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<span>Career</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Career-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Research" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Research"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Research</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Research-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Years_in_Rome" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Years_in_Rome"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Years in Rome</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Years_in_Rome-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Some_of_Malpighi's_important_works" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Some_of_Malpighi's_important_works"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Some of Malpighi's important works</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Some_of_Malpighi's_important_works-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Marcello Malpighi</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 52 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-52" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">52 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AA%D8%B4%D9%8A%D9%84%D9%88_%D9%85%D9%84%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%BA%D9%8A" title="مارتشيلو ملبيغي – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="مارتشيلو ملبيغي" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marcello_Malpighi" title="Marcello Malpighi – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Marcello Malpighi" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mar%C3%A7ello_Malpigi" title="Marçello Malpigi – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Marçello Malpigi" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B1%DA%86%D9%84%D9%88_%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%BE%DB%8C%D9%82%DB%8C" title="مارچلو مالپیقی – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="مارچلو مالپیقی" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%8B_%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%BF" title="মার্সেলো মালপিজি – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="মার্সেলো মালপিজি" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%87%D1%8D%D0%BB%D0%B0_%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BF%D1%96%D0%B3%D1%96" title="Марчэла Мальпігі – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Марчэла Мальпігі" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%87%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%BE_%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BF%D0%B8%D0%B3%D0%B8" title="Марчело Малпиги – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Марчело Малпиги" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marcello_Malpighi" title="Marcello Malpighi – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Marcello Malpighi" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marcello_Malpighi" title="Marcello Malpighi – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Marcello Malpighi" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marcello_Malpighi" title="Marcello Malpighi – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Marcello Malpighi" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marcello_Malpighi" title="Marcello Malpighi – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Marcello Malpighi" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9C%CE%B1%CF%81%CF%84%CF%83%CE%AD%CE%BB%CE%BF_%CE%9C%CE%B1%CE%BB%CF%80%CE%AF%CE%B3%CE%BA%CE%B9" title="Μαρτσέλο Μαλπίγκι – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Μαρτσέλο Μαλπίγκι" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eml mw-list-item"><a href="https://eml.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marcello_Malpighi" title="Marcello Malpighi – Emiliano-Romagnolo" lang="egl" hreflang="egl" data-title="Marcello Malpighi" data-language-autonym="Emiliàn e rumagnòl" data-language-local-name="Emiliano-Romagnolo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Emiliàn e rumagnòl</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marcello_Malpighi" title="Marcello Malpighi – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Marcello Malpighi" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marcello_Malpighi" title="Marcello Malpighi – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Marcello Malpighi" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marcello_Malpighi" title="Marcello Malpighi – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Marcello Malpighi" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B1%DA%86%D9%84%D9%88_%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%BE%DB%8C%DA%AF%DB%8C" title="مارچلو مالپیگی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="مارچلو مالپیگی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marcello_Malpighi" title="Marcello Malpighi – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Marcello Malpighi" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marcello_Malpighi" title="Marcello Malpighi – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Marcello Malpighi" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%A7%88%EB%A5%B4%EC%B2%BC%EB%A1%9C_%EB%A7%90%ED%94%BC%EA%B8%B0" title="마르첼로 말피기 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="마르첼로 말피기" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%84%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%B9%D5%A5%D5%AC%D5%AC%D5%B8_%D5%84%D5%A1%D5%AC%D5%BA%D5%AB%D5%A3%D5%AB" title="Մարչելլո Մալպիգի – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Մարչելլո Մալպիգի" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marcello_Malpighi" title="Marcello Malpighi – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Marcello Malpighi" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marcello_Malpighi" title="Marcello Malpighi – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Marcello Malpighi" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marcello_Malpighi" title="Marcello Malpighi – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Marcello Malpighi" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marcello_Malpighi" title="Marcello Malpighi – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Marcello Malpighi" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%A8%D7%A6%27%D7%9C%D7%95_%D7%9E%D7%9C%D7%A4%D7%99%D7%92%D7%99" title="מרצ'לו מלפיגי – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="מרצ'לו מלפיגי" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%AE%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%B0%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B8%E0%B3%86%E0%B2%B2%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B2%E0%B3%8A_%E0%B2%AE%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%AF%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%B2%E0%B3%8D%E2%80%8D%E0%B2%AA%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%98%E0%B2%BF" title="ಮಾರ್ಸೆಲ್ಲೊ ಮ್ಯಾಲ್‍ಪಿಘಿ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಮಾರ್ಸೆಲ್ಲೊ ಮ್ಯಾಲ್‍ಪಿಘಿ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9B%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%A9%E1%83%94%E1%83%9A%E1%83%9D_%E1%83%9B%E1%83%90%E1%83%9A%E1%83%9E%E1%83%98%E1%83%92%E1%83%98" title="მარჩელო მალპიგი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="მარჩელო მალპიგი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%87%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%BB%D0%BE_%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BF%D0%B8%D0%B3%D0%B8" title="Марчелло Мальпиги – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Марчелло Мальпиги" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marcellus_Malpighi" title="Marcellus Malpighi – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Marcellus Malpighi" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marcello_Malpighi" title="Marcello Malpighi – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Marcello Malpighi" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AE%E0%B4%BE%E0%B5%BC%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%86%E0%B4%B2%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B2%E0%B5%8A_%E0%B4%AE%E0%B4%BE%E0%B5%BD%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%80%E0%B4%9C%E0%B4%BF" title="മാർസെല്ലൊ മാൽപീജി – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="മാർസെല്ലൊ മാൽപീജി" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9B%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%A9%E1%83%94%E1%83%9A%E1%83%9D_%E1%83%9B%E1%83%90%E1%83%9A%E1%83%9E%E1%83%98%E1%83%92%E1%83%98" title="მარჩელო მალპიგი – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="მარჩელო მალპიგი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marcello_Malpighi" title="Marcello Malpighi – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Marcello Malpighi" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%9E%E3%83%AB%E3%83%81%E3%82%A7%E3%83%AD%E3%83%BB%E3%83%9E%E3%83%AB%E3%83%94%E3%83%BC%E3%82%AE" title="マルチェロ・マルピーギ – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="マルチェロ・マルピーギ" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marcello_Malpighi" title="Marcello Malpighi – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Marcello Malpighi" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marcello_Malpighi" title="Marcello Malpighi – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Marcello Malpighi" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malpigi_Marchello" title="Malpigi Marchello – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Malpigi Marchello" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marcello_Malpighi" title="Marcello Malpighi – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Marcello Malpighi" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marcello_Malpighi" title="Marcello Malpighi – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Marcello Malpighi" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marcello_Malpighi" title="Marcello Malpighi – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Marcello