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id="toc-Rivalry_with_Louis_XI" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rivalry_with_Louis_XI"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2 Rivalry with Louis XI </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rivalry_with_Louis_XI-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ascension" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ascension"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3 Ascension </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ascension-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Duke_of_Burgundy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Duke_of_Burgundy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Duke of Burgundy </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Duke_of_Burgundy-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Duke of Burgundy subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Duke_of_Burgundy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-The_third_marriage" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_third_marriage"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 The third marriage </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_third_marriage-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Territorial_expansions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Territorial_expansions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2 Territorial expansions </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Territorial_expansions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Meeting_the_Emperor_in_Trier" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Meeting_the_Emperor_in_Trier"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.3 Meeting the Emperor in Trier </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Meeting_the_Emperor_in_Trier-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Policies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Policies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Policies </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Policies-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Policies subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Policies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Legislation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legislation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 Legislation </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Legislation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Religion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Religion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2 Religion </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Religion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Diplomacy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Diplomacy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3 Diplomacy </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Diplomacy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Italian_nations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Italian_nations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3.1 Italian nations </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Italian_nations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Arts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Arts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.4 Arts </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Arts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Military" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Military"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.5 Military </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Military-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Burgundian_Wars" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Burgundian_Wars"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Burgundian Wars </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Burgundian_Wars-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Burgundian Wars subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Burgundian_Wars-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-League_of_Constance" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#League_of_Constance"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1 League of Constance </div> </a> <ul id="toc-League_of_Constance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Siege_of_Neuss" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Siege_of_Neuss"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2 Siege of Neuss </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Siege_of_Neuss-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Battle_of_Grandson" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Battle_of_Grandson"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.3 Battle of Grandson </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Battle_of_Grandson-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Battle_of_Morat" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Battle_of_Morat"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.4 Battle of Morat </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Battle_of_Morat-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Death" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Death"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Death </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Death-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Death subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Death-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Battle_of_Nancy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Battle_of_Nancy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1 Battle of Nancy </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Battle_of_Nancy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Burial" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Burial"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.2 Burial </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Burial-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Aftermath" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Aftermath"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.3 Aftermath </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Aftermath-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Historiography_and_legacy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Historiography_and_legacy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Historiography and legacy </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Historiography_and_legacy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Notes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 Bibliography </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Bibliography subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Books" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Books"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.1 Books </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Books-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Articles" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Articles"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.2 Articles </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Articles-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Encyclopedias" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Encyclopedias"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.3 Encyclopedias </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Encyclopedias-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Charles the Bold</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 59 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-59" aria-hidden="true" > 59 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karel_die_Stoute" title="Karel die Stoute – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Karel die Stoute" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl_der_K%C3%BChne" title="Karl der Kühne – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Karl der Kühne" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Alemannisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%84_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AC%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A1" title="شارل الجريء – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="شارل الجريء" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carlos_el_Temerariu" title="Carlos el Temerariu – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Carlos el Temerariu" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C9%99sur_Karl" title="Cəsur Karl – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Cəsur Karl" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%86%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%84%D8%B2_%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AA%DB%8C%D9%86" title="چارلز مارتین – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="چارلز مارتین" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">تۆرکجه</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BB_%D0%A1%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8B" title="Карл Смелы – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Карл Смелы" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BB_%D0%94%D1%80%D1%8A%D0%B7%D0%BA%D0%B8" title="Шарл Дръзки – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Шарл Дръзки" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charlez_an_Her" title="Charlez an Her – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Charlez an Her" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carles_I_de_Borgonya" title="Carles I de Borgonya – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Carles I de Borgonya" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D3%91%D1%8E%D0%BB%D0%BB%D3%91_%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BB" title="Хӑюллӑ Карл – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Хӑюллӑ Карл" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target">Чӑвашла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karel_Sm%C4%9Bl%C3%BD" title="Karel Smělý – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Karel Smělý" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl_den_Dristige,_hertug_af_Burgund" title="Karl den Dristige, hertug af Burgund – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Karl den Dristige, hertug af Burgund" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl_der_K%C3%BChne" title="Karl der Kühne – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Karl der Kühne" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_S%C3%BCdi" title="Charles Südi – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Charles Südi" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9A%CE%AC%CF%81%CE%BF%CE%BB%CE%BF%CF%82_%CF%84%CE%B7%CF%82_%CE%92%CE%BF%CF%85%CF%81%CE%B3%CE%BF%CF%85%CE%BD%CE%B4%CE%AF%CE%B1%CF%82" title="Κάρολος της Βουργουνδίας – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Κάρολος της Βουργουνδίας" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carlos_el_Temerario" title="Carlos el Temerario – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Carlos el Temerario" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karlo_la_Brava" title="Karlo la Brava – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Karlo la Brava" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karlos_Izukaitza" title="Karlos Izukaitza – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Karlos Izukaitza" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%84_%DB%8C%DA%A9%D9%85%D8%8C_%D8%AF%D9%88%DA%A9_%D8%A8%D9%88%D8%B1%DA%AF%D9%88%D9%86%D8%AF%DB%8C" title="شارل یکم، دوک بورگوندی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="شارل یکم، دوک بورگوندی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_le_T%C3%A9m%C3%A9raire" title="Charles le Téméraire – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Charles le Téméraire" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carlos_o_Temerario" title="Carlos o Temerario – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Carlos o Temerario" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%83%A4%EB%A5%BC_1%EC%84%B8_%EB%93%9C_%EB%B6%80%EB%A5%B4%EA%B3%A0%EB%89%B4_%EA%B3%B5%EC%9E%91" title="샤를 1세 드 부르고뉴 공작 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="샤를 1세 드 부르고뉴 공작" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%87%D5%A1%D5%BC%D5%AC_%D4%BD%D5%AB%D5%A6%D5%A1%D5%AD" title="Շառլ Խիզախ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Շառլ Խիզախ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_la_Temerara" title="Charles la Temerara – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Charles la Temerara" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ido</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Martin" title="Charles Martin – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Charles Martin" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carolo_le_Temerari" title="Carolo le Temerari – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Carolo le Temerari" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingua</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl_djarfi" title="Karl djarfi – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Karl djarfi" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carlo_I_di_Borgogna" title="Carlo I di Borgogna – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Carlo I di Borgogna" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A9%D7%90%D7%A8%D7%9C_%D7%94%D7%A8%D7%90%D7%A9%D7%95%D7%9F,_%D7%93%D7%95%D7%9B%D7%A1_%D7%91%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%92%D7%95%D7%A0%D7%93%D7%99%D7%94" title="שארל הראשון, דוכס בורגונדיה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="שארל הראשון, דוכס בורגונדיה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A8%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9A_%E1%83%92%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9A%E1%83%90%E1%83%93%E1%83%98" title="შარლ გულადი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="შარლ გულადი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carolus_Temerarius" title="Carolus Temerarius – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Carolus Temerarius" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_I._vun_der_Bourgogne" title="Charles I. vun der Bourgogne – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Charles I. vun der Bourgogne" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lëtzebuergesch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karolis_Dr%C4%85susis" title="Karolis Drąsusis – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Karolis Drąsusis" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%A1roly_burgundi_herceg" title="Károly burgundi herceg – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Károly burgundi herceg" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%84_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%89_(%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AC%D8%B1%D9%89%D8%A1)" title="شارل التانى (الجرىء) – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="شارل التانى (الجرىء)" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karel_de_Stoute" title="Karel de Stoute – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Karel de Stoute" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%B7%E3%83%A3%E3%83%AB%E3%83%AB_(%E3%83%96%E3%83%AB%E3%82%B4%E3%83%BC%E3%83%8B%E3%83%A5%E5%85%AC)" title="シャルル (ブルゴーニュ公) – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="シャルル (ブルゴーニュ公)" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl_I_av_Burgund" title="Karl I av Burgund – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Karl I av Burgund" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl_I_av_Burgund" title="Karl I av Burgund – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Karl I av Burgund" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pcd mw-list-item"><a href="https://pcd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carle_ech_T%C3%A9m%C3%A9ro%C3%A9re" title="Carle ech Téméroére – Picard" lang="pcd" hreflang="pcd" data-title="Carle ech Téméroére" data-language-autonym="Picard" data-language-local-name="Picard" class="interlanguage-link-target">Picard</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karol_%C5%9Amia%C5%82y" title="Karol Śmiały – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Karol Śmiały" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carlos,_Duque_da_Borgonha" title="Carlos, Duque da Borgonha – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Carlos, Duque da Borgonha" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carol_Temerarul" title="Carol Temerarul – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Carol Temerarul" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BB_%D0%A1%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8B%D0%B9" title="Карл Смелый – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Карл Смелый" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karol_(Burgundsko)" title="Karol (Burgundsko) – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Karol (Burgundsko)" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karel_Drzni" title="Karel Drzni – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Karel Drzni" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BB%D0%BE_%D0%A1%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B8" title="Карло Смели – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Карло Смели" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Smjeli" title="Charles Smjeli – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Charles Smjeli" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaarle_Rohkea" title="Kaarle Rohkea – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Kaarle Rohkea" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl,_hertig_av_Burgund" title="Karl, hertig av Burgund – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Karl, hertig av Burgund" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%9C%E0%B8%B9%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%8D" title="ชาร์ลผู้อาจหาญ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ชาร์ลผู้อาจหาญ" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/I._Charles_(Burgonya_d%C3%BCk%C3%BC)" title="I. Charles (Burgonya dükü) – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="I. Charles (Burgonya dükü)" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BB_I_%D0%A1%D0%BC%D1%96%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Карл I Сміливий – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Карл I Сміливий" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_I_x%E1%BB%A9_Bourgogne" title="Charles I xứ Bourgogne – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Charles I xứ Bourgogne" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a 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of Burgundy">Charles, Duke of Burgundy</a>)</div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Duke of Burgundy from 1467 to 1477</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/Charles_the_Bald" title="Charles the Bald">Charles the Bald</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above fn" style="background-color: #cbe; color:inherit; font-size: 125%">Charles the Bold</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image photo"><a href="/wiki/File:Charles_the_Bold_1460.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Charles_the_Bold_1460.jpg/220px-Charles_the_Bold_1460.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="343" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Charles_the_Bold_1460.jpg/330px-Charles_the_Bold_1460.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Charles_the_Bold_1460.jpg/440px-Charles_the_Bold_1460.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2480" data-file-height="3865" /></a><div class="infobox-caption" style="line-height:normal;padding-bottom:0.2em;padding-top:0.2em;">Charles the Bold in about 1461-1462, wearing the collar of the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Golden_Fleece" title="Order of the Golden Fleece">Order of the Golden Fleece</a>, painted by <a href="/wiki/Rogier_van_der_Weyden" title="Rogier van der Weyden">Rogier van der Weyden</a></div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #e4dcf6;color:inherit;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Duke_of_Burgundy" title="Duke of Burgundy">Duke of Burgundy</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Reign</th><td class="infobox-data">15 June 1467 – 5 January 1477</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Predecessor</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Philip_the_Good" title="Philip the Good">Philip the Good</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Successor</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Mary_of_Burgundy" title="Mary of Burgundy">Mary the Rich</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #e4dcf6;color:inherit;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><div style="height: 4px; width:100%;"></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data">10 November 1433 <a href="/wiki/Dijon" title="Dijon">Dijon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Burgundy" title="Duchy of Burgundy">Burgundy</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">5 January 1477(1477-01-05) (aged 43) <a href="/wiki/Nancy,_France" title="Nancy, France">Nancy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Lorraine" title="Duchy of Lorraine">Lorraine</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Burial</th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="display:inline" class="label"><a href="/wiki/Church_of_Our_Lady,_Bruges" title="Church of Our Lady, Bruges">Church of Our Lady, Bruges</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Spouses</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1151524712">.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin2px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-2px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin3px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-3px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-display-ws{display:inline;white-space:nowrap}</style></li></ul> <div class="marriage-display-ws"><div style="display:inline-block;line-height:normal;margin-top:1px;white-space:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Catherine_of_Valois,_Countess_of_Charolais" class="mw-redirect" title="Catherine of Valois, Countess of Charolais">Catherine of France</a></div> <div class="marriage-line-margin2px"></div> <div style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:1px;"></div>(<abbr title="married">m.</abbr> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style>1440; <abbr title="died">d.</abbr> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319">1446)</div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1151524712"></li></ul> <div class="marriage-display-ws"><div style="display:inline-block;line-height:normal;margin-top:1px;white-space:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Isabella_of_Bourbon" title="Isabella of Bourbon">Isabella of Bourbon</a></div> <div class="marriage-line-margin2px"></div> <div style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:1px;"></div>(<abbr title="married">m.</abbr> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319">1454; <abbr title="died">d.</abbr> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319">1465)</div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1151524712"></li></ul> <div class="marriage-display-ws"><div style="display:inline-block;line-height:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Margaret_of_York" title="Margaret of York">Margaret of York</a></div> <div style="display:inline-block;"></div>(<abbr title="married">m.</abbr> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319">1468)</div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Issue_(genealogy)" title="Issue (genealogy)">Issue</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Mary_the_Rich" class="mw-redirect" title="Mary the Rich">Mary the Rich</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox" style="border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="text-align:left">Names</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data nickname" style="text-align:left; padding-left:0.7em;">Charles Martin</td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Dynasty" title="Dynasty">House</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/House_of_Valois-Burgundy" title="House of Valois-Burgundy">Valois-Burgundy</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Father</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Philip_the_Good" title="Philip the Good">Philip the Good</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Mother</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Isabella_of_Portugal_(1397%E2%80%931471)" class="mw-redirect" title="Isabella of Portugal (1397–1471)">Isabella of Portugal</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Religion</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholicism" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholicism">Roman Catholicism</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Signature</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/File:Signatur_Karl_der_K%C3%BChne.PNG" class="mw-file-description" title="Charles the Bold's signature"><img alt="Charles the Bold's signature" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Signatur_Karl_der_K%C3%BChne.PNG/125px-Signatur_Karl_der_K%C3%BChne.PNG" decoding="async" width="125" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Signatur_Karl_der_K%C3%BChne.PNG/188px-Signatur_Karl_der_K%C3%BChne.PNG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Signatur_Karl_der_K%C3%BChne.PNG/250px-Signatur_Karl_der_K%C3%BChne.PNG 2x" data-file-width="499" data-file-height="157" /></a></td></tr></tbody></table> Charles Martin (10 November 1433 – 5 January 1477), called the Bold,<a href="#cite_note-3">[a]</a> was the last <a href="/wiki/Duke_of_Burgundy" title="Duke of Burgundy">duke of Burgundy</a> from the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Valois-Burgundy" title="House of Valois-Burgundy">House of Valois-Burgundy</a>, ruling from 1467 to 1477. He was the only legitimate son of <a href="/wiki/Philip_the_Good" title="Philip the Good">Philip the Good</a> and his third wife, <a href="/wiki/Isabella_of_Portugal,_Duchess_of_Burgundy" title="Isabella of Portugal, Duchess of Burgundy">Isabella of Portugal</a>. As heir and as ruler, Charles vied for power and influence with rivals such as his overlord, <a href="/wiki/Louis_XI" title="Louis XI">King Louis XI</a> of <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a>. In 1465 Charles led a successful revolt of Louis's vassals in the <a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Public_Weal" title="War of the Public Weal">War of the Public Weal</a>. After becoming the Duke of Burgundy in 1467, Charles pursued his ambitions for a kingdom independent from France, stretching contiguously from the <a href="/wiki/North_Sea" title="North Sea">North Sea</a> in the north to the borders of <a href="/wiki/Savoy" title="Savoy">Savoy</a> in the south. For this purpose, he acquired <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Guelders" title="Duchy of Guelders">Guelders</a> and <a href="/wiki/Upper_Alsace" title="Upper Alsace">Upper Alsace</a>; sought the title <a href="/wiki/King_of_the_Romans" title="King of the Romans">King of the Romans</a>; and gradually became an enemy of the <a href="/wiki/Germans" title="Germans">Germans</a>. Charles married <a href="/wiki/Margaret_of_York" title="Margaret of York">Margaret of York</a> for an English alliance. He arranged the betrothal between his sole child, <a href="/wiki/Mary_of_Burgundy" title="Mary of Burgundy">Mary</a>, with <a href="/wiki/Maximilian_I,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Maximilian I, Holy Roman Emperor">Maximilian of Austria</a>. A passionate musician and patron of the arts, Charles supported the production of <a href="/wiki/Illuminated_manuscript" title="Illuminated manuscript">illuminated manuscripts</a> and music. His court was famously known as a centre of arts, chivalry and etiquette. He was obsessed with order and regulation and wrote many ordinances throughout his rule, dictating military matters, legislation, and diplomacy to the smallest detail. Charles was religious and his patron saint was <a href="/wiki/Saint_George" title="Saint George">Saint George</a>. He turned down multiple requests from the <a href="/wiki/Pope" title="Pope">pope</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Venice" title="Republic of Venice">Venetians</a> to undertake a crusade against the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Turks</a>. Towards the end of his life, Charles became engaged in a multi-national conflict called the <a href="/wiki/Burgundian_Wars" title="Burgundian Wars">Burgundian Wars</a> (1474–1477), where he fought to retain ownership of Upper Alsace against an alliance of Swiss, German, and Alsatian polities called the <a href="/wiki/Lower_League" title="Lower League">Lower League</a>. After his <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Neuss" title="Siege of Neuss">unsuccessful siege of Neuss</a>, he was defeated by the Swiss in the battles of <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Grandson" title="Battle of Grandson">Grandson</a> and <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Morat" title="Battle of Morat">Morat</a>. Charles was killed during the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Nancy" title="Battle of Nancy">Battle of Nancy</a> on 5 January 1477, fighting against Duke <a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_II_of_Lorraine" class="mw-redirect" title="René II of Lorraine">René II of Lorraine</a> and his Swiss army. His death triggered the <a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Burgundian_Succession" title="War of the Burgundian Succession">War of the Burgundian Succession</a> and ended the <a href="/wiki/Burgundian_State" title="Burgundian State">Burgundian State</a>. Charles's daughter, Mary, was the last of Charles's dynasty. Mary's son, <a href="/wiki/Philip_I_of_Castile" class="mw-redirect" title="Philip I of Castile">Philip of Austria</a>, inherited the <a href="/wiki/Burgundian_Netherlands" title="Burgundian Netherlands">Burgundian Netherlands</a>. <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_life">Early life</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Charles_the_Bold&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Early life">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Childhood">Childhood</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Charles_the_Bold&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Childhood">edit</a>]</div> Charles Martin (second forename)<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPutnam19086-4">[3]</a> was born on 10 November 1433 in the city of <a href="/wiki/Dijon" title="Dijon">Dijon</a>. He was the third child of Philip the Good with Isabella of Portugal and the only one to survive past infancy. His mother, fearing that she would lose another child, consecrated the infant to the <a href="/wiki/Eucharist" title="Eucharist">Blessed Sacrament</a> within days from his birth. Philip the Good arrived in Dijon in late November to celebrate the birth and made his son a <a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Golden_Fleece" title="Order of the Golden Fleece">knight of the Golden Fleece</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Order_of_chivalry" title="Order of chivalry">knightly order</a> created by him in 1430.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETaylor200268-5">[4]</a> The infant also became the count of <a href="/wiki/Charolais,_France" title="Charolais, France">Charolais</a>, a title given to the heirs of the dukes of Burgundy.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlockmansPervenier1999114-6">[5]</a> He was baptised on 20 November, with Count <a href="/wiki/Charles_I,_Count_of_Nevers" title="Charles I, Count of Nevers">Charles I of Nevers</a> and <a href="/wiki/Antoine_I_de_Cro%C3%BF" title="Antoine I de Croÿ">Antoine I de Croÿ</a> as his sponsors; he was named after the count of Nevers, who was Philip the Good's stepson from his second wife, Bonne of Artois.