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class="noprint"></div> <div id="content" class="mw-body" role="main"> <a id="top"></a> <div id="siteNotice"></div> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading" lang="en">Guglielmo Marconi</h1> <div id="bodyContent" class="mw-body-content"> <div id="siteSub">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> <div id="contentSub"></div> <div id="jump-to-nav" class="mw-jump"> Jump to: <a href="#mw-head">navigation</a>, <a href="#p-search">search</a> </div> <div id="mw-content-text" lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"><div class="hatnote">"Marconi" redirects here. For other uses, see <a href="/web/20150320044209/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marconi_(disambiguation)" title="Marconi (disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig">Marconi (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <table class="infobox vcard" style="width:22em"> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="text-align:center;font-size:125%;font-weight:bold;background:transparent;text-align:center;"><span class="fn">Guglielmo Marconi</span></th> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align:center;padding-bottom:0.5em;"><a href="/web/20150320044209/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Guglielmo_Marconi.jpg" class="image"><img alt="Guglielmo Marconi.jpg" src="//web.archive.org/web/20150320044209im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Guglielmo_Marconi.jpg/220px-Guglielmo_Marconi.jpg" width="220" height="293" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20150320044209im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Guglielmo_Marconi.jpg/330px-Guglielmo_Marconi.jpg 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20150320044209im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Guglielmo_Marconi.jpg/440px-Guglielmo_Marconi.jpg 2x" data-file-width="987" data-file-height="1314"/></a></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="text-align:left;background:transparent; padding-top:0.225em;line-height:1.1em; padding-right:0.5em;">Born</th> <td style="vertical-align:middle;line-height:1.3em;">Guglielmo Giovanni Maria Marconi<br/> <span style="display:none">(<span class="bday">1874-04-25</span>)</span>25 April 1874<br/> Palazzo Marescalchi, <a href="/web/20150320044209/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bologna" title="Bologna">Bologna</a>, Italy</td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="text-align:left;background:transparent; padding-top:0.225em;line-height:1.1em; padding-right:0.5em;">Died</th> <td style="vertical-align:middle;line-height:1.3em;">20 July 1937<span style="display:none">(<span class="dday deathdate">1937-07-20</span>)</span> (aged 63)<br/> <a href="/web/20150320044209/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rome" title="Rome">Rome</a>, Italy</td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="text-align:left;background:transparent; padding-top:0.225em;line-height:1.1em; padding-right:0.5em;">Residence</th> <td style="vertical-align:middle;line-height:1.3em;">Italy</td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="text-align:left;background:transparent; padding-top:0.225em;line-height:1.1em; padding-right:0.5em;">Nationality</th> <td style="vertical-align:middle;line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/web/20150320044209/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italian_people" title="Italian people" class="mw-redirect">Italian</a></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="text-align:left;background:transparent; padding-top:0.225em;line-height:1.1em; padding-right:0.5em;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/web/20150320044209/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alma_mater" title="Alma mater">Alma mater</a></span></th> <td style="vertical-align:middle;line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/web/20150320044209/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Bologna" title="University of Bologna">University of Bologna</a></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="text-align:left;background:transparent; padding-top:0.225em;line-height:1.1em; padding-right:0.5em;">Academic advisors</th> <td style="vertical-align:middle;line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/web/20150320044209/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Augusto_Righi" title="Augusto Righi">Augusto Righi</a></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="text-align:left;background:transparent; padding-top:0.225em;line-height:1.1em; padding-right:0.5em;">Known for</th> <td style="vertical-align:middle;line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/web/20150320044209/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radio" title="Radio">Radio</a></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="text-align:left;background:transparent; padding-top:0.225em;line-height:1.1em; padding-right:0.5em;">Notable awards</th> <td style="vertical-align:middle;line-height:1.3em;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/web/20150320044209/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matteucci_Medal" title="Matteucci Medal">Matteucci Medal</a> <small>(1901)</small><br/> <a href="/web/20150320044209/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nobel_Prize_for_Physics" title="Nobel Prize for Physics" class="mw-redirect">Nobel Prize for Physics</a> <small style="font-size:85%;">(1909)</small><br/> <a href="/web/20150320044209/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albert_Medal_(Royal_Society_of_Arts)" title="Albert Medal (Royal Society of Arts)">Albert Medal</a> <small style="font-size:85%;">(1914)</small><br/> <a href="/web/20150320044209/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franklin_Medal" title="Franklin Medal">Franklin Medal</a> <small style="font-size:85%;">(1918)</small><br/> <a href="/web/20150320044209/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IEEE_Medal_of_Honor" title="IEEE Medal of Honor">IEEE Medal of Honor</a> <small style="font-size:85%;">(1920)</small><br/> <a href="/web/20150320044209/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Fritz_Medal" title="John Fritz Medal">John Fritz Medal</a> <small style="font-size:85%;">(1923)</small></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;line-height:1.3em;"><b>Signature</b> <div style="padding-top:0.25em;"><a href="/web/20150320044209/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Guglielmo_Marconi_Signature.svg" class="image" title="Guglielmo Marconi's signature"><img alt="" src="//web.archive.org/web/20150320044209im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Guglielmo_Marconi_Signature.svg/128px-Guglielmo_Marconi_Signature.svg.png" width="128" height="29" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20150320044209im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Guglielmo_Marconi_Signature.svg/192px-Guglielmo_Marconi_Signature.svg.png 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20150320044209im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Guglielmo_Marconi_Signature.svg/256px-Guglielmo_Marconi_Signature.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="453" data-file-height="101"/></a></div> </td> </tr> </table> <p><b>Guglielmo Marconi, 1st Marquis of Marconi</b> (<small>Italian: </small><span title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)" class="IPA"><a href="/web/20150320044209/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA_for_Italian" title="Help:IPA for Italian">[ɡuʎˈʎɛlmo marˈkoːni]</a></span>; 25 April 1874 – 20 July 1937) was an <a href="/web/20150320044209/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italians" title="Italians">Italian</a> inventor and <a href="/web/20150320044209/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrical_engineering" title="Electrical engineering">electrical engineer</a>, known for his pioneering work on long-distance <a href="/web/20150320044209/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radio_transmission" title="Radio transmission" class="mw-redirect">radio transmission</a><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span>[</span>1<span>]</span></a></sup> and for his development of <a href="/web/20150320044209/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marconi%27s_law" title="Marconi's law">Marconi's law</a> and a <a href="/web/20150320044209/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radio_telegraph" title="Radio telegraph" class="mw-redirect">radio telegraph</a> system. He is often credited as the <a href="/web/20150320044209/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inventor_of_radio" title="Inventor of radio" class="mw-redirect">inventor of radio</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span>[</span>2<span>]</span></a></sup> and he shared the 1909 <a href="/web/20150320044209/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Physics" title="Nobel Prize in Physics">Nobel Prize in Physics</a> with <a href="/web/20150320044209/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl_Ferdinand_Braun" title="Karl Ferdinand Braun">Karl Ferdinand Braun</a> "in recognition of their contributions to the development of wireless telegraphy".<sup id="cite_ref-NPbio_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NPbio-3"><span>[</span>3<span>]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span>[</span>4<span>]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span>[</span>5<span>]</span></a></sup> An entrepreneur, <a href="/web/20150320044209/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Businessman" title="Businessman" class="mw-redirect">businessman</a>, and founder in <a href="/web/20150320044209/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">Britain</a> in 1897 of <a href="/web/20150320044209/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marconi_Company" title="Marconi Company">The Wireless Telegraph & Signal Company</a> (which became the <a href="/web/20150320044209/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marconi_Company" title="Marconi Company">Marconi Company</a>), Marconi succeeded in making a commercial success of radio by innovating and building on the work of previous experimenters and physicists.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span>[</span>6<span>]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span>[</span>7<span>]</span></a></sup> In 1929 the King of Italy ennobled Marconi as a <a href="/web/20150320044209/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marquess" title="Marquess">Marchese</a> (marquis).</p> <p></p> <div id="toc" class="toc"> <div id="toctitle"> <h2>Contents</h2> </div> <ul> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="#Biography"><span class="tocnumber">1</span> <span class="toctext">Biography</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2"><a href="#Early_years"><span class="tocnumber">1.1</span> <span class="toctext">Early years</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-3"><a href="#Radio_work"><span class="tocnumber">1.2</span> <span class="toctext">Radio work</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-4"><a href="#Early_experimental_devices"><span class="tocnumber">1.2.1</span> <span class="toctext">Early experimental devices</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-5"><a href="#Transatlantic_transmissions"><span class="tocnumber">1.2.2</span> <span class="toctext">Transatlantic transmissions</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-6"><a href="#Titanic"><span class="tocnumber">1.2.3</span> <span class="toctext"><i>Titanic</i></span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-7"><a href="#Continuing_work"><span class="tocnumber">1.2.4</span> <span class="toctext">Continuing work</span></a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-8"><a href="#Later_years"><span class="tocnumber">1.3</span> <span class="toctext">Later years</span></a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-9"><a href="#Personal_life"><span class="tocnumber">2</span> <span class="toctext">Personal life</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-10"><a href="#Legacy_and_honours"><span class="tocnumber">3</span> <span class="toctext">Legacy and honours</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-11"><a href="#Honours_and_awards"><span class="tocnumber">3.1</span> <span class="toctext">Honours and awards</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-12"><a href="#Tributes"><span class="tocnumber">3.2</span> <span class="toctext">Tributes</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-13"><a href="#Places_and_organizations_named_after_Marconi"><span class="tocnumber">3.3</span> <span class="toctext">Places and organizations named after Marconi</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-14"><a href="#Asia"><span class="tocnumber">3.3.1</span> <span class="toctext">Asia</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-4 tocsection-15"><a href="#Hong_Kong"><span class="tocnumber">3.3.1.1</span> <span class="toctext">Hong Kong</span></a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-16"><a href="#Europe"><span class="tocnumber">3.3.2</span> <span class="toctext">Europe</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-4 tocsection-17"><a href="#Ireland"><span class="tocnumber">3.3.2.1</span> <span class="toctext">Ireland</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-4 tocsection-18"><a href="#Italy"><span class="tocnumber">3.3.2.2</span> <span class="toctext">Italy</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-4 tocsection-19"><a href="#Luxembourg"><span class="tocnumber">3.3.2.3</span> <span class="toctext">Luxembourg</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-4 tocsection-20"><a href="#Netherlands"><span class="tocnumber">3.3.2.4</span> <span class="toctext">Netherlands</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-4 tocsection-21"><a href="#Poland"><span class="tocnumber">3.3.2.5</span> <span class="toctext">Poland</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-4 tocsection-22"><a href="#Sweden"><span class="tocnumber">3.3.2.6</span> <span class="toctext">Sweden</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-4 tocsection-23"><a href="#United_Kingdom"><span class="tocnumber">3.3.2.7</span> <span class="toctext">United Kingdom</span></a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-24"><a href="#Middle_East"><span class="tocnumber">3.3.3</span> <span class="toctext">Middle East</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-4 tocsection-25"><a href="#Israel"><span class="tocnumber">3.3.3.1</span> <span class="toctext">Israel</span></a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-26"><a href="#Oceania"><span class="tocnumber">3.3.4</span> <span class="toctext">Oceania</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-4 tocsection-27"><a href="#Australia"><span class="tocnumber">3.3.4.1</span> <span class="toctext">Australia</span></a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-28"><a href="#North_America"><span class="tocnumber">3.3.5</span> <span class="toctext">North America</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-4 tocsection-29"><a href="#Canada"><span class="tocnumber">3.3.5.1</span> <span class="toctext">Canada</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-4 tocsection-30"><a href="#Mexico"><span class="tocnumber">3.3.5.2</span> <span class="toctext">Mexico</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-4 tocsection-31"><a href="#United_States"><span class="tocnumber">3.3.5.3</span> <span class="toctext">United States</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-5 tocsection-32"><a href="#California"><span class="tocnumber">3.3.5.3.1</span> <span class="toctext">California</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-5 tocsection-33"><a href="#Hawaii"><span class="tocnumber">3.3.5.3.2</span> <span class="toctext">Hawaii</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-5 tocsection-34"><a href="#Massachusetts"><span class="tocnumber">3.3.5.3.3</span> <span class="toctext">Massachusetts</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-5 tocsection-35"><a href="#Missouri"><span class="tocnumber">3.3.5.3.4</span> <span class="toctext">Missouri</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-5 tocsection-36"><a href="#New_Jersey"><span class="tocnumber">3.3.5.3.5</span> <span class="toctext">New Jersey</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-5 tocsection-37"><a href="#New_York"><span class="tocnumber">3.3.5.3.6</span> <span class="toctext">New York</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-5 tocsection-38"><a href="#Ohio"><span class="tocnumber">3.3.5.3.7</span> <span class="toctext">Ohio</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-5 tocsection-39"><a href="#Pennsylvania"><span class="tocnumber">3.3.5.3.8</span> <span class="toctext">Pennsylvania</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-5 tocsection-40"><a href="#Rhode_Island"><span class="tocnumber">3.3.5.3.9</span> <span class="toctext">Rhode Island</span></a></li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-41"><a href="#South_America"><span class="tocnumber">3.3.6</span> <span class="toctext">South America</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-4 tocsection-42"><a href="#Argentina"><span class="tocnumber">3.3.6.1</span> <span class="toctext">Argentina</span></a></li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-43"><a href="#Patents"><span class="tocnumber">4</span> <span class="toctext">Patents</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-44"><a href="#British_patents"><span class="tocnumber">4.1</span> <span class="toctext">British patents</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-45"><a href="#US_patents"><span class="tocnumber">4.2</span> <span class="toctext">US patents</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-46"><a href="#Reissued_.28US.29"><span class="tocnumber">4.3</span> <span class="toctext">Reissued (US)</span></a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-47"><a href="#See_also"><span class="tocnumber">5</span> <span class="toctext">See also</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-48"><a href="#Notes"><span class="tocnumber">6</span> <span class="toctext">Notes</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-49"><a href="#Further_reading"><span class="tocnumber">7</span> <span class="toctext">Further reading</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-50"><a href="#External_links"><span class="tocnumber">8</span> <span class="toctext">External links</span></a></li> </ul> </div> <p></p> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Biography">Biography</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/web/20150320044209/http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Guglielmo_Marconi&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Biography">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2> <h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Early_years">Early years</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/web/20150320044209/http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Guglielmo_Marconi&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Early years">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3> <p>Marconi was born into the Italian nobility as Guglielmo Giovanni Maria Marconi<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span>[</span>8<span>]</span></a></sup> in <a href="/web/20150320044209/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bologna" title="Bologna">Bologna</a> on 25 April 1874, the second son of Giuseppe Marconi (an <a href="/web/20150320044209/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italian_people" title="Italian people" class="mw-redirect">Italian</a> aristocratic <a href="/web/20150320044209/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Landowner" title="Landowner" class="mw-redirect">landowner</a> from <a href="/web/20150320044209/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Porretta_Terme" title="Porretta Terme">Porretta Terme</a>) and of his Irish/Scots wife, Annie Jameson (daughter of Andrew Jameson of Daphne Castle in <a href="/web/20150320044209/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/County_Wexford" title="County Wexford">County Wexford</a>, <a href="/web/20150320044209/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republic_of_Ireland" title="Republic of Ireland">Ireland</a> and granddaughter of John Jameson, founder of whiskey distillers <i><a href="/web/20150320044209/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jameson_Irish_Whiskey" title="Jameson Irish Whiskey">Jameson & Sons</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span>[</span>9<span>]</span></a></sup> Between the ages of two and six Marconi, along with his elder brother Alfonso, was brought up by his mother in the <a href="/web/20150320044209/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/England" title="England">English</a> town of <a href="/web/20150320044209/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bedford" title="Bedford">Bedford</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span>[</span>10<span>]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span>[</span>11<span>]</span></a></sup> After returning to Italy he received his early education privately in Bologna in the lab of <a href="/web/20150320044209/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Augusto_Righi" title="Augusto Righi">Augusto Righi</a>, in Florence at the Istituto Cavallero and, later, in Livorno.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span>[</span>12<span>]</span></a></sup> As a child Marconi, according to <a href="/web/20150320044209/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_McHenry" title="Robert McHenry">Robert McHenry</a>, did not do well in school,<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span>[</span>13<span>]</span></a></sup> though historian Corradi Giuliano in his biography characterizes Marconi as a true <a href="/web/20150320044209/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genius" title="Genius">genius</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span>[</span>14<span>]</span></a></sup> <a href="/web/20150320044209/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baptized" title="Baptized" class="mw-redirect">Baptized</a> as a <a href="/web/20150320044209/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Church" title="Roman Catholic Church" class="mw-redirect">Catholic</a>, he was also a member of the <a href="/web/20150320044209/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anglicanism" title="Anglicanism">Anglican Church</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/web/20150320044209/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2015)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup>, being married into it; however, he received a <a href="/web/20150320044209/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annulment_(Catholic_Church)" title="Annulment (Catholic Church)">Catholic annulment</a>.</p> <h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Radio_work">Radio work</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/web/20150320044209/http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Guglielmo_Marconi&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Radio work">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3> <p>During his early years, Marconi had an interest in science and <a href="/web/20150320044209/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electricity" title="Electricity">electricity</a>. One of the scientific developments during this era came from <a href="/web/20150320044209/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heinrich_Hertz" title="Heinrich Hertz">Heinrich Hertz</a>, who, beginning in 1888, demonstrated that one could produce and detect <a href="/web/20150320044209/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electromagnetic_radiation" title="Electromagnetic radiation">electromagnetic radiation</a>—now generally known as <a href="/web/20150320044209/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radio_waves" title="Radio waves" class="mw-redirect">radio waves</a>, at the time more commonly called "Hertzian waves" or "aetheric waves". Hertz's death in 1894 brought published reviews of his earlier discoveries, and a renewed interest on the part of Marconi. He was permitted to briefly study the subject under <a href="/web/20150320044209/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Augusto_Righi" title="Augusto Righi">Augusto Righi</a>, a <a href="/web/20150320044209/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Bologna" title="University of Bologna">University of Bologna</a> physicist and neighbour of Marconi who had done research on Hertz's work.</p> <h4><span class="mw-headline" id="Early_experimental_devices">Early experimental devices</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/web/20150320044209/http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Guglielmo_Marconi&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Early experimental devices">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h4> <div class="thumb tright"> <div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/web/20150320044209/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Marconi_Rock_Salvan,_Switzerland.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="//web.archive.org/web/20150320044209im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Marconi_Rock_Salvan%2C_Switzerland.jpg/220px-Marconi_Rock_Salvan%2C_Switzerland.jpg" width="220" height="293" class="thumbimage" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20150320044209im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Marconi_Rock_Salvan%2C_Switzerland.jpg/330px-Marconi_Rock_Salvan%2C_Switzerland.jpg 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20150320044209im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Marconi_Rock_Salvan%2C_Switzerland.jpg/440px-Marconi_Rock_Salvan%2C_Switzerland.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2448" data-file-height="3264"/></a> <div class="thumbcaption"> <div class="magnify"><a href="/web/20150320044209/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Marconi_Rock_Salvan,_Switzerland.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div> Marconi Rock, Salvan, Switzerland, site of 1895 experiments</div> </div> </div> <p>Marconi began to conduct <a href="/web/20150320044209/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Experiment" title="Experiment">experiments</a>, building much of his own equipment in the attic of his home at the Villa Griffone in <a href="/web/20150320044209/http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pontecchio&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pontecchio (page does not exist)">Pontecchio</a>, <a href="/web/20150320044209/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a>, with the help of his butler Mignani. His goal was to use radio waves to create a practical system of "<a href="/web/20150320044209/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wireless_telegraphy" title="Wireless telegraphy">wireless telegraphy</a>"—i.e. the transmission of telegraph messages without connecting wires as used by the <a href="/web/20150320044209/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_telegraph" title="Electric telegraph" class="mw-redirect">electric telegraph</a>. This was not a new idea—numerous investigators had been exploring wireless telegraph technologies for over 50 years, but none had proven technically and commercially successful. Marconi's system had the following components:<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span>[</span>15<span>]</span></a></sup></p> <ul> <li>A relatively simple <a href="/web/20150320044209/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oscillator" title="Oscillator" class="mw-redirect">oscillator</a>, or <a href="/web/20150320044209/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spark-gap_transmitter" title="Spark-gap transmitter">spark-producing</a> radio transmitter.</li> <li>A <a href="/web/20150320044209/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wire" title="Wire">wire</a> or capacity area placed at a height above the ground;</li> <li>A <a href="/web/20150320044209/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coherer" title="Coherer">coherer</a> receiver, which was a modification of <a href="/web/20150320044209/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edouard_Branly" title="Edouard Branly" class="mw-redirect">Edouard Branly</a>'s original device, with refinements to increase sensitivity and reliability;</li> <li>A <a href="/web/20150320044209/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telegraph_key" title="Telegraph key">telegraph key</a> to operate the transmitter to send short and long pulses, corresponding to the dots-and-dashes of <a href="/web/20150320044209/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morse_code" title="Morse code">Morse code</a>; and</li> <li>A telegraph register, activated by the <a href="/web/20150320044209/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coherer" title="Coherer">coherer</a>, which recorded the received <a href="/web/20150320044209/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morse_code" title="Morse code">Morse code</a> dots and dashes onto a roll of paper tape.</li> </ul> <p>Similar configurations using spark-gap transmitters plus coherer-receivers had been tried by others, but many were unable to achieve transmission ranges of more than a few hundred metres.</p> <p>Marconi, just twenty years old, began his first experiments working on his own with the help of his butler Mignani. In the summer of 1894, he built a storm alarm made up of a battery, a coherer, and an electric bell, which went off if there was lightning. Soon after he was able to make a bell ring on the other side of the room by pushing a telegraphic button on a bench.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span>[</span>16<span>]</span></a></sup></p> <p>One night in December, Guglielmo woke his mother up and invited her into his secret workshop and showed her the experiment he had created. The next day he also showed his work to his father, who, when he was certain there were no wires, gave his son all of the money he had in his wallet so Guglielmo could buy more materials.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/web/20150320044209/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2013)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></p> <p>In the summer of 1895 Marconi moved his experimentation outdoors and continued to experiment on his father's estate in Bologna. After increasing the length of the transmitter and receiver antennas, arranging them vertically, and positioning the antenna so that it touched the ground, the range increased significantly.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span>[</span>17<span>]</span></a></sup> Soon he was able to transmit signals over a hill, a distance of approximately 2.4 kilometres (1.5 mi).<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span>[</span>18<span>]</span></a></sup> By this point he concluded that with additional funding and research, a device could become capable of spanning greater distances and would prove valuable both commercially and militarily.</p> <p>Marconi wrote to the Ministry of Post and Telegraphs, then under the direction of the honorable Pietro Lacava, explaining his wireless telegraph machine and asking for funding. He never received a response to his letter which was eventually dismissed by the Minister who wrote "to the Longara" on the document, referring to the insane asylum on Via della Lungara in Rome.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span>[</span>19<span>]</span></a></sup></p> <p>In 1896, Marconi spoke with his family friend Carlo Gardini,Honorary Consul at the United States Consulate in Bologna, about leaving Italy to go to England. Gardini wrote a letter of introduction to the Ambassador of Italy in London, Annibale Ferrero, explaining who Marconi was and about these extraordinary discoveries. In his response, Ambassador Ferrero advised them not to reveal the results until after they had obtained the copyrights. He also encouraged him to come to England where he believed it would be easier to find the necessary funds to convert the findings from Marconi's experiment into a practical use. Finding little interest or appreciation for his work in Italy, Marconi travelled to London in early 1896 at the age of 21, accompanied by his mother, to seek support for his work; Marconi spoke fluent English in addition to Italian. Marconi arrived at Dover and at Customs the Customs officer opened his case to find various contraptions and apparatus. The customs officer immediately contacted the Admiralty in London. While there, Marconi gained the interest and support of <a href="/web/20150320044209/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Preece" title="William Preece" class="mw-redirect">William Preece</a>, the Chief Electrical Engineer of the British Post Office.</p> <p>The apparatus that Marconi possessed at that time was similar to that of one in 1882 by <a href="/web/20150320044209/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amos_Dolbear" title="Amos Dolbear">A. E. Dolbear</a>, of <a href="/web/20150320044209/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tufts_College" title="Tufts College" class="mw-redirect">Tufts College</a>, which used a spark coil generator and a carbon granular rectifier for reception.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span>[</span>20<span>]</span></a></sup> A plaque<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span>[</span>21<span>]</span></a></sup> on the outside of <a href="/web/20150320044209/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BT_Centre" title="BT Centre">BT Centre</a> commemorates Marconi's first public transmission of wireless signals from that site.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span>[</span>22<span>]</span></a></sup> A series of demonstrations for the British government followed—by March 1897, Marconi had transmitted Morse code signals over a distance of about 6 kilometres (3.7 mi) across <a href="/web/20150320044209/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salisbury_Plain" title="Salisbury Plain">Salisbury Plain</a>. On 13 May 1897, Marconi sent the world's first ever wireless communication over open sea. The experiment, based in <a href="/web/20150320044209/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wales" title="Wales">Wales</a>, witnessed a message transversed over the <a href="/web/20150320044209/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bristol_Channel" title="Bristol Channel">Bristol Channel</a> from <a href="/web/20150320044209/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flat_Holm" title="Flat Holm">Flat Holm</a> Island to <a href="/web/20150320044209/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lavernock_Point" title="Lavernock Point" class="mw-redirect">Lavernock Point</a> in Penarth, a distance of 6 kilometres (3.7 mi). The message read "Are you ready".<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span>[</span>23<span>]</span></a></sup> The transmitting equipment was almost immediately relocated to <a href="/web/20150320044209/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brean_Down_Fort" title="Brean Down Fort">Brean Down Fort</a> on the Somerset coast, stretching the range to 16 kilometres (9.9 mi).</p> <div class="thumb tleft"> <div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/web/20150320044209/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Marconi_in_London.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="//web.archive.org/web/20150320044209im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Marconi_in_London.jpg/220px-Marconi_in_London.jpg" width="220" height="293" class="thumbimage" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20150320044209im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Marconi_in_London.jpg/330px-Marconi_in_London.jpg 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20150320044209im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Marconi_in_London.jpg/440px-Marconi_in_London.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2448" data-file-height="3264"/></a> <div class="thumbcaption"> <div class="magnify"><a href="/web/20150320044209/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Marconi_in_London.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div> Plaque on the outside of BT Centre commemorates Marconi's first public transmission of wireless signals.</div> </div> </div> <p>Impressed by these and other demonstrations, Preece introduced Marconi's ongoing work to the general public at two important London lectures: "Telegraphy without Wires", at the <a href="/web/20150320044209/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toynbee_Hall" title="Toynbee Hall">Toynbee Hall</a> on 11 December 1896; and "Signaling through Space without Wires", given to the <a href="/web/20150320044209/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Institution" title="Royal Institution">Royal Institution</a> on 4 June 1897.</p> <p>Numerous additional demonstrations followed, and Marconi began to receive international attention. In July 1897, he carried out a series of tests at <a href="/web/20150320044209/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_Spezia" title="La Spezia">La Spezia</a>, in his home country, for the Italian government. A test for Lloyds between <a href="/web/20150320044209/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ballycastle,_County_Antrim" title="Ballycastle, County Antrim">Ballycastle</a> and <a href="/web/20150320044209/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rathlin_Island" title="Rathlin Island">Rathlin Island</a>, Ireland, was conducted on 6 July 1898. The <a href="/web/20150320044209/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_channel" title="English channel" class="mw-redirect">English channel</a> was crossed on 27 March 1899, from <a href="/web/20150320044209/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wimereux" title="Wimereux">Wimereux</a>, France to <a href="/web/20150320044209/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Foreland_Lighthouse" title="South Foreland Lighthouse">South Foreland Lighthouse</a>, England, and in the autumn of 1899, the first demonstrations in the United States took place, with the reporting of the <a href="/web/20150320044209/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/America%27s_Cup" title="America's Cup">America's Cup</a> international yacht races at New York.