. The project directors were <a href="/wiki/Alan_Bowman_(classicist)" title="Alan Bowman (classicist)">Alan Bowman</a>, Charles Crowther and John Pearce. See <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://vindolanda.csad.ox.ac.uk/about.shtml">http://vindolanda.csad.ox.ac.uk/about.shtml</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://vto2.classics.ox.ac.uk/">Vindolanda Tablets Online II</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180611181929/http://vto2.classics.ox.ac.uk/">Archived</a> 11 June 2018 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. The Vindolanda Tablets were encoded with <a href="/wiki/EpiDoc" title="EpiDoc">EpiDoc</a> TEI (<a href="/wiki/Text_Encoding_Initiative" title="Text Encoding Initiative">Text Encoding Initiative</a>) for Centre for the Study of Ancient Documents at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Oxford" title="University of Oxford">University of Oxford</a> as a part of the eSAD (<a href="/w/index.php?title=E-Science_and_Ancient_Documents&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="E-Science and Ancient Documents (page does not exist)">e-Science and Ancient Documents</a>) project. See <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://vto2.classics.ox.ac.uk/index.php/about">[1]</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180617030655/http://vto2.classics.ox.ac.uk/index.php/about">Archived</a> 17 June 2018 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vindolanda_tablets&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-OurTopTen-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-OurTopTen_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-OurTopTen_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britishmuseum.org/explore/online_tours/britain/our_top_ten_british_treasures/the_vindolanda_tablets.aspx">"Our Top Ten British Treasures: The Vindolanda tablets"</a>. British Museum. 24 January 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 February</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Our+Top+Ten+British+Treasures%3A+The+Vindolanda+tablets&rft.pub=British+Museum&rft.date=2011-01-24&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britishmuseum.org%2Fexplore%2Fonline_tours%2Fbritain%2Four_top_ten_british_treasures%2Fthe_vindolanda_tablets.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVindolanda+tablets" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-lead1-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-lead1_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPhilip_Howard1974" class="citation news cs1">Philip Howard (10 April 1974). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.timesonline.co.uk/tol/keywordsearch.arc?queryKeywords=Lime-wood+records+of+Agricola's+soldiers">"Lime-wood records of Agricola's soldiers"</a>. <i>The Times</i>. p. 20. <q>But the most significant discovery was a room littered with writing tablets. Of these eight or nine were the conventional stylus tablets, once covered with wax which was inscribed with a stylus. The rest are unique: very thin slivers of lime wood with writing on them in a carbon-based ink that can be deciphered by infrared photography. They are the first literary evidence from this period of British history, the equivalent of the records of the Roman Army found on papyrus in Egypt and Syria.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Times&rft.atitle=Lime-wood+records+of+Agricola%27s+soldiers&rft.pages=20&rft.date=1974-04-10&rft.au=Philip+Howard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.timesonline.co.uk%2Ftol%2Fkeywordsearch.arc%3FqueryKeywords%3DLime-wood%2Brecords%2Bof%2BAgricola%27s%2Bsoldiers&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVindolanda+tablets" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBowman200312-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBowman200312_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBowman2003">Bowman 2003</a>, p. 12.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-blackshaw-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-blackshaw_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-blackshaw_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSusan_M._Blackshaw1974" class="citation cs2">Susan M. Blackshaw (November 1974), "The Conservation of the Wooden Writing-Tablets from Vindolanda Roman Fort, Northumberland", <i>Studies in Conservation</i>, <b>19</b> (4), International Institute for Conservation of Historic and Artistic Works: 244–246, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F1505731">10.2307/1505731</a>, <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1505731">1505731</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Studies+in+Conservation&rft.atitle=The+Conservation+of+the+Wooden+Writing-Tablets+from+Vindolanda+Roman+Fort%2C+Northumberland&rft.volume=19&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=244-246&rft.date=1974-11&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F1505731&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1505731%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.au=Susan+M.+Blackshaw&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVindolanda+tablets" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.britishmuseum.org/collection/galleries/roman-britain/vindolanda-tablets">https://www.britishmuseum.org/collection/galleries/roman-britain/vindolanda-tablets</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-bowman1994a15-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-bowman1994a15_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-bowman1994a15_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBowman1994a">Bowman 1994a</a>, pp. 15–16</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://vindolanda.csad.ox.ac.uk/exhibition/docs-1.shtml">"Vindolanda tablets online; Writing tablets – forms and technology"</a>. Centre for the Study of Ancient Documents<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 March</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Vindolanda+tablets+online%3B+Writing+tablets+%E2%80%93+forms+and+technology&rft.pub=Centre+for+the+Study+of+Ancient+Documents&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fvindolanda.csad.ox.ac.uk%2Fexhibition%2Fdocs-1.