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Monumente - Monumentul „Siculicidium”, Siculeni

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<span>2010-11-03</span> <br />--> Ultima actualizare:&nbsp; <span>2010-11-03</span> <br/> Autor:&nbsp; <span>P. Kovács Klára</span> <br/> </div> <div id="ures"><br clear="all"/></div> </div> <div id="alcim"> <br/><script src="https://web.archive.org/web/20160304101816js_/http://connect.facebook.net/en_US/all.js#xfbml=1"></script><fb:like href="http://enciclopediavirtuala.ro/monument.php?id=342"></fb:like><br/> </div> <div id="alcim"> <a name="date"></a> Date despre monument </div> <div id="szoveg"> Adresa: Siculeni nr. 43.<br>Cod: HR-IV-m-B-13027 <br>Datare: 1898<br> </div> <div id="alcim"> <a name="istorie"></a> <br/>Date istorice </div> <div id="szoveg"> <p>Monumentul a fost ridicat &icirc;n memoria secuilor care au căzut la Siculeni la 7 ianuarie, 1764 &icirc;n urma represaliilor s&acirc;ngeroase, comandate de ofiţerii armatei austrieci &icirc;mpotriva secuilor din scaunul Ciuc şi din Trei Scaune, care s-au opus &icirc;nrolării &icirc;n regimentele de grăniceri organizate de autorităţile imperiale. Pentru a schiţa premisele acestui eveniment sumbru vom face cunoscute cele mai importante momente care au dus la &icirc;nt&acirc;mplarea amintită. &Icirc;n 1761 &icirc;mpărăteasa Maria Tereza se adresa comandantului suprem al Transilvaniei, baronul Adolf Nicholaus Buccow, cu propunerea &icirc;nfiinţării unor regimente grănicereşti &icirc;n Secuime. Drept răspuns Buccow a elaborat un plan &icirc;n acest sens, conform căruia regimentele secuieşti aflate sub comandament austriac, aveau datoria &icirc;n primul r&acirc;nd de a păzi graniţa estică şi sudică a Transilvaniei, dar &icirc;n caz de nevoie puteau fi transferate şi pe fronturi străine. &Icirc;n acelaşi timp &icirc;nrolarea secuilor nu &icirc;nsemna şi redob&acirc;ndirea libertăţilor vechi (ex. scutirea de taxe) ale acestei stări, lucru contestat ulterior &icirc;n repetate r&acirc;nduri de secui.</p><p><br/><img src="https://web.archive.org/web/20160304101816im_/http://lexikon.adatbank.transindex.ro/admin/kep/345_1288639745_2..jpg" border="1" alt="" hspace="10" vspace="10" width="300" align="right"/>Văz&acirc;nd că &icirc;nrolarea condiţionată de voluntariat a secuilor nu avea să ducă la rezultatele dorite, comisia &icirc;nsărcinată cu &icirc;nfiinţarea concretă a regimentelor de grăniceri a recurs la metode din ce &icirc;n ce mai drastice pentru recrutarea secuilor liberi. Ulterior un nou mandat regal, emis pe 8 octombrie 1763, reglementa obligativitatea tuturor secuilor liberi de a se &icirc;nrola &icirc;n noile regimentele militare de graniţă, voluntariatul fiind astfel şters.