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class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Management" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Management"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1 Management </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Management-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fee_diversion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fee_diversion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Fee diversion </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fee_diversion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Patents" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Patents"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Patents </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Patents-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Patents subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Patents-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-List_of_millionth_US_Patents" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#List_of_millionth_US_Patents"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 List of millionth US Patents </div> </a> <ul id="toc-List_of_millionth_US_Patents-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bar_chart" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bar_chart"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2 Bar chart </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bar_chart-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Trademarks" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Trademarks"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Trademarks </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Trademarks-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Representation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Representation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Representation </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Representation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Electronic_filing_system" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Electronic_filing_system"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Electronic filing system </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Electronic_filing_system-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Patent_search_tools" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Patent_search_tools"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Patent search tools </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Patent_search_tools-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Criticisms" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Criticisms"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 Criticisms </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Criticisms-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Criticisms subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Criticisms-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Controversial_patents" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Controversial_patents"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.1 Controversial patents </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Controversial_patents-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Controversial_trademarks" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Controversial_trademarks"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.2 Controversial trademarks </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Controversial_trademarks-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Slow_patent_examination_and_backlog" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Slow_patent_examination_and_backlog"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.3 Slow patent examination and backlog </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Slow_patent_examination_and_backlog-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fraud_by_remote_working_employees" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fraud_by_remote_working_employees"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.4 Fraud by remote working employees </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fraud_by_remote_working_employees-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12 Further reading </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input 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Available in 23 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-23" aria-hidden="true" > 23 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%83%D8%AA%D8%A8_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%88%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%AA_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%AA%D8%AD%D8%AF%D8%A9_%D9%84%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%A1%D8%A7%D8%AA_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%AE%D8%AA%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B9_%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%AA_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%AC%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="مكتب الولايات المتحدة لبراءات الاختراع والعلامات التجارية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="مكتب الولايات المتحدة لبراءات الاختراع والعلامات التجارية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/AB%C5%9E_Patent_v%C9%99_Marka_qeyd_olmaz_%C3%BC%C3%A7%C3%BCn_b%C3%BCro" title="ABŞ Patent və Marka qeyd olmaz üçün büro – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="ABŞ Patent və Marka qeyd olmaz üçün büro" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BD_%D0%BE%D1%84%D0%B8%D1%81_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%A1%D0%90%D0%A9" title="Патентен офис на САЩ – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Патентен офис на САЩ" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Patent_and_Trademark_Office" title="United States Patent and Trademark Office – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="United States Patent and Trademark Office" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oficina_de_Patentes_y_Marcas_Registradas_de_los_Estados_Unidos" title="Oficina de Patentes y Marcas Registradas de los Estados Unidos – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Oficina de Patentes y Marcas Registradas de los Estados Unidos" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Usona_Patenta_kaj_Varmarka_Oficejo" title="Usona Patenta kaj Varmarka Oficejo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Usona Patenta kaj Varmarka Oficejo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%87_%D8%AB%D8%A8%D8%AA_%D8%A7%D8%AE%D8%AA%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B9_%D9%88_%D9%86%D8%B4%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%AA%D8%AC%D8%A7%D8%B1%DB%8C_%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%AA_%D9%85%D8%AA%D8%AD%D8%AF%D9%87_%D8%A2%D9%85%D8%B1%DB%8C%DA%A9%D8%A7" title="اداره ثبت اختراع و نشان تجاری ایالات متحده آمریکا – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="اداره ثبت اختراع و نشان تجاری ایالات متحده آمریکا" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Patent_and_Trademark_Office" title="United States Patent and Trademark Office – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="United States Patent and Trademark Office" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%AF%B8%EA%B5%AD%ED%8A%B9%ED%97%88%EC%B2%AD" title="미국특허청 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="미국특허청" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kantor_Paten_dan_Merek_Dagang_Amerika_Serikat" title="Kantor Paten dan Merek Dagang Amerika Serikat – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Kantor Paten dan Merek Dagang Amerika Serikat" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Patent_and_Trademark_Office" title="United States Patent and Trademark Office – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="United States Patent and Trademark Office" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%A9%D7%A8%D7%93_%D7%94%D7%A4%D7%98%D7%A0%D7%98%D7%99%D7%9D_%D7%95%D7%A1%D7%99%D7%9E%D7%A0%D7%99_%D7%94%D7%9E%D7%A1%D7%97%D7%A8_%D7%A9%D7%9C_%D7%90%D7%A8%D7%A6%D7%95%D7%AA_%D7%94%D7%91%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%AA" title="משרד הפטנטים וסימני המסחר של ארצות הברית – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="משרד הפטנטים וסימני המסחר של ארצות הברית" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%83%D8%AA%D8%A8_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%88%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%AA_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%AA%D8%AD%D8%AF%D8%A9_%D9%84%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%A1%D8%A7%D8%AA_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%AE%D8%AA%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B9_%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%AA_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%AC%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="مكتب الولايات المتحدة لبراءات الاختراع والعلامات التجارية – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="مكتب الولايات المتحدة لبراءات الاختراع والعلامات التجارية" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pejabat_Paten_dan_Tanda_Dagangan_Amerika_Syarikat" title="Pejabat Paten dan Tanda Dagangan Amerika Syarikat – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Pejabat Paten dan Tanda Dagangan Amerika Syarikat" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%B1%B3%E5%9B%BD%E7%89%B9%E8%A8%B1%E5%95%86%E6%A8%99%E5%BA%81" title="米国特許商標庁 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="米国特許商標庁" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Patent_and_Trademark_Office" title="United States Patent and Trademark Office – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="United States Patent and Trademark Office" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urz%C4%85d_Patent%C3%B3w_i_Znak%C3%B3w_Towarowych_Stan%C3%B3w_Zjednoczonych" title="Urząd Patentów i Znaków Towarowych Stanów Zjednoczonych – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Urząd Patentów i Znaków Towarowych Stanów Zjednoczonych" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BC%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE_%D0%BF%D0%BE_%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BC_%D0%B8_%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%BC_%D0%B7%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BC_%D0%A1%D0%A8%D0%90" title="Ведомство по патентам и товарным знакам США – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Ведомство по патентам и товарным знакам США" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Patent_and_Trademark_Office" title="United States Patent and Trademark Office – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="United States Patent and Trademark Office" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Patent_and_Trademark_Office" title="United States Patent and Trademark Office – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="United States Patent and Trademark Office" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a 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This is the largest building on the campus.</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #efefef">Agency overview</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Formed</th><td class="infobox-data">July 4, 1836; 188 years ago (1836-07-04)<a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a> <a href="/wiki/Washington,_D.C." title="Washington, D.C.">Washington, D.C.</a>, <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">U.S.