<a href="#cite_note-7">[6]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:La_Duchesse_de_Bourgogne_arr%C3%AAt%C3%A9e_aux_portes_de_Bruges_-_Sophie_Rude_-_MBA_Lyon_2014.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/La_Duchesse_de_Bourgogne_arr%C3%AAt%C3%A9e_aux_portes_de_Bruges_-_Sophie_Rude_-_MBA_Lyon_2014.JPG/220px-La_Duchesse_de_Bourgogne_arr%C3%AAt%C3%A9e_aux_portes_de_Bruges_-_Sophie_Rude_-_MBA_Lyon_2014.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="269" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/La_Duchesse_de_Bourgogne_arr%C3%AAt%C3%A9e_aux_portes_de_Bruges_-_Sophie_Rude_-_MBA_Lyon_2014.JPG/330px-La_Duchesse_de_Bourgogne_arr%C3%AAt%C3%A9e_aux_portes_de_Bruges_-_Sophie_Rude_-_MBA_Lyon_2014.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/La_Duchesse_de_Bourgogne_arr%C3%AAt%C3%A9e_aux_portes_de_Bruges_-_Sophie_Rude_-_MBA_Lyon_2014.JPG/440px-La_Duchesse_de_Bourgogne_arr%C3%AAt%C3%A9e_aux_portes_de_Bruges_-_Sophie_Rude_-_MBA_Lyon_2014.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2399" data-file-height="2934" /></a><figcaption>La Duchesse de Bourgogne arrêtée aux portes de Bruges by <a href="/wiki/Sophie_Fr%C3%A9miet" title="Sophie Frémiet">Sophie Frémiet</a>. 19th-century depiction of the arrest of <a href="/wiki/Isabella_of_Portugal,_Duchess_of_Burgundy" title="Isabella of Portugal, Duchess of Burgundy">Isabella of Portugal</a>, her son Charles, and their entourage at the gates of Bruges</figcaption></figure> In early spring 1434, Isabella and the young Charles moved to the mountain fortress of <a href="/wiki/Talant" title="Talant">Talant</a>, in fear of multiple outbreaks of <a href="/wiki/Plague_(disease)" title="Plague (disease)">plague</a> in Burgundy.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETaylor200269-8">[7]</a> The Duchess and her son descended the mountains in April 1435, after the plague had receded. Afterwards, they travelled to Paris to join Philip the Good.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETaylor200268-5">[4]</a> En route, they passed through <a href="/wiki/Bruges" title="Bruges">Bruges</a>, where a rebellion against Philip the Good was brewing. In 1436, when Isabella and her entourage were to leave the city, rebels forcefully stopped and arrested them near the city gate.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrown2010230-9">[8]</a> The rebellion was suppressed in 1438, when Philip the Good blockaded the city and forced the rebels to surrender.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVan_Loo2021304-10">[9]</a> During infancy, Charles was described as a robust child.<a href="#cite_note-11">[10]</a> He showed an interest in martial matters and military operations early in his life; by the age of two, he was instructed on <a href="/wiki/Equestrianism" title="Equestrianism">horsemanship</a> while training on a wooden steed.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPutnam19089-12">[11]</a> Philip the Good assigned many tutors for the young Charles, the most important among them being Antoine Haneron, professor of rhetoric in the <a href="/wiki/Old_University_of_Leuven" title="Old University of Leuven">University of Louvain</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKnechtges2012333-13">[12]</a> Like his father, Charles developed a fondness for reading histories, chronicles and historical romances.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKnechtges2012333-13">[12]</a> Charles aspired to become a conqueror like <a href="/wiki/Alexander_the_Great" title="Alexander the Great">Alexander the Great</a>. The fact that both he and Alexander had fathers named Philip stimulated his imagination and further enhanced his ambition.<a href="#cite_note-14">[13]</a> In 1435, with the <a href="/wiki/Congress_of_Arras#Treaty_of_Arras" title="Congress of Arras">Treaty of Arras</a>, Philip the Good reconciled with <a href="/wiki/Charles_VII_of_France" title="Charles VII of France">Charles VII</a>, King of France, marking the end of the <a href="/wiki/Armagnac%E2%80%93Burgundian_Civil_War" title="Armagnac–Burgundian Civil War">Armagnac–Burgundian Civil War</a>, a conflict between the members of the Valois royal family and its branches.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchnerb2008439-15">[14]</a> As a sign of good faith in his new ally, Charles VII also allowed a marriage between one of his daughters and Philip's heir. Charles sent his daughters to Burgundy; Philip chose <a href="/wiki/Catherine_of_France,_Countess_of_Charolais" title="Catherine of France, Countess of Charolais">Catherine</a>, the king's ten-year-old daughter, to marry the six-year-old Charles.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETaylor200286-16">[15]</a> The two were married on 11 June 1439, during a ceremony accompanied by concerts, jousts and banquets in the city of <a href="/wiki/Saint-Omer" title="Saint-Omer">Saint-Omer</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVaughanSmall2010114-17">[16]</a> The wedded children were put under the care of a <a href="/wiki/Governess" title="Governess">governess</a>, according to the wedding accounts, and were often separated from each other to spend their time with hobbies in tune with their age.<a href="#cite_note-18">[17]</a> Until the age of six, Charles was brought up by his cousins, <a href="/wiki/John_I,_Duke_of_Cleves" title="John I, Duke of Cleves">John</a> and <a href="/wiki/Agnes_of_Cleves" title="Agnes of Cleves">Agnes of Cleves</a>, who both were the children of <a href="/wiki/Mary_of_Burgundy,_Duchess_of_Cleves" title="Mary of Burgundy, Duchess of Cleves">Mary of Burgundy</a>, the daughter of <a href="/wiki/John_the_Fearless" title="John the Fearless">John the Fearless</a>. Of the two, Agnes was more prominent in Charles's early education. Agatha and Charles were constantly in his mother's company.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESommé1982734-19">[18]</a> In 1441, Philip the Good appointed Jean d'Auxy, <a href="/wiki/Seigneur" title="Seigneur">seigneur</a> of <a href="/wiki/Auxi-le-Ch%C3%A2teau" title="Auxi-le-Château">Auxi-le-Château</a>, as the eight-year-old Charles's guardian. D'Auxy later served as Charles's <a href="/wiki/Chamberlain_(office)" title="Chamberlain (office)">chamberlain</a> from 1456 to 1468.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGunnJanse2006121-20">[19]</a> At the age of 12, Charles began to participate in the public affairs of his father's duchy. In 1445, he accompanied his father on a rare state visit to Holland and Zealand. According to <a href="/wiki/Olivier_de_la_Marche" title="Olivier de la Marche">Olivier de la Marche</a>, the inhabitants were delighted to see their count—the young Charles—in their land.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPutnam190824,_25-21">[20]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Youth">Youth</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Charles_the_Bold&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Youth">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Jacques_de_Guise,_Chroniques_de_Hainaut,_frontispiece,_KBR_9242_(c).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Philip the Good, dressed in black, wearing chaperon, and beside him is Charles, bareheaded and wearing the collar of the Order of the Golden Fleece" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Jacques_de_Guise%2C_Chroniques_de_Hainaut%2C_frontispiece%2C_KBR_9242_%28c%29.jpg/220px-Jacques_de_Guise%2C_Chroniques_de_Hainaut%2C_frontispiece%2C_KBR_9242_%28c%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="393" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Jacques_de_Guise%2C_Chroniques_de_Hainaut%2C_frontispiece%2C_KBR_9242_%28c%29.jpg/330px-Jacques_de_Guise%2C_Chroniques_de_Hainaut%2C_frontispiece%2C_KBR_9242_%28c%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Jacques_de_Guise%2C_Chroniques_de_Hainaut%2C_frontispiece%2C_KBR_9242_%28c%29.jpg/440px-Jacques_de_Guise%2C_Chroniques_de_Hainaut%2C_frontispiece%2C_KBR_9242_%28c%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="796" data-file-height="1421" /></a><figcaption>Charles, aged 12 or 13, standing beside his father, Philip, Duke of Burgundy; <a href="/wiki/Jean_Wauquelin_presenting_his_%27Chroniques_de_Hainaut%27_to_Philip_the_Good" title="Jean Wauquelin presenting his 'Chroniques de Hainaut' to Philip the Good">Jean Wauquelin presenting his 'Chroniques de Hainaut' to Philip the Good</a>, 1447</figcaption></figure> Charles became fast friends with his wife, Catherine.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETaylor2002104-22">[21]</a> They gave gifts to each other; in 1440, the countess bought a harp for Charles, who was interested in music.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPutnam190827-23">[22]</a> In February 1446, Catherine became bedridden with cold, high fever and persistent coughing. By March, she was too pale, lethargic and had no appetite.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETaylor2002104-22">[21]</a> From the start of her illness, Charles and his mother stayed close by Catherine's side. Charles urged the physicians sent by the King to do everything they could for his young wife. He visited her regularly and played music for her on the harp that she had gifted to him.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETaylor2002106-24">[23]</a> In April the three of them were forced to journey to Arras, on Philip the Good's orders to join him in watching a <a href="/wiki/Tournament" title="Tournament">tourney</a> in that city. Wanting to please his father, Charles began anticipating the tourney instead of worrying over his wife.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETaylor2002105-25">[24]</a> During the tourney, Catherine's general state deteriorated, to the point when she was overwhelmed by coughing and had to return to bed soon after the tourney had started. When she was well enough to travel, Catherine and her mother-in-law, Isabella journeyed to <a href="/wiki/Palace_of_Coudenberg" title="Palace of Coudenberg">Coudenberg</a>, the princess' favourite place. She eventually died on 30 July 1446, and her death was deeply mourned by the court of Burgundy.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETaylor2002106-24">[23]</a> When Charles was seventeen, he participated in his first joust in a practice tourney in Brussels. He jousted against <a href="/wiki/Jacques_de_Lalaing" title="Jacques de Lalaing">Jacques de Lalaing</a>, the renowned knight of Burgundy. In the first round, Charles struck Jacques on the shield and shattered his own lance.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPutnam190828-26">[25]</a> Philip the Good accused de Lalaing of holding back to let Charles win and demanded that the knight put up a real fight. During the second tilt, both lances were broken. The spectacle excited Philip the Good but caused Isabella of Portugal to worry for her son's safety.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVaughanSmall2010341-27">[26]</a> During the actual tourney, Charles broke sixteen or eighteen lances and received prizes from two princesses. In his honour, heralds cried the well-known French battle cry, "<a href="/wiki/Montjoie_Saint_Denis!" title="Montjoie Saint Denis!">Montjoie Saint Denis!</a>" (which was also the motto of the Kingdom of France).<a href="#cite_note-28">[27]</a> In 1449, the wealthy city of Ghent <a href="/wiki/Revolt_of_Ghent_(1449%E2%80%931453)" title="Revolt of Ghent (1449–1453)">rebelled</a> against Burgundian rule in response to new taxes on salt.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVaughanSmall2010306-29">[28]</a> Charles took part in the fighting; however, to keep him out of danger, Philip the Good falsely told Charles that his mother Isabella was seriously ill in <a href="/wiki/Lille" title="Lille">Lille</a>. Charles left shortly before the decisive <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Gavere" title="Battle of Gavere">Battle of Gavere</a> in 1453.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVaughanSmall2010341-27">[26]</a> In Lille, his mother honoured him with a feast, and to everyone's surprise, encouraged him to return to the battlefield and fight for his inheritance. By that time, Philip the Good had won the battle and defeated the rebellious burghers.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPutnam190839-30">[29]</a> Charles remained a widower for eight years until he married <a href="/wiki/Isabella_of_Bourbon" title="Isabella of Bourbon">Isabella of Bourbon</a> in 1454.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKiening199417-31">[30]</a> Isabella was the daughter of <a href="/wiki/Agnes_of_Burgundy,_Duchess_of_Bourbon" title="Agnes of Burgundy, Duchess of Bourbon">Agnes of Burgundy</a>, and Philip the Good's niece. Her father, <a href="/wiki/Charles_I,_Duke_of_Bourbon" title="Charles I, Duke of Bourbon">Charles I, Duke of Bourbon</a>, sent her as a child to the Burgundian court as a ward of Isabella of Portugal. A shy and pliant young woman, Isabella was adored by Philip the Good, who saw an opportunity to renew the Treaty of Arras (which had been broken by the death of Catherine of France) by marrying his niece to his son.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETaylor2002125,_139-32">[31]</a> Charles was not aware of his father's intention until the night before his marriage on 31 October; he did not resist the match.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETaylor2002138–139-33">[32]</a> With his marriage, the town of <a href="/wiki/Chinon" title="Chinon">Chinon</a> was incorporated into Philip the Good's realm, as part of Isabella's dowry.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETaylor2002139-34">[33]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Struggle_for_power">Struggle for power</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Charles_the_Bold&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Struggle for power">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Disputes_with_Philip_the_Good">Disputes with Philip the Good</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Charles_the_Bold&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Disputes with Philip the Good">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Recueil_d%27Arras_fol_061.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Recueil_d%27Arras_fol_061.jpg/220px-Recueil_d%27Arras_fol_061.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="254" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Recueil_d%27Arras_fol_061.jpg/330px-Recueil_d%27Arras_fol_061.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Recueil_d%27Arras_fol_061.jpg/440px-Recueil_d%27Arras_fol_061.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2631" data-file-height="3034" /></a><figcaption>Portraits of Philip the Good and Charles the Bold, folio from the <a href="/wiki/Recueil_d%27Arras" title="Recueil d'Arras">Recueil d'Arras</a>, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1535–1573</figcaption></figure> Throughout the decade 1454–1464, Charles was excluded from power, the ducal council, and the Burgundian court by his father.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVaughanSmall2010346-35">[34]</a> In 1454 Philip the Good appointed him as "governor and lieutenant-general in absence" while he attended the <a href="/wiki/Imperial_Diet_(Holy_Roman_Empire)" title="Imperial Diet (Holy Roman Empire)">imperial diet</a> in <a href="/wiki/Regensburg" title="Regensburg">Regensburg</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEParavicini2003310-36">[35]</a> Philip the Good hoped to meet <a href="/wiki/Frederick_III,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Frederick III, Holy Roman Emperor">Frederick III</a> and attach the emperor to <a href="/wiki/Feast_of_the_Pheasant" title="Feast of the Pheasant">his aspiring crusade</a> in order to retake <a href="/wiki/Constantinople" title="Constantinople">Constantinople</a> from the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottomans</a>. However, the emperor did not show up.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHousley200474-37">[36]</a> Even as the regent, Charles held little to no power compared to his mother, the duchess, and his father.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEParavicini2003310-36">[35]</a> Nevertheless, Charles still was able to issue documents in his own name. His regency was short-lived, for Philip the Good returned to Burgundy on 7 or 9 August of the same year, and Charles returned to his former powerless position.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEParavicini2003310-36">[35]</a> Charles was on bad terms with his father due to his exclusion from power, and their bad relations climaxed in 1457, when Charles wanted to appoint Antoin Rolin, the seigneur of <a href="/wiki/Aulnoye-Aymeries" title="Aulnoye-Aymeries">Aymeries</a>, as his chamberlain. Antoin was the son of <a href="/wiki/Nicolas_Rolin" title="Nicolas Rolin">Nicolas Rolin</a>, Philip the Good's chancellor. The Duke, wary of the power his chancellor might get with this appointment, refused his son's request and instead proposed <a href="/wiki/Philip_I_de_Cro%C3%BF" title="Philip I de Croÿ">Philip de Croÿ</a>, who was <a href="/wiki/High_Bailiff" title="High Bailiff">high bailiff</a> of <a href="/wiki/County_of_Hainaut" title="County of Hainaut">Hainault</a> and a member of the influential <a href="/wiki/House_of_Cro%C3%BF" title="House of Croÿ">House of Croÿ</a>, as his chamberlain.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEParavicini2003311–312-38">[37]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlockmansPervenier1999113-39">[38]</a> Charles distrusted de Croÿ, because he suspected that he accepted money from Charles VII to undermine Philip the Good.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlockmansPervenier1999113,_114-40">[39]</a> Charles refused his father's proposal. Philip was so furious that his mother feared for Charles's life and had Charles removed from the court. Charles fled to <a href="/wiki/Dendermonde" title="Dendermonde">Dendermonde</a> and Philip got lost in the forests of <a href="/wiki/Soignies" title="Soignies">Soignies</a> trying to find his son. Through the mediation of Isabella of Bourbon, who was pregnant with Charles's child, Philip and his son reached a truce.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEParavicini2003312-41">[40]</a> When Charles's daughter, <a href="/wiki/Mary_of_Burgundy" title="Mary of Burgundy">Mary</a>, was born on 13 February 1457, neither Charles nor his father attended her baptism, for both wanted to avoid each other.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVan_Loo2021353-42">[41]</a> Nicolas Rolin was removed from the chancellery, and Rolin's close ally, <a href="/wiki/Jean_Chevrot" title="Jean Chevrot">Jean Chevrot</a>, was removed from the ducal council. De Croÿ became more powerful.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlockmansPervenier1999114-6">[5]</a> Charles left the court for his personal estate at <a href="/wiki/Le_Quesnoy" title="Le Quesnoy">Le Quesnoy</a> in Hainaut. There, he was entrusted with minor tasks regarding the Flemish subjects of his father. He also constructed the <a href="/wiki/Blue_Tower_(Gorinchem)" title="Blue Tower (Gorinchem)">Blue Tower</a> castle in <a href="/wiki/Gorinchem" title="Gorinchem">Gorinchem</a> as his personal seat in 1461. He attempted to formalise his status as the heir to the <a href="/wiki/Burgundian_State" title="Burgundian State">Burgundian State</a>, which in turn prompted his father to cut off his allowance.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlockmansPervenier1999114-6">[5]</a> Charles was deprived of any money to pay his staff or even keep his estate afloat, so in 1463, according to <a href="/wiki/Georges_Chastellain" title="Georges Chastellain">Georges Chastellain</a>, he turned to his employees and asked those who could pay for themselves to stay with him, and those who could not to leave him until he could afford to pay them. His staff replied that they would live and die with him. They offered him a share of their money so that the state could function normally. Charles had tears in his eyes and expressed his gratitude to his staff.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEParavicini2003307–308-43">[42]</a> Although this account is quite dramatic, there is no reason not to believe it, as such acts of <a href="/wiki/Altruism" title="Altruism">altruism</a> were typical of that time.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEParavicini2003308-44">[43]</a> In 1462, Charles survived a poisoning attempt on his life by Jehan Coustain, <a href="/wiki/Valet_de_chambre" title="Valet de chambre">premier valet de chambre</a>. Coustain was executed in <a href="/wiki/Rupelmonde" title="Rupelmonde">Rupelmonde</a>. Charles blamed de Croÿ for the assassination attempt, while de Croÿ came to believe that Charles staged this attempt to fuel their feud.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVaughanSmall2010344-45">[44]</a> By the end of 1463, the disputes between Charles and his father caused the <a href="/wiki/States_General_of_the_Netherlands" title="States General of the Netherlands">States General of the Burgundian Netherlands</a> to intervene. In 5 February 1464, Charles made a speech to the deputies assembled in Ghent, spending more time attacking de Croÿ's family than his father.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVaughanSmall2010345-46">[45]</a> At the end, Charles and Philip the Good reconciled in June 1464, after they met in Lille, although de Croÿ kept a hold on power.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVaughanSmall2010346-35">[34]</a> Later that year, Charles assumed full power by arguing that Philip the Good was becoming too senile. Charles put pressure on de Croÿ, but Philip protected de Croÿ by threatening Charles.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVan_Loo2021369-47">[46]</a> Ten days later, the States General gave Charles full power by appointing him lieutenant général.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVan_Loo2021369-47">[46]</a> His first act was to confiscate de Croÿ's estates; they were banished to France, where to their surprise, their French patron, Louis XI, gave them no support.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEParavicini2003378-48">[47]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Rivalry_with_Louis_XI">Rivalry with Louis XI</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Charles_the_Bold&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Rivalry with Louis XI">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Duke_of_Burgundy_providing_a_sumptuous_feast_for_Louis,_Dauphin_of_France.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Miniature painting, a feast with Louis and Philip sitting next to each other" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/The_Duke_of_Burgundy_providing_a_sumptuous_feast_for_Louis%2C_Dauphin_of_France.jpg/220px-The_Duke_of_Burgundy_providing_a_sumptuous_feast_for_Louis%2C_Dauphin_of_France.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="285" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/The_Duke_of_Burgundy_providing_a_sumptuous_feast_for_Louis%2C_Dauphin_of_France.jpg/330px-The_Duke_of_Burgundy_providing_a_sumptuous_feast_for_Louis%2C_Dauphin_of_France.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/The_Duke_of_Burgundy_providing_a_sumptuous_feast_for_Louis%2C_Dauphin_of_France.jpg/440px-The_Duke_of_Burgundy_providing_a_sumptuous_feast_for_Louis%2C_Dauphin_of_France.jpg 2x" data-file-width="790" data-file-height="1024" /></a><figcaption>The Duke of Burgundy providing a sumptuous feast for Louis, Dauphin of France, by <a href="/wiki/Job_(illustrator)" title="Job (illustrator)">Job</a>, 1905</figcaption></figure> In 1457, <a href="/wiki/Louis_XI" title="Louis XI">Louis XI</a>—then Dauphin of France—the heir of Charles VII, had suddenly arrived at Philip the Good's court at Brussels.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlockmansPervenier1999115-49">[48]</a> Philip the Good saw his guest as an opportunity to mend his relations with the crown and took the dauphin in, indulging him with kindness, showing humility and refused all the king's request to send the dauphin back. At Philip's expense, Louis lived in <a href="/wiki/Genappe" title="Genappe">Genappe</a>, where he led a comfortable life.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlockmansPervenier1999115-49">[48]</a> Charles VII attempted to regain his son but all his attempts failed. He reportedly said: "My cousin Burgundy is feeding a fox who will eat up all his chickens".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVan_Loo2021347-50">[49]</a> Dauphin Louis would go on to become Philip the Good's <a href="/wiki/Favourite" title="Favourite">favourite</a> after the quarrel between him and his son, Charles.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVan_Loo2021352-51">[50]</a> In contrast to his relationship with Philip, Louis and Charles disliked each other.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmithDe_Vries2005140-52">[51]</a> However, Charles asked the dauphin to be the godfather of his daughter, Mary.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVan_Loo2021353-42">[41]</a> Charles's hatred for Louis festered when he ascended to the French throne after the death of his father on 22 July 1461.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmithDe_Vries2005140-52">[51]</a> Louis was crowned king on 31 August in <a href="/wiki/Reims" title="Reims">Reims</a> under the <a href="/wiki/Regnal_name" title="Regnal name">regnal name</a> Louis XI. Philip the Good personally put the crown on his head.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVan_Loo2021359-53">[52]</a> While the duke thought that the hostilities between France and Burgundy were ended, the new king at his coronation ceremony refused to participate in the feast sponsored by Philip in his honour. The latter thus returned to his realm disappointed.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVan_Loo2021359–360-54">[53]</a> Charles feared Louis' intentions to demolish the Burgundian defensive system in Picardy, and he was furious when a crisis occurred in autumn 1463 regarding his father's lands in the <a href="/wiki/Somme_(department)" title="Somme (department)">Somme</a>.<a href="#cite_note-55">[54]</a> de Croÿ persuaded Philip the Good to agree to amend the Treaty of Arras, which had given him cities such as <a href="/wiki/Saint-Quentin,_Aisne" title="Saint-Quentin, Aisne">Saint-Quentin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Abbeville" title="Abbeville">Abbeville</a>, <a href="/wiki/Amiens" title="Amiens">Amiens</a>, <a href="/wiki/P%C3%A9ronne,_Somme" title="Péronne, Somme">Péronne</a> and <a href="/wiki/Montdidier,_Somme" title="Montdidier, Somme">Montdidier</a>. Philip agreed to accept 400,000 gold <a href="/wiki/%C3%89cu" title="Écu">écus</a> from Louis to return those cities to <a href="/wiki/Crown_lands_of_France" title="Crown lands of France">the crown domains</a>.<a href="#cite_note-56">[55]</a> When Charles was chosen as lieutenant général in 1464, he provoked war against Louis by forming the <a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Public_Weal" title="War of the Public Weal">League of the Public Weal</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchnerb2008450-57">[56]</a> The League of the Public Weal was a confederation of prominent French Princes — <a href="/wiki/Charles_of_Valois,_Duke_of_Berry" title="Charles of Valois, Duke of Berry">Charles of Berry</a>, the king's brother, <a href="/wiki/Francis_II,_Duke_of_Brittany" title="Francis II, Duke of Brittany">Francis II, Duke of Brittany</a>, <a href="/wiki/John_II,_Duke_of_Bourbon" title="John II, Duke of Bourbon">John II, Duke of Bourbon</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jacques_d%27Armagnac" title="Jacques d'Armagnac">Jacques</a> and <a href="/wiki/John_V,_Count_of_Armagnac" title="John V, Count of Armagnac">John d'Armagnac</a> — formed to act against Louis' authority.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchnerb2008450-57">[56]</a> They declared Charles of Berry the regent of France and appointed Francis II as the captain general of the army.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPotter2012185-58">[57]</a> With the threat of rebellion looming, Louis XI offered to pardon all the dukes and lords. Minor lords accepted the pardon, but the dukes persisted with their demands.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPotter2012185-58">[57]</a> The members of the league chose Charles of Charolais as their leader and began amassing their army.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPotter2012185-58">[57]</a> The League of the Public Weal became the most dangerous of a series of princely revolts against the French crown; one chronicle recorded the number of the participants to be seven dukes, twelve counts, two lords, one marshal and 51,000 men-at-arms against Louis XI.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVaughanSmall2010379-59">[58]</a> To counteract the rebels, Louis XI amassed an army and sent it southwards to central France to defeat John II of Bourbon. Charles of Charolais soon mustered an army of 25,000 men and marched towards Paris.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPotter2012185-58">[57]</a> Louis and his army hastily returned to Paris to defend the city against Charles's army.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaboukis2010a-60">[59]</a> On 15 July, Charles reached the village of <a href="/wiki/Montlh%C3%A9ry" title="Montlhéry">Montlhéry</a>; in search of his allies' armies, Charles discovered that the royal army was camped in <a href="/wiki/Arpajon" title="Arpajon">Arpajon</a>, a few miles south.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVaughanSmall2010385-61">[60]</a> On learning Charles's position, Louis moved to fight him.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaboukis2010a-60">[59]</a> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bataille_de_Montlh%C3%A9ry.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Two armies, one with the banners of Louis XI and one with the banners of the Duchy of Burgundy, fighting a pitched battle against each other" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Bataille_de_Montlh%C3%A9ry.jpg/245px-Bataille_de_Montlh%C3%A9ry.jpg" decoding="async" width="245" height="212" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Bataille_de_Montlh%C3%A9ry.jpg/368px-Bataille_de_Montlh%C3%A9ry.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Bataille_de_Montlh%C3%A9ry.jpg/490px-Bataille_de_Montlh%C3%A9ry.jpg 2x" data-file-width="549" data-file-height="474" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Montlh%C3%A9ry" title="Battle of Montlhéry">Battle of Montlhéry</a>, early-16th-century miniature illustrating <a href="/wiki/Philippe_de_Commines" title="Philippe de Commines">Philippe de Commines</a></figcaption></figure> On 16 July, the two armies <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Montlh%C3%A9ry" title="Battle of Montlhéry">met and fought</a> in the outskirts of Montlhéry.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaboukis2010a-60">[59]</a> Charles placed himself next to the defensively positioned Burgundian vanguard, led by <a href="/wiki/Louis,_Count_of_Saint-Pol" title="Louis, Count of Saint-Pol">Louis of Saint-Pol</a>. He attacked into the French left flank led by <a href="/wiki/Charles_IV,_Count_of_Maine" title="Charles IV, Count of Maine">Charles IV, Count of Maine</a>. Charles pursued the fleeing count and his army, when the French vanguard counterattacked.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaboukis2010a-60">[59]</a> Charles was thrown into battle with the French army and took a wound to his throat. He evaded capture and returned to his lines.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaboukis2010a-60">[59]</a> After his return, Charles ordered his gunners to shoot at the king's army; by his account, 1,200–1,400 men and a large number of horses were killed.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmithDe_Vries2005145-62">[61]</a> In the late evening, Louis XI retreated eastwards to Paris.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVaughanSmall2010385-61">[60]</a> While each side claimed victory at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Montlh%C3%A9ry" title="Battle of Montlhéry">Battle of Montlhéry</a>, neither side achieved their full objectives.