</p> <p>Marconi sailed to the United States at the invitation of the New York Herald newspaper to cover the <a href="/web/20150320044209/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/America%27s_Cup" title="America's Cup">America's Cup</a> races off Sandy Hook, NJ. The transmission was done aboard the SS <i>Ponce</i>, a passenger ship of the <i>Porto Rico Line</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span>[</span>24<span>]</span></a></sup> Marconi left for England on 8 November 1899 on the <a href="/web/20150320044209/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Line" title="American Line">American Line</a>'s <a href="/web/20150320044209/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SS_St._Paul" title="SS St. Paul" class="mw-redirect">SS <i>St. Paul</i></a>, and he and his assistants installed wireless equipment aboard during the voyage. On 15 November the <i>St. Paul</i> became the first ocean liner to report her imminent return to Great Britain by wireless when Marconi's Royal Needles Hotel radio station contacted her sixty-six nautical miles off the English coast.</p> <h4><span class="mw-headline" id="Transatlantic_transmissions">Transatlantic transmissions</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/web/20150320044209/http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Guglielmo_Marconi&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Transatlantic transmissions">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h4> <div class="thumb tright"> <div class="thumbinner" style="width:520px;"><a href="/web/20150320044209/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Marconi_at_newfoundland.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="//web.archive.org/web/20150320044209im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/27/Marconi_at_newfoundland.jpg" width="518" height="256" class="thumbimage" data-file-width="518" data-file-height="256"/></a> <div class="thumbcaption"> <div class="magnify"><a href="/web/20150320044209/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Marconi_at_newfoundland.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div> Marconi watching associates raising the kite (a "Levitor" by B.F.S. Baden-Powell<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span>[</span>25<span>]</span></a></sup>) used to lift the antenna at <a href="/web/20150320044209/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._John%27s,_Newfoundland_and_Labrador" title="St. John's, Newfoundland and Labrador">St. John's, Newfoundland</a>, December 1901</div> </div> </div> <div style="font-size:115%"> <table class="rquote floatright" role="presentation" style="border-collapse:collapse; border-style:none; float:right; margin:0.5em 0.75em; width:33%;"> <tr style="text-align:left; vertical-align:top;"> <td style="color:#b2b7f2; font-size:3.3em; font-family:'Times New Roman',serif; font-weight:bold; padding:4px 2px 2px; width:0.5em; line-height: 1em;">“</td> <td style="padding:0 10px;">See if you can hear anything, Mr. Kemp!<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span>[</span>26<span>]</span></a></sup></td> <td style="color:#b2b7f2; font-size:3.3em; font-family:'Times New Roman',serif; font-weight:bold; padding:4px 2px 2px; text-align:right; vertical-align:bottom; width:0.5em; line-height: 1em;">”</td> </tr> <tr> <td class="rquotecite" colspan="3" style="padding-top:10px;"></td> </tr> </table> </div> <p>At the turn of the 20th century, Marconi began investigating the means to signal completely across the Atlantic, in order to compete with the <a href="/web/20150320044209/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transatlantic_telegraph_cable" title="Transatlantic telegraph cable">transatlantic telegraph cables</a>. Marconi established a wireless transmitting station at <a href="/web/20150320044209/http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Marconi_House&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Marconi House (page does not exist)">Marconi House</a>, Rosslare Strand, Co. Wexford in 1901 to act as a link between Poldhu in Cornwall and <a href="/web/20150320044209/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clifden" title="Clifden">Clifden</a> in Co. Galway. He soon made the announcement that on 12 December 1901, using a 500-foot (150 m) kite-supported antenna for reception, the message was received at <a href="/web/20150320044209/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Signal_Hill_(Newfoundland_and_Labrador)" title="Signal Hill (Newfoundland and Labrador)" class="mw-redirect">Signal Hill</a> in <a href="/web/20150320044209/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._John%27s,_Newfoundland_and_Labrador" title="St. John's, Newfoundland and Labrador">St John's</a>, <a href="/web/20150320044209/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newfoundland_and_Labrador" title="Newfoundland and Labrador">Newfoundland</a> (now part of Canada) signals transmitted by the company's new high-power station at <a href="/web/20150320044209/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poldhu" title="Poldhu">Poldhu</a>, <a href="/web/20150320044209/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cornwall" title="Cornwall">Cornwall</a>. The distance between the two points was about 2,200 miles (3,500 km). Heralded as a great scientific advance, there was—and continues to be—considerable skepticism about this claim. The exact wavelength used is not known, but it is fairly reliably determined to have been in the neighborhood of 350 meters. The tests took place at a time of day during which the entire transatlantic path was in daylight. We now know (although Marconi did not know then) that this was the worst possible choice. At this medium wavelength, long distance transmission in the daytime is not possible because of heavy absorption of the skywave in the ionosphere. It was not a blind test—Marconi knew in advance to listen for a repetitive signal of three clicks, signifying the Morse code letter <i>S</i>. The clicks were reported to have been heard faintly and sporadically. There was no independent confirmation of the reported reception, and the transmissions were difficult to distinguish from atmospheric noise. (A detailed technical review of Marconi's early transatlantic work appears in John S. Belrose's work of 1995.) The Poldhu transmitter was a two-stage circuit.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span>[</span>27<span>]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span>[</span>28<span>]</span></a></sup></p> <div class="thumb tright"> <div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/web/20150320044209/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Guglielmo_Marconi_1901_wireless_signal.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="//web.archive.org/web/20150320044209im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Guglielmo_Marconi_1901_wireless_signal.jpg/220px-Guglielmo_Marconi_1901_wireless_signal.jpg" width="220" height="139" class="thumbimage" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20150320044209im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Guglielmo_Marconi_1901_wireless_signal.jpg/330px-Guglielmo_Marconi_1901_wireless_signal.jpg 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20150320044209im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Guglielmo_Marconi_1901_wireless_signal.jpg/440px-Guglielmo_Marconi_1901_wireless_signal.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="379"/></a> <div class="thumbcaption"> <div class="magnify"><a href="/web/20150320044209/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Guglielmo_Marconi_1901_wireless_signal.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div> Marconi operating apparatus similar to that used by him to transmit the first wireless signal across the Atlantic Ocean, 1901</div> </div> </div> <div class="thumb tright"> <div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/web/20150320044209/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Guglielmo,_Marchese_Marconi._Colour_lithograph_by_Sir_L._War_Wellcome_V0003849.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="//web.archive.org/web/20150320044209im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Guglielmo%2C_Marchese_Marconi._Colour_lithograph_by_Sir_L._War_Wellcome_V0003849.jpg/220px-Guglielmo%2C_Marchese_Marconi._Colour_lithograph_by_Sir_L._War_Wellcome_V0003849.jpg" width="220" height="336" class="thumbimage" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20150320044209im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Guglielmo%2C_Marchese_Marconi._Colour_lithograph_by_Sir_L._War_Wellcome_V0003849.jpg/330px-Guglielmo%2C_Marchese_Marconi._Colour_lithograph_by_Sir_L._War_Wellcome_V0003849.jpg 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20150320044209im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Guglielmo%2C_Marchese_Marconi._Colour_lithograph_by_Sir_L._War_Wellcome_V0003849.jpg/440px-Guglielmo%2C_Marchese_Marconi._Colour_lithograph_by_Sir_L._War_Wellcome_V0003849.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2175" data-file-height="3321"/></a> <div class="thumbcaption"> <div class="magnify"><a href="/web/20150320044209/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Guglielmo,_Marchese_Marconi._Colour_lithograph_by_Sir_L._War_Wellcome_V0003849.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div> Marconi caricatured by <a href="/web/20150320044209/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leslie_Ward" title="Leslie Ward">Spy</a> for <a href="/web/20150320044209/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vanity_Fair_(British_magazine)" title="Vanity Fair (British magazine)">Vanity Fair</a>, 1905</div> </div> </div> <p>Feeling challenged by <a href="/web/20150320044209/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scientific_skepticism" title="Scientific skepticism">skeptics</a>, Marconi prepared a better organized and documented test. In February 1902, the SS <i>Philadelphia</i> sailed west from Great Britain with Marconi aboard, carefully recording signals sent daily from the Poldhu station. The test results produced <a href="/web/20150320044209/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnetic_detector" title="Magnetic detector">coherer-tape</a> reception up to 1,550 miles (2,490 km), and audio reception up to 2,100 miles (3,400 km). The maximum distances were achieved at night, and these tests were the first to show that for <a href="/web/20150320044209/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mediumwave" title="Mediumwave" class="mw-redirect">mediumwave</a> and <a href="/web/20150320044209/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Longwave" title="Longwave">longwave</a> transmissions, radio signals travel much farther at night than in the day. During the daytime, signals had only been received up to about 700 miles (1,100 km), less than half of the distance claimed earlier at Newfoundland, where the transmissions had also taken place during the day. Because of this, Marconi had not fully confirmed the Newfoundland claims, although he did prove that radio signals could be sent for hundreds of kilometres, despite some scientists' belief they were essentially limited to line-of-sight distances.</p> <p>On 17 December 1902, a transmission from the Marconi station in <a href="/web/20150320044209/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glace_Bay" title="Glace Bay">Glace Bay</a>, Nova Scotia, Canada, became the world's first radio message to cross the Atlantic from North America. In 1901, Marconi built a station near <a href="/web/20150320044209/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wellfleet,_Massachusetts" title="Wellfleet, Massachusetts">South Wellfleet, Massachusetts</a> that on 18 January 1903 sent a message of greetings from <a href="/web/20150320044209/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theodore_Roosevelt" title="Theodore Roosevelt">Theodore Roosevelt</a>, the President of the United States, to <a href="/web/20150320044209/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King_Edward_VII" title="King Edward VII" class="mw-redirect">King Edward VII</a> of the United Kingdom, marking the first transatlantic radio transmission originating in the United States. This station also was one of the first to receive the <a href="/web/20150320044209/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Distress_signals" title="Distress signals" class="mw-redirect">distress signals</a> coming from the <a href="/web/20150320044209/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RMS_Titanic" title="RMS Titanic">RMS <i>Titanic</i></a>. However, consistent transatlantic signalling was difficult to establish.</p> <p>Marconi began to build high-powered stations on both sides of the Atlantic to communicate with ships at sea, in competition with other inventors. In 1904 a commercial service was established to transmit nightly news summaries to subscribing ships, which could incorporate them into their on-board newspapers. A regular transatlantic radio-telegraph service was finally begun on 17 October 1907<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span>[</span>29<span>]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span>[</span>30<span>]</span></a></sup> between <a href="/web/20150320044209/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clifden" title="Clifden">Clifden</a> Ireland and <a href="/web/20150320044209/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glace_Bay" title="Glace Bay">Glace Bay</a>, but even after this the company struggled for many years to provide reliable communication to others.</p> <h4><span class="mw-headline" id="Titanic"><i>Titanic</i></span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/web/20150320044209/http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Guglielmo_Marconi&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Titanic">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h4> <p>The two radio operators aboard the <a href="/web/20150320044209/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RMS_Titanic" title="RMS Titanic">RMS <i>Titanic</i></a>—<a href="/web/20150320044209/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack_Phillips_(wireless_officer)" title="Jack Phillips (wireless officer)">Jack Phillips</a> and <a href="/web/20150320044209/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harold_Bride" title="Harold Bride">Harold Bride</a>—were not employed by the <a href="/web/20150320044209/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_Star_Line" title="White Star Line">White Star Line</a>, but by the <a href="/web/20150320044209/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marconi_International_Marine_Communication_Company" title="Marconi International Marine Communication Company" class="mw-redirect">Marconi International Marine Communication Company</a>. After the sinking of the ocean liner on 15 April 1912, survivors were rescued by the <a href="/web/20150320044209/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RMS_Carpathia" title="RMS Carpathia">RMS <i>Carpathia</i></a> of the <a href="/web/20150320044209/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cunard_Line" title="Cunard Line">Cunard Line</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-31"><span>[</span>31<span>]</span></a></sup> Also employed by the Marconi Company was <a href="/web/20150320044209/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Sarnoff" title="David Sarnoff">David Sarnoff</a>, who would later head RCA. Wireless communications were reportedly maintained for 72 hours between <i>Carpathia</i> and Sarnoff,<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span>[</span>32<span>]</span></a></sup> but Sarnoff's involvement has been questioned by some modern historians. When <i>Carpathia</i> docked in New York, Marconi went aboard with a reporter from <i><a href="/web/20150320044209/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i> to talk with Bride, the surviving operator.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_31-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-31"><span>[</span>31<span>]</span></a></sup> On 18 June 1912, Marconi gave evidence to the Court of Inquiry into the loss of <i>Titanic</i> regarding the marine telegraphy's functions and the procedures for emergencies at sea.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span>[</span>33<span>]</span></a></sup> Britain's postmaster-general summed up, referring to the <i>Titanic</i> disaster, "Those who have been saved, have been saved through one man, Mr. Marconi...and his marvelous invention."<sup id="cite_ref-whf_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-whf-34"><span>[</span>34<span>]</span></a></sup> Marconi was offered free passage on <i>Titanic</i> before she sank, but had taken <a href="/web/20150320044209/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RMS_Lusitania" title="RMS Lusitania"><i>Lusitania</i></a> three days earlier. As his daughter Degna later explained, he had paperwork to do and preferred the public stenographer aboard that vessel.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span>[</span>35<span>]</span></a></sup></p> <h4><span class="mw-headline" id="Continuing_work">Continuing work</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/web/20150320044209/http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Guglielmo_Marconi&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Continuing work">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h4> <div style="font-size:115%"> <table class="rquote floatleft" role="presentation" style="border-collapse:collapse; border-style:none; float:left; margin:0.5em 0.75em; width:33%;"> <tr style="text-align:left; vertical-align:top;"> <td style="color:#b2b7f2; font-size:3.3em; font-family:'Times New Roman',serif; font-weight:bold; padding:4px 2px 2px; width:0.5em; line-height: 1em;">“</td> <td style="padding:0 10px;">Have I done the world good, or have I added a menace?<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span>[</span>36<span>]</span></a></sup></td> <td style="color:#b2b7f2; font-size:3.3em; font-family:'Times New Roman',serif; font-weight:bold; padding:4px 2px 2px; text-align:right; vertical-align:bottom; width:0.5em; line-height: 1em;">”</td> </tr> <tr> <td class="rquotecite" colspan="3" style="padding-top:10px;"></td> </tr> </table> </div> <p>Over the years, the Marconi companies gained a reputation for being technically conservative, in particular by continuing to use inefficient spark-transmitter technology, which could only be used for radiotelegraph operations, long after it was apparent that the future of radio communication lay with <a href="/web/20150320044209/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Continuous-wave" title="Continuous-wave" class="mw-redirect">continuous-wave</a> transmissions, which were more efficient and could be used for audio transmissions. Somewhat belatedly, the company did begin significant work with continuous-wave equipment beginning in 1915, after the introduction of the oscillating vacuum tube (valve). In 1920, employing a vacuum tube transmitter, the <a href="/web/20150320044209/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Street_Works" title="New Street Works">New Street Works</a> factory in <a href="/web/20150320044209/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chelmsford" title="Chelmsford">Chelmsford</a> was the location for the first entertainment radio <a href="/web/20150320044209/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Broadcasting" title="Broadcasting">broadcasts</a> in the United Kingdom, featuring Dame <a href="/web/20150320044209/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nellie_Melba" title="Nellie Melba">Nellie Melba</a>. In 1922 regular entertainment broadcasts commenced from the <a href="/web/20150320044209/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marconi_Research_Centre" title="Marconi Research Centre">Marconi Research Centre</a> at <a href="/web/20150320044209/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Baddow" title="Great Baddow">Great Baddow</a>, forming the prelude to the <a href="/web/20150320044209/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC" title="BBC">BBC</a>.</p> <h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Later_years">Later years</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/web/20150320044209/http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Guglielmo_Marconi&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Later years">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3> <div class="thumb tleft"> <div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/web/20150320044209/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Marconi_portrait.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="//web.archive.org/web/20150320044209im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Marconi_portrait.jpg/220px-Marconi_portrait.jpg" width="220" height="282" class="thumbimage" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20150320044209im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Marconi_portrait.jpg/330px-Marconi_portrait.jpg 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20150320044209im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Marconi_portrait.jpg/440px-Marconi_portrait.jpg 2x" data-file-width="747" data-file-height="957"/></a> <div class="thumbcaption"> <div class="magnify"><a href="/web/20150320044209/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Marconi_portrait.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div> Marconi with his wife c. 1910</div> </div> </div> <p>In 1914, Marconi was made a Senator in the <a href="/web/20150320044209/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italian_Senate" title="Italian Senate" class="mw-redirect">Italian Senate</a> and appointed Honorary Knight Grand Cross of the <a href="/web/20150320044209/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Victorian_Order" title="Royal Victorian Order">Royal Victorian Order</a> in the UK. During <a href="/web/20150320044209/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a>, Italy joined the Allied side of the conflict, and Marconi was placed in charge of the Italian military's radio service. He attained the rank of <a href="/web/20150320044209/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lieutenant" title="Lieutenant">lieutenant</a> in the <a href="/web/20150320044209/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italian_Army" title="Italian Army">Italian Army</a> and of commander in the Italian Navy. In 1929, he was made a <a href="/web/20150320044209/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marquess" title="Marquess">marquess</a> by King <a href="/web/20150320044209/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victor_Emmanuel_III" title="Victor Emmanuel III" class="mw-redirect">Victor Emmanuel III</a>.</p> <p>Marconi joined the <a href="/web/20150320044209/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italian_fascism" title="Italian fascism" class="mw-redirect">Italian Fascist</a> party in 1923. In 1930, Italian dictator <a href="/web/20150320044209/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benito_Mussolini" title="Benito Mussolini">Benito Mussolini</a> appointed him President of the <a href="/web/20150320044209/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Academy_of_Italy" title="Royal Academy of Italy">Royal Academy of Italy</a>, which made Marconi a member of the <a href="/web/20150320044209/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_Council_of_Fascism" title="Grand Council of Fascism">Fascist Grand Council</a>.</p> <p>Marconi died in Rome on 20 July 1937 at age 63, following a series of <a href="/web/20150320044209/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heart_attacks" title="Heart attacks" class="mw-redirect">heart attacks</a>, and Italy held a <a href="/web/20150320044209/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_funeral" title="State funeral">state funeral</a> for him. As a tribute, shops on the street where he lived were "Closed for national mourning".<sup id="cite_ref-guard_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-guard-37"><span>[</span>37<span>]</span></a></sup> In addition, at 6 pm the next day, the time designated for the funeral, all <a href="/web/20150320044209/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC" title="BBC">BBC</a> transmitters and wireless Post Office transmitters in the British Isles observed two minutes of silence in his honor. The British Post Office also sent a message requesting that all broadcasting ships honor Marconi with two minutes of broadcasting silence as well.<sup id="cite_ref-guard_37-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-guard-37"><span>[</span>37<span>]</span></a></sup> His remains are housed in the Villa Griffone at <a href="/web/20150320044209/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sasso_Marconi" title="Sasso Marconi">Sasso Marconi</a>, <a href="/web/20150320044209/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emilia-Romagna" title="Emilia-Romagna">Emilia-Romagna</a>, which assumed that name in his honour in 1938.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span>[</span>38<span>]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span>[</span>39<span>]</span></a></sup></p> <p>In 1943, the <a href="/web/20150320044209/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States" title="Supreme Court of the United States">Supreme Court of the United States</a> handed down a decision on Marconi's radio patents restoring some of the prior patents of <a href="/web/20150320044209/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oliver_Lodge" title="Oliver Lodge">Oliver Lodge</a>, <a href="/web/20150320044209/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Stone_Stone" title="John Stone Stone">John Stone Stone</a>, and <a href="/web/20150320044209/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikola_Tesla" title="Nikola Tesla">Nikola Tesla</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-LQsxMxEUC_page_3_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LQsxMxEUC_page_3-40"><span>[</span>40<span>]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span>[</span>41<span>]</span></a></sup> The decision was not about Marconi's original radio patents<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span>[</span>42<span>]</span></a></sup> and the court declared that their decision had no bearing on Marconi's claim as the first to achieve radio transmission, just that since Marconi's claim to certain patents were questionable, he could not claim infringement on those same patents.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span>[</span>43<span>]</span></a></sup> (There are claims the high court was trying to nullify a World War I claim against the U.S. government by the Marconi Company via simply restoring the non-Marconi prior patent.)<sup id="cite_ref-LQsxMxEUC_page_3_40-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LQsxMxEUC_page_3-40"><span>[</span>40<span>]</span></a></sup></p> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Personal_life">Personal life</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/web/20150320044209/http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Guglielmo_Marconi&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Personal life">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2> <div class="thumb tright"> <div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/web/20150320044209/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Alfred_Norton_Goldsmith_%26_Guglielmo_Marconi_1922.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="//web.archive.org/web/20150320044209im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Alfred_Norton_Goldsmith_%26_Guglielmo_Marconi_1922.jpg/220px-Alfred_Norton_Goldsmith_%26_Guglielmo_Marconi_1922.jpg" width="220" height="175" class="thumbimage" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20150320044209im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Alfred_Norton_Goldsmith_%26_Guglielmo_Marconi_1922.jpg/330px-Alfred_Norton_Goldsmith_%26_Guglielmo_Marconi_1922.jpg 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20150320044209im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Alfred_Norton_Goldsmith_%26_Guglielmo_Marconi_1922.jpg/440px-Alfred_Norton_Goldsmith_%26_Guglielmo_Marconi_1922.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1496" data-file-height="1192"/></a> <div class="thumbcaption"> <div class="magnify"><a href="/web/20150320044209/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Alfred_Norton_Goldsmith_%26_Guglielmo_Marconi_1922.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div> American electrical engineer <a href="/web/20150320044209/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_Norton_Goldsmith" title="Alfred Norton Goldsmith">Alfred Norton Goldsmith</a> and Marconi on 26 June 1922.</div> </div> </div> <p>Marconi had a brother, <a href="/web/20150320044209/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfonso_Marconi" title="Alfonso Marconi">Alfonso</a>, and a stepbrother, Luigi.</p> <p>On 16 March 1905, Marconi married the Hon. Beatrice O'Brien (1882–1976), a daughter of <a href="/web/20150320044209/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_O%27Brien,_14th_Baron_Inchiquin" title="Edward O'Brien, 14th Baron Inchiquin">Edward O'Brien, 14th Baron Inchiquin</a>, having met her in <a href="/web/20150320044209/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poole" title="Poole">Poole</a> in 1904.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span>[</span>44<span>]</span></a></sup> They had three daughters, Degna (1908–1998), Gioia (1916–1996), and Lucia (born and died 1906), and a son, Giulio, 2nd Marchese Marconi (1910–1971).</p> <p>In 1913, the Marconis returned to Italy and became part of Rome society. Beatrice served as a lady-in-waiting to <a href="/web/20150320044209/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elena_of_Montenegro" title="Elena of Montenegro">Queen Elena</a>. The Marconis divorced in 1924, and, at Marconi's request, the marriage was annulled on 27 April 1927, so he could remarry.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span>[</span>45<span>]</span></a></sup> Beatrice Marconi married her second husband, Liborio Marignoli, Marchese di Montecorona, on 3 March 1924 and had a daughter, Flaminia.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span>[</span>46<span>]</span></a></sup></p> <p>On 12 June 1927 (religious 15 June), Marconi married Maria Cristina Bezzi-Scali (1900–1994), only daughter of Francesco, Count Bezzi-Scali. They had one daughter, Maria Elettra Elena Anna (born 1930), who married Prince Carlo Giovannelli (born 1942) in 1966; they later divorced. For unexplained reasons, Marconi left his entire fortune to his second wife and their only child, and nothing to the children of his first marriage.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span>[</span>47<span>]</span></a></sup></p> <p>Later in life, Marconi was an active <a href="/web/20150320044209/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italian_fascism" title="Italian fascism" class="mw-redirect">Italian Fascist</a><sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span>[</span>48<span>]</span></a></sup> and an <a href="/web/20150320044209/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apologist" title="Apologist" class="mw-redirect">apologist</a> for <a href="/web/20150320044209/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fascism_and_ideology" title="Fascism and ideology">their ideology</a> and actions such as the <a href="/web/20150320044209/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Italo-Abyssinian_War" title="Second Italo-Abyssinian War" class="mw-redirect">attack by Italian forces in Ethiopia</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/web/20150320044209/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2013)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></p> <p>Marconi wanted to personally introduce in 1931 the first radio broadcast of a Pope, <a href="/web/20150320044209/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Pius_XI" title="Pope Pius XI">Pius XI</a>, and did announce at the microphone: "With the help of God, who places so many mysterious forces of nature at man's disposal, I have been able to prepare this instrument which will give to the faithful of the entire world the joy of listening to the voice of the Holy Father".<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span>[</span>49<span>]</span></a></sup></p> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Legacy_and_honours">Legacy and honours</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/web/20150320044209/http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Guglielmo_Marconi&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Legacy and honours">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2> <h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Honours_and_awards">Honours and awards</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/web/20150320044209/http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Guglielmo_Marconi&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Honours and awards">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3> <ul> <li>In 1909, Marconi shared the <a href="/web/20150320044209/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Physics" title="Nobel Prize in Physics">Nobel Prize in Physics</a> with <a href="/web/20150320044209/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl_Braun" title="Karl Braun" class="mw-redirect">Karl Braun</a> for his contributions to radio communications.<sup id="cite_ref-NPbio_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NPbio-3"><span>[</span>3<span>]</span></a></sup></li> <li>In 1918, he was awarded the <a href="/web/20150320044209/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franklin_Institute" title="Franklin Institute">Franklin Institute</a>'s <a href="/web/20150320044209/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franklin_Medal" title="Franklin Medal">Franklin Medal</a>.</li> <li>In 1929, he was made a <a href="/web/20150320044209/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marquess" title="Marquess">marquess</a> by King Victor Emmanuel III, thus becoming Marchese Marconi.</li> <li>In 1931, he was awarded with <a href="/web/20150320044209/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Scott_Medal" title="John Scott Medal">John Scott Medal</a> by wireless telegraphy</li> <li>In 1977, Marconi was inducted into the National Broadcasters Hall of Fame.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span>[</span>50<span>]</span></a></sup></li> <li>In 1988, the Radio Hall of Fame (<a href="/web/20150320044209/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Museum_of_Broadcast_Communications" title="Museum of Broadcast Communications">Museum of Broadcast Communications</a>, Chicago) inducted Marconi as a Pioneer (soon after the inception of its awards).<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span>[</span>51<span>]</span></a></sup></li> <li>In 1990, the <a href="/web/20150320044209/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banca_d%27Italia" title="Banca d'Italia">Bank of Italy</a> issued a 2000 <a href="/web/20150320044209/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italian_lira" title="Italian lira">lire</a> banknote featuring his portrait on the front and on the back his accomplishments.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span>[</span>52<span>]</span></a></sup></li> <li>In 2001, Great Britain released a commemorative <a href="/web/20150320044209/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_two_pound_coin#Special_issues" title="British two pound coin" class="mw-redirect">British two pound coin</a> celebrating the 100th anniversary of Marconi's first wireless communication.</li> <li>Marconi's early experiments in wireless telegraphy were the subject of two <a href="/web/20150320044209/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_IEEE_milestones" title="List of IEEE milestones">IEEE Milestones</a>; one in Switzerland in 2003<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span>[</span>53<span>]</span></a></sup> and most recently in Italy in 2011.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span>[</span>54<span>]</span></a></sup></li> <li>In 2009, Italy issued a commemorative silver <a href="/web/20150320044209/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euro" title="Euro">€</a>5 coin honouring the centennial of Marconi's Nobel Prize.</li> <li>In 2009, he was inducted into the <a href="/web/20150320044209/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Jersey_Hall_of_Fame" title="New Jersey Hall of Fame">New Jersey Hall of Fame</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span>[</span>55<span>]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The Dutch radio academy bestows the <a href="/web/20150320044209/http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Marconi_Awards&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Marconi Awards (page does not exist)">Marconi Awards</a> annually for outstanding radio programmes, presenters and stations.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/web/20150320044209/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2012)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></li> <li>The National Association of Broadcasters (US) bestows the annual <a href="/web/20150320044209/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NAB_Marconi_Radio_Awards" title="NAB Marconi Radio Awards">NAB Marconi Radio Awards</a> also for outstanding radio programs and stations.</li> </ul> <h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Tributes">Tributes</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/web/20150320044209/http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Guglielmo_Marconi&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Tributes">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3> <ul> <li>A funerary monument to the effigy of Marconi can be seen in the <a href="/web/20150320044209/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basilica_of_Santa_Croce,_Florence" title="Basilica of Santa Croce, Florence">Basilica of Santa Croce, Florence</a> but his remains are in Sasso, near Bologna.</li> <li>A statue of Guglielmo Marconi stands in <a href="/web/20150320044209/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Church_Square_Park" title="Church Square Park" class="mw-redirect">Church Square Park</a> in Hoboken, NJ.</li> <li>A <a href="/web/20150320044209/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guglielmo_Marconi_(Piccirilli)" title="Guglielmo Marconi (Piccirilli)">sculpture</a> devoted to Marconi stands in <a href="/web/20150320044209/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington,_D.C." title="Washington, D.C.">Washington, D.C.