</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Headquarters</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Alexandria,_Virginia" title="Alexandria, Virginia">Alexandria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Virginia" title="Virginia">Virginia</a>, U.S. <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=United_States_Patent_and_Trademark_Office&params=38.801499_N_77.063835_W_type:landmark_region:US">38°48′05″N 77°03′50″W / 38.801499°N 77.063835°W / 38.801499; -77.063835</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Employees</th><td class="infobox-data">13,103 (as of September 30, 2022)<a href="#cite_note-FY_2022-3">[3]</a>: 20 </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Agency executives</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li style="text-indent: -1em; padding-left: 1em;"><a href="/wiki/Kathi_Vidal" title="Kathi Vidal">Kathi Vidal</a>, Director</li><li style="text-indent: -1em; padding-left: 1em;">Derrick Brent, Deputy Director<a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a></li><li style="text-indent: -1em; padding-left: 1em;">Vaishali Udupa, Commissioner for Patents<a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a></li><li style="text-indent: -1em; padding-left: 1em;">David S. Gooder, Commissioner for Trademarks<a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Parent agency</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Commerce" title="United States Department of Commerce">United States Department of Commerce</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Website</th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.uspto.gov">www.uspto.gov</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output 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.sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1202158006">.mw-parser-output .law-sidebar .sidebar-heading{background:#aaddff;color:#000}.mw-parser-output .law-sidebar .sidebar-above{font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .law-sidebar .sidebar-below{padding:0.4em;border-top:1px #aaa solid;font-weight:normal;font-size:smaller}</style><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks hlist law-sidebar"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title"><a href="/wiki/United_States_patent_law" title="United States patent law">United States patent law</a></th></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Legislation</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Inventors_Protection_Act" title="American Inventors Protection Act">American Inventors Protection Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bayh%E2%80%93Dole_Act" title="Bayh–Dole Act">Bayh–Dole Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Invention_Secrecy_Act" title="Invention Secrecy Act">Invention Secrecy Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drug_Price_Competition_and_Patent_Term_Restoration_Act" title="Drug Price Competition and Patent Term Restoration Act">Hatch-Waxman Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leahy%E2%80%93Smith_America_Invents_Act" title="Leahy–Smith America Invents Act">Leahy–Smith America Invents Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Title_35_of_the_United_States_Code" title="Title 35 of the United States Code">Title 35 of the United States Code</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Types of patent claims</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Article_of_manufacture" title="Article of manufacture">Article of manufacture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Composition_of_matter" title="Composition of matter">Composition of matter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Machine_(patent)" title="Machine (patent)">Machine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Method_(patent)" title="Method (patent)">Method</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Procedures</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Inter_partes_review" title="Inter partes review">Inter partes review</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Markman_hearing" title="Markman hearing">Markman hearing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reexamination" title="Reexamination">Reexamination</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Other topics</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">United States Patent and Trademark Office</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patent_Trial_and_Appeal_Board" title="Patent Trial and Appeal Board">Patent Trial and Appeal Board</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exhaustion_doctrine_under_U.S._law" title="Exhaustion doctrine under U.S. law">Exhaustion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patent_infringement_under_United_States_law" title="Patent infringement under United States law">Infringement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patent_misuse" title="Patent misuse">Misuse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patent_racism" title="Patent racism">Racism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Term_of_patent_in_the_United_States" title="Term of patent in the United States">Term of patent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manual_of_Patent_Examining_Procedure" title="Manual of Patent Examining Procedure">Manual of Patent Examining Procedure</a> (MPEP)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_United_States_patent_law" title="History of United States patent law">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biological_patents_in_the_United_States" title="Biological patents in the United States">Biological patents</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Software_patents_under_United_States_patent_law" title="Software patents under United States patent law">Software patents</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_patent_law_cases" title="List of United States patent law cases">List of patent law cases</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:United_States_patent_law" title="Template:United States patent law"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:United_States_patent_law" title="Template talk:United States patent law"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:United_States_patent_law" title="Special:EditPage/Template:United States patent law"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> The United States Patent and Trademark Office (USPTO) is an <a href="/wiki/List_of_federal_agencies_in_the_United_States" title="List of federal agencies in the United States">agency</a> in the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Commerce" title="United States Department of Commerce">U.S. Department of Commerce</a> that serves as the national <a href="/wiki/Patent_office" title="Patent office">patent office</a> and <a href="/wiki/Trademark" title="Trademark">trademark</a> registration authority for the United States. The USPTO's headquarters are in <a href="/wiki/Alexandria,_Virginia" title="Alexandria, Virginia">Alexandria, Virginia</a>, after a 2005 move from the <a href="/wiki/Crystal_City,_Virginia" title="Crystal City, Virginia">Crystal City</a> area of neighboring <a href="/wiki/Arlington_County,_Virginia" title="Arlington County, Virginia">Arlington</a>, <a href="/wiki/Virginia" title="Virginia">Virginia</a>. The USPTO is "unique among federal agencies because it operates solely on fees collected by its users, and not on taxpayer dollars".<a href="#cite_note-Bohle-7">[7]</a> Its "operating structure is like a business in that it receives requests for services—applications for patents and trademark registrations—and charges fees projected to cover the cost of performing the services [it] provide[s]".<a href="#cite_note-Bohle-7">[7]</a><a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a> The Office is headed by the Under Secretary of Commerce for Intellectual Property and Director of the United States Patent and Trademark Office, currently held by <a href="/wiki/Kathi_Vidal" title="Kathi Vidal">Kathi Vidal</a> as of April 19, 2022. <a href="/wiki/Andrei_Iancu" title="Andrei Iancu">Andrei Iancu</a> was the former director of the USPTO until he left office on January 20, 2021. The USPTO cooperates with the <a href="/wiki/European_Patent_Office" title="European Patent Office">European Patent Office</a> (EPO) and the <a href="/wiki/Japan_Patent_Office" title="Japan Patent Office">Japan Patent Office</a> (JPO) as one of the <a href="/wiki/Trilateral_Patent_Offices" title="Trilateral Patent Offices">Trilateral Patent Offices</a>. The USPTO is also a Receiving Office, an International Searching Authority and an International Preliminary Examination Authority for international patent applications filed in accordance with the <a href="/wiki/Patent_Cooperation_Treaty" title="Patent Cooperation Treaty">Patent Cooperation Treaty</a>. <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Mission">Mission</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=United_States_Patent_and_Trademark_Office&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Mission">edit</a>]</div> The legal basis for the United States patent system is the <a href="/wiki/Copyright_Clause" title="Copyright Clause">Copyright Clause</a> in Section 8 of <a href="/wiki/Article_One_of_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Article One of the United States Constitution">Article I of the U.S. Constitution</a>, which gives Congress the power to grant patents and copyrights on a national basis. Trademark law, on the other hand, is considered to be authorized by the <a href="/wiki/Commerce_Clause" title="Commerce Clause">Commerce Clause</a>.<a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a> <blockquote>The Congress shall have Power ... To promote the Progress of Science and useful Arts, by securing for limited Times to Authors and Inventors the exclusive Right to their respective Writings and Discoveries.</blockquote> The USPTO maintains a permanent, interdisciplinary historical record of all U.S. patent applications in order to fulfill objectives outlined in the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Constitution" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Constitution">United States Constitution</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Bohle-7">[7]</a> The PTO's mission is to promote "industrial and technological progress in the United States and strengthen the national economy" by: <ul><li>Administering the laws relating to patents and trademarks;</li> <li>Advising the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_Commerce" title="United States Secretary of Commerce">Secretary of Commerce</a>, the President of the United States, and the administration on patent, trademark, and <a href="/wiki/Copyright" title="Copyright">copyright</a> protection; and</li> <li>Providing advice on the trade-related aspects of intellectual property.</li></ul> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Patent_Office_relief_on_the_Herbert_C._Hoover_Building.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Relief representing the Patent Office at the Herbert C. Hoover Building."><img alt="Relief representing the Patent Office at the Herbert C. Hoover Building." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Patent_Office_relief_on_the_Herbert_C._Hoover_Building.JPG/86px-Patent_Office_relief_on_the_Herbert_C._Hoover_Building.JPG" decoding="async" width="86" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Patent_Office_relief_on_the_Herbert_C._Hoover_Building.JPG/129px-Patent_Office_relief_on_the_Herbert_C._Hoover_Building.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Patent_Office_relief_on_the_Herbert_C._Hoover_Building.JPG/172px-Patent_Office_relief_on_the_Herbert_C._Hoover_Building.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1820" data-file-height="2541" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext"> <a href="/wiki/Relief" title="Relief">Relief</a> representing the Patent Office at the <a href="/wiki/Herbert_C._Hoover_Building" title="Herbert C. Hoover Building">Herbert C. Hoover Building</a>. </div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:14_12_31_US_Patent_Office_Sign_Alexandria_VA_01.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Signboard of US Patent Office Alexandria."><img alt="Signboard of US Patent Office Alexandria." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/14_12_31_US_Patent_Office_Sign_Alexandria_VA_01.jpg/84px-14_12_31_US_Patent_Office_Sign_Alexandria_VA_01.jpg" decoding="async" width="84" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/14_12_31_US_Patent_Office_Sign_Alexandria_VA_01.jpg/125px-14_12_31_US_Patent_Office_Sign_Alexandria_VA_01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/14_12_31_US_Patent_Office_Sign_Alexandria_VA_01.jpg/167px-14_12_31_US_Patent_Office_Sign_Alexandria_VA_01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="642" data-file-height="920" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext"> Signboard of US Patent Office Alexandria. </div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Structure">Structure</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=United_States_Patent_and_Trademark_Office&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Structure">edit</a>]</div> The USPTO is headquartered at the Alexandria Campus, consisting of 11 buildings in a city-like development surrounded by ground floor retail and high rise residential buildings between the <a href="/wiki/Washington_Metro" title="Washington Metro">Metro</a> stations of <a href="/wiki/King_Street_%E2%80%93_Old_Town_(WMATA_station)" class="mw-redirect" title="King Street – Old Town (WMATA station)">King Street station</a> (the main search building is two blocks due south of the King Street station) and <a href="/wiki/Eisenhower_Avenue_(WMATA_station)" class="mw-redirect" title="Eisenhower Avenue (WMATA station)">Eisenhower Avenue station</a> where the actual Alexandria Campus is located between Duke Street (on the North) to Eisenhower Avenue (on the South), and between John Carlyle Street (on the East) to Elizabeth Lane (on the West) in Alexandria, Virginia.<a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a><a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a><a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a> An additional building in <a href="/wiki/Arlington,_Virginia" class="mw-redirect" title="Arlington, Virginia">Arlington, Virginia</a>, was opened in 2009. The USPTO was expected by 2014 to open its first ever satellite offices in <a href="/wiki/Detroit" title="Detroit">Detroit</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dallas" title="Dallas">Dallas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Denver" title="Denver">Denver</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Silicon_Valley" title="Silicon Valley">Silicon Valley</a> to reduce backlog and reflect regional industrial strengths.