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Developing Orthographies for Unwritten Languages. Dallas: SIL International. Dawson, Barbara Jean. 1989. "Orthography decisions." Notes on Literacy 57:1–13." /> <meta property="og:updated_time" content="2024-03-15T09:31:53-05:00" /> <meta name="twitter:card" content="summary" /> <meta name="twitter:url" content="https://www.sil.org/orthography/topical-resources" /> <meta name="twitter:title" content="Topical Resources" /> <meta name="twitter:description" content="General resources Checklist of factors to consider Briefly annotated bibliography of resources, a good number of which are not listed here. Orthography Clearinghouse, has a broad range of resources" /> <meta property="article:published_time" content="2016-10-19T10:21:39-05:00" /> <meta property="article:modified_time" content="2024-03-15T09:31:53-05:00" /> <title>Topical Resources | SIL Global</title> <link type="text/css" rel="stylesheet" href="https://www.sil.org/sites/default/files/css/css_lQaZfjVpwP_oGNqdtWCSpJT1EMqXdMiU84ekLLxQnc4.css" media="all" /> <link type="text/css" rel="stylesheet" href="https://www.sil.org/sites/default/files/css/css_EM9PzeHZt2AxxQ3R05nXINg9akBOG66G3hxOgWtlp2E.css" media="all" /> <link type="text/css" rel="stylesheet" href="https://www.sil.org/sites/default/files/css/css_y-6OGvqwgwpR259lzJYNwvxpJm3Q1qOD_DWt90goRpM.css" media="all" /> <style>.panels-flexible-new .panels-flexible-region { padding: 0; } .panels-flexible-new .panels-flexible-region-inside { padding-right: 0.5em; padding-left: 0.5em; } .panels-flexible-new .panels-flexible-region-inside-first { padding-left: 0; } 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</div> </div> </div> <div class="main-container container"> <div class="row"> <section class="col-md-8 main-content-column"> <div id="page-title"> <h1 class="page-title">Topical Resources</h1> </div> <a id="main-content"></a> <div class="region region-content"> <section id="block-system-main" class="block block-system clearfix"> <div class="ds-1col node node-expertise-page view-mode-full clearfix"> <div class="field field-name-body field-type-text-with-summary field-label-hidden"><div class="field-items"><div class="field-item even"><h2><strong>General resources </strong></h2> <p class="rteindent1"><a href="/sites/default/files/factors_to_check_in_developing_orthography_jan_27_2017.pdf">Checklist of factors to consider</a></p> <p class="rteindent1"><a href="https://www.sil.org/literacy-and-education/resources-developing-orthographies">Briefly annotated bibliography of resources</a>, a good number of which are not listed here.</p> <p class="rteindent1"><a href="http://orthographyclearinghouse.org/">Orthography Clearinghouse</a>, has a broad range of resources related to orthographies</p> <ul class="rteindent1" style="margin-bottom: 11px; list-style-type: disc;"> <li style="margin-left:32px; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:normal"><span style="tab-stops:list 30.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">Cahill, Michael and Elke Karan. 2008. <a href="https://www.sil.org/resources/publications/entry/7830"><span style="color:blue">Factors in designing effective orthographies for unwritten languages</span></a>. SIL Electronic Working papers 2008-001</span></span></span></span></span></span></li> <li style="margin-left:32px; margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">Cahill, Michael, and Keren Rice (eds.). 2014. Developing Orthographies for Unwritten Languages. Dallas: SIL International.</span></span></span></li> <li style="margin-left:32px; margin-bottom:11px">Dawson, Barbara Jean. 1989. "Orthography decisions." Notes on Literacy 57:1–13.</li> <li style="margin-left:32px; margin-bottom:11px">Grimes, Joseph and Raymond Gordon, Jr. 1980. Design of new orthographies. In James Kavanagh & Richard Venezky (eds.). Orthography, reading, and dyslexia, 93-103. Baltimore, MD: University Park Press.</li> <li style="margin-left:32px; margin-bottom:11px">Gudschinsky, Sarah C. 1970. More on Formulating Efficient Orthographies. The BibleTranslator 21:21-25.</li> <li style="margin-left:32px; margin-bottom:11px">Karan, Elke. 2006. <a href="http://arts-sciences.und.edu/summer-institute-of-linguistics/theses/_files/docs/2006-karan-elke.pdf">Writing System Development and Reform: A Process</a>. Thesis. University of North Dakota.</li> <li style="margin-left:32px; margin-bottom:11px">Smalley, William A. 1959. “<a href="http://www.ubs-translations.org/tbt/1959/02/TBT195902.html?num=49">How Shall I Write This Language</a>?” The Bible Translator 10.2: 49-69.</li> <li style="margin-left:32px; margin-bottom:11px">Somé, Joachim. 2003. <a href="http://www.ubs-translations.org/fileadmin/publications/sycomore/1.14/Some__Orthographe_et_Parole__Syc_1.14__2003__40-47.pdf">Orthographe et Parole</a>. Le Sycomore 14, 40-47.</li> <li style="margin-left:32px; margin-bottom:11px">Swan, Philip. 2023. <a href="https://www.sila.org.au/wp-content/uploads/2023/12/Swan_2023.pdf">Mark my words! Writing Namblong, according to Namblong, by Namblong, for Namblong.</a><i> </i>[working paper, revised thesis]</li> <li style="margin-left:32px; margin-bottom:11px">Weaver, Deborah. 1980. <a href="https://www.sil.org/system/files/reapdata/13/08/53/130853439452324960468170182982374230279/NOL_31_%281980%29_Orthography_design.pdf">Orthography design</a>. Notes on Literacy 31:15–18.