Malpighi" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BF%D0%B8%D0%B3%D0%B8,_%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%87%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%BB%D0%BE" title="Мальпиги, Марчелло – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Мальпиги, Марчелло" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8B_%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%83" title="मार्सेलो माल्पीगिः – Sanskrit" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="मार्सेलो माल्पीगिः" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="Sanskrit" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>संस्कृतम्</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marcello_Malpighi" title="Marcello Malpighi – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Marcello Malpighi" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marcello_Malpighi" title="Marcello Malpighi – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Marcello Malpighi" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marcello_Malpighi" title="Marcello Malpighi – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Marcello Malpighi" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marcello_Malpighi" title="Marcello Malpighi – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Marcello Malpighi" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%86%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8B_%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BF" title="மார்செல்லோ மால்பிகி – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="மார்செல்லோ மால்பிகி" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" 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searchaux" style="display:none">Italian biologist and physician</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox biography vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;"><div class="fn">Marcello Malpighi</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Marcello_Malpighi_by_Carlo_Cignani.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Marcello_Malpighi_by_Carlo_Cignani.jpg/220px-Marcello_Malpighi_by_Carlo_Cignani.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Marcello_Malpighi_by_Carlo_Cignani.jpg/330px-Marcello_Malpighi_by_Carlo_Cignani.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Marcello_Malpighi_by_Carlo_Cignani.jpg/440px-Marcello_Malpighi_by_Carlo_Cignani.jpg 2x" data-file-width="652" data-file-height="869" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Marcello Malpighi, a portrait from life by <a href="/wiki/Carlo_Cignani" title="Carlo Cignani">Carlo Cignani</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><span style="display:none">(<span class="bday">1628-03-10</span>)</span>10 March 1628<br /><div style="display:inline" class="birthplace"><a href="/wiki/Crevalcore" title="Crevalcore">Crevalcore</a>, <a href="/wiki/Papal_States" title="Papal States">Papal States</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">30 November 1694<span style="display:none">(1694-11-30)</span> (aged 66)<br /><div style="display:inline" class="deathplace"><a href="/wiki/Rome" title="Rome">Rome</a>, <a href="/wiki/Papal_States" title="Papal States">Papal States</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Nationality</th><td class="infobox-data category"><a href="/wiki/Italians" title="Italians">Italian</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Alma mater</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/University_of_Bologna" title="University of Bologna">University of Bologna</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><b>Scientific career</b></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Fields</th><td class="infobox-data category"><a href="/wiki/Anatomy" title="Anatomy">Anatomy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Histology" title="Histology">histology</a>, <a href="/wiki/Physiology" title="Physiology">physiology</a>, <a href="/wiki/Embryology" title="Embryology">embryology</a>, <a href="/wiki/Medicine" title="Medicine">medicine</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Institutions</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/University_of_Bologna" title="University of Bologna">University of Bologna</a><br /><a href="/wiki/University_of_Pisa" title="University of Pisa">University of Pisa</a><br /><a href="/wiki/University_of_Messina" title="University of Messina">University of Messina</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Doctoral_advisor" title="Doctoral advisor">Doctoral advisor</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Alfonso_Borelli" title="Giovanni Alfonso Borelli">Giovanni Alfonso Borelli</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Doctoral students</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Antonio_Maria_Valsalva" title="Antonio Maria Valsalva">Antonio Maria Valsalva</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Marcello Malpighi</b> (10 March 1628 – 30 November 1694) was an <a href="/wiki/Italians" title="Italians">Italian</a> <a href="/wiki/Biologist" title="Biologist">biologist</a> and <a href="/wiki/Physician" title="Physician">physician</a>, who is referred to as the "Founder of microscopical anatomy, histology & Father of physiology and embryology". Malpighi's name is borne by several physiological features related to the biological <a href="/wiki/Excretory_system" title="Excretory system">excretory system</a>, such as the <a href="/wiki/Renal_corpuscles" class="mw-redirect" title="Renal corpuscles">Malpighian corpuscles</a> and <a href="/wiki/Renal_pyramids" class="mw-redirect" title="Renal pyramids">Malpighian pyramids</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Kidney" title="Kidney">kidneys</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Malpighian_tubule_system" title="Malpighian tubule system">Malpighian tubule system</a> of <a href="/wiki/Insects" class="mw-redirect" title="Insects">insects</a>. The <a href="/wiki/White_pulp" title="White pulp">splenic lymphoid nodules</a> are often called the "Malpighian bodies of the spleen" or <a href="/wiki/White_pulp" title="White pulp">Malpighian corpuscles</a>. The botanical family <a href="/wiki/Malpighiaceae" title="Malpighiaceae">Malpighiaceae</a> is also named after him. He was the first person to see <a href="/wiki/Capillaries" class="mw-redirect" title="Capillaries">capillaries</a> in animals, and he discovered the link between arteries and veins that had eluded <a href="/wiki/William_Harvey" title="William Harvey">William Harvey</a>. Malpighi was one of the earliest people to observe red blood cells under a microscope, after <a href="/wiki/Jan_Swammerdam" title="Jan Swammerdam">Jan Swammerdam</a>. His treatise <i>De polypo cordis</i> (1666) was important for understanding blood composition, as well as how blood clots.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In it, Malpighi described how the form of a blood clot differed in the right against the left sides of the <a href="/wiki/Heart" title="Heart">heart</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The use of the microscope enabled Malpighi to discover that <a href="/wiki/Insects" class="mw-redirect" title="Insects">insects</a> do not use lungs to breathe, but small holes in their skin called tracheae.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Malpighi also studied the anatomy of the brain and concluded this organ is a gland. In terms of modern <a href="/wiki/Endocrinology" title="Endocrinology">endocrinology</a>, this deduction is correct because the hypothalamus of the brain has long been recognized for its hormone-secreting capacity.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Because Malpighi had a wide knowledge of both plants and animals, he made contributions to the scientific study of both. The <a href="/wiki/Royal_Society" title="Royal Society">Royal Society</a> of <a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a> published two volumes of his botanical and zoological works in 1675 and 1679. Another edition followed in 1687, and a supplementary volume in 1697. In his autobiography, Malpighi speaks of his <i>Anatome Plantarum</i>, decorated with the engravings of <a href="/wiki/Robert_White_(engraver)" title="Robert White (engraver)">Robert White</a>, as "the most elegant format in the whole literate world."<sup id="cite_ref-ArberAgnes_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ArberAgnes-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>His study of plants led him to conclude that plants had tubules similar to those he saw in insects like the silkworm (using his microscope, he probably saw the stomata, through which plants exchange carbon dioxide with oxygen). Malpighi observed that when a ring-like portion of bark was removed on a trunk a swelling occurred in the tissues above the ring, and he correctly interpreted this as growth stimulated by food coming down from the leaves, and being blocked above the ring.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_years">Early years</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Marcello_Malpighi&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Early years"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Malpighi was born on 10 March 1628 at <a href="/wiki/Crevalcore" title="Crevalcore">Crevalcore</a> near <a href="/wiki/Bologna" title="Bologna">Bologna</a>, <a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-EB1911_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EB1911-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The son of well-to-do parents, Malpighi was educated in his native city, entering the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Bologna" title="University of Bologna">University of Bologna</a> at the age of 17.