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<span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Vocabulary subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Vocabulary-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Animals" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Animals"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Animals</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Animals-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Plants" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Plants"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Plants</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Plants-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Oak_species" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Oak_species"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Oak species</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Oak_species-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Live_oaks" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Live_oaks"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3.1</span> <span>Live oaks</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Live_oaks-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Deciduous_oaks_-_First_hypothesis_on_Mason's_classification" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Deciduous_oaks_-_First_hypothesis_on_Mason's_classification"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3.2</span> <span>Deciduous oaks - First hypothesis on Mason's classification</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Deciduous_oaks_-_First_hypothesis_on_Mason's_classification-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Deciduous_oaks_-_Second_hypothesis_on_Mason's_classification" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" 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<div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3.5</span> <span>Summary</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Summary-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" 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Available in 11 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-11" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">11 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idioma_salinero" title="Idioma salinero – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Idioma salinero" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salinaneg" title="Salinaneg – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Salinaneg" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salinan" title="Salinan – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Salinan" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idioma_salinero" title="Idioma salinero – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Idioma salinero" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salinan" title="Salinan – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Salinan" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salinan" title="Salinan – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Salinan" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_salinan" title="Lingua salinan – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Lingua salinan" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%B5%E3%83%AA%E3%83%8A%E8%AA%9E" title="サリナ語 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="サリナ語" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lenga_salinan" title="Lenga salinan – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Lenga salinan" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D1%8F%D0%B7%D1%8B%D0%BA" title="Салинский язык – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Салинский язык" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a 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vevent infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above above" style="font-size:125%; color: black; background-color: #c0dde6;">Salinan</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Native to</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Region</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;">central coast <a href="/wiki/California" title="California">California</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Ethnicity</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Salinan_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Salinan people">Salinan people</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><a href="/wiki/Extinct_language" title="Extinct language">Extinct</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;">1958</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><span class="wrap"><a href="/wiki/Language_family" title="Language family">Language family</a></span></div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><div style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Hokan_languages" title="Hokan languages">Hokan</a> ? <ul style="line-height:100%; margin-left:1.35em;padding-left:0"><li> <b>Salinan</b></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: black; background-color: #c0dde6;">Language codes</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/ISO_639-3" title="ISO 639-3">ISO 639-3</a></span></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><code><a href="https://iso639-3.sil.org/code/sln" class="extiw" title="iso639-3:sln">sln</a></code></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><i><a href="/wiki/Glottolog" title="Glottolog">Glottolog</a></i></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><code><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/sali1253">sali1253</a></code></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Salinan_lang.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Salinan_lang.png/320px-Salinan_lang.png" decoding="async" width="320" height="360" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Salinan_lang.png/480px-Salinan_lang.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/40/Salinan_lang.png 2x" data-file-width="531" data-file-height="597" /></a></span><div style="text-align:left;">Pre-contact distribution of Salinan language</div></td></tr></tbody></table><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236303919">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds img{background:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds img{background:white}}</style> <p><b>Salinan</b> is the historical indigenous language of the <a href="/wiki/Salinan" title="Salinan">Salinan people</a> of the central coast of <a href="/wiki/California" title="California">California</a>. It has been extinct since the death of the last speaker in 1958. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><span><audio id="mwe_player_0" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" style="width:220px;" data-durationhint="87" data-mwtitle="Salinan_narrative.wav" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/File:Salinan_narrative.wav"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/6/69/Salinan_narrative.wav/Salinan_narrative.wav.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-transcodekey="ogg" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/6/69/Salinan_narrative.wav/Salinan_narrative.wav.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/69/Salinan_narrative.wav" type="audio/wav" data-width="0" data-height="0" /></audio></span><figcaption>Narrative in Salinan recorded in 1910</figcaption></figure> <p>The language is attested to some extent in colonial sources such as Sitjar (1860), but the principal published documentation is <a href="/wiki/John_Alden_Mason" title="John Alden Mason">Mason</a> (1918). The main modern grammatical study, based on Mason's data and on the field notes of <a href="/wiki/John_Peabody_Harrington" title="John Peabody Harrington">John Peabody Harrington</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=William_H._Jacobsen&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="William H. Jacobsen (page does not exist)">William H. Jacobsen</a>, is Turner (1987), which also contains a complete bibliography of the primary sources and discussion of their orthography. </p><p>Two dialects are recognized, <i>Antoniaño</i> and <i>Migueleño</i>, associated with the missions of San Antonio and San Miguel, respectively. Antoniaño is "sometimes also termed Sextapay, associated with <a href="/wiki/Teshaya,_California" title="Teshaya, California">the area</a> of the Franciscan <a href="/wiki/Mission_San_Antonio_de_Padua" title="Mission San Antonio de Padua">Mission of San Antonio de Padua</a> in Monterey County."<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There may have been a third, <i>Playano</i> dialect, as suggested by mention of such a subdivision of the people, but nothing is known of them linguistically. </p><p>Salinan may be a part of the <a href="/wiki/Hokan_languages" title="Hokan languages">Hokan</a> family. <a href="/wiki/Edward_Sapir" title="Edward Sapir">Edward Sapir</a> included it in a subfamily of Hokan, along with <a href="/wiki/Chumashan_languages" title="Chumashan languages">Chumash</a> and <a href="/wiki/Seri_language" title="Seri language">Seri</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This hypothetical classification (which has had many skeptics) found its way into several encyclopedias and presentations of language families before much supporting evidence for this subfamily had been presented, but is currently fairly well established.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><span><audio id="mwe_player_1" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" style="width:220px;" data-durationhint="122" data-mwtitle="Salinan_vocabulary.wav" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/File:Salinan_vocabulary.wav"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/3/37/Salinan_vocabulary.wav/Salinan_vocabulary.wav.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-transcodekey="ogg" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/3/37/Salinan_vocabulary.wav/Salinan_vocabulary.wav.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/37/Salinan_vocabulary.wav" type="audio/wav" data-width="0" data-height="0" /></audio></span><figcaption>Salinan vocabulary from a 1910 recording</figcaption></figure> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Phonology">Phonology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Salinan_language&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Phonology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The charts of consonants and vowels in the Salinan language: </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Consonants">Consonants</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Salinan_language&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Consonants"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable IPA" style="text-align:center"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2"> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Bilabial_consonant" title="Bilabial consonant">Bilabial</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Dental_consonant" title="Dental consonant">Dental</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Alveolar_consonant" title="Alveolar consonant">Alveolar</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Postalveolar_consonant" title="Postalveolar consonant">Post-<br /> alveolar</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Palatal_consonant" title="Palatal consonant">Palatal</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Velar_consonant" title="Velar consonant">Velar</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Glottal_consonant" title="Glottal consonant">Glottal</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="3"><a href="/wiki/Stop_consonant" class="mw-redirect" title="Stop consonant">Plosive</a> </th> <th><small><a href="/wiki/Voicelessness" title="Voicelessness">voiceless</a></small> </th> <td>p </td> <td>t̪ </td> <td> </td> <td>t̠ </td> <td> </td> <td>k </td> <td>ʔ </td></tr> <tr> <th><small><a href="/wiki/Ejective_consonant" title="Ejective consonant">ejective</a></small> </th> <td>pʼ </td> <td>t̪ʼ </td> <td> </td> <td>t̠ʼ </td> <td> </td> <td>kʼ </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th><small><a href="/wiki/Voiced_consonant" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced consonant">voiced</a></small> </th> <td>b </td> <td>d </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>ɡ </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Fricative_consonant" class="mw-redirect" title="Fricative consonant">Fricative</a> </th> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>s </td> <td>ʃ </td> <td> </td> <td>x </td> <td>h </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Affricate_consonant" class="mw-redirect" title="Affricate consonant">Affricate</a> </th> <th><small><a href="/wiki/Voicelessness" title="Voicelessness">voiceless</a></small> </th> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>ts </td> <td>tʃ </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Ejective_consonant" title="Ejective consonant"><small></small></a><small><a href="/wiki/Glottalized_consonant" class="mw-redirect" title="Glottalized consonant">ejective</a></small> </th> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>tsʼ </td> <td>tʃʼ </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Nasal_consonant" title="Nasal consonant">Nasal</a> </th> <th><small>plain</small> </th> <td>m </td> <td> </td> <td>n </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th><small><a href="/wiki/Glottalized_consonant" class="mw-redirect" title="Glottalized consonant">glottalized</a></small> </th> <td>ˀm </td> <td> </td> <td>ˀn </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Lateral_consonant" title="Lateral consonant">Lateral</a> </th> <th><small><a href="/wiki/Voiced_consonant" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced consonant">voiced</a></small> </th> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>l </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th><small><a href="/wiki/Glottalized_consonant" class="mw-redirect" title="Glottalized consonant">glottalized</a></small> </th> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>ˀl </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Trill_consonant" title="Trill consonant">Trill</a> </th> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>r </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Approximant_consonant" class="mw-redirect" title="Approximant consonant">Approximant</a> </th> <th><small>plain</small> </th> <td>w </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>j </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th><small><a href="/wiki/Glottalized_consonant" class="mw-redirect" title="Glottalized consonant">glottalized</a></small> </th> <td>ˀw </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>ˀj </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Voiced plosives /b d ɡ/ likely came as a result of Spanish influence. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Vowels">Vowels</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Salinan_language&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Vowels"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"> <tbody><tr> <th> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Front_vowel" title="Front vowel">Front</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Back_vowel" title="Back vowel">Back</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Close_vowel" title="Close vowel">Close</a> </th> <td>i iː </td> <td>u uː </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Close-mid_vowel" title="Close-mid vowel">Close-mid</a> </th> <td>e eː </td> <td>o oː </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Open-mid_vowel" title="Open-mid vowel">Open-mid</a> </th> <td>ɛ </td> <td>ɔ </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Open_vowel" title="Open vowel">Open</a> </th> <td colspan="2">a aː </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Mid vowels occurred likely due to Spanish influence.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Vocabulary">Vocabulary</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Salinan_language&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Vocabulary"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Salinan plant and animal names from Mason (1918):<sup id="cite_ref-Mason-1918_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mason-1918-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Animals">Animals</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Salinan_language&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Animals"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <dl><dd><table class="wikitable sortable"> <tbody><tr> <th>English gloss</th> <th>Antoniaño</th> <th>Migueleño</th> <th>plural </th></tr> <tr> <td>fly</td> <td>awa·´tén</td> <td>a·we·te´ʽ</td> <td>awaˑ´tneʟ </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Ameiurus" title="Ameiurus">bullhead fish</a></td> <td></td> <td>cat’</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Lewis%27s_woodpecker" title="Lewis's woodpecker">Lewis's woodpecker</a></td> <td>ca´knil</td> <td>cra´knil</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>bird</td> <td>caˑxwe</td> <td>sa·xe</td> <td>ca·xten </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Burrowing_owl" title="Burrowing owl">ground owl</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oak_titmouse" title="Oak titmouse">gray titmouse</a></td> <td>ska´tata</td> <td>cko·´tɑtʚ</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Prairie_falcon" title="Prairie falcon">prairie falcon</a></td> <td>ck’an</td> <td>ck’an’</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/American_crow" title="American crow">crow</a></td> <td>ckaˑk’</td> <td>cka·k’</td> <td>skaˑ´k’tenat </td></tr> <tr> <td>snake, worm, grub</td> <td>ck’ot</td> <td>ck’ot</td> <td>sk’o´teʟet </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Gull" title="Gull">gull</a></td> <td></td> <td>clot</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Abalone" title="Abalone">abalone</a></td> <td></td> <td>cmaiyi´k’</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Great_horned_owl" title="Great horned owl">horned owl</a></td> <td>cukunui´’</td> <td>cokonoi´’</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Skunk" title="Skunk">skunk</a></td> <td>cuwa´’</td> <td>cowa´</td> <td>cuwa´ʽɴeʟ </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Squirrel" title="Squirrel">squirrel</a></td> <td>cuˑmk’o´m’</td> <td>camko´’m</td> <td>cumk’omona´neʟ </td></tr> <tr> <td>small <a href="/wiki/Duck" title="Duck">ducks</a></td> <td></td> <td>cu´n’cun’</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>fish</td> <td>swan</td> <td>cwa´’ɴ</td> <td>cwaˑne´t </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Lizard" title="Lizard">lizard</a></td> <td>swakaka´</td> <td>cwaˑkek’a´’</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Gopher" title="Gopher">gopher</a></td> <td>e´cece</td> <td>ee´cesi</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>male <a href="/wiki/Squirrel" title="Squirrel">squirrel</a></td> <td></td> <td>emace´</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Pinacate_beetle" class="mw-redirect" title="Pinacate beetle">pinacate</a></td> <td>eˑts’</td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Tarantula_hawk" title="Tarantula hawk">tarantula hawk</a></td> <td>etskutchɑ´ten</td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Louse" title="Louse">louse</a></td> <td>tik’e´’</td> <td>i´ke</td> <td>tik’eneʟ </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Ant" title="Ant">ant</a></td> <td>ilka´t</td> <td>ilka´t</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Western_bluebird" title="Western bluebird">Mexican bluebird</a></td> <td>kalep’a´n</td> <td>kelep’a´n</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>small birds</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td>kats’aˑne´ʟˑ </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Steller%27s_jay" title="Steller's jay">blue-crested jay</a></td> <td></td> <td>kalau</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/House_finch" title="House finch">house finch</a></td> <td>kalwatcai´</td> <td>k’aluatc´a’i</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Goose" title="Goose">goose</a>, crane</td> <td>ka´lakʽ</td> <td>kalakʽ</td> <td>kalak´ne´ʟ </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Mosquito" title="Mosquito">mosquito</a></td> <td></td> <td>kaca´p</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Grasshopper" title="Grasshopper">grasshopper</a></td> <td>kacala´</td> <td>kaculo´</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Lawrence%27s_goldfinch" title="Lawrence's goldfinch">Lawrence's goldfinch</a></td> <td></td> <td>kiope´ts</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Belted_kingfisher" title="Belted kingfisher">kingfisher</a></td> <td>k’cu´i</td> <td>kitcili´tna</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Band-tailed_pigeon" title="Band-tailed pigeon">band-tailed pigeon</a></td> <td>klau´it</td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Hare" title="Hare">hare</a></td> <td>koi’</td> <td>koʟ</td> <td>kolane´ʟ </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Tarantula" title="Tarantula">tarantula</a></td> <td></td> <td>kocai´ye</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Mountain_quail" title="Mountain quail">mountain quail</a></td> <td></td> <td>k’aiya´k´</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Red_abalone" class="mw-redirect" title="Red abalone">red abalones</a></td> <td>kilṭau´</td> <td>k’elṭ´u´ʽ</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>spider</td> <td>la´kana</td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>gray rabbit</td> <td></td> <td>ʟa´ma</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Common_raven" title="Common raven">raven</a></td> <td>la´’</td> <td>lap’</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Tarantula_hawk" title="Tarantula hawk">tarantula hawk</a></td> <td></td> <td>lape´</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>duck</td> <td>leaṭ’</td> <td>helpa´ṭ’</td> <td>leaṭ’ten </td></tr> <tr> <td>wasps, bees</td> <td>lme´m’</td> <td>leme´’m</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Anas" title="Anas">teal</a></td> <td>le´ponta</td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/White-crowned_sparrow" title="White-crowned sparrow">Gambel's sparrow</a></td> <td>le´rporti</td> <td>leˑ´rpati</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Coyote" title="Coyote">coyote</a></td> <td>ʟk’a´</td> <td>helk’a´</td> <td>elk’ane´ʟ; elk’a´lekten </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Canada_goose" title="Canada goose">Canada goose</a></td> <td>loina´</td> <td>t’lai</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>small <a href="/wiki/Pronghorn" title="Pronghorn">antelope</a></td> <td></td> <td>lowe´cɑt’</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>rat</td> <td>ma´kiʟ</td> <td>mɑ´kel</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Rabbit" title="Rabbit">rabbit</a></td> <td>map’</td> <td>map’</td> <td>map’tenat; map’aˑ´nel </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Eel" title="Eel">eel</a></td> <td>masau´hal</td> <td>masau´wel</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Chipmunk" title="Chipmunk">chipmunk</a></td> <td>matse´ko</td> <td>mats’e´ko’</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Hummingbird" title="Hummingbird">hummingbird</a></td> <td>mɑ´ts’we´l’</td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Pronghorn" title="Pronghorn">antelope</a></td> <td>mu´i’</td> <td>mu´ı̄’</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>clams</td> <td></td> <td>naiyʚk’</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Pocket_gopher" class="mw-redirect" title="Pocket gopher">pocket gopher</a></td> <td>nakɑ´k</td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>young <a href="/wiki/Pronghorn" title="Pronghorn">antelope</a></td> <td></td> <td>nʚtc’</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Elk" title="Elk">elk</a></td> <td>ac</td> <td>p’ae</td> <td>acte´n, astenat </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/California_woodpecker" class="mw-redirect" title="California woodpecker">California woodpecker</a></td> <td>pelaˑ´kˑa’</td> <td>pala·´kɑkʼ</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>two-pronged buck</td> <td></td> <td>paṭalti</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Hummingbird" title="Hummingbird">hummingbird</a></td> <td></td> <td>peˑ´lts’e</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Ruby-crowned_kinglet" title="Ruby-crowned kinglet">ruby-crowned wren</a></td> <td>pete´ts</td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Lark_sparrow" title="Lark sparrow">lark finch</a></td> <td>pi´ukutc</td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>sucker</td> <td></td> <td>pʽu´lxoiʽ</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Bobcat" title="Bobcat">wildcat</a></td> <td>sam’</td> <td>snam</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Black_ant_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Black ant (disambiguation)">black ant</a></td> <td></td> <td>santʚn</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Loggerhead_shrike" title="Loggerhead shrike">shrike</a></td> <td></td> <td>sapele´</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>one-pronged buck</td> <td></td> <td>sektaiˑkna</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Stink_ant" class="mw-redirect" title="Stink ant">stinking ant</a></td> <td></td> <td>senese</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>unidentified fish</td> <td></td> <td>septa´ʟ</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>snake</td> <td>senkahl</td> <td>senk’oʟ</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>doe</td> <td>sepo</td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>mouse</td> <td>seloˑ´iʽ</td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Swallow" title="Swallow">swallow</a></td> <td></td> <td>siata´nil</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Canyon_towhee" title="Canyon towhee">cañon finch</a></td> <td>sit</td> <td>set’</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Red-headed_woodpecker" title="Red-headed woodpecker">red-headed woodpecker</a></td> <td></td> <td>sik</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>animal</td> <td></td> <td>sitaipin</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Whip-poor-will" class="mw-redirect" title="Whip-poor-will">whip-poor-will</a></td> <td></td> <td>skalo´</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/American_kestrel" title="American kestrel">sparrowhawk</a></td> <td>skele´le</td> <td>skeleˑ´le</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>blue crane</td> <td></td> <td>ska·´u</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>shellfish</td> <td></td> <td>sk’eˑ´’n</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Raccoon" title="Raccoon">raccoon</a></td> <td>skaiya´ʼ</td> <td>s’kai´ya</td> <td>skaiyana´neʟ </td></tr> <tr> <td>rat</td> <td>sk’almo´k’</td> <td>sk’almokʼ</td> <td>sk’almok’oten </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Green-winged_teal" title="Green-winged teal">green-winged teal</a></td> <td></td> <td>slipe´pʚ</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/California_quail" title="California quail">quail</a></td> <td></td> <td>smate·´xan</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Bee" title="Bee">bee</a></td> <td>smo´kɑt</td> <td>smo´ket</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Rattlesnake" title="Rattlesnake">rattlesnake</a></td> <td>smeˑkoi´</td> <td>smekoi´</td> <td>smekoiiten </td></tr> <tr> <td>female <a href="/wiki/Skunk" title="Skunk">skunk</a></td> <td></td> <td>smohel</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>mole</td> <td>smokok’e´</td> <td>smokike´</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>cat</td> <td>smic</td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Eagle" title="Eagle">eagle</a></td> <td>sai´yu</td> <td>snai</td> <td>saiyane´ʟ </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Kangaroo_rat" title="Kangaroo rat">kangaroo rat</a>, tusa</td> <td>snaˑk</td> <td>snaʽk</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Butterfly" title="Butterfly">butterfly</a></td> <td>soko´ko</td> <td>soko´ko</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>spotted fawn</td> <td></td> <td>so´ha</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>very small ant</td> <td></td> <td>sopokan</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Red-tailed_hawk" title="Red-tailed hawk">red-tailed hawk</a></td> <td>speˑk’</td> <td>spiˑk’</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Burrowing_owl" title="Burrowing owl">burrowing owl</a></td> <td></td> <td>spʽoko´ʼ</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Fox" title="Fox">fox</a></td> <td>sto’</td> <td>sto’</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>young <a href="/wiki/Squirrel" title="Squirrel">squirrel</a></td> <td></td> <td>sumhe</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>bat</td> <td>stamaka´la</td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>bat</td> <td>suhao´ye</td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Phainopepla" title="Phainopepla">black-shining flycatcher</a></td> <td>swe´ho</td> <td>swīˑ´yo</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>male <a href="/wiki/Coyote" title="Coyote">coyote</a></td> <td></td> <td>swaa´</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>crane</td> <td></td> <td>taˑlwa·´x</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>worm</td> <td>ta´lmui</td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Nuthatch" title="Nuthatch">nuthatch</a></td> <td>taka´la</td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Lawrence%27s_goldfinch" title="Lawrence's goldfinch">Lawrence's goldfinch</a></td> <td>ta´nukupel</td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>crane</td> <td></td> <td>tapṭe´ʟ</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Woodpecker" title="Woodpecker">woodpecker</a></td> <td>tena´k</td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>male <a href="/wiki/Pronghorn" title="Pronghorn">antelope</a></td> <td></td> <td>tepce´</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Owl" title="Owl">owl</a></td> <td>tesik’</td> <td>ṭeci´kʼ</td> <td>ticik’neʟ </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Pelican" title="Pelican">pelican</a></td> <td>tē·´u</td> <td>tewe´</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Pigeon" class="mw-redirect" title="Pigeon">pigeon</a></td> <td></td> <td>tikʽmo´ʽ</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>worm</td> <td></td> <td>time´hai</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/California_Condor" class="mw-redirect" title="California Condor">great California vulture</a></td> <td>titc´k</td> <td>te’tc’</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/American_badger" title="American badger">badger</a></td> <td>t´mɑ´cɑx</td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>seal</td> <td>tʽoˑ´i</td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/American_badger" title="American badger">badger</a></td> <td></td> <td>tʽoˑ´io</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Sea_otter" title="Sea otter">sea otter</a></td> <td></td> <td>t’sue</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Whale" title="Whale">whale</a></td> <td>tʸa´i</td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/California_scrub-jay" class="mw-redirect" title="California scrub-jay">blue jay</a></td> <td>ṭ’ai’</td> <td>ṭahi</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Flea" title="Flea">flea</a></td> <td>ṭa·yiʟ</td> <td>ṭaiyeʟ’</td> <td>tayiʟtena´x </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Crab" title="Crab">crab</a></td> <td></td> <td>ṭaitc’aˑ´tak</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>serpent</td> <td>ṭaˑliˑye´’</td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Cougar" title="Cougar">puma</a></td> <td>ṭa´’muʟ</td> <td>ṭ´a’muʟ</td> <td>ṭa´’multenax </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Deer" title="Deer">deer</a></td> <td>ṭaa´’</td> <td>ṭaa´’p</td> <td>ṭaatne´ʟ </td></tr> <tr> <td>bat</td> <td>ṭapilale</td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Mourning_dove" title="Mourning dove">turtledove</a></td> <td>ṭaˑxwe´ne’</td> <td>ṭʽaˑxwe´n’</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Bear" title="Bear">bear</a></td> <td>ṭaxai´’</td> <td>ṭᴀxai´’</td> <td>ṭaxai´yukten </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Turtle" title="Turtle">turtle</a></td> <td>ṭawai</td> <td>ṭawʚ´</td> <td>ṭawaiiten </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Salmon" title="Salmon">salmon</a></td> <td>ṭetiyau´</td> <td>tʽetēyau</td> <td>ṭetiyauutén </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Kingbird" title="Kingbird">kingbird</a></td> <td>ṭike´</td> <td>ṭ’ike´’</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>small frog</td> <td></td> <td>ṭ’iˑkolʚ´</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>serpent</td> <td></td> <td>ṭinele´ʼ</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>grubs, worms</td> <td></td> <td>ṭ’iope´’</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>mountain lizard</td> <td></td> <td>ṭʽoiyelɘ´’</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Western_grey_squirrel" class="mw-redirect" title="Western grey squirrel">gray squirrel</a></td> <td>ṭooloc</td> <td>ṭoˑlo´c</td> <td>ṭoolecna´neʟ </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Grey_wolf" class="mw-redirect" title="Grey wolf">wolf</a></td> <td>ṭʽo·´xo</td> <td>ṭoˑxo´ʼ</td> <td>ṭʽoˑ´xolanel </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/California_thrasher" title="California thrasher">curved-bill thrush</a></td> <td>tca</td> <td>tca</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Brewer%27s_blackbird" title="Brewer's blackbird">Brewer's blackbird</a></td> <td>tca´la</td> <td>tcal</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Northern_flicker" title="Northern flicker">red-shafted woodpecker</a></td> <td>tc’am’</td> <td>tc’a’ᴍɪ</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>cricket</td> <td>tcʼeˑl’</td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/California_scrub-jay" class="mw-redirect" title="California scrub-jay">blue jay</a></td> <td>tc’ele´uʼ</td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>bat</td> <td></td> <td>tc’e´mtcem</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Fish-hawk" class="mw-redirect" title="Fish-hawk">fish-hawk</a></td> <td>tcikʼ</td> <td>tc´iktcik</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Caterpillar" title="Caterpillar">caterpillar</a></td> <td>tcoana´hi</td> <td>ṭaau´</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>mottled snake</td> <td></td> <td>ts’aike´’</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Williamson%27s_sapsucker" title="Williamson's sapsucker">yellow-bellied woodpecker</a></td> <td></td> <td>ts’e´’ʟ</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Owl" title="Owl">owl</a></td> <td></td> <td>ts’ɘ´tʽenek’</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Spider" title="Spider">spider</a></td> <td>ts’ope´n</td> <td>sopne´t</td> <td>ts’ope´nlax </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Red-winged_blackbird" title="Red-winged blackbird">red-winged blackbird</a></td> <td>wakeno´</td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Frog" title="Frog">frog</a></td> <td>wa·´kiṭ</td> <td>wa´kɑṭ’</td> <td>wakiṭten; wa´kɑṭ’ṭʽa´ʟ </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Bullbat" class="mw-redirect" title="Bullbat">bullbat</a></td> <td></td> <td>wa´lwal’</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oregon_bunting&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Oregon bunting (page does not exist)">Oregon bunting</a></td> <td>wa´tc</td> <td>watc’</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/White_goose" class="mw-redirect" title="White goose">white goose</a></td> <td></td> <td>wau</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/California_scrub-jay" class="mw-redirect" title="California scrub-jay">blue jay</a>, <a href="/wiki/Passerina" title="Passerina">bunting</a></td> <td>witcele´’</td> <td>wetcele´’</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Martin_(bird)" class="mw-redirect" title="Martin (bird)">martin</a></td> <td></td> <td>weˑtelo´’</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Woodpecker" title="Woodpecker">woodpecker</a></td> <td></td> <td>we´tok</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/California_mussel" title="California mussel">mussel</a></td> <td>xaii´k</td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Crane_(bird)" title="Crane (bird)">crane</a></td> <td>xalau´’</td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Wrentit" title="Wrentit">ground tit</a></td> <td>xane´o</td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Lizard" title="Lizard">lizard</a></td> <td>xakele´</td> <td>xapailʚ´’</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Yellow-billed_magpie" title="Yellow-billed magpie">yellow-billed magpie</a></td> <td>atce´tc</td> <td>xatca´tc’</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Greater_roadrunner" title="Greater roadrunner">roadrunner</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ground_cuckoo" class="mw-redirect" title="Ground cuckoo">ground cuckoo</a></td> <td>xom</td> <td>xo·´’mɪ</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/California_quail" title="California quail">quail</a></td> <td>ho´mlik´</td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Turkey_vulture" title="Turkey vulture">red-headed