</li> </ul> <p> </p> <h2><strong>Methodology – participatory workshop procedures</strong></h2> <p> </p> <p>Decades ago, the usual procedure for developing an orthography was for an outside linguist to come and collect data on the language, analyze it, and on that basis to propose an orthography. It was basically a one-person process. Local speakers of the language were mostly isolated and frequently had little formal schooling, and so their participation in the initial stages was limited to providing data. This is still the situation in some areas, but it is getting increasingly rare. Education levels worldwide have risen, local language speakers are multilingual and connected, and so the norm these days is for them to take a much more active role in even initial orthography development. An outside linguist can act as a knowledgeable and crucial facilitator, but both strategies in the references below are aimed at uncovering the knowledge and intuition of the native speakers of the language. These references describe a few general types of workshop (starting with either individual words or texts) in which an <em>initial</em> orthography can be developed. (There will predictably be issues that will take further time and attention in both scenarios.)</p> <ul style="margin-bottom:11px"> <li style="margin-left:8px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:normal"><span style="font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">Cahill, Michael, and Keren Rice. 2016. “<a href="https://drive.google.com/drive/u/0/folders/0BzIdfqwXyAYDXzVSbkZ6YW5rdEE"><span style="color:blue">Orthography Development: The ‘Midwife’ Approach</span></a>.” Orthography course presented at CoLang Institute. June 27-30, 2016. University of Alaska-Fairbanks.</span></span></span></span></span></li> <li style="margin-left:8px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:normal"><span style="font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">Easton, Catherine. 2003. “<a href="https://www.sil.org/resources/archives/65414"><span style="color:blue">Alphabet Design Workshops in Papua New Guinea: A Community-Based Approach to Orthography Development</span></a>.” Paper presented at Conference on language development, language revitalization and multilingual education in minority communities in Asia. Bangkok, Thailand, 6-8 November 2003.</span></span></span></span></span></li> <li style="margin-left:8px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:normal"><span style="font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">Kutsch Lojenga, Constance. 1996. <a href="/sites/default/files/ckutschlojenga_participatoryresearchinlinguistics_nol73_1996_0.pdf"><span style="color:blue">"</span></a><a href="/sites/default/files/kutschlojcommuninvolv1996.pdf"><span style="color:blue">Participatory Research in Linguistics."</span></a> Notes on Linguistics 73:13–27.</span></span></span></span></span></li> <li style="margin-left:8px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:normal"><span style="font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">Page, Christina Joy. 2013. “<a href="https://www.sil.org/system/files/reapdata/10/41/53/104153189167974715674840247446157168464/li_authors_manuscript__a_new_orthography_in_an_unfamiliar_script.pdf"><span style="color:blue">A new orthography in an unfamiliar script: a case study in participatory engagement strategies.</span></a>” <i>Journal of Multilingual and Multicultural Development</i>, DOI:10.1080/01434632.2013.783035,</span></span></span></span></span></li> <li style="margin-bottom:11px; margin-left:8px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:normal"><span style="font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">Stirtz, Timothy M. 2015. <a href="https://www.sil.org/resources/publications/entry/62483"><span style="color:blue">Rapid Grammar Collection as an Approach to Language Development</span></a>. SIL Electronic Working Papers 2015-004. Dallas: SIL International.</span></span></span></span></span></li> </ul> <h3>TOPICS RELATING TO ORTHOGRAPHY</h3> <ul> <li><a href="/orthography/reform-orthographies"><strong>Community participation and stakeholders </strong></a></li> <li><a href="https://www.sil.org/orthography/conferences"><strong>Conferences</strong></a></li> <li><a href="/orthography/dialects"><strong>Dialects</strong></a></li> <li><a href="/orthography/reform-orthographies"><strong>Endangered languages </strong></a></li> <li><a href="/orthography/reform-orthographies"><strong>Linguistics</strong></a></li> <li><a href="/orthography/reform-orthographies"><strong>Naming the symbols </strong></a></li> <li><a href="https://www.sil.org/orthography/punctuation"><strong>Punctuation</strong></a></li> <li><a href="/orthography/psycholinguistics-education-factors"><strong>Psycholinguistics and education Factors</strong></a></li> <li><a href="/orthography/sociopolitics"><strong>Reform of orthographies</strong></a></li> <li><a href="https://www.sil.org/orthography/script-issues"><strong>Script issues</strong></a></li> <li><a href="/orthography/sociopolitics"><strong>Sociopolitics </strong></a></li> <li><a href="https://www.sil.org/orthography/stages-orthography-development"><strong>Stages of orthography development </strong></a></li> <li><a href="/orthography/standardization"><strong>Standardization</strong></a></li> <li><a href="/orthography/testing-and-experiments"><strong>Testing and experiments</strong></a></li> <li><a href="https://www.sil.org/orthography/tone"><strong>Tone</strong></a></li> <li><a href="https://www.sil.org/orthography/vowels"><strong>Vowels</strong></a></li> <li><a href="/orthography/writing-orthography-statement-or-report"><strong>Writing an orthography statement</strong></a></li> </ul> <p>To suggest other topics or resources, email <a href="mailto:orthography_services@sil.org">orthography_services@sil.org</a>.</p> </div></div></div></div> </section> </div> </section> <aside 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