</p><p><br/>Secuii din Scaunul Ciuc, conduşi de parohii din Leliceni şi Delniţa, Z&ouml;ld P&eacute;ter respectiv Beke Istv&aacute;n, s-au opus &icirc;nrolării refugiindu-se din faţa comisiei de recrutare &icirc;n pădure. La &icirc;nceputul anului 1764 li s-au alăturat şi secui din Trei Scaune. Rezistenţa a cedat &icirc;nsă &icirc;n 5 ianuarie, c&acirc;nd din cauza frigului insuportabil, a lipsei de hrană şi a ameninţărilor militarilor austrieci, secuii au fost nevoiţi să coboare &icirc;n sat, intr&acirc;nd &icirc;n Siculeni. Ca represalii, peste două zile comisia de recrutare a ordonat un atac neaşteptat asupra &icirc;ntregului sat. Masacrul a &icirc;nceput &icirc;n zorii zilei de 7 ianuarie 1764 cu focuri de tun. Secuii care s-au &icirc;mpotrivit recrutării au căzut fără a putea opune rezistenţă &icirc;n faţa atacului a celor circa 1300 de militari austrieci. Masacrul de la Siculeni ordonat de general-maiorul Siskovich J&oacute;zsef şi executat sub conducerea locotenent-colonelului Caratto s-a &icirc;ntipărit &icirc;n istorie sub denumirea de <em>pierzarea de la Siculeni</em>, sau <em>siculicidium</em> (masacrul secuilor).</p><p><br/>Numărul exact al victimelor este necunoscut, dar cu siguranţă au fost mult mai mulţi dec&acirc;t 177, cum s-a specificat &icirc;ntr-un raport oficial. &Icirc;n istoriografia veche sunt precizaţi &icirc;ntre 200 şi 600 de victime. Cca. 45 dintre ei, majoritatea din Trei Scaune, au fost &icirc;nmorm&acirc;ntaţi la marginea satului &icirc;ntr-o groapă comună. Locul respectiv fusese marcat de mai multe cruci &icirc;n secolele XVIII-XIX. Prima fusese ridicată tocmai de austrieci, inscripţia acesteia evoc&acirc;nd cinic &bdquo;m&acirc;ndria fr&acirc;ntă a secuilor&quot;. Crucea fusese &icirc;ndepărtată &icirc;n 1783, iar &icirc;n 1789 Cserey Zsuzsanna a aşezat o cruce dedicată Maicii Domnului pe morm&acirc;ntul victimelor. Monumente noi au fost amplasate apoi &icirc;n 1878 de R&eacute;szeg Andr&aacute;s şi soţia sa, iar altul &icirc;n 1885 de către Szab&oacute; P&eacute;ter.</p><p><br/>Intenţia ridicării unui monument mai exigent, demn de memoria tristului eveniment s-a formulat deja &icirc;n anii 1860, &icirc;nsă procurarea fondurilor necesare s-a prelungit timp de mai multe decenii. &Icirc;n 1891 s-a &icirc;nfiinţat comisia pentru ridicarea monumentului. Banii necesari s-au str&acirc;ns doar prin colectă publică. &Icirc;n 1892 Tam&aacute;s J&oacute;zsef, un arhitect budapestan originar din Miercurea Ciuc, s-a oferit să realizeze pe gratis proiectele. Lucrarea sa a fost aprobată de comisia naţională a artelor peste doi ani. Piatra de temelie a monumentului a fost depusă la 10 mai 1898, iar p&acirc;nă la sf&acirc;rşitul anului s-a montat &icirc;n v&acirc;rf şi pasărea <em>turul</em> (pasăre din mitologia maghiară). Constructorul Sz&aacute;sz Istv&aacute;n a fost cel care a executat proiectele lui Tam&aacute;s J&oacute;zsef, iar pasărea <em>turul</em> fusese sculptată &icirc;n piatră de K&ouml;llő Mikl&oacute;s (1861-1900), renumitul sculptor originar din Ciumani (jud. Harghita). Tabla inscripţionată, confecţionată din marmură este opera meşterului budapestan S&aacute;nta N&aacute;ndor. Ceremonia de dezvelire a monumentului a avut loc doar cinci ani mai t&acirc;rziu, pe 8 octombrie 1905, după achitarea integrală a costurilor acestuia.