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaboukis2010a-60">[59]</a> Charles could not capture Louis in the battlefield, and Louis could not prevent Charles from joining his allies.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVaughanSmall2010385-61">[60]</a> In spite of his ability to form his battle troops in a coherent battle order, Charles had yet to become an able tactician.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaboukis2010b-63">[62]</a> The rebel armies joined in the town of <a href="/wiki/%C3%89tampes" title="Étampes">Étampes</a> and began marching towards Paris on 31 July.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmithDe_Vries2005145-62">[61]</a> The rebels laid siege on Paris in 1465, during which Charles directed his gunfire at the city's walls.<a href="#cite_note-64">[63]</a> The rebels successfully entered the city when a nobleman named Charles de Melun opened <a href="/wiki/Porte_Saint-Antoine" title="Porte Saint-Antoine">Saint-Antoine gate</a> for them.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECuttler198136-65">[64]</a> Louis XI was forced to negotiate.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaboukis2010a-60">[59]</a> The parties signed the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Conflans" title="Treaty of Conflans">Treaty of Conflans</a>, which ceded the rule of <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Normandy" title="Duchy of Normandy">Normandy</a> to Charles, Duke of Berry and returned the Somme lands to Burgundy.<a href="#cite_note-66">[65]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ascension">Ascension</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Charles_the_Bold&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Ascension">edit</a>]</div> On 12 June 1467, Philip the Good suddenly fell ill.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETaylor2002188-67">[66]</a> In the next few days, he could hardly breathe and constantly vomited. Charles was summoned from Ghent to immediately come to his father.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETaylor2002189-68">[67]</a> By the time he arrived, Philip had fallen unconscious and was struggling to breathe, and died on 15 June.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETaylor2002189-68">[67]</a> Charles arranged the funeral for his father in the <a href="/wiki/St._Donatian%27s_Cathedral" title="St. Donatian's Cathedral">St. Donatian's Cathedral</a>, attended by 1200 persons from both Charles's and Philip's households and courtiers. The cathedral was lit by 1400 candles which heated up the inside of the church so much that holes had to be made in the windows to cool the air.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVaughanParavicini20021–2-69">[68]</a> Charles showed extreme emotions during his father's funeral: he shook; trembled; pulled his hair, and kept shouting and crying. The Court Chronicler, Georges Chastellain, doubted the sincerity of Charles's distress, expressing astonishment that he could show such emotions.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVan_Loo2021386-70">[69]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Charles_le_T%C3%A9m%C3%A9raire_Dijon.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Charles_le_T%C3%A9m%C3%A9raire_Dijon.jpg/220px-Charles_le_T%C3%A9m%C3%A9raire_Dijon.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="276" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Charles_le_T%C3%A9m%C3%A9raire_Dijon.jpg/330px-Charles_le_T%C3%A9m%C3%A9raire_Dijon.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Charles_le_T%C3%A9m%C3%A9raire_Dijon.jpg/440px-Charles_le_T%C3%A9m%C3%A9raire_Dijon.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2516" data-file-height="3153" /></a><figcaption>Portrait of Charles the Bold depicted as Caesar during his Joyous Entry</figcaption></figure> Fourteen days later, Charles officially became the Duke of Burgundy. In celebration, he paraded into the city of Ghent on 28 June 1467, emulating Caesar.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVan_Loo2021387-71">[70]</a> This <a href="/wiki/Royal_entry" title="Royal entry">Joyous Entry</a> caused an uproar in the city.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHaemers2011449-72">[71]</a> The people demanded an end to the humiliating penalties imposed on them after the revolt in 1449.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlockmansPervenier1999130-73">[72]</a> Charles left the city with his daughter, the ten-year-old Mary, and the treasure kept by Philip the Good in the <a href="/wiki/Prinsenhof_(Ghent)" class="mw-redirect" title="Prinsenhof (Ghent)">Prinsenhof</a> of Ghent.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVan_Loo2021391-74">[73]</a> In the following January, he coerced the mayors of Ghent to ask for his pardon. Then, he abolished their governmental rights and announced that only he could appoint the government in the town, contrary to <a href="/wiki/Philip_IV_of_France" title="Philip IV of France">Philip IV</a>'s constitution in 1301.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENicholas2014392-75">[74]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Duke_of_Burgundy">Duke of Burgundy</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Charles_the_Bold&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Duke of Burgundy">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_third_marriage">The third marriage</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Charles_the_Bold&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: The third marriage">edit</a>]</div> On 26 September 1465, Charles's wife, Isabella of Bourbon, died of <a href="/wiki/Tuberculosis" title="Tuberculosis">tuberculosis</a> at the age of 31. Court Chronicles recorded laconically the long months of her illness.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKiening199417-31">[30]</a> The most important part of her life for these chronicles was her marriage to Charles—of which she had only brought him one daughter and no male heirs—and the fact that she and Charles fell in love after the initially political marriage.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKiening199417-31">[30]</a> Charles, busy with the political negotiations after the War of the Public Weal, could not attend her funeral.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKiening199417-31">[30]</a><a href="#cite_note-76">[b]</a> Within weeks of Isabella of Bourbon's death, Charles's mother sought an English marriage for her son. She sent Guillaume de Clugny, one of Charles's close advisors, to <a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a> to negotiate with <a href="/wiki/Edward_IV" title="Edward IV">Edward IV</a> for a marriage between his sister, <a href="/wiki/Margaret_of_York" title="Margaret of York">Margaret of York</a>, and Charles.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETaylor2002184-77">[75]</a> To prevent an English-Burgundian alliance, Louis XI proposed the hand of his daughter, the four-year-old <a href="/wiki/Anne_of_France" title="Anne of France">Anne</a>, to Charles in marriage. Charles refused this proposal.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETaylor2002184-77">[75]</a> In the Spring of 1466, an embassy led by <a href="/wiki/Edward_Woodville,_Lord_Scales" title="Edward Woodville, Lord Scales">Edward Woodville</a>, Edward IV's brother-in-law, arrived in Burgundy to propose two marriages between the English royal family and the Burgundians: one between Margaret of York and Charles, and the other between Mary, Charles's daughter, and <a href="/wiki/George_Plantagenet,_Duke_of_Clarence" title="George Plantagenet, Duke of Clarence">George Plantagenet, Duke of Clarence</a>, Edward IV's younger brother.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETaylor2002184-77">[75]</a> Woodville's visit failed, as Charles was not interested in marrying his young daughter to the Duke of Clarence.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHicks199242-78">[76]</a> In October 1467, Edward IV publicly ratified the marriage between Charles and his sister, and Margaret of York appeared before the <a href="/wiki/Magnum_Concilium" title="Magnum Concilium">Magnum Concilium</a> of <a href="/wiki/Kingston_upon_Thames" title="Kingston upon Thames">Kingston upon Thames</a> and formally gave her consent to the marriage.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeightman200940–41-79">[77]</a> Charles welcomed the English delegation—led by Edward and <a href="/wiki/Anthony_Woodville,_2nd_Earl_Rivers" title="Anthony Woodville, 2nd Earl Rivers">Anthony Woodville</a>—to Burgundy, and then had her mother accompany him to negotiate the final marriage treaty.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETaylor2002194-80">[78]</a> The marriage treaty and the alliance was signed and ratified in February 1468, while the marriage ceremony was delayed to eight months later.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeightman200941-81">[79]</a> Since Charles and Margaret were fourth-degree cousins, they needed a <a href="/wiki/Dispensation_(Catholic_canon_law)" title="Dispensation (Catholic canon law)">Papal dispensation</a> to legitimise their marriage.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeightman200942-82">[80]</a> As the dispensation was the groom's duty, Charles sent a delegation to Rome. The delegation took until May 1469 to win the dispensation.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeightman200942-82">[80]</a> Edward IV announced the marriage of his sister to Charles and dubbed him as 'a mighty Prince who bears no crown'.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeightman200942-82">[80]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Londra,_corona_di_margherita_di_york_e_cofanetto,_ante_1461,_01.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Londra%2C_corona_di_margherita_di_york_e_cofanetto%2C_ante_1461%2C_01.jpg/220px-Londra%2C_corona_di_margherita_di_york_e_cofanetto%2C_ante_1461%2C_01.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="183" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Londra%2C_corona_di_margherita_di_york_e_cofanetto%2C_ante_1461%2C_01.jpg/330px-Londra%2C_corona_di_margherita_di_york_e_cofanetto%2C_ante_1461%2C_01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Londra%2C_corona_di_margherita_di_york_e_cofanetto%2C_ante_1461%2C_01.jpg/440px-Londra%2C_corona_di_margherita_di_york_e_cofanetto%2C_ante_1461%2C_01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1896" data-file-height="1580" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Crown_of_Margaret_of_York" class="mw-redirect" title="Crown of Margaret of York">Crown of Margaret of York</a>, worn at her wedding, then donated to a church in <a href="/wiki/Aachen" title="Aachen">Aachen</a>, now <a href="/wiki/Aachen_Cathedral_Treasury" title="Aachen Cathedral Treasury">Aachen Cathedral Treasury</a></figcaption></figure> Charles and Margaret were married on 3 July at <a href="/wiki/Damme" title="Damme">Damme</a>, a town three miles from Bruges.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrownSmall200754-83">[81]</a> For their wedding ceremony, Charles prepared nine receptions each ending with a joust match. He wished to outdo his father's famous Feast of the Pheasant.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVan_Loo2021397-84">[82]</a> The wedding displayed the power and wealth of the dukedom.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrownSmall200755-85">[83]</a> At the end of the wedding, Charles left his wife alone to catch up on sleep; the two did not spend their wedding night together.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVan_Loo2021398-86">[84]</a> Charles and Margaret never had children.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeightman200965-87">[85]</a> They spent little time together: only three weeks during the first six months after their marriage; one-quarter of the time during the years 1469 and 1470, and only three weeks throughout 1473.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVaughanParavicini2002159-88">[86]</a> According to contemporary jurist, <a href="/wiki/Filips_Wielant" title="Filips Wielant">Filips Wielant</a>, Charles housed Margaret far away from him because he did not want women to hamper his court.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERoelens2024267-89">[87]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Territorial_expansions">Territorial expansions</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Charles_the_Bold&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Territorial expansions">edit</a>]</div> Like his father, Charles pursued expansionism; however, whereas Philip the Good realised this policy by peaceful means, Charles vied for territory by war and conflict.<a href="#cite_note-90">[88]</a> In the Netherlands, he sought to expand his realm to the north-east: the <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Guelders" title="Duchy of Guelders">Duchy of Guelders</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStein201746-91">[89]</a> Although it was never a part of the Burgundian lands, the duchy was dependent on Burgundian trade.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmithDe_Vries2005170-92">[90]</a> In 1463, <a href="/wiki/Adolf,_Duke_of_Guelders" title="Adolf, Duke of Guelders">Adolf of Egmond</a> rebelled against his father, the ruling duke, <a href="/wiki/Arnold,_Duke_of_Guelders" title="Arnold, Duke of Guelders">Arnold</a>. With Philip the Good's support, Adolf usurped the duchy and imprisoned his father in 1465.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlockmansPervenier1999182-93">[91]</a> Adolf's treatment of his father caused a scandal that resonated as far as <a href="/wiki/Rome" title="Rome">Rome</a>, where the Pope sought a mediator to end the conflict in Guelders. In 1471, Charles was appointed as the mediator; he marched into Guelders and restored Arnold to power.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVan_Loo2021405-94">[92]</a> Adolf was placed under house arrest, and then to prison after a failed escape attempt.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlockmansPervenier1999183-95">[93]</a> To retain Burgundian assistance, Arnold made Charles the Regent of Guelders; when Arnold died in February 1473, having left no heirs but his imprisoned son, he bequeathed the duchy to Charles.<a href="#cite_note-96">[94]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Burgundian_lands.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Burgundian_lands.jpg/220px-Burgundian_lands.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="360" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Burgundian_lands.jpg/330px-Burgundian_lands.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Burgundian_lands.jpg/440px-Burgundian_lands.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1083" data-file-height="1770" /></a><figcaption>Territories of France (green) and Burgundy (vanilla) in 1477, Cambridge Modern History Atlas, 1912</figcaption></figure> However, Charles's inheritance caused opposition. The Estates of Guelders, and the towns of <a href="/wiki/Nijmegen" title="Nijmegen">Nijmegen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Arnhem" title="Arnhem">Arnhem</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Zutphen" title="Zutphen">Zutphen</a> rejected Arnold's will, and Louis XI asked <a href="/wiki/Frederick_III,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Frederick III, Holy Roman Emperor">Frederick III</a>, the Holy Roman Empire, to confiscate the duchy.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVaughanParavicini2002118-97">[95]</a> Frederick III was diplomatically close to Charles and did not intervene. Charles subdued the rebelling cities and the nobles of Guelders with force.<a href="#cite_note-98">[96]</a> On 9 June 1473, with a sizeable army, he entered the city of <a href="/wiki/Maastricht" title="Maastricht">Maastricht</a> without resistance. <a href="/wiki/Roermond" title="Roermond">Roermond</a> and <a href="/wiki/Venlo" title="Venlo">Venlo</a> quickly surrendered. <a href="/wiki/Moers" title="Moers">Moers</a>, whose count, Vincent von Moers, was the leader of the resistance, yielded to Charles's artillery.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVaughanParavicini2002119-99">[97]</a> The only serious conflict was the siege of Nijmegen, which only surrendered after inflicting severe losses on the Burgundian army. After the successful conquest of Guelders, Charles imposed heavy taxes and changed the aldermen in the region. Charles gave more powers to the ducal judicial officers to control the rebellious cities and to impose a centralised administration.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlockmansPervenier1999183-95">[93]</a> The Burgundian state under Charles was divided into two separate areas, the <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Burgundy" title="Duchy of Burgundy">Duchy of Burgundy</a> in the south and <a href="/wiki/Flanders" title="Flanders">Flanders</a> in the north.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWatsonSchellingerRing2013511-100">[98]</a> To unify them, Charles needed the <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Lorraine" title="Duchy of Lorraine">Duchy of Lorraine</a> and <a href="/wiki/Alsace" title="Alsace">Alsace</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKnecht200798-101">[99]</a> On 21 March 1469, he received <a href="/wiki/Sigismund,_Archduke_of_Austria" title="Sigismund, Archduke of Austria">Sigismund, Archduke of Austria</a> to his court to negotiate the purchase of his lands in <a href="/wiki/Upper_Alsace" title="Upper Alsace">Upper Alsace</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVaughanParavicini200286-102">[100]</a> Sigismund was in a desperate financial situation and eagerly agreed to sell the lands.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVan_Loo2021404-103">[101]</a> With this purchase, Charles acquired a claim on the city of <a href="/wiki/Ferrette" title="Ferrette">Ferrette</a>, close to Swiss borders, alarming the <a href="/wiki/Old_Swiss_Confederacy" title="Old Swiss Confederacy">Swiss Confederacy</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlockmansPervenier1999182-93">[91]</a> Charles's rights and income from his new territories were severely limited because most of the land rights were mortgaged to local nobles.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVaughanParavicini200288-104">[102]</a> Charles's deputy in the area, <a href="/wiki/Peter_von_Hagenbach" title="Peter von Hagenbach">Peter von Hagenbach</a>, imposed harsh taxes on the people.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESimpsonHeller201327-105">[103]</a> Soon, several towns of Alsace formed a league to unite against Hagenbach.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKnecht200798-101">[99]</a> Charles ignored the area.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESimpsonHeller201329-106">[104]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Meeting_the_Emperor_in_Trier">Meeting the Emperor in Trier</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Charles_the_Bold&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Meeting the Emperor in Trier">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:166Friedrich_III_und_Karl_von_Burgund.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Engraving of two horsemen, one the Emperor and the other the Duke of Burgundy, with their respective entourage" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/166Friedrich_III_und_Karl_von_Burgund.jpg/220px-166Friedrich_III_und_Karl_von_Burgund.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="249" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/166Friedrich_III_und_Karl_von_Burgund.jpg/330px-166Friedrich_III_und_Karl_von_Burgund.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/166Friedrich_III_und_Karl_von_Burgund.jpg/440px-166Friedrich_III_und_Karl_von_Burgund.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1046" data-file-height="1186" /></a><figcaption>Meeting of Charles the Bold and Frederick III in Trier, 1473</figcaption></figure> Charles greatly desired to transform the Duchy of Burgundy into a kingdom, free from the limitations of vassalage to the French crown, to further his personal glory.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrady2009104-107">[105]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELecuppre-Desjardin2022157-108">[106]</a> The only way for Charles to realise such a state was through the framework of the Holy Roman Empire.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBoehm1979161-109">[107]</a> At Charles's request, Sigismund of Austria proposed Charles to be the next <a href="/wiki/King_of_the_Romans" title="King of the Romans">king of the Romans</a>, the title of the successor of the emperor, with the marriage between the Emperor's son and the Charles's daughter as an inducement.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBoehm1979159-110">[108]</a> As one of the richest men in the Europe, and also an ally of the rebellious princes in the empire, the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Hungary" title="Kingdom of Hungary">Hungarians</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Bohemia" title="Kingdom of Bohemia">Bohemians</a>, Charles was a coveted ally for Emperor <a href="/wiki/Frederick_III,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Frederick III, Holy Roman Emperor">Frederick III</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBoehm1979157–158-111">[109]</a> who agreed to have an audience with him in <a href="/wiki/Trier" title="Trier">Trier</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVan_Loo2021406-112">[110]</a> In October 1473, both parties reached Trier; the Emperor with his son <a href="/wiki/Maximilian_I,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Maximilian I, Holy Roman Emperor">Maximilian</a> and 2,500 horsemen, while the Burgundy entourage consisted of 13,000 men at arms (including artillery), Burgundian nobility, bishops, and treasures and relics.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrady2009104-107">[105]</a><a href="#cite_note-113">[c]</a> Despite all the grandeur, Frederick III was disappointed that Charles had not brought his daughter,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVan_Loo2021410-114">[111]</a> amidst rumours spread by <a href="/wiki/House_of_Habsburg" title="House of Habsburg">Habsburg</a> adversaries alleging that Mary was physically defective.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBoehm1979160-115">[112]</a> Charles wished to become the king of the Romans and to succeed Frederick as emperor. In return, Maximilian would inherit the Burgundian State, and later on become emperor.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVan_Loo2021408-116">[113]</a><a href="#cite_note-118">[d]</a> In addition, Charles wanted to become a <a href="/wiki/Prince-elector" title="Prince-elector">prince-elector</a>, taking the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Bohemia" title="Kingdom of Bohemia">Bohemian</a> seat in the <a href="/wiki/Electoral_College_(Holy_Roman_Empire)" title="Electoral College (Holy Roman Empire)">Electoral College</a>, and be recognised as the duke of Guelders.<a href="#cite_note-119">[115]</a> Although Charles received recognition for the Duchy of Guelders, he still was not recognised as the king of the Romans. In part, Frederick III was convinced that the prince-electors would not vote for Charles to receive the title.<a href="#cite_note-120">[116]</a> During the conference, Charles ignored and alienated the prince-electors.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVan_Loo2021411-121">[117]</a> When he realised how much he needed their support, Charles tried to impress them with displays of his wealth, but the Germans were not swayed.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVan_Loo2021413,_411-122">[118]</a> Charles's decision to only interact with the Emperor and not the prince-electors was a fatal mistake, showing an utter ignorance of German political norms.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELecuppre-Desjardin2022160-123">[119]</a> As an alternative, Frederick III proposed to elevate the Duchy of Burgundy into a kingdom; Charles accepted.<a href="#cite_note-124">[120]</a> The two parties planned for Frederick III to crown Charles in the <a href="/wiki/Trier_Cathedral" title="Trier Cathedral">Trier Cathedral</a> in a coronation on 25 November.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVaughanParavicini2002151-125">[121]</a> However, the next day, the Emperor secretly departed from Trier, embarking on the <a href="/wiki/Moselle" title="Moselle">Moselle</a> at dawn.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVan_Loo2021412-126">[122]</a> Charles became enraged, locked himself in his room and smashed the furniture to small pieces. But he did not break the betrothal between Maximilian and Mary, hoping that he could still become a king.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVan_Loo2021413-127">[123]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Policies">Policies</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Charles_the_Bold&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Policies">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Legislation">Legislation</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Charles_the_Bold&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Legislation">edit</a>]</div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Plechtige_openingszitting_van_het_Parlement_van_Mechelen.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Assembly of forty four gentlemen dressed in scarlet red in the Parliament of Mechelen, with Charles the Bold sitting in the centre, presiding the event" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Plechtige_openingszitting_van_het_Parlement_van_Mechelen.jpg/476px-Plechtige_openingszitting_van_het_Parlement_van_Mechelen.jpg" decoding="async" width="476" height="155" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Plechtige_openingszitting_van_het_Parlement_van_Mechelen.jpg/714px-Plechtige_openingszitting_van_het_Parlement_van_Mechelen.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Plechtige_openingszitting_van_het_Parlement_van_Mechelen.jpg/952px-Plechtige_openingszitting_van_het_Parlement_van_Mechelen.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2525" data-file-height="823" /></a><figcaption>Solemn opening session of the Parliament of Mechelen under Charles the Bold, Jan Coessaet, 1587, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Museum_Hof_van_Busleyden&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Museum Hof van Busleyden (page does not exist)">Museum Hof van Busleyden</a> [<a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Museum_Hof_van_Busleyden" class="extiw" title="nl:Museum Hof van Busleyden">nl</a>]</figcaption></figure> Upon ascension as duke in 1468, Charles sought to dismantle the jurisdiction of the <a href="/wiki/Parlement_of_Paris" title="Parlement of Paris">Parlement of Paris</a> as the highest juridical power within his country. The cities and institutions in Burgundy relied on the parlement for challenging legal decisions. This irritated the Dukes of Burgundy who detested any reliance on France. Philip the Good established an itinerant court of justice that travelled all across the country (which was still not as powerful as the Paris Parliament).<a href="#cite_note-128">[124]</a> Charles established of a <a href="/wiki/Great_Council_of_Mechelen" title="Great Council of Mechelen">central sovereign court</a> in <a href="/wiki/Mechelen" title="Mechelen">Mechelen</a> in his 1473 ordinance of <a href="/wiki/Thionville" title="Thionville">Thionville</a>. The city would house the new <a href="/wiki/Court_of_Auditors_(France)" title="Court of Auditors (France)">Court of Auditors</a>, who previously resided in Lille and Brussels. The language of this parliament was French, with two-thirds of its personnel being Burgundian.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVaughanParavicini2002186–187-129">[125]</a> The Mechelen parliament only held authority in the Low Countries. In the Burgundian mainlands, Charles established another parliament whose headquarters moved from <a href="/wiki/Beaune" title="Beaune">Beaune</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dole,_Jura" title="Dole, Jura">Dole</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVan_Loo2021417-130">[126]</a> In Charles's own words, the proper administration of justice was "the soul and the spirit of the public entity."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchepper2007187-131">[127]</a> He was recognised as the first sovereign to make serious effort to impose peace and justice upon the <a href="/wiki/Low_Countries" title="Low Countries">Low Countries</a>, and he was regarded as "a prince of Justice" by historian Andreas van Haul a century after his death.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVan_Loo2021418-132">[128]</a> However, <a href="/wiki/Georges_Chastellain" title="Georges Chastellain">Georges Chastellain</a> criticized Charles for his lack of mercy while imposing justice.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGolubeva201342-133">[129]</a> He damaged his relations with his people by inspecting and regulating every aspect of their life, and was unnecessarily harsh .<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKontlerSomos2017403-134">[130]</a> Charles wanted to reduce the influence of the local aldermen, who were viewed by the commoners as the local court, and he undermined the Mechelen parliament.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVan_Loo2021418-132">[128]</a> To both increase his grip on the seats of justice and to fill up his treasury, Charles dismissed the aldermen and sold their offices to the highest bidders; only the wealthiest subjects came to hold those positions.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVan_Loo2021418-132">[128]</a> Many institutions protested against these practices, but Charles persisted because he constantly needed to fund his armies.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlockmansPervenier1999193-135">[131]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Religion">Religion</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Charles_the_Bold&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Religion">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lieven_van_Lathem_(Flemish_-_Charles_the_Bold_Presented_by_Saint_George_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Charles wears a cloth of gold and Saint George stands behind him, wearing an armour" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Lieven_van_Lathem_%28Flemish_-_Charles_the_Bold_Presented_by_Saint_George_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/220px-Lieven_van_Lathem_%28Flemish_-_Charles_the_Bold_Presented_by_Saint_George_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="306" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Lieven_van_Lathem_%28Flemish_-_Charles_the_Bold_Presented_by_Saint_George_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/330px-Lieven_van_Lathem_%28Flemish_-_Charles_the_Bold_Presented_by_Saint_George_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Lieven_van_Lathem_%28Flemish_-_Charles_the_Bold_Presented_by_Saint_George_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/440px-Lieven_van_Lathem_%28Flemish_-_Charles_the_Bold_Presented_by_Saint_George_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3172" data-file-height="4409" /></a><figcaption>Charles the Bold presented by Saint George, <a href="/wiki/Lieven_van_Lathem" title="Lieven van Lathem">Lieven van Lathem</a>, opening of the Prayer Book of Charles the Bold, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1471</figcaption></figure> Charles the Bold was religious, and regarded himself more devout and pious than any ruler of his day.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVaughanParavicini2002161-136">[132]</a> He considered his sovereignty bestowed upon him by God and thus owed his power to God alone.