</a></li> <li>The premier collection of Marconi artifacts was held by The General Electric Company, p.l.c. (GEC) of the United Kingdom which later renamed Marconi plc and Marconi Corporation plc. In December 2004 the extensive Marconi Collection, held at the former Marconi Research Centre at <a href="/web/20150320044209/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Baddow" title="Great Baddow">Great Baddow</a>, <a href="/web/20150320044209/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chelmsford" title="Chelmsford">Chelmsford</a>, <a href="/web/20150320044209/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Essex" title="Essex">Essex</a> <a href="/web/20150320044209/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UK" title="UK" class="mw-redirect">UK</a> was <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150320044209/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/england/berkshire/4072929.stm">donated to the nation</a> by the Company via the University of Oxford. This consisted of the BAFTA award-winning <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150320044209/http://www.marconicalling.com/">MarconiCalling</a> website, some 250+ physical artifacts and the massive ephemera collection of papers, books, patents and many other items. The artifacts are now held by <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150320044209/http://www.mhs.ox.ac.uk/marconi/collection/">The Museum of the History of Science</a> and the ephemera Archives by the nearby <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150320044209/http://www.ouls.ox.ac.uk/news/2008_nov_07">Bodleian Library</a>. The latest release, following three years work at the Bodleian, is the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150320044209/http://www.bodley.ox.ac.uk/dept/scwmss/wmss/online/modern/marconi/marconi.html">Online Catalogue to the Marconi Archives</a>, released in November 2008.</li> </ul> <div class="thumb tright"> <div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/web/20150320044209/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Guglielmo_Marconi_Memorial.JPG" class="image"><img alt="" src="//web.archive.org/web/20150320044209im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Guglielmo_Marconi_Memorial.JPG/220px-Guglielmo_Marconi_Memorial.JPG" width="220" height="193" class="thumbimage" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20150320044209im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Guglielmo_Marconi_Memorial.JPG/330px-Guglielmo_Marconi_Memorial.JPG 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20150320044209im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Guglielmo_Marconi_Memorial.JPG/440px-Guglielmo_Marconi_Memorial.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2422" data-file-height="2128"/></a> <div class="thumbcaption"> <div class="magnify"><a href="/web/20150320044209/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Guglielmo_Marconi_Memorial.JPG" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div> <a href="/web/20150320044209/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guglielmo_Marconi_(Piccirilli)" title="Guglielmo Marconi (Piccirilli)">Guglielmo Marconi Memorial</a> in Washington, D.C.</div> </div> </div> <ul> <li>A granite obelisk stands on the clifftop at Poldhu, Cornwall near the site of Marconi's radio station, commemorating the first transatlantic transmission.</li> </ul> <h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Places_and_organizations_named_after_Marconi">Places and organizations named after Marconi</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/web/20150320044209/http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Guglielmo_Marconi&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Places and organizations named after Marconi">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3> <h4><span class="mw-headline" id="Asia">Asia</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/web/20150320044209/http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Guglielmo_Marconi&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Asia">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h4> <h5><span class="mw-headline" id="Hong_Kong">Hong Kong</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/web/20150320044209/http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Guglielmo_Marconi&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Hong Kong">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h5> <ul> <li>Marconi Road in <a href="/web/20150320044209/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kowloon_Tong" title="Kowloon Tong">Kowloon Tong</a>, former home of many of <a href="/web/20150320044209/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hong_Kong" title="Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a>'s broadcasters, including <a href="/web/20150320044209/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asia_Television" title="Asia Television">Asia Television</a> and <a href="/web/20150320044209/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TVB" title="TVB">TVB</a></li> </ul> <h4><span class="mw-headline" id="Europe">Europe</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/web/20150320044209/http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Guglielmo_Marconi&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Europe">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h4> <h5><span class="mw-headline" id="Ireland">Ireland</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/web/20150320044209/http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Guglielmo_Marconi&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Ireland">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h5> <ul> <li>Marconi Avenue, Ballybunion</li> <li>Marconi Park, <a href="/web/20150320044209/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enniscorthy" title="Enniscorthy">Enniscorthy</a></li> <li>Marconi House, Digges Ln, Dublin</li> </ul> <h5><span class="mw-headline" id="Italy">Italy</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/web/20150320044209/http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Guglielmo_Marconi&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Italy">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h5> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150320044209/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bologna_Airport" title="Bologna Airport" class="mw-redirect">Guglielmo Marconi Airport</a> (IATA: BLQ – ICAO: LIPE), of Bologna, Italy, is named after Marconi, its native son.</li> <li>"Guglielmo Marconi" University in <a href="/web/20150320044209/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rome,_Italy" title="Rome, Italy" class="mw-redirect">Rome, Italy</a>.(Università degli Studi "Guglielmo Marconi" di Roma).</li> <li>Via Guglielmo Marconi in virtually all Italian towns and villages</li> <li>Piazza Marconi in Cremona</li> </ul> <h5><span class="mw-headline" id="Luxembourg">Luxembourg</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/web/20150320044209/http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Guglielmo_Marconi&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Luxembourg">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h5> <ul> <li>Allée Marconi in <a href="/web/20150320044209/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luxembourg_City" title="Luxembourg City" class="mw-redirect">Luxembourg City</a> (L-2120), leading to <a href="/web/20150320044209/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Villa_Louvigny" title="Villa Louvigny">Villa Louvigny</a>, the former headquarters of <a href="/web/20150320044209/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radio_Luxembourg_(English)" title="Radio Luxembourg (English)">Radio Luxembourg</a>.</li> </ul> <h5><span class="mw-headline" id="Netherlands">Netherlands</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/web/20150320044209/http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Guglielmo_Marconi&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Netherlands">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h5> <ul> <li>Marconilaan (Marconi Avenue), Eindhoven</li> <li>Marconiplein (Marconi Square), Rotterdam</li> </ul> <h5><span class="mw-headline" id="Poland">Poland</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/web/20150320044209/http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Guglielmo_Marconi&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Poland">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h5> <ul> <li>Rondo Marconiego (Marconi Roundabout) in <a href="/web/20150320044209/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/August%C3%B3w" title="Augustów">Augustów</a></li> </ul> <h5><span class="mw-headline" id="Sweden">Sweden</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/web/20150320044209/http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Guglielmo_Marconi&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Sweden">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h5> <ul> <li>Marconigatan, <a href="/web/20150320044209/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gothenburg" title="Gothenburg">Gothenburg</a></li> </ul> <h5><span class="mw-headline" id="United_Kingdom">United Kingdom</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/web/20150320044209/http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Guglielmo_Marconi&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: United Kingdom">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h5> <ul> <li>Marconi Road, Chelmsford, location of the New Street Works</li> <li>Marconi Centre, Chelmsford</li> <li>Marconi Gardens, <a href="/web/20150320044209/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brentwood,_Essex" title="Brentwood, Essex">Brentwood</a></li> <li>Marconi Road, Fraserburgh, Aberdeenshire, Scotland</li> <li>Marconi Road, <a href="/web/20150320044209/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leyton" title="Leyton">Leyton</a>, London E10</li> <li>Marconi House, <a href="/web/20150320044209/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newcastle_upon_Tyne" title="Newcastle upon Tyne">Newcastle upon Tyne</a></li> <li>Marconi Way, <a href="/web/20150320044209/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Albans" title="St. Albans" class="mw-redirect">St. Albans</a>, AL4</li> </ul> <h4><span class="mw-headline" id="Middle_East">Middle East</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/web/20150320044209/http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Guglielmo_Marconi&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Middle East">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h4> <h5><span class="mw-headline" id="Israel">Israel</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/web/20150320044209/http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Guglielmo_Marconi&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Israel">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h5> <ul> <li>Marconi Street in the city of <a href="/web/20150320044209/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haifa" title="Haifa">Haifa</a>.</li> </ul> <h4><span class="mw-headline" id="Oceania">Oceania</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/web/20150320044209/http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Guglielmo_Marconi&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Oceania">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h4> <h5><span class="mw-headline" id="Australia">Australia</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/web/20150320044209/http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Guglielmo_Marconi&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Australia">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h5> <ul> <li>Australian soccer club <a href="/web/20150320044209/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marconi_Stallions" title="Marconi Stallions" class="mw-redirect">Marconi Stallions</a></li> </ul> <h4><span class="mw-headline" id="North_America">North America</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/web/20150320044209/http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Guglielmo_Marconi&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: North America">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h4> <h5><span class="mw-headline" id="Canada">Canada</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/web/20150320044209/http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Guglielmo_Marconi&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Canada">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h5> <ul> <li>The town of Glace Bay, now part of the <a href="/web/20150320044209/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cape_Breton_Regional_Municipality" title="Cape Breton Regional Municipality">Cape Breton Regional Municipality</a>, Nova Scotia, has a Marconi Street and, on the outskirts, a Marconi Tower Road.</li> <li>The 'Marconi's Wireless Telegraph Company of Canada', of <a href="/web/20150320044209/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montreal,_Canada" title="Montreal, Canada" class="mw-redirect">Montreal, Canada</a>, was created in 1903 by Guglielmo Marconi.<sup id="cite_ref-CMCabout_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CMCabout-56"><span>[</span>56<span>]</span></a></sup> In 1925 the company was renamed to the 'Canadian Marconi Company', which was acquired by <a href="/web/20150320044209/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_Electric" title="English Electric">English Electric</a> in 1953.<sup id="cite_ref-CMCabout_56-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CMCabout-56"><span>[</span>56<span>]</span></a></sup> The company name changed again to <a href="/web/20150320044209/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CMC_Electronics" title="CMC Electronics">CMC Electronics Inc.</a> (French: CMC Électronique) in 2001.</li> <li>The <a href="/web/20150320044209/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marconi_Company" title="Marconi Company">Marconi Wireless Corporation</a> operated several <a href="/web/20150320044209/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marconi_Station" title="Marconi Station" class="mw-redirect">pioneer and commercial radio stations</a> in <a href="/web/20150320044209/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dominion_of_Canada" title="Dominion of Canada" class="mw-redirect">Canada</a>, <a href="/web/20150320044209/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ireland" title="Ireland">Ireland</a>, <a href="/web/20150320044209/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dominion_of_Newfoundland" title="Dominion of Newfoundland">Newfoundland</a>, the <a href="/web/20150320044209/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_of_America" title="United States of America" class="mw-redirect">United States</a> and the <a href="/web/20150320044209/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a>.</li> <li>The <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150320044209/http://www.pc.gc.ca/eng/lhn-nhs/ns/marconi/index.aspx">Marconi National Historic Site of Canada</a> was created by <a href="/web/20150320044209/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parks_Canada" title="Parks Canada">Parks Canada</a> as a tribute to Marconi's vision in the development of radio telecommunications. The first official wireless message was sent from this location by the Atlantic Ocean to England in 1902. The museum site is located in <a href="/web/20150320044209/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glace_Bay,_Nova_Scotia" title="Glace Bay, Nova Scotia" class="mw-redirect">Glace Bay, Nova Scotia</a>, at Table Head on Timmerman Street.</li> <li>Villa Marconi retirement home, <a href="/web/20150320044209/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nepean,_Ontario" title="Nepean, Ontario">Nepean</a>, <a href="/web/20150320044209/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ontario" title="Ontario">Ontario</a></li> <li>rue Marconi in the Little Italy neighbourhood of <a href="/web/20150320044209/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montreal" title="Montreal">Montreal</a>, <a href="/web/20150320044209/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qu%C3%A9bec" title="Québec" class="mw-redirect">Québec</a>.</li> <li>Marconi Street in <a href="/web/20150320044209/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sault_Ste._Marie,_Ontario" title="Sault Ste. Marie, Ontario">Sault Ste. Marie</a>, <a href="/web/20150320044209/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ontario" title="Ontario">Ontario</a>. <a href="/web/20150320044209/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italian_Canadians" title="Italian Canadians">Italian Canadians</a> make up a large percentage of the city's residents.</li> <li>284 Royal Canadian Sea Cadet Corps Marconi, <a href="/web/20150320044209/http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mount_Pearl,_Newfoundland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mount Pearl, Newfoundland (page does not exist)">Mount Pearl</a>, <a href="/web/20150320044209/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newfoundland_and_Labrador" title="Newfoundland and Labrador">Newfoundland and Labrador</a></li> </ul> <h5><span class="mw-headline" id="Mexico">Mexico</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/web/20150320044209/http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Guglielmo_Marconi&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Mexico">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h5> <ul> <li>Guillermo Marconi Street, in Mexico City.</li> </ul> <h5><span class="mw-headline" id="United_States">United States</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/web/20150320044209/http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Guglielmo_Marconi&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: United States">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h5> <h6><span class="mw-headline" id="California">California</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/web/20150320044209/http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Guglielmo_Marconi&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: California">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h6> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150320044209/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marconi_Conference_Center_State_Historic_Park" title="Marconi Conference Center State Historic Park" class="mw-redirect">Marconi Conference Center and State Historic Park</a>, site of the transoceanic Marshall Receiving Station, Marshall</li> <li>Marconi monument at Fulton intersection, Sacramento</li> <li>Marconi Avenue in <a href="/web/20150320044209/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sacramento,_California" title="Sacramento, California">Sacramento</a></li> <li>Marconi memorial statue on <a href="/web/20150320044209/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telegraph_Hill,_San_Francisco" title="Telegraph Hill, San Francisco">Telegraph Hill</a>, <a href="/web/20150320044209/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Francisco" title="San Francisco">San Francisco</a></li> </ul> <h6><span class="mw-headline" id="Hawaii">Hawaii</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/web/20150320044209/http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Guglielmo_Marconi&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Hawaii">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h6> <ul> <li>Marconi Road in <a href="/web/20150320044209/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kahuku,_Hawaii" title="Kahuku, Hawaii">Kahuku, Hawaii</a>, marks the entrance to the former Marconi Wireless Telegraph Station.</li> </ul> <h6><span class="mw-headline" id="Massachusetts">Massachusetts</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/web/20150320044209/http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Guglielmo_Marconi&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Massachusetts">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h6> <ul> <li>Marconi Beach in <a href="/web/20150320044209/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wellfleet,_Massachusetts" title="Wellfleet, Massachusetts">Wellfleet, Massachusetts</a>, part of the <a href="/web/20150320044209/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cape_Cod_National_Seashore" title="Cape Cod National Seashore">Cape Cod National Seashore</a>, located near the site of his first transatlantic wireless signal from the U.S. to England.</li> </ul> <h6><span class="mw-headline" id="Missouri">Missouri</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/web/20150320044209/http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Guglielmo_Marconi&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: Missouri">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h6> <ul> <li>Marconi Avenue, <a href="/web/20150320044209/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Hill,_St._Louis" title="The Hill, St. Louis">The Hill, St. Louis</a></li> </ul> <h6><span class="mw-headline" id="New_Jersey">New Jersey</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/web/20150320044209/http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Guglielmo_Marconi&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: New Jersey">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h6> <ul> <li>Guglielmo Marconi Memorial Plaza in <a href="/web/20150320044209/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somerset,_NJ" title="Somerset, NJ" class="mw-redirect">Somerset, NJ</a>, located on the former site of the <a href="/web/20150320044209/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Brunswick_Marconi_Station" title="New Brunswick Marconi Station">New Brunswick Marconi Station</a>. President Woodrow Wilson's Fourteen Points speech was transmitted from the site in 1918.</li> <li>Marconi Road in <a href="/web/20150320044209/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wall_Township,_New_Jersey" title="Wall Township, New Jersey">Wall Township, New Jersey</a>, located in the former <a href="/web/20150320044209/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camp_Evans" title="Camp Evans" class="mw-redirect">Camp Evans</a>, which was the site of the Belmar <a href="/web/20150320044209/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marconi_Station" title="Marconi Station" class="mw-redirect">Marconi Station</a> and is now the location of the <a href="/web/20150320044209/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infoage_Science/History_Learning_Center" title="Infoage Science/History Learning Center" class="mw-redirect">Infoage Science/History Learning Center</a>, dedicated to the preservation and education of information age technologies.</li> </ul> <h6><span class="mw-headline" id="New_York">New York</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/web/20150320044209/http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Guglielmo_Marconi&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: New York">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h6> <ul> <li>Marconiville section of the town of <a href="/web/20150320044209/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copiague" title="Copiague" class="mw-redirect">Copiague</a></li> <li>La Scuola D'Italia on New York City's <a href="/web/20150320044209/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Upper_East_Side" title="Upper East Side">Upper East Side</a></li> <li>Marconi Boulevard in Rocky Point, New York; his original radio shack is found along that road at the Frank J. Carasiti Elementary School in Rocky Point.</li> <li>Marconi Avenue in <a href="/web/20150320044209/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ronkonkoma,_New_York" title="Ronkonkoma, New York">Ronkonkoma, New York</a>.</li> </ul> <h6><span class="mw-headline" id="Ohio">Ohio</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/web/20150320044209/http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Guglielmo_Marconi&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: Ohio">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h6> <ul> <li>Marconi Boulevard in <a href="/web/20150320044209/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columbus,_Ohio" title="Columbus, Ohio">Columbus, Ohio</a>.</li> </ul> <h6><span class="mw-headline" id="Pennsylvania">Pennsylvania</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/web/20150320044209/http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Guglielmo_Marconi&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section: Pennsylvania">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h6> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150320044209/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marconi_Plaza,_Philadelphia,_Pennsylvania" title="Marconi Plaza, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania" class="mw-redirect">Marconi Plaza, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania</a>. Roman terrace-styled plaza originally designed by the architects <a href="/web/20150320044209/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olmsted_Brothers" title="Olmsted Brothers">Olmsted Brothers</a> in 1914–1916, built as the grand entrance for the 1926 <a href="/web/20150320044209/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sesquicentennial_Exposition" title="Sesquicentennial Exposition">Sesquicentennial Exposition</a> and renamed to honor Marconi.</li> </ul> <h6><span class="mw-headline" id="Rhode_Island">Rhode Island</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/web/20150320044209/http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Guglielmo_Marconi&action=edit&section=40" title="Edit section: Rhode Island">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h6> <ul> <li>Piazza Guglielmo Marconi, northeast sector of the intersection of Atwood Avenue and Plainfield Street, Johnston, Rhode Island<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span>[</span>57<span>]</span></a></sup></li> </ul> <h4><span class="mw-headline" id="South_America">South America</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/web/20150320044209/http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Guglielmo_Marconi&action=edit&section=41" title="Edit section: South America">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h4> <h5><span class="mw-headline" id="Argentina">Argentina</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/web/20150320044209/http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Guglielmo_Marconi&action=edit&section=42" title="Edit section: Argentina">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h5> <ul> <li>Plaza Marconi, <a href="/web/20150320044209/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tandil" title="Tandil">Tandil</a>, <a href="/web/20150320044209/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buenos_Aires" title="Buenos Aires">Buenos Aires</a></li> </ul> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Patents">Patents</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/web/20150320044209/http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Guglielmo_Marconi&action=edit&section=43" title="Edit section: Patents">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2> <h3><span class="mw-headline" id="British_patents">British patents</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/web/20150320044209/http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Guglielmo_Marconi&action=edit&section=44" title="Edit section: British patents">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3> <div class="refbegin columns references-column-width" style="-moz-column-width: 35em; -webkit-column-width: 35em; column-width: 35em;"> <ul> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150320044209/http://www.earlyradiohistory.us/1901fae.htm">British patent No. 12,039 (1897)</a> "<i>Improvements in Transmitting Electrical impulses and Signals, and in Apparatus therefor</i>". Date of Application 2 June 1896; Complete Specification Left, 2 March 1897; Accepted, 2 July 1897 (later claimed by Oliver Lodge to contain his own ideas which he failed to patent).</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150320044209/http://www.mhs.ox.ac.uk/marconi/exhibition/7777.htm">British patent No. 7,777 (1900)</a> "<i>Improvements in Apparatus for Wireless Telegraphy</i>". Date of Application 26 April 1900; Complete Specification Left, 25 February 1901; Accepted, 13 April 1901.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150320044209/http://www.bodley.ox.ac.uk/dept/scwmss/wmss/online/modern/marconi/marconi.html#marconi.B.2.1.a">British patent No. 10245 (1902)</a></li> <li>British patent No. 5113 (1904) "<i>Improvements in Transmitters suitable for Wireless Telegraphy</i>". Date of Application 1 March 1904; Complete Specification Left, 30 November 1904; Accepted, 19 January August 1905.</li> <li>British patent No. 21640 (1904) "<i>Improvements in Apparatus for Wireless Telegraphy</i>". Date of Application 8 October 1904; Complete Specification Left, 6 July 1905; Accepted, 10 August 1905.</li> <li>British patent No. 14788 (1904) "<i>Improvements in or relating to Wireless Telegraphy</i>". Date of Application 18 July 1905; Complete Specification Left, 23 January 1906; Accepted, 10 May 1906.</li> </ul> </div> <h3><span class="mw-headline" id="US_patents">US patents</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/web/20150320044209/http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Guglielmo_Marconi&action=edit&section=45" title="Edit section: US patents">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3> <div class="refbegin columns references-column-width" style="-moz-column-width: 35em; -webkit-column-width: 35em; column-width: 35em;"> <ul> <li><span><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20150320044209/http://www.google.com/patents/US586193">U.S. Patent 586,193</a></span> "<i>Transmitting electrical signals</i>", (using <a href="/web/20150320044209/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heinrich_Ruhmkorff" title="Heinrich Ruhmkorff" class="mw-redirect">Ruhmkorff</a> coil and <a href="/web/20150320044209/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morse_code" title="Morse code">Morse code</a> key) filed December 1896, patented July 1897</li> <li><span><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20150320044209/http://www.google.com/patents/US624516">U.S. Patent 624,516</a></span> "<i>Apparatus employed in wireless telegraphy</i>".</li> <li><span><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20150320044209/http://www.google.com/patents/US627650">U.S. Patent 627,650</a></span> "<i>Apparatus employed in wireless telegraphy</i>".</li> <li><span><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20150320044209/http://www.google.com/patents/US647007">U.S. Patent 647,007</a></span> "<i>Apparatus employed in wireless telegraphy</i>".</li> <li><span><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20150320044209/http://www.google.com/patents/US647008">U.S. Patent 647,008</a></span> "<i>Apparatus employed in wireless telegraphy</i>".</li> <li><span><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20150320044209/http://www.google.com/patents/US647009">U.S. Patent 647,009</a></span> "<i>Apparatus employed in wireless telegraphy</i>".</li> <li><span><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20150320044209/http://www.google.com/patents/US650109">U.S. Patent 650,109</a></span> "<i>Apparatus employed in wireless telegraphy</i>".</li> <li><span><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20150320044209/http://www.google.com/patents/US650110">U.S. Patent 650,110</a></span> "<i>Apparatus employed in wireless telegraphy</i>".</li> <li><span><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20150320044209/http://www.google.com/patents/US668315">U.S. Patent 668,315</a></span> "<i>Receiver for electrical oscillations</i>".</li> <li><span><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20150320044209/http://www.google.com/patents/US760463">U.S. Patent 760,463</a></span> "<i>Wireless signaling system</i>".</li> <li><span><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20150320044209/http://www.google.com/patents/US792528">U.S. Patent 792,528</a></span> "<i>Wireless telegraphy</i>". Filed 13 October 1903; Issued 13, 1905.</li> <li><span><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20150320044209/http://www.google.com/patents/US676332">U.S. Patent 676,332</a></span> "<i>Apparatus for wireless telegraphy</i>" (later practical version of system)</li> <li><span><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20150320044209/http://www.google.com/patents/US757559">U.S. Patent 757,559</a></span> "<i>Wireless telegraphy system</i>". Filed 19 November 1901; Issued 19 April 1904.</li> <li><span><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20150320044209/http://www.google.com/patents/US760463">U.S. Patent 760,463</a></span> "<i>Wireless signaling system</i>". Filed 10 September 1903; Issued 24 May 1904.</li> <li><span><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20150320044209/http://www.google.com/patents/US763772">U.S. Patent 763,772</a></span> "<i>Apparatus for wireless telegraphy</i>" (Four tuned system; this innovation was predated by N. Tesla, O. Lodge, and J. S. Stone)</li> <li><span><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20150320044209/http://www.google.com/patents/US786132">U.S. Patent 786,132</a></span> "<i>Wireless telegraphy</i>". Filed 13 October 1903</li> <li><span><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20150320044209/http://www.google.com/patents/US792528">U.S. Patent 792,528</a></span> "<i>Wireless telegraphy</i>". Filed 13 October 1903; Issued 13 June 1905.</li> <li><span><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20150320044209/http://www.google.com/patents/US884986">U.S. Patent 884,986</a></span> "<i>Wireless telegraphy</i>". Filed 28 November 1902; Issued 14 April 1908.</li> <li><span><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20150320044209/http://www.google.com/patents/US884987">U.S. Patent 884,987</a></span> "<i>Wireless telegraphy</i>".</li> <li><span><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20150320044209/http://www.google.com/patents/US884988">U.S. Patent 884,988</a></span> "<i>Detecting electrical oscillations</i>". Filed 2 February 1903; Issued 14 April 1908.</li> <li><span><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20150320044209/http://www.google.com/patents/US884989">U.S. Patent 884,989</a></span> "<i>Wireless telegraphy</i>".</li> <li><span><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20150320044209/http://www.google.com/patents/US935381">U.S. Patent 935,381</a></span> "<i>Transmitting apparatus for wireless telegraphy</i>". Filed 10 April 1908; Issued 28 September 1909.</li> <li><span><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20150320044209/http://www.google.com/patents/US935382">U.S. Patent 935,382</a></span> "<i>Apparatus for wireless telegraphy</i>".</li> <li><span><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20150320044209/http://www.google.com/patents/US935383">U.S. Patent 935,383</a></span> "<i>Apparatus for wireless telegraphy</i>". Filed 10 April 1908; Issued 28 September 1909.</li> <li><span><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20150320044209/http://www.google.com/patents/US954640">U.S. Patent 954,640</a></span> "<i>Apparatus for wireless telegraphy</i>". Filed 31 March 1909; Issued 12 April 1910.</li> <li><span><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20150320044209/http://www.google.com/patents/US997308">U.S. Patent 997,308</a></span> "<i>Transmitting apparatus for wireless telegraphy</i>". Filed 15 July 1910; Issued 11 July 1911.</li> <li><span><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20150320044209/http://www.google.com/patents/US1102990">U.S. Patent 1,102,990</a></span> "<i>Means for generating alternating electric currents</i>". Filed 27 January 1914; Issued 7 July 1914.</li> <li><span><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20150320044209/http://www.google.com/patents/US1148521">U.S. Patent 1,148,521</a></span> "<i>Transmitter for wireless telegraphy</i>". Filed 20 July 1908.</li> <li><span><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20150320044209/http://www.google.com/patents/US1226099">U.S. Patent 1,226,099</a></span> "<i>Transmitting apparatus for use in wireless telegraphy and telephony</i>". Filed 31 December 1913; Issued 15 May 1917.</li> <li><span><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20150320044209/http://www.google.com/patents/US1271190">U.S. Patent 1,271,190</a></span> "<i>Wireless telegraph transmitter</i>".</li> <li><span><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20150320044209/http://www.google.com/patents/US1377722">U.S. Patent 1,377,722</a></span> "<i>Electric accumulator</i>". Filed 9 March 1918</li> <li><span><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20150320044209/http://www.google.com/patents/US1148521">U.S. Patent 1,148,521</a></span> "<i>Transmitter for wireless telegraphy</i>". Filed 20 July 1908; Issued 3 August 1915.</li> <li><span><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20150320044209/http://www.google.com/patents/US1981058">U.S. Patent 1,981,058</a></span> "<i>Thermionic valve</i>". Filed 14 October 1926; Issued 20 November 1934.</li> </ul> </div> <h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Reissued_.28US.29">Reissued (US)</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/web/20150320044209/http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Guglielmo_Marconi&action=edit&section=46" title="Edit section: Reissued (US)">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3> <div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul> <li><span><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20150320044209/http://www.google.com/patents/USRE11913">U.S. Patent RE11,913</a></span> "<i>Transmitting electrical impulses and signals and in apparatus, there-for</i>". Filed 1 April 1901; Issued 4 June 1901.</li> </ul> </div> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="See_also">See also</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/web/20150320044209/http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Guglielmo_Marconi&action=edit&section=47" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150320044209/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_radio" title="History of radio">History of radio</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320044209/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jagadish_Chandra_Bose" title="Jagadish Chandra Bose">Jagadish Chandra Bose</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320044209/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_people_on_stamps_of_Ireland" title="List of people on stamps of Ireland">List of people on stamps of Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320044209/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_covers_of_Time_magazine_(1920s)" title="List of covers of Time magazine (1920s)">List of covers of Time magazine during the 1920s</a> – 6 December 1926</li> </ul> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Notes">Notes</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/web/20150320044209/http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Guglielmo_Marconi&action=edit&section=48" title="Edit section: Notes">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2> <div class="reflist columns references-column-width" style="-moz-column-width: 25em; -webkit-column-width: 25em; column-width: 25em; list-style-type: decimal;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation journal">Bondyopadhyay, Prebir K. (1995). "25th European Microwave Conference, 1995". p. 879. <a href="/web/20150320044209/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20150320044209/http://dx.doi.org/10.1109%2FEUMA.1995.337090">10.1109/EUMA.1995.337090</a>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGuglielmo+Marconi&rft.atitle=Guglielmo+Marconi+%E2%80%93+The+father+of+long+distance+radio+communication+%E2%80%93+An+engineer%27s+tribute&rft.au=Bondyopadhyay%2C+Prebir+K.