</p> </div> <div id="alcim"> <a name="descriere"></a> <br/>Descrierea edificiului </div> <div id="szoveg"> <p>Monumentul Siculicidium se situează pe dreapta drumului ce intră dinspre Miercurea Ciuc &icirc;n Siculeni, localitate aflată la cca. 10 km de reşedinţa de judeţ. Obeliscul de piatră din centrul compoziţiei este flancat de două ziduri scunde, treptate, placate cu piatră, dispuse &icirc;n linii curbe asemenea unor braţe. Capătul &bdquo;braţelor&quot; este marcat de c&acirc;te o urnă aşezată pe c&acirc;te un st&acirc;lpişor, primele fiind decorate cu <em>guttae</em>, iar &icirc;n v&acirc;rf cu c&acirc;te-o bilă de piatră. Obeliscul de piatră cu muchiile teşite este amplasat pe un postament cu secţiunea cruciformă. Obeliscul se caracterizează printr-un soclu treptat, iar la trei sfertul &icirc;nălţimii sale prezintă o friză decorată cu denticuli şi o cornişă profilată. &Icirc;n zona de sub friză faţadele obeliscului sunt decorate cu c&acirc;te o stea cu şase raze. &Icirc;n v&acirc;rful construcţiei, pe o sferă de piatră, stă pasărea <em>turul</em> cu aripile desfăcute. Tabla de marmură tot cruciformă de pe faţada principală a postamentului poartă inscripţia comemorativă. Prima parte a textului acesteia a fost redactat de istoricul şi profesorul universitar clujean, dr. Sz&aacute;deczky Lajos (1859-1935), iar versurile care constituie partea a doua a inscripţiei, le-a scris dr. Ball&oacute; Istv&aacute;n, profesor &icirc;n Miercurea Ciuc.</p><p>&nbsp;</p><div align="center">SICULICIDIUM<br/>1764. JAN. 7.<br/>A HAT&Aacute;RŐRS&Eacute;G ERŐSZAKOS SZERVEZ&Eacute;SEKOR<br/>MAD&Eacute;FALVA HAT&Aacute;R&Aacute;BAN<br/>1764. JAN. 7&Eacute;N HAJNALBAN<br/>A CS&Aacute;SZ. KATONAS&Aacute;G &Aacute;LTAL V&Eacute;DTELEN&Uuml;L LEKASZABOLT<br/>CS&Iacute;K &Eacute;S H&Aacute;ROMSZ&Eacute;KI<br/>200 SZ&Eacute;KELY V&Eacute;RTANU EML&Eacute;K&Eacute;RE<br/>KIK AZ ŐSI SZABADS&Aacute;G&Eacute;RT V&Eacute;RZETTEK EL.<br/>EMELTE AZ UT&Oacute;DOK H&Aacute;L&Aacute;S KEGYELETE<br/>1899.</div><div align="center">&nbsp;</div><p>(Siculicidium. 7 ianuarie, 1764. Monument ridicat de urmaşii recunoscători &icirc;n memoria celor 200 de martiri secui din scaunele Ciuc şi Trei Scaune, ucişi de trupele imperiale la marginea satului Siculeni &icirc;n zorii zilei de 7 ianuarie 1764. Ei au căzut revendic&acirc;ndu-şi vechile libertăţi &icirc;n perioada organizării autoritare a regimentelor grănicereşti ale secuilor.)</p><p>&nbsp;</p><p align="center">SZ&Eacute;KELY N&Eacute;P! ITT HULLOTT ŐSEIDNEK V&Eacute;RE<br/>KIKET ZSARNOK &Ouml;NK&Eacute;NY BOSSZUS KARJA &Eacute;RE<br/>MIDŐN ALKOTM&Aacute;NYOS SZABADS&Aacute;GOD V&Eacute;DT&Eacute;K<br/>SZ&Ouml;RNYŰK&Eacute;P OLT&Aacute;K KI SOK &Aacute;RTATLAN &Eacute;LT&Eacute;T<br/>DE B&Aacute;R ELVESZTEK ŐK &Aacute;D&Aacute;Z FEGYVER ALATT<br/>EML&Eacute;K&Ouml;K NEM V&Eacute;SZ EL &Ouml;R&Ouml;KRE FENMARAD<br/>MERT HŰ KEGYELETBEN MEGTARTOD ŐSEID<br/>&Iacute;GY &Eacute;L MAJD EML&Eacute;K&Ouml;K IDŐTLEN IDEIG.