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In a posthumous work delivered and dedicated to the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Society" title="Royal Society">Royal Society in London</a> in 1697, Malpighi says he completed his grammatical studies in 1645, at which point he began to apply himself to the study of peripatetic philosophy. He completed these studies in about 1649, where at the persuasion of his mother Frances Natalis, he began to study physics. When his parents and grandmother became ill, he returned to his family home near Bologna to care for them. Malpighi studied <a href="/wiki/Aristotelian_philosophy" class="mw-redirect" title="Aristotelian philosophy">Aristotelian philosophy</a> at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Bologna" title="University of Bologna">University of Bologna</a> while he was very young. He joined the school of anatomy under <a href="/wiki/Bartolomeo_Massari" title="Bartolomeo Massari">Bartolomeo Massari</a> and was one of nine students who met at the home of the master to conduct dissections. He married Francesca the daughter of Massari but it was short-lived as she died shortly after.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Despite opposition from the university authorities because he was non-Bolognese by birth, in 1653 he was granted doctorates in both medicine and philosophy. He later graduated as a medical doctor at the age of 25. Subsequently, he was appointed as a teacher, whereupon he immediately dedicated himself to further study in anatomy and medicine. For most of his career, Malpighi combined an intense interest in scientific research with a fond love of teaching. He was invited to correspond with the Royal Society in 1667 by <a href="/wiki/Henry_Oldenburg" title="Henry Oldenburg">Henry Oldenburg</a>, and became a fellow of the society the next year. </p><p>In 1656, <a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_II_of_Tuscany" class="mw-redirect" title="Ferdinand II of Tuscany">Ferdinand II of Tuscany</a> invited him to the professorship of theoretical medicine at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Pisa" title="University of Pisa">University of Pisa</a>. There Malpighi began his lifelong friendship with <a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Borelli" class="mw-redirect" title="Giovanni Borelli">Giovanni Borelli</a>, mathematician and naturalist, who was a prominent supporter of the <a href="/wiki/Accademia_del_Cimento" title="Accademia del Cimento">Accademia del Cimento</a>, one of the first scientific societies. Malpighi questioned the prevailing medical teachings at Pisa, tried experiments on colour changes in blood, and attempted to recast anatomical, physiological, and medical problems of the day. Family responsibilities and poor health prompted Malpighi's return in 1659 to the University of Bologna, where he continued to teach and do research with his microscopes. In 1661 he identified and described the pulmonary and <a href="/wiki/Capillary" title="Capillary">capillary</a> network connecting small arteries with small veins. Malpighi's views evoked increasing controversy and dissent, mainly from envy and lack of understanding on the part of his colleagues. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Career">Career</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Marcello_Malpighi&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Career"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Marcello_Malpighi._Line_engraving_by_J._Kip,_1697._Wellcome_V0003805.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Marcello_Malpighi._Line_engraving_by_J._Kip%2C_1697._Wellcome_V0003805.jpg/220px-Marcello_Malpighi._Line_engraving_by_J._Kip%2C_1697._Wellcome_V0003805.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="291" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Marcello_Malpighi._Line_engraving_by_J._Kip%2C_1697._Wellcome_V0003805.jpg/330px-Marcello_Malpighi._Line_engraving_by_J._Kip%2C_1697._Wellcome_V0003805.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Marcello_Malpighi._Line_engraving_by_J._Kip%2C_1697._Wellcome_V0003805.jpg/440px-Marcello_Malpighi._Line_engraving_by_J._Kip%2C_1697._Wellcome_V0003805.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2382" data-file-height="3150" /></a><figcaption>Portrait of Marcello Malpighi in <i>Opera Posthuma</i>, London 1696</figcaption></figure> <p>In 1653, his father, mother, and grandmother being dead, Malpighi left his family villa and returned to the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Bologna" title="University of Bologna">University of Bologna</a> to study anatomy. In 1656, he was made a reader at Bologna, and then a professor of physics at Pisa, where he began to abandon the disputative method of learning and apply himself to a more experimental method of research. Based on this research, he wrote some <i>Dialogues against the <a href="/wiki/Peripatetics" class="mw-redirect" title="Peripatetics">Peripatetics</a> and Galenists</i> (those who followed the precepts of <a href="/wiki/Galen" title="Galen">Galen</a> and were spearheaded at the University Bologna by fellow physician but inveterate foe <a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Girolamo_Sbaraglia" title="Giovanni Girolamo Sbaraglia">Giovanni Girolamo Sbaraglia</a>), which were destroyed when his house burned down. Weary of philosophical disputation, in 1660, Malpighi returned to Bologna and dedicated himself to the study of anatomy. He subsequently discovered a new structure of the lungs which led him to several disputes with the learned medical men of the times. In 1662, he was made a professor of physics at the Academy of Messina. </p><p>Retiring from university life to his villa in the country near Bologna in 1663, he worked as a physician while continuing to conduct experiments on the plants and insects he found on his estate. There he made discoveries of the structure of plants which he published in his <i>Observations</i>. At the end of 1666, Malpighi was invited to return to the public academy at Messina, which he did in 1667. Although he accepted temporary chairs at the universities of <a href="/wiki/University_of_Pisa" title="University of Pisa">Pisa</a> and <a href="/wiki/University_of_Messina" title="University of Messina">Messina</a>, throughout his life he continuously returned to Bologna to practice medicine, a city that repaid him by erecting a monument in his memory after his death.<sup id="cite_ref-pinto_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pinto-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As a physician, Malpighi's medical consultations with his patients, which were mostly those belonging to social elite classes, proved useful in better understanding the links between the human anatomy, disease pathology, and treatments for said diseases.<sup id="cite_ref-:5_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Furthermore, Malpighi conducted his consultations not only by bedside, but also by post, using letters to request and conduct them for various patients.<sup id="cite_ref-:5_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These letters served as social connections for the medical practices he performed, allowing his ideas to reach the public even in the face of criticism.<sup id="cite_ref-:5_11-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These connections that Malpighi created in his practice became even more widespread due to the fact that he practised in various countries. However, long distances complicated consults for some of his patients.<sup id="cite_ref-:5_11-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The manner in which Malpighi practised medicine also reveals that it was customary in his time for Italian patients to have multiple attending physicians as well as consulting physicians.<sup id="cite_ref-:5_11-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One of Malpighi's principles of medical practice was that he did not rely on anecdotes or experiences concerning remedies for various illnesses. Rather, he used his knowledge of human anatomy and disease pathology to practice what he denoted as "rational" medicine ("rational" medicine was in contrast to "empirics").<sup id="cite_ref-:5_11-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Malpighi did not abandon traditional substances or treatments, but he did not employ their use simply based on past experiences that did not draw from the nature of the underlying anatomy and disease process.<sup id="cite_ref-:5_11-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Specifically in his treatments, Malpighi's goal was to reset fluid imbalances by coaxing the body to correct them on its own. For example, fluid imbalances should be fixed over time by urination and not by artificial methods such as purgatives and vesicants.<sup id="cite_ref-:5_11-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In addition to Malpighi's "rational" approaches, he also believed in so-called "miraculous," or "supernatural" healing. For this to occur, though, he argued that the body could not have attempted to expel any malignant matter, such as vomit. Cases in which this did occur, when healing could not be considered miraculous, were known as "crises."<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1668, Malpighi received a letter from Mr. Oldenburg of the Royal Society in London, inviting him to correspond. Malpighi wrote his history of the <a href="/wiki/Silkworm" class="mw-redirect" title="Silkworm">silkworm</a> in 1668, and sent the manuscript to Mr. Oldenburg. As a result, Malpighi was made a member of the Royal Society in 1669. In 1671, Malpighi's <i>Anatomy of Plants</i> was published in London by the Royal Society, and he simultaneously wrote to Mr. Oldenburg, telling him of his recent discoveries regarding the <a href="/wiki/Lungs" class="mw-redirect" title="Lungs">lungs</a>, fibres of the <a href="/wiki/Spleen" title="Spleen">spleen</a> and <a href="/wiki/Testicles" class="mw-redirect" title="Testicles">testicles</a>, and several other discoveries involving the <a href="/wiki/Brain" title="Brain">brain</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sensory_organs" class="mw-redirect" title="Sensory organs">sensory organs</a>. He also shared more information regarding his research on plants. At that time, he related his disputes with some younger physicians who were strenuous supporters of the Galenic principles and opposed all new discoveries. Following many other discoveries and publications, in 1691, Malpighi was invited to <a href="/wiki/Rome" title="Rome">Rome</a> by <a href="/wiki/Pope_Innocent_XII" title="Pope Innocent XII">Pope Innocent XII</a> to become a papal physician and professor of medicine at the Papal Medical School. He remained in Rome until his death. </p><p>Marcello Malpighi is buried in the church of <a href="/wiki/Santi_Gregorio_e_Siro" title="Santi Gregorio e Siro">Santi Gregorio e Siro</a>, in <a href="/wiki/Bologna" title="Bologna">Bologna</a>, where nowadays can be seen a marble monument to the scientist with an inscription in Latin remembering – among other things – his "SUMMUM INGENIUM / INTEGERRIMAM VITAM / FORTEM STRENUAMQUE MENTEM / AUDACEM SALUTARIS ARTIS AMOREM" (great genius, honest life, strong and tough mind, daring love for the medical art). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Research">Research</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Marcello_Malpighi&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Research"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_microscope_technology" title="Timeline of microscope technology">Timeline of microscope technology</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Marcello_Malpighi._Oil_painting._Wellcome_V0017987.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Marcello_Malpighi._Oil_painting._Wellcome_V0017987.jpg/220px-Marcello_Malpighi._Oil_painting._Wellcome_V0017987.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="285" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Marcello_Malpighi._Oil_painting._Wellcome_V0017987.jpg/330px-Marcello_Malpighi._Oil_painting._Wellcome_V0017987.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Marcello_Malpighi._Oil_painting._Wellcome_V0017987.jpg/440px-Marcello_Malpighi._Oil_painting._Wellcome_V0017987.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2326" data-file-height="3012" /></a><figcaption>Portrait of Marcello Malpighi</figcaption></figure> <p>Around the age of 38, and with a remarkable academic career behind him, Malpighi decided to dedicate his free time to anatomical studies.<sup id="cite_ref-pinto_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pinto-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although he conducted some of his studies using vivisection and others through the dissection of corpses, his most illustrative efforts appear to have been based on the use of the microscope. Because of this work, many microscopic anatomical structures are named after Malpighi, including a skin layer (Malpighi layer) and two different Malpighian corpuscles in the kidneys and the spleen, as well as the <a href="/wiki/Malpighian_tubules" class="mw-redirect" title="Malpighian tubules">Malpighian tubules</a> in the excretory system of insects. </p><p>Although a Dutch spectacle maker created the compound lens and inserted it in a microscope around the turn of the 17th century, and <a href="/wiki/Galileo" class="mw-redirect" title="Galileo">Galileo</a> had applied the principle of the compound lens to the making of his microscope patented in 1609, its possibilities as a microscope had remained unexploited for half a century, until <a href="/wiki/Robert_Hooke" title="Robert Hooke">Robert Hooke</a> improved the instrument<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This is an often repeated claim; Swammerdam's and Malpighi's discoveries preceded Hooke's (April 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup>. Following this, Marcello Malpighi, Hooke, and two other early investigators associated with the Royal Society, <a href="/wiki/Nehemiah_Grew" title="Nehemiah Grew">Nehemiah Grew</a> and <a href="/wiki/Antoine_van_Leeuwenhoek" class="mw-redirect" title="Antoine van Leeuwenhoek">Antoine van Leeuwenhoek</a> were fortunate to have a virtually untried tool in their hands as they began their investigations.<sup id="cite_ref-BolamJeanne_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BolamJeanne-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1661, Malpighi observed capillary structures in frog lungs.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Malpighi's first attempt at examining circulation in the lungs was in September 1660, with the dissection of sheep and other mammals where he would inject black ink into the pulmonary artery.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Tracing the inks distribution through the artery to the veins in the animal's lungs however, the chosen sheep/mammal's large size was limiting for his observation of capillaries as they were too small for magnification.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Malpighi's frog dissection in 1661, proved to be a suitable size that could be magnified to display the capillary network not seen in the larger animals.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In discovering and observing the capillaries in the frog's lungs, Malpighi studied the movement of the blood in a contained system.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This contrasted the previous view of an open circulatory system in which blood would come from the liver/spleen and pool into open spaces in the body.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_15-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This discovery of capillaries also contributed to <a href="/wiki/William_Harvey" title="William Harvey">William Harvey</a>'s theory of blood circulation, with capillaries acting as the connection from veins to arteries and confirming a closed system of circulation in animals.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Furthering his analysis of the lungs, Malpighi identified the airways branched into thin membraned spherical cavities which he likened to honeycomb holes surrounded by capillary vessels, in his 1661 work "De pulmonibus observationes anatomicae".<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These lung structures now known as alveoli he used to describe the air pathway as continuous inhalation and exhalation with the alveoli at the ends of the pathway acting as a "imperfect sponge" for the air to enter the body.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_16-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Extrapolating to humans, he offered an explanation for how air and blood mix in the lungs.<sup id="cite_ref-BolamJeanne_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BolamJeanne-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Malpighi also used the microscope for his studies of the skin, kidneys, and liver. For example, after he dissected a black male, Malpighi made some groundbreaking headway into the discovery of the origin of black skin. He found that the black pigment was associated with a layer of mucus just beneath the skin.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title=" (January 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>In the years 1663–1667, at the University of Messina where his research focus was on studying the human nervous system where he identified and described nerve endings in the body, structure of the brain, and optic nerve.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> All of his work in 1665 surrounding the nervous system he published in 3 separate works published in the same year titled, De Lingua about taste and the tongue, De Cerebro about the brain and De Externo Tactus Organo about feeling/touch sensation.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_17-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In regards to his work on the tongue he discovered small muscle bumps, taste buds, which he called "papillae" and when examining them he described a linked connection to nerve endings that gave the taste sensation when eating.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Furthermore, in 1686 through studying a bovine tongue Malpighi dividing the tongue papillae into separate "patches" on the tongues length.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When studying the brain, he was one of the first to try to map the grey and white tissue and hypothesized a connection between the brain and spinal cord through nerve endings.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Malpighi's work on plant anatomy was inspired in Messina when visiting his patron Visconte Ruffo's garden where a chestnut tree's split branch had a structure that intrigued him, this structure in modern literature being <a href="/wiki/Xylem" title="Xylem">xylem</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_16-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He examined the structure in different plants and noted the arrangement of xylem was in either a ring shape or in scattered groupings in the stem.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_16-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This distinction was later used by biologists to separate the two major families of plants.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_16-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A talented sketch artist, Malpighi seems to have been the first author to have made detailed drawings of individual organs of flowers. In his <i>Anatome plantarum</i> is a longitudinal section of a flower of <i>Nigella</i> (his Melanthi, literally honey-flower) with details of the nectariferous organs. He adds that it is strange that nature has produced on the leaves of the flower shell-like organs in which honey is produced.