<a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a> The first satellite office opened in Detroit on July 13, 2012.<a href="#cite_note-14">[14]</a><a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a><a href="#cite_note-16">[16]</a><a href="#cite_note-Markowitz-17">[17]</a><a href="#cite_note-18">[18]</a> In 2013, due to the <a href="/wiki/Budget_sequestration_in_2013" class="mw-redirect" title="Budget sequestration in 2013">budget sequestration</a>, the satellite office for Silicon Valley, which is home to one of the nation's top patent-producing cities, was put on hold.<a href="#cite_note-seq1-19">[19]</a> However, renovation and infrastructure updates continued after the sequestration, and the Silicon Valley location opened in the <a href="/wiki/San_Jose_City_Hall" title="San Jose City Hall">San Jose City Hall</a> in 2015.<a href="#cite_note-20">[20]</a> As of September 30, 2009<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=United_States_Patent_and_Trademark_Office&action=edit">[update]</a>, the end of the U.S. government's fiscal year, the PTO had 9,716 employees, nearly all of whom are based at its five-building headquarters complex in Alexandria. Of those, 6,242 were <a href="/wiki/Patent_examiner" title="Patent examiner">patent examiners</a> (almost all of whom were assigned to examine <a href="/wiki/Utility_patent" class="mw-redirect" title="Utility patent">utility patents</a>; only 99 were assigned to examine <a href="/wiki/Design_patent" title="Design patent">design patents</a>) and 388 were <a href="/wiki/Trademark_examining_attorney" class="mw-redirect" title="Trademark examining attorney">trademark examining attorneys</a>; the rest are support staff.<a href="#cite_note-USPTO_2005–2009_count-21">[21]</a> While the agency has noticeably grown in recent years, the rate of growth was far slower in fiscal 2009 than in the recent past; this is borne out by data from fiscal 2005 to the present:<a href="#cite_note-USPTO_2005–2009_count-21">[21]</a> As of the end of FY 2018, the USPTO was composed of 12,579 federal employees, including 8,185 patent examiners, 579 trademark examiners, and 3,815 other staff.<a href="#cite_note-22">[22]</a> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:US_Patent_Office_main_building.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="USPTO Madison Building Exterior."><img alt="USPTO Madison Building Exterior." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/US_Patent_Office_main_building.jpg/120px-US_Patent_Office_main_building.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/US_Patent_Office_main_building.jpg/180px-US_Patent_Office_main_building.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/US_Patent_Office_main_building.jpg/240px-US_Patent_Office_main_building.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2448" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext"> USPTO Madison Building Exterior. </div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Interior_of_the_US_Patent_and_Trademark_Madison_Building.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Interior atrium of the USPTO Madison Building."><img alt="Interior atrium of the USPTO Madison Building." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Interior_of_the_US_Patent_and_Trademark_Madison_Building.jpg/90px-Interior_of_the_US_Patent_and_Trademark_Madison_Building.jpg" decoding="async" width="90" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Interior_of_the_US_Patent_and_Trademark_Madison_Building.jpg/135px-Interior_of_the_US_Patent_and_Trademark_Madison_Building.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Interior_of_the_US_Patent_and_Trademark_Madison_Building.jpg/180px-Interior_of_the_US_Patent_and_Trademark_Madison_Building.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3024" data-file-height="4032" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext"> Interior atrium of the USPTO Madison Building. </div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:United_States_Patent_and_Trademark_Office,_San_Jose_City_Hall,_San_Jose,_California.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="USPTO satellite office in San Jose, California."><img alt="USPTO satellite office in San Jose, California." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/United_States_Patent_and_Trademark_Office%2C_San_Jose_City_Hall%2C_San_Jose%2C_California.jpg/120px-United_States_Patent_and_Trademark_Office%2C_San_Jose_City_Hall%2C_San_Jose%2C_California.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/United_States_Patent_and_Trademark_Office%2C_San_Jose_City_Hall%2C_San_Jose%2C_California.jpg/180px-United_States_Patent_and_Trademark_Office%2C_San_Jose_City_Hall%2C_San_Jose%2C_California.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/United_States_Patent_and_Trademark_Office%2C_San_Jose_City_Hall%2C_San_Jose%2C_California.jpg/240px-United_States_Patent_and_Trademark_Office%2C_San_Jose_City_Hall%2C_San_Jose%2C_California.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4032" data-file-height="3024" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext"> USPTO satellite office in San Jose, California.</div> </li> </ul> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>At end of FY </th> <th>Employees </th> <th>Patent examiners </th> <th>Trademark examining attorneys </th> <th>Patent Filings (Utility) </th> <th>Trademark Filings </th> <th>Patent Application Backlog </th></tr> <tr> <td>2023<a href="#cite_note-FY_2023-23">[23]</a> </td> <td>13,452<a href="#cite_note-FY_2023-23">[23]</a>: 2,22  </td> <td>8,568<a href="#cite_note-FY_2023-23">[23]</a>: 22  </td> <td>756<a href="#cite_note-FY_2023-23">[23]</a>: 22  </td> <td>594,143<a href="#cite_note-FY_2023-23">[23]</a>: 6  </td> <td>737,018<a href="#cite_note-FY_2023-23">[23]</a>: 7  </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>2022 </td> <td>13,103<a href="#cite_note-FY_2022-3">[3]</a>: 20  </td> <td>8,509<a href="#cite_note-FY_2022-3">[3]</a>: 20  </td> <td>718<a href="#cite_note-FY_2022-3">[3]</a>: 20  </td> <td>457,510<a href="#cite_note-FY_2022-3">[3]</a>: 22  </td> <td>787,798<a href="#cite_note-FY_2022-3">[3]</a>: 24  </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>2021 </td> <td>12,963<a href="#cite_note-FY_2021-24">[24]</a>: 2,19,243  </td> <td>8,073<a href="#cite_note-FY_2021-24">[24]</a>: 19,243  </td> <td>662<a href="#cite_note-FY_2021-24">[24]</a>: 19,243  </td> <td>650,703<a href="#cite_note-FY_2021-24">[24]</a>: 38  </td> <td>943,928<a href="#cite_note-FY_2021-24">[24]</a>: 38,223  </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>2020<a href="#cite_note-25">[25]</a> </td> <td>12,928 </td> <td>8,434 </td> <td>622 </td> <td>653,311<a href="#cite_note-FY_2021-24">[24]</a>: 38,201  </td> <td>738,112<a href="#cite_note-FY_2021-24">[24]</a>: 38,223  </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>2019<a href="#cite_note-26">[26]</a> </td> <td>12,652 </td> <td>9,614 </td> <td>701 </td> <td>666,843<a href="#cite_note-FY_2021-24">[24]</a>: 38,201  </td> <td>673,233<a href="#cite_note-FY_2021-24">[24]</a>: 38,223  </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>2018<a href="#cite_note-27">[27]</a> </td> <td>12,579 </td> <td>8,185 </td> <td>579 </td> <td>647,572<a href="#cite_note-FY_2021-24">[24]</a>: 38,201  </td> <td>594,107<a href="#cite_note-FY_2021-24">[24]</a>: 38  </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>2017<a href="#cite_note-28">[28]</a> </td> <td>12,588 </td> <td>8,147 </td> <td>549 </td> <td>650,350<a href="#cite_note-FY_2021-24">[24]</a>: 38,201  </td> <td>530,270<a href="#cite_note-FY_2021-24">[24]</a>: 38  </td> <td>526,579 </td></tr> <tr> <td>2016<a href="#cite_note-FY_2016-29">[29]</a> </td> <td>12,725 </td> <td>8,351 </td> <td>570 </td> <td>650,411 </td> <td>530,270 </td> <td>537,655 </td></tr> <tr> <td>2015<a href="#cite_note-30">[30]</a> </td> <td>12,667 </td> <td>9,161 </td> <td>456 </td> <td>618,062<a href="#cite_note-FY_2016-29">[29]</a> </td> <td>503,889<a href="#cite_note-FY_2016-29">[29]</a> </td> <td>553,221<a href="#cite_note-FY_2016-29">[29]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>2014<a href="#cite_note-31">[31]</a> </td> <td>12,450 </td> <td>9,302 </td> <td>429 </td> <td>618,457<a href="#cite_note-FY_2016-29">[29]</a> </td> <td>455,017<a href="#cite_note-FY_2016-29">[29]</a> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>2013<a href="#cite_note-32">[32]</a> </td> <td>11,773 </td> <td>8,051 </td> <td>409 </td> <td>601,464<a href="#cite_note-FY_2016-29">[29]</a> </td> <td>433,654<a href="#cite_note-FY_2016-29">[29]</a> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>2012<a href="#cite_note-33">[33]</a> </td> <td>11,531 </td> <td>7,935 </td> <td>386 </td> <td>565,406 </td> <td>415,026 </td> <td>608,283 </td></tr> <tr> <td>2011<a href="#cite_note-34">[34]</a> </td> <td>10,210 </td> <td>6,780 </td> <td>378 </td> <td>536,604 </td> <td>398,667 </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>2010<a href="#cite_note-35">[35]</a> </td> <td>9,507 </td> <td>6,225 </td> <td>378 </td> <td>509,367 </td> <td>368,939 </td> <td>726,331 </td></tr> <tr> <td>2009<a href="#cite_note-36">[36]</a> </td> <td>9,716 </td> <td>6,243 </td> <td>388 </td> <td>485,500 </td> <td>352,051 </td> <td>750,596 </td></tr> <tr> <td>2008<a href="#cite_note-37">[37]</a> </td> <td>9,518 </td> <td>6,055 </td> <td>398 </td> <td>495,095 </td> <td>401,392 </td> <td>750,596 </td></tr> <tr> <td>2007<a href="#cite_note-38">[38]</a> </td> <td>8,913 </td> <td>5,477 </td> <td>404 </td> <td>467,243 </td> <td>394,368 </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>2006<a href="#cite_note-FY_2006-39">[39]</a> </td> <td> </td> <td>4,779 </td> <td>413 </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>2005 </td> <td> </td> <td>4,177<a href="#cite_note-FY_2006-39">[39]</a> </td> <td>357<a href="#cite_note-FY_2006-39">[39]</a> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>2004 </td> <td> </td> <td>3,681<a href="#cite_note-FY_2006-39">[39]</a> </td> <td>286<a href="#cite_note-FY_2006-39">[39]</a> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>2003 </td> <td> </td> <td>3,579<a href="#cite_note-FY_2006-39">[39]</a> </td> <td>256<a href="#cite_note-FY_2006-39">[39]</a> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1998<a href="#cite_note-40">[40]</a> </td> <td>5,300 </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1996<a href="#cite_note-FY_1996-41">[41]</a><a href="#cite_note-Filed_96-42">[42]</a><a href="#cite_note-Trademark_96-43">[43]</a> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>189,979<a href="#cite_note-Filed_96-42">[42]</a> </td> <td>200,640<a href="#cite_note-Trademark_96-43">[43]</a> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1995<a href="#cite_note-FY_1995-44">[44]</a> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>221,304 </td> <td>175,307 </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1994<a href="#cite_note-FY_1994-45">[45]</a> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>186,126 </td> <td>155,376 </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1993<a href="#cite_note-FY_1994-45">[45]</a> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>174,553 </td> <td>139,735 </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1992<a href="#cite_note-FY_1994-45">[45]</a> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>172,539 </td> <td>125,237 </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1986 </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>120,988<a href="#cite_note-Filed_96-42">[42]</a> </td> <td>69,253<a href="#cite_note-Trademark_96-43">[43]</a> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1976 </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>101,807<a href="#cite_note-Filed_96-42">[42]</a> </td> <td>37,074<a href="#cite_note-Trademark_96-43">[43]</a> </td> <td> </td></tr></tbody></table> Patent examiners make up the bulk of the employees at USPTO. They hold degrees in various scientific disciplines, but do not necessarily hold law degrees. Unlike patent examiners, <a href="/wiki/Trademark_examiner" title="Trademark examiner">trademark examiners</a> must be licensed attorneys.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] All examiners work under a strict, "count"-based production system.<a href="#cite_note-46">[46]</a> For every application, "counts" are earned by composing, filing, and mailing a first Office action on the merits, and upon disposal of an application. In 2012, the Commissioner for Patents oversaw three main bodies, headed by the former Deputy Commissioner for Patent Operations, Peggy Focarino,<a href="#cite_note-47">[47]</a> the Deputy Commissioner for Patent Examination Policy, which was held by Andrew Hirshfeld up until 2015,<a href="#cite_note-48">[48]</a> and finally the Commissioner for Patent Resources and Planning, which was vacant at that time.<a href="#cite_note-49">[49]</a> The Patent Operations of the office is divided into nine different technology centers that deal with various arts.