vulture</a></td> <td>xopne´l</td> <td>xo·pɴe´ʟ</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>dog</td> <td>xutc</td> <td>xutcaˑi</td> <td>xoste´n </td></tr></tbody></table></dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Plants">Plants</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Salinan_language&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Plants"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <dl><dd><table class="wikitable sortable"> <tbody><tr> <th>English gloss</th> <th>Antoniaño</th> <th>Migueleño</th> <th>plural </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Wild_oat" class="mw-redirect" title="Wild oat">wild oats</a></td> <td></td> <td>atʟoˑ´s</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>bark</td> <td>awu´’l</td> <td>awuʟ’</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Tule" class="mw-redirect" title="Tule">tule</a></td> <td>aˑxo´ʟ</td> <td></td> <td>axone´ʟ </td></tr> <tr> <td>seed</td> <td>avexte´ya</td> <td></td> <td>ayextel’i´ya </td></tr> <tr> <td>bud</td> <td>ca´l</td> <td></td> <td>ca´ltine </td></tr> <tr> <td>quijara de pala</td> <td>ck’ua´</td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>large <a href="/wiki/Soaproot" class="mw-redirect" title="Soaproot">soaproot</a></td> <td></td> <td>ck’alʚ´’</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Clover" title="Clover">clover</a></td> <td></td> <td>cpo´k’at’; cpoku´mt’a</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>brush</td> <td>cɑ´tala</td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>leaf</td> <td>ctan’</td> <td></td> <td>stanane´ʟ </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Rubus_ursinus" title="Rubus ursinus">blackberries</a></td> <td></td> <td>elpo´nʚ</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>wild seeds</td> <td></td> <td>heˑʟka´’</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>hay, grass</td> <td>k’aˑṭ’</td> <td>kat</td> <td>k’atsane´l </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Sunflower" class="mw-redirect" title="Sunflower">sunflower</a></td> <td></td> <td>k’a·´ciʟ</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Tule" class="mw-redirect" title="Tule">tule</a></td> <td></td> <td>k’ɑ´mta’</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Acorn" title="Acorn">acorn</a></td> <td>k’a’</td> <td>kɑp’</td> <td>ka’te´ʟ </td></tr> <tr> <td>small young <a href="/wiki/Oak" title="Oak">oaks</a></td> <td>ka´pitc’</td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>large <a href="/wiki/Pine_nut" title="Pine nut">pine nut</a></td> <td>kʽe</td> <td>kʽe</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Fern" title="Fern">fern</a> root</td> <td></td> <td>k’ēˑ´ciapowat</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>tuna (<a href="/wiki/Prickly_pears_in_Australia" title="Prickly pears in Australia">prickly pear</a>)</td> <td></td> <td>k’eso´i’</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>cedar</td> <td>keṭipui</td> <td></td> <td>keṭipoilax </td></tr> <tr> <td>root</td> <td></td> <td>ko’iʏi</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Melon" title="Melon">melon</a></td> <td>k’olopopo´</td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>bulb, <a href="/wiki/Wild_potato" title="Wild potato">wild potato</a></td> <td></td> <td>k’ona·´ka</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Tigridia_pavonia" title="Tigridia pavonia">cacomite</a></td> <td></td> <td>kotc’e´ʟ</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>forest</td> <td>ku´katak</td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>flower</td> <td>mɑkawi´ʼ</td> <td>mɑkewe´</td> <td>makawili´ʼ </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Milkweed" class="mw-redirect" title="Milkweed">milkweed</a></td> <td></td> <td>matai´’ʏi</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Toloache" class="mw-redirect" title="Toloache">toloache</a></td> <td></td> <td>moˑnoi´’ʏi</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Umbellularia" title="Umbellularia">laurel</a></td> <td>mopa´kʽ</td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Toxicodendron_diversilobum" title="Toxicodendron diversilobum">ivy</a></td> <td>mucuelit</td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Wild_grape" title="Wild grape">wild grape</a></td> <td></td> <td>o·pɪs</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Salvia_columbariae" title="Salvia columbariae">chia</a></td> <td>pa´siʟ</td> <td>pɑ´siʟ</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Post_oak" class="mw-redirect" title="Post oak">post oak</a></td> <td></td> <td>p’ɑ´pex</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/White_oak" class="mw-redirect" title="White oak">white oak</a></td> <td>at’</td> <td>p’aˑ´’t</td> <td>atne´ʟ; p’atʽne´lat </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Manzanita" title="Manzanita">manzanita</a></td> <td>patʽax</td> <td>patʽa´k</td> <td>patʽaxtén </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Quercus_chrysolepis" title="Quercus chrysolepis">live oak</a></td> <td>askle´t</td> <td>paxa´kiʟ</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Aesculus_californica" title="Aesculus californica">buckeye</a></td> <td></td> <td>pʚca´ʼ</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Willow" title="Willow">willow</a></td> <td></td> <td>pʚsxe´t</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>grass</td> <td></td> <td>petʟ</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>seedlings</td> <td></td> <td>peyexte´toʼ</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>seaweed</td> <td></td> <td>powa´tka</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>fruit</td> <td></td> <td>pamputen</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>fruit</td> <td></td> <td>tenpute´s</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Mescal_agave" class="mw-redirect" title="Mescal agave">mescal</a></td> <td>saxe´t</td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Erodium" title="Erodium">alfilerillos</a></td> <td></td> <td>seneste´ʟ</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>brush</td> <td></td> <td>smɑt</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>acorn</td> <td></td> <td>smoʼ</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>clover</td> <td></td> <td>smo´kumeʟ</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>acorn</td> <td></td> <td>sxau´witʽ</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>seeds</td> <td></td> <td>tana´t</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>wicker</td> <td></td> <td>tana´st</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>grains</td> <td>tate´</td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>small <a href="/wiki/Soaproot" class="mw-redirect" title="Soaproot">soaproot</a></td> <td></td> <td>tetai´</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Elderberries" class="mw-redirect" title="Elderberries">elderberries</a></td> <td></td> <td>tetɑ´pʽkoˑʟ</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>root</td> <td>tepa´s</td> <td>tepa´so</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Notholithocarpus" title="Notholithocarpus">oak</a></td> <td></td> <td>tʽio´i</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>acorn</td> <td></td> <td>t’i´pi’</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Mescal_agave" class="mw-redirect" title="Mescal agave">mescal</a></td> <td></td> <td>tʽᴍɑ</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>grass</td> <td></td> <td>tʽʚma´s</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Milkweed" class="mw-redirect" title="Milkweed">milkweed</a></td> <td></td> <td>tʚmaˑ´ʟ</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>grass for baskets</td> <td></td> <td>tʽonawɑ´’</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Gooseberries" class="mw-redirect" title="Gooseberries">gooseberries</a></td> <td></td> <td>toipen</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>flower of <a href="/wiki/Mescal_agave" class="mw-redirect" title="Mescal agave">mescal</a></td> <td>ṭaiya´c</td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>wood</td> <td>ṭa·´ka’aṭʽ</td> <td>ṭa·´kaṭa</td> <td>tak’ane´ʟ </td></tr> <tr> <td>tobacco</td> <td>ṭala´’ᴍ</td> <td>ṭoela´m</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>stump of tree</td> <td>ṭa´pin</td> <td>ṭamoina´co</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>fruit</td> <td>tata</td> <td>ṭaˑ´tʽoʼ</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>root</td> <td></td> <td>ṭepastéɴ</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>juice</td> <td>ṭetaco</td> <td>ṭita´cu</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Pine_nut" title="Pine nut">pine nuts</a></td> <td>tcʽo’</td> <td>tʽo’</td> <td>ṭotenʚ´l </td></tr> <tr> <td>brush</td> <td>ṭoki</td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Barsalillo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Barsalillo (page does not exist)">barsalillo</a></td> <td></td> <td>tc’e·´lak</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>pine</td> <td>tc’o’</td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>wood for pipe</td> <td></td> <td>tcʽo´ʟʚ</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chuckberries&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Chuckberries (page does not exist)">chuckberries</a></td> <td></td> <td>ts’eta´kiʟ</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>spine</td> <td>xa´ke</td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Acorn" title="Acorn">acorn</a></td> <td>xo´le</td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Live_oak" title="Live oak">live oak</a></td> <td>hasli´t’</td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Acorn" title="Acorn">acorn</a></td> <td>ha´siʟ</td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr></tbody></table></dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Oak_species">Oak species</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Salinan_language&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Oak species"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Oak acorns were the staple food for Salinans. In Mason's <i>The Ethnology of the Salinan Indians</i> (see Bibliography), on pgs 118-119, the author makes an unsuccessful attempt to match Salinan names for oak species with their scientific names. He describes the following species: "(1) cxa'uwat`, a live oak with spined leaves; (2) t`io'i, a large white tree with a white acorn growing on the coast; (3) paxa'kiL, an oak with pointed leaves and a very large acorn which grows on the hills; (4) p`a'pix, an oak with serrated leaves, called by Henshaw "post oak"; (5) p`a`t, an oak with small serrated leaves and a large acorn, called by Henshaw "white oak"; (6) cmo', an oak with smooth, non-spined leaves." He also writes, "While the statement is not definite, it seems that acorns from live-oaks were preferred for mush, those of deciduous oaks for bread. Of the former three varieties were used, (1) cxau'wat', (2) t`io'i, and (3) paxa'kiL in the order of preference. Of the latter (4) p'a'pix and (5) p`a`t were used. Cmo' (6) was another oak sometimes used." In his later work, <i>The Language of the Salinan Indians</i>, he gives an additional Antoniaño word for an unspecified evergreen oak, (7) hasli't', and an Antoniaño word for oak saplings, ka'pitc'. </p><p>The following species of oak are prevalent in the territory of the Salinans: valley oak (<i><a href="/wiki/Quercus_lobata" title="Quercus lobata">Quercus lobata</a>)</i>, coast live oak (<i><a href="/wiki/Quercus_agrifolia" title="Quercus agrifolia">Quercus agrifolia</a></i>), blue oak (<i><a href="/wiki/Quercus_douglasii" title="Quercus douglasii">Quercus douglasii</a></i>), canyon live oak (<i><a href="/wiki/Quercus_chrysolepis" title="Quercus chrysolepis">Quercus chrysolepis</a></i>), California scrub oak (<i><a href="/wiki/Quercus_berberidifolia" title="Quercus berberidifolia">Quercus berberidifolia</a></i>), interior live oak (<i><a href="/wiki/Quercus_wislizeni" title="Quercus wislizeni">Quercus wislizeni</a></i>) and its close relative Shreve oak (<i><a href="/wiki/Quercus_parvula_var._shrevei" class="mw-redirect" title="Quercus parvula var. shrevei">Quercus parvula var. shrevei</a></i>), Jolon oak (<i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.calflora.org/app/taxon?crn=10290">Quercus x jolonensis</a></i>), which is a hybridization of <i>lobata x douglasii</i> common in the vicinity of the Nacimiento, San Antonio, and Arroyo Seco river valleys), and, although it is not a true oak, the tanoak (<i><a href="/wiki/Notholithocarpus" title="Notholithocarpus">Notholithocarpus densifloris</a></i>). To a lesser extent, there are also locations with coast scrub oak (<i><a href="/wiki/Quercus_dumosa" title="Quercus dumosa">Quercus dumosa</a></i>), leather oak (<i><a href="/wiki/Quercus_durata" title="Quercus durata">Quercus durata</a></i>), California black oak (<i><a href="/wiki/Quercus_kelloggii" title="Quercus kelloggii">Quercus kelloggii</a></i>), oracle oak (<i><a href="/wiki/Quercus_%C3%97_morehus" title="Quercus × morehus">Quercus x morehus</a></i>), and perhaps others. There are more prevalent species listed here than Mason's list of three live oaks and three deciduous oaks. </p><p>Local knowledge provides critical clues as to what species the Salinan names are referencing. The task is complicated by the diverse expressions of phenotypes and hybridizations in California oaks, as well as the lack of research in the topic and Mason's incomplete and erroneous information. Furthermore, it is possible that Salinan classification for oaks followed a different scheme than those of modern taxonomy. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Live_oaks">Live oaks</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Salinan_language&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Live oaks"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Mason's description of evergreen oaks are more easily identified than the deciduous oaks. </p><p>(1) Cxa'uwat` is likely the coast live oak, <i><a href="/wiki/Quercus_agrifolia" title="Quercus agrifolia">Quercus agrifolia</a></i>, which is an evergreen oak with spined leaves and has acorns that were a preferred food source among indigenous Californians. </p><p>(2) T`io'i is possibly the tanoak, <i><a href="/wiki/Notholithocarpus" title="Notholithocarpus">Notholithocarpus densifloris</a></i>, which is an evergreen oak-like species that only grows near the coast, prevalent near redwood groves in coastal canyons, where oaks tend to be less common. Tanoaks have large acorns. Most oaks are higher up on the steep <a href="/wiki/Santa_Lucia_Range" title="Santa Lucia Range">Santa Lucia mountains</a>, so having tanoaks available would make them a preferred food source during shoreline visits. As for the white coloration, this could be referring to how the leaves have whitish undersides, the young acorns have a whiter tint than many oaks, and the bark tends to be gray with white blotches. </p><p>(3) Paxa'kiL is likely the canyon live oak, <i><a href="/wiki/Quercus_chrysolepis" title="Quercus chrysolepis">Quercus chrysolepis</a></i>, which is an evergreen oak with pointed leaves, a very large acorn, and grows in the higher terrain of the <a href="/wiki/Santa_Lucia_Range" title="Santa Lucia Range">Santa Lucia mountains</a>. </p><p>(7) Hasli't' is an Antoniaño term, not included in Mason's list of preferred culinary oaks. It may be a synonym for a Migueleño word; it may refer to a species uncommon or absent in Migueleño range but noticeably present in Antoniaño territory, such as the <a href="/wiki/Quercus_parvula_var._shrevei" class="mw-redirect" title="Quercus parvula var. shrevei">Shreve oak</a> or <a href="/wiki/Quercus_dumosa" title="Quercus dumosa">coast scrub oak</a>; or it may be an additional species like <a href="/wiki/Quercus_berberidifolia" title="Quercus berberidifolia">California scrub oak</a> or a botanical concept, such as a term for the genus <a href="/wiki/Oak" title="Oak">Quercus</a> or sub-genus "red oak," missing in Mason's study of Migueleño Salinan vocabulary. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Deciduous_oaks_-_First_hypothesis_on_Mason's_classification"><span id="Deciduous_oaks_-_First_hypothesis_on_Mason.27s_classification"></span>Deciduous oaks - First hypothesis on Mason's classification</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Salinan_language&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Deciduous oaks - First hypothesis on Mason's classification"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Although there is significant inaccuracy in Mason's list of deciduous oaks - and he admits to being unsuccessful in his attempt to match Salinan terms to oak species - his research is the singular published source listing Salinan botanical terms. Several hypotheses have been proposed to make sense of Mason's research on Salinan words for oaks. </p><p>Mason states that the two deciduous oaks principally used for making bread had serrated leaves. However, there are no serrated deciduous oaks in this region of California. It is more likely that he meant "<a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_leaf_morphology" title="Glossary of leaf morphology">lobate</a>" than "<a href="/wiki/Serrated_leaves" class="mw-redirect" title="Serrated leaves">serrated</a>," in which case there are multiple species common in the area which have deciduous, lobate leaves, most notably the valley oak, the blue oak, and their hybrid, the Jolon oak. </p><p>Acorns from valley oaks and blue oaks were a major food source for Salinans, which would fit with Salinans designating two deciduous oak species for preferred culinary use. <a href="/wiki/Quercus_lobata" title="Quercus lobata">Valley oaks</a> resemble their eastern cousins the <a href="/wiki/Quercus_stellata" title="Quercus stellata">post oak</a>, so it is possible they are what is meant by (4) p`a'pix. <a href="/wiki/Quercus_douglasii" title="Quercus douglasii">Blue oaks</a> have smaller leaves, girthier acorns, and they are a white oak, so it could be referred to by (5) p`a`t, though both valley oaks and blue oaks are technically considered "<a href="/wiki/Quercus_subg._Quercus" title="Quercus subg. Quercus">white oaks</a>" for the color of their inner bark. Mason provides a plural form for (5) p`a`t but not for (4) p`a'pix, which suggests that either Mason simply did not record the plural form of (4) p`a'pix or that it tended to occur in a more solitary fashion than (5) p`a`t. There is a case for the latter. Valley oaks and blue oaks both occur in park-like woodlands throughout much of Salinan land, but valley oaks are much more inclined to growing alone in open space, whereas blue oaks tend to congregate close together in groves. </p><p>Mason says that (6) cmo' was a deciduous oak with smooth, non-spined leaves. Valley oaks, blue oaks, and Jolon oaks all have smooth, non-spined leaves, which would seem to fit with (6) cmo'. Again, Mason's terms are self-contradictory. (4) P`a'pix and (5) p`a`t are described as major food sources, whereas (6) cmo' was only an auxiliary source of acorns, and it is known that indigenous Californians heavily consumed valley and blue oaks, so it is improbable that (6) cmo' is an umbrella term for deciduous oaks with smooth, non-spined leaves. If smooth, non-spined leaves refers to <a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_leaf_morphology" title="Glossary of leaf morphology">ovate leaves</a>, then more sense can be made of the classification. Blue oaks frequently exhibit ovate leaves, and they are deciduous, so it is possible that (6) cmo' refers to blue oaks with ovate leaves.. </p><p>Under this first hypothesis: </p><p>(4) P`a'pix refers to <a href="/wiki/Quercus_lobata" title="Quercus lobata">valley oaks</a>, which are deciduous, a preferred acorn source, have lobate leaves, tend to grow far apart, and resemble the eastern <a href="/wiki/Quercus_stellata" title="Quercus stellata">post oak</a>. </p><p>(5) P`a`t refers to <a href="/wiki/Quercus_douglasii" title="Quercus douglasii">blue oaks</a>, which are deciduous, another preferred acorn source, have smaller lobate leaves and produce girthier acorns than valley oaks, tend to grow close together in groves, and are a white oak. </p><p>(6) Cmo' refers to blue oaks with <a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_leaf_morphology" title="Glossary of leaf morphology">ovate leaves</a>. </p><p><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.calflora.org/entry/occdetail.html?seq_num=po255770">Jolon oaks</a>, which are common on Salinan land, would possibly be classified under either (4), (5), or (6) perhaps depending on which tree they more closely matched. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Deciduous_oaks_-_Second_hypothesis_on_Mason's_classification"><span id="Deciduous_oaks_-_Second_hypothesis_on_Mason.27s_classification"></span>Deciduous oaks - Second hypothesis on Mason's classification</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Salinan_language&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Deciduous oaks - Second hypothesis on Mason's classification"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Several problems arise regarding the first hypothesis. For one, there are a number of common local oak species thus far omitted, most notably the <a href="/wiki/Quercus_berberidifolia" title="Quercus berberidifolia">California scrub oak</a>. Secondly, if Salinans classified blue oaks with ovate leaves separately from their lobate counterparts, then it is plausible they would also classify together the three species of deciduous, lobate-leaved oaks - valley oaks, blue oaks, and Jolon oaks - under a single name. Even though there are noticeable morphological differences between these three species, their proclivity to hybridize and morphological similarities may have given Salinans a reason to lump them together under a single term, especially if they distinguished ovate-leaved blue oaks as a separate type of oak. A second hypothesis is as follows: </p><p>(4) P`a'pix refers to the deciduous, lobate-leaved <a href="/wiki/Quercus_lobata" title="Quercus lobata">valley oaks</a>, <a href="/wiki/Quercus_douglasii" title="Quercus douglasii">blue oaks</a>, and <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.calflora.org/entry/occdetail.html?seq_num=po255770">Jolon oaks</a>. </p><p>(5) P`a`t refers to the evergreen <a href="/wiki/Quercus_berberidifolia" title="Quercus berberidifolia">California scrub oak</a>, which is characterized by its small, serrated leaves, and plentiful, large acorns, and it is a white oak. In this case, Mason would be incorrect to consider it a deciduous oak, but correct to describe its small, serrated leaves and plentiful, large acorns. </p><p>(6) Cmo' refers to ovate-leaved blue oaks and Jolon oaks. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Deciduous_oaks_-_Third_and_fourth_hypotheses_on_Mason's_classification"><span id="Deciduous_oaks_-_Third_and_fourth_hypotheses_on_Mason.27s_classification"></span>Deciduous oaks - Third and fourth hypotheses on Mason's classification</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Salinan_language&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Deciduous oaks - Third and fourth hypotheses on Mason's classification"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Again, there are problems the previous hypotheses. For one, although blue oaks do frequently exhibit ovate leaves, it is also common for a single tree to exhibit both ovate and lobate leaves. It would be unusual for Salinans to treat ovate-leaved individuals as a different kind of tree, eating acorns from lobate-leaved blue oaks over those from ovate-leaved trees, especially when there is no noticeable culinary difference. Scrub oak acorns are not a preferred food source, containing higher levels of tannins,<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> so it is unlikely that (5) p`a`t would refer to scrub oaks. There are still other oak species unaccounted for in this lexicon, although it should not be seen as necessarily comprehensive. Given that his list of animals and plants is quite long, it would be strange for a major species of oak to be overlooked. </p><p>The third and fourth hypotheses posit that: </p><p>(4) P`a'pix refers to <a href="/wiki/Quercus_lobata" title="Quercus lobata">valley oaks</a>. </p><p>(5) P`a`t refers to <a href="/wiki/Quercus_douglasii" title="Quercus douglasii">blue oaks</a>. </p><p>(6) Cmu' refers to another species of oak. </p><p>In the third hypothesis, (6) cmu' could be a deciduous <a href="/wiki/Quercus_kelloggii" title="Quercus kelloggii">California black oak</a>, though it is unlikely since their leaves are lobate and serrated. It is more likely that Mason was incorrect about cmu' being deciduous. There are several other evergreen oaks common on Salinan land. Two contendors are the <a href="/wiki/Quercus_berberidifolia" title="Quercus berberidifolia">California scrub oak</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Quercus_wislizeni" title="Quercus wislizeni">interior live oak</a>. As mentioned, scrub oak acorns are especially high in tannins and would serve as a last resort ration. Interior live oaks and their close relatives the <a href="/wiki/Quercus_parvula_var._shrevei" class="mw-redirect" title="Quercus parvula var. shrevei">Shreve oak</a> are known to have smooth, ovate leaves. The fourth hypothesis proposes that: </p><p>(6) Cmu' refers to the <a href="/wiki/Quercus_wislizeni" title="Quercus wislizeni">interior live oak</a>, and possibly also the closely-related Shreve oak - which was only treated as a separate species from the interior live oak as recently as 1980 - for often having smooth, ovate leaves. Interior live oaks are somewhat common, but their acorns are not nearly as big as the deciduous oaks. They would provide only enough acorns to act as a supplemental food source, which again coheres with Mason's description of the tree's role in Salinan life. </p><p>Moreover, Mason lists p`a`t adjacent to pat`a'k, the Salinan word for manzanita. He provides plural forms for both, whereas for many trees he does not provide a plural form. Other botanical terms for which he provides a plural form include: flowers, grass, leaves, acorns, pine nuts, cedars (which may actually mean <a href="/wiki/Sequoia_sempervirens" title="Sequoia sempervirens">coast redwoods</a> rather than the <a href="/wiki/Calocedrus_decurrens" title="Calocedrus decurrens">California incense cedar</a>, or perhaps includes both), tule reeds, buds, and wood. This may be suggestive of the role of the plural form in Salinan. These botanical terms all appear relatively homogeneous: a field of wildflowers, a grassland, a litter of acorns, a pile of pine nuts, a grove of redwoods, a bed of tule reeds, a cluster of buds, a pile of wood. The plural form of trees is forest, ku'katak, possibly due to usually having a mix of species. Both manzanita and blue oak tend to occur in stands or groves. Additionally, both species have an airy, branching structure as well as blue-tinted foliage. The fact they share such strong phonetic similarity suggests the Salinans had an association between their similar ecological characteristics. As an aside, the absence of such plants as <a href="/wiki/Adenostoma_fasciculatum" title="Adenostoma fasciculatum">chamise</a> on Mason's list - an extremely widespread shrub on Salinan land - further shows he presented inaccurate and/or incomplete information, but there is hardly any other research on Salinan language available today. </p><p>In this fourth hypothesis, Mason would be incorrect about (6) being deciduous, but he would be correct about all three species' morphological character and their relative availability as a food source. The difference between (1-3) and (4-6) would not be evergreen vs. deciduous, but a dichtomy between acorns used for mush and acorns used for bread, as Mason stated. This hypothesis accounts for all the major species of oak on Salinan land and correctly represents their varying degrees of importance as food sources: first the stately valley oaks, second the woodlands of blue oaks, and with interior live oaks as an available supplement. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Summary">Summary</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Salinan_language&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Summary"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Although Mason struggled to understand what oak species correspond to what Salinan terms, his work has provided valuable information. Tenable progress and hypotheses have been made. It appears that Mason's list is not comprehensive of all oak tree names, that it instead focuses on the species with the most valuable food resources. It is probably the case that: (1) cxa'uwat` is <a href="/wiki/Quercus_agrifolia" title="Quercus agrifolia">coast live oak</a>, (2) t`io'i is <a href="/wiki/Notholithocarpus" title="Notholithocarpus">tanoak</a>, (3) paxa'kiL is <a href="/wiki/Quercus_chrysolepis" title="Quercus chrysolepis">canyon live oak</a>, (4) p`a'pix is <a href="/wiki/Quercus_lobata" title="Quercus lobata">valley oak</a>, (5) p`a`t is <a href="/wiki/Quercus_douglasii" title="Quercus douglasii">blue oak</a>, (6) cmu' is <a href="/wiki/Quercus_wislizeni" title="Quercus wislizeni">interior live oak</a>, and (7) hasli't' remains unspecified. Mason also gives multiple words for acorn; future research is needed. </p><p><br /> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Salinan_language&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFCampbell1997" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Lyle_Campbell" title="Lyle Campbell">Campbell, Lyle</a> (1997). <i>American Indian languages: the historical linguistics of Native America</i>. Oxford: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780195094275" title="Special:BookSources/9780195094275"><bdi>9780195094275</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=American+Indian+languages%3A+the+historical+linguistics+of+Native+America&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=9780195094275&rft.aulast=Campbell&rft.aufirst=Lyle&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASalinan+language" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Mason, John Alden (1912). <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/ethnologyindians00masorich/mode/2up?view=theater">The Ethnology of the Salinan Indians</a>.</i> University of California Press. Retrieved December 15, 2023.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMason1918" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_Alden_Mason" title="John Alden Mason">Mason, John Alden</a> (1918). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=wZgKAQAAIAAJ&pg=PA436-IA8"><i>The language of the Salinan Indians</i></a>. University of California Press. pp. 436–<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 24,</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+language+of+the+Salinan+Indians&rft.pages=436-&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1918&rft.aulast=Mason&rft.aufirst=John+Alden&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DwZgKAQAAIAAJ%26pg%3DPA436-IA8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASalinan+language" class="Z3988"></span>University of California Publications in American Archaeology and Ethnology 14.1-154.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buenaventura_Sitjar" title="Buenaventura Sitjar">Sitjar, Fr. Buenaventura</a> (1861) <i>Vocabulario de la lengua de los naturales de la mission de San Antonio, Alta California.</i> Shea's Library of American Linguistics, 7. Reprinted 1970 at New York by AMS Press.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTurner1987" class="citation book cs1">Turner, Katherine (1987). <i>Aspects of Salinan Grammar, Unpublished Ph.D. dissertation</i>. University of California at Berkeley.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Aspects+of+Salinan+Grammar%2C+Unpublished+Ph.D.+dissertation&rft.pub=University+of+California+at+Berkeley&rft.date=1987&rft.aulast=Turner&rft.aufirst=Katherine&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASalinan+language" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Salinan_language&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120328192717/http://www.scahome.org/about_ca_archaeology/linguistic.html">"A Glossary of Proper Names in California Prehistory: Ethnolinguistic Groups"</a>. <i>Society for California Archaeology</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.scahome.org/about_ca_archaeology/linguistic.html">the original</a> on March 28, 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 26,</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Society+for+California+Archaeology&rft.atitle=A+Glossary+of+Proper+Names+in+California+Prehistory%3A+Ethnolinguistic+Groups&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.scahome.org%2Fabout_ca_archaeology%2Flinguistic.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASalinan+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Edward_Sapir" title="Edward Sapir">Sapir, Edward</a>. (1925) The Hokan affinity of Subtiaba in Nicaragua. <i>American Anthropologist</i> 27: (3).402-34, (4). 491-527.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><span class="id-lock-limited" title="Free access subject to limited trial, subscription normally required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/conciseencyclope00brow_869"><i>Concise encyclopedia of languages of the world</i></a></span>. Brown, E. K., Ogilvie, Sarah. (1st ed.). Amsterdam, Netherlands: Elsevier. 2009. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/conciseencyclope00brow_869/page/n540">504</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780080877754" title="Special:BookSources/9780080877754"><bdi>9780080877754</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/318247422">318247422</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Concise+encyclopedia+of+languages+of+the+world&rft.place=Amsterdam%2C+Netherlands&rft.pages=504&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=Elsevier&rft.date=2009&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F318247422&rft.isbn=9780080877754&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fconciseencyclope00brow_869&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASalinan+language" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: others (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_others" title="Category:CS1 maint: others">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><i>Native languages of the Americas</i>. Sebeok, Thomas A. (Thomas Albert), 1920-2001. New York: Plenum Press. 1976. pp. 440–446. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/030637157X" title="Special:BookSources/030637157X"><bdi>030637157X</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/2388194">2388194</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Native+languages+of+the+Americas&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=440-446&rft.pub=Plenum+Press&rft.date=1976&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F2388194&rft.isbn=030637157X&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASalinan+language" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: others (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_others" title="Category:CS1 maint: others">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTurner1987" class="citation book cs1">Turner, Katherine (1987). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://escholarship.org/uc/item/8483x855"><i>Aspects of Salinan Grammar</i></a>. pp. 39–41.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Aspects+of+Salinan+Grammar&rft.pages=39-41&rft.date=1987&rft.aulast=Turner&rft.aufirst=Katherine&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fescholarship.org%2Fuc%2Fitem%2F8483x855&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASalinan+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Mason-1918-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Mason-1918_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMason1918" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_Alden_Mason" title="John Alden Mason">Mason, John Alden</a> (1918). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=wZgKAQAAIAAJ&pg=PA436-IA8"><i>The language of the Salinan Indians</i></a>. University of California Press. pp. 436–<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 24,</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+language+of+the+Salinan+Indians&rft.pages=436-&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1918&rft.aulast=Mason&rft.aufirst=John+Alden&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DwZgKAQAAIAAJ%26pg%3DPA436-IA8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASalinan+language" class="Z3988"></span>University of California Publications in American Archaeology and Ethnology 14.1-154. <span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="Public Domain" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/12px-PD-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/18px-PD-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/24px-PD-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="196" data-file-height="196" /></span></span> This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the <a href="/wiki/Public_domain" title="Public domain">public domain</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://naturecollective.org/plant-guide/details/nuttalls-scrub-oak/">"Nuttall's Scrub Oak"</a>. <i>Nature Collective</i>. April 15, 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 17,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Nature+Collective&rft.atitle=Nuttall%E2%80%99s+Scrub+Oak&rft.date=2019-04-15&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnaturecollective.org%2Fplant-guide%2Fdetails%2Fnuttalls-scrub-oak%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASalinan+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Salinan_language&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/40px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/60px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/80px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><a href="/wiki/Wiktionary" title="Wiktionary">Wiktionary</a> has a word list at <i><b><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Appendix:Salinan_word_list" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:Appendix:Salinan word list">Appendix:Salinan word list</a></b></i></div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://linguistics.berkeley.edu/~survey/languages/salinan.php">Salinan language</a> overview at the <a href="/wiki/Survey_of_California_and_Other_Indian_Languages" title="Survey of California and Other Indian Languages">Survey of California and Other Indian Languages</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mip.berkeley.edu/cgi-bin/blc_lang_disp.pl?10009"><i>Antoniaño Salinan</i> field recordings</a> collected by William H. Jacobsen, Jr. spoken by Elario Quintana and Dave Mora</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://collections.si.edu/search/results.htm?date.slider=&date.slider=&fq=online_media_type%3A%22Sound+recordings%22&fq=online_visual_material%3Atrue&q=&q=%22Tubatulabal%22&q=%22Chumash%22&fq=language:%22Salinan%22">"Salinan Sound recordings"</a>. <i>Collections Search Center, Smithsonian Institution</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 20,</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Collections+Search+Center%2C+Smithsonian+Institution&rft.atitle=Salinan+Sound+recordings&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcollections.si.edu%2Fsearch%2Fresults.htm%3Fdate.slider%3D%26date.slider%3D%26fq%3Donline_media_type%253A%2522Sound%2Brecordings%2522%26fq%3Donline_visual_material%253Atrue%26q%3D%26q%3D%2522Tubatulabal%2522%26q%3D%2522Chumash%2522%26fq%3Dlanguage%3A%2522Salinan%2522&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASalinan+language" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.language-archives.org/language/sln">OLAC resources in and about the Salinan language</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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.navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Languages_of_California" title="Template:Languages of California"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Languages_of_California" title="Template talk:Languages of California"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Languages_of_California" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Languages of California"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Languages_of_California" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_California" class="mw-redirect" title="Languages of California">Languages of California</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><i>Italics</i> indicate extinct languages</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_languages_of_California" class="mw-redirect" title="Indigenous languages of California">Indigenous</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Algic_languages" title="Algic languages">Algic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Wiyot_language" title="Wiyot language">Wiyot</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Yurok_language" title="Yurok language">Yurok</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Athabaskan_languages" title="Athabaskan languages">Athabaskan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tolowa_language" title="Tolowa language">Tolowa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hupa_language" title="Hupa language">Hupa</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mattole_language" title="Mattole language">Mattole</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Cahto_language" title="Cahto language">Cahto</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Wailaki_language" title="Wailaki language">Wailaki</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a href="/wiki/Chumashan_languages" title="Chumashan languages">Chumashan</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Obispe%C3%B1o_language" title="Obispeño language">Obispeño</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Cruze%C3%B1o_language" title="Cruzeño language">Cruzeño</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Purisime%C3%B1o_language" title="Purisimeño language">Purisimeño</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Inese%C3%B1o_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Ineseño language">Ineseño</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Barbare%C3%B1o_language" title="Barbareño language">Barbareño</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Venture%C3%B1o_language" title="Ventureño language">Ventureño</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a href="/wiki/Ohlone_languages" title="Ohlone languages">Ohlone</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Karkin_language" title="Karkin language">Karkin</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Chochenyo_language" title="Chochenyo language">Chochenyo</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ramaytush_dialect" title="Ramaytush dialect">Ramaytush</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tamien_language" title="Tamien language">Tamyen</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Awaswas_language" title="Awaswas language">Awaswas</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mutsun_language" title="Mutsun language">Mutsun</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Rumsen_language" title="Rumsen language">Rumsen</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Chalon_language" title="Chalon language">Chalon</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hokan_languages" title="Hokan languages">Hokan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Chimariko_language" title="Chimariko language">Chimariko</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karuk_language" title="Karuk language">Karuk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Achumawi_language" title="Achumawi language">Achomawi</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Atsugewi_language" title="Atsugewi language">Atsugewi</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Northeastern_Pomo_language" title="Northeastern Pomo language">Northeastern Pomo</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Pomo_language" title="Eastern Pomo language">Eastern Pomo</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southeastern_Pomo_language" title="Southeastern Pomo language">Southeastern Pomo</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Northern_Pomo_language" title="Northern Pomo language">Northern Pomo</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Central_Pomo_language" title="Central Pomo language">Central Pomo</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Southern_Pomo_language" title="Southern Pomo language">Southern Pomo</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kashaya_language" title="Kashaya language">Kashaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Washo_language" title="Washo language">Washo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mojave_language" title="Mojave language">Mojave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kumeyaay_language" title="Kumeyaay language">Kumeyaay</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Yana_language" title="Yana language">Yana</a></i> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Yahi_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Yahi language">Yahi</a></i></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Penutian_languages" title="Penutian languages">Penutian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Klamath-Modoc_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Klamath-Modoc language">Klamath-Modoc</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yokuts_language" title="Yokuts language">Yokuts</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Buena_Vista_Yokuts" title="Buena Vista Yokuts">Buena Vista Yokuts</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Gashowu_Yokuts" class="mw-redirect" title="Gashowu Yokuts">Gashowu Yokuts</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kings_River_Yokuts" title="Kings River Yokuts">Kings River Yokuts</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Palewyami_Yokuts" title="Palewyami Yokuts">Palewyami</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tule%E2%80%93Kaweah_Yokuts" title="Tule–Kaweah Yokuts">Tule–Kaweah Yokuts</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valley_Yokuts" title="Valley Yokuts">Valley Yokuts</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wintu_language" title="Wintu language">Wintu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miwok_languages" title="Miwok languages">Miwok</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Bay_Miwok_language" title="Bay Miwok language">Bay Miwok</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Coast_Miwok_language" title="Coast Miwok language">Coast Miwok</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Lake_Miwok_language" title="Lake Miwok language">Lake Miwok</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Plains_Miwok_language" title="Plains Miwok language">Plains Miwok</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Sierra_Miwok" title="Central Sierra Miwok">Central Sierra Miwok</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Northern_Sierra_Miwok" title="Northern Sierra Miwok">Northern Sierra Miwok</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Sierra_Miwok" title="Southern Sierra Miwok">Southern Sierra Miwok</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maiduan_languages" title="Maiduan languages">Maiduan</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Chico_language" title="Chico language">Chico</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maidu_language" title="Maidu language">Maidu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Konkow_language" title="Konkow language">Konkow</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Nisenan_language" title="Nisenan language">Nisenan</a></i></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a href="/wiki/Shastan_languages" title="Shastan languages">Shastan</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Konomihu_language" title="Konomihu language">Konomihu</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/New_River_Shasta_language" title="New River Shasta language">New River Shasta</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Okwanuchu_language" title="Okwanuchu language">Okwanuchu</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Shasta_language" title="Shasta language">Shasta</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Uto-Aztecan_languages" title="Uto-Aztecan languages">Uto Aztecan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cahuilla_language" title="Cahuilla language">Cahuilla</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Cupe%C3%B1o_language" title="Cupeño language">Cupeño</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kawaiisu_language" title="Kawaiisu language">Kawaiisu</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kitanemuk_language" title="Kitanemuk language">Kitanemuk</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Luise%C3%B1o_language" title="Luiseño language">Luiseño-Juaneño</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mono_language_(California)" title="Mono language (California)">Mono</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Paiute_language" title="Northern Paiute language">Northern Paiute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panamint_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Panamint language">Panamint</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Serrano_language" title="Serrano language">Serrano</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tataviam_language" title="Tataviam language">Tataviam</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tongva_language" title="Tongva language">Tongva</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T%C3%BCbatulabal_language" title="Tübatulabal language">Tübatulabal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ute_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Ute language">Ute</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a href="/wiki/Wintuan_languages" title="Wintuan languages">Wintuan</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Nomlaki_language" title="Nomlaki language">Nomlaki</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patwin_language" title="Patwin language">Patwin</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Southern_Patwin_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Southern Patwin language">Southern Patwin</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Wintu_language" title="Wintu language">Wintu</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a href="/wiki/Yukian_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Yukian languages">Yukian</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Yuki_language" title="Yuki language">Yuki</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Wappo_language" title="Wappo language">Wappo</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Language isolates <br /> and unclassified</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Esselen_language" title="Esselen language">Esselen</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Chimariko_language" title="Chimariko language">Chimariko</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/Karuk_language" title="Karuk language">Karuk</a>, <i><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Salinan</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Takelma_language" title="Takelma language">Takelma</a></i> <br /> <a href="/wiki/Plains_Indian_Sign_Language" title="Plains Indian Sign Language">Plains Sign Talk</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Non-Indigenous</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Indo-European</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_English" title="American English">American English</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/California_English" title="California English">California English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chicano_English" title="Chicano English">Chicano English</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_language_in_California" title="Spanish language in California">Californian Spanish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_language" title="Armenian language">Armenian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persian_language" title="Persian language">Persian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punjabi_language" title="Punjabi language">Punjabi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_language" title="Russian language">Russian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Asian</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_language" title="Chinese language">Chinese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_language" title="Korean language">Korean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tagalog_language" title="Tagalog language">Tagalog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_language" title="Vietnamese language">Vietnamese</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/French_Sign_Language_family" title="French Sign Language family">Sign language</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Sign_Language" title="American Sign Language">American Sign Language</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Category:Languages_of_California" title="Category:Languages of California">Category</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Hokan_languages" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Hokan_languages" title="Template:Hokan languages"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Hokan_languages" title="Template talk:Hokan languages"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Hokan_languages" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Hokan languages"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Hokan_languages" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Hokan_languages" title="Hokan languages">Hokan languages</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Shastan_languages" title="Shastan languages">Shastan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Konomihu_language" title="Konomihu language">Konomihu</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/New_River_Shasta_language" title="New River Shasta language">New River Shasta</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Okwanuchu_language" title="Okwanuchu language">Okwanuchu</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Shasta_language" title="Shasta language">Shasta</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Palaihnihan_languages" title="Palaihnihan languages">Palaihnihan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Achumawi_language" title="Achumawi language">Achumawi</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Atsugewi_language" title="Atsugewi language">Atsugewi</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Pomoan_languages" title="Pomoan languages">Pomoan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Central_Pomo_language" title="Central Pomo language">Central Pomo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Pomo_language" title="Eastern Pomo language">Eastern Pomo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kashaya_language" title="Kashaya language">Kashaya</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Northeastern_Pomo_language" title="Northeastern Pomo language">Northeastern Pomo</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Pomo_language" title="Northern Pomo language">Northern Pomo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Pomo_language" title="Southern Pomo language">Southern Pomo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southeastern_Pomo_language" title="Southeastern Pomo language">Southeastern Pomo</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Yuman_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Yuman languages">Yuman</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Cochim%C3%AD_language" title="Cochimí language">Cochimí</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kiliwa_language" title="Kiliwa language">Kiliwa</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Delta–California</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cocopah_language" title="Cocopah language">Cocopah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ipai_language" title="Ipai