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Malpighi had success in tracing the <a href="/wiki/Ontogeny" title="Ontogeny">ontogeny</a> of plant organs, and the serial development of the shoot owing to his instinct shaped in the sphere of animal embryology. He specialized in seedling development, and in 1679, he published a volume containing a series of exquisitely drawn and engraved images of the stages of development of <a href="/wiki/Leguminosae" class="mw-redirect" title="Leguminosae">Leguminosae</a> (beans) and <a href="/wiki/Cucurbitaceae" title="Cucurbitaceae">Cucurbitaceae</a> (squash, melons). Later, he published material depicting the development of the date palm. The great Swedish botanist <a href="/wiki/Carl_Linnaeus" title="Carl Linnaeus">Linnaeus</a> named the genus <i><a href="/wiki/Malpighia" title="Malpighia">Malpighia</a></i> in honour of Malpighi's work with plants; <i>Malpighia</i> is the type genus for the <a href="/wiki/Malpighiaceae" title="Malpighiaceae">Malpighiaceae</a>, a family of tropical and subtropical flowering plants. </p><p>Because Malpighi was concerned with <a href="/wiki/Teratology" title="Teratology">teratology</a> (the scientific study of the visible conditions caused by the interruption or alteration of normal development) he expressed grave misgivings about the view of his contemporaries that the galls of trees and herbs gave birth to insects. He conjectured (correctly) that the creatures in question arose from eggs previously laid in the plant tissue.<sup id="cite_ref-ArberAgnes_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ArberAgnes-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Malpighi's investigations of the lifecycle of plants and animals led him to the topic of reproduction. He created detailed drawings of his studies of chick embryo development, starting from 2–3 days after fertilization with these drawings of embryos having a focus on the developmental timing of the limbs and organs.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Additionally, seed development in plants (such as the lemon tree), and the transformation of caterpillars into insects. Malpighi also postulated about the embryotic growth of humans, written in a letter to Girolamo Correr, a patron of scientists, Malphighi suggested that all the components of the circulatory system would have been developed at the same time in <a href="/wiki/Embryo" title="Embryo">embryo</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His discoveries helped to illuminate philosophical arguments surrounding the topics of <i>emboîtment</i>, pre-existence, preformation, epigenesis, and metamorphosis.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Years_in_Rome">Years in Rome</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Marcello_Malpighi&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Years in Rome"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bologna,_Marcello_Malpighi%27s_tomb.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Bologna%2C_Marcello_Malpighi%27s_tomb.JPG/220px-Bologna%2C_Marcello_Malpighi%27s_tomb.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Bologna%2C_Marcello_Malpighi%27s_tomb.JPG/330px-Bologna%2C_Marcello_Malpighi%27s_tomb.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Bologna%2C_Marcello_Malpighi%27s_tomb.JPG/440px-Bologna%2C_Marcello_Malpighi%27s_tomb.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1704" data-file-height="2272" /></a><figcaption>Malpighi's tomb in Bologna</figcaption></figure> <p>In 1691 <a href="/wiki/Pope_Innocent_XII" title="Pope Innocent XII">Pope Innocent XII</a> invited him to <a href="/wiki/Rome" title="Rome">Rome</a> as papal physician. He taught medicine in the Papal Medical School and wrote a long treatise about his studies which he donated to the Royal Society of London. </p><p>Marcello Malpighi died of <a href="/wiki/Apoplexy" title="Apoplexy">apoplexy</a> (an old-fashioned term for a stroke or stroke-like symptoms) in <a href="/wiki/Rome" title="Rome">Rome</a> on 30 November 1694, at the age of 66.<sup id="cite_ref-EB1911_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EB1911-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In accordance with his wishes, an autopsy was performed. The Royal Society published his studies in 1696. Asteroid 11121 Malpighi is named in his honour. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Some_of_Malpighi's_important_works"><span id="Some_of_Malpighi.27s_important_works"></span>Some of Malpighi's important works</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Marcello_Malpighi&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Some of Malpighi's important works"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Frontespizio_Marcelli_malpighi_Opera_omnia_Londinii_1696-2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Frontespizio_Marcelli_malpighi_Opera_omnia_Londinii_1696-2.jpg/220px-Frontespizio_Marcelli_malpighi_Opera_omnia_Londinii_1696-2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="391" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Frontespizio_Marcelli_malpighi_Opera_omnia_Londinii_1696-2.jpg/330px-Frontespizio_Marcelli_malpighi_Opera_omnia_Londinii_1696-2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Frontespizio_Marcelli_malpighi_Opera_omnia_Londinii_1696-2.jpg/440px-Frontespizio_Marcelli_malpighi_Opera_omnia_Londinii_1696-2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3159" data-file-height="5609" /></a><figcaption><i>Opera Omnia (Complete Works)</i>, London 1686</figcaption></figure> <ul><li><i>Anatome Plantarum</i>, two volumes published in 1675 and 1679, an exhaustive study of botany published by the Royal Society</li> <li><i>De viscerum structura exercitatio</i></li> <li><i>De pulmonis epistolae</i></li> <li><i>De polypo cordis</i>, 1666</li> <li><i>Dissertatio epistolica de formatione pulli in ovo</i>, 1673</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Marcello_Malpighi&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Malpighi's <i>De polypo cordis dissertatio</i> (Treatise on cardiac polyp) was included as a chapter of his <i>De viscerum structura exercitatio anatomica</i> (Essay on the anatomical structure of the viscera, 1666). <ul><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFMalpighi1666" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Malpighi, Marcello (1666). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_YDzXchsvtfkC/page/n157/mode/2up"><i>De Viscerum Structura Exercitatio Anatomica</i></a> [<i>Essay on the anatomical structure of the viscera</i>] (in Latin). Bologna, (Italy): Giacomo Monti. pp. 151–172.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=De+Viscerum+Structura+Exercitatio+Anatomica&rft.place=Bologna%2C+%28Italy%29&rft.pages=151-172&rft.pub=Giacomo+Monti&rft.date=1666&rft.aulast=Malpighi&rft.aufirst=Marcello&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbub_gb_YDzXchsvtfkC%2Fpage%2Fn157%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarcello+Malpighi" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>English translation: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFForrester1995" class="citation journal cs1">Forrester, John M. (October 1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1037031">"Malpighi's <i>De polypo cordis</i>: an annotated translation"</a>. <i>Medical History</i>. <b>39</b> (4): 477–492. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2Fs0025727300060385">10.1017/s0025727300060385</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1037031">1037031</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8558994">8558994</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Medical+History&rft.atitle=Malpighi%27s+De+polypo+cordis%3A+an+annotated+translation&rft.volume=39&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=477-492&rft.date=1995-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC1037031%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F8558994&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2Fs0025727300060385&rft.aulast=Forrester&rft.aufirst=John+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC1037031&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarcello+Malpighi" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </span></li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLorraine_Daston2011" class="citation book cs1">Lorraine Daston (2011). <i>Histories of Scientific Observation</i>. Chicago, USA: University of Chicago Press. p. 440. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0226136783" title="Special:BookSources/978-0226136783"><bdi>978-0226136783</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Histories+of+Scientific+Observation&rft.place=Chicago%2C+USA&rft.pages=440&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0226136783&rft.au=Lorraine+Daston&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarcello+Malpighi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBenjamin_A._Rifkin_and_Michael_J._Ackerman2011" class="citation book cs1">Benjamin A. Rifkin and Michael J. Ackerman (2011). <i>Human Anatomy: A Visual History from the Renaissance to the Digital Age</i>. NY, USA: Abrams Books. p. 343. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0810997981" title="Special:BookSources/978-0810997981"><bdi>978-0810997981</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Human+Anatomy%3A+A+Visual+History+from+the+Renaissance+to+the+Digital+Age&rft.place=NY%2C+USA&rft.pages=343&rft.pub=Abrams+Books&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0810997981&rft.au=Benjamin+A.+Rifkin+and+Michael+J.+Ackerman&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarcello+Malpighi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGarabed_Eknoyan,_Natale_Gaspare_De_Santo1997" class="citation book cs1">Garabed Eknoyan, Natale Gaspare De Santo (1997). <i>History of Nephrology 2: Reports from the First Congress on the International Association for the History of Nephrology, Kos, October 1996</i>. Basel, Sewitzerland: S. 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"Nehemiah Grew (1641–1712) and Marcello Malpighi (1628–1694): an essay in comparison". <i>Isis</i>. <b>34</b> (1): 7–16. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2F347742">10.1086/347742</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/225992">225992</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:143008947">143008947</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Isis&rft.atitle=Nehemiah+Grew+%281641%E2%80%931712%29+and+Marcello+Malpighi+%281628%E2%80%931694%29%3A+an+essay+in+comparison&rft.volume=34&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=7-16&rft.date=1942&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A143008947%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F225992%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1086%2F347742&rft.au=Arber%2C+Agnes&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarcello+Malpighi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDomenico_Bertoloni_Meli2011" class="citation book cs1">Domenico Bertoloni Meli (2011). <i>Mechanism, Experiment, Disease: Marcello Malpighi and Seventeenth-Century Anatomy</i>. Baltimore, USA: Johns Hopkins University Press. p. 456. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0801899041" title="Special:BookSources/978-0801899041"><bdi>978-0801899041</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mechanism%2C+Experiment%2C+Disease%3A+Marcello+Malpighi+and+Seventeenth-Century+Anatomy&rft.place=Baltimore%2C+USA&rft.pages=456&rft.pub=Johns+Hopkins+University+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0801899041&rft.au=Domenico+Bertoloni+Meli&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarcello+Malpighi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-EB1911-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-EB1911_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EB1911_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChisholm1911" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Hugh_Chisholm" title="Hugh Chisholm">Chisholm, Hugh</a>, ed. (1911). <span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Malpighi, Marcello"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Malpighi,_Marcello">"Malpighi, Marcello" </a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>. Vol. 17 (11th ed.). 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title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Bulletin+of+the+History+of+Medicine&rft.atitle=A+Physician+and+a+Man+of+Science%3A+Patients%2C+Physicians%2C+and+Diseases+in+Marcello+Malpighi%27s+Medical+Practice&rft.volume=85&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=193-221&rft.date=2011&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A11462101%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1353%2Fbhm.2011.0048&rft.issn=0007-5140&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F44451983%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F21804183&rft.aulast=BRESADOLA&rft.aufirst=MARCO&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F44451983&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarcello+Malpighi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite 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(identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:161081155">161081155</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Renaissance+Studies&rft.atitle=Malpighi+and+the+holy+body%3A+medical+experts+and+miraculous+evidence+in+seventeenth-century+Italy&rft.volume=21&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=568-586&rft.date=2007&rft.issn=0269-1213&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A161081155%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F24416940%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1477-4658.2007.00463.x&rft.aulast=Pomata&rft.aufirst=Gianna&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F24416940&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarcello+Malpighi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-BolamJeanne-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-BolamJeanne_13-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a 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"Preformation and pre-existence in the seventeenth century: a brief analysis". <i>The History of Biology</i>. <b>4</b> (2): 221–244. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2FBF00138311">10.1007/BF00138311</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11609422">11609422</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:37862050">37862050</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+History+of+Biology&rft.atitle=Preformation+and+pre-existence+in+the+seventeenth+century%3A+a+brief+analysis&rft.volume=4&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=221-244&rft.date=1971&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A37862050%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F11609422&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2FBF00138311&rft.au=Bowler%2C+Peter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarcello+Malpighi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Marcello_Malpighi&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li>Adelmann, Howard (1966) <i>Marcello Malpighi and the Evolution of Embryology</i> 5 vol., Cornell University Press, Ithaca, N.Y. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/306783">306783</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMalpighi1685" class="citation book cs1">Malpighi, Marcello (1685). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=KTNoqkVZ9ukC"><i>De Externo Tactus Organo Anatomica Observatio</i></a>. Naples: Aegidium Longum.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=De+Externo+Tactus+Organo+Anatomica+Observatio&rft.place=Naples&rft.pub=Aegidium+Longum&rft.date=1685&rft.aulast=Malpighi&rft.aufirst=Marcello&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DKTNoqkVZ9ukC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarcello+Malpighi" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMalpighi1675" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Malpighi, Marcello (1675). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/marcellimalpigh00malpgoog"><i>Anatome plantarum: Cui subjungitur appendix, iteratas & auctas ejusdem authoris de ovo incubato observationes continens</i></a> (in Latin). London: Johannis Martyn<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 December</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Anatome+plantarum%3A+Cui+subjungitur+appendix%2C+iteratas+%26+auctas+ejusdem+authoris+de+ovo+incubato+observationes+continens&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Johannis+Martyn&rft.date=1675&rft.aulast=Malpighi&rft.aufirst=Marcello&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmarcellimalpigh00malpgoog&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarcello+Malpighi" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMalpighi1679" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Malpighi, Marcello (1679). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=nSEOAAAAQAAJ"><i>Anatome plantarum: Pars altera</i></a> (in Latin). London: Johannis Martyn<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 December</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Anatome+plantarum%3A+Pars+altera&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Johannis+Martyn&rft.date=1679&rft.aulast=Malpighi&rft.aufirst=Marcello&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DnSEOAAAAQAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarcello+Malpighi" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMalpighi2008" class="citation book cs1">Malpighi, Marcello (2008). Redfern, Margaret; Cameron, Alexander J.; Down, Kevin (eds.). <i>De Gallis – On Galls</i>. <a href="/wiki/Ray_Society" title="Ray Society">Ray Society</a>. Vol. 170. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780903874410" title="Special:BookSources/9780903874410"><bdi>9780903874410</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=De+Gallis+%E2%80%93+On+Galls&rft.series=Ray+Society&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=9780903874410&rft.aulast=Malpighi&rft.aufirst=Marcello&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarcello+Malpighi" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Marcello_Malpighi&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Marcello_Malpighi" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Marcello Malpighi">Marcello Malpighi</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://himetop.wikidot.com/marcello-malpighi">Some places and memories related to Marcello Malpighi</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHerbermann1913" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Herbermann, Charles, ed. (1913). <span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/Marcello Malpighi"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Catholic_Encyclopedia_(1913)/Marcello_Malpighi">"Marcello Malpighi" </a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Encyclopedia" title="Catholic Encyclopedia">Catholic Encyclopedia</a></i>. New York: Robert Appleton Company.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Marcello+Malpighi&rft.btitle=Catholic+Encyclopedia&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Robert+Appleton+Company&rft.date=1913&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarcello+Malpighi" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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history"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Natural_history" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Natural_history" title="Natural history">Natural history</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Pioneering<br />naturalists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Classical_antiquity" title="Classical antiquity">Classical<br />antiquity</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aristotle" title="Aristotle">Aristotle</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/History_of_Animals" title="History of Animals">History of Animals</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theophrastus" title="Theophrastus">Theophrastus</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/Historia_Plantarum_(Theophrastus_book)" class="mw-redirect" title="Historia Plantarum (Theophrastus book)">Historia Plantarum</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claudius_Aelianus" title="Claudius Aelianus">Aelian</a> (<i>De Natura Animalium</i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pliny_the_Elder" title="Pliny the Elder">Pliny the Elder</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/Natural_History_(Pliny)" title="Natural History (Pliny)">Natural History</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pedanius_Dioscorides" title="Pedanius