<a href="#cite_note-50">[50]</a> Prior to 2012, decisions of patent examiners could be appealed to the <a href="/wiki/Board_of_Patent_Appeals_and_Interferences" title="Board of Patent Appeals and Interferences">Board of Patent Appeals and Interferences</a>, an <a href="/wiki/Article_I_and_Article_III_tribunals" class="mw-redirect" title="Article I and Article III tribunals">administrative law body</a> of the USPTO. Decisions of the BPAI could further be appealed to the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Court_of_Appeals_for_the_Federal_Circuit" title="United States Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit">United States Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit</a>, or a civil suit could be brought against the Commissioner of Patents in the <a href="/wiki/United_States_District_Court_for_the_Eastern_District_of_Virginia" title="United States District Court for the Eastern District of Virginia">United States District Court for the Eastern District of Virginia</a>.<a href="#cite_note-51">[51]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States" title="Supreme Court of the United States">United States Supreme Court</a> may ultimately decide on a patent case. Under the <a href="/wiki/America_Invents_Act" class="mw-redirect" title="America Invents Act">America Invents Act</a>, the BPAI was converted to the <a href="/wiki/Patent_Trial_and_Appeal_Board" title="Patent Trial and Appeal Board">Patent Trial and Appeal Board</a> or "PTAB".<a href="#cite_note-52">[52]</a> Similarly, decisions of trademark examiners may be appealed to the <a href="/wiki/Trademark_Trial_and_Appeal_Board" title="Trademark Trial and Appeal Board">Trademark Trial and Appeal Board</a>, with subsequent appeals directed to the Federal Circuit, or a civil action may also be brought. In recent years, the USPTO has seen increasing delays between when a patent application is filed and when it issues. To address its workload challenges, the USPTO has undertaken an aggressive program of hiring and recruitment. The USPTO hired 1,193 new patent examiners in Fiscal Year 2006 (year ending September 30, 2006),<a href="#cite_note-USPTO_2006_Performance-53">[53]</a> 1,215 new examiners in fiscal 2007,<a href="#cite_note-USPTO_2007-54">[54]</a> and 1,211 in fiscal year 2008.<a href="#cite_note-USPTO_2008-55">[55]</a> The USPTO expected to continue hiring patent examiners at a rate of approximately 1,200 per year through 2012; however, due to a slowdown in new application filings since the onset of the <a href="/wiki/Late-2000s_recession" class="mw-redirect" title="Late-2000s recession">late-2000s economic crisis</a>,<a href="#cite_note-56">[56]</a> and projections of substantial declines in <a href="/wiki/Maintenance_fee_(patent)" title="Maintenance fee (patent)">maintenance fees</a> in coming years,<a href="#cite_note-Quinn_Academy-57">[57]</a> the agency imposed a hiring freeze in early March 2009.<a href="#cite_note-Quinn_freeze-58">[58]</a> In 2006, USPTO instituted a new training program for patent examiners called the "Patent Training Academy". It is an eight-month program designed to teach new patent examiners the fundamentals of patent law, practice and examination procedure in a college-style environment.<a href="#cite_note-59">[59]</a> Because of the impending USPTO budget crisis previously alluded to, it had been rumored that the academy would be closed by the end of 2009.<a href="#cite_note-Quinn_Academy-57">[57]</a> Focarino, then Acting Commissioner for Patents, denied in a May 2009 interview that the academy was being shut down, but stated that it would be cut back because the hiring goal for new examiners in fiscal 2009 was reduced to 600.<a href="#cite_note-60">[60]</a> Ultimately, 588 new patent examiners were hired in fiscal year 2009.<a href="#cite_note-USPTO_2009_examiner_hiring-61">[61]</a> In 2016,<a href="#cite_note-62">[62]</a> the USPTO partnered with the <a href="/wiki/Girl_Scouts_of_the_USA" title="Girl Scouts of the USA">Girl Scouts of the USA</a> to create an "<a href="/wiki/Intellectual_property" title="Intellectual property">Intellectual Property</a> Patch" <a href="/wiki/Scout_badge" title="Scout badge">merit badge</a>, which is awarded to Girl Scouts at four different levels.<a href="#cite_note-63">[63]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Management">Management</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=United_States_Patent_and_Trademark_Office&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Management">edit</a>]</div> In October 2021, <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_United_States" title="President of the United States">President</a> <a href="/wiki/Joe_Biden" title="Joe Biden">Joe Biden</a> nominated attorney <a href="/wiki/Kathi_Vidal" title="Kathi Vidal">Kathi Vidal</a> to serve as the USPTO director.<a href="#cite_note-64">[64]</a> She was sworn in on April 13, 2022.<a href="#cite_note-65">[65]</a> On December 16, 2022, Kathi Vidal announced that Vaishali Udupa,<a href="#cite_note-66">[66]</a> an intellectual property attorney, engineer, and currently a top executive from Hewlett Packard Enterprise (HPE), will join the 13,000-person Department of Commerce agency as the new Commissioner for Patents effective January 17, 2023.<a href="#cite_note-67">[67]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Fee_diversion">Fee diversion</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=United_States_Patent_and_Trademark_Office&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Fee diversion">edit</a>]</div> For many years, <a href="/wiki/United_States_Congress" title="United States Congress">Congress</a> has "diverted" about 10% of the fees that the USPTO collected into the general treasury of the United States. In effect, this took money collected from the patent system to use for the general budget. This fee diversion has been generally opposed by patent practitioners (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Patent_attorney" title="Patent attorney">patent attorneys</a> and <a href="/wiki/Patent_attorney" title="Patent attorney">patent agents</a>), inventors, the USPTO,<a href="#cite_note-68">[68]</a> as well as former federal judge <a href="/wiki/Paul_R._Michel" class="mw-redirect" title="Paul R. Michel">Paul R. Michel</a>.<a href="#cite_note-69">[69]</a> These stakeholders would rather use the funds to improve the patent office and patent system, such as by implementing the USPTO's 21st Century Strategic Plan.<a href="#cite_note-70">[70]</a> The last six annual budgets of the <a href="/wiki/George_W._Bush" title="George W. Bush">George W. Bush</a> administration did not propose to divert any USPTO fees, and the first budget of the <a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama">Barack Obama</a> administration continued this practice,<a href="#cite_note-71">[71]</a> as well as the second budget of the Trump administration;<a href="#cite_note-72">[72]</a> however, stakeholders continue to press for a permanent end to fee diversion.<a href="#cite_note-73">[73]</a> The discussion of which party can appropriate the fees is more than a financial question. Patent fees represent a policy lever that influences both the number of applications submitted to the office as well as their quality.<a href="#cite_note-74">[74]</a><a href="#cite_note-75">[75]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Patents">Patents</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=United_States_Patent_and_Trademark_Office&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Patents">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:FirstUSpatent.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/FirstUSpatent.jpg/220px-FirstUSpatent.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="174" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/FirstUSpatent.jpg/330px-FirstUSpatent.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/FirstUSpatent.jpg/440px-FirstUSpatent.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2640" data-file-height="2090" /></a><figcaption>First United States patent</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Inventors_Hall_of_Fame_in_Madison_Bldg_at_USPTO.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Inventors_Hall_of_Fame_in_Madison_Bldg_at_USPTO.jpg/220px-Inventors_Hall_of_Fame_in_Madison_Bldg_at_USPTO.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Inventors_Hall_of_Fame_in_Madison_Bldg_at_USPTO.jpg/330px-Inventors_Hall_of_Fame_in_Madison_Bldg_at_USPTO.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Inventors_Hall_of_Fame_in_Madison_Bldg_at_USPTO.jpg/440px-Inventors_Hall_of_Fame_in_Madison_Bldg_at_USPTO.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4032" data-file-height="3024" /></a><figcaption>The National Inventors Hall of Fame is housed in the Madison Building of the USPTO.</figcaption></figure> <ul><li>On July 31, 1790, the first U.S. patent was issued to <a href="/wiki/Samuel_Hopkins_(inventor)" title="Samuel Hopkins (inventor)">Samuel Hopkins</a> for an improvement "in the making of <a href="/wiki/Potash" title="Potash">Pot ash</a> and <a href="/wiki/Potassium_carbonate" title="Potassium carbonate">Pearl ash</a> by a new Apparatus and Process". This patent was signed by then-President <a href="/wiki/George_Washington" title="George Washington">George Washington</a>.</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/X-Patent" title="X-Patent">X-Patents</a> (the first 9,957 (approximately),<a href="#cite_note-76">[76]</a> issued between 1790 and 1836) were destroyed by a fire; fewer than 3,000 of those have been recovered and re-issued with numbers that include an "X". The X generally appears at the end of the numbers hand-written on full-page patent images; however, in patent collections and for search purposes, the X is considered to be the patent type – analogous to the "D" of design patents – and appears at the beginning of the number. The X distinguishes the patents from those issued after the fire, which began again with patent number 1.</li> <li>Each year, the PTO issues over 150,000 patents to companies and individuals worldwide. As of December 2011<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=United_States_Patent_and_Trademark_Office&action=edit">[update]</a>, the PTO had granted 8,743,423 patents and received 16,020,302 applications.<a href="#cite_note-77">[77]</a></li> <li>On June 19, 2018, the 10 millionth U.S. patent was issued to Joseph Marron for invention of a "Coherent LADAR [System] Using Intra-Pixel Quadrature Detection" to improve laser detection and ranging (LADAR).<a href="#cite_note-78">[78]</a> The patent was the first to receive the newly redesigned patent cover. It was signed by then-President <a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump" title="Donald Trump">Donald Trump</a> during a special ceremony at the <a href="/wiki/Oval_Office" title="Oval Office">Oval Office</a>.<a href="#cite_note-79">[79]</a></li> <li>In February 2024, the USPTO issued a new guideline relating to obtaining a patent as per earlier recommendation by <a href="/wiki/Joe_Biden" title="Joe Biden">Biden</a>'s administration. The guideline states that; to obtain a patent, a real person, not <a href="/wiki/Artificial_intelligence" title="Artificial intelligence">AI</a>, must have made a “significant contribution” to the invention and that only a human being can be named as an inventor on a patent.<a href="#cite_note-80">[80]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="List_of_millionth_US_Patents">List of millionth US Patents</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=United_States_Patent_and_Trademark_Office&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: List of millionth US Patents">edit</a>]</div> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Patents issued under revised numbering scheme of the <a href="/wiki/Patent_Act_of_1836" title="Patent Act of 1836">Patent Act of 1836</a> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Patent Number</th> <th>Patent Title</th> <th>Issue Date</th> <th>Days Since Last Millionth Issue </th></tr> <tr> <td>1<a href="#cite_note-81">[81]</a></td> <td>Traction Wheels</td> <td>July 13, 1836 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1,000,000<a href="#cite_note-82">[82]</a></td> <td>Vehicle Tire</td> <td>August 8, 1911</td> <td>27,419 </td></tr> <tr> <td>2,000,000<a href="#cite_note-83">[83]</a></td> <td>Vehicle Wheel Construction</td> <td>May 12, 1932</td> <td>7,583 </td></tr> <tr> <td>3,000,000<a href="#cite_note-84">[84]</a></td> <td>Automatic Reading System</td> <td>May 6, 1955</td> <td>8,394 </td></tr> <tr> <td>4,000,000<a href="#cite_note-85">[85]</a></td> <td>Process for Recycling Asphalt-Aggregate Compositions</td> <td>December 28, 1976</td> <td>7,907 </td></tr> <tr> <td>5,000,000<a href="#cite_note-86">[86]</a></td> <td>Ethanol Production by Escherichia Coli Strains</td> <td>March 19, 1991</td> <td>5,194 </td></tr> <tr> <td>6,000,000<a href="#cite_note-87">[87]</a></td> <td>Extendible Method and Apparatus for Synchronizing Multiple Files on Two Different Computer Systems</td> <td>December 7, 1999</td> <td>3,185 </td></tr> <tr> <td>7,000,000<a href="#cite_note-88">[88]</a></td> <td>Polysaccharide Fibers</td> <td>February 14, 2006</td> <td>2,261 </td></tr> <tr> <td>8,000,000<a href="#cite_note-89">[89]</a></td> <td>Visual Prosthesis</td> <td>August 16, 2011</td> <td>2,009 </td></tr> <tr> <td>9,000,000<a href="#cite_note-90">[90]</a></td> <td>Windshield Washer Conditioner</td> <td>April 7, 2015</td> <td>1,330 </td></tr> <tr> <td>10,000,000<a href="#cite_note-91">[91]</a></td> <td>Coherent Ladar Using Intra-Pixel Quadrature Detection</td> <td>June 19, 2018</td> <td>1,169 </td></tr> <tr> <td>11,000,000<a href="#cite_note-92">[92]</a></td> <td>Repositioning Wires and Methods for Repositioning Prosthetic Heart Valve Devices within a Heart Chamber</td> <td>May 11, 2021</td> <td>1,057 </td></tr> <tr> <td>12,000,000<a href="#cite_note-93">[93]</a></td> <td>Labeled Nucleotide Analogs, Reaction Mixtures, and Methods and System for Sequencing</td> <td>June 4, 2024</td> <td>1,120 </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bar_chart">Bar chart</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=United_States_Patent_and_Trademark_Office&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Bar chart">edit</a>]</div> <table class="wikitable" style="float:none; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto"> <tbody><tr style="background:#eee" align="center"><td>Days since last millionth patent filed at the USPTO</td></tr> <tr style="background:#ffffff" align="center"> <td><div class="timeline-wrapper"><map name="timeline_imy0595ljxwwte1jbslgfavzp16fr3a"></map><img usemap="#timeline_imy0595ljxwwte1jbslgfavzp16fr3a" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/timeline/imy0595ljxwwte1jbslgfavzp16fr3a.png" /></div> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Trademarks">Trademarks</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=United_States_Patent_and_Trademark_Office&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Trademarks">edit</a>]</div> The USPTO examines applications for trademark registration, which can be filed under five different filing bases: use in commerce, intent to use, foreign application, foreign registration, or international registration.