&rft.aufirst=Prebir+K.&rft.aulast=Bondyopadhyay&rft.btitle=25th+European+Microwave+Conference%2C+1995&rft.date=1995&rft.genre=bookitem&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1109%2FEUMA.1995.337090&rft.pages=879&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span> <span style="font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment"><code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|chapter=</code> ignored (<a href="/web/20150320044209/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#chapter_ignored" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sungook Hong, Wireless: From Marconi's Black-box to the Audion, MIT Press - 2001, page 1</span></li> <li id="cite_note-NPbio-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-NPbio_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NPbio_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">"<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150320044209/http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1909/marconi-bio.html">Guglielmo Marconi: The Nobel Prize in Physics 1909</a>"</span></li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation journal">Bondyopadhyay, P.K. (1998). "Sir J.C. Bose diode detector received Marconi's first transatlantic wireless signal of December 1901 (the 'Italian Navy Coherer' Scandal Revisited)". <i>Proceedings of the IEEE</i> <b>86</b>: 259. <a href="/web/20150320044209/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20150320044209/http://dx.doi.org/10.1109%2F5.658778">10.1109/5.658778</a>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGuglielmo+Marconi&rft.atitle=Sir+J.C.+Bose+diode+detector+received+Marconi%27s+first+transatlantic+wireless+signal+of+December+1901+%28the+%27Italian+Navy+Coherer%27+Scandal+Revisited%29&rft.au=Bondyopadhyay%2C+P.K.&rft.aufirst=P.K.&rft.aulast=Bondyopadhyay&rft.date=1998&rft.genre=article&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1109%2F5.658778&rft.jtitle=Proceedings+of+the+IEEE&rft.pages=259&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.volume=86" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation news">Roy, Amit (8 December 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150320044209/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1081208/jsp/nation/story_10221833.jsp">"Cambridge 'pioneer' honour for Bose"</a>. <i>The Telegraph</i> (<a href="/web/20150320044209/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kolkota" title="Kolkota" class="mw-redirect">Kolkota</a>)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 June</span> 2010</span>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGuglielmo+Marconi&rft.atitle=Cambridge+%27pioneer%27+honour+for+Bose&rft.aufirst=Amit&rft.aulast=Roy&rft.au=Roy%2C+Amit&rft.date=8+December+2008&rft.genre=article&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.telegraphindia.com%2F1081208%2Fjsp%2Fnation%2Fstory_10221833.jsp&rft.jtitle=The+Telegraph&rft.place=Kolkota&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation book"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150320044209/http://books.google.com/books?id=WKuG-VIwID8C&pg=PA161"><i>Icons of invention: the makers of the modern world from Gutenberg to Gates</i></a>. ABC-CLIO<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 August</span> 2011</span>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGuglielmo+Marconi&rft.btitle=Icons+of+invention%3A+the+makers+of+the+modern+world+from+Gutenberg+to+Gates&rft.genre=book&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DWKuG-VIwID8C%26pg%3DPA161&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation book"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150320044209/http://books.google.com/books?id=exics12jmtwC&pg=PA313"><i>Ingenious Ireland: A County-by-County Exploration of the Mysteries and Marvels of the Ingenious Irish</i></a>. Simon and Schuster<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 August</span> 2011</span>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGuglielmo+Marconi&rft.btitle=Ingenious+Ireland%3A+A+County-by-County+Exploration+of+the+Mysteries+and+Marvels+of+the+Ingenious+Irish&rft.genre=book&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dexics12jmtwC%26pg%3DPA313&rft.pub=Simon+and+Schuster&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150320044209/http://books.google.gr/books?id=QA0oAQAAIAAJ&q="><i>Atti della Accademia di scienze, lettere e arti di Palermo: Scienze</i></a>, Presso l'accademia, 1974, p. 11.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Marconi: the Irish connection, Michael Sexton, Four Courts Press, 2005</span></li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Alfonso, not Guglielmo, was a pupil at Bedford School; 'It is not generally known that the Marconi family at one time lived in Bedford, in the house on Bromham Road on the western corner of Ashburnham Road, and that the elder brother of the renowned Marchese Marconi attended this School for four years', <i>The Ousel</i> (June, 1936), p. 78 (Alfonso's obituary)</span></li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Bedfordshire Times</i> 23 July, 1937, p. 9 (Guglielmo's obituary)</span></li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150320044209/http://www.radarpages.co.uk/download/p37.pdf">"Guglielmo Marconi and Early Systems of Wireless Communication"</a> (PDF)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 February</span> 2014</span>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGuglielmo+Marconi&rft.btitle=Guglielmo+Marconi+and+Early+Systems+of+Wireless+Communication&rft.genre=book&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.radarpages.co.uk%2Fdownload%2Fp37.pdf&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation encyclopaedia"><a href="/web/20150320044209/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_McHenry" title="Robert McHenry">McHenry, Robert</a>, ed. (1993). "Guglielmo Marconi". <i>Encyclopaedia Britannica</i>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGuglielmo+Marconi&rft.atitle=Guglielmo+Marconi&rft.btitle=Encyclopaedia+Britannica&rft.date=1993&rft.genre=bookitem&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Corradi Giuliano, "Guglielmo Marconi," <i>Guglielmo Marconi. Tracce di un genio nel Tigullio</i>, 2009.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Marconi delineated his 1895 apparatus in his Nobel Award speech. See: Marconi, "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150320044209/http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1909/marconi-lecture.html">Wireless Telegraphic Communication: Nobel Lecture, 11 December 1909.</a>" Nobel Lectures. Physics 1901–1921. Amsterdam: Elsevier Publishing Company, 1967: 196–222. p. 198.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150320044209/http://www.radiomarconi.com/marconi/xmarconi.html">Guglielmo Marconi, padre della radio</a>. Radiomarconi.com. Retrieved on 12 July 2012.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Marconi, "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150320044209/http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1909/marconi-lecture.html">Wireless Telegraphic Communication: Nobel Lecture, 11 December 1909.</a>" Nobel Lectures. Physics 1901–1921. Amsterdam: Elsevier Publishing Company, 1967: 196–222. p. 206.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150320044209/http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1909/marconi-bio.html">"The Nobel Prize in Physics 1909"</a>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGuglielmo+Marconi&rft.btitle=The+Nobel+Prize+in+Physics+1909&rft.genre=book&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnobelprize.org%2Fnobel_prizes%2Fphysics%2Flaureates%2F1909%2Fmarconi-bio.html&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Luigi Solari, <i>Guglielmo Marconi e la Marina Militare Italiana</i>, Rivista Marittima, febbraio 1948</span></li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Alfred Thomas Story, <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150320044209/http://books.google.com/books?vid=0_BNls1ruTf5Rr6WD5&id=qFMbsXGH8pYC">The Story of Wireless Telegraphy</a></i>. 1904. p. 58.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150320044209/http://openplaques.org/plaques/2389">Plaque #2389 on Open Plaques</a>.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150320044209/http://www.flickr.com/photos/psd/164193649/">"Flickr Photo"</a>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGuglielmo+Marconi&rft.btitle=Flickr+Photo&rft.genre=book&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.flickr.com%2Fphotos%2Fpsd%2F164193649%2F&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">BBC Wales, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150320044209/https://web.archive.org/web/20070120163444/http://www.bbc.co.uk/wales/historyhunters/locations/pages/3_1_flatholm.shtml">Marconi's Waves</a> at the <a href="/web/20150320044209/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> (archived January 20, 2007)</span></li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation journal">Helgesen, Henry N. "Wireless Goes to Sea: Marconi's Radio and SS Ponce". <i>Sea History</i> (Spring 2008): 122.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGuglielmo+Marconi&rft.atitle=Wireless+Goes+to+Sea%3A+Marconi%27s+Radio+and+SS+Ponce&rft.aufirst=Henry+N.&rft.au=Helgesen%2C+Henry+N.&rft.aulast=Helgesen&rft.genre=article&rft.issue=Spring+2008&rft.jtitle=Sea+History&rft.pages=122&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150320044209/http://www.carnetdevol.org/Wireless/marconi-transatlantique.html">First Atlantic Ocean crossing by a wireless signal</a>. Carnetdevol.org. Retrieved on 12 July 2012.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Page, Walter Hines, and Arthur Wilson Page, <i>The World's Work</i>. Doubleday, Page & Company, 1908. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150320044209/http://books.google.com/books?vid=0jwYWoq-SQT_os3fWXLhKnc&id=hKPvxXgBN1oC&pg=PA9625&lpg=PA9625">p. 9625</a></span></li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation journal">"Marconi and the History of Radio". <i>IEEE Antennas and Propagation Magazine</i> <b>46</b> (2): 130. 2004. <a href="/web/20150320044209/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20150320044209/http://dx.doi.org/10.1109%2FMAP.2004.1305565">10.1109/MAP.2004.1305565</a>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGuglielmo+Marconi&rft.atitle=Marconi+and+the+History+of+Radio&rft.date=2004&rft.genre=article&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1109%2FMAP.2004.1305565&rft.issue=2&rft.jtitle=IEEE+Antennas+and+Propagation+Magazine&rft.pages=130&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.volume=46" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">John S. Belrose, "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150320044209/http://www.ieee.ca/millennium/radio/radio_differences.html">Fessenden and Marconi: Their Differing Technologies and Transatlantic Experiments During the First Decade of this Century</a>". International Conference on 100 Years of Radio – 5–7 September 1995.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation journal">"The Clifden Station of the Marconi Wireless Telegraph System". <i>Scientific American</i>. 23 November 1907.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGuglielmo+Marconi&rft.atitle=The+Clifden+Station+of+the+Marconi+Wireless+Telegraph+System&rft.date=23+November+1907&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Scientific+American&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150320044209/http://marconi100.ca/clip/marconi-sydpost19071024.html">Second Test of the Marconi Over-Ocean Wireless System Proved Entirely Successful</a>. Sydney Daily Post. 24 October 1907.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-ReferenceA-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceA_31-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceA_31-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">John P. Eaton & Charles A. Haas <i>Titanic – Triumph and Tragedy, A Chronicle in Words and Pictures</i>. 1994 <a href="/web/20150320044209/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0857330241" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 0857330241</a>.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation book">Herron, Edward A. (1969). <i>Miracle of the Air Waves: A History of Radio</i>. Messner. <a href="/web/20150320044209/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/web/20150320044209/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-671-32079-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-671-32079-3">0-671-32079-3</a>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGuglielmo+Marconi&rft.aufirst=Edward+A.&rft.au=Herron%2C+Edward+A.&rft.aulast=Herron&rft.btitle=Miracle+of+the+Air+Waves%3A+A+History+of+Radio&rft.date=1969&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=0-671-32079-3&rft.pub=Messner&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Court of Inquiry <i>Loss of the S.S. Titanic</i> 1912</span></li> <li id="cite_note-whf-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-whf_34-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150320044209/http://www.wirelesshistoryfoundation.org/blog/titanics-wireless-connection">"Titanic's Wireless Connection"</a>. Wireless History Foundation. April 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 October</span> 2013</span>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGuglielmo+Marconi&rft.btitle=Titanic%27s+Wireless+Connection&rft.date=April+2012&rft.genre=book&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.wirelesshistoryfoundation.org%2Fblog%2Ftitanics-wireless-connection&rft.pub=Wireless+History+Foundation&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation web">Greg Daugherty (March 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150320044209/http://www.smithsonianmag.com/history-archaeology/Seven-Famous-People-Who-Missed-the-Titanic.html">"Seven Famous People Who Missed the Titanic"</a>. Smithsonian Magazine.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGuglielmo+Marconi&rft.au=Greg+Daugherty&rft.aulast=Greg+Daugherty&rft.btitle=Seven+Famous+People+Who+Missed+the+Titanic&rft.date=March+2012&rft.genre=book&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.smithsonianmag.com%2Fhistory-archaeology%2FSeven-Famous-People-Who-Missed-the-Titanic.html&rft.pub=Smithsonian+Magazine&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">William John Baker, <i>History Of The Marconi Company 1874–1965</i>. 1972. p. 296</span></li> <li id="cite_note-guard-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-guard_37-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-guard_37-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150320044209/http://www.theguardian.com/news/1937/jul/21/mainsection.fromthearchive">"Radio falls silent for death of Marconi"</a></span></li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150320044209/http://markpadfield.com/marconicalling/museum/html/places/places-i=13.html">http://markpadfield.com/marconicalling/museum/html/places/places-i=13.html</a></span></li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150320044209/http://www.findagrave.com/cgi-bin/fg.cgi?page=gr&GRid=9982">Guglielmo Marconi</a> at <i><a href="/web/20150320044209/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Find_a_Grave" title="Find a Grave">Find a Grave</a></i></span></li> <li id="cite_note-LQsxMxEUC_page_3-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-LQsxMxEUC_page_3_40-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-LQsxMxEUC_page_3_40-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation book"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150320044209/http://books.google.com/books?id=c92LQsxMxEUC&pg=PA3&lpg=PA3&dq=British+Court+tesla+radio&source=bl&ots=9enh3iv6Ri&sig=_cZbUxJcBpahYAzA9esD9bb_Tj0&hl=en#v=onepage&q=British%20Court%20tesla%20radio&f=false"><i>Jean-Michel Redouté, Michiel Steyaert, EMC of Analog Integrated Circuits, page 3</i></a>. Books.google.com<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 March</span> 2013</span>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGuglielmo+Marconi&rft.btitle=Jean-Michel+Redout%C3%A9%2C+Michiel+Steyaert%2C+EMC+of+Analog+Integrated+Circuits%2C+page+3&rft.genre=book&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dc92LQsxMxEUC%26pg%3DPA3%26lpg%3DPA3%26dq%3DBritish%2BCourt%2Btesla%2Bradio%26source%3Dbl%26ots%3D9enh3iv6Ri%26sig%3D_cZbUxJcBpahYAzA9esD9bb_Tj0%26hl%3Den%23v%3Donepage%26q%3DBritish%2520Court%2520tesla%2520radio%26f%3Dfalse&rft.pub=Books.google.com&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation book"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150320044209/http://books.google.com/books?id=iDEuQ_l__i0C&pg=PA193&dq=1943+Supreme+Court+of+the+United+States++Oliver+Lodge,+John+Stone,++Nikola+Tesla&hl=en&sa=X&ei=-poeUvnELeajsQSt-4GIAQ&ved=0CC0Q6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=1943%20Supreme%20Court%20of%20the%20United%20States%20%20Oliver%20Lodge%2C%20John%20Stone%2C%20%20Nikola%20Tesla&f=false"><i>Charles T. Meadow, Making Connections: Communication through the Ages, Scarecrow Press 2002, page 193</i></a>. Books.google.com<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 February</span> 2014</span>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGuglielmo+Marconi&rft.btitle=Charles+T.+Meadow%2C+Making+Connections%3A+Communication+through+the+Ages%2C+Scarecrow+Press+2002%2C+page+193&rft.genre=book&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DiDEuQ_l__i0C%26pg%3DPA193%26dq%3D1943%2BSupreme%2BCourt%2Bof%2Bthe%2BUnited%2BStates%2B%2BOliver%2BLodge%2C%2BJohn%2BStone%2C%2B%2BNikola%2BTesla%26hl%3Den%26sa%3DX%26ei%3D-poeUvnELeajsQSt-4GIAQ%26ved%3D0CC0Q6AEwAA%23v%3Donepage%26q%3D1943%2520Supreme%2520Court%2520of%2520the%2520United%2520States%2520%2520Oliver%2520Lodge%252C%2520John%2520Stone%252C%2520%2520Nikola%2520Tesla%26f%3Dfalse&rft.pub=Books.google.com&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150320044209/http://earlyradiohistory.us/tesla.htm">"Thomas H. White, Nikola Tesla: The Guy Who DIDN'T "Invent Radio", http://earlyradiohistory.us, 1 November 2012"</a>. Earlyradiohistory.us<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 February</span> 2014</span>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGuglielmo+Marconi&rft.btitle=Thomas+H.+White%2C+Nikola+Tesla%3A+The+Guy+Who+DIDN%27T+%22Invent+Radio%22%2C+http%3A%2F%2Fearlyradiohistory.us%2C+1+November+2012&rft.genre=book&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fearlyradiohistory.us%2Ftesla.htm&rft.pub=Earlyradiohistory.us&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation book"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150320044209/http://books.google.com/books?id=SdGaiV6iup0C&pg=PA3&lpg=PA3&dq=supreme+court+1943+radio+marconi&source=bl&ots=rKt8D5C3xg&sig=XuISBITcZzpFApoFE-IROq9qns0&hl=en#v=onepage&q=supreme%20court%201943%20radio%20marconi&f=false"><i>Robert Sobot, Wireless Communication Electronics:Introduction to RF Circuits and Design Techniques, page 4</i></a>. Books.google.com. 18 February 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 March</span> 2013</span>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGuglielmo+Marconi&rft.btitle=Robert+Sobot%2C+Wireless+Communication+Electronics%3AIntroduction+to+RF+Circuits+and+Design+Techniques%2C+page+4&rft.date=18+February+2012&rft.genre=book&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DSdGaiV6iup0C%26pg%3DPA3%26lpg%3DPA3%26dq%3Dsupreme%2Bcourt%2B1943%2Bradio%2Bmarconi%26source%3Dbl%26ots%3DrKt8D5C3xg%26sig%3DXuISBITcZzpFApoFE-IROq9qns0%26hl%3Den%23v%3Donepage%26q%3Dsupreme%2520court%25201943%2520radio%2520marconi%26f%3Dfalse&rft.pub=Books.google.com&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation web">Padfield, Mark. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150320044209/http://markpadfield.com/marconicalling/museum/html/people/people-i=6.html">"Beatrice O'Brien"</a>. Marconi Calling.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGuglielmo+Marconi&rft.aufirst=Mark&rft.aulast=Padfield&rft.au=Padfield%2C+Mark&rft.btitle=Beatrice+O%27Brien&rft.genre=book&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmarkpadfield.com%2Fmarconicalling%2Fmuseum%2Fhtml%2Fpeople%2Fpeople-i%3D6.html&rft.pub=Marconi+Calling&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Degna Marconi, <i>My Father, Marconi</i> (Guernica Editions, 2001), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150320044209/http://books.google.com/books?id=NMmStBPCncIC&pg=PA218">pp. 218–227</a> <a href="/web/20150320044209/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1550711512" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 1550711512</a>.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Kelly's Handbook to the Titled, Landed, and Official Classes</i> (Kelly's, 1969), p. 623</span></li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Degna Marconi, <i>My Father, Marconi</i> (Guernica Editions, 2001), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150320044209/http://books.google.com/books?id=NMmStBPCncIC&pg=PA232">p. 232</a> <a href="/web/20150320044209/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1550711512" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 1550711512</a>.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Physicsworld.com, "<i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150320044209/http://physicsweb.org/articles/world/14/12/7">Guglielmo Marconi: radio star</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/web/20150320044209/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" since February 2014">dead link</span></a></i>]</span></sup></i>", 2001</span></li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150320044209/http://catholicism.org/80-years-of-vatican-radio-pope-pius-xi-and-marconi-and-father-jozef-murgas.html">"80 Years of Vatican Radio, Pope Pius XI and Marconi. .. and Father Jozef Murgas?"</a>. Saint Benedict Center.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGuglielmo+Marconi&rft.btitle=80+Years+of+Vatican+Radio%2C+Pope+Pius+XI+and+Marconi.+..+and+Father+Jozef+Murgas%3F&rft.genre=book&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcatholicism.org%2F80-years-of-vatican-radio-pope-pius-xi-and-marconi-and-father-jozef-murgas.html&rft.pub=Saint+Benedict+Center&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150320044209/http://www.infoage.org/exhibits/national-broadcasters-hall-of-fame/hall-of-fame-articles/269-guglielmo-marconi-1977">National Broadcasters Hall of Fame.</a> Accessed 10 February 2009</span></li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150320044209/http://www.radiohof.org/pioneer/marconi.html">"Pioneer: Guglielmo Marconi"</a>. <i>radiohof.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 May</span> 2012</span>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGuglielmo+Marconi&rft.atitle=Pioneer%3A+Guglielmo+Marconi&rft.genre=article&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.radiohof.org%2Fpioneer%2Fmarconi.html&rft.jtitle=radiohof.org&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150320044209/http://banknote.ws/COLLECTION/countries/EUR/ITA/ITA0115.htm">Italy 2000 lira banknote (1990)</a> Banknote Museum (banknote.ws). Retrieved on 2013-03-17.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150320044209/http://www.ieeeghn.org/wiki/index.php/Milestones:Marconi%27s_Early_Wireless_Experiments,_1895">"Milestones:Marconi's Early Wireless Experiments, 1895"</a>. <i>IEEE Global History Network</i>. IEEE<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 July</span> 2011</span>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGuglielmo+Marconi&rft.atitle=Milestones%3AMarconi%27s+Early+Wireless+Experiments%2C+1895&rft.genre=article&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ieeeghn.org%2Fwiki%2Findex.php%2FMilestones%3AMarconi%2527s_Early_Wireless_Experiments%2C_1895&rft.jtitle=IEEE+Global+History+Network&rft.pub=IEEE&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150320044209/http://www.ieeeghn.org/wiki/index.php/Milestones:List_of_IEEE_Milestones">"List of IEEE Milestones"</a>. <i>IEEE Global History Network</i>. IEEE<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 July</span> 2011</span>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGuglielmo+Marconi&rft.atitle=List+of+IEEE+Milestones&rft.genre=article&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ieeeghn.org%2Fwiki%2Findex.php%2FMilestones%3AList_of_IEEE_Milestones&rft.jtitle=IEEE+Global+History+Network&rft.pub=IEEE&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150320044209/http://www.accesshollywood.com/new-jersey-to-jon-bon-jovi-you-give-us-a-good-name_article_13374">New Jersey to Bon Jovi: You Give Us a Good Name</a>. accesshollywood.com (2 February 2009).</span></li> <li id="cite_note-CMCabout-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-CMCabout_56-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-CMCabout_56-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150320044209/http://www.cmcelectronics.ca/En/About/cmc_profile_en.html">"CMC Electronics' Profile"</a>. CMC Electronics Inc<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 January</span> 2007</span>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGuglielmo+Marconi&rft.btitle=CMC+Electronics%27+Profile&rft.genre=book&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cmcelectronics.ca%2FEn%2FAbout%2Fcmc_profile_en.html&rft.pub=CMC+Electronics+Inc.&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150320044209/http://www.rilin.state.ri.us/Journals01/SenateJournals01/SJournal3-27.htm">01-S 879 R.I. State Senate act, 25 April 2001</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/web/20150320044209/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" since February 2014">dead link</span></a></i>]</span></sup> Retrieved 23 August 2010</span></li> </ol> </div> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Further_reading">Further reading</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/web/20150320044209/http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Guglielmo_Marconi&action=edit&section=49" title="Edit section: Further reading">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2> <dl> <dt>Relatives and company publications</dt> </dl> <ul> <li>Bussey, Gordon, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150320044209/http://www.amazon.co.uk/dp/0953896706"><i>Marconi's Atlantic Leap</i></a>, Marconi Communications, 2000. <a href="/web/20150320044209/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0953896706" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 0-9538967-0-6</a></li> <li>Isted, G.A., <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150320044209/https://googledrive.com/host/0B-UggpdTDpJEWnpUdGc5Tkw2aU0/p45.pdf"><i>Guglielmo Marconi and the History of Radio – Part I</i></a>, General Electric Company, p.l.c., <i>GEC Review</i>, Volume 7, No. 1, p45, 1991, ISSN 0267 9337</li> <li>Isted, G.A., <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150320044209/https://googledrive.com/host/0B-UggpdTDpJEM3o0UnBqUlpIN1E/p110.pdf"><i>Guglielmo Marconi and the History of Radio – Part II</i></a>, General Electric Company, p.l.c., <i>GEC Review</i>, Volume 7, No. 2, p110, 1991, ISSN 0267 9337</li> <li>Marconi, Degna, <i>My Father, Marconi</i>, James Lorimer & Co, 1982. <a href="/web/20150320044209/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0919511147" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 0-919511-14-7</a> (Italian version): <i>Marconi, mio padre</i>, Di Renzo Editore, 2008, <a href="/web/20150320044209/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/8883232062" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 88-8323-206-2</a></li> <li>Marconi's Wireless Telegraph Company, <i>Year book of wireless telegraphy and telephony</i>, London: Published for the Marconi Press Agency Ltd., by the St. Catherine Press / Wireless Press. LCCN 14017875 sn 86035439</li> <li>Simons, R.W., <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150320044209/https://googledrive.com/host/0B-UggpdTDpJEQTYwV0s4VHgwLW8/p37.htm"><i>Guglielmo Marconi and Early Systems of Wireless Communication</i></a>, General Electric Company, p.l.c., <i>GEC Review</i>, Volume 11, No. 1, p37, 1996, ISSN 0267 9337</li> </ul> <dl> <dt>Other</dt> </dl> <ul> <li>Ahern, Steve (ed), <i>Making Radio</i> (2nd Edition) Allen & Unwin, Sydney, 2006 <a href="/web/20150320044209/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781741149128" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 9781741149128</a>.</li> <li>Aitken, Hugh G. J., <i>Syntony and Spark: The Origins of Radio</i>, New York: John Wiley & Sons, 1976. <a href="/web/20150320044209/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0471018163" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 0-471-01816-3</a></li> <li>Aitken, Hugh G. J., <i>The Continuous Wave: Technology and American Radio, 1900–1932</i>, Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press, 1985. <a href="/web/20150320044209/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0691083762" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 0-691-08376-2</a>.</li> <li>Anderson, Leland I., <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150320044209/http://www.tfcbooks.com/mall/more/431pir.htm">Priority in the Invention of Radio – Tesla vs. Marconi</a></li> <li>Baker, W. J., <i>A History of the Marconi Company</i>, 1970.</li> <li>Brodsky, Ira. "The History of Wireless: How Creative Minds Produced Technology for the Masses" (Telescope Books, 2008)</li> <li>Cheney, Margaret, "Tesla: Man Out of Time" Laurel Publishing, 1981. Chapter 7, esp pp 69, re: published lectures of Tesla in 1893, copied by Marconi.</li> <li>Clark, Paddy, "Marconi's Irish Connections Recalled," published in ";100 Years of Radio," IEE Conference Publication 411, 1995.</li> <li>Coe, Douglas and Kreigh Collins (ills), <i>Marconi, pioneer of radio</i>, New York, J. Messner, Inc., 1943. LCCN 43010048</li> <li>Garratt, G. R. M., <i>The early history of radio: from Faraday to Marconi</i>, London, Institution of Electrical Engineers in association with the Science Museum, History of technology series, 1994. <a href="/web/20150320044209/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0852968450" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 0-85296-845-0</a> LCCN gb 94011611</li> <li>Geddes, Keith, <i>Guglielmo Marconi, 1874–1937</i>, London : H.M.S.O., A Science Museum booklet, 1974. <a href="/web/20150320044209/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0112901980" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 0-11-290198-0</a> LCCN 75329825 (<i>ed</i>. Obtainable in the U.S.A. from Pendragon House Inc., Palo Alto, California.)</li> <li>Hancock, Harry Edgar, <i>Wireless at sea; the first fifty years: A history of the progress and development of marine wireless communications written to commemorate the jubilee of the Marconi International Marine Communication Company, Limited</i>, Chelmsford, Eng., Marconi International Marine Communication Co., 1950. LCCN 51040529 /L</li> <li>Hong, Sungook, <i>Wireless: From Marconi’s Black-Box to the Audio,</i> Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press, 2001. <a href="/web/20150320044209/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0262082985" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 0-262-08298-5</a>.</li> <li>Hughes, Michael and Bosworth, Katherine, <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150320044209/http://www.bodleianbookshop.co.uk/display.asp?isb=1851243771&TAG=&CID">Titanic Calling : Wireless Communications During the Great Disaster</a></i>, Oxford, The Bodleian Library, 2012, <a href="/web/20150320044209/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781851243778" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 978-1-85124-377-8</a></li> <li>Janniello, Maria Grace, Monteleone, Franco and Paoloni, Giovanni (eds) (1996), <i>One hundred years of radio: From Marconi to the future of the telecommunications</i>. Catalogue of the extension, Venice: Marsilio.</li> <li>Jolly, W. P., <i>Marconi</i>, 1972.</li> <li>Larson, Erik, <i>Thunderstruck</i>, New York: Crown Publishers, 2006. <a href="/web/20150320044209/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1400080665" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 1-4000-8066-5</a> A comparison of the lives of <a href="/web/20150320044209/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawley_Harvey_Crippen" title="Hawley Harvey Crippen">Hawley Harvey Crippen</a> and Marconi. Crippen was a murderer whose Transatlantic escape was foiled by the new invention of shipboard radio.</li> <li>MacLeod, Mary K., <i>Marconi: The Canada Years – 1902–1946</i>, Halifax, Nova Scotia: Nimbus Publishing Limited, 1992, <a href="/web/20150320044209/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1551093308" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 1551093308</a></li> <li>Masini, Giancarlo, <i>Guglielmo Marconi</i>, Turin: Turinese typographical-publishing union, 1975. LCCN 77472455 (<i>ed</i>. Contains 32 tables outside of the text<i>)</i></li> <li>Mason, H. B. (1908). <i>Encyclopaedia of ships and shipping</i>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150320044209/http://books.google.com/books?vid=OCLC11857976&id=0O5AEbIB51sC&pg=RA14-PA686">Wireless Telegraphy</a>. London: Shipping Encyclopaedia. 1908.</li> <li><span class="citation journal">Perry, Lawrence (1902). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150320044209/http://books.google.com/books?id=DoDNAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA3194">"Commercial Wireless Telegraphy"</a>. <i><a href="/web/20150320044209/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World%27s_Work" title="World's Work" class="mw-redirect">The World's Work: A History of Our Time</a></i> <b>V</b>: 3194–3201<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 July</span> 2009</span>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGuglielmo+Marconi&rft.atitle=Commercial+Wireless+Telegraphy&rft.aufirst=Lawrence&rft.aulast=Perry&rft.au=Perry%2C+Lawrence&rft.date=1902&rft.genre=article&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DDoDNAAAAMAAJ%26pg%3DPA3194&rft.jtitle=The+World%27s+Work%3A+A+History+of+Our+Time&rft.pages=3194-3201&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.volume=V" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li> <li>Stone, Ellery W., <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150320044209/http://books.google.com/books?vid=0BtG4iC0aqRRXaaqTh&id=MZTaMdOH7VIC">Elements of Radiotelegraphy</a></i></li> <li>Weightman, Gavin, <i>Signor Marconi's magic box: the most remarkable invention of the 19th century & the amateur inventor whose genius sparked a revolution</i>, 1st Da Capo Press ed., Cambridge, MA : Da Capo Press, 2003. <a href="/web/20150320044209/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0306812754" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 0-306-81275-4</a></li> <li>Winkler, Jonathan Reed. <i>Nexus: Strategic Communications and American Security in World War I</i>. (Cambridge, MA: <a href="/web/20150320044209/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University_Press" title="Harvard University Press">Harvard University Press</a>, 2008). Account of rivalry between Marconi's firm and the U.S. government during World War I.</li> </ul> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="External_links">External links</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/web/20150320044209/http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Guglielmo_Marconi&action=edit&section=50" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2> <dl> <dt>Wikimedia</dt> </dl> <table class="mbox-small plainlinks" style="border:1px solid #aaa;background-color:#f9f9f9"> <tr> <td class="mbox-image"><img alt="" src="//web.archive.org/web/20150320044209im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" width="30" height="40" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20150320044209im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20150320044209im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376"/></td> <td class="mbox-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <i><b><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150320044209/http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Guglielmo_Marconi" class="extiw" title="commons:Guglielmo Marconi">Guglielmo Marconi</a></b></i>.</td> </tr> </table> <ul> <li><img alt="Wikisource-logo.svg" src="//web.archive.org/web/20150320044209im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/12px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" width="12" height="13" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20150320044209im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/18px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20150320044209im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/24px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430"/> <span class="citation encyclopaedia">"<a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150320044209/http://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1922_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Marconi,_Guglielmo" class="extiw" title="s:1922 Encyclopædia Britannica/Marconi, Guglielmo">Marconi, Guglielmo</a>". <i><a href="/web/20150320044209/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica" title="Encyclopædia Britannica">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i> (12th ed.). 1922.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGuglielmo+Marconi&rft.atitle=Marconi%2C+Guglielmo&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.date=1922&rft.edition=12th&rft.genre=bookitem&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li> </ul> <dl> <dt>General achievements</dt> </dl> <ul> <li>Nobel Prize: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150320044209/http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1909/marconi-bio.html">Guglielmo Marconi biography</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150320044209/http://www.radiomarconi.com/marconi/brevettomarconi.html">Marconi il 5 marzo 1896, presenta a Londra la prima richiesta provvisoria di brevetto, col numero 5028 e col titolo "Miglioramenti nella telegrafia e relativi apparati"</a> (Great Britain and France between 1896 and 1924)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150320044209/http://www.radiomarconi.com/marconi/brevettimarconi.html">List of British and French patents (1896–1924)</a> The first patent application number 5028 of 5 March 1896 (Provisional deprivation)</li> </ul> <dl> <dt>Foundations and academics</dt> </dl> <ul> <li>University of Oxford <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150320044209/http://www.mhs.ox.ac.uk/marconi/collection/">Introduction to the Online Catalogue of the Marconi Collection</a></li> <li>University of Oxford <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150320044209/http://www.bodley.ox.ac.uk/dept/scwmss/wmss/online/modern/marconi/marconi.html">Online Catalogue of the Marconi Archives</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150320044209/http://www.fgm.it/">Guglielmo Marconi Foundation, Pontecchio Marconi, Bologna, Italy</a></li> <li>Galileo Legacy Foundation: pictures of the Dedication of the Guglielmo Marconi Square, Johnston RI USA <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150320044209/http://www.galileolegacyfoundation.org/foto%20copia/NewEngland.html">Dedication Photos</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150320044209/http://www.arthurlloyd.co.uk/MarconiHouseStrandAldwychLondon.htm">History of Marconi House</a>, Marconi House, Strand / Aldwych, London.