language">Ipai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kumeyaay_language" title="Kumeyaay language">Kumeyaay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tipai_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Tipai language">Tipai</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">River</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Maricopa_language" title="Maricopa language">Maricopa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mojave_language" title="Mojave language">Mojave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quechan_language" title="Quechan language">Quechan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Pai</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Paipai_language" title="Paipai language">Paipai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upland_Yuman_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Upland Yuman language">Upland Yuman</a> <ul><li><small><a href="/wiki/Hualapai_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Hualapai language">Hualapai dialect</a></small></li> <li><small><a href="/wiki/Havasupai_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Havasupai language">Havasupai dialect</a></small></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yavapai_language" title="Yavapai language">Yavapai</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Pakawan_languages" title="Pakawan languages">Pakawan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Coahuilteco_language" title="Coahuilteco language">Coahuilteco</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Cotoname_language" title="Cotoname language">Cotoname</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Comecrudo_language" title="Comecrudo language">Comecrudo</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Garza_language" title="Garza language">Garza</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mamulique_language" title="Mamulique language">Mamulique</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Tequistlatecan_languages" title="Tequistlatecan languages">Tequistlatecan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Huamelultec_language" title="Huamelultec language">Huamelultec</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tequistlatec_language" title="Tequistlatec language">Tequistlatec</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Highland_Oaxaca_Chontal" title="Highland Oaxaca Chontal">Highland Oaxaca Chontal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Chimariko_language" title="Chimariko language">Chimariko</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Esselen_language" title="Esselen language">Esselen</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jicaquean_languages" title="Jicaquean languages">Jicaquean</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tol_language" title="Tol language">Tol</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Western_Jicaque_language" title="Western Jicaque language">Western Jicaque</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karuk_language" title="Karuk language">Karuk</a></li> <li><i><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Salinan</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seri_language" title="Seri language">Seri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Washo_language" title="Washo language">Washo</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Yana_language" title="Yana language">Yana/Yahi</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><i>Italics</i> indicate <a href="/wiki/Language_death" title="Language death">extinct languages</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Primary_language_families" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Language_families" title="Template:Language families"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Language_families" title="Template talk:Language families"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Language_families" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Language families"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Primary_language_families" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_language_families" title="List of language families">Primary language families</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Africa" title="Languages of Africa">Africa</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Afroasiatic_languages" title="Afroasiatic languages">Afroasiatic</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Austronesian_languages" title="Austronesian languages">Austronesian</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khoe%E2%80%93Kwadi_languages" title="Khoe–Kwadi languages">Khoe–Kwadi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kx%CA%BCa_languages" title="Kxʼa languages">Kx'a</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Niger%E2%80%93Congo_languages" title="Niger–Congo languages">Niger–Congo</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Nilo-Saharan_languages" title="Nilo-Saharan languages">Nilo-Saharan</a></b>?</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuu_languages" title="Tuu languages">Tuu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mande_languages" title="Mande languages">Mande</a>?</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Songhay_languages" title="Songhay languages">Songhay</a>?</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ijaw_languages" title="Ijaw languages">Ijaw</a>?</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ubangian_languages" title="Ubangian languages">Ubangian</a>?</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kadu_languages" title="Kadu languages">Kadu</a>?</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Isolates</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bangime_language" title="Bangime language">Bangime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hadza_language" title="Hadza language">Hadza</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Jalaa_language" title="Jalaa language">Jalaa</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sandawe_language" title="Sandawe language">Sandawe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laal_language" title="Laal language">Laal</a>?</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shabo_language" title="Shabo language">Shabo</a>?</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Eurasia<br />(<a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Europe" title="Languages of Europe">Europe</a><br />and <a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Asia" title="Languages of Asia">Asia</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Afroasiatic_languages" title="Afroasiatic languages">Afroasiatic</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ainu_languages" title="Ainu languages">Ainu</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Austroasiatic_languages" title="Austroasiatic languages">Austroasiatic</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Austronesian_languages" title="Austronesian languages">Austronesian</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chukotko-Kamchatkan_languages" title="Chukotko-Kamchatkan languages">Chukotko-Kamchatkan</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Dravidian_languages" title="Dravidian languages">Dravidian</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eskaleut_languages" title="Eskaleut languages">Eskaleut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Andamanese_languages" title="Great Andamanese languages">Great Andamanese</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Hmong%E2%80%93Mien_languages" title="Hmong–Mien languages">Hmong–Mien</a></b></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hurro-Urartian_languages" title="Hurro-Urartian languages">Hurro-Urartian</a></i></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Indo-European_languages" title="Indo-European languages">Indo-European</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japonic_languages" title="Japonic languages">Japonic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kartvelian_languages" title="Kartvelian languages">Kartvelian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koreanic_languages" title="Koreanic languages">Koreanic</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Kra%E2%80%93Dai_languages" title="Kra–Dai languages">Kra–Dai</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongolic_languages" title="Mongolic languages">Mongolic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nivkh_languages" title="Nivkh languages">Nivkh</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Northeast_Caucasian_languages" title="Northeast Caucasian languages">Northeast Caucasian</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northwest_Caucasian_languages" title="Northwest Caucasian languages">Northwest Caucasian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ongan_languages" title="Ongan languages">Ongan</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Sino-Tibetan_languages" title="Sino-Tibetan languages">Sino-Tibetan</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tungusic_languages" title="Tungusic languages">Tungusic</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Turkic_languages" title="Turkic languages">Turkic</a></b></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tyrsenian_languages" title="Tyrsenian languages">Tyrsenian</a></i></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Uralic_languages" title="Uralic languages">Uralic</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yeniseian_languages" title="Yeniseian languages">Yeniseian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yukaghir_languages" title="Yukaghir languages">Yukaghir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digaro_languages" title="Digaro languages">Digaro</a>?</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hrusish_languages" title="Hrusish languages">Hrusish</a>?</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kho-Bwa_languages" title="Kho-Bwa languages">Kho-Bwa</a>?</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mijiic_languages" title="Mijiic languages">Mijiic</a>?</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miju_languages" title="Miju languages">Miju</a>?</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siangic_languages" title="Siangic languages">Siangic</a>?</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Isolates</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Basque_language" title="Basque language">Basque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burushaski" title="Burushaski">Burushaski</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Elamite_language" title="Elamite language">Elamite</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hattic_language" title="Hattic language">Hattic</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kenaboi_language" title="Kenaboi language">Kenaboi</a>?</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kusunda_language" title="Kusunda language">Kusunda</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Minoan_language" title="Minoan language">Minoan</a>?</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nihali_language" title="Nihali language">Nihali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shompen_language" title="Shompen language">Shompen</a>?</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sumerian_language" title="Sumerian language">Sumerian</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tambora_language" title="Tambora language">Tambora</a>?</i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Papuan_languages" title="Papuan languages">New Guinea</a><br />and <a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Oceania" title="Languages of Oceania">the Pacific</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arai%E2%80%93Samaia_languages" title="Arai–Samaia languages">Arai–Samaia</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Austronesian_languages" title="Austronesian languages">Austronesian</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Binanderean%E2%80%93Goilalan_languages" title="Binanderean–Goilalan languages">Binanderean–Goilalan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Border_languages_(New_Guinea)" title="Border languages (New Guinea)">Border</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulaka_River_languages" title="Bulaka River languages">Bulaka River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Solomon_languages" title="Central Solomon languages">Central Solomons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chimbu%E2%80%93Wahgi_languages" title="Chimbu–Wahgi languages">Chimbu–Wahgi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demta%E2%80%93Sentani_languages" title="Demta–Sentani languages">Demta–Sentani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doso%E2%80%93Turumsa_languages" title="Doso–Turumsa languages">Doso–Turumsa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Geelvink_Bay_languages" title="East Geelvink Bay languages">East Geelvink Bay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_New_Britain_languages" title="East New Britain languages">East New Britain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Strickland_languages" title="East Strickland languages">East Strickland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eleman_languages" title="Eleman languages">Eleman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Engan_languages" title="Engan languages">Engan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fas_languages" title="Fas languages">Fas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foja_Range_languages" title="Foja Range languages">Foja Range</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaure%E2%80%93Kosare_languages" title="Kaure–Kosare languages">Kaure–Kosare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kiwaian_languages" title="Kiwaian languages">Kiwaian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kutubuan_languages" title="Kutubuan languages">Kutubuan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lakes_Plain_languages" title="Lakes Plain languages">Lakes Plain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lower_Mamberamo_languages" title="Lower Mamberamo languages">Lower Mamberamo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lower_Sepik_languages" title="Lower Sepik languages">Lower Sepik</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Madang_languages" title="Madang languages">Madang</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mairasi_languages" title="Mairasi languages">Mairasi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Bougainville_languages" title="North Bougainville languages">North Bougainville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pauwasi_languages" title="Pauwasi languages">Pauwasi</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Ramu_languages" title="Ramu languages">Ramu</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senagi_languages" title="Senagi languages">Senagi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senu_River_languages" title="Senu River languages">Senu River</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Sepik_languages" title="Sepik languages">Sepik</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skou_languages" title="Skou languages">Skou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Bougainville_languages" title="South Bougainville languages">South Bougainville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teberan_languages" title="Teberan languages">Teberan</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Torricelli_languages" title="Torricelli languages">Torricelli</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trans-Fly_languages" title="Trans-Fly languages">Trans-Fly</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Trans%E2%80%93New_Guinea_languages" title="Trans–New Guinea languages">Trans–New Guinea</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turama%E2%80%93Kikorian_languages" title="Turama–Kikorian languages">Turama–Kikorian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upper_Yuat_languages" title="Upper Yuat languages">Upper Yuat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Papuan_languages" title="West Papuan languages">West Papuan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yam_languages" title="Yam languages">Yam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yawa_languages" title="Yawa languages">Yawa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yuat_languages" title="Yuat languages">Yuat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northwest_Papuan_languages" title="Northwest Papuan languages">Northwest Papuan</a>?</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papuan_Gulf_languages" title="Papuan Gulf languages">Papuan Gulf</a>?</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Isolates</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abinomn_language" title="Abinomn language">Abinomn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abun_language" title="Abun language">Abun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/An%C3%AAm_language" title="Anêm language">Anêm</a>?</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ata_language" title="Ata language">Ata</a>?</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kol_language_(Papua_New_Guinea)" title="Kol language (Papua New Guinea)">Kol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuot_language" title="Kuot language">Kuot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maybrat_language" title="Maybrat language">Maybrat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mpur_language" title="Mpur language">Mpur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pawaia_language" title="Pawaia language">Pawaia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Porome_language" title="Porome language">Porome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sulka_language" title="Sulka language">Sulka</a>?</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tayap_language" title="Tayap language">Taiap</a>?</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tambora_language" title="Tambora language">Tambora</a>?</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wiru_language" title="Wiru language">Wiru</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Australian_Aboriginal_languages" title="Australian Aboriginal languages">Australia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Macro-Gunwinyguan_languages" title="Macro-Gunwinyguan languages">Arnhem/Macro-Gunwinyguan</a>?</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bunuban_languages" title="Bunuban languages">Bunuban</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Darwin_Region_languages" title="Darwin Region languages">Darwin Region</a></i>?