<a href="#cite_note-94">[94]</a> If approved, the trademarks are registered on either the <a href="/wiki/Principal_Register" title="Principal Register">Principal Register</a> or the <a href="/wiki/Supplemental_Register" title="Supplemental Register">Supplemental Register</a>, depending upon whether the mark meets the appropriate distinctiveness criteria. This federal system governs goods and services distributed via interstate commerce, and operates alongside state level trademark registration systems.<a href="#cite_note-95">[95]</a><a href="#cite_note-96">[96]</a><a href="#cite_note-97">[97]</a> Trademark applications have grown substantially in recent years, jumping from 296,490 new applications in 2000,<a href="#cite_note-98">[98]</a> to 345,000 new applications in 2014, to 458,103 new applications in 2018.<a href="#cite_note-99">[99]</a> Recent growth has been driven partially by growing numbers of trademark applications originating in China; trademark applications from China have grown more than 12-fold since 2013, and in 2017, one in every nine trademark applications reviewed by the U.S. Trademark Office originated in China.<a href="#cite_note-100">[100]</a> Since 2008, the Trademark Office has hosted a National Trademark Expo every two years, billing it as "a free, family-friendly event designed to educate the public about trademarks and their importance in the global marketplace."<a href="#cite_note-101">[101]</a> The Expo features celebrity speakers such as <a href="/wiki/Anson_Williams" title="Anson Williams">Anson Williams</a> (of the television show <a href="/wiki/Happy_Days" title="Happy Days">Happy Days</a>)<a href="#cite_note-102">[102]</a> and basketball player <a href="/wiki/Kareem_Abdul-Jabbar" title="Kareem Abdul-Jabbar">Kareem Abdul-Jabbar</a><a href="#cite_note-103">[103]</a> and has numerous trademark-holding companies as exhibitors. Before the 2009 National Trademark Expo, the Trademark Office designed and launched a kid-friendly trademark mascot known as T. Markey, who appears as an anthropomorphized registered trademark symbol.<a href="#cite_note-104">[104]</a> T. Markey is featured prominently on the Kids section of the USPTO website, alongside fellow IP mascots Ms. Pat Pending (with her robot cat GeaRS) and Mark Trademan.<a href="#cite_note-105">[105]</a> In 2020, trademark applications marked the sharpest declines and inclines in American history. During the spring, <a href="/wiki/COVID-19_lockdowns" title="COVID-19 lockdowns">COVID-19 lockdowns</a> led to reduced filings, which then increased in July 2020 to exceed the previous year. August 2020 was subsequently the highest month of trademark filings in the history of the U.S. Patent and Trademark Office.<a href="#cite_note-106">[106]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Representation">Representation</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=United_States_Patent_and_Trademark_Office&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Representation">edit</a>]</div> The USPTO only allows certain qualified persons to practice before the USPTO. Practice includes filing of patent and trademark applications on behalf of individuals and companies, prosecuting the patent and trademark applications, and participating in administrative appeals and other proceedings before the PTO examiners, examining attorneys and boards. The USPTO sets its own standards for who may practice. Any person who practices patent law before the USPTO must become a registered patent attorney or agent. A patent agent is a person who has passed the <a href="/wiki/USPTO_registration_examination" title="USPTO registration examination">USPTO registration examination</a> (the "patent bar") but has not passed any state bar exam to become a licensed attorney; a patent attorney is a person who has passed both a state bar and the patent bar and is in good standing as an attorney.<a href="#cite_note-uspto1-107">[107]</a> A patent agent can only act in a representative capacity in patent matters presented to the USPTO, and may not represent a patent holder or applicant in a court of law. To be eligible for taking the patent bar exam, a candidate must possess a degree in "engineering or physical science or the equivalent of such a degree".<a href="#cite_note-uspto1-107">[107]</a> Any person who practices trademark law before the USPTO must be an active member in good standing of the highest court of any state.<a href="#cite_note-108">[108]</a> The United States allows any citizen from any country to sit for the patent bar (if he/she has the requisite technical background).<a href="#cite_note-109">[109]</a> Only Canada has a reciprocity agreement with the United States that confers upon a patent agent similar rights.<a href="#cite_note-110">[110]</a> An unrepresented inventor may file a patent application and prosecute it on his or her own behalf (<a href="/wiki/Pro_se" class="mw-redirect" title="Pro se">pro se</a>). If it appears to a patent examiner that an inventor filing a pro se application is not familiar with the proper procedures of the Patent Office, the examiner may suggest that the filing party obtain representation by a registered patent attorney or patent agent.<a href="#cite_note-111">[111]</a> The patent examiner cannot recommend a specific attorney or agent, but the Patent Office does post a list of those who are registered.<a href="#cite_note-112">[112]</a> While the inventor of a relatively simple-to-describe invention may well be able to produce an adequate specification and detailed drawings, there remains language complexity in what is <a href="/wiki/Claim_(patent)" class="mw-redirect" title="Claim (patent)">claimed</a>, either in the particular claim language of a utility application, or in the manner in which drawings are presented in a design application. There is also skill required when searching for prior art that is used to support the application and to prevent applying for a patent for something that may be unpatentable. A patent examiner will make special efforts to help pro se inventors understand the process but the failure to adequately understand or respond to an Office action from the USPTO can endanger the inventor's rights, and may lead to abandonment of the application. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Electronic_filing_system">Electronic filing system</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=United_States_Patent_and_Trademark_Office&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Electronic filing system">edit</a>]</div> The USPTO accepts patent applications filed in electronic form. Inventors or their patent agents/attorneys can file applications as <a href="/wiki/Portable_Document_Format" class="mw-redirect" title="Portable Document Format">Adobe PDF</a> documents. Filing fees can be paid by credit card or by a USPTO "deposit account". <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Patent_search_tools">Patent search tools</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=United_States_Patent_and_Trademark_Office&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Patent search tools">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:PSF_at_USPTO_Madison_Bldg.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/PSF_at_USPTO_Madison_Bldg.jpg/220px-PSF_at_USPTO_Madison_Bldg.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="193" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/PSF_at_USPTO_Madison_Bldg.jpg/330px-PSF_at_USPTO_Madison_Bldg.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/PSF_at_USPTO_Madison_Bldg.jpg/440px-PSF_at_USPTO_Madison_Bldg.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3215" data-file-height="2825" /></a><figcaption>The lobby of the Public Search Facility, looking out toward the atrium, inside the Madison Building of the USPTO. The bronze bust of Thomas Jefferson is at the far right. Researchers can access patent search databases within the facility.</figcaption></figure> The USPTO web site provides free electronic copies of issued patents and patent applications as multiple-page <a href="/wiki/TIFF" title="TIFF">TIFF</a> (graphic) documents. The site also provides Boolean search and analysis tools.<a href="#cite_note-113">[113]</a> The USPTO's free distribution service only distributes the patent documents as a set of TIFF files.<a href="#cite_note-114">[114]</a> Numerous free and commercial services provide patent documents in other formats, such as <a href="/wiki/Adobe_PDF" class="mw-redirect" title="Adobe PDF">Adobe PDF</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cartesian_Perceptual_Compression" title="Cartesian Perceptual Compression">CPC</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Criticisms">Criticisms</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=United_States_Patent_and_Trademark_Office&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Criticisms">edit</a>]</div> The USPTO has been criticized for granting patents for impossible or absurd, already known, or arguably obvious inventions.<a href="#cite_note-ross-115">[115]</a> Economists have documented that, although the USPTO makes mistakes when granting patents, these mistakes might be less prominent than some might believe.<a href="#cite_note-116">[116]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Controversial_patents">Controversial patents</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=United_States_Patent_and_Trademark_Office&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Controversial patents">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://patents.google.com/patent/US5443036">U.S. patent 5,443,036</a>, "Method of exercising a cat", covers having a cat chase the beam from a <a href="/wiki/Laser_pointer" title="Laser pointer">laser pointer</a>. The patent has been criticized as being obvious.<a href="#cite_note-NYTimes2004_10_21-117">[117]</a><a href="#cite_note-118">[118]</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://patents.google.com/patent/US6004596">U.S. patent 6,004,596</a>, "<a href="/wiki/Sealed_crustless_sandwich" title="Sealed crustless sandwich">Sealed crustless sandwich</a>", issued in 1999, covers the design of a sandwich with crimped edges.<a href="#cite_note-NYTimes2004_10_21-117">[117]</a><a href="#cite_note-119">[119]</a> All claims of the patent were canceled by the PTO upon reexamination.<a href="#cite_note-120">[120]</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://patents.google.com/patent/US6025810">U.S. patent 6,025,810</a>, "Hyper-light-speed antenna", an antenna that sends signals faster than the <a href="/wiki/Speed_of_light" title="Speed of light">speed of light</a>.<a href="#cite_note-ross-115">[115]</a> According to the description in the patent, "The present invention takes a transmission of energy, and instead of sending it through normal time and space, it pokes a small hole into another dimension, thus, sending the energy through a place which allows transmission of energy to exceed the speed of light."<a href="#cite_note-121">[121]</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://patents.google.com/patent/US6368227">U.S. patent 6,368,227</a>, "Method of swinging on a swing", issued April 9, 2002,<a href="#cite_note-NewScientist2002_04_17-122">[122]</a><a href="#cite_note-NYTimes2002_05_13-123">[123]</a> was granted to a seven-year-old boy, whose father, a patent attorney, wanted to demonstrate how the patent system worked to his son who was five years old at the time of the application. The PTO initially rejected it due to prior art, but eventually issued the patent.