</li> </ul> <dl> <dt>Multimedia and books</dt> </dl> <ul> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150320044209/http://www.marconicalling.com/">MarconiCalling – The Life, Science and Achievements of Guglielmo Marconi</a>, part of the Marconi Collection at the University of Oxford</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150320044209/http://www.histori.ca/minutes/minute.do?id=10189">Canadian Heritage Minute featuring Marconi</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150320044209/http://www.revver.com/video/176379/walter-cronkite-narrates-guglielmo-marconi-documentary/">Guglielmo Marconi documentary</a>, narrated by <a href="/web/20150320044209/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter_Cronkite" title="Walter Cronkite">Walter Cronkite</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150320044209/http://www.techsoc.com/marconi.htm">Review of <i>Signor Marconi's Magic Box</i></a></li> </ul> <dl> <dt>Transatlantic "signals" and radio</dt> </dl> <ul> <li>Robert (Bob) White, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150320044209/http://www.best-breezes.squarespace.com/guglielmo-marconi/">Guglielmo Marconi – Aerial Assistance with a Kite</a>. Bridging the Atlantic By Wireless Signal – 12 December 1901. Kiting, The Journal of the American Kitefliers Association. Vol. 23, Issue 5 – Winter 2002. November 2001</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150320044209/http://education.guardian.co.uk/higher/physicalscience/story/0,9836,616927,00.html">Faking the Waves, 1901</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150320044209/http://www.carnetdevol.org/Wireless/radio.html">Marconi and "wireless telegraphy" using kites</a></li> </ul> <dl> <dt>Keys and "signals"</dt> </dl> <ul> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150320044209/http://www.zianet.com/sparks/sparkmakers2.html">Sparks Telegraph Key Review</a> An exhaustive listing of wireless telegraph key manufacturers including photos of most Marconi keys</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150320044209/http://www.titanicinquiry.org/USInq/AmInq01Marconi01.php">United States Senate Inquiry into the Titanic disaster – Testimony of Guglielmo Marconi</a></li> </ul> <dl> <dt>Priority of invention</dt> </dl> <p><i>vs Tesla</i></p> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150320044209/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_Broadcasting_Service" title="Public Broadcasting Service" class="mw-redirect">PBS</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150320044209/http://www.pbs.org/tesla/ll/ll_whoradio.html">Marconi and Tesla: Who invented radio?</a></li> <li>U.S. Supreme Court, "<i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150320044209/http://caselaw.lp.findlaw.com/scripts/getcase.pl?court=us&vol=320&invol=1">Marconi Wireless Telegraph co. of America v. United States</a></i>". 320 U.S. 1. Nos. 369, 373. Argued 9–12 April 1943. Decided 21 June 1943.</li> <li>21st Century Books: Priority in the Invention of Radio – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150320044209/http://www.tfcbooks.com/mall/more/431pir.htm">Tesla vs. Marconi</a></li> </ul> <dl> <dt>Personal</dt> </dl> <ul> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150320044209/http://maritime.elettra.co.uk/panfilo">Information about Marconi and his yacht Elettra</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150320044209/http://www.radiomarconi.com/marconi/gm_diari.html">I diari di laboratorio di Guglielmo Marconi</a> (The diaries of laboratory Guglielmo Marconi.)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150320044209/http://www.radiomarconi.com/">Comitato Guglielmo Marconi International, Bologna, Italy</a> (Marconi's voice)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150320044209/http://www.campevans.org/_CE/html/wa-1914-08-index.html">August 1914 photo article on Marconi Belmar station in Wall, NJ</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/web/20150320044209/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" since February 2014">dead link</span></a></i>]</span></sup>, InfoAge. (See also, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150320044209/http://www.campevans.org/_CE/html/nrhp.html#Mar7-1">Marconi Period of Significance Historic Buildings.</a>)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150320044209/http://www.dcmemorials.com/index_indiv0001825.htm">Marconi, Guglielmo: Statue north of Meridian Hill Park in Washington</a>, D.C. by <a href="/web/20150320044209/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Attilio_Piccirilli" title="Attilio Piccirilli">Attilio Piccirilli</a></li> </ul> <dl> <dt>Other</dt> </dl> <ul> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150320044209/http://www-personal.umich.edu/~jbourj/money3.htm">Guglielmo Marconi, 2000 Italian Lire (1990)</a></li> </ul> <table class="wikitable succession-box" style="margin:0.5em auto; font-size:95%;clear:both;"> <tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #DAA520;">Academic offices</th> </tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<br/> <span style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/web/20150320044209/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jan_Smuts" title="Jan Smuts">Jan Smuts</a></span></td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b><a href="/web/20150320044209/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rector_of_the_University_of_St_Andrews" title="Rector of the University of St Andrews">Rector of the University of St Andrews</a></b><br/> 1934–1937</td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<br/> <span style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/web/20150320044209/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_MacGregor_Mitchell" title="Robert MacGregor Mitchell">Robert MacGregor Mitchell</a></span></td> </tr> </table> <table class="navbox" style="border-spacing:0"> <tr> <td style="padding:2px"> <table class="nowraplinks hlist collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"> <tr> <th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"> <div class="plainlinks hlist navbar mini"> <ul> <li class="nv-view"><a href="/web/20150320044209/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Nobel_Prize_in_Physics" title="Template:Nobel Prize in Physics"><span title="View this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;">v</span></a></li> <li class="nv-talk"><a href="/web/20150320044209/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Nobel_Prize_in_Physics" title="Template talk:Nobel Prize in Physics"><span title="Discuss this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;">t</span></a></li> <li class="nv-edit"><a class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20150320044209/http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Nobel_Prize_in_Physics&action=edit"><span title="Edit this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;">e</span></a></li> </ul> </div> <div style="font-size:110%"><a href="/web/20150320044209/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Nobel_laureates_in_Physics" title="List of Nobel laureates in Physics">Laureates</a> of the <a href="/web/20150320044209/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Physics" title="Nobel Prize in Physics">Nobel Prize in Physics</a></div> </th> </tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td colspan="2"></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="navbox-group">1901–1925</th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150320044209/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilhelm_R%C3%B6ntgen" title="Wilhelm Röntgen">Röntgen</a> (1901)</li> <li><a href="/web/20150320044209/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hendrik_Lorentz" title="Hendrik Lorentz">Lorentz</a> / <a href="/web/20150320044209/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pieter_Zeeman" title="Pieter Zeeman">Zeeman</a> (1902)</li> <li><a href="/web/20150320044209/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henri_Becquerel" title="Henri Becquerel">Becquerel</a> / <a href="/web/20150320044209/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_Curie" title="Pierre Curie">P. Curie</a> / <a href="/web/20150320044209/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marie_Curie" title="Marie Curie">M. Curie</a> (1903)</li> <li><a href="/web/20150320044209/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_William_Strutt,_3rd_Baron_Rayleigh" title="John William Strutt, 3rd Baron Rayleigh">Rayleigh</a> (1904)</li> <li><a href="/web/20150320044209/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philipp_Lenard" title="Philipp Lenard">Lenard</a> (1905)</li> <li><a href="/web/20150320044209/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J._J._Thomson" title="J. J. Thomson">J. J. Thomson</a> (1906)</li> <li><a href="/web/20150320044209/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albert_A._Michelson" title="Albert A. Michelson">Michelson</a> (1907)</li> <li><a href="/web/20150320044209/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gabriel_Lippmann" title="Gabriel Lippmann">Lippmann</a> (1908)</li> <li><strong class="selflink">Marconi</strong> / <a href="/web/20150320044209/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl_Ferdinand_Braun" title="Karl Ferdinand Braun">Braun</a> (1909)</li> <li><a href="/web/20150320044209/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johannes_Diderik_van_der_Waals" title="Johannes Diderik van der Waals">Van der Waals</a> (1910)</li> <li><a href="/web/20150320044209/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilhelm_Wien" title="Wilhelm Wien">Wien</a> (1911)</li> <li><a href="/web/20150320044209/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gustaf_Dal%C3%A9n" title="Gustaf Dalén">Dalén</a> (1912)</li> <li><a href="/web/20150320044209/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heike_Kamerlingh_Onnes" title="Heike Kamerlingh Onnes">Kamerlingh Onnes</a> (1913)</li> <li><a href="/web/20150320044209/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Max_von_Laue" title="Max von Laue">Laue</a> (1914)</li> <li><a href="/web/20150320044209/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Lawrence_Bragg" title="William Lawrence Bragg">W. L. Bragg</a> / <a href="/web/20150320044209/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Henry_Bragg" title="William Henry Bragg">W. H. Bragg</a> (1915)</li> <li><a href="/web/20150320044209/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Glover_Barkla" title="Charles Glover Barkla">Barkla</a> (1917)</li> <li><a href="/web/20150320044209/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Max_Planck" title="Max Planck">Planck</a> (1918)</li> <li><a href="/web/20150320044209/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johannes_Stark" title="Johannes Stark">Stark</a> (1919)</li> <li><a href="/web/20150320044209/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_%C3%89douard_Guillaume" title="Charles Édouard Guillaume">Guillaume</a> (1920)</li> <li><a href="/web/20150320044209/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albert_Einstein" title="Albert Einstein">Einstein</a> (1921)</li> <li><a href="/web/20150320044209/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niels_Bohr" title="Niels Bohr">N. Bohr</a> (1922)</li> <li><a href="/web/20150320044209/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Andrews_Millikan" title="Robert Andrews Millikan">Millikan</a> (1923)</li> <li><a href="/web/20150320044209/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manne_Siegbahn" title="Manne Siegbahn">M. Siegbahn</a> (1924)</li> <li><a href="/web/20150320044209/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Franck" title="James Franck">Franck</a> / <a href="/web/20150320044209/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gustav_Ludwig_Hertz" title="Gustav Ludwig Hertz">Hertz</a> (1925)</li> </ul> </div> </td> <td class="navbox-image" rowspan="9" style="width:0%;padding:0px 0px 0px 2px"> <div><a href="/web/20150320044209/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Nobel_Prize.png" class="image"><img alt="Nobel Prize.png" src="//web.archive.org/web/20150320044209im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/ed/Nobel_Prize.png/80px-Nobel_Prize.png" width="80" height="79" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20150320044209im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/ed/Nobel_Prize.png/120px-Nobel_Prize.png 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20150320044209im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/ed/Nobel_Prize.png/160px-Nobel_Prize.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="492"/></a></div> </td> </tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td colspan="2"></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="navbox-group">1926–1950</th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150320044209/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean_Baptiste_Perrin" title="Jean Baptiste Perrin">Perrin</a> (1926)</li> <li><a href="/web/20150320044209/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthur_Compton" title="Arthur Compton">Compton</a> / <a href="/web/20150320044209/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Thomson_Rees_Wilson" title="Charles Thomson Rees Wilson">C. Wilson</a> (1927)</li> <li><a href="/web/20150320044209/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Owen_Willans_Richardson" title="Owen Willans Richardson">O. Richardson</a> (1928)</li> <li><a href="/web/20150320044209/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_de_Broglie" title="Louis de Broglie">De Broglie</a> (1929)</li> <li><a href="/web/20150320044209/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C._V._Raman" title="C. V. Raman">Raman</a> (1930)</li> <li><a href="/web/20150320044209/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Werner_Heisenberg" title="Werner Heisenberg">Heisenberg</a> (1932)</li> <li><a href="/web/20150320044209/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erwin_Schr%C3%B6dinger" title="Erwin Schrödinger">Schrödinger</a> / <a href="/web/20150320044209/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Dirac" title="Paul Dirac">Dirac</a> (1933)</li> <li><a href="/web/20150320044209/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Chadwick" title="James Chadwick">Chadwick</a> (1935)</li> <li><a href="/web/20150320044209/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victor_Francis_Hess" title="Victor Francis Hess">Hess</a> / <a href="/web/20150320044209/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_David_Anderson" title="Carl David Anderson">C. D. Anderson</a> (1936)</li> <li><a href="/web/20150320044209/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clinton_Davisson" title="Clinton Davisson">Davisson</a> / <a href="/web/20150320044209/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Paget_Thomson" title="George Paget Thomson">G. P. Thomson</a> (1937)</li> <li><a href="/web/20150320044209/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enrico_Fermi" title="Enrico Fermi">Fermi</a> (1938)</li> <li><a href="/web/20150320044209/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernest_Lawrence" title="Ernest Lawrence">Lawrence</a> (1939)</li> <li><a href="/web/20150320044209/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otto_Stern" title="Otto Stern">Stern</a> (1943)</li> <li><a href="/web/20150320044209/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isidor_Isaac_Rabi" title="Isidor Isaac Rabi">Rabi</a> (1944)</li> <li><a href="/web/20150320044209/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wolfgang_Pauli" title="Wolfgang Pauli">Pauli</a> (1945)</li> <li><a href="/web/20150320044209/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Percy_Williams_Bridgman" title="Percy Williams Bridgman">Bridgman</a> (1946)</li> <li><a href="/web/20150320044209/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Victor_Appleton" title="Edward Victor Appleton">Appleton</a> (1947)</li> <li><a href="/web/20150320044209/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patrick_Blackett,_Baron_Blackett" title="Patrick Blackett, Baron Blackett">Blackett</a> (1948)</li> <li><a href="/web/20150320044209/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hideki_Yukawa" title="Hideki Yukawa">Yukawa</a> (1949)</li> <li><a href="/web/20150320044209/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C._F._Powell" title="C. F. Powell">Powell</a> (1950)</li> </ul> </div> </td> </tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td colspan="2"></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="navbox-group">1951–1975</th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150320044209/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Cockcroft" title="John Cockcroft">Cockcroft</a> / <a href="/web/20150320044209/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernest_Walton" title="Ernest Walton">Walton</a> (1951)</li> <li><a href="/web/20150320044209/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Felix_Bloch" title="Felix Bloch">Bloch</a> / <a href="/web/20150320044209/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Mills_Purcell" title="Edward Mills Purcell">Purcell</a> (1952)</li> <li><a href="/web/20150320044209/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frits_Zernike" title="Frits Zernike">Zernike</a> (1953)</li> <li><a href="/web/20150320044209/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Max_Born" title="Max Born">Born</a> / <a href="/web/20150320044209/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walther_Bothe" title="Walther Bothe">Bothe</a> (1954)</li> <li><a href="/web/20150320044209/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willis_Lamb" title="Willis Lamb">Lamb</a> / <a href="/web/20150320044209/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polykarp_Kusch" title="Polykarp Kusch">Kusch</a> (1955)</li> <li><a href="/web/20150320044209/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Shockley" title="William Shockley">Shockley</a> / <a href="/web/20150320044209/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Bardeen" title="John Bardeen">Bardeen</a> / <a href="/web/20150320044209/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter_Houser_Brattain" title="Walter Houser Brattain">Brattain</a> (1956)</li> <li><a href="/web/20150320044209/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chen-Ning_Yang" title="Chen-Ning Yang">C. N. Yang</a> / <a href="/web/20150320044209/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsung-Dao_Lee" title="Tsung-Dao Lee">T. D. Lee</a> (1957)</li> <li><a href="/web/20150320044209/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pavel_Cherenkov" title="Pavel Cherenkov">Cherenkov</a> / <a href="/web/20150320044209/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ilya_Frank" title="Ilya Frank">Frank</a> / <a href="/web/20150320044209/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Igor_Tamm" title="Igor Tamm">Tamm</a> (1958)</li> <li><a href="/web/20150320044209/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emilio_G._Segr%C3%A8" title="Emilio G. Segrè">Segrè</a> / <a href="/web/20150320044209/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Owen_Chamberlain" title="Owen Chamberlain">Chamberlain</a> (1959)</li> <li><a href="/web/20150320044209/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donald_A._Glaser" title="Donald A. Glaser">Glaser</a> (1960)</li> <li><a href="/web/20150320044209/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Hofstadter" title="Robert Hofstadter">Hofstadter</a> / <a href="/web/20150320044209/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudolf_M%C3%B6ssbauer" title="Rudolf Mössbauer">Mössbauer</a> (1961)</li> <li><a href="/web/20150320044209/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lev_Landau" title="Lev Landau">Landau</a> (1962)</li> <li><a href="/web/20150320044209/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eugene_Wigner" title="Eugene Wigner">Wigner</a> / <a href="/web/20150320044209/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maria_Goeppert-Mayer" title="Maria Goeppert-Mayer">Goeppert-Mayer</a> / <a href="/web/20150320044209/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J._Hans_D._Jensen" title="J. Hans D. Jensen">Jensen</a> (1963)</li> <li><a href="/web/20150320044209/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_H._Townes" title="Charles H. Townes">Townes</a> / <a href="/web/20150320044209/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikolay_Basov" title="Nikolay Basov">Basov</a> / <a href="/web/20150320044209/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Prokhorov" title="Alexander Prokhorov">Prokhorov</a> (1964)</li> <li><a href="/web/20150320044209/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sin-Itiro_Tomonaga" title="Sin-Itiro Tomonaga">Tomonaga</a> / <a href="/web/20150320044209/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julian_Schwinger" title="Julian Schwinger">Schwinger</a> / <a href="/web/20150320044209/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Feynman" title="Richard Feynman">Feynman</a> (1965)</li> <li><a href="/web/20150320044209/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_Kastler" title="Alfred Kastler">Kastler</a> (1966)</li> <li><a href="/web/20150320044209/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hans_Bethe" title="Hans Bethe">Bethe</a> (1967)</li> <li><a href="/web/20150320044209/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luis_Walter_Alvarez" title="Luis Walter Alvarez">Alvarez</a> (1968)</li> <li><a href="/web/20150320044209/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Murray_Gell-Mann" title="Murray Gell-Mann">Gell-Mann</a> (1969)</li> <li><a href="/web/20150320044209/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hannes_Alfv%C3%A9n" title="Hannes Alfvén">Alfvén</a> / <a href="/web/20150320044209/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_N%C3%A9el" title="Louis Néel">Néel</a> (1970)</li> <li><a href="/web/20150320044209/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dennis_Gabor" title="Dennis Gabor">Gabor</a> (1971)</li> <li><a href="/web/20150320044209/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Bardeen" title="John Bardeen">Bardeen</a> / <a href="/web/20150320044209/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leon_Cooper" title="Leon Cooper">Cooper</a> / <a href="/web/20150320044209/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Robert_Schrieffer" title="John Robert Schrieffer">Schrieffer</a> (1972)</li> <li><a href="/web/20150320044209/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leo_Esaki" title="Leo Esaki">Esaki</a> / <a href="/web/20150320044209/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivar_Giaever" title="Ivar Giaever">Giaever</a> / <a href="/web/20150320044209/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brian_Josephson" title="Brian Josephson">Josephson</a> (1973)</li> <li><a href="/web/20150320044209/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Ryle" title="Martin Ryle">Ryle</a> / <a href="/web/20150320044209/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antony_Hewish" title="Antony Hewish">Hewish</a> (1974)</li> <li><a href="/web/20150320044209/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aage_Bohr" title="Aage Bohr">A. Bohr</a> / <a href="/web/20150320044209/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ben_Roy_Mottelson" title="Ben Roy Mottelson">Mottelson</a> / <a href="/web/20150320044209/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Rainwater" title="James Rainwater">Rainwater</a> (1975)</li> </ul> </div> </td> </tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td colspan="2"></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="navbox-group">1976–2000</th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150320044209/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burton_Richter" title="Burton Richter">Richter</a> / <a href="/web/20150320044209/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samuel_C._C._Ting" title="Samuel C. C. Ting">Ting</a> (1976)</li> <li><a href="/web/20150320044209/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philip_Warren_Anderson" title="Philip Warren Anderson">P. W. Anderson</a> / <a href="/web/20150320044209/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nevill_Francis_Mott" title="Nevill Francis Mott">Mott</a> / <a href="/web/20150320044209/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Hasbrouck_Van_Vleck" title="John Hasbrouck Van Vleck">Van Vleck</a> (1977)</li> <li><a href="/web/20150320044209/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyotr_Kapitsa" title="Pyotr Kapitsa">Kapitsa</a> / <a href="/web/20150320044209/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arno_Allan_Penzias" title="Arno Allan Penzias">Penzias</a> / <a href="/web/20150320044209/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Woodrow_Wilson" title="Robert Woodrow Wilson">R. Wilson</a> (1978)</li> <li><a href="/web/20150320044209/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sheldon_Lee_Glashow" title="Sheldon Lee Glashow">Glashow</a> / <a href="/web/20150320044209/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abdus_Salam" title="Abdus Salam">Salam</a> / <a href="/web/20150320044209/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steven_Weinberg" title="Steven Weinberg">Weinberg</a> (1979)</li> <li><a href="/web/20150320044209/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Cronin" title="James Cronin">Cronin</a> / <a href="/web/20150320044209/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Val_Logsdon_Fitch" title="Val Logsdon Fitch">Fitch</a> (1980)</li> <li><a href="/web/20150320044209/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicolaas_Bloembergen" title="Nicolaas Bloembergen">Bloembergen</a> / <a href="/web/20150320044209/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthur_Leonard_Schawlow" title="Arthur Leonard Schawlow">Schawlow</a> / <a href="/web/20150320044209/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kai_Siegbahn" title="Kai Siegbahn">K. Siegbahn</a> (1981)</li> <li><a href="/web/20150320044209/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenneth_G._Wilson" title="Kenneth G. Wilson">K. Wilson</a> (1982)</li> <li><a href="/web/20150320044209/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subrahmanyan_Chandrasekhar" title="Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar">Chandrasekhar</a> / <a href="/web/20150320044209/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Alfred_Fowler" title="William Alfred Fowler">Fowler</a> (1983)</li> <li><a href="/web/20150320044209/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carlo_Rubbia" title="Carlo Rubbia">Rubbia</a> / <a href="/web/20150320044209/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simon_van_der_Meer" title="Simon van der Meer">Van der Meer</a> (1984)</li> <li><a href="/web/20150320044209/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klaus_von_Klitzing" title="Klaus von Klitzing">von Klitzing</a> (1985)</li> <li><a href="/web/20150320044209/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernst_Ruska" title="Ernst Ruska">Ruska</a> / <a href="/web/20150320044209/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerd_Binnig" title="Gerd Binnig">Binnig</a> / <a href="/web/20150320044209/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heinrich_Rohrer" title="Heinrich Rohrer">Rohrer</a> (1986)</li> <li><a href="/web/20150320044209/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georg_Bednorz" title="Georg Bednorz">Bednorz</a> / <a href="/web/20150320044209/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K._Alex_M%C3%BCller" title="K. Alex Müller">Müller</a> (1987)</li> <li><a href="/web/20150320044209/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leon_M._Lederman" title="Leon M. Lederman">Lederman</a> / <a href="/web/20150320044209/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melvin_Schwartz" title="Melvin Schwartz">Schwartz</a> / <a href="/web/20150320044209/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack_Steinberger" title="Jack Steinberger">Steinberger</a> (1988)</li> <li><a href="/web/20150320044209/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norman_Foster_Ramsey,_Jr." title="Norman Foster Ramsey, Jr.">Ramsey</a> / <a href="/web/20150320044209/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hans_Georg_Dehmelt" title="Hans Georg Dehmelt">Dehmelt</a> / <a href="/web/20150320044209/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wolfgang_Paul" title="Wolfgang Paul">Paul</a> (1989)</li> <li><a href="/web/20150320044209/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jerome_Isaac_Friedman" title="Jerome Isaac Friedman">Friedman</a> / <a href="/web/20150320044209/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Way_Kendall" title="Henry Way Kendall">Kendall</a> / <a href="/web/20150320044209/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_E._Taylor" title="Richard E. Taylor">R. Taylor</a> (1990)</li> <li><a href="/web/20150320044209/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre-Gilles_de_Gennes" title="Pierre-Gilles de Gennes">de Gennes</a> (1991)</li> <li><a href="/web/20150320044209/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georges_Charpak" title="Georges Charpak">Charpak</a> (1992)</li> <li><a href="/web/20150320044209/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russell_Alan_Hulse" title="Russell Alan Hulse">Hulse</a> / <a href="/web/20150320044209/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Hooton_Taylor,_Jr." title="Joseph Hooton Taylor, Jr.">J. Taylor</a> (1993)</li> <li><a href="/web/20150320044209/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bertram_Brockhouse" title="Bertram Brockhouse">Brockhouse</a> / <a href="/web/20150320044209/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clifford_Shull" title="Clifford Shull">Shull</a> (1994)</li> <li><a href="/web/20150320044209/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Lewis_Perl" title="Martin Lewis Perl">Perl</a> / <a href="/web/20150320044209/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederick_Reines" title="Frederick Reines">Reines</a> (1995)</li> <li><a href="/web/20150320044209/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Lee_(physicist)" title="David Lee (physicist)">D. Lee</a> / <a href="/web/20150320044209/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Douglas_Osheroff" title="Douglas Osheroff">Osheroff</a> / <a href="/web/20150320044209/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Coleman_Richardson" title="Robert Coleman Richardson">R. Richardson</a> (1996)</li> <li><a href="/web/20150320044209/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steven_Chu" title="Steven Chu">Chu</a> / <a href="/web/20150320044209/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claude_Cohen-Tannoudji" title="Claude Cohen-Tannoudji">Cohen-Tannoudji</a> / <a href="/web/20150320044209/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Daniel_Phillips" title="William Daniel Phillips">Phillips</a> (1997)</li> <li><a href="/web/20150320044209/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_B._Laughlin" title="Robert B. Laughlin">Laughlin</a> / <a href="/web/20150320044209/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horst_Ludwig_St%C3%B6rmer" title="Horst Ludwig Störmer">Störmer</a> / <a href="/web/20150320044209/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daniel_C._Tsui" title="Daniel C. Tsui">Tsui</a> (1998)</li> <li><a href="/web/20150320044209/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerard_%27t_Hooft" title="Gerard 't Hooft">'t Hooft</a> / <a href="/web/20150320044209/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martinus_J._G._Veltman" title="Martinus J. G. Veltman">Veltman</a> (1999)</li> <li><a href="/web/20150320044209/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zhores_Alferov" title="Zhores Alferov">Alferov</a> / <a href="/web/20150320044209/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herbert_Kroemer" title="Herbert Kroemer">Kroemer</a> / <a href="/web/20150320044209/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack_Kilby" title="Jack Kilby">Kilby</a> (2000)</li> </ul> </div> </td> </tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td colspan="2"></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="navbox-group">2001–present</th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150320044209/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eric_Allin_Cornell" title="Eric Allin Cornell">Cornell</a> / <a href="/web/20150320044209/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wolfgang_Ketterle" title="Wolfgang Ketterle">Ketterle</a> / <a href="/web/20150320044209/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_Wieman" title="Carl Wieman">Wieman</a> (2001)</li> <li><a href="/web/20150320044209/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raymond_Davis,_Jr." title="Raymond Davis, Jr.">Davis</a> / <a href="/web/20150320044209/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Masatoshi_Koshiba" title="Masatoshi Koshiba">Koshiba</a> / <a href="/web/20150320044209/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riccardo_Giacconi" title="Riccardo Giacconi">Giacconi</a> (2002)</li> <li><a href="/web/20150320044209/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexei_Alexeyevich_Abrikosov" title="Alexei Alexeyevich Abrikosov">Abrikosov</a> / <a href="/web/20150320044209/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vitaly_Ginzburg" title="Vitaly Ginzburg">Ginzburg</a> / <a href="/web/20150320044209/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthony_James_Leggett" title="Anthony James Leggett">Leggett</a> (2003)</li> <li><a href="/web/20150320044209/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Gross" title="David Gross">Gross</a> / <a href="/web/20150320044209/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugh_David_Politzer" title="Hugh David Politzer">Politzer</a> / <a href="/web/20150320044209/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_Wilczek" title="Frank Wilczek">Wilczek</a> (2004)</li> <li><a href="/web/20150320044209/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roy_J._Glauber" title="Roy J. Glauber">Glauber</a> / <a href="/web/20150320044209/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_L._Hall" title="John L. Hall">Hall</a> / <a href="/web/20150320044209/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theodor_W._H%C3%A4nsch" title="Theodor W. Hänsch">Hänsch</a> (2005)</li> <li><a href="/web/20150320044209/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_C._Mather" title="John C. Mather">Mather</a> / <a href="/web/20150320044209/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Smoot" title="George Smoot">Smoot</a> (2006)</li> <li><a href="/web/20150320044209/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albert_Fert" title="Albert Fert">Fert</a> / <a href="/web/20150320044209/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Gr%C3%BCnberg" title="Peter Grünberg">Grünberg</a> (2007)</li> <li><a href="/web/20150320044209/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yoichiro_Nambu" title="Yoichiro Nambu">Nambu</a> / <a href="/web/20150320044209/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Makoto_Kobayashi_(physicist)" title="Makoto Kobayashi (physicist)">Kobayashi</a> / <a href="/web/20150320044209/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toshihide_Maskawa" title="Toshihide Maskawa">Maskawa</a> (2008)</li> <li><a href="/web/20150320044209/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_K._Kao" title="Charles K. Kao">Kao</a> / <a href="/web/20150320044209/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willard_Boyle" title="Willard Boyle">Boyle</a> / <a href="/web/20150320044209/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_E._Smith" title="George E. Smith">Smith</a> (2009)</li> <li><a href="/web/20150320044209/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andre_Geim" title="Andre Geim">Geim</a> / <a href="/web/20150320044209/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konstantin_Novoselov" title="Konstantin Novoselov">Novoselov</a> (2010)</li> <li><a href="/web/20150320044209/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saul_Perlmutter" title="Saul Perlmutter">Perlmutter</a> / <a href="/web/20150320044209/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adam_Riess" title="Adam Riess">Riess</a> / <a href="/web/20150320044209/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brian_Schmidt" title="Brian Schmidt">Schmidt</a> (2011)</li> <li><a href="/web/20150320044209/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_J._Wineland" title="David J. Wineland">Wineland</a> / <a href="/web/20150320044209/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serge_Haroche" title="Serge Haroche">Haroche</a> (2012)</li> <li><a href="/web/20150320044209/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Englert" title="François Englert">Englert</a> / <a href="/web/20150320044209/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Higgs" title="Peter Higgs">Higgs</a> (2013)</li> <li><a href="/web/20150320044209/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isamu_Akasaki" title="Isamu Akasaki">Akasaki</a> / <a href="/web/20150320044209/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hiroshi_Amano" title="Hiroshi Amano">Amano</a> / <a href="/web/20150320044209/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shuji_Nakamura" title="Shuji Nakamura">Nakamura</a> (2014)</li> </ul> </div> </td> </tr> </table> </td> </tr> </table> <table class="navbox" style="border-spacing:0"> <tr> <td style="padding:2px"> <table class="nowraplinks hlist collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"> <tr> <th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"> <div class="plainlinks hlist navbar mini"> <ul> <li class="nv-view"><a href="/web/20150320044209/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:IEEE_Medal_of_Honor_Laureates_1917%E2%80%931925" title="Template:IEEE Medal of Honor Laureates 1917–1925"><span title="View this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;">v</span></a></li> <li class="nv-talk"><a href="/web/20150320044209/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:IEEE_Medal_of_Honor_Laureates_1917%E2%80%931925" title="Template talk:IEEE Medal of Honor Laureates 1917–1925"><span title="Discuss this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;">t</span></a></li> <li class="nv-edit"><a