</p><p align="center">TERVEZTE TAM&Aacute;S J&Oacute;ZSEF &Eacute;P&Iacute;T&Eacute;SZ</p><p align="center">&nbsp;</p><div align="left">(Secuime! &Icirc;n acest loc a curs s&acirc;ngele strămoşilor tăi, loviţi de braţul necruţător al tiranului autoritar &icirc;n timp ce &icirc;ţi ocroteau vechile libertăţi. Ei au căzut nevinovaţi sub armele necruţătoare, amintirea lor &icirc;nsă nu va pieri niciodată, va dăinui mereu, păstrată fiind memoria neamului tău p&acirc;nă &icirc;n veci. <br/>Proiectat de arh. Tam&aacute;s J&oacute;zsef)</div><p>Pe faţada posterioară a obeliscului remarcăm inscripţia care se referă la &icirc;mprejurările ridicării monumentului:</p><p>&nbsp;</p><div align="center">K&Ouml;ZADAKOZ&Aacute;SB&Oacute;L L&Eacute;TES&Uuml;LT<br/>MIK&Oacute; B&Aacute;LINT FŐISP&Aacute;N<br/>V&Eacute;DN&Ouml;KS&Eacute;GE ALATT<br/>KILY&Eacute;NFALVI<br/>BENEDEK ISTV&Aacute;N BIZ. ELN&Ouml;K<br/>&Uuml;GYBUZG&Oacute;S&Aacute;GA &Aacute;LTAL.</div><div align="center">&Eacute;P&Iacute;TŐ MESTER<br/>SZ&Aacute;SZ ISTV&Aacute;N</div><div align="center">&nbsp;</div><p>(Realizat prin colectă publică sub patronajul comitelui Mik&oacute; B&aacute;lint şi graţie silinţei preşedintelui de comisie, Benedek Istv&aacute;n. Constructor: Sz&aacute;sz Istv&aacute;n)</p> </div> <br/><div id="alcim"> <a name="bibliografie"></a> Bibliografie selectivă </div> <div id="szoveg"> Endes Mikl&oacute;s, <em>Cs&iacute;k-, Gyergy&oacute;-, K&aacute;szon-sz&eacute;kek (Cs&iacute;k megye) f&ouml;ldj&eacute;nek &eacute;s n&eacute;p&eacute;nek t&ouml;rt&eacute;nete 1918-ig, </em>Budapest, 1938, pp. 208-210.<br/><em>L&aacute;tom az &eacute;letem nem igen gy&ouml;ny&ouml;rű. A mad&eacute;falvi veszedelem tan&uacute;kihallgat&aacute;si jegyzők&ouml;nyve. 1764,</em> volum editat de<em> </em>Imreh Istv&aacute;n, Bukarest, 1994, pp. 15-27.<br/>Kelemen S&aacute;ndor, <em>Mad&eacute;falva - Siculicidium,</em> Cs&iacute;kszereda, 2000, (Cs&iacute;ki műeml&eacute;kek, 2.)<br/>Albert Ernő, <em>Az 1764-es mad&eacute;falvi veszedelem előzm&eacute;nyei &eacute;s lefoly&aacute;sa, </em>&icirc;n &bdquo;Sz&eacute;kelyf&ouml;ld&quot;, VIII, 2004, nr. 1, pp. 101-147.<br/>Szőcs J&aacute;nos, <em>Beke Istv&aacute;n az idő sűrűj&eacute;ben, </em>&icirc;n &bdquo;Sz&eacute;kelyf&ouml;ld&quot;, VIII, 2004, nr. 1, pp. 81-100. </div> <div id="alcim"> <br/><script src="https://web.archive.org/web/20160304101816js_/http://connect.facebook.net/en_US/all.js#xfbml=1"></script><fb:like href="http://enciclopediavirtuala.ro/monument.php?id=342"></fb:like><br/> </div> <div id="cimkek"> <p>taguri</p> <a href="./?tag=259&amp;lang=ro">secui</a>, <a href="./?tag=85&amp;lang=ro">monument</a> </div> <div id="oldaltetejere"> <a href="#top">TOP PAGIN&#258;</a> </div> <div id="lapozas"> <div id="elozo"><a class="lapozas" href="./monument.php?id=210">ARTICOLUL PRECEDENT</a><br><a class="fekete" href="./monument.php?id=210">Monumentul "Sf. 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