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlockmansPervenier1999185-137">[133]</a> From a young age, Charles chose <a href="/wiki/Saint_George" title="Saint George">Saint George</a> as his <a href="/wiki/Patron_saint" title="Patron saint">patron saint</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchryver200816-138">[134]</a> He kept an alleged sword of Saint George in his treasury and showed reverence to other <a href="/wiki/Warrior_saint" class="mw-redirect" title="Warrior saint">warrior saints</a> like <a href="/wiki/Saint_Michael_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Saint Michael in the Catholic Church">Saint Michael</a> as well.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchnitker2004107-139">[135]</a> He commissioned a <a href="/wiki/Prayer_book" title="Prayer book">prayer book</a> from <a href="/wiki/Lieven_van_Lathem" title="Lieven van Lathem">Lieven van Lathem</a> which was completed in 1469.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchryver200811-140">[136]</a> The opening <a href="/wiki/Diptych" title="Diptych">diptych</a> of the manuscript as well as two other pieces each demonstrate Charles's devotion to Saint George.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchryver200816-138">[134]</a> In Margaret of York's copy of La Vie de <a href="/wiki/Colette_of_Corbie" title="Colette of Corbie">Sainte Colette</a>, she and Charles are shown as devotees of <a href="/wiki/Saint_Anne" title="Saint Anne">Saint Anne</a>. Multiple modern scholars, such as <a href="/wiki/Jeffrey_Chipps_Smith" title="Jeffrey Chipps Smith">Jeffrey Chipps Smith</a>, have drawn a connection between the saint and the duke for the fact that both were married three times. According to Prof. Nancy Bradley Warren, the portrayal of Charles and Saint Anne may have been a means to legitimise his marriage to Margaret by reassuring those who were dubious about an alliance with England.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWoodacreMcGlynn2014115-141">[137]</a> Throughout his reign, Charles faced multiple requests to pledge his men to a crusade against the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWalsh197753-142">[138]</a> <a href="/wiki/Pope_Sixtus_IV" title="Pope Sixtus IV">Pope Sixtus IV</a> sent three instructions to the <a href="/wiki/Papal_legate" title="Papal legate">papal legate</a> in the Burgundian court, Lucas de Tollentis, directing him to encourage Charles to undertake a crusade against the Ottomans.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJenks2018215-143">[139]</a> Tollentis, reported to the Pope on 23 June 1472 that Charles was 'resolved in our favour,' and the welfare of <a href="/wiki/Christendom" title="Christendom">Christendom</a> was never far from his mind.<a href="#cite_note-144">[140]</a> Charles may have considered an expedition to the east as the climax of his life's work; however, during his lifetime, he never undertook a crusade nor did he make preparations for it like his father did.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWalsh197768-145">[141]</a> Only for a short time between late 1475 and early 1476 did he seriously consider a crusade and that was only after a meeting with <a href="/wiki/Andreas_Palaiologos" title="Andreas Palaiologos">Andreas Palaiologos</a>, the deposed <a href="/wiki/Despotate_of_the_Morea" title="Despotate of the Morea">Despot of the Morea</a>, who agreed to cede his claim as the Emperor of <a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Trebizond" title="Empire of Trebizond">Trebizond</a> and <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Constantinople</a> to Charles.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWalsh197773-146">[142]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarris1995539-147">[143]</a><a href="#cite_note-148">[e]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Diplomacy">Diplomacy</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Charles_the_Bold&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Diplomacy">edit</a>]</div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:1468_-_Louis_XI_-_Trait%C3%A9_de_P%C3%A9ronne.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/1468_-_Louis_XI_-_Trait%C3%A9_de_P%C3%A9ronne.jpg/294px-1468_-_Louis_XI_-_Trait%C3%A9_de_P%C3%A9ronne.jpg" decoding="async" width="294" height="202" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/1468_-_Louis_XI_-_Trait%C3%A9_de_P%C3%A9ronne.jpg/441px-1468_-_Louis_XI_-_Trait%C3%A9_de_P%C3%A9ronne.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/1468_-_Louis_XI_-_Trait%C3%A9_de_P%C3%A9ronne.jpg/588px-1468_-_Louis_XI_-_Trait%C3%A9_de_P%C3%A9ronne.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1097" /></a><figcaption>Charles the Bold ordering Louis IX to sign the Treaty of Péronne; 1913; Histoire de France et notions d'Histoire Générale by <a href="/wiki/Gustave_Herv%C3%A9" title="Gustave Hervé">Gustave Hervé</a>, illustrated by Valéry Müller</figcaption></figure> Charles the Bold pursued a risky and aggressive foreign policy.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGraves201465-149">[144]</a> Trying to have as many allies as possible, he considered everyone, aside from Louis XI, as his ally.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVaughanParavicini2002180-150">[145]</a> In 1471, he made a list of his nineteen allies. He increased the number to twenty-four by the next year and had twenty-six allies in 1473, in contrast to Louis XI's fifteen allies.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVaughanParavicini2002180-150">[145]</a> Some of these relations, like with <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Scotland" title="Kingdom of Scotland">Scotland</a>, were only formalities. Kings of Scotland and <a href="/wiki/Denmark" title="Denmark">Denmark</a> would sign treaties with Louis XI and appear on his list of allies.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVaughanParavicini200273,_180-151">[146]</a> Initially, Charles was hesitant about an alliance with <a href="/wiki/Matthias_Corvinus" title="Matthias Corvinus">Matthias Corvinus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Hungary" title="Kingdom of Hungary">King of Hungary</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarany201688-152">[147]</a> However, the mutual friendship with the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Naples" title="Kingdom of Naples">Kingdom of Naples</a> pushed Burgundy and Hungary to each other, and in his pursuit to ally with Frederick III's opponents, Charles made contacts with Matthias.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarany201673-153">[148]</a> Charles hoped that by supporting Matthias' claim to the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Bohemia" title="Kingdom of Bohemia">Kingdom of Bohemia</a>, Matthias would back him in the electoral college.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarany201674-154">[149]</a> The two successfully concluded a treaty in November 1474, in which they agreed to partition the Holy Roman Empire between themselves, with Charles becoming the King of Romans and having the lands along the Rhine under his authority while Matthias would acquire <a href="/wiki/Wroc%C5%82aw" title="Wrocław">Breslau</a> and Bohemia.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVaughanParavicini2002341-155">[150]</a> In 1473, through negotiations with the new Duke of Lorraine, <a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_II,_Duke_of_Lorraine" title="René II, Duke of Lorraine">René II</a>, he obtained the right to pass his armies through his lands, and assign Burgundian captains to important fortifications in Lorraine, essentially turning the duchy into a Burgundian <a href="/wiki/Protectorate" title="Protectorate">protectorate</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVan_Loo2021409-156">[151]</a> Among Charles's other allies were <a href="/wiki/Amadeus_IX,_Duke_of_Savoy" title="Amadeus IX, Duke of Savoy">Amadeus IX</a>, <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Savoy" title="Duchy of Savoy">Duke of Savoy</a>, whose wife, <a href="/wiki/Yolande_of_Valois" title="Yolande of Valois">Yolande of Valois</a>, Louis XI's sister, drove the duchy into an alliance with Burgundy on the basis of their shared dismay for Louis XI.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWaugh2016256-157">[152]</a> The intense rivalry between Louis XI and Charles the Bold kept both rulers always prepared for an eventual war.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmithDe_Vries2005165-158">[153]</a> The suspicious death of Charles of Valois, Duke of Berry, the king's brother, in 1472, prompted Charles to raise arms to avenge his former ally's death, stating he has been poisoned by Louis.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKendall1971248-159">[154]</a> After a small conflict, the two ceased their fighting in the winter 1473 without any talks of peace. Neither would declare war on the other for the rest of their reigns.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmithDe_Vries2005170-92">[90]</a> In 1468, Charles and Louis tried to make peace, which caused astonishment throughout France.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVaughanParavicini200255-160">[155]</a> Their talks of peace soon turned into hostility once Charles learned that Louis had his hands in a recent rebellion in Liége.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKendall1971214-161">[156]</a> Afterwards, Charles imprisoned Louis in the city of <a href="/wiki/P%C3%A9ronne,_Somme" title="Péronne, Somme">Péronne</a> and coerced him to sign a treaty favourable to Burgundy with conditions such as forfeiting the Duke of Burgundy from paying homage, guarantying Charles's sovereignty of Picardy, and abolishing French jurisdiction on Burgundian subjects.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVan_Loo2021400–401-162">[157]</a> Louis reluctantly agreed to all the demands and signed the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_P%C3%A9ronne_(1641)" title="Treaty of Péronne (1641)">Treaty of Péronne</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVaughanParavicini200256-163">[158]</a> However, the crown did not abide by the treaty terms and Franco-Burgundian relations remained negative.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVaughanParavicini200258-164">[159]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Italian_nations">Italian nations</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Charles_the_Bold&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Italian nations">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:SOAOTO_-_Folio_074R.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="King Ferdinand is wearing a long red robe and chaperon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/SOAOTO_-_Folio_074R.jpg/220px-SOAOTO_-_Folio_074R.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="335" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/11/SOAOTO_-_Folio_074R.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="457" /></a><figcaption>King Ferdinand I of Naples depicted as a knight of the Oder of the Golden Fleece in Statuts, Ordonnances et Armorial by Gilles Gobet, the <a href="/wiki/Toison_d%27or_King_of_Arms" title="Toison d'or King of Arms">Toison d'or King of Arms</a>, 1473</figcaption></figure> At the start of Louis XI's reign, Italy's triple alliance between the <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Milan" title="Duchy of Milan">Duchy of Milan</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Florence" title="Republic of Florence">Republic of Florence</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Naples" title="Kingdom of Naples">Kingdom of Naples</a>, allowed the influence of France grow in the peninsula, for Milan and Florence were long-standing allies of Louis XI.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWalsh20054-165">[160]</a> To remedy this, Charles enlarged Burgundy's <a href="/wiki/Sphere_of_influence" title="Sphere of influence">sphere of influence</a> in Italy to dwarf that of France.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWalsh20055-166">[161]</a> The first Burgundian alliance with an Italian ruler was with King <a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_I_of_Naples" title="Ferdinand I of Naples">Ferdinand I of Naples</a>, a ruler admired by both Charles and Louis XI.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWalsh2005195-167">[162]</a> Ferdinand was the legitimised bastard of <a href="/wiki/Alfonso_V_of_Aragon" title="Alfonso V of Aragon">Alfonso I</a>, and the Pope did not recognize his claim to the throne.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTED'ArcyDacre2000403-168">[163]</a> Meanwhile, <a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_of_Anjou" title="René of Anjou">René of Anjou</a>, the deposed King of Naples, persistently sought his title back. In the constant fear of an invasion from René or his heirs with the support of Louis XI, Ferdinand allied himself with Charles, who made him a member of the Order of the Golden Fleece in 1473.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWalsh2005xx-169">[164]</a> Charles constantly toyed with the idea of marrying his daughter, Mary, to Ferdinand's second son, <a href="/wiki/Frederick_of_Naples" title="Frederick of Naples">Frederick of Naples</a>, who visited the Burgundian court in 1469 and 1470.<a href="#cite_note-170">[165]</a> In 1474, when a war with Louis XI was on the horizon, Ferdinand's participation was dependent on his son's marriage with Mary. Charles hinted at his willingness to give his daughter's hand to Frederick, and Ferdinand dispatched his son to Burgundy on 24 October 1474.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWalsh2005304-171">[166]</a> Although Frederick became a lieutenant and close military advisor to Charles, he failed in his ultimate mission in marrying Mary.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWalsh2005311-172">[167]</a> The Duchy of Milan was France's most important ally in the <a href="/wiki/Italian_Peninsula" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian Peninsula">Italian peninsula</a>, whose ruler, <a href="/wiki/Galeazzo_Maria_Sforza" title="Galeazzo Maria Sforza">Galeazzo Maria Sforza</a> was attached to the King of France through his marriage with Louis' niece, <a href="/wiki/Bona_of_Savoy" title="Bona of Savoy">Bona of Savoy</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWalsh20057-173">[168]</a> Charles tried to form an alliance with Milan. In 1470, he offered Galeazzo membership in the Order of the Golden Fleece, on the premise of an alliance, but was rejected.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVaughanParavicini200275-174">[169]</a> One time he even included Milan in one of his lists of allies, which caused Galeazzo to protest.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVaughanParavicini2002180-150">[145]</a> To bring about Galeazzo to his circle of allies, Charles started a rumour that he wished to conquer Milan.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWalsh200535-175">[170]</a> Concerns about a probable war and Charles's diplomatic pressure by isolating Milan from France persuaded Galeazzo to sign a treaty on 30 January 1475 at <a href="/wiki/Moncalieri" title="Moncalieri">Moncalieri</a> in the form of an alliance between Savoy, Burgundy and Milan.<a href="#cite_note-176">[171]</a> As a result of this treaty, diplomatic relations between the two duchies were established, and Galeazzo sent Giovanni Pietro Panigarola as his envoy to Burgundy.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWalsh2005205-177">[172]</a> Charles's relation with the <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Venice" title="Republic of Venice">Republic of Venice</a> was based on his willingness to launch a crusade against the Turks.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWalsh197757-178">[173]</a> With Ferdinand of Naples' insistence, the <a href="/wiki/Venetian_Senate" title="Venetian Senate">senate of Venice</a> agreed to a treaty against the King of France on 20 March 1472.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWalsh200510-179">[174]</a> From then on, Venice constantly urged Charles to uphold his part of the bargain and support them in <a href="/wiki/Ottoman%E2%80%93Venetian_War_(1463%E2%80%931479)" title="Ottoman–Venetian War (1463–1479)">their war with the Ottomans</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWalsh197758-180">[175]</a> Charles's inaction caused gradual estrangement from Venice.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWalsh2005202-181">[176]</a> For instance, when he wanted to recruit the Venetian <a href="/wiki/Condottiero" title="Condottiero">condottiero</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bartolomeo_Colleoni" title="Bartolomeo Colleoni">Bartolomeo Colleoni</a> to his ranks, (who would have brought with himself 10,000 men at arms) the Venetian government did not allow him to go. Charles spent two years negotiating with the Venetian ambassadors, but at the end, was unsuccessful in convincing them.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVaughanParavicini2002216-182">[177]</a> By 1475, the alliance between Venice and Burgundy did not liken a genuine union anymore.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWalsh200516-183">[178]</a> The Italian peninsula saw a shift in its sphere of influence after the Treaty of Moncalieri in 1475. Charles the Bold triumphantly replaced Louis XI as the dominant influence on the Italian politics, with three of four major secular powers in the region—Milan, Naples and Venice—all aligning towards him.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWalsh200513-184">[179]</a> Only Florence remained a French ally, though they offered a stance of neutrality to Charles on the basis of their mutual alliance with Venice.<a href="#cite_note-185">[180]</a> Charles successfully eliminated any possible support from Italy for France, and now could count on the support of his Italian allies if a war with France ensued,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWalsh200513-184">[179]</a> However, from 1472, relations with France became a constant truce, and remained as such during rest of Charles's reign.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWalsh200514-186">[181]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Arts">Arts</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Charles_the_Bold&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Arts">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Master_of_the_Jardin_de_vertueuse_consolation_and_assistant_(Flemish_-_Vasco_da_Lucena_Giving_his_Work_to_Charles_the_Bold_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A kneeling man presents his book to Charles who is seated on his throne" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Master_of_the_Jardin_de_vertueuse_consolation_and_assistant_%28Flemish_-_Vasco_da_Lucena_Giving_his_Work_to_Charles_the_Bold_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/220px-Master_of_the_Jardin_de_vertueuse_consolation_and_assistant_%28Flemish_-_Vasco_da_Lucena_Giving_his_Work_to_Charles_the_Bold_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="302" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Master_of_the_Jardin_de_vertueuse_consolation_and_assistant_%28Flemish_-_Vasco_da_Lucena_Giving_his_Work_to_Charles_the_Bold_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/330px-Master_of_the_Jardin_de_vertueuse_consolation_and_assistant_%28Flemish_-_Vasco_da_Lucena_Giving_his_Work_to_Charles_the_Bold_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Master_of_the_Jardin_de_vertueuse_consolation_and_assistant_%28Flemish_-_Vasco_da_Lucena_Giving_his_Work_to_Charles_the_Bold_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/440px-Master_of_the_Jardin_de_vertueuse_consolation_and_assistant_%28Flemish_-_Vasco_da_Lucena_Giving_his_Work_to_Charles_the_Bold_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3190" data-file-height="4383" /></a><figcaption>Vasco de Lucena presenting his translation of <a href="/wiki/Quintus_Curtius_Rufus" title="Quintus Curtius Rufus">Quintus Curtius Rufus</a>' <a href="/wiki/Histories_of_Alexander_the_Great" title="Histories of Alexander the Great">Histories of Alexander the Great</a> to Charles the Bold. Folio from Le Jardin de vertueuse consolation by an <a href="/wiki/Master_of_the_Jardin_de_vertueuse_consolation" title="Master of the Jardin de vertueuse consolation">anonymous master</a>, between 1470 and 1475</figcaption></figure> The Burgundian court under Charles the Bold was famous and magnificent.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchnerb2008444-187">[182]</a> It was seen as a place to learn arts and etiquette and where chivalry and courtly life was more intact than the rest of the Europe. For this reason, the Burgundian court was the host to many young noblemen and princes from all across the continent.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWalsh2005280-188">[183]</a> Even future generations admired Charles's court. <a href="/wiki/Philip_II_of_Spain" title="Philip II of Spain">Philip II</a>, for instance, on the urging of his father, <a href="/wiki/Charles_V,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor">Charles V</a>, introduced the "ceremonial of the court of Burgundy" into Spain using Olivier de la Marche's account of Charles the Bold's court.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGunnJanse2006156-189">[184]</a> Charles's Burgundian court thus became the idealized courtly life that sparked inspirations throughout <a href="/wiki/Spain_in_the_17th_century" title="Spain in the 17th century">17th century Spain</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGunnJanse2006157-190">[185]</a> While Charles's court did not differ much from his contemporaries, certain special features increased the court's appeal: the number of knights of nobles, the sacred image of the ruler who was distant from other courtiers, and the splendour of the court.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGunnJanse2006158-191">[186]</a> Charles, like his predecessors, displayed his glamour through extravagant <a href="/wiki/Patronage" title="Patronage">patronage</a> of the arts.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKrenMcKendrick20032-192">[187]</a> During Charles's reign, the production of <a href="/wiki/Illuminated_manuscript" title="Illuminated manuscript">illuminated manuscripts</a> flourished and thrived.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKrenMcKendrick2003223-193">[188]</a> After his ascension in 1467, Charles provided considerable budget for projects left incomplete after his father's death and commissioned new projects as well.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKrenMcKendrick20033-194">[189]</a> As a patron of <a href="/wiki/Renaissance_humanism" title="Renaissance humanism">Renaissance humanism</a>, he commissioned the translation of <a href="/wiki/Quintus_Curtius_Rufus" title="Quintus Curtius Rufus">Quintus Curtius Rufus</a>' <a href="/wiki/Histories_of_Alexander_the_Great" title="Histories of Alexander the Great">Histories of Alexander the Great</a> into French to replace the inadequate <a href="/wiki/Roman_d%27Alexandre_en_prose" title="Roman d'Alexandre en prose">Roman d'Alexandre en prose</a>. He commissioned the Portuguese Vasco de Lucena and Jehan de Chesne to respectively translate <a href="/wiki/Xenophon" title="Xenophon">Xenophon</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Cyropaedia" title="Cyropaedia">Cyropaedia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Julius_Caesar" title="Julius Caesar">Caesar</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Commentarii_de_Bello_Gallico" title="Commentarii de Bello Gallico">De bello Gallico</a> into French.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVaughanParavicini2002163-195">[190]</a> In 1468, he commissioned <a href="/wiki/Guillaume_Fillastre_(died_1473)" title="Guillaume Fillastre (died 1473)">Guillaume Fillastre</a> to compose a "didactic chronicle" called Histoire de Toison d'Or containing moral and didactic stories of <a href="/wiki/Jason" title="Jason">Jason</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jacob" title="Jacob">Jacob</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gideon" title="Gideon">Gideon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mesha" title="Mesha">Mesha</a>, <a href="/wiki/Job_(biblical_figure)" title="Job (biblical figure)">Job</a> and <a href="/wiki/David" title="David">David</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Golden_Fleece" title="Golden Fleece">Golden Fleeces</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHemelryck2016-196">[191]</a> He employed the finest calligraphers and illuminators to document his ordinances; the Ordinance of 1469 was illuminated by <a href="/wiki/Nicolas_Spierinc" title="Nicolas Spierinc">Nicolas Spierinc</a> and was distributed among Charles's courtiers.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVaughanParavicini2002164-197">[192]</a> His prayer book illuminated by Lieven van Lathem is considered a masterpiece of Flemish illumination that influenced great illuminators such as the <a href="/wiki/Master_of_Mary_of_Burgundy" title="Master of Mary of Burgundy">Master of Mary of Burgundy</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchryver200812-198">[193]</a> Charles and his wife Margaret were patrons of <a href="/wiki/Simon_Marmion" title="Simon Marmion">Simon Marmion</a>, who illuminated a <a href="/wiki/Breviary" title="Breviary">breviary</a> and a <a href="/wiki/Panel_painting" title="Panel painting">panel painting</a> for them.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAinsworth199825-199">[194]</a> Charles was a patron of music and was a capable musician.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFallows20193-200">[195]</a> In his 1469 ordinance, Charles gave a clear view of what his musical entourage should be: a <a href="/wiki/Concert_band" title="Concert band">concert band</a>, ceremonial trumpeters, <a href="/wiki/Chamber_music" title="Chamber music">chamber musicians</a>, an organist and the <a href="/wiki/Chapel_(music)" title="Chapel (music)">chapel musicians</a>, who had more variety than Philip the Good's chapel.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrown199954-201">[196]</a> He brought his chapel with himself on his campaigns and had them sing a new song to him every night in his chambers.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlden2010135-202">[197]</a> Charles was a patron of the composer <a href="/wiki/Antoine_Busnois" title="Antoine Busnois">Antoine Busnois</a>, who became his choirmaster;<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlockmansPervenier1999228-203">[198]</a> his court musicians also included <a href="/wiki/Hayne_van_Ghizeghem" title="Hayne van Ghizeghem">Hayne van Ghizeghem</a> and <a href="/wiki/Robert_Morton_(composer)" title="Robert Morton (composer)">Robert Morton</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWrightFallows2001-204">[199]</a> His favourite song was <a href="/wiki/L%27homme_arm%C3%A9" title="L'homme armé">L'homme armé</a>, a song that may have been written for him.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETaruskin2009485-205">[200]</a> Charles composed a <a href="/wiki/Motet" title="Motet">motet</a> that was sung in the <a href="/wiki/Cambrai_Cathedral" title="Cambrai Cathedral">Cambrai Cathedral</a>, presumably in the presence of <a href="/wiki/Guillaume_Du_Fay" title="Guillaume Du Fay">Guillaume Du Fay</a>, one of the most well-known composers of his era.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFallows20194-206">[201]</a> Among his other works were <a href="/wiki/Chanson" title="Chanson">chansons</a> and <a href="/wiki/Secular_music" title="Secular music">secular songs</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFallows201912-207">[202]</a> Although no pieces from his motet or chansons remain, two songs are attributed to him: Del ducha di borghogna (of the Duke of Burgundy) and Dux Carlus (Duke Charles), both are from Italian <a href="/wiki/Song_book" title="Song book">songbooks</a> wherein no name of the composers is mentioned, nevertheless, the songs have uncanny similarities to each other: in <a href="/wiki/Vocal_range" title="Vocal range">voice ranges</a>; in their use of pitch <a href="/wiki/C_(musical_note)" title="C (musical note)">C</a>; their <a href="/wiki/Musical_form" title="Musical form">musical form</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rondeau_(forme_fixe)" title="Rondeau (forme fixe)">rondeau</a>; and both songs start with the phrase Ma dame. According to the <a href="/wiki/Musicology" title="Musicology">musicologist</a> <a href="/wiki/David_Fallows" title="David Fallows">David Fallows</a>, with such similar traits, the songs are most likely both composed by Charles in 1460s.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFallows201912–18-208">[203]</a> Charles also liked to sing, however he did not have a good singing voice.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVaughanParavicini2002162-209">[204]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Military">Military</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Charles_the_Bold&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Military">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Heeresordnung1473_fol_5r.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Heeresordnung1473_fol_5r.jpg/220px-Heeresordnung1473_fol_5r.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="302" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Heeresordnung1473_fol_5r.jpg/330px-Heeresordnung1473_fol_5r.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Heeresordnung1473_fol_5r.jpg/440px-Heeresordnung1473_fol_5r.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1668" data-file-height="2293" /></a><figcaption>Military Ordinance of Charles the Bold, Master of Fitzwilliam 268, c. 1475</figcaption></figure> When Charles became the Duke of Burgundy, his army functioned under a feudalistic system, with most of its men either recruited through summons or hired by contracts. The majority of his army ranks were occupied by French nobles and <a href="/wiki/English_longbow" title="English longbow">English archers</a>, and the army suffered from the inefficient distribution of resources and slow movement.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELecuppre-Desjardin2022203–204-210">[205]</a> Having lived through a period of peace under Philip the Good, the army scarcely trained and was unprepared. Furthermore, in comparison to other armies of Europe, their structure was old and dated.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAllmand2001142-211">[206]</a> To remedy these problems, Charles issued a series of military ordinances between 1468 and 1473, that not only would revolutionise the Burgundian army, but also would influence every European army in the 16th century.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVaughanParavicini2002205-212">[207]</a> The first of these ordinances, addressed to the Marshal of Burgundy, contains instructions on who could be recruited to the army and describes the personnel of the artillery, namely, masons, assistants, <a href="/wiki/Cannoneer" title="Cannoneer">cannoneers</a>, and carpenters.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmithDe_Vries2005171-213">[208]</a> The second ordinance, issued at <a href="/wiki/Abbeville" title="Abbeville">Abbeville</a> in 1471, proclaimed the formation of a <a href="/wiki/Standing_army" title="Standing army">standing army</a> called <a href="/wiki/Compagnie_d%27ordonnance" title="Compagnie d'ordonnance">Compagnie d'ordonnance</a>, made up of 1250 <a href="/wiki/Lances_fournies" class="mw-redirect" title="Lances fournies">lances fournies</a>, who were accompanied by 1200 crossbows, 1250 handgunners and 1250 pikemen, under the ratio of 1:1:1.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEQuerengässer2021102-214">[209]</a> A squad of these troops contained a man-at-arms, a mounted page, a mounted swordsman, three <a href="/wiki/Mounted_archery" title="Mounted archery">horse archers</a>, a crossbowmen and a pikeman. Charles designed a uniform for each of the companies (<a href="/wiki/Cross_of_Burgundy" title="Cross of Burgundy">Cross of Burgundy</a> inscribed on the ducal colours).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmithDe_Vries2005172-215">[210]</a> He also designed an overlapping military hierarchy, that sought to cease the infighting between captains and their subordinates that would arise in a pyramidal hierarchy.