class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20150320044209/http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:IEEE_Medal_of_Honor_Laureates_1917%E2%80%931925&action=edit"><span title="Edit this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;">e</span></a></li> </ul> </div> <div style="font-size:110%"><a href="/web/20150320044209/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IEEE_Medal_of_Honor" title="IEEE Medal of Honor">IEEE Medal of Honor</a></div> </th> </tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td colspan="2"></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="navbox-group">1917–1925</th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150320044209/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edwin_Howard_Armstrong" title="Edwin Howard Armstrong">Edwin H. Armstrong</a> (1917)</li> <li><a href="/web/20150320044209/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernst_Alexanderson" title="Ernst Alexanderson">Ernst Alexanderson</a> (1919)</li> <li><strong class="selflink">Guglielmo Marconi</strong> (1920)</li> <li><a href="/web/20150320044209/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reginald_Aubrey_Fessenden" title="Reginald Aubrey Fessenden" class="mw-redirect">Reginald A. Fessenden</a> (1921)</li> <li><a href="/web/20150320044209/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lee_De_Forest" title="Lee De Forest" class="mw-redirect">Lee De Forest</a> (1922)</li> <li><a href="/web/20150320044209/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Stone_Stone" title="John Stone Stone">John Stone Stone</a> (1923)</li> <li><a href="/web/20150320044209/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mihajlo_Idvorski_Pupin" title="Mihajlo Idvorski Pupin" class="mw-redirect">Michael I. Pupin</a> (1924)</li> </ul> </div> </td> </tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td colspan="2"></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"> <div> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150320044209/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:IEEE_Medal_of_Honor" title="Template:IEEE Medal of Honor"><b>Complete roster</b></a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320044209/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:IEEE_Medal_of_Honor_Laureates_1917%E2%80%931925" title="Template:IEEE Medal of Honor Laureates 1917–1925">1917–1925</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320044209/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:IEEE_Medal_of_Honor_Laureates_1926%E2%80%931950" title="Template:IEEE Medal of Honor Laureates 1926–1950">1926–1950</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320044209/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:IEEE_Medal_of_Honor_Laureates_1951%E2%80%931975" title="Template:IEEE Medal of Honor Laureates 1951–1975">1951–1975</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320044209/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:IEEE_Medal_of_Honor_Laureates_1976%E2%80%932000" title="Template:IEEE Medal of Honor Laureates 1976–2000">1976–2000</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320044209/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:IEEE_Medal_of_Honor_Laureates_2001%E2%80%932025" title="Template:IEEE Medal of Honor Laureates 2001–2025">2001–present</a></li> </ul> </div> </td> </tr> </table> </td> </tr> </table> <table class="navbox" style="border-spacing:0"> <tr> <td style="padding:2px"> <table class="nowraplinks hlist collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"> <tr> <th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"> <div class="plainlinks hlist navbar mini"> <ul> <li class="nv-view"><a href="/web/20150320044209/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Telecommunications" title="Template:Telecommunications"><span title="View this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;">v</span></a></li> <li class="nv-talk"><a href="/web/20150320044209/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Telecommunications" title="Template talk:Telecommunications"><span title="Discuss this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;">t</span></a></li> <li class="nv-edit"><a class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20150320044209/http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Telecommunications&action=edit"><span title="Edit this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;">e</span></a></li> </ul> </div> <div style="font-size:110%"><a href="/web/20150320044209/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunication" title="Telecommunication">Telecommunications</a></div> </th> </tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td colspan="2"></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="navbox-group"><a href="/web/20150320044209/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_telecommunication" title="History of telecommunication">History</a></th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <div class="floatright"><a href="/web/20150320044209/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Telecom-icon.svg" class="image" title="Telecommunications symbol"><img alt="Telecommunications symbol" src="//web.archive.org/web/20150320044209im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Telecom-icon.svg/50px-Telecom-icon.svg.png" width="50" height="50" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20150320044209im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Telecom-icon.svg/75px-Telecom-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20150320044209im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Telecom-icon.svg/100px-Telecom-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500"/></a></div> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150320044209/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beacon#For_defensive_communications" title="Beacon">Beacon</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320044209/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_broadcasting" title="History of broadcasting">Broadcasting</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320044209/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communications_satellite#History" title="Communications satellite">Communications satellite</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320044209/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_network#History" title="Computer network">Computer network</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320044209/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drums_in_communication" title="Drums in communication">Drums</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320044209/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrical_telegraph#History" title="Electrical telegraph">Electrical telegraph</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320044209/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fax#History" title="Fax">Fax</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320044209/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heliograph#History" title="Heliograph">Heliographs</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320044209/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydraulic_telegraph#Greek_hydraulic_semaphore_system" title="Hydraulic telegraph">Hydraulic telegraph</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320044209/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_Internet" title="History of the Internet">Internet</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320044209/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mass_media#History" title="Mass media">Mass media</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320044209/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_mobile_phones" title="History of mobile phones">Mobile phone</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320044209/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optical_communication" title="Optical communication">Optical telecommunication</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320044209/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semaphore_line#History" title="Semaphore line">Optical telegraphy</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320044209/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photophone" title="Photophone">Photophone</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320044209/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_prepaid_mobile_phone" title="History of the prepaid mobile phone">Prepaid mobile phone</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320044209/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_radio" title="History of radio">Radio</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320044209/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radiotelephone" title="Radiotelephone">Radiotelephone</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320044209/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communications_satellite" title="Communications satellite">Satellite communications</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320044209/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smoke_signal" title="Smoke signal">Smoke signals</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320044209/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_telecommunication" title="History of telecommunication">Telecommunications history</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320044209/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telegraphy" title="Telegraphy">Telegraphy</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320044209/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_telephone" title="History of the telephone">Telephone</a></li> <li><i><a href="/web/20150320044209/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Telephone_Cases" title="The Telephone Cases">The Telephone Cases</a></i></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320044209/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_television" title="History of television">Television</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320044209/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_communication_technology" title="Timeline of communication technology">Timeline of communication technology</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320044209/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Submarine_communications_cable#Early_history:_telegraph_and_coaxial_cables" title="Submarine communications cable">Undersea telegraph line</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320044209/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Videoconferencing#History" title="Videoconferencing">Videoconferencing</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320044209/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Videophone#Early_history" title="Videophone">Videophone</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320044209/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_videotelephony" title="History of videotelephony">Videotelephony</a></li> </ul> </div> </td> </tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td colspan="2"></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="navbox-group">Pioneers</th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150320044209/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edwin_Howard_Armstrong" title="Edwin Howard Armstrong">Edwin Howard Armstrong</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320044209/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Logie_Baird" title="John Logie Baird">John Logie Baird</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320044209/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Graham_Bell" title="Alexander Graham Bell">Alexander Graham Bell</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320044209/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tim_Berners-Lee" title="Tim Berners-Lee">Tim Berners-Lee</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320044209/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jagadish_Chandra_Bose" title="Jagadish Chandra Bose">Jagadish Chandra Bose</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320044209/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vint_Cerf" title="Vint Cerf">Vint Cerf</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320044209/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claude_Chappe" title="Claude Chappe">Claude Chappe</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320044209/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lee_de_Forest" title="Lee de Forest">Lee de Forest</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320044209/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philo_Farnsworth" title="Philo Farnsworth">Philo Farnsworth</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320044209/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reginald_Fessenden" title="Reginald Fessenden">Reginald Fessenden</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320044209/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elisha_Gray" title="Elisha Gray">Elisha Gray</a></li> <li><strong class="selflink">Guglielmo Marconi</strong></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320044209/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Stepanovich_Popov" title="Alexander Stepanovich Popov">Alexander Stepanovich Popov</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320044209/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johann_Philipp_Reis" title="Johann Philipp Reis">Johann Philipp Reis</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320044209/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikola_Tesla" title="Nikola Tesla">Nikola Tesla</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320044209/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camille_Papin_Tissot" title="Camille Papin Tissot">Camille Papin Tissot</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320044209/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_Vail" title="Alfred Vail">Alfred Vail</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320044209/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Wheatstone" title="Charles Wheatstone">Charles Wheatstone</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320044209/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vladimir_K._Zworykin" title="Vladimir K. Zworykin">Vladimir K. Zworykin</a></li> </ul> </div> </td> </tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td colspan="2"></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="navbox-group"><a href="/web/20150320044209/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transmission_medium" title="Transmission medium">Transmission<br/> media</a></th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150320044209/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coaxial_cable" title="Coaxial cable">Coaxial cable</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320044209/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free-space_optical_communication" title="Free-space optical communication">Free-space optical</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320044209/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optical_fiber" title="Optical fiber">Optical fiber</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320044209/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radio_wave" title="Radio wave">Radio waves</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320044209/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telephone_line" title="Telephone line">Telephone lines</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320044209/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microwave#Communication" title="Microwave">Terrestrial microwave</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320044209/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IEEE_P1906.1" title="IEEE P1906.1">Molecules</a></li> </ul> </div> </td> </tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td colspan="2"></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="navbox-group"><a href="/web/20150320044209/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Network_topology" title="Network topology">Network topology</a><br/> and switching</th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150320044209/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_link" title="Telecommunications link">Links</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320044209/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Node_(networking)" title="Node (networking)">Nodes</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320044209/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terminal_(telecommunication)" title="Terminal (telecommunication)">Terminal node</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320044209/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Network_switch" title="Network switch">Network switching</a> (<a href="/web/20150320044209/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Circuit_switching" title="Circuit switching">circuit</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320044209/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Packet_switching" title="Packet switching">packet</a>)</li> <li><a href="/web/20150320044209/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telephone_exchange" title="Telephone exchange">Telephone exchange</a></li> </ul> </div> </td> </tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td colspan="2"></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="navbox-group"><a href="/web/20150320044209/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multiplexing" title="Multiplexing">Multiplexing</a></th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150320044209/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multi-user_MIMO#SDMA" title="Multi-user MIMO">Space-division</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320044209/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frequency-division_multiplexing" title="Frequency-division multiplexing">Frequency-division</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320044209/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time-division_multiplexing" title="Time-division multiplexing">Time-division</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320044209/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polarization-division_multiplexing" title="Polarization-division multiplexing">Polarization-division</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320044209/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orbital_angular_momentum_multiplexing" title="Orbital angular momentum multiplexing">Orbital angular-momentum</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320044209/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Code_division_multiple_access" title="Code division multiple access">Code-division</a></li> </ul> </div> </td> </tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td colspan="2"></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="navbox-group"><a href="/web/20150320044209/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_network" title="Telecommunications network">Networks</a></th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150320044209/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ARPANET" title="ARPANET">ARPANET</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320044209/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BITNET" title="BITNET">BITNET</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320044209/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_network" title="Computer network">Computer</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320044209/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethernet" title="Ethernet">Ethernet</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320044209/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FidoNet" title="FidoNet">FidoNet</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320044209/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet" title="Internet">Internet</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320044209/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Integrated_Services_Digital_Network" title="Integrated Services Digital Network">ISDN</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320044209/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Local_area_network" title="Local area network">LAN</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320044209/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mobile_telephony" title="Mobile telephony">Mobile</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320044209/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Next-generation_network" title="Next-generation network">NGN</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320044209/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_switched_telephone_network" title="Public switched telephone network">Public Switched Telephone</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320044209/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radio_network" title="Radio network">Radio</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320044209/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_equipment" title="Telecommunications equipment">Telecommunications equipment</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320044209/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Television_network" title="Television network">Television</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320044209/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telex" title="Telex">Telex</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320044209/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wide_area_network" title="Wide area network">WAN</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320044209/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wireless_network" title="Wireless network">Wireless</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320044209/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Wide_Web" title="World Wide Web">World Wide Web</a></li> </ul> </div> </td> </tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td colspan="2"></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="navbox-group">By continent</th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div> <table class="nowraplinks collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"> <tr> <th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"> <div class="plainlinks hlist navbar mini"> <ul> <li class="nv-view"><a href="/web/20150320044209/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Africa_topic" title="Template:Africa topic"><span title="View this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;">v</span></a></li> <li class="nv-talk"><a href="/web/20150320044209/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Africa_topic" title="Template talk:Africa topic"><span title="Discuss this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;">t</span></a></li> <li class="nv-edit"><a class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20150320044209/http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Africa_topic&action=edit"><span title="Edit this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;">e</span></a></li> </ul> </div> <div style="font-size:110%">Telecommunications in Africa</div> </th> </tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td colspan="2"></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="navbox-group"><a href="/web/20150320044209/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sovereign_state" title="Sovereign state">Sovereign states</a></th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150320044209/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Algeria" title="Telecommunications in Algeria">Algeria</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320044209/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Angola" title="Telecommunications in Angola">Angola</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320044209/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Benin" title="Telecommunications in Benin">Benin</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320044209/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Botswana" title="Telecommunications in Botswana">Botswana</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320044209/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Burkina_Faso" title="Telecommunications in Burkina Faso">Burkina Faso</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320044209/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Burundi" title="Telecommunications in Burundi" class="mw-redirect">Burundi</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320044209/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Cameroon" title="Telecommunications in Cameroon">Cameroon</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320044209/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Cape_Verde" title="Telecommunications in Cape Verde">Cape Verde</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320044209/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_the_Central_African_Republic" title="Telecommunications in the Central African Republic">Central African Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320044209/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Chad" title="Telecommunications in Chad">Chad</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320044209/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Comoros" title="Telecommunications in Comoros">Comoros</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320044209/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Telecommunications in the Democratic Republic of the Congo">Democratic Republic of the Congo</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320044209/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_the_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Telecommunications in the Republic of the Congo">Republic of the Congo</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320044209/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Djibouti" title="Telecommunications in Djibouti">Djibouti</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320044209/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Egypt" title="Telecommunications in Egypt">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320044209/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Equatorial_Guinea" title="Telecommunications in Equatorial Guinea">Equatorial Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320044209/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Eritrea" title="Telecommunications in Eritrea">Eritrea</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320044209/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Ethiopia" title="Telecommunications in Ethiopia">Ethiopia</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320044209/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Gabon" title="Telecommunications in Gabon">Gabon</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320044209/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_the_Gambia" title="Telecommunications in the Gambia">The Gambia</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320044209/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Ghana" title="Telecommunications in Ghana">Ghana</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320044209/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Guinea" title="Telecommunications in Guinea">Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320044209/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Guinea-Bissau" title="Telecommunications in Guinea-Bissau">Guinea-Bissau</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320044209/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Ivory_Coast" title="Telecommunications in Ivory Coast">Ivory Coast (Côte d'Ivoire)</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320044209/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Kenya" title="Telecommunications in Kenya">Kenya</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320044209/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Lesotho" title="Telecommunications in Lesotho">Lesotho</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320044209/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Liberia" title="Telecommunications in Liberia" class="mw-redirect">Liberia</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320044209/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Libya" title="Telecommunications in Libya" class="mw-redirect">Libya</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320044209/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Madagascar" title="Telecommunications in Madagascar">Madagascar</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320044209/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Malawi" title="Telecommunications in Malawi">Malawi</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320044209/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Mali" title="Telecommunications in Mali">Mali</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320044209/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Mauritania" title="Telecommunications in Mauritania">Mauritania</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320044209/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Mauritius" title="Telecommunications in Mauritius">Mauritius</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320044209/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Morocco" title="Telecommunications in Morocco">Morocco</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320044209/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Mozambique" title="Telecommunications in Mozambique">Mozambique</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320044209/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Namibia" title="Telecommunications in Namibia">Namibia</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320044209/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Niger" title="Telecommunications in Niger">Niger</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320044209/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Nigeria" title="Telecommunications in Nigeria">Nigeria</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320044209/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Rwanda" title="Telecommunications in Rwanda">Rwanda</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320044209/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_S%C3%A3o_Tom%C3%A9_and_Pr%C3%ADncipe" title="Telecommunications in São Tomé and Príncipe">São Tomé and Príncipe</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320044209/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Senegal" title="Telecommunications in Senegal">Senegal</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320044209/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Seychelles" title="Telecommunications in Seychelles">Seychelles</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320044209/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Sierra_Leone" title="Telecommunications in Sierra Leone">Sierra Leone</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320044209/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Somalia" title="Telecommunications in Somalia" class="mw-redirect">Somalia</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320044209/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_South_Africa" title="Telecommunications in South Africa">South Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320044209/http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Telecommunications_in_South_Sudan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Telecommunications in South Sudan (page does not exist)">South Sudan</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320044209/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Sudan" title="Telecommunications in Sudan">Sudan</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320044209/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Swaziland" title="Telecommunications in Swaziland">Swaziland</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320044209/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Tanzania" title="Telecommunications in Tanzania">Tanzania</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320044209/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Togo" title="Telecommunications in Togo">Togo</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320044209/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Tunisia" title="Telecommunications in Tunisia">Tunisia</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320044209/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Uganda" title="Telecommunications in Uganda" class="mw-redirect">Uganda</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320044209/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Zambia" title="Telecommunications in Zambia">Zambia</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320044209/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Zimbabwe" title="Telecommunications in Zimbabwe">Zimbabwe</a></li> </ul> </div> </td> </tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td colspan="2"></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="navbox-group"> <div style="padding:0.1em 0;line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/web/20150320044209/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_states_with_limited_recognition" title="List of states with limited recognition">States with limited<br/> recognition</a></div> </th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150320044209/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_the_Sahrawi_Arab_Democratic_Republic" title="Telecommunications in the Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic" class="mw-redirect">Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320044209/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Somaliland" title="Telecommunications in Somaliland">Somaliland</a></li> </ul> </div> </td> </tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td colspan="2"></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="navbox-group"> <div style="padding:0.1em 0;line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/web/20150320044209/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dependent_territory" title="Dependent territory">Dependencies</a> and<br/> other territories</div> </th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <div> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150320044209/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_the_Canary_Islands" title="Telecommunications in the Canary Islands" class="mw-redirect">Canary Islands</a> / <a href="/web/20150320044209/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Ceuta" title="Telecommunications in Ceuta" class="mw-redirect">Ceuta</a> / <a href="/web/20150320044209/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Melilla" title="Telecommunications in Melilla" class="mw-redirect">Melilla</a> / <a href="/web/20150320044209/http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Telecommunications_in_Plazas_de_soberan%C3%ADa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Telecommunications in Plazas de soberanía (page does not exist)">Plazas de soberanía</a> <small style="font-size:85%;">(Spain)</small></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320044209/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Madeira" title="Telecommunications in Madeira" class="mw-redirect">Madeira</a> <small style="font-size:85%;">(Portugal)</small></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320044209/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Mayotte" title="Telecommunications in Mayotte">Mayotte</a> / <a href="/web/20150320044209/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_R%C3%A9union" title="Telecommunications in Réunion">Réunion</a> <small style="font-size:85%;">(France)</small></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320044209/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Saint_Helena" title="Telecommunications in Saint Helena" class="mw-redirect">Saint Helena</a> / <a href="/web/20150320044209/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Ascension_Island" title="Telecommunications in Ascension Island" class="mw-redirect">Ascension Island</a> / <a href="/web/20150320044209/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Tristan_da_Cunha" title="Telecommunications in Tristan da Cunha" class="mw-redirect">Tristan da Cunha</a> <small style="font-size:85%;">(United Kingdom)</small></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320044209/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Western_Sahara" title="Telecommunications in Western Sahara">Western Sahara</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </td> </tr> </table> <table class="nowraplinks collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"> <tr> <th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"> <div class="plainlinks hlist navbar mini"> <ul> <li class="nv-view"><a href="/web/20150320044209/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Asia_topic" title="Template:Asia topic"><span title="View this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;">v</span></a></li> <li class="nv-talk"><a href="/web/20150320044209/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Asia_topic" title="Template talk:Asia topic"><span title="Discuss this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;">t</span></a></li> <li class="nv-edit"><a class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20150320044209/http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Asia_topic&action=edit"><span title="Edit this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;">e</span></a></li> </ul> </div> <div style="font-size:110%">Telecommunications in Asia</div> </th> </tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td colspan="2"></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="navbox-group"><a href="/web/20150320044209/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_sovereign_states" title="List of sovereign states">Sovereign states</a></th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150320044209/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Afghanistan" title="Telecommunications in Afghanistan" class="mw-redirect">Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320044209/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Armenia" title="Telecommunications in Armenia">Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320044209/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Azerbaijan" title="Telecommunications in Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320044209/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Bahrain" title="Telecommunications in