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVindolanda+tablets" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBirley2005">Birley 2005</a>, pp. 57–58</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBowman1994a">Bowman 1994a</a>, p. 13</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Franklin2002-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Franklin2002_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Franklin2002_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFranklin2002" class="citation cs2">Franklin, Simon (2002), <i>Writing, society and culture in early Rus, c. 950–1300</i>, <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>, pp. 42–45, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-81381-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-81381-5"><bdi>978-0-521-81381-5</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Writing%2C+society+and+culture+in+early+Rus%2C+c.+950%E2%80%931300&rft.pages=42-45&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-521-81381-5&rft.aulast=Franklin&rft.aufirst=Simon&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVindolanda+tablets" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBirley2005">Birley 2005</a>, p. 64</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bowman1984-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Bowman1984_12-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bowman1984_12-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bowman1984_12-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBowmanThomas1984" class="citation cs2">Bowman, Alan K.; Thomas, John David (1984), <i>Vindolanda: the Latin writing-tablets</i>, A. Sutton, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-86299-118-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-86299-118-0"><bdi>978-0-86299-118-0</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Vindolanda%3A+the+Latin+writing-tablets&rft.pub=A.+Sutton&rft.date=1984&rft.isbn=978-0-86299-118-0&rft.aulast=Bowman&rft.aufirst=Alan+K.&rft.au=Thomas%2C+John+David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVindolanda+tablets" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBirley2005">Birley 2005</a>, p. 65</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ibeji_bbc_2012-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ibeji_bbc_2012_14-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ibeji_bbc_2012_14-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Mike Ibeji (16 November 2012). "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/history/ancient/romans/vindolanda_01.shtml">Vindolanda</a>." <b>BBC History</b>. BBC.co.uk. Accessed 6 October 2016.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200729074622/http://vindolanda.csad.ox.ac.uk/4DLink2/4DACTION/WebRequestQuery?searchTerm=346&searchType=number&searchField=TVII">"Vindolanda Tablets Online"</a>. Tab. Vindol. II 346: Oxford University. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://vindolanda.csad.ox.ac.uk/TVII-346">the original</a> on 29 July 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 April</span> 2010</span>. <q>... I have sent (?) you ... pairs of socks from Sattua, two pairs of sandals and two pairs of underpants, two pairs of sandals ... Greet ...ndes, Elpis, Iu..., ...enus, Tetricus and all your messmates with whom I pray that you live in the greatest good fortune.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Vindolanda+Tablets+Online&rft.place=Tab.+Vindol.+II+346&rft.pub=Oxford+University&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fvindolanda.csad.ox.ac.uk%2FTVII-346&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVindolanda+tablets" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location" title="Category:CS1 maint: location">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sebesta2001-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Sebesta2001_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSebestaBonfante2001" class="citation cs2">Sebesta, Judith Lynn; <a href="/wiki/Larissa_Bonfante" title="Larissa Bonfante">Bonfante, Larissa</a>, eds. (2001), <i>The world of Roman costume</i>, <a href="/wiki/Univ_of_Wisconsin_Press" class="mw-redirect" title="Univ of Wisconsin Press">Univ of Wisconsin Press</a>, p. 233, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-299-13854-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-299-13854-7"><bdi>978-0-299-13854-7</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+world+of+Roman+costume&rft.pages=233&rft.pub=Univ+of+Wisconsin+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-299-13854-7&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVindolanda+tablets" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-birley200585-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-birley200585_17-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-birley200585_17-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBirley2005">Birley 2005</a>, p. 85</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-g1-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-g1_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110725103953/https://www.britishmuseum.org/research/search_the_collection_database/search_object_details.aspx?objectid=1362732&partid=1&searchText=Claudia+Severa&numpages=10&orig=%2fresearch%2fsearch_the_collection_database.aspx&currentPage=1">"Tab. Vindol. II 291; Wood writing tablet with a party invitation written in ink, in two hands, from Claudia Severa to Lepidina"</a>. British Museum. 24 January 2011. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britishmuseum.org/research/search_the_collection_database/search_object_details.aspx?objectid=1362732&partid=1&searchText=Claudia+Severa&numpages=10&orig=%2fresearch%2fsearch_the_collection_database.aspx&currentPage=1">the original</a> on 25 July 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 February</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Tab.+Vindol.+II+291%3B+Wood+writing+tablet+with+a+party+invitation+written+in+ink%2C+in+two+hands%2C+from+Claudia+Severa+to+Lepidina.