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDrake2013224-216">[211]</a><figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Armure_de_Charles_le_T%C3%A9m%C3%A9raire.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A knight mounting a horse, who has an adorned armour" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Armure_de_Charles_le_T%C3%A9m%C3%A9raire.jpg/220px-Armure_de_Charles_le_T%C3%A9m%C3%A9raire.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="321" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Armure_de_Charles_le_T%C3%A9m%C3%A9raire.jpg/330px-Armure_de_Charles_le_T%C3%A9m%C3%A9raire.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Armure_de_Charles_le_T%C3%A9m%C3%A9raire.jpg/440px-Armure_de_Charles_le_T%C3%A9m%C3%A9raire.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1752" data-file-height="2560" /></a><figcaption>Armour of Charles the Bold in The Vinkhuijzen collection of military uniforms, 1910, kept at <a href="/wiki/New_York_Public_Library" title="New York Public Library">New York Public Library</a></figcaption></figure>The last of these ordinances, issued at Thionville, marked the culmination of Charles's martial administration. The organisation of a squad was categorised to the merest detail; specific battle marches were created to keep order between the men; a soldier's equipment were explained in detail and discipline among the ranks was regarded with utmost importance.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVaughanParavicini2002209-217">[212]</a> Charles forbade individual soldiers to have a <a href="/wiki/Camp_follower" title="Camp follower">camp follower</a>, instead, he permitted each company of 900 to have 30 women in their ranks who would attend to them.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmithDe_Vries2005172-215">[210]</a> He set brutal rules against defaulters and deserters. In 1476, he appointed Jehan de Dadizele to arrest deserters. Those guilty of encouraging soldiers to desert were to be executed and the deserters were to return to the army.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVaughanParavicini2002225-218">[213]</a> Charles intended for his soldiers to tutor their compatriots about these new conditions in private settings without a disciplinarian presiding over them.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDrake2013224-216">[211]</a> Charles's erratic pace to write new detailed reforms every few years was too much for his captains and men-at-arms to sufficiently implement.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVan_Loo2021420-219">[214]</a> Charles's ordinances were mostly inspired by Xenophon's Cyropaedia.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAllmand2001137-220">[215]</a> After observing how <a href="/wiki/Cyrus_the_Great" title="Cyrus the Great">Cyrus the Great</a> achieved the willing obedience of his subjects, Charles became obsessed with discipline and order among his men-at-arms.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDrake2013223-221">[216]</a> He applied Xenophon's comments in the Abbeville ordinance, thus ensuring that through a complex <a href="/wiki/Command_hierarchy" title="Command hierarchy">chain of command</a>, his soldiers would both command and obey.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDrake2013224-216">[211]</a> The influence of <a href="/wiki/Vegetius" title="Vegetius">Vegetius</a>' <a href="/wiki/De_re_militari" title="De re militari">De re militari</a> is also quite apparent in Charles's writings. Vegetius suggested that soldiers were to be recruited from men offering themselves to a martial life; afterwards, they would swear an oath to stay loyal to the duke. Charles adapted both ideas in his 1471 ordinance.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAllmand2001138,_140-222">[217]</a> Charles's 1473 ordinance included exercises from Vegetius for soldiers to keep them prepared and disciplined.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAllmand2001138-223">[218]</a> The Burgundian standing army struggled with recruitment.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVaughanParavicini2002214-224">[219]</a> Although the Burgundian army had enough men-at-arms, pikemen and mounted archers, the they lacked <a href="/wiki/Culverin" title="Culverin">culverins</a> and foot archers.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmithDe_Vries2005173-225">[220]</a> To solve this problem, Charles diversified his army and recruited from other nationalities.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaboukis2010b367-226">[221]</a> Italian mercenaries were his favourite and by 1476, filled up most of his ranks.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWalsh2005341-227">[222]</a> Despite the constant warning from military authors of the past against the recruitment of mercenaries, contemporary chronicler <a href="/wiki/Jean_Molinet" title="Jean Molinet">Jean Molinet</a> praised Charles for his brilliant solution, staying that he was favoured by both heaven and earth and thus above the 'commandments of philosophers'.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGolubeva201332-228">[223]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Burgundian_Wars">Burgundian Wars</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Charles_the_Bold&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Burgundian Wars">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="League_of_Constance">League of Constance</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Charles_the_Bold&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: League of Constance">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Deutsche_Geschichte5-310.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Deutsche_Geschichte5-310.jpg/220px-Deutsche_Geschichte5-310.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="285" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Deutsche_Geschichte5-310.jpg/330px-Deutsche_Geschichte5-310.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Deutsche_Geschichte5-310.jpg/440px-Deutsche_Geschichte5-310.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1498" data-file-height="1939" /></a><figcaption>Trial of Peter von Hagenbach, 1474</figcaption></figure> Over the span of five years, Charle's deputy in Upper Alsace, Peter von Hagenbach, alienated his Alsatian subjects; antagonized the neighbouring Swiss Confederacy, who felt threatened by his rule; and showed aggressive intentions towards the city of <a href="/wiki/Mulhouse" title="Mulhouse">Mulhouse</a>. As a result, the Swiss sought alliances with German towns and Louis XI.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmithDe_Vries2005173-225">[220]</a> By February 1473, a handful of free cities coordinated to end Burgundian rule in Alsace.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVaughanParavicini2002273-229">[224]</a> The cities <a href="/wiki/Strasbourg" title="Strasbourg">Strasbourg</a>, <a href="/wiki/Colmar" title="Colmar">Colmar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Basel" title="Basel">Basel</a> and <a href="/wiki/S%C3%A9lestat" title="Sélestat">Sélestat</a> offered money to Sigismund of Austria to buy back Alsace from Charles. But Charles refused to sell Alsace and was determined to keep it.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVan_Loo2021429-230">[225]</a> To emphasize his claim, Charles toured the province around Christmas 1473, reportedly with an army.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVaughanParavicini2002276-231">[226]</a> He tried to make peace with the Swiss, who questioned his sincerity.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmithDe_Vries2005174-232">[227]</a> Charles's threats prompted the Swiss to ally themselves with their former enemy, Sigismund.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVan_Loo2021429-230">[225]</a> The rebelling Alsatian cities and the Swiss formed the <a href="/wiki/Lower_League" title="Lower League">League of Constance</a> in April 1474 to drive Charles and Peter von Hagenbach from Alsace.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmithDe_Vries2005174-232">[227]</a> Rebellion quickly broke out in Alsace.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKnecht200798-101">[99]</a> The league overthrew Hagenbach, put him on trial, and on 9 May executed him.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVan_Loo2021429-230">[225]</a> Upon hearing this news, Charles threw a tantrum. In August, he sent an army led by Peter's brother, Stefan von Hagenbach, into Alsace.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESimpsonHeller201337-233">[228]</a> After Charles refused again to give up control of Alsace, the League of Constance officially declared war on him.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVan_Loo2021430-234">[229]</a> Hagenbach's death might be considered the catalyst to the conflict now called the "<a href="/wiki/Burgundian_Wars" title="Burgundian Wars">Burgundian Wars</a>".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESimpsonHeller201337-233">[228]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Siege_of_Neuss">Siege of Neuss</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Charles_the_Bold&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Siege of Neuss">edit</a>]</div> When Alsace rose up against Burgundian authority, Charles was already preoccupied with another campaign in Cologne.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVan_Loo2021430-234">[229]</a> Charles aided the <a href="/wiki/Archbishop_of_Cologne" title="Archbishop of Cologne">Archbishop of Cologne</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ruprecht_of_the_Palatinate_(archbishop_of_Cologne)" title="Ruprecht of the Palatinate (archbishop of Cologne)">Ruprecht</a> against a rebellion, hoping to turn the <a href="/wiki/Electorate_of_Cologne" title="Electorate of Cologne">electorate</a> into a Burgundian protectorate.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVan_Loo2021428-235">[230]</a> He held peace talks in Maastricht on 14 May 1474, which failed. From 22 June, he planned to siege Colognian cities and force Ruprecht's conditions on his subjects.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilliams201422-236">[231]</a> The first of his targets was the city of <a href="/wiki/Neuss" title="Neuss">Neuss</a>, which Charles needed to control in order to guarantee Burgundian supply lines for an attack on Cologne. Neuss was expected to fall within a few days, and many contemporary historians feared its fall would open up Germany to the Burgundians.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilliams201422-236">[231]</a><figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Siege_of_Neuss_by_Charles_the_Bold_in_1475._Museum_Hof_van_Busleyden,_Mechelen,_Belgium.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Painting of the encampment of Charles the Bold's army outside of the walls of Neuss" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/The_Siege_of_Neuss_by_Charles_the_Bold_in_1475._Museum_Hof_van_Busleyden%2C_Mechelen%2C_Belgium.jpg/321px-The_Siege_of_Neuss_by_Charles_the_Bold_in_1475._Museum_Hof_van_Busleyden%2C_Mechelen%2C_Belgium.jpg" decoding="async" width="321" height="171" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/The_Siege_of_Neuss_by_Charles_the_Bold_in_1475._Museum_Hof_van_Busleyden%2C_Mechelen%2C_Belgium.jpg/482px-The_Siege_of_Neuss_by_Charles_the_Bold_in_1475._Museum_Hof_van_Busleyden%2C_Mechelen%2C_Belgium.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/The_Siege_of_Neuss_by_Charles_the_Bold_in_1475._Museum_Hof_van_Busleyden%2C_Mechelen%2C_Belgium.jpg/642px-The_Siege_of_Neuss_by_Charles_the_Bold_in_1475._Museum_Hof_van_Busleyden%2C_Mechelen%2C_Belgium.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2386" data-file-height="1268" /></a><figcaption>Siege of Neuss by Charles the Bold in 1475, Adriaen Van den Houte</figcaption></figure>On 28 July 1474, Charles's army reached the southern gate of Neuss.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilliams201423-237">[232]</a> The artillery immediately began bombardment to breach the walls.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVillalonKagay2005445-238">[233]</a> To isolate the city, Charles assigned men to every gate, blockaded the river across Neuss with fifty boats, and secured the two isles neighbouring the city.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilliams201423–24-239">[234]</a> Despite all attempts, communications between Neuss and the outside world continued.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmithDe_Vries200548-240">[235]</a> In September, the Burgundian night watch caught a man swimming through the river with a letter detailing Emperor Frederick's intention to attack the Burgundian besiegers.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilliams201424-241">[236]</a> Upon learning Frederick's plan, Charles intensified the barrage, and attempted to dry out the city's <a href="/wiki/Moat" title="Moat">moat</a> by diverting the <a href="/wiki/Erft" title="Erft">River Erft</a> and sinking overloaded barges into the Rhine.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilliams201424-241">[236]</a> Residents of Neuss endured the constant bombardments, and refused to surrender even though their food had reduced from cows to snails and weeds.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVan_Loo2021431-242">[237]</a> Their resistance brought admiration from all the contemporary chronicles.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmithDe_Vries2005180-243">[238]</a> Emperor Frederick was slow to amass an army. When he had gathered 20,000 German forces in Spring 1475, he took seventeen days to march from Cologne to <a href="/wiki/Zons" title="Zons">Zons</a>, their encampment.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmithDe_Vries2005182-244">[239]</a> Charles was constantly petitioned by his brother-in-law, Edward IV of England, to leave the siege and join him in fighting the French. But in the face of the Emperor's forces, Charles did not want to lose his pride and withdraw.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilliams201425-245">[240]</a> The Emperor had no desire to fight the Burgundians and kept the conflict to a few skirmishes.<a href="#cite_note-246">[241]</a> The conflict came to a rapid end when an emissary from the Pope threatened both sides with <a href="/wiki/Excommunication" title="Excommunication">excommunication</a>, and all parties signed a peace treaty on 29 May 1475.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilliams201426-247">[242]</a> Charles left Neuss on 27 June.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmithDe_Vries2005183-248">[243]</a> The city had been so badly damaged that it was on the verge of surrender.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilliams201426-247">[242]</a> His propagandists presented him as the Caesar of their age who had brought a humiliating defeat on the German forces. After signing the peace treaty, hundreds of German soldiers lined up to see him. According to one chronicle, many of them threw themselves at Charles and worshipped him.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVan_Loo2021432-249">[244]</a> However, the <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Neuss" title="Siege of Neuss">Siege of Neuss</a> cost Burgundy dearly in army strength and strategic opportunities.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmithDe_Vries2005183-248">[243]</a> Besides the number of men and equipment lost, this siege also cost Charles a chance to destroy Louis XI and France. Edward IV, after seeing no support from his ally, agreed to sign the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Picquigny" title="Treaty of Picquigny">Treaty of Picquigny</a> with Louis XI, causing a seven-year truce and a marriage alliance between the two kingdoms.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilliams201426-247">[242]</a> Charles had to sign a treaty with Louis as well, so that he would be free to march south and deal with the League of Constance, whose members now also included René II of Lorraine.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmithDe_Vries2005184-250">[245]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Battle_of_Grandson">Battle of Grandson</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Charles_the_Bold&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Battle of Grandson">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Grandson" title="Battle of Grandson">Battle of Grandson</a></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Luzerner_Schilling_Battle_of_Grandson.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="battle scene, over two pages" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Luzerner_Schilling_Battle_of_Grandson.jpg/320px-Luzerner_Schilling_Battle_of_Grandson.jpg" decoding="async" width="320" height="208" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Luzerner_Schilling_Battle_of_Grandson.jpg/480px-Luzerner_Schilling_Battle_of_Grandson.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Luzerner_Schilling_Battle_of_Grandson.jpg/640px-Luzerner_Schilling_Battle_of_Grandson.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="1302" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Grandson" title="Battle of Grandson">Battle of Grandson</a>, miniature of 1515 by <a href="/wiki/Diebold_Schilling_the_Younger" title="Diebold Schilling the Younger">Diebold Schilling the Younger</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Luzerner_Schilling" title="Luzerner Schilling">Lucerne chronicle</a></figcaption></figure> Charles commenced his full-fledged invasion on the Swiss and their allies immediately after signing the peace treaty with Louis XI. Splitting his army into two parts, he advanced through Lorraine with no resistance and captured the capital city of <a href="/wiki/Nancy,_France" title="Nancy, France">Nancy</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmithDe_Vries2005185-251">[246]</a> At the beginning of 1476, Charles besieged the recently captured castle of <a href="/wiki/Grandson,_Switzerland" title="Grandson, Switzerland">Grandson</a> which was fortified by a garrison from <a href="/wiki/Bern" title="Bern">Bern</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaboukis2010c-252">[247]</a> Despite the many relief forces sent to defeat the Burgundians, the Swiss were unable to relieve the city from the siege and Charles recaptured Grandson, executing all of the Bernese garrison as retaliation for Swiss brutality in Burgundian towns.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeazley201428-253">[248]</a> On 1 March, Charles, expecting the Swiss army to march towards him for a battle, decided to leave Grandson northwards for a mountain pass north of the town of <a href="/wiki/Concise,_Switzerland" title="Concise, Switzerland">Concise</a>. As he had foreseen, the Swiss army marched from <a href="/wiki/Neuch%C3%A2tel" title="Neuchâtel">Neuchâtel</a>, with their vanguard made up of eight thousand men several hours ahead of the rest. The vanguard reached the mountain pass first and surprised the Burgundian army.<a href="#cite_note-254">[249]</a> Charles quickly rallied his troops, ordered his artillery to fire at the enemy lines and then launched an attack.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaboukis2010c-252">[247]</a> Meanwhile, the Swiss had knelt down to pray, which the Burgundians may have mistaken for submission, motivating them more for the attack.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeazley201429-255">[250]</a> The initial charge, commanded by <a href="/w/index.php?title=Louis_de_Ch%C3%A2lon-Arlay&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Louis de Châlon-Arlay (page does not exist)">Louis de Châlon-Arlay</a> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_de_Ch%C3%A2lon-Arlay_(1448%E2%80%931476)" class="extiw" title="fr:Louis de Châlon-Arlay (1448–1476)">fr</a>], Lord of Grandson, failed to penetrate the Swiss defensive line, with Louis himself killed in the process.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeazley201429-255">[250]</a> Charles then made a second attack. In order to lure the enemy further down the valley to give his artillery a better target, Charles soon retreated.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVan_Loo2021437-256">[251]</a> However, the rest of his army mistook his tactical retreat for a complete withdrawal. Around this time, the rest of the Swiss army had reached the valley, announcing their arrival by bellowing their horns. The Burgundians panicked and abandoned their positions, ignoring Charles's pleas to stay in line.<a href="#cite_note-257">[252]</a> The panicking army even forsook their camp at Grandson, leaving it open for the Swiss to capture.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaboukis2010c-252">[247]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVan_Loo2021438-258">[253]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Grandson" title="Battle of Grandson">Battle of Grandson</a> became a humiliating defeat for Charles the Bold, as his army's cowardice had caused him the loss of many valuable treasures and all of his artillery and supplies.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeazley201433-259">[254]</a> For two or three days after the battle, Charles refused any food or drinks. By 4 March, he began to reorganize his army in hopes of entering the battlefield two weeks later.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVaughanParavicini2002378-260">[255]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Battle_of_Morat">Battle of Morat</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Charles_the_Bold&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Battle of Morat">edit</a>]</div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:La_Fuite_de_Charles_le_T%C3%A9m%C3%A9raire.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Charles the Bold and his men fleeting on horses" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/La_Fuite_de_Charles_le_T%C3%A9m%C3%A9raire.jpg/320px-La_Fuite_de_Charles_le_T%C3%A9m%C3%A9raire.jpg" decoding="async" width="320" height="178" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/La_Fuite_de_Charles_le_T%C3%A9m%C3%A9raire.jpg/480px-La_Fuite_de_Charles_le_T%C3%A9m%C3%A9raire.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/La_Fuite_de_Charles_le_T%C3%A9m%C3%A9raire.jpg/640px-La_Fuite_de_Charles_le_T%C3%A9m%C3%A9raire.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4153" data-file-height="2309" /></a><figcaption>The flight of Charles the Bold after the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Morat" title="Battle of Morat">Battle of Morat</a> by <a href="/wiki/Eug%C3%A8ne_Burnand" title="Eugène Burnand">Eugène Burnand</a>, 1894, now in the Eugène Burnand Museum, <a href="/wiki/Moudon" title="Moudon">Moudon</a></figcaption></figure> Charles retreated to <a href="/wiki/Lausanne" title="Lausanne">Lausanne</a>, where he reorganised his army. He demanded more artillery and men-at-arms from his lands; in Dijon, anything made of metals were melted to make canons; in occupied Lorraine, he confiscated all artillery.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWinkler201020-261">[256]</a><a href="#cite_note-262">[f]</a> He received funds from all his allies and men from Italy, Germany, England and <a href="/wiki/History_of_Poland_during_the_Jagiellonian_dynasty" title="History of Poland during the Jagiellonian dynasty">Poland</a> came to join his army.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWinkler201021-263">[257]</a> At the end of May, he had amassed 20,000 men in Lausanne, outnumbering the local population.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVan_Loo2021439-264">[258]</a> He trained these men from 14 to 26 May while he himself grew sicker by day, resulting in stagnation among his troops. With the supply lines delayed, and the payment long overdue, Charles's army cut costs. Many horse archers went on foot instead. The army, though luxurious on display, was incoherent and destabilised.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrunner201147-265">[259]</a> On 27 May, Charles and his army began their slow march towards the fortress of <a href="/wiki/Murten" title="Murten">Morat</a>. His main objective was the city of Bern, and to eliminate all supports to the city, he first needed to conquer Morat.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWinkler201021-263">[257]</a> He arrived at Morat at 9 June and immediately began besieging the fortress. By 19 June, after several assaults on the fortress and with several of its walls destroyed, Morat sent a message to Bern, asking for help.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWinkler201024–25-266">[260]</a> On 20 June, the <a href="/wiki/Eidgenossenschaft" title="Eidgenossenschaft">Eidgenossen</a> (oath companion<a href="#cite_note-269">[g]</a>) arrived at Morat.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVan_Loo2021443-270">[263]</a> The forces were larger than the army at Grandson; the Swiss commanders estimated themselves to be 30,000 men, while recent historians believe it was 24,000.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWinkler201026-271">[264]</a> Charles expected a decisive battle at the wake of 21 June but no attack came.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVan_Loo2021443-270">[263]</a> The Swiss instead attacked the following day on 22 June, a holy day attributed to the <a href="/wiki/Ten_thousand_martyrs" title="Ten thousand martyrs">Ten thousand martyrs</a>, catching the slumbering Burgundians unexpected.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWinkler201027-272">[265]</a> Charles was too slow in organizing his troops for a counterattack; he himself tarried in putting up his armour, and before his men finished taking their positions, the Swiss army had already reached them.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWinkler201029-273">[266]</a> The Burgundian army soon abandoned their posts and fled for their lives.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVan_Loo2021444-274">[267]</a> The battle was a total victory for the Swiss and a mass slaughter of the fleeing Burgundian army. Many retreated into <a href="/wiki/Lake_Morat" title="Lake Morat">Lake Morat</a>, and either drowned or died swimming in the process. Some climbed the walnut trees, and were shot dead by the <a href="/wiki/Arquebus" title="Arquebus">arquebuses</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hand_cannon" title="Hand cannon">hand cannons</a>. The Swiss showed no mercy to men who surrendered. They killed knights, soldiers, and high officials alike.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWinkler201030–31-275">[268]</a> Charles himself fled with his men and rode for days until he reached <a href="/wiki/Gex,_Ain" title="Gex, Ain">Gex, Ain</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWinkler201033-276">[269]</a> The Milanese ambassador, Panigarola, reported that Charles laughed and made jokes after his defeat at Morat. He refused to believe he was defeated and continued to think God was on his side.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmithDe_Vries2005197-277">[270]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Death">Death</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Charles_the_Bold&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Death">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Battle_of_Nancy">Battle of Nancy</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Charles_the_Bold&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Battle of Nancy">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Nancy" title="Battle of Nancy">Battle of Nancy</a></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The-Finding-of-the-body-of-Charles-the-Bold-after-the-Battle-of-Nancy-1865-Found-in-the-collection.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="The naked corpse of Charles the Bold found after the Battle of Nancy" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/The-Finding-of-the-body-of-Charles-the-Bold-after-the-Battle-of-Nancy-1865-Found-in-the-collection.jpg/263px-The-Finding-of-the-body-of-Charles-the-Bold-after-the-Battle-of-Nancy-1865-Found-in-the-collection.jpg" decoding="async" width="263" height="173" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/The-Finding-of-the-body-of-Charles-the-Bold-after-the-Battle-of-Nancy-1865-Found-in-the-collection.jpg/395px-The-Finding-of-the-body-of-Charles-the-Bold-after-the-Battle-of-Nancy-1865-Found-in-the-collection.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/The-Finding-of-the-body-of-Charles-the-Bold-after-the-Battle-of-Nancy-1865-Found-in-the-collection.jpg/526px-The-Finding-of-the-body-of-Charles-the-Bold-after-the-Battle-of-Nancy-1865-Found-in-the-collection.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1300" data-file-height="853" /></a><figcaption>Charles's corpse found after the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Nancy" title="Battle of Nancy">Battle of Nancy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Auguste_Feyen-Perrin" title="Auguste Feyen-Perrin">Auguste Feyen-Perrin</a>, 1865, <a href="/wiki/Museum_of_Fine_Arts_of_Nancy" title="Museum of Fine Arts of Nancy">Musée des Beaux-Arts</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nancy,_France" title="Nancy, France">Nancy</a></figcaption></figure> While Charles may have wanted to continue the war against the Swiss, his plans changed drastically when Nancy was reconquered by René II on 6 October.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmithDe_Vries2005197-277">[270]</a> In need of money, Charles took a large loan from the <a href="/wiki/Medici_Bank" title="Medici Bank">Medici bank</a> with which he assembled 10,000 hastily gathered men.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVan_Loo2021445-278">[271]</a> The rest of his army consisted of the Italian mercenaries under the command of the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Count_of_Campobasso&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Count of Campobasso (page does not exist)">Count of Campobasso</a> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comte_de_Campobasso" class="extiw" title="fr:Comte de Campobasso">fr</a>]; the Burgundian garrison in Nancy, and 8,000 reinforcements from the <a href="/wiki/Burgundian_Netherlands" title="Burgundian Netherlands">Netherlands</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVaughanParavicini2002419-279">[272]</a> He arrived in Nancy at 11 October and by 22 October began bombarding the city walls. The siege continued throughout the harsh winter.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmithDe_Vries2005198-280">[273]</a> Charles was hoping that he could enter the city before any of Rene's allies came to relieve the siege.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVaughanParavicini2002420-281">[274]</a> Meanwhile, René spent November and December negotiating with the Swiss to hire an army of mercenaries and with Louis XI to pay the Swiss. He was eventually successful with both and marched towards Nancy from Basel on 26 December with 9,000 Swiss mercenaries.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDean201440-282">[275]</a> Between 31 December and 3 January 1477, the Count of Campobasso and his Italian mercenaries deserted the Burgundians.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDean201439-283">[276]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWalsh2005367-284">[277]</a> They joined René and fought the Burgundians in the forthcoming battle.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWalsh2005367-284">[277]</a><a href="#cite_note-287">[h]</a> On 5 January, under heavy snow, René and his army marched towards the Burgundian position.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmithDe_Vries2005199-288">[280]</a> The snow obscured their movements, and they <a href="/wiki/Flanking_maneuver" title="Flanking maneuver">outflanked</a> the Burgundian army by marching around towards the front of the Burgundians, where Charles had not placed pickets.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDean201441-289">[281]</a> Around noon they attacked the Burgundians, whose artillery was too slow to engage with the quickly approaching army.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmithDe_Vries2005200-290">[282]</a> Charles tried to rally his men, but to no avail, for the Burgundians were already fleeing from the battlefield.