Dioscorides">Dioscorides</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/De_Materia_Medica" class="mw-redirect" title="De Materia Medica">De Materia Medica</a></i>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Renaissance" title="Renaissance">Renaissance</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ulisse_Aldrovandi" title="Ulisse Aldrovandi">Ulisse Aldrovandi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaspard_Bauhin" title="Gaspard Bauhin">Gaspard Bauhin</a> (<i>Pinax theatri botanici</i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otto_Brunfels" title="Otto Brunfels">Otto Brunfels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hieronymus_Bock" title="Hieronymus Bock">Hieronymus Bock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrea_Cesalpino" title="Andrea Cesalpino">Andrea Cesalpino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valerius_Cordus" title="Valerius Cordus">Valerius Cordus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leonhart_Fuchs" title="Leonhart Fuchs">Leonhart Fuchs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conrad_Gessner" title="Conrad Gessner">Conrad Gessner</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/Historia_animalium_(Gessner_book)" title="Historia animalium (Gessner book)">Historia animalium</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederik_Ruysch" title="Frederik Ruysch">Frederik Ruysch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Turner_(naturalist)" title="William Turner (naturalist)">William Turner</a> (<i>Avium Praecipuarum</i>, <i>New Herball</i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Gerard" title="John Gerard">John Gerard</a> (<i>Herball, or Generall Historie of Plantes</i>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Age_of_Enlightenment" title="Age of Enlightenment">Enlightenment</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Hooke" title="Robert Hooke">Robert Hooke</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/Micrographia" title="Micrographia">Micrographia</a></i>)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Marcello Malpighi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonie_van_Leeuwenhoek" title="Antonie van Leeuwenhoek">Antonie van Leeuwenhoek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Derham" title="William Derham">William Derham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans_Sloane" title="Hans Sloane">Hans Sloane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jan_Swammerdam" title="Jan Swammerdam">Jan Swammerdam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regnier_de_Graaf" title="Regnier de Graaf">Regnier de Graaf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Linnaeus" title="Carl Linnaeus">Carl Linnaeus</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/Systema_Naturae" title="Systema Naturae">Systema Naturae</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georg_Wilhelm_Steller" title="Georg Wilhelm Steller">Georg Steller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Banks" title="Joseph Banks">Joseph Banks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johan_Christian_Fabricius" title="Johan Christian Fabricius">Johan Christian Fabricius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Hutton" title="James Hutton">James Hutton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Ray" title="John Ray">John Ray</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/Historia_Plantarum_(Ray_book)" title="Historia Plantarum (Ray book)">Historia Plantarum</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georges-Louis_Leclerc,_Comte_de_Buffon" title="Georges-Louis Leclerc, Comte de Buffon">Comte de Buffon</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/Histoire_Naturelle" title="Histoire Naturelle">Histoire Naturelle</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernard_Germain_de_Lac%C3%A9p%C3%A8de" title="Bernard Germain de Lacépède">Bernard Germain de Lacépède</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gilbert_White" title="Gilbert White">Gilbert White</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/The_Natural_History_and_Antiquities_of_Selborne" title="The Natural History and Antiquities of Selborne">The Natural History of Selborne</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Bewick" title="Thomas Bewick">Thomas Bewick</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/A_History_of_British_Birds" title="A History of British Birds">A History of British Birds</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Baptiste_Lamarck" title="Jean-Baptiste Lamarck">Jean-Baptiste Lamarck</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/Philosophie_zoologique" title="Philosophie zoologique">Philosophie zoologique</a></i>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">19th century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/George_Montagu_(naturalist)" title="George Montagu (naturalist)">George Montagu</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/Ornithological_Dictionary" title="Ornithological Dictionary">Ornithological Dictionary</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georges_Cuvier" title="Georges Cuvier">Georges Cuvier</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/Le_R%C3%A8gne_Animal" title="Le Règne Animal">Le Règne Animal</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Smith_(geologist)" title="William Smith (geologist)">William Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Darwin" title="Charles Darwin">Charles Darwin</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/On_the_Origin_of_Species" title="On the Origin of Species">On the Origin of Species</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Russel_Wallace" title="Alfred Russel Wallace">Alfred Russel Wallace</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/The_Malay_Archipelago" title="The Malay Archipelago">The Malay Archipelago</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Walter_Bates" title="Henry Walter Bates">Henry Walter Bates</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/The_Naturalist_on_the_River_Amazons" title="The Naturalist on the River Amazons">The Naturalist on the River Amazons</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_von_Humboldt" title="Alexander von Humboldt">Alexander von Humboldt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_James_Audubon" title="John James Audubon">John James Audubon</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/The_Birds_of_America" title="The Birds of America">The Birds of America</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Buckland" title="William Buckland">William Buckland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Lyell" title="Charles Lyell">Charles Lyell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Anning" title="Mary Anning">Mary Anning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Henri_Fabre" title="Jean-Henri Fabre">Jean-Henri Fabre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Agassiz" title="Louis Agassiz">Louis Agassiz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_Henry_Gosse" title="Philip Henry Gosse">Philip Henry Gosse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asa_Gray" title="Asa Gray">Asa Gray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Jackson_Hooker" title="William Jackson Hooker">William Jackson Hooker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Dalton_Hooker" title="Joseph Dalton Hooker">Joseph Dalton Hooker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sir_William_Jardine,_7th_Baronet" title="Sir William Jardine, 7th Baronet">William Jardine</a> (<i>The Naturalist's Library</i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernst_Haeckel" title="Ernst Haeckel">Ernst Haeckel</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/Kunstformen_der_Natur" title="Kunstformen der Natur">Kunstformen der Natur</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Lydekker" title="Richard Lydekker">Richard Lydekker</a> (<i>The Royal Natural History</i>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">20th century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Martinus_Beijerinck" title="Martinus Beijerinck">Martinus Beijerinck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abbott_Handerson_Thayer" title="Abbott Handerson Thayer">Abbott Thayer</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/Concealing-Coloration_in_the_Animal_Kingdom" title="Concealing-Coloration in the Animal Kingdom">Concealing-Coloration in the Animal Kingdom</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugh_B._Cott" title="Hugh B. Cott">Hugh B. Cott</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/Adaptive_Coloration_in_Animals" title="Adaptive Coloration in Animals">Adaptive Coloration in Animals</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikolaas_Tinbergen" title="Nikolaas Tinbergen">Niko Tinbergen</a> (<i>The Study of Instinct</i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Konrad_Lorenz" title="Konrad Lorenz">Konrad Lorenz</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/On_Aggression" title="On Aggression">On Aggression</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_von_Frisch" title="Karl von Frisch">Karl von Frisch</a> (<i>The Dancing Bees</i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ronald_Lockley" title="Ronald Lockley">Ronald Lockley</a> (<i>Shearwaters</i>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="2" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Naturalist_on_the_River_Amazons_figure_17.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Sceliphron wasp building nest"><img alt="Sceliphron wasp building nest" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Naturalist_on_the_River_Amazons_figure_17.png/85px-Naturalist_on_the_River_Amazons_figure_17.png" decoding="async" width="85" height="123" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Naturalist_on_the_River_Amazons_figure_17.png/128px-Naturalist_on_the_River_Amazons_figure_17.