&rft.pub=British+Museum&rft.date=2011-01-24&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britishmuseum.org%2Fresearch%2Fsearch_the_collection_database%2Fsearch_object_details.aspx%3Fobjectid%3D1362732%26partid%3D1%26searchText%3DClaudia%2BSevera%26numpages%3D10%26orig%3D%252fresearch%252fsearch_the_collection_database.aspx%26currentPage%3D1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVindolanda+tablets" class="Z3988"></span> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMount2008" class="citation news cs1">Mount, Harry (21 July 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.telegraph.co.uk/comment/personal-view/3560809/Hadrians-soldiers-writing-home.html">"Hadrian's soldiers writing home"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Daily_Telegraph" title="The Daily Telegraph">The Daily Telegraph</a> (telegraph.co.uk)</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 February</span> 2011</span>. <q>The real prize of the Vindolanda tablets, though, are the earliest surviving letters in a woman's hand written in this country. In one letter, Claudia Severa wrote to her sister, Sulpicia Lepidina, the wife of a Vindolanda bigwig – Flavius Cerialis, prefect of the Ninth Cohort of Batavians: 'Oh how much I want you at my birthday party. You'll make the day so much more fun. I do so hope you can make it. Goodbye, sister, my dearest soul.'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span></q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Daily+Telegraph+%28telegraph.co.uk%29&rft.atitle=Hadrian%27s+soldiers+writing+home&rft.date=2008-07-21&rft.aulast=Mount&rft.aufirst=Harry&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.telegraph.co.uk%2Fcomment%2Fpersonal-view%2F3560809%2FHadrians-soldiers-writing-home.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVindolanda+tablets" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://vindolanda.csad.ox.ac.uk/TVII-291">"Vindolanda Tablets Online"</a>. Tab. Vindol. II 291: Oxford University<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 August</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Vindolanda+Tablets+Online&rft.place=Tab.+Vindol.+II+291&rft.pub=Oxford+University&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fvindolanda.csad.ox.ac.uk%2FTVII-291&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVindolanda+tablets" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location" title="Category:CS1 maint: location">link</a>)</span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged March 2024">permanent dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup></li></ul> </span></li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBowman_and_David_Thomas1994" class="citation web cs1">Bowman and David Thomas, Alan (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://vindolanda.csad.ox.ac.uk/4DLink2/4DACTION/WebRequestQuery?searchTerm=291&searchType=number&searchField=TVII">"Tablet 291 - Translation and Notes"</a>. <i>Vindolanda Tablets Online - based on Volume II of the Vindolanda writing tablets, published by Alan Bowman and David Thomas in 1994</i>. Online material from book published by British Museum Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Vindolanda+Tablets+Online+-+based+on+Volume+II+of+the+Vindolanda+writing+tablets%2C+published+by+Alan+Bowman+and+David+Thomas+in+1994&rft.atitle=Tablet+291+-+Translation+and+Notes&rft.date=1994&rft.aulast=Bowman+and+David+Thomas&rft.aufirst=Alan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fvindolanda.csad.ox.ac.uk%2F4DLink2%2F4DACTION%2FWebRequestQuery%3FsearchTerm%3D291%26searchType%3Dnumber%26searchField%3DTVII&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVindolanda+tablets" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20120715143402/http://vindolanda.csad.ox.ac.uk/TVII-164">"Vindolanda Tablets Online"</a>. Tab. Vindol. II 164: Oxford University. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://vindolanda.csad.ox.ac.uk/TVII-164">the original</a> on 15 July 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 February</span> 2011</span>. <q>Especially noteworthy in the Vindolanda text is the occurrence, for the first time, of the patronising diminutive Brittunculi (line 5, contrast Brittones in line 1). This remains the only published text from Vindolanda which refers explicitly to the native Britons collectively or individually.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Vindolanda+Tablets+Online&rft.place=Tab.+Vindol.+II+164&rft.pub=Oxford+University&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fvindolanda.csad.ox.ac.uk%2FTVII-164&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVindolanda+tablets" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location" title="Category:CS1 maint: location">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.csad.ox.ac.uk/RIB/RIBIV/jp5.htm">"A Progress Report"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170104105933/http://www.csad.ox.ac.uk/RIB/RIBIV/jp5.htm">Archived</a> 4 January 2017 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Website of <i>A Corpus of Writing-Tablets from Roman Britain</i>, a research project of the Centre for the Study of Ancient Documents, Oxford, initiated around 2000. Retrieved 25 February 2011</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Tullie_House_Museum_and_Art_Gallery" title="Tullie House Museum and Art Gallery">Tullie House Museum and Art Gallery</a> in Carlisle has a small display of tablets.<a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.tulliehouse.co.uk/collections/roman-carlisle-and-hadrians-wall">[2]</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190306044745/http://www.tulliehouse.co.uk/collections/roman-carlisle-and-hadrians-wall">Archived</a> 6 March 2019 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBirley2005">Birley 2005</a>, p. 108</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBirley2002">Birley 2002</a>, p. 29</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bowman2005-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Bowman2005_25-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBowmanBradyAcademyRoyal_Society_(Great_Britain)2005" class="citation cs2">Bowman, Alan K; Brady, Michael; Academy, British; Royal Society (Great Britain) (2005), <i>Images and artefacts of the ancient world</i>, British Academy occasional paper, 4., Oxford, pp. 7–14, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-726296-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-726296-2"><bdi>978-0-19-726296-2</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Images+and+artefacts+of+the+ancient+world&rft.series=British+Academy+occasional+paper%2C+4.