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDean201443-291">[283]</a> Meanwhile, the Alsatian and Swiss infantry encircled Charles and his horsemen. In the <a href="/wiki/Meurthe_(river)" title="Meurthe (river)">River Meurthe</a> he fell from his horse, and was struck on his head with a <a href="/wiki/Halberd" title="Halberd">halberd</a>, which pierced his helmet and went into his skull.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDean201443-291">[283]</a> Half of the Burgundian army died during the battle or while retreating.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDean201443-291">[283]</a> Only those who escaped fifty kilometers to <a href="/wiki/Metz" title="Metz">Metz</a> survived.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmithDe_Vries2005200-290">[282]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Burial">Burial</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Charles_the_Bold&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Burial">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ren%C3%A9-II-Charles-t%C3%A9m%C3%A9raire.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Rene II standing before the body of Charles the Bold, who wears a golden crown" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Ren%C3%A9-II-Charles-t%C3%A9m%C3%A9raire.jpg/220px-Ren%C3%A9-II-Charles-t%C3%A9m%C3%A9raire.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="339" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Ren%C3%A9-II-Charles-t%C3%A9m%C3%A9raire.jpg/330px-Ren%C3%A9-II-Charles-t%C3%A9m%C3%A9raire.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Ren%C3%A9-II-Charles-t%C3%A9m%C3%A9raire.jpg/440px-Ren%C3%A9-II-Charles-t%C3%A9m%C3%A9raire.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3625" data-file-height="5593" /></a><figcaption>Duke René II of Lorraine holding the hands of the corpse of Charles the Bold, Chronique scandaleuse by Jean de Roye</figcaption></figure> The corpse of Charles the Bold was found two days after the battle, when it was found lying on the river, with half of his head frozen.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDean201443-291">[283]</a> It took a group consisting of Charles's Roman <a href="/wiki/Valet" title="Valet">valet</a>, his Portuguese personal physician, his chaplain, <a href="/wiki/Olivier_de_la_Marche" title="Olivier de la Marche">Olivier de la Marche</a>, and two of his bastard brothers to identify the corpse through a missing tooth, ingrown toenail, and long fingernails.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMonter200723-292">[284]</a> His body was moved to Nancy with full honours, where it was displayed for five days.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDean201443-291">[283]</a> René buried him in the Saint-George <a href="/wiki/Collegiate_church" title="Collegiate church">collegiate church</a> of Nancy.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESalet1982343-293">[285]</a> In Artois, people refused to believe he was dead; they believed he had escaped to Germany to undergo seven years of penance, and would reappear again.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMonter200723-292">[284]</a> Margaret of York, Charles's wife, requested the return of his body, but René refused.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESalet1982343-293">[285]</a> Over 70 years after Charles's death, on 22 September 1550, <a href="/wiki/Charles_V,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor">Charles V</a> exhumed the body and brought it to <a href="/wiki/Luxembourg_City" title="Luxembourg City">Luxembourg</a> to strengthen his claim over Burgundy. Three years later, Charles's bones were again exhumed to their final resting place, the <a href="/wiki/Church_of_Our_Lady,_Bruges" title="Church of Our Lady, Bruges">Church of Our Lady, Bruges</a>, beside his daughter, Mary of Burgundy.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESalet1982343-293">[285]</a> In 1559, <a href="/wiki/Philip_II_of_Spain" title="Philip II of Spain">Philip II</a> ordered the construction of a monument over the tomb of Charles, which was completed in 1563.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESalet1982343-293">[285]</a> Philip would hold <a href="/wiki/Mass_(liturgy)" title="Mass (liturgy)">masses</a> for the repose of the soul of Charles and <a href="/wiki/Death_anniversary" title="Death anniversary">commemorated the date of his death</a>, 5 January.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESalet1982344-294">[286]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Aftermath">Aftermath</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Charles_the_Bold&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Aftermath">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Burgundian_Succession" title="War of the Burgundian Succession">War of the Burgundian Succession</a></div>Louis XI learned of Charles's death even before it reached Burgundy; he took advantage of the lack of leadership to invade Burgundy through Picardy, Artois and <a href="/wiki/M%C3%A2con" title="Mâcon">Mâcon</a> only three weeks after the Battle of Nancy.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlockmansPervenier1999195-295">[287]</a> Ghent rose in rebellion, executing two of Charles's closest collaborators, <a href="/wiki/William_Hugonet" title="William Hugonet">William Hugonet</a> and <a href="/wiki/Guy_of_Brimeu" title="Guy of Brimeu">Guy of Brimeu</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchnerb2008455-296">[288]</a> Charles's former conquests, Liége and Guelders, rapidly sought their independence, and in Luxembourg, a struggle broke out on whether to recognize Mary of Burgundy as Charles's successor.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlockmansPervenier1999195-295">[287]</a> Sigismund of Austria and the Swiss vied for <a href="/wiki/Franche-Comt%C3%A9" title="Franche-Comté">Franche-Comté</a>; Holland, Zeeland, Frisia and Hainault were claimed by the Count Palatine and the Duke of Bavaria.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKnecht2007104-297">[289]</a> Mary, the sole child of Charles, and Margaret of York, his widow, confronted a crisis. To secure her legitimacy as ruler, Mary signed the <a href="/wiki/Great_Privilege" title="Great Privilege">Great Privilege</a> on 11 February 1477 and restored powers to the States General in <a href="/wiki/County_of_Flanders" title="County of Flanders">Flanders</a>, <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Brabant" title="Duchy of Brabant">Brabant</a>, <a href="/wiki/County_of_Hainaut" title="County of Hainaut">Hainaut</a>, and <a href="/wiki/County_of_Holland" title="County of Holland">Holland</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKoenigsberger200142-298">[290]</a> To secure an alliance with the Habsburgs, Mary married Maximilian, son of Holy Roman Emperor Frederick III, in August 1477.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchnerb2008455-296">[288]</a> Maximilian used a combination of diplomacy and military strength to defend and regain territories from Louis XI, though France kept the geographic Duchy of Burgundy; he also quelled several internal revolts to preserve a great deal of the Burgundian State.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlockmansPervenier1999195-295">[287]</a> Mary died on 27 March 1482, and passed her lands and the title Duke of Burgundy to her son and heir, <a href="/wiki/Philip_the_Handsome" title="Philip the Handsome">Philip</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlockmansPervenier1999199-299">[291]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Historiography_and_legacy">Historiography and legacy</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Charles_the_Bold&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Historiography and legacy">edit</a>]</div> Charles the Bold's untimely death directly caused the sudden collapse of the Burgundian State.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVaughanParavicini2002399-300">[292]</a> He had no legitimate male heir to succeed him and he did not provide a capable husband for his daughter that he could train and prepare for succession.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVaughanParavicini2002399-300">[292]</a> He was obsessed over uniting the "lands over there" (Low Countries) and the "lands over here" (<a href="/wiki/Burgundy" title="Burgundy">Burgundy</a> proper) through <a href="/wiki/Lorraine" title="Lorraine">Lorraine</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlockmansPervenier1999193-135">[131]</a> and sought to forge a national identity independent from that of the French.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELecuppre-Desjardin2022337-301">[293]</a> He spent his short years as the Duke of Burgundy on securing a crown and forging a new kingdom to unite his subjects, and to raise his own glory.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELecuppre-Desjardin2022157-108">[106]</a> However, his efforts inadvertently united his German enemies under the banner of a "German nation" opposing Charles, whom they called "The Grand Turk of the West".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELecuppre-Desjardin2022217-302">[294]</a> Charles's death marks a significant moment in the modern history of Lorraine;<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMonter200715-303">[295]</a> in Nancy, the victory of René II is still remembered fondly.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMonter200722-304">[296]</a> The Swiss victory at Morat was a confirmation to their national identity, a sign of pride and a preservation of their independence. The Battle of Morat contributed to the decline of feudalism and heralded the end to the concept of chivalry.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWinkler201034-305">[297]</a> German-language historiography treats him ambivalently; he is seen both as a tragic representation of the fall of the Middle Ages, and as an immoral and flawed prince. Until recently, Swiss literature generally presented Charles negatively.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESieber-Lehmann199713-306">[298]</a> Charles' death and the crisis of 1477 was an inspiration to two authors, <a href="/wiki/Olivier_de_la_Marche" title="Olivier de la Marche">Olivier de La Marche</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Anthonis_de_Roovere&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Anthonis de Roovere (page does not exist)">Anthonis de Roovere</a> [<a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthonis_de_Roovere" class="extiw" title="nl:Anthonis de Roovere">nl</a>], who wrote Le chevalier délibéré and Den droom van Rouere op die doot van hertoge Kaerle van Borgonnyen saleger gedachten<a href="#cite_note-308">[i]</a> respectively about his death.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJongenelenParsons2016306-307-309">[300]</a> The hatred between Charles the Bold and Louis XI was an inspiration in the <a href="/wiki/France_in_the_early_modern_period" title="France in the early modern period">17th-century French</a> moralistic dialogues by authors such as <a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_F%C3%A9nelon" title="François Fénelon">François Fénelon</a> who in his Dialogues of the dead, portrays Charles and Louis reconciling by drinking from the <a href="/wiki/Styx" title="Styx">River Styx</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBakos201350-310">[301]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Charles_the_Bold&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Notes">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-3"><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a> According to Bart van Loo, Charles's epithet, le Téméraire, was given to him by his contemporaries.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVan_Loo2021287-1">[1]</a> Richard Vaughan argues that the nickname is a 19th-century invention and a misnomer.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVaughanParavicini2002167-2">[2]</a> The English translation, Charles the Bold, suggests that he was named after the progenitor of his family, <a href="/wiki/Philip_the_Bold" title="Philip the Bold">Philip the Bold</a>. While Philip's epithet, le Hardi can be translated as "bold", Charles' epithet in French means "foolhardy" and "reckless".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVan_Loo2021287-1">[1]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a> According to the German historian, Christian Kiening, the narrative of their love may be fictitious and created by the authors of the time.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKiening199417-31">[30]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-113"><a href="#cite_ref-113">^</a> This encounter showcased the economical and cultural differences between <a href="/wiki/Christendom" title="Christendom">Christendom</a>'s richer west and poorer east, with the Germans amazed by the wealth of the Burgundy and the Burgundians shocked by their poor equipment.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrady2009104-107">[105]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-118"><a href="#cite_ref-118">^</a> Maximilian's eventual succession reinforced the continuity of the emperorship in the Hapsburg dynasty, which appealed to Frederick III's attachment to his house.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELecuppre-Desjardin2022161-117">[114]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-148"><a href="#cite_ref-148">^</a> Andreas inherited the claims to the Byzantine and Trebizond empires with the death of the main claimants from the empires' dynasties, <a href="/wiki/Palaiologos" title="Palaiologos">Palaiologos</a> and <a href="/wiki/Komnenos" title="Komnenos">Komnenos</a> respectively.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWalsh197773-146">[142]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-262"><a href="#cite_ref-262">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Philippe_de_Commines" title="Philippe de Commines">Philippe de Commines</a>, the Burgundian chronicler, reported that in his official decree to all of his realm, Charles ordered "Der Meyer zu Lockie an den Grafen zu Aarburg" (all the world to come to him with all (its) cannon and all (its) manpower).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWinkler201020-261">[256]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-269"><a href="#cite_ref-269">^</a> The word Eidgenossen is literary translated as 'oath companion', and was a synonym for Swiss, referring to the members of the Old Swiss Confederacy.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVaughanParavicini2002263-267">[261]</a> Until the Siege on Morat, most of the confederacy had not declared war on Burgundy, because Charles had yet to invade a territory officially part of one of its members. But during the siege, Charles attacked a bridge which was a part of Bernese territory, thus obligating the confederacy to join Bern in their campaign against Burgundy.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrunner201148-268">[262]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-287"><a href="#cite_ref-287">^</a> It is not clear what was Campobasso's position during the battle. One Neapolitan account reports that Charles found himself engaged in a duel with Campobasso during the battle.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWalsh2005368-285">[278]</a> According to Angelo de Tummmulilis, Charles had Campobasso in his mercy but spared him and told him to flee.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWalsh2005399-286">[279]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-308"><a href="#cite_ref-308">^</a> Translation: De Roovere's dream about the death of the late Charles of Burgundy.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJongenelenParsons2016306-307">[299]</a> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Charles_the_Bold&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 22em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVan_Loo2021287-1">^ <a 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href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWinkler201027_272-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWinkler2010">Winkler 2010</a>, p. 27. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWinkler201029-273"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWinkler201029_273-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWinkler2010">Winkler 2010</a>, p. 29. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVan_Loo2021444-274"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVan_Loo2021444_274-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFVan_Loo2021">Van Loo 2021</a>, p. 444. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWinkler201030–31-275"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWinkler201030–31_275-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWinkler2010">Winkler 2010</a>, pp. 30–31. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWinkler201033-276"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWinkler201033_276-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWinkler2010">Winkler 2010</a>, p. 33. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESmithDe_Vries2005197-277">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmithDe_Vries2005197_277-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmithDe_Vries2005197_277-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFSmithDe_Vries2005">Smith & De Vries 2005</a>, p. 197. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVan_Loo2021445-278"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVan_Loo2021445_278-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFVan_Loo2021">Van Loo 2021</a>, p. 445. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVaughanParavicini2002419-279"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVaughanParavicini2002419_279-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFVaughanParavicini2002">Vaughan & Paravicini 2002</a>, p. 419. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESmithDe_Vries2005198-280"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmithDe_Vries2005198_280-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSmithDe_Vries2005">Smith & De Vries 2005</a>, p. 198. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVaughanParavicini2002420-281"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVaughanParavicini2002420_281-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFVaughanParavicini2002">Vaughan & Paravicini 2002</a>, p. 420. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDean201440-282"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDean201440_282-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDean2014">Dean 2014</a>, p. 40. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDean201439-283"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDean201439_283-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDean2014">Dean 2014</a>, p. 39. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWalsh2005367-284">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWalsh2005367_284-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWalsh2005367_284-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFWalsh2005">Walsh 2005</a>, p. 367. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWalsh2005368-285"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWalsh2005368_285-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWalsh2005">Walsh 2005</a>, p. 368. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWalsh2005399-286"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWalsh2005399_286-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWalsh2005">Walsh 2005</a>, p. 399. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESmithDe_Vries2005199-288"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmithDe_Vries2005199_288-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSmithDe_Vries2005">Smith & De Vries 2005</a>, p. 199. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDean201441-289"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDean201441_289-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDean2014">Dean 2014</a>, p. 41. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESmithDe_Vries2005200-290">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmithDe_Vries2005200_290-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmithDe_Vries2005200_290-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFSmithDe_Vries2005">Smith & De Vries 2005</a>, p. 200. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDean201443-291">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDean201443_291-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDean201443_291-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDean201443_291-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDean201443_291-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDean201443_291-4">e</a> <a href="#CITEREFDean2014">Dean 2014</a>, p. 43. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMonter200723-292">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMonter200723_292-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMonter200723_292-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFMonter2007">Monter 2007</a>, p. 23. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESalet1982343-293">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESalet1982343_293-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESalet1982343_293-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESalet1982343_293-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESalet1982343_293-3">d</a> <a href="#CITEREFSalet1982">Salet 1982</a>, p. 343. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESalet1982344-294"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESalet1982344_294-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSalet1982">Salet 1982</a>, p. 344. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlockmansPervenier1999195-295">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlockmansPervenier1999195_295-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlockmansPervenier1999195_295-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlockmansPervenier1999195_295-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFBlockmansPervenier1999">Blockmans & Pervenier 1999</a>, p. 195. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESchnerb2008455-296">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchnerb2008455_296-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchnerb2008455_296-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFSchnerb2008">Schnerb 2008</a>, p. 455. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKnecht2007104-297"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKnecht2007104_297-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKnecht2007">Knecht 2007</a>, p. 104. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKoenigsberger200142-298"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKoenigsberger200142_298-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKoenigsberger2001">Koenigsberger 2001</a>, p. 42. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlockmansPervenier1999199-299"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlockmansPervenier1999199_299-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBlockmansPervenier1999">Blockmans & Pervenier 1999</a>, p. 199. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVaughanParavicini2002399-300">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVaughanParavicini2002399_300-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVaughanParavicini2002399_300-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFVaughanParavicini2002">Vaughan & Paravicini 2002</a>, p. 399. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELecuppre-Desjardin2022337-301"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELecuppre-Desjardin2022337_301-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLecuppre-Desjardin2022">Lecuppre-Desjardin 2022</a>, p. 337. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELecuppre-Desjardin2022217-302"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELecuppre-Desjardin2022217_302-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLecuppre-Desjardin2022">Lecuppre-Desjardin 2022</a>, p. 217. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMonter200715-303"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMonter200715_303-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMonter2007">Monter 2007</a>, p. 15. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMonter200722-304"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMonter200722_304-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMonter2007">Monter 2007</a>, p. 22. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWinkler201034-305"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWinkler201034_305-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWinkler2010">Winkler 2010</a>, p. 34. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESieber-Lehmann199713-306"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESieber-Lehmann199713_306-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSieber-Lehmann1997">Sieber-Lehmann 1997</a>, p. 13. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJongenelenParsons2016306-307"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJongenelenParsons2016306_307-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFJongenelenParsons2016">Jongenelen & Parsons 2016</a>, p. 306. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJongenelenParsons2016306-307-309"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJongenelenParsons2016306-307_309-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFJongenelenParsons2016">Jongenelen & Parsons 2016</a>, p. 306-307. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBakos201350-310"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBakos201350_310-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBakos2013">Bakos 2013</a>, p. 50. </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Charles_the_Bold&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Bibliography">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Books">Books</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Charles_the_Bold&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Books">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 50em"> <ul><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFAlden2010" class="citation book cs1">Alden, Jane (2010). Songs, Scribes, and Society: The History and Reception of the Loire Valley Chansonniers. The New Cultural History of Music. New York: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780199700738" title="Special:BookSources/9780199700738"><bdi>9780199700738</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/953459041">953459041</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Songs%2C+Scribes%2C+and+Society%3A+The+History+and+Reception+of+the+Loire+Valley+Chansonniers&rft.place=New+York&rft.series=The+New+Cultural+History+of+Music&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2010&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F953459041&rft.isbn=9780199700738&rft.aulast=Alden&rft.aufirst=Jane&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+the+Bold" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAinsworth1998" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Maryan_Ainsworth" title="Maryan Ainsworth">Ainsworth, Maryan W.</a> (1998). "The Business of Art : Patrons, Clients, and Art Markets". From Van Eyck to Bruegel: Early Netherlandish Painting in The Metropolitan Museum of Art. New York: Metropolitan Museum of Art. pp. 23–39. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780870998706" title="Special:BookSources/9780870998706"><bdi>9780870998706</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/39131019">39131019</a> – via H.N. Abrams.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Business+of+Art+%3A+Patrons%2C+Clients%2C+and+Art+Markets&rft.btitle=From+Van+Eyck+to+Bruegel%3A+Early+Netherlandish+Painting+in+The+Metropolitan+Museum+of+Art&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=23-39&rft.pub=Metropolitan+Museum+of+Art&rft.date=1998&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F39131019&rft.isbn=9780870998706&rft.aulast=Ainsworth&rft.aufirst=Maryan+W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+the+Bold" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBakos2013" class="citation book cs1">Bakos, Adrianna E. (2013). Images of Kingship in Early Modern France: Louis XI in Political Thought, 1560–1789. London: Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781136191909" title="Special:BookSources/9781136191909"><bdi>9781136191909</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Images+of+Kingship+in+Early+Modern+France%3A+Louis+XI+in+Political+Thought%2C+1560%E2%80%931789&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=9781136191909&rft.aulast=Bakos&rft.aufirst=Adrianna+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+the+Bold" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBlockmansPervenier1999" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Wim_Blockmans" title="Wim Blockmans">Blockmans, Wim</a>; Pervenier, Walter (1999). The Promised Lands: The Low Countries Under Burgundian Rule, 1369–1530. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780812231304" title="Special:BookSources/9780812231304"><bdi>9780812231304</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/40143018">40143018</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Promised+Lands%3A+The+Low+Countries+Under+Burgundian+Rule%2C+1369%E2%80%931530&rft.place=Philadelphia&rft.pub=University+of+Pennsylvania+Press&rft.date=1999&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F40143018&rft.isbn=9780812231304&rft.aulast=Blockmans&rft.aufirst=Wim&rft.au=Pervenier%2C+Walter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+the+Bold" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrown1999" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Howard_Mayer_Brown" title="Howard Mayer Brown">Brown, Howard Mayer</a> (1999). "Music and Ritual at Charles the Bold's Court". In Higgins, Paula Marie (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=n3nwn0h6k3oC">Antoine Busnoys: Method, Meaning, and Context in Late Medieval Music</a>. Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. 53–68. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780198164067" title="Special:BookSources/9780198164067"><bdi>9780198164067</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/883875759">883875759</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Music+and+Ritual+at+Charles+the+Bold%27s+Court&rft.btitle=Antoine+Busnoys%3A+Method%2C+Meaning%2C+and+Context+in+Late+Medieval+Music&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pages=53-68&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1999&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F883875759&rft.isbn=9780198164067&rft.aulast=Brown&rft.aufirst=Howard+Mayer&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dn3nwn0h6k3oC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+the+Bold" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrownSmall2007" class="citation book cs1">Brown, Anthony; Small, Graeme (2007). Court and Civic Society in the Burgundian Low Countries, c. 1420–1520. Manchester: Manchester University Press NBN International. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780719056208" title="Special:BookSources/9780719056208"><bdi>9780719056208</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/898037451">898037451</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Court+and+Civic+Society+in+the+Burgundian+Low+Countries%2C+c.+1420%E2%80%931520&rft.place=Manchester&rft.pub=Manchester+University+Press+NBN+International&rft.date=2007&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F898037451&rft.isbn=9780719056208&rft.aulast=Brown&rft.aufirst=Anthony&rft.au=Small%2C+Graeme&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+the+Bold" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrown2010" class="citation book cs1">Brown, Andrew (2010). Civic Ceremony and Religion in Medieval Bruges c. 1300–1520. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781139494748" title="Special:BookSources/9781139494748"><bdi>9781139494748</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Civic+Ceremony+and+Religion+in+Medieval+Bruges+c.