</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Daly_languages" title="Eastern Daly languages">Eastern Daly</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Tasmanian_languages" title="Eastern Tasmanian languages">Eastern Tasmanian</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garawan_languages" title="Garawan languages">Garawan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iwaidjan_languages" title="Iwaidjan languages">Iwaidjan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jarrakan_languages" title="Jarrakan languages">Jarrakan</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Marrku%E2%80%93Wurrugu_languages" title="Marrku–Wurrugu languages">Marrku–Wurrugu</a></i>?</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mirndi_languages" title="Mirndi languages">Mirndi</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Northern_Tasmanian_languages" title="Northern Tasmanian languages">Northern Tasmanian</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Northeastern_Tasmanian_languages" title="Northeastern Tasmanian languages">Northeastern Tasmanian</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nyulnyulan_languages" title="Nyulnyulan languages">Nyulnyulan</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Pama%E2%80%93Nyungan_languages" title="Pama–Nyungan languages">Pama–Nyungan</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Daly_languages" title="Southern Daly languages">Southern Daly</a>?</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tangkic_languages" title="Tangkic languages">Tangkic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wagaydyic_languages" title="Wagaydyic languages">Wagaydyic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Daly_languages" title="Western Daly languages">Western Daly</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Western_Tasmanian_languages" title="Western Tasmanian languages">Western Tasmanian</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Worrorran_languages" title="Worrorran languages">Worrorran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wardaman_language" title="Wardaman language">Yangmanic</a> (incl. <a href="/wiki/Wagiman_language" title="Wagiman language">Wagiman</a>)?</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Isolates</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Giimbiyu_language" title="Giimbiyu language">Giimbiyu</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malak-Malak_language" title="Malak-Malak language">Malak-Malak</a> (Northern Daly?)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiwi_language" title="Tiwi language">Tiwi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_languages_of_the_Americas" title="Indigenous languages of the Americas">North<br />America</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Algic_languages" title="Algic languages">Algic</a></b></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Alsea_language" title="Alsea language">Alsea</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caddoan_languages" title="Caddoan languages">Caddoan</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Chimakuan_languages" title="Chimakuan languages">Chimakuan</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Chinookan_languages" title="Chinookan languages">Chinookan</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Chumashan_languages" title="Chumashan languages">Chumashan</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Comecrudan_languages" title="Comecrudan languages">Comecrudan</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Coosan_languages" title="Coosan languages">Coosan</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eskaleut_languages" title="Eskaleut languages">Eskaleut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iroquoian_languages" title="Iroquoian languages">Iroquoian</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kalapuyan_languages" title="Kalapuyan languages">Kalapuyan</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keres_language" title="Keres language">Keres</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Maiduan_languages" title="Maiduan languages">Maiduan</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muskogean_languages" title="Muskogean languages">Muskogean</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Na-Dene_languages" title="Na-Dene languages">Na-Dene</a></b></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Palaihnihan_languages" title="Palaihnihan languages">Palaihnihan</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plateau_Penutian_languages" title="Plateau Penutian languages">Plateau Penutian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pomoan_languages" title="Pomoan languages">Pomoan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salishan_languages" title="Salishan languages">Salishan</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Shastan_languages" title="Shastan languages">Shastan</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siouan_languages" title="Siouan languages">Siouan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanoan_languages" title="Tanoan languages">Tanoan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tsimshianic_languages" title="Tsimshianic languages">Tsimshianic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Utian_languages" title="Utian languages">Utian</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Uto-Aztecan_languages" title="Uto-Aztecan languages">Uto-Aztecan</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wakashan_languages" title="Wakashan languages">Wakashan</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Wintuan_languages" title="Wintuan languages">Wintuan</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Yuki%E2%80%93Wappo_languages" title="Yuki–Wappo languages">Yukian</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yuman%E2%80%93Cochim%C3%AD_languages" title="Yuman–Cochimí languages">Yuman–Cochimí</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Isolates</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Chimariko_language" title="Chimariko language">Chimariko</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Esselen_language" title="Esselen language">Esselen</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haida_language" title="Haida language">Haida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karuk_language" title="Karuk language">Karuk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kutenai_language" title="Kutenai language">Kutenai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seri_language" title="Seri language">Seri</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Siuslaw_language" title="Siuslaw language">Siuslaw</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Takelma_language" title="Takelma language">Takelma</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Timucua_language" title="Timucua language">Timucua</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tonkawa_language" title="Tonkawa language">Tonkawa</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Waikuri_language" title="Waikuri language">Waikuri</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Washo_language" title="Washo language">Washo</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Yana_language" title="Yana language">Yana</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yokuts_language" title="Yokuts language">Yokuts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yuchi_language" title="Yuchi language">Yuchi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zuni_language" title="Zuni language">Zuni</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Mesoamerican_languages" title="Mesoamerican languages">Mesoamerica</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chibchan_languages" title="Chibchan languages">Chibchan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jicaquean_languages" title="Jicaquean languages">Jicaquean</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Lencan_languages" title="Lencan languages">Lencan</a></i></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Mayan_languages" title="Mayan languages">Mayan</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Misumalpan_languages" title="Misumalpan languages">Misumalpan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mixe%E2%80%93Zoque_languages" title="Mixe–Zoque languages">Mixe–Zoque</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Oto-Manguean_languages" title="Oto-Manguean languages">Oto-Manguean</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tequistlatecan_languages" title="Tequistlatecan languages">Tequistlatecan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Totonacan_languages" title="Totonacan languages">Totonacan</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Uto-Aztecan_languages" title="Uto-Aztecan languages">Uto-Aztecan</a></b></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Xincan_languages" title="Xincan languages">Xincan</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Isolates</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Cuitlatec_language" title="Cuitlatec language">Cuitlatec</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huave_language" title="Huave language">Huave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pur%C3%A9pecha_language" title="Purépecha language">Tarascan/Purépecha</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_languages_of_the_Americas" title="Indigenous languages of the Americas">South<br />America</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Andoque%E2%80%93Urequena_languages" title="Andoque–Urequena languages">Andoque–Urequena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arawan_languages" title="Arawan languages">Arauan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Araucanian_languages" title="Araucanian languages">Araucanian</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Arawakan_languages" title="Arawakan languages">Arawakan</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arutani%E2%80%93Sape_languages" title="Arutani–Sape languages">Arutani–Sape</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aymaran_languages" title="Aymaran languages">Aymaran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbacoan_languages" title="Barbacoan languages">Barbacoan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boran_languages" title="Boran languages">Boran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cahuapanan_languages" title="Cahuapanan languages">Cahuapanan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cariban_languages" title="Cariban languages">Cariban</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Catacaoan_languages" title="Catacaoan languages">Catacaoan</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chapacuran_languages" title="Chapacuran languages">Chapacuran</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Charruan_languages" title="Charruan languages">Charruan</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chibchan_languages" title="Chibchan languages">Chibchan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Choco_languages" title="Choco languages">Choco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chonan_languages" title="Chonan languages">Chonan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guaicuruan_languages" title="Guaicuruan languages">Guaicuruan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guajiboan_languages" title="Guajiboan languages">Guajiboan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Har%C3%A1kmbut%E2%80%93Katukinan_languages" title="Harákmbut–Katukinan languages">Harákmbut–Katukinan</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Jirajaran_languages" title="Jirajaran languages">Jirajaran</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chicham_languages" title="Chicham languages">Jivaroan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katembri%E2%80%93Taruma_languages" title="Katembri–Taruma languages">Katembri–Taruma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mascoian_languages" title="Mascoian languages">Mascoian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matacoan_languages" title="Matacoan languages">Matacoan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nadahup_languages" title="Nadahup languages">Nadahup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nambikwaran_languages" title="Nambikwaran languages">Nambikwaran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otom%C3%A1koan_languages" title="Otomákoan languages">Otomákoan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pano-Tacanan_languages" title="Pano-Tacanan languages">Pano-Tacanan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peba%E2%80%93Yaguan_languages" title="Peba–Yaguan languages">Peba–Yaguan</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Quechuan_languages" title="Quechuan languages">Quechuan</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piaroa%E2%80%93Saliban_languages" title="Piaroa–Saliban languages">Piaroa–Saliban</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ticuna%E2%80%93Yuri_languages" title="Ticuna–Yuri languages">Ticuna–Yuri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timotean_languages" title="Timotean languages">Timotean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiniguan_languages" title="Tiniguan languages">Tiniguan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tucanoan_languages" title="Tucanoan languages">Tucanoan</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Tupian_languages" title="Tupian languages">Tupian</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uru%E2%80%93Chipaya_languages" title="Uru–Chipaya languages">Uru–Chipaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Witotoan_languages" title="Witotoan languages">Witotoan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yanomaman_languages" title="Yanomaman languages">Yanomaman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zamucoan_languages" title="Zamucoan languages">Zamucoan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zaparoan_languages" title="Zaparoan languages">Zaparoan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bora%E2%80%93Witoto_languages" title="Bora–Witoto languages">Bora-Witoto</a>?</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chimuan_languages" title="Chimuan languages">Chimuan</a>?</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Esmeralda%E2%80%93Yaruroan_languages" title="Esmeralda–Yaruroan languages">Esmeralda–Yaruro</a>?</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hibito%E2%80%93Cholon_languages" title="Hibito–Cholon languages">Hibito–Cholón</a>?</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lule%E2%80%93Vilela_languages" title="Lule–Vilela languages">Lule–Vilela</a>?</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macro-J%C3%AA_languages" title="Macro-Jê languages">Macro-Jê</a>?</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tequiraca%E2%80%93Canichana_languages" title="Tequiraca–Canichana languages">Tequiraca–Canichana</a>?</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Isolates <br />(extant in 2000)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aikan%C3%A3_language" title="Aikanã language">Aikanã</a>?</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alacalufan_languages" title="Alacalufan languages">Alacalufan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cams%C3%A1_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Camsá language">Camsá</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Candoshi-Shapra_language" title="Candoshi-Shapra language">Candoshi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chimane_language" title="Chimane language">Chimane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chiquitano_language" title="Chiquitano language">Chiquitano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cof%C3%A1n_language" title="Cofán language">Cofán</a>?</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fulni%C3%B4_language" title="Fulniô language">Fulniô</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guat%C3%B3_language" title="Guató language">Guató</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hod%C3%AF_language" title="Hodï language">Hodï/Joti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irantxe_language" title="Irantxe language">Irantxe</a>?</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Itonama_language" title="Itonama language">Itonama</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kunza_language" title="Kunza language">Kunza</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leco_language" title="Leco language">Leco</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Maku_language_of_Auari" title="Maku language of Auari">Maku</a> (Maku-Auari/Jukude)</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Movima_language" title="Movima language">Movima</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mura_language" title="Mura language">Mura-Pirahã</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nukak_language" title="Nukak language">Nukak</a>?</li> <li><a href="/wiki/P%C3%A1ez_language" title="Páez language">Páez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puinave_language" title="Puinave language">Puinave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waorani_language" title="Waorani language">Huaorani/Waorani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trumai_language" title="Trumai language">Trumai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urarina_language" title="Urarina language">Urarina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warao_language" title="Warao language">Warao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yahgan_language" title="Yahgan language">Yamana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yuracar%C3%A9_language" title="Yuracaré language">Yuracaré</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sign_language" title="Sign language">Sign<br />languages</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arab_sign-language_family" title="Arab sign-language family">Arab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BANZSL" title="BANZSL">BANZSL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Sign_Language" title="Chinese Sign Language">Chinese</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/French_Sign_Language_family" title="French Sign Language family">Francosign</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_Sign_Language_family" title="German Sign Language family">Germanosign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Pakistani_Sign_Language" title="Indo-Pakistani Sign Language">Indo-Pakistani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_Sign_Language_family" title="Japanese Sign Language family">Japanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Chiangmai%E2%80%93Bangkok_Sign_Language_family" title="Old Chiangmai–Bangkok Sign Language family">Original Thai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swedish_Sign_Language_family" title="Swedish Sign Language family">Swedish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanzanian_sign_languages" title="Tanzanian sign languages">Tanzanian</a>?