&rft.pages=7-14&rft.pub=Oxford&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-19-726296-2&rft.aulast=Bowman&rft.aufirst=Alan+K&rft.au=Brady%2C+Michael&rft.au=Academy%2C+British&rft.au=Royal+Society+%28Great+Britain%29&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVindolanda+tablets" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ground Reflective Adaptive Vision Architecture, see <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://portal.acm.org/citation.cfm?id=1763187">http://portal.acm.org/citation.cfm?id=1763187</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Terras-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Terras_27-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTerrasRobertson2006" class="citation cs2">Terras, Melissa M.; Robertson, Paul (2006), <i>Image to interpretation: an intelligent system to aid historians in reading the Vindolanda texts</i>, Oxford University Press, pp. 123–170, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-920455-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-920455-7"><bdi>978-0-19-920455-7</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Image+to+interpretation%3A+an+intelligent+system+to+aid+historians+in+reading+the+Vindolanda+texts&rft.pages=123-170&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-19-920455-7&rft.aulast=Terras&rft.aufirst=Melissa+M.&rft.au=Robertson%2C+Paul&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVindolanda+tablets" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEarl,_Graeme_(et_al.)2010" class="citation journal cs1">Earl, Graeme (<i>et al.</i>) (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://eprints.soton.ac.uk/156253/">"Archaeological applications of polynomial texture mapping: analysis, conservation and representation"</a>. <i>Journal of Archaeological Science</i>. <b>37</b> (8). <a href="/wiki/Elsevier" title="Elsevier">Elsevier</a>: 1–11. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2010JArSc..37.2040E">2010JArSc..37.2040E</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.jas.2010.03.009">10.1016/j.jas.2010.03.009</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 June</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Archaeological+Science&rft.atitle=Archaeological+applications+of+polynomial+texture+mapping%3A+analysis%2C+conservation+and+representation&rft.volume=37&rft.issue=8&rft.pages=1-11&rft.date=2010&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.jas.2010.03.009&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2010JArSc..37.2040E&rft.au=Earl%2C+Graeme+%28%27%27et+al.%27%27%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Feprints.soton.ac.uk%2F156253%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVindolanda+tablets" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBowman1994b-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBowman1994b_29-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBowman1994b_29-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBowman1994b">Bowman 1994b</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBowman2003-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBowman2003_31-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBowman2003">Bowman 2003</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKnowles,_Bija2009" class="citation web cs1">Knowles, Bija (10 June 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120225040907/http://heritage-key.com/blogs/bija-knowles/tablets-return-vindolanda-spring-2011-thanks-%C2%A34-million-heritage-lottery-funding">"Tablets to Return to Vindolanda in Spring 2011 Thanks to £4 Million Heritage Lottery Funding"</a>. Heritage Key. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://heritage-key.com/blogs/bija-knowles/tablets-return-vindolanda-spring-2011-thanks-%C2%A34-million-heritage-lottery-funding">the original</a> on 25 February 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 February</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Tablets+to+Return+to+Vindolanda+in+Spring+2011+Thanks+to+%C2%A34+Million+Heritage+Lottery+Funding&rft.pub=Heritage+Key&rft.date=2009-06-10&rft.au=Knowles%2C+Bija&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fheritage-key.com%2Fblogs%2Fbija-knowles%2Ftablets-return-vindolanda-spring-2011-thanks-%25C2%25A34-million-heritage-lottery-funding&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVindolanda+tablets" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHenderson2009" class="citation news cs1">Henderson, Tony (29 September 2009). "Cash Boost Paves Way For Vindolanda Letters To Return Home". <i>The Journal (Newcastle)</i>. p. 9. <q>It is more than 20 years since any of the Vindolanda tablets have been on show at the fort near Bardon Mill. But that is set to change after an award of £4m today from the Heritage Lottery Fund. That means a £6.5m project to upgrade both Vindolanda and its twin Roman Army Museum seven miles away at Carvoran will now go ahead... It is hoped that from spring 2011 the first batch of letters will return from the British Museum on a three to five-year loan, which can then be refreshed. "To have the letters back on public display would be wonderful and we are very excited," said Patricia Birley, director of the Vindolanda Trust. "Negotiations with the British Museum have been excellent and they are fully supportive of our efforts to get tablets back to Vindolanda."<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span></q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+%28Newcastle%29&rft.atitle=Cash+Boost+Paves+Way+For+Vindolanda+Letters+To+Return+Home&rft.pages=9&rft.date=2009-09-29&rft.aulast=Henderson&rft.aufirst=Tony&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVindolanda+tablets" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britishmuseum.org/the_museum/museum_in_the_uk/partnership_uk.aspx">"Partnership UK"</a>. British Museum. 