+1300%E2%80%931520&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=9781139494748&rft.aulast=Brown&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+the+Bold" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrady2009" class="citation book cs1">Brady, Thomas A. (2009). German Histories in the Age of Reformations, 1400–1650. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781139481151" title="Special:BookSources/9781139481151"><bdi>9781139481151</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=German+Histories+in+the+Age+of+Reformations%2C+1400%E2%80%931650&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=9781139481151&rft.aulast=Brady&rft.aufirst=Thomas+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+the+Bold" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCuttler1981" class="citation book cs1">Cuttler, S.H. (1981). The Law of Treason and Treason Trials in Later Medieval France. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780521239684" title="Special:BookSources/9780521239684"><bdi>9780521239684</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/7462091">7462091</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Law+of+Treason+and+Treason+Trials+in+Later+Medieval+France&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1981&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F7462091&rft.isbn=9780521239684&rft.aulast=Cuttler&rft.aufirst=S.H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+the+Bold" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDrake2013" class="citation book cs1">Drake, Michael S. (2013) [First published 2002]. Problematics of Military Power: Government, Discipline and the Subject of Violence. Portland: Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780415865296" title="Special:BookSources/9780415865296"><bdi>9780415865296</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Problematics+of+Military+Power%3A+Government%2C+Discipline+and+the+Subject+of+Violence&rft.place=Portland&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=9780415865296&rft.aulast=Drake&rft.aufirst=Michael+S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+the+Bold" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFD'ArcyDacre2000" class="citation book cs1">D'Arcy, Jonathan; Dacre, Boulton (2000). The Knights of the Crown: The Monarchical Orders of Knighthood in Later Medieval Europe, 1325–1520. Woodbridge: Boydell Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780851157955" title="Special:BookSources/9780851157955"><bdi>9780851157955</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/491598816">491598816</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Knights+of+the+Crown%3A+The+Monarchical+Orders+of+Knighthood+in+Later+Medieval+Europe%2C+1325%E2%80%931520&rft.place=Woodbridge&rft.pub=Boydell+Press&rft.date=2000&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F491598816&rft.isbn=9780851157955&rft.aulast=D%27Arcy&rft.aufirst=Jonathan&rft.au=Dacre%2C+Boulton&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+the+Bold" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGraves2014" class="citation book cs1">Graves, Michael A.R (2014). The Parliaments of Early Modern Europe, 1400–1700. London: Taylor & Francis. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781317884330" title="Special:BookSources/9781317884330"><bdi>9781317884330</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Parliaments+of+Early+Modern+Europe%2C+1400%E2%80%931700&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=9781317884330&rft.aulast=Graves&rft.aufirst=Michael+A.R&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+the+Bold" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGunnJanse2006" class="citation book cs1">Gunn, S.J.; Janse, A. (2006). The Court as a Stage: England and the Low Countries in the Later Middle Ages. Woodbridge: Boydell. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781843831914" title="Special:BookSources/9781843831914"><bdi>9781843831914</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/62344765">62344765</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Court+as+a+Stage%3A+England+and+the+Low+Countries+in+the+Later+Middle+Ages&rft.place=Woodbridge&rft.pub=Boydell&rft.date=2006&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F62344765&rft.isbn=9781843831914&rft.aulast=Gunn&rft.aufirst=S.J.&rft.au=Janse%2C+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+the+Bold" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGolubeva2013" class="citation book cs1">Golubeva, Maria (2013). Models of Political Competence: The Evolution of Political Norms in the Works of Burgundian and Habsburg Court Historians, c. 1470–1700. Leiden: Brill. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789004250741" title="Special:BookSources/9789004250741"><bdi>9789004250741</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Models+of+Political+Competence%3A+The+Evolution+of+Political+Norms+in+the+Works+of+Burgundian+and+Habsburg+Court+Historians%2C+c.+1470%E2%80%931700&rft.place=Leiden&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=9789004250741&rft.aulast=Golubeva&rft.aufirst=Maria&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+the+Bold" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHousley2004" class="citation book cs1">Housley, N. (2004). Crusading in the Fifteenth Century: Message and Impact. Basingstoke, Hampshire: Palgrave Macmillan. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781403902832" title="Special:BookSources/9781403902832"><bdi>9781403902832</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/55518414">55518414</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Crusading+in+the+Fifteenth+Century%3A+Message+and+Impact&rft.place=Basingstoke%2C+Hampshire&rft.pub=Palgrave+Macmillan&rft.date=2004&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F55518414&rft.isbn=9781403902832&rft.aulast=Housley&rft.aufirst=N.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+the+Bold" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHicks1992" class="citation book cs1">Hicks, Michael A. (1992). False, Fleeting, Perjur'd Clarence: George, Duke of Clarence 1449–78. Bangor: Headstart History. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781873041086" title="Special:BookSources/9781873041086"><bdi>9781873041086</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/463748217">463748217</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=False%2C+Fleeting%2C+Perjur%27d+Clarence%3A+George%2C+Duke+of+Clarence+1449%E2%80%9378&rft.place=Bangor&rft.pub=Headstart+History&rft.date=1992&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F463748217&rft.isbn=9781873041086&rft.aulast=Hicks&rft.aufirst=Michael+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+the+Bold" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJenks2018" class="citation book cs1">Jenks, Stuart (2018). Documents on the Papal Plenary Indulgences 1300–1517 Preached in the Regnum Teutonicum. Leiden: Brill. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-36063-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-36063-1"><bdi>978-90-04-36063-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Documents+on+the+Papal+Plenary+Indulgences+1300%E2%80%931517+Preached+in+the+Regnum+Teutonicum&rft.place=Leiden&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-90-04-36063-1&rft.aulast=Jenks&rft.aufirst=Stuart&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+the+Bold" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKendall1971" class="citation book cs1">Kendall, Paul Murray (1971). Louis XI: The Universal Spider. New York: W.W. Norton & Company Inc. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1842124116" title="Special:BookSources/978-1842124116"><bdi>978-1842124116</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Louis+XI%3A+The+Universal+Spider&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=W.W.+Norton+%26+Company+Inc.&rft.date=1971&rft.isbn=978-1842124116&rft.aulast=Kendall&rft.aufirst=Paul+Murray&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+the+Bold" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKoenigsberger2001" class="citation book cs1">Koenigsberger, H. G. (2001). Monarchies, States Generals, and Parliaments: The Netherlands in the Fifteenth and Sixteenth Centuries. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780521803304" title="Special:BookSources/9780521803304"><bdi>9780521803304</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/46448960">46448960</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Monarchies%2C+States+Generals%2C+and+Parliaments%3A+The+Netherlands+in+the+Fifteenth+and+Sixteenth+Centuries&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2001&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F46448960&rft.isbn=9780521803304&rft.aulast=Koenigsberger&rft.aufirst=H.+G.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+the+Bold" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKontlerSomos2017" class="citation book cs1">Kontler, Laszlo; Somos, Mark (2017). Trust and Happiness in the History of European Political Thought. Leiden: Brill. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789004353664" title="Special:BookSources/9789004353664"><bdi>9789004353664</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1005741749">1005741749</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Trust+and+Happiness+in+the+History+of+European+Political+Thought&rft.place=Leiden&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2017&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1005741749&rft.isbn=9789004353664&rft.aulast=Kontler&rft.aufirst=Laszlo&rft.au=Somos%2C+Mark&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+the+Bold" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKrenMcKendrick2003" class="citation book cs1">Kren, Thomas; McKendrick, Scot (2003). Illuminating the Renaissance: The Triumph of Flemish Manuscript Painting in Europe. Los Angeles: The J. Paul Getty Museum. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780892367030" title="Special:BookSources/9780892367030"><bdi>9780892367030</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/51553612">51553612</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Illuminating+the+Renaissance%3A+The+Triumph+of+Flemish+Manuscript+Painting+in+Europe&rft.place=Los+Angeles&rft.pub=The+J.+Paul+Getty+Museum&rft.date=2003&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F51553612&rft.isbn=9780892367030&rft.aulast=Kren&rft.aufirst=Thomas&rft.au=McKendrick%2C+Scot&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+the+Bold" class="Z3988"> <a href="/wiki/Open_access#Free_access" title="Free to read"><img alt="Free access icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/14px-Lock-green.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/18px-Lock-green.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="813" /></a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKnechtges2012" class="citation book cs1">Knechtges, David R. (2012). Rhetoric and the Discourses of Power in Court Culture: China, Europe, and Japan. Washington: University of Washington Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780295802367" title="Special:BookSources/9780295802367"><bdi>9780295802367</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Rhetoric+and+the+Discourses+of+Power+in+Court+Culture%3A+China%2C+Europe%2C+and+Japan&rft.place=Washington&rft.pub=University+of+Washington+Press&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=9780295802367&rft.aulast=Knechtges&rft.aufirst=David+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+the+Bold" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKnecht2007" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Robert_Knecht" title="Robert Knecht">Knecht, Robert</a> (2007). The Valois: Kings of France 1328–1589. London: Bloomsbury Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781852855222" title="Special:BookSources/9781852855222"><bdi>9781852855222</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Valois%3A+Kings+of+France+1328%E2%80%931589&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Bloomsbury+Publishing&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=9781852855222&rft.aulast=Knecht&rft.aufirst=Robert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+the+Bold" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLecuppre-Desjardin2022" class="citation book cs1">Lecuppre-Desjardin, Élodie (2022). The illusion of the Burgundian state. Manchester Medieval Studies. Vol. 30. 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Citizens and Sodomites: Persecution and Perception of Sodomy in the Southern Low Countries (1400–1700). 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Berlin: Duncker & Humblot. pp. 13–39. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-428-09180-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-428-09180-5"><bdi>978-3-428-09180-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Der+t%C3%BCrkische+Sultan+Mehmet+II+und+Karl+der+K%C3%BChne%2C+der+%22T%C3%BCrk+im+Occident%22&rft.btitle=Europa+und+die+osmanische+Expansion+im+ausgehenden+Mittelalter&rft.place=Berlin&rft.pages=13-39&rft.pub=Duncker+%26+Humblot&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-3-428-09180-5&rft.aulast=Sieber-Lehmann&rft.aufirst=C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+the+Bold" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchnitker2004" class="citation book cs1">Schnitker, Harry (2004). 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The Prayer Book of Charles the Bold: A Study of a Flemish Masterpiece from the Burgundian Court. Los Angeles: Getty Publications. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780892369430" title="Special:BookSources/9780892369430"><bdi>9780892369430</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Prayer+Book+of+Charles+the+Bold%3A+A+Study+of+a+Flemish+Masterpiece+from+the+Burgundian+Court&rft.place=Los+Angeles&rft.pub=Getty+Publications&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=9780892369430&rft.aulast=Schryver&rft.aufirst=Antoine+de&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+the+Bold" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStein2017" class="citation book cs1">Stein, Robert (2017). Magnanimous Dukes and Rising States: The Unification of the Burgundian Netherlands, 1380–1480. Oxford: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780191078309" title="Special:BookSources/9780191078309"><bdi>9780191078309</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/973882565">973882565</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Magnanimous+Dukes+and+Rising+States%3A+The+Unification+of+the+Burgundian+Netherlands%2C+1380%E2%80%931480&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2017&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F973882565&rft.isbn=9780191078309&rft.aulast=Stein&rft.aufirst=Robert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+the+Bold" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmithDe_Vries2005" class="citation book cs1">Smith, Robert Douglas; De Vries, Kelly (2005). The Artillery of the Dukes of Burgundy, 1363–1477. Rochester, New York: Boydell Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781843831624" title="Special:BookSources/9781843831624"><bdi>9781843831624</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/60322326">60322326</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Artillery+of+the+Dukes+of+Burgundy%2C+1363%E2%80%931477&rft.place=Rochester%2C+New+York&rft.pub=Boydell+Press&rft.date=2005&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F60322326&rft.isbn=9781843831624&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.aufirst=Robert+Douglas&rft.au=De+Vries%2C+Kelly&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+the+Bold" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTaruskin2009" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Richard_Taruskin" title="Richard Taruskin">Taruskin, Richard</a> (2009). "Music for an intellectual and political elite". <a href="/wiki/Oxford_History_of_Western_Music" title="Oxford History of Western Music">Oxford History of Western Music</a>. Vol. 1. Oxford: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780199813698" title="Special:BookSources/9780199813698"><bdi>9780199813698</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Music+for+an+intellectual+and+political+elite&rft.btitle=Oxford+History+of+Western+Music&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=9780199813698&rft.aulast=Taruskin&rft.aufirst=Richard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+the+Bold" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTaylor2002" class="citation book cs1">Taylor, Aline (2002). Isabel of Burgundy : the Duchess who played politics in the age of Joan of Arc. Stroud: Tempus. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780752423159" title="Special:BookSources/9780752423159"><bdi>9780752423159</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/49044225">49044225</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Isabel+of+Burgundy+%3A+the+Duchess+who+played+politics+in+the+age+of+Joan+of+Arc&rft.place=Stroud&rft.pub=Tempus&rft.date=2002&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F49044225&rft.isbn=9780752423159&rft.aulast=Taylor&rft.aufirst=Aline&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+the+Bold" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWeightman2009" class="citation book cs1">Weightman, Christine (2009). Margaret of York: The Diabolical Duchess. Stroud: Amberley Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781445609683" title="Special:BookSources/9781445609683"><bdi>9781445609683</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Margaret+of+York%3A+The+Diabolical+Duchess&rft.place=Stroud&rft.pub=Amberley+Publishing&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=9781445609683&rft.aulast=Weightman&rft.aufirst=Christine&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+the+Bold" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWaugh2016" class="citation book cs1">Waugh, W.T. (2016). A History of Europe From 1378 to 1494. <a href="/wiki/Abingdon-on-Thames" title="Abingdon-on-Thames">Abingdon</a>: Taylor and Francis. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781138658974" title="Special:BookSources/9781138658974"><bdi>9781138658974</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/102066843">102066843</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Europe+From+1378+to+1494&rft.place=Abingdon&rft.pub=Taylor+and+Francis&rft.date=2016&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F102066843&rft.isbn=9781138658974&rft.aulast=Waugh&rft.aufirst=W.T.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+the+Bold" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWatsonSchellingerRing2013" class="citation book cs1">Watson, Noelle; Schellinger, Paul; Ring, Trudy (2013). Northern Europe: International Dictionary of Historic Places. London: Taylor & Francis. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781136639449" title="Special:BookSources/9781136639449"><bdi>9781136639449</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/7385588780">7385588780</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Northern+Europe%3A+International+Dictionary+of+Historic+Places&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=2013&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F7385588780&rft.isbn=9781136639449&rft.aulast=Watson&rft.aufirst=Noelle&rft.au=Schellinger%2C+Paul&rft.au=Ring%2C+Trudy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+the+Bold" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWalsh2005" class="citation book cs1">Walsh, Richard J. (2005). Charles the Bold and Italy (1467–1477): Politics and Personnel. Liverpool Historical Studies. Vol. 19. Liverpool: Liverpool University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781846312809" title="Special:BookSources/9781846312809"><bdi>9781846312809</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/269009493">269009493</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Charles+the+Bold+and+Italy+%281467%E2%80%931477%29%3A+Politics+and+Personnel&rft.place=Liverpool&rft.series=Liverpool+Historical+Studies&rft.pub=Liverpool+University+Press&rft.date=2005&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F269009493&rft.isbn=9781846312809&rft.aulast=Walsh&rft.aufirst=Richard+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+the+Bold" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWoodacreMcGlynn2014" class="citation book cs1">Woodacre, Elena; McGlynn, Sean (2014). The Image and Perception of Monarchy in Medieval and Early Modern Europe. Cambridge: Cambridge Scholars Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781443868525" title="Special:BookSources/9781443868525"><bdi>9781443868525</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Image+and+Perception+of+Monarchy+in+Medieval+and+Early+Modern+Europe&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pub=Cambridge+Scholars+Publishing&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=9781443868525&rft.aulast=Woodacre&rft.aufirst=Elena&rft.au=McGlynn%2C+Sean&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+the+Bold" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVan_Loo2021" class="citation book cs1">Van Loo, Bart (2021). The Burgundians: A Vanished Empire. London: Head of Zeus. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781789543438" title="Special:BookSources/9781789543438"><bdi>9781789543438</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1264400332">1264400332</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Burgundians%3A+A+Vanished+Empire&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Head+of+Zeus&rft.date=2021&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1264400332&rft.isbn=9781789543438&rft.aulast=Van+Loo&rft.aufirst=Bart&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+the+Bold" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVaughanSmall2010" class="citation book cs1">Vaughan, Richard; Small, Graem (2010). Philip the Good: The Apogee of Burgundy. Woodbridge: The Boydell Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780851159171" title="Special:BookSources/9780851159171"><bdi>9780851159171</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1015575845">1015575845</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Philip+the+Good%3A+The+Apogee+of+Burgundy&rft.place=Woodbridge&rft.pub=The+Boydell+Press&rft.date=2010&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1015575845&rft.isbn=9780851159171&rft.aulast=Vaughan&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft.au=Small%2C+Graem&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+the+Bold" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVaughanParavicini2002" class="citation book cs1">Vaughan, Richard; Paravicini, Wener (2002). Charles the Bold: The Last Valois Duke of Burgundy. Woodbridge: The Boydell Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780851159188" title="Special:BookSources/9780851159188"><bdi>9780851159188</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Charles+the+Bold%3A+The+Last+Valois+Duke+of+Burgundy&rft.place=Woodbridge&rft.pub=The+Boydell+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=9780851159188&rft.aulast=Vaughan&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft.au=Paravicini%2C+Wener&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+the+Bold" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVillalonKagay2005" class="citation book cs1">Villalon, L. J. Andrew; Kagay, Donald J. (2005). The Hundred Years War: A Wider Focus. Leiden: Brill. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-47-40586-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-47-40586-3"><bdi>978-90-47-40586-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Hundred+Years+War%3A+A+Wider+Focus&rft.place=Leiden&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-90-47-40586-3&rft.aulast=Villalon&rft.aufirst=L.+J.+Andrew&rft.au=Kagay%2C+Donald+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+the+Bold" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Articles">Articles</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Charles_the_Bold&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Articles">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239549316"><div class="refbegin refbegin-hanging-indents refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 50em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAllmand2001" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Christopher_Allmand" title="Christopher Allmand">Allmand, Christopher</a> (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.brepolsonline.net/doi/abs/10.1484/J.PCEEB.2.302198?role=tab&journalCode=pceeb">"Did the De re militari of Vegetius influence the military ordinances of Charles the Bold?"</a>. Publications du Centre Européen d'Études Bourguignonnes. 41. <a href="/wiki/Brepols" title="Brepols">Brepols</a>: 135–143. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1484%2FJ.PCEEB.2.302198">10.1484/J.PCEEB.2.302198</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2034-6786">2034-6786</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Publications+du+Centre+Europ%C3%A9en+d%27%C3%89tudes+Bourguignonnes&rft.atitle=Did+the+De+re+militari+of+Vegetius+influence+the+military+ordinances+of+Charles+the+Bold%3F&rft.volume=41&rft.pages=135-143&rft.date=2001&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1484%2FJ.PCEEB.2.302198&rft.issn=2034-6786&rft.aulast=Allmand&rft.aufirst=Christopher&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.brepolsonline.net%2Fdoi%2Fabs%2F10.1484%2FJ.PCEEB.2.302198%3Frole%3Dtab%26journalCode%3Dpceeb&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+the+Bold" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBeazley2014" class="citation journal cs1">Beazley, Matthew (2014). "Burgundian blunder at Concise: The Battle of Grandson". Medieval Warfare. 4 (4). Karwansaray BV: 27–33. <a href="/wiki/EISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="EISSN (identifier)">eISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2589-3548">2589-3548</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2211-5129">2211-5129</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/48578372">48578372</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Medieval+Warfare&rft.atitle=Burgundian+blunder+at+Concise%3A+The+Battle+of+Grandson&rft.volume=4&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=27-33&rft.date=2014&rft.issn=2211-5129&rft.eissn=2589-3548&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F48578372%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Beazley&rft.aufirst=Matthew&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+the+Bold" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBarany2016" class="citation journal cs1">Barany, Attila (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.iskolakultura.hu/index.php/chronica/article/view/10799">"Matthias Corvinus and Charles the Bold"</a>. Chronica. 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Karwansaray BV: 22–26. <a href="/wiki/EISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="EISSN (identifier)">eISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2589-3548">2589-3548</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2211-5129">2211-5129</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/48578371">48578371</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Medieval+Warfare&rft.atitle=Fools+Rush+In%3A+Charles+the+Bold+and+the+Siege+of+Neuss&rft.volume=4&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=22-26&rft.date=2014&rft.issn=2211-5129&rft.eissn=2589-3548&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F48578371%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Williams&rft.aufirst=Gareth&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+the+Bold" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWinkler2010" class="citation journal cs1">Winkler, Albert (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/facpub/1804/">"The Battle of Murten: The Invasion of Charles the Bold and the Survival of the Swiss States"</a>. Swiss American Historical Society Review. 46 (1). Birmingham University Press: 8–34. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/806785252">806785252</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Swiss+American+Historical+Society+Review&rft.atitle=The+Battle+of+Murten%3A+The+Invasion+of+Charles+the+Bold+and+the+Survival+of+the+Swiss+States&rft.volume=46&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=8-34&rft.date=2010&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F806785252&rft.aulast=Winkler&rft.aufirst=Albert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fscholarsarchive.byu.edu%2Ffacpub%2F1804%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+the+Bold" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Encyclopedias">Encyclopedias</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Charles_the_Bold&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Encyclopedias">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239549316"><div class="refbegin refbegin-hanging-indents refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 50em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDitcham2010" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Ditcham, Brian G.H. (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oxfordreference.com/display/10.1093/acref/9780195334036.001.0001/acref-9780195334036-e-0365?rskey=1uol4L&result=361">"France, Narrative (1328-1483)"</a>. In Rogers, Cliford J. (ed.). The Oxford Encyclopedia of Medieval Warfare and Military Technology. New York: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Facref%2F9780195334036.001.0001">10.1093/acref/9780195334036.001.0001</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780195334036" title="Special:BookSources/9780195334036"><bdi>9780195334036</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/645185716">645185716</a>. Retrieved 14 April 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=France%2C+Narrative+%281328-1483%29&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Encyclopedia+of+Medieval+Warfare+and+Military+Technology&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2010&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F645185716&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Facref%2F9780195334036.001.0001&rft.isbn=9780195334036&rft.aulast=Ditcham&rft.aufirst=Brian+G.H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.oxfordreference.com%2Fdisplay%2F10.1093%2Facref%2F9780195334036.001.0001%2Facref-9780195334036-e-0365%3Frskey%3D1uol4L%26result%3D361&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+the+Bold" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHemelryck2016" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Hemelryck, Tania van (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://referenceworks.brillonline.com/entries/encyclopedia-of-the-medieval-chronicle/fillastre-guillaume-SIM_01007?lang=en">"Fillastre, Guillaume"</a>. In <a href="/wiki/Graeme_Dunphy" title="Graeme Dunphy">Dunphy, Graeme</a>; Bratu, Cristian (eds.). Encyclopedia of the Medieval Chronicle. Brill. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1524%2Fhzhz.2013.0033">10.1524/hzhz.2013.0033</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-18464-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-18464-0"><bdi>978-90-04-18464-0</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2666-5611">2666-5611</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/864906597">864906597</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Fillastre%2C+Guillaume&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+the+Medieval+Chronicle&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2016&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F864906597&rft.issn=2666-5611&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1524%2Fhzhz.2013.0033&rft.isbn=978-90-04-18464-0&rft.aulast=Hemelryck&rft.aufirst=Tania+van&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Freferenceworks.brillonline.com%2Fentries%2Fencyclopedia-of-the-medieval-chronicle%2Ffillastre-guillaume-SIM_01007%3Flang%3Den&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+the+Bold" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRogers2010" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Clifford_J._Rogers" title="Clifford J. Rogers">Rogers, Clifford J.