Bahrain">Bahrain</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320044209/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Bangladesh" title="Telecommunications in Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320044209/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Bhutan" title="Telecommunications in Bhutan">Bhutan</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320044209/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Brunei" title="Telecommunications in Brunei">Brunei</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320044209/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Burma" title="Telecommunications in Burma">Burma (Myanmar)</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320044209/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Cambodia" title="Telecommunications in Cambodia">Cambodia</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320044209/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_China" title="Telecommunications in China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320044209/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Cyprus" title="Telecommunications in Cyprus">Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320044209/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_East_Timor" title="Telecommunications in East Timor">East Timor (Timor-Leste)</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320044209/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Egypt" title="Telecommunications in Egypt">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320044209/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Georgia_(country)" title="Telecommunications in Georgia (country)">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320044209/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_India" title="Telecommunications in India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320044209/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Indonesia" title="Telecommunications in Indonesia" class="mw-redirect">Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320044209/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Iran" title="Telecommunications in Iran" class="mw-redirect">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320044209/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Iraq" title="Telecommunications in Iraq">Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320044209/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Israel" title="Telecommunications in Israel">Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320044209/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Japan" title="Telecommunications in Japan" class="mw-redirect">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320044209/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Jordan" title="Telecommunications in Jordan">Jordan</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320044209/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Kazakhstan" title="Telecommunications in Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320044209/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_North_Korea" title="Telecommunications in North Korea">North Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320044209/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_South_Korea" title="Telecommunications in South Korea">South Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320044209/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Kuwait" title="Telecommunications in Kuwait">Kuwait</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320044209/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Kyrgyzstan" title="Telecommunications in Kyrgyzstan">Kyrgyzstan</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320044209/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Laos" title="Telecommunications in Laos">Laos</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320044209/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Lebanon" title="Telecommunications in Lebanon">Lebanon</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320044209/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Malaysia" title="Telecommunications in Malaysia">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320044209/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_the_Maldives" title="Telecommunications in the Maldives">Maldives</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320044209/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Mongolia" title="Telecommunications in Mongolia">Mongolia</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320044209/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Nepal" title="Telecommunications in Nepal">Nepal</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320044209/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Oman" title="Telecommunications in Oman">Oman</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320044209/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Pakistan" title="Telecommunications in Pakistan">Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320044209/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_the_Philippines" title="Telecommunications in the Philippines">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320044209/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Qatar" title="Telecommunications in Qatar">Qatar</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320044209/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Russia" title="Telecommunications in Russia">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320044209/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Saudi_Arabia" title="Telecommunications in Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320044209/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Singapore" title="Telecommunications in Singapore">Singapore</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320044209/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Sri_Lanka" title="Telecommunications in Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320044209/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Syria" title="Telecommunications in Syria">Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320044209/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Tajikistan" title="Telecommunications in Tajikistan">Tajikistan</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320044209/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Thailand" title="Telecommunications in Thailand">Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320044209/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Turkey" title="Telecommunications in Turkey">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320044209/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Turkmenistan" title="Telecommunications in Turkmenistan">Turkmenistan</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320044209/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_the_United_Arab_Emirates" title="Telecommunications in the United Arab Emirates">United Arab Emirates</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320044209/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Uzbekistan" title="Telecommunications in Uzbekistan">Uzbekistan</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320044209/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Vietnam" title="Telecommunications in Vietnam">Vietnam</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320044209/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Yemen" title="Telecommunications in Yemen">Yemen</a></li> </ul> </div> </td> </tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td colspan="2"></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="navbox-group"><a href="/web/20150320044209/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_states_with_limited_recognition" title="List of states with limited recognition">States with<br/> limited recognition</a></th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150320044209/http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Telecommunications_in_Abkhazia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Telecommunications in Abkhazia (page does not exist)">Abkhazia</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320044209/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_the_Nagorno-Karabakh_Republic" title="Telecommunications in the Nagorno-Karabakh Republic" class="mw-redirect">Nagorno-Karabakh</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320044209/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Northern_Cyprus" title="Telecommunications in Northern Cyprus" class="mw-redirect">Northern Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320044209/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_the_Palestinian_territories" title="Telecommunications in the Palestinian territories" class="mw-redirect">Palestine</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320044209/http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Telecommunications_in_South_Ossetia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Telecommunications in South Ossetia (page does not exist)">South Ossetia</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320044209/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Taiwan" title="Telecommunications in Taiwan">Taiwan</a></li> </ul> </div> </td> </tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td colspan="2"></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="navbox-group"><a href="/web/20150320044209/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dependent_territory" title="Dependent territory">Dependencies</a> and<br/> other territories</th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150320044209/http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Telecommunications_in_the_British_Indian_Ocean_Territory&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Telecommunications in the British Indian Ocean Territory (page does not exist)">British Indian Ocean Territory</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320044209/http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Telecommunications_in_Christmas_Island&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Telecommunications in Christmas Island (page does not exist)">Christmas Island</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320044209/http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Telecommunications_in_the_Cocos_(Keeling)_Islands&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Telecommunications in the Cocos (Keeling) Islands (page does not exist)">Cocos (Keeling) Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320044209/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Hong_Kong" title="Telecommunications in Hong Kong" class="mw-redirect">Hong Kong</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320044209/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Macau" title="Telecommunications in Macau">Macau</a></li> </ul> </div> </td> </tr> </table> <table class="nowraplinks collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"> <tr> <th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"> <div class="plainlinks hlist navbar mini"> <ul> <li class="nv-view"><a href="/web/20150320044209/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Europe_topic" title="Template:Europe topic"><span title="View this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;">v</span></a></li> <li class="nv-talk"><a href="/web/20150320044209/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Europe_topic" title="Template talk:Europe topic"><span title="Discuss this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;">t</span></a></li> <li class="nv-edit"><a class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20150320044209/http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Europe_topic&action=edit"><span title="Edit this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;">e</span></a></li> </ul> </div> <div style="font-size:110%"><a href="/web/20150320044209/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Europe" title="Telecommunications in Europe" class="mw-redirect">Telecommunications in Europe</a></div> </th> </tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td colspan="2"></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="navbox-group"><a href="/web/20150320044209/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sovereign_state" title="Sovereign state">Sovereign states</a></th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150320044209/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Albania" title="Telecommunications in Albania">Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320044209/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Andorra" title="Telecommunications in Andorra">Andorra</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320044209/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Armenia" title="Telecommunications in Armenia">Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320044209/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Austria" title="Telecommunications in Austria">Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320044209/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Azerbaijan" title="Telecommunications in Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320044209/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Belarus" title="Telecommunications in Belarus">Belarus</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320044209/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Belgium" title="Telecommunications in Belgium">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320044209/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="Telecommunications in Bosnia and Herzegovina">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320044209/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Bulgaria" title="Telecommunications in Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320044209/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Croatia" title="Telecommunications in Croatia">Croatia</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320044209/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Cyprus" title="Telecommunications in Cyprus">Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320044209/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_the_Czech_Republic" title="Telecommunications in the Czech Republic">Czech Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320044209/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Denmark" title="Telecommunications in Denmark">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320044209/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Estonia" title="Telecommunications in Estonia">Estonia</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320044209/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Finland" title="Telecommunications in Finland">Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320044209/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_France" title="Telecommunications in France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320044209/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Georgia_(country)" title="Telecommunications in Georgia (country)">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320044209/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Germany" title="Telecommunications in Germany">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320044209/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Greece" title="Telecommunications in Greece">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320044209/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Hungary" title="Telecommunications in Hungary">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320044209/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Iceland" title="Telecommunications in Iceland">Iceland</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320044209/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_the_Republic_of_Ireland" title="Telecommunications in the Republic of Ireland">Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320044209/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Italy" title="Telecommunications in Italy">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320044209/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Kazakhstan" title="Telecommunications in Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320044209/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Latvia" title="Telecommunications in Latvia">Latvia</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320044209/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Liechtenstein" title="Telecommunications in Liechtenstein">Liechtenstein</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320044209/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Lithuania" title="Telecommunications in Lithuania">Lithuania</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320044209/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Luxembourg" title="Telecommunications in Luxembourg">Luxembourg</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320044209/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_the_Republic_of_Macedonia" title="Telecommunications in the Republic of Macedonia">Macedonia</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320044209/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Malta" title="Telecommunications in Malta">Malta</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320044209/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Moldova" title="Telecommunications in Moldova">Moldova</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320044209/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Monaco" title="Telecommunications in Monaco">Monaco</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320044209/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Montenegro" title="Telecommunications in Montenegro">Montenegro</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320044209/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_the_Netherlands" title="Telecommunications in the Netherlands">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320044209/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Norway" title="Telecommunications in Norway">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320044209/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Poland" title="Telecommunications in Poland">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320044209/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Portugal" title="Telecommunications in Portugal">Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320044209/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Romania" title="Telecommunications in Romania" class="mw-redirect">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320044209/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Russia" title="Telecommunications in Russia">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320044209/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_San_Marino" title="Telecommunications in San Marino">San Marino</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320044209/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Serbia" title="Telecommunications in Serbia">Serbia</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320044209/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Slovakia" title="Telecommunications in Slovakia">Slovakia</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320044209/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Slovenia" title="Telecommunications in Slovenia">Slovenia</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320044209/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Spain" title="Telecommunications in Spain">Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320044209/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Sweden" title="Telecommunications in Sweden">Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320044209/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Switzerland" title="Telecommunications in Switzerland">Switzerland</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320044209/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Turkey" title="Telecommunications in Turkey">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320044209/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Ukraine" title="Telecommunications in Ukraine">Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320044209/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Telecommunications in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li> </ul> </div> </td> </tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td colspan="2"></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="navbox-group"> <div style="padding:0.1em 0;line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/web/20150320044209/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_states_with_limited_recognition" title="List of states with limited recognition">States with limited<br/> recognition</a></div> </th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150320044209/http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Telecommunications_in_Abkhazia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Telecommunications in Abkhazia (page does not exist)">Abkhazia</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320044209/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Kosovo" title="Telecommunications in Kosovo">Kosovo</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320044209/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_the_Nagorno-Karabakh_Republic" title="Telecommunications in the Nagorno-Karabakh Republic" class="mw-redirect">Nagorno-Karabakh</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320044209/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Northern_Cyprus" title="Telecommunications in Northern Cyprus" class="mw-redirect">Northern Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320044209/http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Telecommunications_in_South_Ossetia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Telecommunications in South Ossetia (page does not exist)">South Ossetia</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320044209/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Transnistria" title="Telecommunications in Transnistria">Transnistria</a></li> </ul> </div> </td> </tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td colspan="2"></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="navbox-group"> <div style="padding:0.1em 0;line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/web/20150320044209/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dependent_territory" title="Dependent territory">Dependencies</a> and<br/> other territories</div> </th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150320044209/http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Telecommunications_in_%C3%85land&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Telecommunications in Åland (page does not exist)">Åland</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320044209/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_the_Faroe_Islands" title="Telecommunications in the Faroe Islands">Faroe Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320044209/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Gibraltar" title="Telecommunications in Gibraltar" class="mw-redirect">Gibraltar</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320044209/http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Telecommunications_in_Guernsey&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Telecommunications in Guernsey (page does not exist)">Guernsey</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320044209/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Jersey" title="Telecommunications in Jersey">Jersey</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320044209/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_the_Isle_of_Man" title="Telecommunications in the Isle of Man" class="mw-redirect">Isle of Man</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320044209/http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Telecommunications_in_Svalbard&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Telecommunications in Svalbard (page does not exist)">Svalbard</a></li> </ul> </div> </td> </tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td colspan="2"></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="navbox-group">Other entities</th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150320044209/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_the_European_Union" title="Telecommunications in the European Union" class="mw-redirect">European Union</a></li> </ul> </div> </td> </tr> </table> <table class="nowraplinks collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"> <tr> <th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"> <div class="plainlinks hlist navbar mini"> <ul> <li class="nv-view"><a href="/web/20150320044209/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:North_America_topic" title="Template:North America topic"><span title="View this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;">v</span></a></li> <li class="nv-talk"><a href="/web/20150320044209/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:North_America_topic" title="Template talk:North America topic"><span title="Discuss this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;">t</span></a></li> <li class="nv-edit"><a class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20150320044209/http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:North_America_topic&action=edit"><span title="Edit this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;">e</span></a></li> </ul> </div> <div style="font-size:110%">Telecommunications in North America</div> </th> </tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td colspan="2"></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="navbox-group">Sovereign states</th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150320044209/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Antigua_and_Barbuda" title="Telecommunications in Antigua and Barbuda">Antigua and Barbuda</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320044209/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_the_Bahamas" title="Telecommunications in the Bahamas">Bahamas</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320044209/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Barbados" title="Telecommunications in Barbados">Barbados</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320044209/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Belize" title="Telecommunications in Belize">Belize</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320044209/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Canada" title="Telecommunications in Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320044209/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Costa_Rica" title="Telecommunications in Costa Rica">Costa Rica</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320044209/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Cuba" title="Telecommunications in Cuba">Cuba</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320044209/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Dominica" title="Telecommunications in Dominica">Dominica</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320044209/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_the_Dominican_Republic" title="Telecommunications in the Dominican Republic">Dominican Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320044209/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_El_Salvador" title="Telecommunications in El Salvador">El Salvador</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320044209/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Grenada" title="Telecommunications in Grenada">Grenada</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320044209/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Guatemala" title="Telecommunications in Guatemala">Guatemala</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320044209/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Haiti" title="Telecommunications in Haiti">Haiti</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320044209/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Honduras" title="Telecommunications in Honduras">Honduras</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320044209/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Jamaica" title="Telecommunications in Jamaica">Jamaica</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320044209/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Mexico" title="Telecommunications in Mexico">Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320044209/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Nicaragua" title="Telecommunications in Nicaragua">Nicaragua</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320044209/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Panama" title="Telecommunications in Panama">Panama</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320044209/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Saint_Kitts_and_Nevis" title="Telecommunications in Saint Kitts and Nevis">Saint Kitts and Nevis</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320044209/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Saint_Lucia" title="Telecommunications in Saint Lucia">Saint Lucia</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320044209/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Saint_Vincent_and_the_Grenadines" title="Telecommunications in Saint Vincent and the Grenadines">Saint Vincent and the Grenadines</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320044209/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Trinidad_and_Tobago" title="Telecommunications in Trinidad and Tobago">Trinidad and Tobago</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320044209/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_the_United_States" title="Telecommunications in the United States" class="mw-redirect">United States</a></li> </ul> </div> </td> </tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td colspan="2"></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="navbox-group"> <div style="padding:0.1em 0;line-height:1.2em;">Dependencies and<br/> other territories</div> </th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150320044209/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Anguilla" title="Telecommunications in Anguilla">Anguilla</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320044209/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Aruba" title="Telecommunications in Aruba">Aruba</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320044209/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Bermuda" title="Telecommunications in Bermuda">Bermuda</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320044209/http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Telecommunications_in_Bonaire&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Telecommunications in Bonaire (page does not exist)">Bonaire</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320044209/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_the_British_Virgin_Islands" title="Telecommunications in the British Virgin Islands">British Virgin Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320044209/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_the_Cayman_Islands" title="Telecommunications in the Cayman Islands">Cayman Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320044209/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Cura%C3%A7ao" title="Telecommunications in Curaçao">Curaçao</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320044209/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Greenland" title="Telecommunications in Greenland">Greenland</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320044209/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Guadeloupe" title="Telecommunications in Guadeloupe">Guadeloupe</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320044209/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Martinique" title="Telecommunications in Martinique">Martinique</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320044209/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Montserrat" title="Telecommunications in Montserrat">Montserrat</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320044209/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Navassa_Island" title="Telecommunications in Navassa Island" class="mw-redirect">Navassa Island</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320044209/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Puerto_Rico" title="Telecommunications in Puerto Rico">Puerto Rico</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320044209/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Saint_Barth%C3%A9lemy" title="Telecommunications in Saint Barthélemy" class="mw-redirect">Saint Barthélemy</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320044209/http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Telecommunications_in_the_Collectivity_of_Saint_Martin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Telecommunications in the Collectivity of Saint Martin (page does not exist)">Saint Martin</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320044209/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Saint_Pierre_and_Miquelon" title="Telecommunications in Saint Pierre and Miquelon">Saint Pierre and Miquelon</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320044209/http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Telecommunications_in_Saba&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Telecommunications in Saba (page does not exist)">Saba</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320044209/http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Telecommunications_in_Sint_Eustatius&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Telecommunications in Sint Eustatius (page does not exist)">Sint Eustatius</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320044209/http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Telecommunications_in_Sint_Maarten&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Telecommunications in Sint Maarten (page does not exist)">Sint Maarten</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320044209/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_the_Turks_and_Caicos_Islands" title="Telecommunications in the Turks and Caicos Islands">Turks and Caicos Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320044209/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_the_United_States_Virgin_Islands" title="Telecommunications in the United States Virgin Islands">United States Virgin Islands</a></li> </ul> </div> </td> </tr> </table> <table class="nowraplinks collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"> <tr> <th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"> <div class="plainlinks hlist navbar mini"> <ul> <li class="nv-view"><a href="/web/20150320044209/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Oceania_topic" title="Template:Oceania topic"><span title="View this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;">v</span></a></li> <li class="nv-talk"><a href="/web/20150320044209/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Oceania_topic" title="Template talk:Oceania topic"><span title="Discuss this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;">t</span></a></li> <li class="nv-edit"><a class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20150320044209/http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Oceania_topic&action=edit"><span title="Edit this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;">e</span></a></li> </ul> </div> <div style="font-size:110%">Telecommunications in Oceania</div> </th> </tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td colspan="2"></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="navbox-group"><a href="/web/20150320044209/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sovereign_state" title="Sovereign state">Sovereign states</a></th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150320044209/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Australia" title="Telecommunications in Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320044209/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_East_Timor" title="Telecommunications in East Timor">East Timor</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320044209/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Fiji" title="Telecommunications in Fiji">Fiji</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320044209/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Indonesia" title="Telecommunications in Indonesia" class="mw-redirect">Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320044209/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Kiribati" title="Telecommunications in Kiribati">Kiribati</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320044209/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_the_Marshall_Islands" title="Telecommunications in the Marshall Islands" class="mw-redirect">Marshall Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320044209/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_the_Federated_States_of_Micronesia" title="Telecommunications in the Federated States of Micronesia">Federated States of Micronesia</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320044209/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Nauru" title="Telecommunications in Nauru">Nauru</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320044209/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_New_Zealand" title="Telecommunications in New Zealand">New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320044209/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Palau" title="Telecommunications in Palau">Palau</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320044209/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Papua_New_Guinea" title="Telecommunications in Papua New Guinea" class="mw-redirect">Papua New Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320044209/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Samoa" title="Telecommunications in Samoa">Samoa</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320044209/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_the_Solomon_Islands" title="Telecommunications in the Solomon Islands">Solomon Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320044209/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Tonga" title="Telecommunications in Tonga">Tonga</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320044209/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Tuvalu" title="Telecommunications in Tuvalu">Tuvalu</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320044209/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Vanuatu" title="Telecommunications in