21 February 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 March</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Partnership+UK&rft.pub=British+Museum&rft.date=2011-02-21&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britishmuseum.org%2Fthe_museum%2Fmuseum_in_the_uk%2Fpartnership_uk.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVindolanda+tablets" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sources">Sources</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vindolanda_tablets&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBirley2002" class="citation book cs1">Birley, Anthony (2002). <i>Garrison Life at Vindolanda</i>. Stroud. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7524-1950-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7524-1950-3"><bdi>978-0-7524-1950-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Garrison+Life+at+Vindolanda&rft.pub=Stroud&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-7524-1950-3&rft.aulast=Birley&rft.aufirst=Anthony&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVindolanda+tablets" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBirley2005" class="citation book cs1">Birley, Robin (2005). <i>Vindolanda: extraordinary records of daily life on the northern frontier</i>. Roman Army Museum Publications. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-873136-97-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-873136-97-3"><bdi>978-1-873136-97-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Vindolanda%3A+extraordinary+records+of+daily+life+on+the+northern+frontier&rft.pub=Roman+Army+Museum+Publications&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-1-873136-97-3&rft.aulast=Birley&rft.aufirst=Robin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVindolanda+tablets" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBowmanThomas1974" class="citation book cs1">Bowman, Alan K; Thomas, J David (1974). <i>The Vindolanda writing tablets</i>. Northern history booklet, no. 47. Graham. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-85983-096-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-85983-096-6"><bdi>978-0-85983-096-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Vindolanda+writing+tablets&rft.series=Northern+history+booklet%2C+no.+47.&rft.pub=Graham&rft.date=1974&rft.isbn=978-0-85983-096-6&rft.aulast=Bowman&rft.aufirst=Alan+K&rft.au=Thomas%2C+J+David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVindolanda+tablets" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBowmanThomas1983" class="citation book cs1">Bowman, Alan K; Thomas, J David (1983). <i>Vindolanda: The Latin Writing Tablets</i>. Society for the Promotion of Roman Studies. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-90776-402-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-90776-402-1"><bdi>978-0-90776-402-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Vindolanda%3A+The+Latin+Writing+Tablets&rft.pub=Society+for+the+Promotion+of+Roman+Studies&rft.date=1983&rft.isbn=978-0-90776-402-1&rft.aulast=Bowman&rft.aufirst=Alan+K&rft.au=Thomas%2C+J+David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVindolanda+tablets" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBowman1994a" class="citation book cs1">Bowman, Alan K (1994a). <i>Life and letters on the Roman frontier : Vindolanda and its people</i>. British Museum Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7141-1389-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7141-1389-0"><bdi>978-0-7141-1389-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Life+and+letters+on+the+Roman+frontier+%3A+Vindolanda+and+its+people&rft.pub=British+Museum+Press&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-0-7141-1389-0&rft.aulast=Bowman&rft.aufirst=Alan+K&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVindolanda+tablets" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBowman1994b" class="citation book cs1">Bowman, Alan K; Thomas, J David (1994b). <i>The Vindolanda writing-tablets : (Tabulae Vindolandenses II)</i>. British Museum Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7141-2300-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7141-2300-4"><bdi>978-0-7141-2300-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Vindolanda+writing-tablets+%3A+%28Tabulae+Vindolandenses+II%29&rft.pub=British+Museum+Press&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-0-7141-2300-4&rft.aulast=Bowman&rft.aufirst=Alan+K&rft.au=Thomas%2C+J+David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVindolanda+tablets" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBowman2003" class="citation book cs1">Bowman, Alan K; Thomas, J David (2003). <i>The Vindolanda writing-tablets (Tabulae Vindolandenses III)</i>. British Museum Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7141-2249-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7141-2249-6"><bdi>978-0-7141-2249-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Vindolanda+writing-tablets+%28Tabulae+Vindolandenses+III%29&rft.pub=British+Museum+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-7141-2249-6&rft.aulast=Bowman&rft.aufirst=Alan+K&rft.au=Thomas%2C+J+David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVindolanda+tablets" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBowmanThomasTomlin2010" class="citation journal cs1">Bowman, Alan K; Thomas, J David; Tomlin, R. S. O. (2010). "The Vindolanda Writing- Tablets (Tabulae Vindolandenses IV, Part 1)". <i>Britannia</i>. <b>41</b>: 187–224. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0068113X10000176">10.1017/S0068113X10000176</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:162953540">162953540</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Britannia&rft.atitle=The+Vindolanda+Writing-+Tablets+%28Tabulae+Vindolandenses+IV%2C+Part+1%29&rft.volume=41&rft.pages=187-224&rft.date=2010&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0068113X10000176&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A162953540%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Bowman&rft.aufirst=Alan+K&rft.au=Thomas%2C+J+David&rft.au=Tomlin%2C+R.+S.+O.