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Naturalist_on_the_River_Amazons_figure_17.png/170px-Naturalist_on_the_River_Amazons_figure_17.png 2x" data-file-width="887" data-file-height="1280" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Natural_history_museum" title="Natural history museum">Natural history museums</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_natural_history_museums" title="List of natural history museums">List</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parson-naturalist" title="Parson-naturalist">Parson-naturalists</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_parson-naturalists" title="List of parson-naturalists">List</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Natural_history_societies" title="Category:Natural history societies">Natural History Societies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_natural_history_dealers" title="List of natural history dealers">List of natural history dealers</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="History_of_biology_(timeline)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:History_of_biology" title="Template:History of biology"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:History_of_biology" title="Template talk:History of biology"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:History_of_biology" title="Special:EditPage/Template:History of biology"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="History_of_biology_(timeline)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/History_of_biology" title="History of biology">History of biology</a> (<a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_biology_and_organic_chemistry" title="Timeline of biology and organic chemistry">timeline</a>)</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Fields,<br />disciplines</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_agricultural_science" title="History of agricultural science">Agricultural science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_anatomy" title="History of anatomy">Anatomy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_biochemistry" title="History of biochemistry">Biochemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_biotechnology" title="History of biotechnology">Biotechnology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_botany" title="History of botany">Botany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_ecology" title="History of ecology">Ecology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_evolutionary_thought" title="History of evolutionary thought">Evolutionary thought</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_genetics" title="History of genetics">Genetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_geology" title="History of geology">Geology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_immunology" title="Timeline of immunology">Immunology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_medicine" title="History of medicine">Medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_model_organisms" title="History of model organisms">Model organisms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_molecular_biology" title="History of molecular biology">Molecular biology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_molecular_evolution" title="History of molecular evolution">Molecular evolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_paleontology" title="History of paleontology">Paleontology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_phycology" title="History of phycology">Phycology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_plant_systematics" title="History of plant systematics">Plant systematics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_RNA_biology" title="History of RNA biology">RNA biology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_zoology_through_1859" title="History of zoology through 1859">Zoology (through 1859)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_zoology_since_1859" class="mw-redirect" title="History of zoology since 1859">Zoology (since 1859)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Theories,<br />concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Germ_theory_of_disease" title="Germ theory of disease">Germ theory of disease</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_dogma_of_molecular_biology" title="Central dogma of molecular biology">Central dogma of molecular biology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Darwinism" title="Darwinism">Darwinism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_chain_of_being" title="Great chain of being">Great chain of being</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biological_organisation" title="Biological organisation">Hierarchy of life</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lamarckism" title="Lamarckism">Lamarckism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/One_gene%E2%80%93one_enzyme_hypothesis" title="One gene–one enzyme hypothesis">One gene–one enzyme hypothesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protocell" title="Protocell">Protocell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RNA_world" title="RNA world">RNA world</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sequence_hypothesis" title="Sequence hypothesis">Sequence hypothesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spontaneous_generation" title="Spontaneous generation">Spontaneous generation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_science" title="History of science">History of science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_biology" title="Philosophy of biology">Philosophy of biology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Teleology_in_biology" title="Teleology in biology">Teleology</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnobotany" title="Ethnobotany">Ethnobotany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eugenics" title="Eugenics">Eugenics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dysgenics" title="Dysgenics">Dysgenics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_creation%E2%80%93evolution_controversy" title="History of the creation–evolution controversy">History of the creation-evolution controversy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_Genome_Project" title="Human Genome Project">Human Genome Project</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humboldtian_science" title="Humboldtian science">Humboldtian science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_history" title="Natural history">Natural history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_philosophy" title="Natural philosophy">Natural philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_theology" title="Natural theology">Natural theology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Relationship_between_religion_and_science" title="Relationship between religion and science">Relationship between religion and science</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:History_of_biology" title="Category:History of biology">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q232583#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div 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style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/119403099">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n84802947">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12347995g">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12347995g">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00742598">Japan</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Malpighi, Marcello"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opac.sbn.it/nome/CFIV051069">Italy</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=nlk20000079351&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX1013364">Spain</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.bnportugal.gov.pt/aut/catbnp/1514869">Portugal</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p070719578">Netherlands</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://authority.bibsys.no/authority/rest/authorities/html/90865298">Norway</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://katalog.nsk.hr/F/?func=direct&doc_number=000710358&local_base=nsk10">Croatia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.nlg.gr/cgi-bin/koha/opac-authoritiesdetail.pl?authid=222860">Greece</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://libris.kb.se/75kmpk7r4c0g5sw">Sweden</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a class="external text" href="https://wikidata-externalid-url.toolforge.org/?p=8034&url_prefix=https://opac.vatlib.it/auth/detail/&id=495/14310">Vatican</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007271478205171">Israel</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cantic.bnc.cat/registre/981058512890406706">Catalonia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opac.kbr.be/LIBRARY/doc/AUTHORITY/16925511">Belgium</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Academics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ci.nii.ac.jp/author/DA00237713?l=en">CiNii</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.mathgenealogy.org/id.php?id=145290">Mathematics Genealogy Project</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://zbmath.org/authors/?q=ai:malpighi.marcello">zbMATH</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Artists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.uni-stuttgart.de/hi/gnt/dsi2/index.php?table_name=dsi&function=details&where_field=id&where_value=2194">Scientific illustrators</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="MALPIGHI, Marcello"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/marcello-malpighi_(Dizionario-Biografico)">Italian People</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/pnd119403099.html?language=en">Deutsche Biographie</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-digitale-bibliothek.de/person/gnd/119403099">DDB</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th 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