</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Isolates</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i>See <a href="/wiki/List_of_sign_languages" title="List of sign languages">list of sign languages</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constructed_language" title="Constructed language">Constructed languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Creole_language" title="Creole language">Creoles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Language_isolate" title="Language isolate">Language isolates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mixed_language" title="Mixed language">Mixed languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pidgin" title="Pidgin">Pidgins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unclassified_language" title="Unclassified language">Unclassified languages</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><div class="hlist"><ul><li>Families with question marks (?) are disputed or controversial.</li><li>Families in <i>italics</i> have no living members.</li><li>Families with more than 30 languages are in <b>bold</b>.</li></ul></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Indigenous_language_families_and_isolates_of_North_America" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:North_American_languages" title="Template:North American languages"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:North_American_languages" title="Template talk:North American languages"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:North_American_languages" title="Special:EditPage/Template:North American languages"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Indigenous_language_families_and_isolates_of_North_America" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Classification_of_indigenous_languages_of_the_Americas" class="mw-redirect" title="Classification of indigenous languages of the Americas">Indigenous language families and isolates</a> of <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_languages_of_North_America" class="mw-redirect" title="Indigenous languages of North America">North America</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Language families <br />and isolates</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Haida_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Haida languages">Haida</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yuki%E2%80%93Wappo_languages" title="Yuki–Wappo languages">Yuki–Wappo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chumashan_languages" title="Chumashan languages">Chumashan</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Adai_language" title="Adai language">Adai</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Beothuk_language" title="Beothuk language">Beothuk</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Bidai_language" title="Bidai language">Bidai</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Cayuse_language" title="Cayuse language">Cayuse</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kutenai_language" title="Kutenai language">Kutenai</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Timucua_language" title="Timucua language">Timucua</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Waikuri_language" title="Waikuri language">Waikuri</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Peric%C3%BA_language" title="Pericú language">Pericú</a></i></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Eskaleut_languages" title="Eskaleut languages">Eskaleut</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Aleut_language" title="Aleut language">Aleut</a></i></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Eskimoan_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Eskimoan languages">Eskimoan</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Na-Dene_languages" title="Na-Dene languages">Na-Dene</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Tlingit_language" title="Tlingit language">Tlingit</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Eyak_language" title="Eyak language">Eyak</a></i></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Athabaskan_languages" title="Athabaskan languages">Athabaskan</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Algic_languages" title="Algic languages">Algic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Wiyot_language" title="Wiyot language">Wiyot</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Yurok_language" title="Yurok language">Yurok</a></i></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Algonquian_languages" title="Algonquian languages">Algonquian</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Mosan_languages" title="Mosan languages">Mosan</a> ?</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Salishan_languages" title="Salishan languages">Salishan</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Wakashan_languages" title="Wakashan languages">Wakashan</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chimakuan_languages" title="Chimakuan languages">Chimakuan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Macro-Siouan_languages" title="Macro-Siouan languages">Macro-Siouan</a> ?</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Siouan_languages" title="Siouan languages">Siouan</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caddoan_languages" title="Caddoan languages">Caddoan</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Iroquoian_languages" title="Iroquoian languages">Iroquoian</a></b></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Yuchi_language" title="Yuchi language">Yuchi</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Penutian_languages" title="Penutian languages">Penutian</a> ?</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinookan_languages" title="Chinookan languages">Chinookan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wintuan_languages" title="Wintuan languages">Wintuan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maiduan_languages" title="Maiduan languages">Maiduan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yok-Utian_languages" title="Yok-Utian languages">Yok-Utian</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Yokuts_language" title="Yokuts language">Yokuts</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Utian_languages" title="Utian languages">Utian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tsimshianic_languages" title="Tsimshianic languages">Tsimshianic</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Plateau_Penutian_languages" title="Plateau Penutian languages">Plateau</a> ?</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Klamath_language" title="Klamath language">Klamath</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Molala_language" title="Molala language">Molala</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sahaptian_languages" title="Sahaptian languages">Sahaptian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Coast_Oregon_Penutian_languages" title="Coast Oregon Penutian languages">Coast Oregon</a> ?</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alsea_language" title="Alsea language">Alsean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coosan_languages" title="Coosan languages">Coosan</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Siuslaw_language" title="Siuslaw language">Siuslaw</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Takelma%E2%80%93Kalapuyan_languages" title="Takelma–Kalapuyan languages">Takelma–Kalapuyan</a> ?</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Takelma_language" title="Takelma language">Takelma</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalapuyan_languages" title="Kalapuyan languages">Kalapuyan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hokan_languages" title="Hokan languages">Hokan</a> ?</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shastan_languages" title="Shastan languages">Shastan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palaihnihan_languages" title="Palaihnihan languages">Palaihnihan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pomoan_languages" title="Pomoan languages">Pomoan</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Yuman_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Yuman languages">Yuman</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tequistlatecan_languages" title="Tequistlatecan languages">Tequistlatecan</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Chimariko_language" title="Chimariko language">Chimariko</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Esselen_language" title="Esselen language">Esselen</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jicaquean_languages" title="Jicaquean languages">Jicaquean</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Karuk_language" title="Karuk language">Karuk</a></i></li> <li><i><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Salinan</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Seri_language" title="Seri language">Seri</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Washo_language" title="Washo language">Washo</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Yana_language" title="Yana language">Yana</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Pueblo_linguistic_area" title="Pueblo linguistic area">Pueblo <br />linguistic area</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tanoan_languages" title="Tanoan languages">Tanoan</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Keres_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Keres languages">Keres</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Zuni_language" title="Zuni language">Zuni</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Coahuiltecan_languages" title="Coahuiltecan languages">Coahuiltecan</a> <br />linguistic area</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Aranama_language" title="Aranama language">Aranama</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Karankawa_language" title="Karankawa language">Karankawa</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Maratino_language" title="Maratino language">Maratino</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Naolan_language" title="Naolan language">Naolan</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Quinigua_language" title="Quinigua language">Quinigua</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Solano_language" title="Solano language">Solano</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tonkawa_language" title="Tonkawa language">Tonkawa</a></i></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Pakawan_?" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Pakawan_languages" title="Pakawan languages">Pakawan</a> ?</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Coahuilteco_language" title="Coahuilteco language">Coahuilteco</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Cotoname_language" title="Cotoname language">Cotoname</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Comecrudo_language" title="Comecrudo language">Comecrudo</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Garza_language" title="Garza language">Garza</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mamulique_language" title="Mamulique language">Mamulique</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Gulf_languages" title="Gulf languages">Gulf</a> ?</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Muskogean_languages" title="Muskogean languages">Muskogean</a></b></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Natchez_language" title="Natchez language">Natchez</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Atakapa_language" title="Atakapa language">Atakapa</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Chitimacha_language" title="Chitimacha language">Chitimacha</a></i></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Calusa–Tunica_?" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Calusa%E2%80%93Tunica_languages" title="Calusa–Tunica languages">Calusa–Tunica</a> ?</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Tunica_language" title="Tunica language">Tunica</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Calusa_language" title="Calusa language">Calusa</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Mesoamerican_languages" title="Mesoamerican languages">Mesoamerican</a> <br />linguistic area</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Chibchan_languages" title="Chibchan languages">Chibchan</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jicaquean_languages" title="Jicaquean languages">Jicaquean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lencan_languages" title="Lencan languages">Lencan</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Mayan_languages" title="Mayan languages">Mayan</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Misumalpan_languages" title="Misumalpan languages">Misumalpan</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Oto-Manguean_languages" title="Oto-Manguean languages">Oto-Manguean</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tequistlatecan_languages" title="Tequistlatecan languages">Tequistlatecan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Totozoquean_languages" title="Totozoquean languages">Totozoquean</a> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Totonacan_languages" title="Totonacan languages">Totonacan</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Mixe%E2%80%93Zoque_languages" title="Mixe–Zoque languages">Mixe–Zoque</a></b></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Uto-Aztecan_languages" title="Uto-Aztecan languages">Uto-Aztecan</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xincan_languages" title="Xincan languages">Xincan</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Cuitlatec_language" title="Cuitlatec language">Cuitlatec</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Huave_language" title="Huave language">Huave</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pur%C3%A9pecha_language" title="Purépecha language">Purépecha</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Alag%C3%BCilac_language" title="Alagüilac language">Alagüilac</a></i> ?</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Caribbean" title="Indigenous peoples of the Caribbean">Caribbean</a> <br />linguistic area</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Arawakan_languages" title="Arawakan languages">Arawakan</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cariban_languages" title="Cariban languages">Cariban</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Pre-Arawakan" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Pre-Arawakan_languages_of_the_Greater_Antilles" title="Pre-Arawakan languages of the Greater Antilles">Pre-Arawakan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Guanahatabey_language" title="Guanahatabey language">Guanahatabey</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Macorix_language" title="Macorix language">Macorix</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ciguayo_language" title="Ciguayo language">Ciguayo</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Proposed groupings</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amerind_languages" title="Amerind languages">Amerind</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Algonquian%E2%80%93Wakashan_languages" title="Algonquian–Wakashan languages">Algonquian–Wakashan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aztec%E2%80%93Tanoan_languages" title="Aztec–Tanoan languages">Aztec–Tanoan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macro-Mayan_languages" title="Macro-Mayan languages">Macro-Mayan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macro-Chibchan_languages" title="Macro-Chibchan languages">Macro-Chibchan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tolatecan_languages" title="Tolatecan languages">Tolatecan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waroid_languages" title="Waroid languages">Waroid</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Classification_of_indigenous_languages_of_the_Americas#North_America" class="mw-redirect" title="Classification of indigenous languages of the Americas">Classification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_extinct_languages_of_North_America" title="List of extinct languages of North America">Extinct languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_unclassified_languages_of_North_America" title="List of unclassified languages of North America">Unclassified languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linguistic_areas_of_the_Americas" title="Linguistic areas of the Americas">Linguistic areas</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Salinan_language&oldid=1245800470">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Salinan_language&oldid=1245800470</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Salinan_language" title="Category:Salinan language">Salinan language</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Hokan_languages" title="Category:Hokan languages">Hokan languages</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Indigenous_languages_of_California" title="Category:Indigenous languages of California">Indigenous languages of California</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Salinan_people" title="Category:Salinan people">Salinan people</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Extinct_languages_of_North_America" title="Category:Extinct languages of North America">Extinct languages of North America</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Language_isolates_of_North_America" title="Category:Language isolates of North America">Language isolates of North America</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Languages_extinct_in_the_1950s" title="Category:Languages extinct in the 1950s">Languages extinct in the 1950s</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_others" title="Category:CS1 maint: others">CS1 maint: others</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Source_attribution" title="Category:Source attribution">Source attribution</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description is different from Wikidata">Short description is different from Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Use_mdy_dates_from_October_2020" title="Category:Use mdy dates from October 2020">Use mdy dates from October 2020</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Language_articles_with_unreferenced_extinction_date" title="Category:Language articles with unreferenced extinction date">Language articles with unreferenced extinction date</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> 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