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVindolanda+tablets" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vindolanda_tablets&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 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href="/wiki/Armento_Rider" title="Armento Rider">Armento Rider</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arundel_Head" title="Arundel Head">Arundel Head</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asclepius_of_Milos" title="Asclepius of Milos">Asclepius of Milos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barber_Cup_and_Crawford_Cup" title="Barber Cup and Crawford Cup">Barber Cup and Crawford Cup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bassae_Frieze" title="Bassae Frieze">Bassae Frieze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beaurains_Treasure" title="Beaurains Treasure">Beaurains Treasure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blacas_Cameo" title="Blacas Cameo">Blacas Cameo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boscoreale_Treasure" title="Boscoreale Treasure">Boscoreale Treasure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boy_with_Thorn" title="Boy with Thorn">Boy with Thorn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Braganza_Brooch" title="Braganza Brooch">Braganza Brooch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bronze_Head_of_Hypnos_from_Civitella_d%27Arna" title="Bronze Head of Hypnos from Civitella d'Arna">Bronze head of Hypnos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burgon_vase" title="Burgon vase">Burgon vase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bursa_Treasure" title="Bursa Treasure">Bursa Treasure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Campo_Iemini_Venus" title="Campo Iemini Venus">Campo Iemini Venus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carthage_Treasure" title="Carthage Treasure">Carthage Treasure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caubiac_Treasure" title="Caubiac Treasure">Caubiac Treasure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chaourse_Treasure" title="Chaourse Treasure">Chaourse Treasure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chatsworth_Head" title="Chatsworth Head">Chatsworth Head</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chatuzange_Treasure" title="Chatuzange Treasure">Chatuzange Treasure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Choiseul-Gouffier_Apollo" title="Choiseul-Gouffier Apollo">Choiseul-Gouffier Apollo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demeter_of_Knidos" title="Demeter of Knidos">Demeter of Knidos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dionysus_Sardanapalus" title="Dionysus Sardanapalus">Dionysus Sardanapalus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elgin_Amphora" title="Elgin Amphora">Elgin Amphora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elgin_Marbles" title="Elgin Marbles">Elgin Marbles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Esquiline_Treasure" title="Esquiline Treasure">Esquiline Treasure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euphorbos_plate" title="Euphorbos plate">Euphorbos plate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Farnese_Diadumenos" title="Farnese Diadumenos">Farnese Diadumenos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guilford_Puteal" title="Guilford Puteal">Guilford Puteal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harpy_Tomb" title="Harpy Tomb">Harpy Tomb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herculean_Sarcophagus_of_Genzano" title="Herculean Sarcophagus of Genzano">Herculean Sarcophagus of Genzano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isis_Tomb,_Vulci" title="Isis Tomb, Vulci">Isis Tomb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jennings_Dog" title="Jennings Dog">Jennings Dog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lion_of_Knidos" title="Lion of Knidos">Lion of Knidos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lycurgus_Cup" title="Lycurgus Cup">Lycurgus Cup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macmillan_aryballos" title="Macmillan aryballos">Macmillan aryballos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C3%A2con_Treasure" title="Mâcon Treasure">Mâcon Treasure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mainz_Gladius" title="Mainz Gladius">Mainz Gladius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mero%C3%AB_Head" title="Meroë Head">Meroë Head</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minoan_Bull-leaper" title="Minoan Bull-leaper">Minoan Bull-leaper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nereid_Monument" title="Nereid Monument">Nereid Monument</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oscan_Tablet" title="Oscan Tablet">Oscan Tablet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oxyrhynchus_Papyri" title="Oxyrhynchus Papyri">Papyri of Oxyrhynchus</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Papyrus_Oxyrhynchus_84" title="Papyrus Oxyrhynchus 84">84</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papyrus_Oxyrhynchus_85" title="Papyrus Oxyrhynchus 85">85</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papyrus_Oxyrhynchus_102" title="Papyrus Oxyrhynchus 102">102</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papyrus_Oxyrhynchus_103" title="Papyrus Oxyrhynchus 103">103</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paramythia_Hoard" title="Paramythia Hoard">Paramythia Hoard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pericles_with_the_Corinthian_helmet" title="Pericles with the Corinthian helmet">Pericles bust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petelia_Gold_Tablet" title="Petelia Gold Tablet">Petelia Gold Tablet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piranesi_Vase" title="Piranesi Vase">Piranesi Vase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portland_Vase" title="Portland Vase">Portland Vase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Priene_inscription_of_Alexander_the_Great" title="Priene inscription of Alexander the Great">Priene dedicatory inscription</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_the_Great%27s_edict_to_Priene" title="Alexander the Great's edict to Priene">Priene edict inscription</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/San_Sosti_Axe-Head" title="San Sosti Axe-Head">San Sosti Axe-Head</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sant%27Angelo_Muxaro_Patera" title="Sant'Angelo