</a>, ed. (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oxfordreference.com/display/10.1093/acref/9780195334036.001.0001/acref-9780195334036">The Oxford Encyclopedia of Medieval Warfare and Military Technology</a>. New York: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Facref%2F9780195334036.001.0001">10.1093/acref/9780195334036.001.0001</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780195334036" title="Special:BookSources/9780195334036"><bdi>9780195334036</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/645185716">645185716</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Encyclopedia+of+Medieval+Warfare+and+Military+Technology&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2010&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F645185716&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Facref%2F9780195334036.001.0001&rft.isbn=9780195334036&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.oxfordreference.com%2Fdisplay%2F10.1093%2Facref%2F9780195334036.001.0001%2Facref-9780195334036&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+the+Bold" class="Z3988"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222">Baboukis, Johanna M. (2010a). "Montlhéry, Battle of". In <a href="#CITEREFRogers2010">Rogers (2010)</a>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222">Baboukis, Johanna M. (2010b). "Charles the Bold". In <a href="#CITEREFRogers2010">Rogers (2010)</a>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222">Baboukis, Johanna M. (2010c). "Grandson, Battle of". In <a href="#CITEREFRogers2010">Rogers (2010)</a>.</li></ul></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWrightFallows2001" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Craig_M._Wright" title="Craig M. Wright">Wright, Craig M.</a> (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oxfordmusiconline.com/grovemusic/view/10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.001.0001/omo-9781561592630-e-0000004366">"Burgundy"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Grove_Music_Online" class="mw-redirect" title="Grove Music Online">Grove Music Online</a>. Revised by <a href="/wiki/David_Fallows" title="David Fallows">David Fallows</a>. Oxford: <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fgmo%2F9781561592630.article.04366">10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.04366</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-56159-263-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-56159-263-0"><bdi>978-1-56159-263-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Burgundy&rft.btitle=Grove+Music+Online&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2001&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fgmo%2F9781561592630.article.04366&rft.isbn=978-1-56159-263-0&rft.aulast=Wright&rft.aufirst=Craig+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.oxfordmusiconline.com%2Fgrovemusic%2Fview%2F10.1093%2Fgmo%2F9781561592630.001.0001%2Fomo-9781561592630-e-0000004366&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+the+Bold" class="Z3988"> (subscription or <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oxfordmusiconline.com/page/subscribe#public">UK public library membership</a> required)</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Charles_the_Bold&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a> Media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Charles_the_Bold" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Charles the Bold">Charles the Bold</a> at Wikimedia Commons</li></ul> <table class="wikitable succession-box noprint" style="margin:0.5em auto; font-size:small;clear:both;"> <tbody><tr> <td colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #FFD700; text-align:center;"><div>Charles the Bold </div><div><a href="/wiki/House_of_Valois-Burgundy" title="House of Valois-Burgundy">House of Valois-Burgundy</a></div><div style="font-size:90%">Cadet branch of the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Valois" title="House of Valois">House of Valois</a></div>Born: 10 November 1433 Died: 5 January 1477 </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #ACE777;">Regnal titles </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="2">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Philip_the_Good" title="Philip the Good">Philip the Good</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"> <a href="/wiki/Duke_of_Burgundy" title="Duke of Burgundy">Duke of Burgundy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Duke_of_Brabant" title="Duke of Brabant">Brabant</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_rulers_of_Limburg" class="mw-redirect" title="List of rulers of Limburg">Limburg</a>, <a href="/wiki/Duke_of_Lothier" title="Duke of Lothier">Lothier</a> and <a href="/wiki/List_of_monarchs_of_Luxembourg" title="List of monarchs of Luxembourg">Luxemburg</a>; <a href="/wiki/County_of_Namur" title="County of Namur">Margrave of Namur</a>; <a href="/wiki/Count_of_Artois" title="Count of Artois">Count of Artois</a>, <a href="/wiki/Count_of_Flanders" title="Count of Flanders">Flanders</a>, <a href="/wiki/Count_of_Hainaut" title="Count of Hainaut">Hainaut</a>, <a href="/wiki/Count_of_Holland" title="Count of Holland">Holland</a> and <a href="/wiki/Count_of_Zeeland" class="mw-redirect" title="Count of Zeeland">Zeeland</a>; <a href="/wiki/Count_Palatine_of_Burgundy" class="mw-redirect" title="Count Palatine of Burgundy">Count Palatine of Burgundy</a> 15 July 1467 – 5 January 1477 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="3">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Mary_of_Burgundy" title="Mary of Burgundy">Mary</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"> <a href="/wiki/Count_of_Charolais" class="mw-redirect" title="Count of Charolais">Count of Charolais</a> August 1433 – 5 January 1477 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Arnold,_Duke_of_Guelders" title="Arnold, Duke of Guelders">Arnold</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"> <a href="/wiki/Duke_of_Guelders" class="mw-redirect" title="Duke of Guelders">Duke of Guelders</a> <a href="/wiki/Count_of_Zutphen" title="Count of Zutphen">Count of Zutphen</a> 23 February 1473 – 5 January 1477 </td></tr></tbody></table><div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl 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]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Valois_Burgundy" title="Template:Valois Burgundy"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:black">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Valois_Burgundy" title="Template talk:Valois Burgundy"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:black">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Valois_Burgundy" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Valois Burgundy"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:black">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Valois_Burgundy" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Burgundian_State" title="Burgundian State">Valois Burgundy</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Dukes_of_Burgundy" class="mw-redirect" title="Dukes of Burgundy">Dukes</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dukes_of_Burgundy_family_tree" class="mw-redirect" title="Dukes of Burgundy family tree">Family tree</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_the_Bold" title="Philip the Bold">Philip the Bold</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_the_Fearless" title="John the Fearless">John the Fearless</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_the_Good" title="Philip the Good">Philip the Good</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Charles the Bold</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_of_Burgundy" title="Mary of Burgundy">Mary the Rich</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="4" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_arms_of_the_Burgundian_State.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Coat_of_arms_of_the_Burgundian_State.svg/175px-Coat_of_arms_of_the_Burgundian_State.svg.png" decoding="async" width="175" height="148" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Coat_of_arms_of_the_Burgundian_State.svg/263px-Coat_of_arms_of_the_Burgundian_State.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Coat_of_arms_of_the_Burgundian_State.svg/350px-Coat_of_arms_of_the_Burgundian_State.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1530" data-file-height="1296" /></a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Burgundy" title="History of Burgundy">Events</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Roosebeke" title="Battle of Roosebeke">Battle of Roosebeke, 1382</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Nicopolis" title="Battle of Nicopolis">Crusade of Nicopolis, 1396</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Oth%C3%A9e" title="Battle of Othée">Battle of Othée, 1408</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armagnac%E2%80%93Burgundian_Civil_War" title="Armagnac–Burgundian Civil War">Armagnac–Burgundian Civil War, 1407-1435</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Assassination_of_Louis_I,_Duke_of_Orl%C3%A9ans" title="Assassination of Louis I, Duke of Orléans">Assassination of Louis I, Duke of Orléans, 1407</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cabochien_Revolt" class="mw-redirect" title="Cabochien Revolt">Cabochien Revolt, 1413</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assassination_of_John_the_Fearless" title="Assassination of John the Fearless">Assassination of John the Fearless, 1419</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Troyes" title="Treaty of Troyes">Treaty of Troyes, 1420</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congress_of_Arras" title="Congress of Arras">Congress of Arras, 1435</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hook_and_Cod_wars" title="Hook and Cod wars">Hook and Cod wars, 1417-1490</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Brouwershaven" title="Battle of Brouwershaven">Battle of Brouwershaven, 1426</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Deventer_(1456)" title="Siege of Deventer (1456)">Siege of Deventer, 1456</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolt_of_Ghent_(1449%E2%80%931453)" title="Revolt of Ghent (1449–1453)">Revolt of Ghent, 1449–53</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Oudenaarde" title="Siege of Oudenaarde">Siege of Oudenaarde 1452</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Bazel" title="Battle of Bazel">Battle of Bazel, 1452</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Gavere" title="Battle of Gavere">Battle of Gavere, 1453</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feast_of_the_Pheasant" title="Feast of the Pheasant">Feast of the Pheasant, 1454</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/League_of_the_Public_Weal" class="mw-redirect" title="League of the Public Weal">War of the Common Weal, 1465</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Montlh%C3%A9ry" title="Battle of Montlhéry">Battle of Montlhéry, 1465</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Conflans" title="Treaty of Conflans">Treaty of Conflans, 1465</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wars_of_Li%C3%A8ge" title="Wars of Liège">Wars of Liège, 1465-1468</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Montenaken" title="Battle of Montenaken">Battle of Montenaken, 1465</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Brustem" title="Battle of Brustem">Battle of Brustem, 1467</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_P%C3%A9ronne_(1468)" title="Treaty of Péronne (1468)">Treaty of Péronne, 1468</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Utrecht_Civil_War" class="mw-redirect" title="First Utrecht Civil War">First Utrecht Civil War, 1470-1474</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burgundian_Wars" title="Burgundian Wars">Burgundian Wars, 1474–1477</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_H%C3%A9ricourt" title="Battle of Héricourt">Battle of Héricourt, 1474</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Neuss" title="Siege of Neuss">Siege of Neuss, 1474-75</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_on_the_Planta" title="Battle on the Planta">Battle on the Planta, 1475</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Grandson" title="Battle of Grandson">Battle of Grandson, 1476</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Morat" title="Battle of Morat">Battle of Morat, 1476</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Nancy" title="Battle of Nancy">Battle of Nancy, 1477</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Burgundian_Succession" title="War of the Burgundian Succession">War of the Burgundian Succession, 1477-1482</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Guinegate_(1479)" title="Battle of Guinegate (1479)">Battle of Guinegate, 1479</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Arras_(1482)" title="Treaty of Arras (1482)">Treaty of Arras, 1482</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Utrecht_Civil_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Second Utrecht Civil War">Second Utrecht Civil War, 1481-1483</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Westbroek" title="Battle of Westbroek">Battle of Westbroek, 1481</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Utrecht_(1483)" title="Siege of Utrecht (1483)">Siege of Utrecht, 1483</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Senlis" title="Treaty of Senlis">Treaty of Senlis, 1493</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Burgundian_State" title="Burgundian State">Domains</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Margraviate_of_Antwerp" title="Margraviate of Antwerp">Margraviate of Antwerp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/County_of_Artois" title="County of Artois">County of Artois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bavaria-Straubing" title="Bavaria-Straubing">Duchy of Bavaria-Straubing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Brabant" title="Duchy of Brabant">Duchy of Brabant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Burgundy" title="Duchy of Burgundy">Duchy of Burgundy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/County_of_Burgundy" title="County of Burgundy">County of Burgundy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charolais,_France" title="Charolais, France">County of Charolais</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counts_of_Eu" title="Counts of Eu">County of Eu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/County_of_Flanders" title="County of Flanders">County of Flanders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frisian_freedom" title="Frisian freedom">Frisian freedom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Guelders" title="Duchy of Guelders">Duchy of Guelders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/County_of_Hainaut" title="County of Hainaut">County of Hainaut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/County_of_Holland" title="County of Holland">County of Holland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince-Bishopric_of_Li%C3%A8ge" title="Prince-Bishopric of Liège">Bishopric of Liège</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Limburg" title="Duchy of Limburg">Duchy of Limburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duke_of_Lothier" title="Duke of Lothier">Duchy of Lothier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Luxembourg" title="Duchy of Luxembourg">Duchy of Luxembourg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/County_of_Namur" title="County of Namur">County of Namur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/County_of_Nevers" title="County of Nevers">County of Nevers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counts_and_Dukes_of_Rethel" class="mw-redirect" title="Counts and Dukes of Rethel">Duchy of Rethel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince-Bishopric_of_Utrecht" title="Prince-Bishopric of Utrecht">Bishopric of Utrecht</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/County_of_Zeeland" title="County of Zeeland">County of Zeeland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Count_of_Zutphen" title="Count of Zutphen">County of Zutphen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Institutions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cross_of_Burgundy" title="Cross of Burgundy">Cross of Burgundy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burgundian_School" title="Burgundian School">Burgundian School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Privilege" title="Great Privilege">Great Privilege</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/States_General_of_the_Netherlands" title="States General of the Netherlands">Estates-General</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Golden_Fleece" title="Order of the Golden Fleece">Order of the Golden Fleece</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div><div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Monarchs_of_Luxembourg" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Monarchs_of_Luxembourg" title="Template:Monarchs of Luxembourg"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Monarchs_of_Luxembourg" title="Template talk:Monarchs of Luxembourg"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Monarchs_of_Luxembourg" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Monarchs of Luxembourg"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Monarchs_of_Luxembourg" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_monarchs_of_Luxembourg" title="List of monarchs of Luxembourg">Monarchs</a> of <a href="/wiki/Luxembourg" title="Luxembourg">Luxembourg</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="County_of_Luxemburg_(963–1354)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/County_of_Luxemburg" class="mw-redirect" title="County of Luxemburg">County of Luxemburg</a> (963–1354)</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/House_of_Luxembourg" title="House of Luxembourg">Elder House of Luxembourg</a> (963–1136)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sigfried,_Count_of_the_Ardennes" title="Sigfried, Count of the Ardennes">Siegfried</a> (963–998)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_V,_Duke_of_Bavaria" title="Henry V, Duke of Bavaria">Henry I</a> (998–1026)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_VII,_Duke_of_Bavaria" title="Henry VII, Duke of Bavaria">Henry II</a> (1026–1047)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giselbert_of_Luxembourg" title="Giselbert of Luxembourg">Giselbert</a> (1047–1059)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conrad_I,_Count_of_Luxembourg" title="Conrad I, Count of Luxembourg">Conrad I</a> (1059–1086)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_III,_Count_of_Luxembourg" title="Henry III, Count of Luxembourg">Henry III</a> (1086–1096)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William,_Count_of_Luxembourg" title="William, Count of Luxembourg">William I</a> (1096–1131)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conrad_II,_Count_of_Luxembourg" title="Conrad II, Count of Luxembourg">Conrad II</a> (1131–1136)</li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="5" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><a href="/wiki/File:Arms_of_the_Count_of_Luxembourg.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Arms_of_the_Count_of_Luxembourg.svg/80px-Arms_of_the_Count_of_Luxembourg.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="94" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Arms_of_the_Count_of_Luxembourg.svg/120px-Arms_of_the_Count_of_Luxembourg.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Arms_of_the_Count_of_Luxembourg.svg/160px-Arms_of_the_Count_of_Luxembourg.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="262" data-file-height="308" /></a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/House_of_Luxembourg" title="House of Luxembourg">House of Namur</a> (1136–1189)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Henry_IV,_Count_of_Luxembourg" class="mw-redirect" title="Henry IV, Count of Luxembourg">Henry IV</a> (1136–1189)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/House_of_Hohenstaufen" class="mw-redirect" title="House of Hohenstaufen">House of Hohenstaufen</a> (1196–1197)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Otto_I,_Count_of_Burgundy" title="Otto I, Count of Burgundy">Otto</a> (1196–1197)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/House_of_Luxembourg" title="House of Luxembourg">House of Namur</a> (1197–1247)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ermesinde,_Countess_of_Luxembourg" title="Ermesinde, Countess of Luxembourg">Ermesinde</a> (1197–1247), with</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theobald_I,_Count_of_Bar" title="Theobald I, Count of Bar">Theobald</a> (1197–1214), and then</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waleran_III,_Duke_of_Limburg" title="Waleran III, Duke of Limburg">Waleran</a> (1214–1226)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/House_of_Luxembourg" title="House of Luxembourg">House of Limburg</a> (1247–1354)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Henry_V,_Count_of_Luxembourg" title="Henry V, Count of Luxembourg">Henry V</a> (1247–1281)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_VI,_Count_of_Luxembourg" title="Henry VI, Count of Luxembourg">Henry VI</a> (1281–1288)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_VII,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Henry VII, Holy Roman Emperor">Henry VII</a> (1288–1313)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_of_Bohemia" title="John of Bohemia">John I</a> (1313–1346)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_IV,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Charles IV, Holy Roman Emperor">Charles I</a> (1346–1353)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wenceslaus_I,_Duke_of_Luxembourg" title="Wenceslaus I, Duke of Luxembourg">Wenceslaus I</a> (1353–1354)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Duchy_of_Luxemburg_(1354–1794)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Luxemburg" class="mw-redirect" title="Duchy of Luxemburg">Duchy of Luxemburg</a> (1354–1794)</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/House_of_Luxembourg" title="House of Luxembourg">House of Limburg</a> (1354–1443)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wenceslaus_I,_Duke_of_Luxembourg" title="Wenceslaus I, Duke of Luxembourg">Wenceslaus I</a> (1354–1383)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wenceslaus_IV_of_Bohemia" title="Wenceslaus IV of Bohemia">Wenceslaus II</a> (1383–1388)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jobst_of_Moravia" title="Jobst of Moravia">Jobst</a> (1388–1411)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_of_G%C3%B6rlitz" title="Elizabeth of Görlitz">Elisabeth</a> (1411–1443) with</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthony,_Duke_of_Brabant" title="Anthony, Duke of Brabant">Anthony</a> (1411–1415), and then</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_III,_Duke_of_Bavaria" title="John III, Duke of Bavaria">John II</a> (1418–1425)</li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="7" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><a href="/wiki/File:Arms-of-Luxembourg.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Arms-of-Luxembourg.svg/80px-Arms-of-Luxembourg.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="99" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Arms-of-Luxembourg.svg/120px-Arms-of-Luxembourg.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Arms-of-Luxembourg.svg/160px-Arms-of-Luxembourg.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="157" data-file-height="195" /></a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/House_of_Valois-Burgundy" title="House of Valois-Burgundy">House of Valois-Burgundy</a> (1443–1482)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Philip_the_Good" title="Philip the Good">Philip I</a> (1443–1467)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Charles II</a> (1467–1477)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_of_Burgundy" title="Mary of Burgundy">Mary I</a> (1477–1482) and</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maximilian_I,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Maximilian I, Holy Roman Emperor">Maximilian I</a> (1477–1482)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/House_of_Habsburg" title="House of Habsburg">House of Habsburg</a> (1482–1700)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Philip_I_of_Castile" class="mw-redirect" title="Philip I of Castile">Philip II</a> (1482–1506)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_V,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor">Charles III</a> (1506–1556)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_II_of_Spain" title="Philip II of Spain">Philip III</a> (1556–1598)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isabella_Clara_Eugenia" title="Isabella Clara Eugenia">Isabella Clara Eugenia</a> (1598–1621) and <a href="/wiki/Albert_VII,_Archduke_of_Austria" title="Albert VII, Archduke of Austria">Albert</a> (1598–1621)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_IV_of_Spain" title="Philip IV of Spain">Philip IV</a> (1621–1665)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_II_of_Spain" title="Charles II of Spain">Charles IV</a> (1665–1700)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/House_of_Bourbon" title="House of Bourbon">House of Bourbon</a> (1700–1712)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Philip_V_of_Spain" title="Philip V of Spain">Philip V</a> (1700–1712)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/House_of_Wittelsbach" title="House of Wittelsbach">House of Wittelsbach</a> (1712–1713)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Maximilian_II_Emanuel,_Elector_of_Bavaria" class="mw-redirect" title="Maximilian II Emanuel, Elector of Bavaria">Maximilian II</a> (1712–1713)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/House_of_Habsburg" title="House of Habsburg">House of Habsburg</a> (1713–1780)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Charles_VI,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Charles VI, Holy Roman Emperor">Charles V</a> (1713–1740)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maria_Theresa" title="Maria Theresa">Mary II</a> (1740–1780)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/House_of_Lorraine" title="House of Lorraine">House of Habsburg-Lorraine</a> (1780–1794)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_II,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Joseph II, Holy Roman Emperor">Joseph</a> (1780–1790)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leopold_II,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Leopold II, Holy Roman Emperor">Leopold</a> (1790–1792)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_II,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Francis II, Holy Roman Emperor">Francis</a> (1792–1794)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Grand_Duchy_of_Luxembourg_(since_1815)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Luxembourg" class="mw-redirect" title="Grand Duchy of Luxembourg">Grand Duchy of Luxembourg</a> (since 1815)</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/House_of_Orange-Nassau" title="House of Orange-Nassau">House of Orange-Nassau</a> (1815–1890)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/William_I_of_the_Netherlands" title="William I of the Netherlands">William I</a> (1815–1840)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_II_of_the_Netherlands" title="William II of the Netherlands">William II</a> (1840–1849)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_III_of_the_Netherlands" title="William III of the Netherlands">William III</a> (1849–1890)</li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="2" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><a href="/wiki/File:Middle-Coat-of-Arms-of-Luxembourg.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Middle-Coat-of-Arms-of-Luxembourg.svg/100px-Middle-Coat-of-Arms-of-Luxembourg.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="84" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Middle-Coat-of-Arms-of-Luxembourg.svg/150px-Middle-Coat-of-Arms-of-Luxembourg.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Middle-Coat-of-Arms-of-Luxembourg.svg/200px-Middle-Coat-of-Arms-of-Luxembourg.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="402" data-file-height="337" /></a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/House_of_Nassau-Weilburg" title="House of Nassau-Weilburg">House of Nassau-Weilburg</a> (1890–present)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adolphe,_Grand_Duke_of_Luxembourg" title="Adolphe, Grand Duke of Luxembourg">Adolphe</a> (1890–1905)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_IV,_Grand_Duke_of_Luxembourg" title="William IV, Grand Duke of Luxembourg">William IV</a> (1905–1912)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marie-Ad%C3%A9la%C3%AFde,_Grand_Duchess_of_Luxembourg" title="Marie-Adélaïde, Grand Duchess of Luxembourg">Marie-Adélaïde</a> (1912–1919)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charlotte,_Grand_Duchess_of_Luxembourg" title="Charlotte, Grand Duchess of Luxembourg">Charlotte</a> (1919–1964)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean,_Grand_Duke_of_Luxembourg" title="Jean, Grand Duke of Luxembourg">Jean</a> (1964–2000)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henri,_Grand_Duke_of_Luxembourg" title="Henri, Grand Duke of Luxembourg">Henri</a> (since 2000)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q151120#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q151120#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q151120#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000121416476">ISNI</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/84075206">VIAF</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/54638/">FAST</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJgd6K9PjrpkCBHcbfqxXd">WorldCat</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/118560026">Germany</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n80056901">United States</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb13554658d">France</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb13554658d">BnF data</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nla.gov.au/anbd.aut-an61539589">Australia</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=jn20010525249&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX1381193">Spain</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p070604487">Netherlands</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://authority.bibsys.no/authority/rest/authorities/html/90092390">Norway</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://libris.kb.se/khwz0n230s2vwvg">Sweden</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810529979405606">Poland</a></li><li><a class="external text" href="https://wikidata-externalid-url.toolforge.org/?p=8034&url_prefix=https://opac.vatlib.it/auth/detail/&id=495/29547">Vatican</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007259758705171">Israel</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cantic.bnc.cat/registre/981058614940706706">Catalonia</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opac.kbr.be/LIBRARY/doc/AUTHORITY/10038375">Belgium</a><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opac.kbr.be/LIBRARY/doc/AUTHORITY/14214728">2</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Academics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ci.nii.ac.jp/author/DA10948729?l=en">CiNii</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Artists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div 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href="https://www.deutsche-digitale-bibliothek.de/person/gnd/118560026">DDB</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/027288102">IdRef</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hls-dhs-dss.ch/fr/articles/029226">Historical Dictionary of Switzerland</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w65t3nq2">SNAC</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://rism.online/people/41024697">RISM</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" 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