Vanuatu">Vanuatu</a></li> </ul> </div> </td> </tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td colspan="2"></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="navbox-group"><a href="/web/20150320044209/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Realm_of_New_Zealand" title="Realm of New Zealand">Associated states<br/> of New Zealand</a></th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150320044209/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_the_Cook_Islands" title="Telecommunications in the Cook Islands">Cook Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320044209/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Niue" title="Telecommunications in Niue" class="mw-redirect">Niue</a></li> </ul> </div> </td> </tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td colspan="2"></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="navbox-group"><a href="/web/20150320044209/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dependent_territory" title="Dependent territory">Dependencies</a><br/> and other territories</th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150320044209/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_American_Samoa" title="Telecommunications in American Samoa">American Samoa</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320044209/http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Telecommunications_in_Christmas_Island&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Telecommunications in Christmas Island (page does not exist)">Christmas Island</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320044209/http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Telecommunications_in_the_Cocos_(Keeling)_Islands&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Telecommunications in the Cocos (Keeling) Islands (page does not exist)">Cocos (Keeling) Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320044209/http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Telecommunications_in_Easter_Island&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Telecommunications in Easter Island (page does not exist)">Easter Island</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320044209/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_French_Polynesia" title="Telecommunications in French Polynesia">French Polynesia</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320044209/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Guam" title="Telecommunications in Guam" class="mw-redirect">Guam</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320044209/http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Telecommunications_in_Hawaii&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Telecommunications in Hawaii (page does not exist)">Hawaii</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320044209/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_New_Caledonia" title="Telecommunications in New Caledonia">New Caledonia</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320044209/http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Telecommunications_in_Norfolk_Island&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Telecommunications in Norfolk Island (page does not exist)">Norfolk Island</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320044209/http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Telecommunications_in_the_Northern_Mariana_Islands&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Telecommunications in the Northern Mariana Islands (page does not exist)">Northern Mariana Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320044209/http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Telecommunications_in_the_Pitcairn_Islands&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Telecommunications in the Pitcairn Islands (page does not exist)">Pitcairn Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320044209/http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Telecommunications_in_Tokelau&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Telecommunications in Tokelau (page does not exist)">Tokelau</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320044209/http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Telecommunications_in_Wallis_and_Futuna&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Telecommunications in Wallis and Futuna (page does not exist)">Wallis and Futuna</a></li> </ul> </div> </td> </tr> </table> <table class="nowraplinks collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"> <tr> <th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"> <div class="plainlinks hlist navbar mini"> <ul> <li class="nv-view"><a href="/web/20150320044209/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:South_America_topic" title="Template:South America topic"><span title="View this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;">v</span></a></li> <li class="nv-talk"><a href="/web/20150320044209/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:South_America_topic" title="Template talk:South America topic"><span title="Discuss this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;">t</span></a></li> <li class="nv-edit"><a class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20150320044209/http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:South_America_topic&action=edit"><span title="Edit this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;">e</span></a></li> </ul> </div> <div style="font-size:110%">Telecommunications in South America</div> </th> </tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td colspan="2"></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="navbox-group"><a href="/web/20150320044209/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_sovereign_states" title="List of sovereign states">Sovereign states</a></th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150320044209/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Argentina" title="Telecommunications in Argentina" class="mw-redirect">Argentina</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320044209/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Bolivia" title="Telecommunications in Bolivia">Bolivia</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320044209/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Brazil" title="Telecommunications in Brazil">Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320044209/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Chile" title="Telecommunications in Chile">Chile</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320044209/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Colombia" title="Telecommunications in Colombia" class="mw-redirect">Colombia</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320044209/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Ecuador" title="Telecommunications in Ecuador">Ecuador</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320044209/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Guyana" title="Telecommunications in Guyana">Guyana</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320044209/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Paraguay" title="Telecommunications in Paraguay">Paraguay</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320044209/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Peru" title="Telecommunications in Peru">Peru</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320044209/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Suriname" title="Telecommunications in Suriname">Suriname</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320044209/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Uruguay" title="Telecommunications in Uruguay">Uruguay</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320044209/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Venezuela" title="Telecommunications in Venezuela">Venezuela</a></li> </ul> </div> </td> </tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td colspan="2"></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="navbox-group"> <div style="padding:0.1em 0;line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/web/20150320044209/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dependent_territory" title="Dependent territory">Dependencies</a> and<br/> other territories</div> </th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150320044209/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_the_Falkland_Islands" title="Telecommunications in the Falkland Islands">Falkland Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320044209/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_French_Guiana" title="Telecommunications in French Guiana">French Guiana</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320044209/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_South_Georgia_and_the_South_Sandwich_Islands" title="Telecommunications in South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands" class="mw-redirect"><span style="white-space:normal;">South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </td> </tr> </table> </td> </tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td colspan="2"></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"> <div> <ul> <li><img alt="Category" src="//web.archive.org/web/20150320044209im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/48/Folder_Hexagonal_Icon.svg/16px-Folder_Hexagonal_Icon.svg.png" title="Category" width="16" height="14" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20150320044209im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/48/Folder_Hexagonal_Icon.svg/24px-Folder_Hexagonal_Icon.svg.png 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20150320044209im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/48/Folder_Hexagonal_Icon.svg/32px-Folder_Hexagonal_Icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="36" data-file-height="31"/> <b><a href="/web/20150320044209/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Telecommunications" title="Category:Telecommunications">Telecommunications</a></b></li> <li><img alt="Commons page" src="//web.archive.org/web/20150320044209im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" title="Commons page" width="12" height="16" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20150320044209im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20150320044209im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376"/> <b><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150320044209/http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Telecommunication" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Telecommunication">Telecommunication</a></b></li> <li><img alt="Portal" src="//web.archive.org/web/20150320044209im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fd/Portal-puzzle.svg/16px-Portal-puzzle.svg.png" title="Portal" width="16" height="14" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20150320044209im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fd/Portal-puzzle.svg/24px-Portal-puzzle.svg.png 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20150320044209im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fd/Portal-puzzle.svg/32px-Portal-puzzle.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="32" data-file-height="28"/> <b><a href="/web/20150320044209/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Telecommunication" title="Portal:Telecommunication">Telecommunication</a></b></li> <li><img alt="Portal" src="//web.archive.org/web/20150320044209im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fd/Portal-puzzle.svg/16px-Portal-puzzle.svg.png" title="Portal" width="16" height="14" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20150320044209im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fd/Portal-puzzle.svg/24px-Portal-puzzle.svg.png 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20150320044209im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fd/Portal-puzzle.svg/32px-Portal-puzzle.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="32" data-file-height="28"/> <b><a href="/web/20150320044209/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Mass_surveillance" title="Portal:Mass surveillance">Mass surveillance</a></b></li> </ul> </div> </td> </tr> </table> </td> </tr> </table> <table class="navbox" style="border-spacing:0"> <tr> <td style="padding:2px"> <table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"> <tr> <th scope="row" class="navbox-group"><a href="/web/20150320044209/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Authority_control" title="Authority control">Authority control</a></th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20150320044209/http://www.worldcat.org/identities/lccn-n50-040633">WorldCat</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320044209/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virtual_International_Authority_File" title="Virtual International Authority File">VIAF</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150320044209/https://viaf.org/viaf/27867512">27867512</a></span></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320044209/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Library_of_Congress_Control_Number" title="Library of Congress Control Number">LCCN</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150320044209/http://id.loc.gov/authorities/names/n50040633">n50040633</a></span></li> <li><a href="/web/20150320044209/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Name_Identifier" title="International Standard Name Identifier">ISNI</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150320044209/http://isni-url.oclc.nl/isni/0000000123201110">0000 0001 2320 1110</a></span></li> <li><a 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href="/web/20150320044209/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrical_engineer" title="Electrical engineer" class="mw-redirect">Electrical engineer</a></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="persondata-label" style="color:#aaa;">Date of birth</td> <td>25 April 1874</td> </tr> <tr> <td class="persondata-label" style="color:#aaa;">Place of birth</td> <td><a href="/web/20150320044209/http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Palazzo_Marescalchi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Palazzo Marescalchi (page does not exist)">Palazzo Marescalchi</a>, <a href="/web/20150320044209/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bologna" title="Bologna">Bologna</a>, Italy</td> </tr> <tr> <td class="persondata-label" style="color:#aaa;">Date of death</td> <td>20 July 1937</td> </tr> <tr> <td class="persondata-label" style="color:#aaa;">Place of death</td> <td>Rome, Italy</td> </tr> </table>    <noscript><img src="//web.archive.org/web/20150320044209im_/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" 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class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150320044209/http://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%BA%D9%88%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%8A%D9%84%D9%85%D9%88_%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%83%D9%88%D9%86%D9%8A" title="غولييلمو ماركوني – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar">العربية</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150320044209/http://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guglielmo_Marconi" title="Guglielmo Marconi – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an">Aragonés</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150320044209/http://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guglielmo_Marconi" title="Guglielmo Marconi – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast">Asturianu</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150320044209/http://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guqlielmo_Markoni" title="Guqlielmo Markoni – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az">Azərbaycanca</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150320044209/http://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%97%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%8B_%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BF" title="গুলিয়েলমো মার্কোনি – Bengali" lang="bn" hreflang="bn">বাংলা</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150320044209/http://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BC%D0%B0_%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%96" title="Гульельма Марконі – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be">Беларуская</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150320044209/http://be-x-old.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BC%D0%B0_%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%96" title="Гульельма Марконі – беларуская (тарашкевіца)‎" lang="be-x-old" hreflang="be-x-old">Беларуская (тарашкевіца)‎</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150320044209/http://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%BC%D0%BE_%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8" title="Гулиелмо Маркони – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg">Български</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150320044209/http://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guglielmo_Marconi" title="Guglielmo Marconi – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs">Bosanski</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150320044209/http://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guglielmo_Marconi" title="Guglielmo Marconi – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca">Català</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150320044209/http://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guglielmo_Marconi" title="Guglielmo Marconi – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs">Čeština</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150320044209/http://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guglielmo_Marconi" title="Guglielmo Marconi – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da">Dansk</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150320044209/http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guglielmo_Marconi" title="Guglielmo Marconi – German" lang="de" hreflang="de">Deutsch</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dv"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150320044209/http://dv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DE%8E%DE%AC%DE%8E%DE%B0%DE%8D%DE%A8%DE%87%DE%A6%DE%8D%DE%B0%DE%89%DE%AF_%DE%89%DE%A7%DE%86%DE%AF%DE%82%DE%A9" title="ގެގްލިއަލްމޯ މާކޯނީ – Divehi" lang="dv" hreflang="dv">ދިވެހިބަސް</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150320044209/http://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guglielmo_Marconi" title="Guglielmo Marconi – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et">Eesti</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150320044209/http://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%93%CE%BF%CF%85%CE%BB%CE%B9%CE%AD%CE%BB%CE%BC%CE%BF_%CE%9C%CE%B1%CF%81%CE%BA%CF%8C%CE%BD%CE%B9" title="Γουλιέλμο Μαρκόνι – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el">Ελληνικά</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eml"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150320044209/http://eml.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guglielmo_Marconi" title="Guglielmo Marconi – Emiliano-Romagnolo" lang="eml" hreflang="eml">Emiliàn e rumagnòl</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150320044209/http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guillermo_Marconi" title="Guillermo Marconi – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es">Español</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150320044209/http://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guglielmo_Marconi" title="Guglielmo Marconi – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo">Esperanto</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150320044209/http://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guglielmo_Marconi" title="Guglielmo Marconi – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu">Euskara</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150320044209/http://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%AF%D9%88%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%84%D9%85%D9%88_%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B1%DA%A9%D9%88%D9%86%DB%8C" title="گولیلمو مارکونی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa">فارسی</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150320044209/http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guglielmo_Marconi" title="Guglielmo Marconi – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr">Français</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150320044209/http://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guglielmo_Marconi" title="Guglielmo Marconi – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga">Gaeilge</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150320044209/http://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guglielmo_Marconi" title="Guglielmo Marconi – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl">Galego</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150320044209/http://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%B5%B4%EB%A6%AC%EC%97%98%EB%AA%A8_%EB%A7%88%EB%A5%B4%EC%BD%94%EB%8B%88" title="굴리엘모 마르코니 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko">한국어</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150320044209/http://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B3%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%AC%D5%AB%D5%A5%D5%AC%D5%B4%D5%B8_%D5%84%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%AF%D5%B8%D5%B6%D5%AB" title="Գուլիելմո Մարկոնի – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy">Հայերեն</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150320044209/http://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8B_%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%80" title="गुल्येल्मो मार्कोनी – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi">हिन्दी</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150320044209/http://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guglielmo_Marconi" title="Guglielmo Marconi – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr">Hrvatski</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150320044209/http://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guglielmo_Marconi" title="Guglielmo Marconi – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io">Ido</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150320044209/http://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guglielmo_Marconi" title="Guglielmo Marconi – Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo">Ilokano</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150320044209/http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guglielmo_Marconi" title="Guglielmo Marconi – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150320044209/http://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guglielmo_Marconi" title="Guglielmo Marconi – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is">Íslenska</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150320044209/http://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guglielmo_Marconi" title="Guglielmo Marconi – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it">Italiano</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150320044209/http://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%92%D7%95%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%99%D7%9C%D7%9E%D7%95_%D7%9E%D7%A8%D7%A7%D7%95%D7%A0%D7%99" title="גוליילמו מרקוני – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he">עברית</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150320044209/http://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guglielmo_Marconi" title="Guglielmo Marconi – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv">Basa Jawa</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150320044209/http://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%AE%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%B0%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%95%E0%B3%8B%E0%B2%A8%E0%B2%BF" title="ಮಾರ್ಕೋನಿ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn">ಕನ್ನಡ</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150320044209/http://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guglielmo_Marconi" title="Guglielmo Marconi – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw">Kiswahili</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150320044209/http://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guglielmo_Marconi" title="Guglielmo Marconi – Haitian" lang="ht" hreflang="ht">Kreyòl ayisyen</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150320044209/http://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guglielmo_Marconi" title="Guglielmo Marconi – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku">Kurdî</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150320044209/http://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gulielmus_Marconi" title="Gulielmus Marconi – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la">Latina</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150320044209/http://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guljelmo_Markoni" title="Guljelmo Markoni – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv">Latviešu</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150320044209/http://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guglielmo_Marconi" title="Guglielmo Marconi – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb">Lëtzebuergesch</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150320044209/http://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guglielmo_Marconi" title="Guglielmo Marconi – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt">Lietuvių</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150320044209/http://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghigermo_Marcon" title="Ghigermo Marcon – Ligurian" lang="lij" hreflang="lij">Ligure</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150320044209/http://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guglielmo_Marconi" title="Guglielmo Marconi – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu">Magyar</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150320044209/http://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B8%D0%BB%D1%98%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%BE_%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8" title="Гилјермо Маркони – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk">Македонски</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150320044209/http://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guglielmo_Marconi" title="Guglielmo Marconi – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg">Malagasy</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150320044209/http://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%97%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%97%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B2%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%AF%E0%B5%86%E0%B5%BD%E0%B4%AE%E0%B5%8B_%E0%B4%AE%E0%B4%BE%E0%B5%BC%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%A3%E0%B4%BF" title="ഗുഗ്ലിയെൽമോ മാർക്കോണി – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml">മലയാളം</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mt"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150320044209/http://mt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guglielmo_Marconi" title="Guglielmo Marconi – Maltese" lang="mt" hreflang="mt">Malti</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150320044209/http://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8B_%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%80" title="गुलियेल्मो मार्कोनी – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr">मराठी</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150320044209/http://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guglielmo_Marconi" title="Guglielmo Marconi – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms">Bahasa Melayu</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150320044209/http://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%BC%D0%BE_%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8" title="Гульелмо Маркони – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn">Монгол</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150320044209/http://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%82%E1%80%B0%E1%80%82%E1%80%9C%E1%80%AE%E1%80%9B%E1%80%9A%E1%80%BA%E1%80%99%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF_%E1%80%99%E1%80%AC%E1%80%80%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%94%E1%80%AE" title="ဂူဂလီရယ်မို မာကိုနီ – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my">မြန်မာဘာသာ</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150320044209/http://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guglielmo_Marconi" title="Guglielmo Marconi – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl">Nederlands</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150320044209/http://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%B0%E3%83%AA%E3%82%A8%E3%83%AB%E3%83%A2%E3%83%BB%E3%83%9E%E3%83%AB%E3%82%B3%E3%83%BC%E3%83%8B" title="グリエルモ・マルコーニ – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja">日本語</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nap"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150320044209/http://nap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gugliemo_Marconi" title="Gugliemo Marconi – Neapolitan" lang="nap" hreflang="nap">Napulitano</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150320044209/http://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guglielmo_Marconi" title="Guglielmo Marconi – Norwegian (bokmål)" lang="no" hreflang="no">Norsk bokmål</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150320044209/http://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guglielmo_Marconi" title="Guglielmo Marconi – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn">Norsk nynorsk</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150320044209/http://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guglielmo_Marconi" title="Guglielmo Marconi – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc">Occitan</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-or"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150320044209/http://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AC%97%E0%AD%81%E0%AC%97%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%B2%E0%AD%88%E0%AC%B2%E0%AD%8B%E0%AC%AE_%E0%AC%AE%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%B0%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%95%E0%AD%8B%E0%AC%A8%E0%AD%80" title="ଗୁଗ୍ଲୈଲୋମ ମାର୍କୋନୀ – Oriya" lang="or" hreflang="or">ଓଡ଼ିଆ</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150320044209/http://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B1%DA%A9%D9%88%D9%86%DB%8C" title="مارکونی – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb">پنجابی</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150320044209/http://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guglielmo_Marconi" title="Guglielmo Marconi – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms">Piemontèis</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150320044209/http://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guglielmo_Marconi" title="Guglielmo Marconi – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl">Polski</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150320044209/http://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guglielmo_Marconi" title="Guglielmo Marconi – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt">Português</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150320044209/http://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guglielmo_Marconi" title="Guglielmo Marconi – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro">Română</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150320044209/http://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8,_%D0%93%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BC%D0%BE" title="Маркони, Гульельмо – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru">Русский</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150320044209/http://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8B_%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%80" title="गुग्लिमो मार्कोनी – Sanskrit" lang="sa" hreflang="sa">संस्कृतम्</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150320044209/http://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guglielmo_Marconi" title="Guglielmo Marconi – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco">Scots</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150320044209/http://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guglielmo_Marconi" title="Guglielmo Marconi – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq">Shqip</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150320044209/http://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gugghiermu_Marconi" title="Gugghiermu Marconi – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn">Sicilianu</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150320044209/http://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guglielmo_Marconi" title="Guglielmo Marconi – Simple English" lang="simple" hreflang="simple">Simple English</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150320044209/http://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guglielmo_Marconi" title="Guglielmo Marconi – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk">Slovenčina</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150320044209/http://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guglielmo_Marconi" title="Guglielmo Marconi – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl">Slovenščina</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150320044209/http://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%AF%D9%88%D9%84%DB%8C%DB%8E%D9%84%D9%85%DB%86_%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B1%DA%A9%DB%86%D9%86%DB%8C" title="گولیێلمۆ مارکۆنی – Sorani Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb">کوردی</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150320044209/http://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%83%D1%99%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%BC%D0%BE_%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8" title="Гуљелмо Маркони – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr">Српски / srpski</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150320044209/http://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guglielmo_Marconi" title="Guglielmo Marconi – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150320044209/http://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guglielmo_Marconi" title="Guglielmo Marconi – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi">Suomi</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150320044209/http://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guglielmo_Marconi" title="Guglielmo Marconi – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv">Svenska</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150320044209/http://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guglielmo_Marconi" title="Guglielmo Marconi – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl">Tagalog</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150320044209/http://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8B%E0%AE%A9%E0%AE%BF" title="மார்க்கோனி – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta">தமிழ்</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150320044209/http://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BC%D0%BE_%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8" title="Гульельмо Маркони – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt">Татарча/tatarça</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150320044209/http://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B9%E0%B8%A5%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%A5%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%A1_%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B5" title="กูลเยลโม มาร์โกนี – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th">ไทย</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150320044209/http://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guglielmo_Marconi" title="Guglielmo Marconi – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr">Türkçe</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150320044209/http://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%94%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BC%D0%BE_%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%96" title="Гульєльмо Марконі – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk">Українська</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150320044209/http://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B1%DA%A9%D9%88%D9%86%DB%8C" title="مارکونی – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur">اردو</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150320044209/http://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guglielmo_Marconi" title="Guglielmo Marconi – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec">Vèneto</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150320044209/http://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guglielmo_Marconi" title="Guglielmo Marconi – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi">Tiếng Việt</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150320044209/http://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guglielmo_Marconi" title="Guglielmo Marconi – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war">Winaray</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150320044209/http://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guglielmo_Marconi" title="Guglielmo Marconi – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo">Yorùbá</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150320044209/http://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%A6%AC%E5%8F%AF%E5%B0%BC" title="馬可尼 – Cantonese" lang="zh-yue" hreflang="zh-yue">粵語</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150320044209/http://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E5%88%97%E5%B0%94%E8%8E%AB%C2%B7%E9%A9%AC%E5%8F%AF%E5%B0%BC" title="古列尔莫·马可尼 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh">中文</a></li> <li class="uls-p-lang-dummy"><a href="#"></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a action="edit" href="//web.archive.org/web/20150320044209/http://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36488#sitelinks-wikipedia" text="Edit links" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div id="footer" role="contentinfo"> <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last modified on 19 March 2015, at 00:40.</li> <li 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