Muxaro Patera">Sant'Angelo Muxaro Patera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarcophagus_of_Seianti_Hanunia_Tlesnasa" title="Sarcophagus of Seianti Hanunia Tlesnasa">Sarcophagus of Seianti Hanunia Tlesnasa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satala_Aphrodite" title="Satala Aphrodite">Satala Aphrodite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stony_Stratford_Hoard" class="mw-redirect" title="Stony Stratford Hoard">Stony Stratford Hoard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strangford_Apollo" title="Strangford Apollo">Strangford Apollo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tomb_of_Payava" title="Tomb of Payava">Tomb of Payava</a></li> <li>Townley collection <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Townley_Antinous" title="Townley Antinous">Antinous</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Townley_Caryatid" title="Townley Caryatid">Caryatid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Townley_Discobolus" class="mw-redirect" title="Townley Discobolus">Discobolus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Townley_Hadrian" title="Townley Hadrian">Hadrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Townley_Vase" title="Townley Vase">Vase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Townley_Venus" title="Townley Venus">Venus</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uerdingen_Hoard" title="Uerdingen Hoard">Uerdingen Hoard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaison_Diadumenos" title="Vaison Diadumenos">Vaison Diadumenos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warren_Cup" title="Warren Cup">Warren Cup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xanten_Horse-Phalerae" title="Xanten Horse-Phalerae">Xanten Horse-Phalerae</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;background-color: #eee;"><a href="/wiki/British_Museum_Department_of_the_Middle_East" title="British Museum Department of the Middle East">Middle East</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ain_Sakhri_figurine" title="Ain Sakhri figurine">Ain Sakhri figurine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assyrian_lion_weights" title="Assyrian lion weights">Assyrian lion weights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balawat_Gates" title="Balawat Gates">Balawat Gates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blacas_ewer" title="Blacas ewer">Blacas ewer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uruk_Trough" title="Uruk Trough">Uruk Trough</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blau_Monuments" title="Blau Monuments">Blau Monuments</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palmer_Cup" title="Palmer Cup">Palmer Cup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Standard_of_Ur" title="Standard of Ur">Standard of Ur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ram_in_a_Thicket" title="Ram in a Thicket">Ram in a Thicket</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lyres_of_Ur" title="Lyres of Ur">Lyres of Ur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tell_al-%27Ubaid_Copper_Lintel" title="Tell al-'Ubaid Copper Lintel">Tell al-'Ubaid Copper Lintel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_Obelisk" title="White Obelisk">White Obelisk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Obelisk_of_Shalmaneser_III" title="Black Obelisk of Shalmaneser III">Black Obelisk of Shalmaneser III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kition_Necropolis_Phoenician_inscriptions" title="Kition Necropolis Phoenician inscriptions">Kition Necropolis Phoenician inscriptions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burney_Relief" title="Burney Relief">Burney Relief</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Complaint_tablet_to_Ea-n%C4%81%E1%B9%A3ir" title="Complaint tablet to Ea-nāṣir">Complaint tablet to Ea-nāṣir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tablet_of_Shamash" title="Tablet of Shamash">Tablet of Shamash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statue_of_Idrimi" title="Statue of Idrimi">Statue of Idrimi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Babylonian_Map_of_the_World" title="Babylonian Map of the World">Babylonian Map of the World</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rassam_cylinder" title="Rassam cylinder">Rassam cylinder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cylinders_of_Nabonidus" title="Cylinders of Nabonidus">Cylinders of Nabonidus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyrus_Cylinder" title="Cyrus Cylinder">Cyrus Cylinder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gilgamesh_flood_myth" title="Gilgamesh flood myth">Flood tablet (Gilgamesh)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jar_of_Xerxes_I" title="Jar of Xerxes I">Jar of Xerxes I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Library_of_Ashurbanipal" title="Library of Ashurbanipal">Library of Ashurbanipal</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Lion_Hunt_of_Ashurbanipal" title="Lion Hunt of Ashurbanipal">Lion Hunt of Ashurbanipal</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oxus_Treasure" title="Oxus Treasure">Oxus Treasure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sennacherib%27s_Annals" title="Sennacherib's Annals">Taylor Prism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lachish_reliefs" title="Lachish reliefs">Lachish reliefs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Babylonian_Chronicles" title="Babylonian Chronicles">Babylonian Chronicles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ur_Box_inscription" title="Ur Box inscription">Ur Box inscription</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurkh_Monoliths" title="Kurkh Monoliths">Kurkh Monoliths</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antiochus_cylinder" title="Antiochus cylinder">Antiochus cylinder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nimrud_ivories" title="Nimrud ivories">Nimrud ivories</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phoenician_metal_bowls" title="Phoenician metal bowls">Phoenician metal bowls</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;background-color: #eee;"><a href="/wiki/British_Museum_Department_of_Prehistory_and_Europe" class="mw-redirect" title="British Museum Department of Prehistory and Europe">Prehistory<br />and Europe</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Portable_altar_(WB.232)" class="mw-redirect" title="Portable altar (WB.232)">Boxwood altar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franks_Casket" title="Franks Casket">Franks Casket</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_Thorn_Reliquary" title="Holy Thorn Reliquary">Holy Thorn Reliquary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hoxne_Hoard" title="Hoxne Hoard">Hoxne Hoard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lewis_chessmen" title="Lewis chessmen">Lewis chessmen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lindow_Man" title="Lindow Man">Lindow Man</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mildenhall_Treasure" title="Mildenhall Treasure">Mildenhall Treasure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ringlemere_Cup" title="Ringlemere Cup">Ringlemere Cup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Gold_Cup" title="Royal Gold Cup">Royal Gold Cup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seax_of_Beagnoth" title="Seax of Beagnoth">Seax of Beagnoth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sutton_Hoo" title="Sutton Hoo">Sutton Hoo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sutton_Hoo_helmet" title="Sutton Hoo helmet">Sutton Hoo helmet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sutton_Hoo_purse-lid" title="Sutton Hoo purse-lid">Sutton Hoo purse-lid</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Swimming_Reindeer" title="Swimming Reindeer">Swimming Reindeer</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hedwig_glass" title="Hedwig glass">Hedwig glass</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Vindolanda Tablets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lampsacus_Treasure" title="Lampsacus Treasure">Lampsacus Treasure</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;background-color: #eee;"><a href="/wiki/British_Museum_Department_of_Prints_and_Drawings" class="mw-redirect" title="British Museum Department of Prints and Drawings">Prints and<br />Drawings</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/D%C3%BCrer%27s_Rhinoceros" title="Dürer's Rhinoceros">Dürer's Rhinoceros</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Epifania_(Michelangelo_drawing)" class="mw-redirect" title="Epifania (Michelangelo drawing)">Epifania</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/I_Modi" title="I Modi">I Modi</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Isabella_Brant_(drawing)" title="Isabella Brant (drawing)">Isabella Brant</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Ancient_of_Days" title="The Ancient of Days">The Ancient of Days</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Disasters_of_War" title="The Disasters of War">The Disasters of War</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Tale_of_The_Flopsy_Bunnies#Illustrations" class="mw-redirect" title="The Tale of The Flopsy Bunnies">The Tale of the Flopsy Bunnies</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Triumphal_Arch_(woodcut)" title="Triumphal Arch (woodcut)">Triumphal Arch</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;background-color: #eee;">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/British_Museum_Department_of_Coins_and_Medals" title="British Museum Department of Coins and Medals">Coins and Medals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Museum_Department_of_Conservation_and_Scientific_Research" class="mw-redirect" title="British Museum Department of Conservation and Scientific Research">Conservation and Scientific Research</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Museum_Department_of_Libraries_and_Archives" class="mw-redirect" title="British Museum Department of Libraries and Archives">Libraries and Archives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portable_Antiquities_Scheme" title="Portable Antiquities Scheme">Portable Antiquities and Treasure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rondanini_Faun" title="Rondanini Faun">Rondanini Faun</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/A_History_of_the_World_in_100_Objects" title="A History of the World in 100 Objects">A History of the World in 100 Objects</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blythe_House" title="Blythe House">Blythe House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Museum_Act" title="British Museum Act">British Museum Acts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dingwall_Beloe_Lecture_Series" title="Dingwall Beloe Lecture Series">Dingwall Beloe Lectures</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_films_shot_at_the_British_Museum" title="List of films shot at the British Museum">Films shot at the British Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Private_Case" title="Private Case">Private Case</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Museum#Contested_artefacts" title="British Museum">Repatriation controversy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secretum_(British_Museum)" title="Secretum (British Museum)">Secretum</a></li> <li>Staff <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_directors_of_the_British_Museum" title="List of directors of the British Museum">Directors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_British_Museum_Friends" title="The British Museum Friends">Friends</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_keepers_of_the_British_Museum" title="List of keepers of the British Museum">Keepers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Commission_on_the_British_Museum" title="Royal Commission on the British Museum">Royal Commission on the British Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_trustees_of_the_British_Museum" title="List of trustees of the British Museum">Trustees</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:British_Museum" title="Category:British Museum">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1153229#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div 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