<a href="#cite_note-NewScientist2002_04_17-122">[122]</a> Upon reexamination all claims of the patent were canceled by the PTO.<a href="#cite_note-124">[124]</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://patents.google.com/patent/US6960975">U.S. patent 6,960,975</a>, "Space vehicle propelled by the pressure of inflationary vacuum state", describes an <a href="/wiki/Anti-gravity" title="Anti-gravity">anti-gravity</a> device. In November 2005, the USPTO was criticized by physicists for granting it. The journal <a href="/wiki/Nature_(journal)" title="Nature (journal)">Nature</a> first highlighted this patent issued for a device that presumably amounts to a <a href="/wiki/Perpetual_motion" title="Perpetual motion">perpetual motion</a> machine, defying the laws of physics.<a href="#cite_note-125">[125]</a><a href="#cite_note-126">[126]</a><a href="#cite_note-127">[127]</a><a href="#cite_note-128">[128]</a> The device comprises a particular electrically <a href="/wiki/Superconductivity" title="Superconductivity">superconducting</a> shield and electromagnetic generating device. The examiner allowed the claims because the design of the shield and device was novel and not obvious.<a href="#cite_note-129">[129]</a> In situations such as this where a substantial question of <a href="/wiki/Patentability" title="Patentability">patentability</a> is raised after a patent is issued, the Commissioner of the Patent Office can order a <a href="/wiki/Reexamination" title="Reexamination">reexamination</a> of the patent.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Controversial_trademarks">Controversial trademarks</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=United_States_Patent_and_Trademark_Office&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Controversial trademarks">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://tarr.uspto.gov/servlet/tarr?regser=serial&entry=77139082">U.S. Trademark 77,139,082</a>, "Cloud Computing" for <a href="/wiki/Dell" title="Dell">Dell</a>, covering "custom manufacture of computer hardware for use in <a href="/wiki/Data_center" title="Data center">data centers</a> and mega-scale computing environments for others", was allowed by a trademark attorney on July 8, 2008. <a href="/wiki/Cloud_computing" title="Cloud computing">Cloud computing</a> is a generic term that could define technology infrastructure for years to come, which had been in general use at the time of the application.<a href="#cite_note-130">[130]</a> The application was rejected on August 12, 2008, as descriptive and generic.<a href="#cite_note-131">[131]</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://tarr.uspto.gov/servlet/tarr?regser=serial&entry=75215401">U.S. Trademark 75,215,401</a>, "<a href="/wiki/Netbook" title="Netbook">Netbook</a>" for <a href="/wiki/Psion_(computers)" class="mw-redirect" title="Psion (computers)">Psion</a>, covering "laptop computers" was registered on November 21, 2000. Although the company discontinued the netBook line in November 2003 and allowed the trademark to become <a href="/wiki/Genericized" class="mw-redirect" title="Genericized">genericized</a> through use by journalists and vendors (products marketed as 'netbooks' include the <a href="/wiki/Dell_Inspiron_Mini_Series" title="Dell Inspiron Mini Series">Dell Inspiron Mini Series</a>, <a href="/wiki/Asus" title="Asus">Asus</a> <a href="/wiki/EeePC" class="mw-redirect" title="EeePC">eeePC</a>, <a href="/wiki/HP_Mini_1000" class="mw-redirect" title="HP Mini 1000">HP Mini 1000</a>, <a href="/wiki/MSI_Wind_Netbook" title="MSI Wind Netbook">MSI Wind Netbook</a> and others), <a href="/wiki/USPTO" class="mw-redirect" title="USPTO">USPTO</a> subsequently rejected a number of trademarks citing a "likelihood of confusion" under section 2(d), including 'G NETBOOK' (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://tarr.uspto.gov/servlet/tarr?regser=serial&entry=77527311">U.S. Trademark 77,527,311</a> rejected October 31, 2008), <a href="/wiki/Micro-Star_International" title="Micro-Star International">MSI</a>'s 'WIND NETBOOK' (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://tarr.uspto.gov/servlet/tarr?regser=serial&entry=">U.S. Trademark </a>) and <a href="/wiki/Coby_Electronics_Corporation" title="Coby Electronics Corporation">Coby Electronics</a>' 'COBY NETBOOK' (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://tarr.uspto.gov/servlet/tarr?regser=serial&entry=77590174">U.S. Trademark 77,590,174</a>) rejected January 13, 2009. Psion also delivered a batch of <a href="/wiki/Cease-and-desist_letters" class="mw-redirect" title="Cease-and-desist letters">cease-and-desist letters</a> on December 23, 2008, relating to the <a href="/wiki/Genericized_trademark" class="mw-redirect" title="Genericized trademark">genericized trademark</a>.<a href="#cite_note-132">[132]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Slow_patent_examination_and_backlog">Slow patent examination and backlog</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=United_States_Patent_and_Trademark_Office&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Slow patent examination and backlog">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Backlog_of_unexamined_patent_applications" title="Backlog of unexamined patent applications">Backlog of unexamined patent applications</a></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:442px;max-width:442px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:207px;max-width:207px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:123px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:US_patents_1790-2008.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/US_patents_1790-2008.png/205px-US_patents_1790-2008.png" decoding="async" width="205" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/US_patents_1790-2008.png/308px-US_patents_1790-2008.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/US_patents_1790-2008.png/410px-US_patents_1790-2008.png 2x" data-file-width="922" data-file-height="557" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">U.S. patents granted, 1790–2010.<a href="#cite_note-USPTO_Activity-133">[133]</a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:231px;max-width:231px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:123px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:1976-_United_States_utility_patents_issued,_by_year_-_bar_chart.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/1976-_United_States_utility_patents_issued%2C_by_year_-_bar_chart.svg/229px-1976-_United_States_utility_patents_issued%2C_by_year_-_bar_chart.svg.png" decoding="async" width="229" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/1976-_United_States_utility_patents_issued%2C_by_year_-_bar_chart.svg/344px-1976-_United_States_utility_patents_issued%2C_by_year_-_bar_chart.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/1976-_United_States_utility_patents_issued%2C_by_year_-_bar_chart.svg/458px-1976-_United_States_utility_patents_issued%2C_by_year_-_bar_chart.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1250" data-file-height="675" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">More U.S. utility patents have been issued in the most recent thirty years than in the first 200 years in which they were issued (1790–1990).</div></div></div></div></div> The USPTO has been criticized for taking an inordinate amount of time in examining patent applications. This is particularly true in the fast-growing area[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers">needs update</a>] of <a href="/wiki/Business_method_patent" title="Business method patent">business method patents</a>. As of 2005, patent examiners in the business method area were still examining patent applications filed in 2001.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] The delay was attributed by spokesmen for the Patent Office to a combination of a sudden increase in business method patent filings after the 1998 <a href="/wiki/State_Street_Bank_v._Signature_Financial_Group" class="mw-redirect" title="State Street Bank v. Signature Financial Group">State Street Bank decision</a>, the unfamiliarity of patent examiners with the business and financial arts (e.g., banking, <a href="/wiki/Insurance" title="Insurance">insurance</a>, stock trading etc.), and the issuance of a number of controversial patents (e.g., <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://patents.google.com/patent/US5960411">U.S. patent 5,960,411</a> "<a href="/wiki/1-Click" title="1-Click">Amazon one click patent</a>") in the business method area. Effective August 2006, the USPTO introduced an <a href="/wiki/Petition_to_make_special" title="Petition to make special">accelerated patent examination procedure</a> in an effort to allow inventors a speedy evaluation of an application with a final disposition within twelve months. The procedure requires additional information to be submitted with the application and also includes an interview with the examiner.<a href="#cite_note-134">[134]</a> The first accelerated patent was granted on March 15, 2007, with a six-month issuance time.<a href="#cite_note-135">[135]</a> As of the end of 2008, there were 1,208,076 patent applications pending at the Patent Office. At the end of 1997, the number of applications pending was 275,295. Therefore, over those eleven years there was a 439% increase in the number of pending applications.<a href="#cite_note-136">[136]</a> December 2012 data showed that there was 597,579 unexamined patent applications in the backlog.<a href="#cite_note-137">[137]</a> During the four years since 2009, more than a 50% reduction was achieved. First action pendency was reported as 19.2 months. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Fraud_by_remote_working_employees">Fraud by remote working employees</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=United_States_Patent_and_Trademark_Office&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Fraud by remote working employees">edit</a>]</div> In 2012, the USPTO initiated an internal investigation into allegations of fraud by employees taking advantage of its <a href="/wiki/Remote_work" title="Remote work">remote work</a> policies. Investigators discovered that some patent examiners had lied about the hours they had worked, but high level officials prevented access to computer records, thus limiting the number of employees who could be punished.<a href="#cite_note-138">[138]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=United_States_Patent_and_Trademark_Office&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <table style="float:right; margin:1em; width:30em; border:1px solid #a0a0a0; padding:10px; background:#f5f5f5; text-align:left;"> <tbody><tr style="text-align:center;"> <td>Directors of the USPTO </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:left; font-size:x-small;"> <td>1. <a href="/wiki/List_of_people_who_have_headed_the_United_States_Patent_Office" title="List of people who have headed the United States Patent Office">List of people who have headed the United States Patent Office</a> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:left; font-size:x-small;"> <td>... </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:left; font-size:x-small;"> <td>r. <a href="/wiki/Bruce_Lehman" title="Bruce Lehman">Bruce Lehman</a> (1993–1998) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:left; font-size:x-small;"> <td>s. <a href="/wiki/Q._Todd_Dickinson" title="Q. Todd Dickinson">Q. Todd Dickinson</a> (1998–2001) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:left; font-size:x-small;"> <td>t. <a href="/wiki/James_E._Rogan" title="James E. Rogan">James E. Rogan</a> (December 2001 – 2004) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:left; font-size:x-small;"> <td>u. <a href="/wiki/Jon_Dudas" title="Jon Dudas">Jon Dudas</a> (2004 – January 2009) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:left; font-size:x-small;"> <td>v. <a href="/wiki/John_J._Doll" title="John J. Doll">John J. Doll</a> (January 2009 – August 2009) (acting) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:left; font-size:x-small;"> <td>w. <a href="/wiki/David_J._Kappos" class="mw-redirect" title="David J. Kappos">David J. Kappos</a> (August 2009 – February 2013) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:left; font-size:x-small;"> <td>x. <a href="/wiki/Teresa_Stanek_Rea" title="Teresa Stanek Rea">Teresa Stanek Rea</a> (February 2013 – November 21, 2013) (acting) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:left; font-size:x-small;"> <td>y. <a href="/wiki/Margaret_A._(Peggy)_Focarino" class="mw-redirect" title="Margaret A. (Peggy) Focarino">Margaret A. (Peggy) Focarino</a> (November 21, 2013 – January 12, 2014) (by delegation) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:left; font-size:x-small;"> <td>z. <a href="/wiki/Michelle_K._Lee" title="Michelle K. Lee">Michelle K. Lee</a> (January 13, 2014 – June 6, 2017) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:left; font-size:x-small;"> <td>aa. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Joseph_Matal&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Joseph Matal (page does not exist)">Joseph Matal</a> (June 7, 2017 – February 8, 2018) (acting)<a href="#cite_note-139">[139]</a> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:left; font-size:x-small;"> <td>bb. <a href="/wiki/Andrei_Iancu" title="Andrei Iancu">Andrei Iancu</a> (February 8, 2018 – January 20, 2021)<a href="#cite_note-PTO20180208-140">[140]</a> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:left; font-size:x-small;"> <td>cc. <a href="/wiki/Kathi_Vidal" title="Kathi Vidal">Kathi Vidal</a> (2022–present) </td></tr></tbody></table> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Confederate_Patent_Office" title="Confederate Patent Office">Confederate Patent Office</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_the_United_States_government#Criticism_of_agencies" title="Criticism of the United States government">Criticism of the United States government § Criticism of agencies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electronic_Filing_System_(USPTO)" title="Electronic Filing System (USPTO)">Electronic Filing System (USPTO)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ex_Parte_Quayle" class="mw-redirect" title="Ex Parte Quayle">Ex Parte Quayle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Google_Patents" title="Google Patents">Google Patents</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Ruggles" title="John Ruggles">John Ruggles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Invention_Secrecy_Act" title="Invention Secrecy Act">Invention Secrecy Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NASA_spinoff" class="mw-redirect" title="NASA spinoff">NASA spinoff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Inventors_Hall_of_Fame" title="National Inventors Hall of Fame">National Inventors Hall of Fame</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Office_of_Independent_Inventor_Programs" title="Office of Independent Inventor Programs">Office of Independent Inventor Programs</a> (1999)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Patent_Office_Building" title="Old Patent Office Building">Old Patent Office Building</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patent_Application_Information_Retrieval" title="Patent Application Information Retrieval">Patent Application Information Retrieval</a> (PAIR)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patent_model" title="Patent model">Patent model</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patent_Office_Professional_Association" title="Patent Office Professional Association">Patent Office Professional Association</a> (POPA)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_and_technology_in_the_United_States" title="Science and technology in the United States">Science and technology in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Technological_history_of_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Technological history of the United States">Technological history of the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_United_States_discoveries" title="Timeline of United States discoveries">Timeline of United States discoveries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_United_States_inventions" title="Timeline of United States inventions">Timeline of United States inventions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yankee_ingenuity" title="Yankee ingenuity">Yankee ingenuity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1836_U.S._Patent_Office_fire" title="1836 U.S. Patent Office fire">1836 U.S. Patent Office fire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1877_U.S._Patent_Office_fire" title="1877 U.S. Patent Office fire">1877 U.S. Patent Office fire</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=United_States_Patent_and_Trademark_Office&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output 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Retrieved September 26, 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=USPTO&rft.atitle=Agency+Financial+Report&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.uspto.gov%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2Fdocuments%2FUSPTOFY23AFR.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+Patent+and+Trademark+Office" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FY_2021-24">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FY_2021_24-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FY_2021_24-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FY_2021_24-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FY_2021_24-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FY_2021_24-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FY_2021_24-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FY_2021_24-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FY_2021_24-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FY_2021_24-8">i</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FY_2021_24-9">j</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FY_2021_24-10">k</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FY_2021_24-11">l</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FY_2021_24-12">m</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.uspto.gov/sites/default/files/documents/USPTOFY21PAR.pdf">"Performance & Accountability Report FY 2021"</a> (PDF). USPTO. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220622005737/https://www.uspto.gov/sites/default/files/documents/USPTOFY21PAR.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on June 22, 2022. Retrieved June 22, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=USPTO&rft.atitle=Performance+%26+Accountability+Report+FY+2021&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.uspto.gov%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2Fdocuments%2FUSPTOFY21PAR.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+Patent+and+Trademark+Office" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.uspto.gov/sites/default/files/documents/USPTOFY20PAR.pdf">"Performance & Accountability Report FY 2020"</a> (PDF). USPTO. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230322153238/https://www.uspto.gov/sites/default/files/documents/USPTOFY20PAR.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on March 22, 2023. Retrieved June 22, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=USPTO&rft.atitle=Performance+%26+Accountability+Report+FY+2020&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.uspto.gov%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2Fdocuments%2FUSPTOFY20PAR.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+Patent+and+Trademark+Office" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.uspto.gov/sites/default/files/documents/USPTOFY19PAR.pdf">"Performance & Accountability Report FY 2019"</a> (PDF). USPTO. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230516131310/https://www.uspto.gov/sites/default/files/documents/USPTOFY19PAR.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on May 16, 2023. Retrieved June 22, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=USPTO&rft.atitle=Performance+%26+Accountability+Report+FY+2019&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.uspto.gov%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2Fdocuments%2FUSPTOFY19PAR.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+Patent+and+Trademark+Office" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.uspto.gov/sites/default/files/documents/USPTOFY18PAR.pdf">"Performance & Accountability Report FY 2018"</a> (PDF). USPTO. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230516131303/https://www.uspto.gov/sites/default/files/documents/USPTOFY18PAR.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on May 16, 2023. Retrieved June 22, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=USPTO&rft.atitle=Performance+%26+Accountability+Report+FY+2018&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.uspto.gov%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2Fdocuments%2FUSPTOFY18PAR.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+Patent+and+Trademark+Office" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.uspto.gov/sites/default/files/documents/USPTOFY17PAR.pdf">"Performance & Accountability Report FY 2017"</a> (PDF). USPTO. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230516133839/https://www.uspto.gov/sites/default/files/documents/USPTOFY17PAR.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on May 16, 2023. Retrieved June 22, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=USPTO&rft.atitle=Performance+%26+Accountability+Report+FY+2017&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.uspto.gov%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2Fdocuments%2FUSPTOFY17PAR.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+Patent+and+Trademark+Office" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FY_2016-29">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FY_2016_29-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FY_2016_29-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FY_2016_29-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FY_2016_29-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FY_2016_29-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FY_2016_29-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FY_2016_29-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FY_2016_29-7">h</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.uspto.gov/sites/default/files/documents/USPTOFY16PAR.pdf">"Performance & Accountability Report FY 2016"</a> (PDF). USPTO. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230516131256/https://www.uspto.gov/sites/default/files/documents/USPTOFY16PAR.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on May 16, 2023. Retrieved June 22, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=USPTO&rft.atitle=Performance+%26+Accountability+Report+FY+2016&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.uspto.gov%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2Fdocuments%2FUSPTOFY16PAR.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+Patent+and+Trademark+Office" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.uspto.gov/sites/default/files/documents/USPTOFY15PAR.pdf">"Performance & Accountability Report FY 2015"</a> (PDF). USPTO. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230405041523/https://www.uspto.gov/sites/default/files/documents/USPTOFY15PAR.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on April 5, 2023. Retrieved June 22, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=USPTO&rft.atitle=Performance+%26+Accountability+Report+FY+2015&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.uspto.gov%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2Fdocuments%2FUSPTOFY15PAR.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+Patent+and+Trademark+Office" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.uspto.gov/sites/default/files/documents/USPTOFY2014PAR.pdf">"Performance & Accountability Report FY 2014"</a> (PDF). USPTO. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230516131300/https://www.uspto.gov/sites/default/files/documents/USPTOFY2014PAR.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on May 16, 2023. Retrieved June 22, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=USPTO&rft.atitle=Performance+%26+Accountability+Report+FY+2014&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.uspto.gov%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2Fdocuments%2FUSPTOFY2014PAR.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+Patent+and+Trademark+Office" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.uspto.gov/sites/default/files/documents/USPTOFY2013PAR.pdf">"Performance & Accountability Report FY 2013"</a> (PDF). USPTO. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230516131308/https://www.uspto.gov/sites/default/files/documents/USPTOFY2013PAR.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on May 16, 2023. Retrieved June 22, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=USPTO&rft.atitle=Performance+%26+Accountability+Report+FY+2013&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.uspto.gov%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2Fdocuments%2FUSPTOFY2013PAR.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+Patent+and+Trademark+Office" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.uspto.gov/sites/default/files/about/stratplan/ar/USPTOFY2012PAR.pdf">"Performance & Accountability Report FY 2012"</a> (PDF). USPTO. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230516131314/https://www.uspto.gov/sites/default/files/about/stratplan/ar/USPTOFY2012PAR.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on May 16, 2023. Retrieved June 22, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=USPTO&rft.atitle=Performance+%26+Accountability+Report+FY+2012&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.uspto.gov%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2Fabout%2Fstratplan%2Far%2FUSPTOFY2012PAR.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+Patent+and+Trademark+Office" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.uspto.gov/sites/default/files/about/stratplan/ar/USPTOFY2011PAR.pdf">"Performance & Accountability Report FY 2011"</a> (PDF). USPTO. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220401004851/https://www.uspto.gov/sites/default/files/about/stratplan/ar/USPTOFY2011PAR.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on April 1, 2022. Retrieved June 22, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=USPTO&rft.atitle=Performance+%26+Accountability+Report+FY+2011&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.uspto.gov%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2Fabout%2Fstratplan%2Far%2FUSPTOFY2011PAR.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+Patent+and+Trademark+Office" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.uspto.gov/sites/default/files/about/stratplan/ar/USPTOFY2010PAR.pdf">"Performance & Accountability Report FY 2010"</a> (PDF). USPTO. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230216193546/https://www.uspto.gov/sites/default/files/about/stratplan/ar/USPTOFY2010PAR.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on February 16, 2023. Retrieved June 22, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=USPTO&rft.atitle=Performance+%26+Accountability+Report+FY+2010&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.uspto.gov%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2Fabout%2Fstratplan%2Far%2FUSPTOFY2010PAR.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+Patent+and+Trademark+Office" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.uspto.gov/sites/default/files/about/stratplan/ar/USPTOFY2009PAR.pdf">"Performance & Accountability Report FY 2009"</a> (PDF). USPTO. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230516131240/https://www.uspto.gov/sites/default/files/about/stratplan/ar/USPTOFY2009PAR.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on May 16, 2023. Retrieved June 22, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=USPTO&rft.atitle=Performance+%26+Accountability+Report+FY+2009&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.uspto.gov%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2Fabout%2Fstratplan%2Far%2FUSPTOFY2009PAR.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+Patent+and+Trademark+Office" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.uspto.gov/sites/default/files/about/stratplan/ar/USPTOFY2008PAR.pdf">"Performance & Accountability Report FY 2008"</a> (PDF). USPTO. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230516131240/https://www.uspto.gov/sites/default/files/about/stratplan/ar/USPTOFY2008PAR.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on May 16, 2023. Retrieved June 22, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=USPTO&rft.atitle=Performance+%26+Accountability+Report+FY+2008&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.uspto.gov%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2Fabout%2Fstratplan%2Far%2FUSPTOFY2008PAR.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+Patent+and+Trademark+Office" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.uspto.gov/sites/default/files/about/stratplan/ar/USPTOFY2007PAR.pdf">"Performance & Accountability Report FY 2007"</a> (PDF). USPTO. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230516131309/https://www.uspto.gov/sites/default/files/about/stratplan/ar/USPTOFY2007PAR.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on May 16, 2023. Retrieved June 22, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=USPTO&rft.atitle=Performance+%26+Accountability+Report+FY+2007&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.uspto.gov%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2Fabout%2Fstratplan%2Far%2FUSPTOFY2007PAR.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+Patent+and+Trademark+Office" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FY_2006-39">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FY_2006_39-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FY_2006_39-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FY_2006_39-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FY_2006_39-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FY_2006_39-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FY_2006_39-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FY_2006_39-6">g</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.uspto.gov/sites/default/files/about/stratplan/ar/USPTOFY2006PAR.pdf">"Performance & Accountability Report FY 2006"</a> (PDF). USPTO. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230516131300/https://www.uspto.gov/sites/default/files/about/stratplan/ar/USPTOFY2006PAR.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on May 16, 2023. Retrieved June 22, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=USPTO&rft.atitle=Performance+%26+Accountability+Report+FY+2006&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.uspto.gov%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2Fabout%2Fstratplan%2Far%2FUSPTOFY2006PAR.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+Patent+and+Trademark+Office" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.uspto.gov/about-us/performance-and-planning/annual-reports/pto-glance-acknowledgements">"PTO at a glance / Acknowledgements"</a>. USPTO. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220704051921/https://www.uspto.gov/about-us/performance-and-planning/annual-reports/pto-glance-acknowledgements">Archived</a> from the original on July 4, 2022. Retrieved June 22, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=USPTO&rft.atitle=PTO+at+a+glance+%2F+Acknowledgements&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.uspto.gov%2Fabout-us%2Fperformance-and-planning%2Fannual-reports%2Fpto-glance-acknowledgements&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+Patent+and+Trademark+Office" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FY_1996-41"><a href="#cite_ref-FY_1996_41-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.uspto.gov/about-us/performance-and-planning/annual-reports/1996-annual-review-additional-information#tab">"1996 Annual Review - Additional Information"</a>. USPTO. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230331152819/https://www.uspto.gov/about-us/performance-and-planning/annual-reports/1996-annual-review-additional-information">Archived</a> from the original on March 31, 2023. Retrieved June 22, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=USPTO&rft.atitle=1996+Annual+Review+-+Additional+Information&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.uspto.gov%2Fabout-us%2Fperformance-and-planning%2Fannual-reports%2F1996-annual-review-additional-information%23tab&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+Patent+and+Trademark+Office" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Filed_96-42">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Filed_96_42-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Filed_96_42-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Filed_96_42-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Filed_96_42-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.uspto.gov/sites/default/files/web/offices/com/annual/1996/pg101.gif">"Table 2. Patent Applications Filed"</a>. USPTO. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210323045358/https://www.uspto.gov/sites/default/files/web/offices/com/annual/1996/pg101.gif">Archived</a> from the original on March 23, 2021. 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Retrieved December 12, 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=U.S.+Patent+Activity+Calendar+Years+1790+to+the+Present&rft.pub=United+States+Patent+and+Trademark+Office&rft.date=2012-12-12&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.uspto.gov%2Fweb%2Foffices%2Fac%2Fido%2Foeip%2Ftaf%2Fh_counts.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+Patent+and+Trademark+Office" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.uspto.gov/about-us/news-updates/united-states-issues-patent-number-10000000">"United States Issues Patent Number 10,000,000"</a>. June 19, 2018. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180619141725/https://www.uspto.gov/about-us/news-updates/united-states-issues-patent-number-10000000">Archived</a> from the original on June 19, 2018. Retrieved June 21, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=United+States+Issues+Patent+Number+10%2C000%2C000&rft.date=2018-06-19&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.uspto.gov%2Fabout-us%2Fnews-updates%2Funited-states-issues-patent-number-10000000&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+Patent+and+Trademark+Office" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFuspto2018" class="citation web cs1">@uspto (June 19, 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://x.com/uspto/status/1009188142249906176">"Today, @POTUS signed patent ten..."</a> (<a href="/wiki/Tweet_(social_media)" title="Tweet (social media)">Tweet</a>) – via <a href="/wiki/Twitter" title="Twitter">Twitter</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Today%2C+%40POTUS+signed+patent+ten...&rft.date=2018-06-19&rft.au=uspto&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fx.com%2Fuspto%2Fstatus%2F1009188142249906176&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+Patent+and+Trademark+Office" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFung2024" class="citation web cs1">Fung, Brian (February 14, 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cnn.com/2024/02/14/tech/billions-in-ai-patents-get-new-regulations/index.html">"Only real people, not AI, can patent inventions, US government says | CNN Business"</a>. CNN. Retrieved February 15, 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=CNN&rft.atitle=Only+real+people%2C+not+AI%2C+can+patent+inventions%2C+US+government+says+%7C+CNN+Business&rft.date=2024-02-14&rft.aulast=Fung&rft.aufirst=Brian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cnn.com%2F2024%2F02%2F14%2Ftech%2Fbillions-in-ai-patents-get-new-regulations%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+Patent+and+Trademark+Office" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ppubs.uspto.gov/dirsearch-public/print/downloadPdf/0000001">"First U.S. Patent: Traction Wheels"</a> (pdf). ppubs.uspto.gov/. Retrieved July 14, 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ppubs.uspto.gov%2F&rft.atitle=First+U.S.+Patent%3A+Traction+Wheels&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fppubs.uspto.gov%2Fdirsearch-public%2Fprint%2FdownloadPdf%2F0000001&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+Patent+and+Trademark+Office" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ppubs.uspto.gov/dirsearch-public/print/downloadPdf/1000000">"Millionth U.S. Patent: Vehicle Tire"</a> (pdf). ppubs.uspto.gov/. Retrieved July 17, 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ppubs.uspto.gov%2F&rft.atitle=Millionth+U.S.+Patent%3A+Vehicle+Tire&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fppubs.uspto.gov%2Fdirsearch-public%2Fprint%2FdownloadPdf%2F1000000&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+Patent+and+Trademark+Office" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ppubs.uspto.gov/dirsearch-public/print/downloadPdf/2000000">"2 Millionths U.S. Patent: Vehicle Wheel Construction"</a> (pdf). ppubs.uspto.gov/. Retrieved July 17, 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ppubs.uspto.gov%2F&rft.atitle=2+Millionths+U.S.+Patent%3A+Vehicle+Wheel+Construction&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fppubs.uspto.gov%2Fdirsearch-public%2Fprint%2FdownloadPdf%2F2000000&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+Patent+and+Trademark+Office" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ppubs.uspto.gov/dirsearch-public/print/downloadPdf/3000000">"3 Millionth U.S. Patent: Automatic Reading System"</a> (pdf). ppubs.uspto.gov/. Retrieved July 17, 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ppubs.uspto.gov%2F&rft.atitle=3+Millionth+U.S.+Patent%3A+Automatic+Reading+System&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fppubs.uspto.gov%2Fdirsearch-public%2Fprint%2FdownloadPdf%2F3000000&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+Patent+and+Trademark+Office" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ppubs.uspto.gov/dirsearch-public/print/downloadPdf/4000000">"4 Millionth U.S. Patent: Process for Recycling Asphalt-Aggregate Compositions"</a> (pdf). ppubs.uspto.gov/. Retrieved July 17, 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ppubs.uspto.gov%2F&rft.atitle=4+Millionth+U.S.+Patent%3A+Process+for+Recycling+Asphalt-Aggregate+Compositions&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fppubs.uspto.gov%2Fdirsearch-public%2Fprint%2FdownloadPdf%2F4000000&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+Patent+and+Trademark+Office" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ppubs.uspto.gov/dirsearch-public/print/downloadPdf/5000000">"5 Millionth U.S. Patent: Ethanol Production by Escherichia Coli Strains"</a>. ppubs.uspto.gov/.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ppubs.uspto.gov%2F&rft.atitle=5+Millionth+U.S.+Patent%3A+Ethanol+Production+by+Escherichia+Coli+Strains&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fppubs.uspto.gov%2Fdirsearch-public%2Fprint%2FdownloadPdf%2F5000000&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+Patent+and+Trademark+Office" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ppubs.uspto.gov/dirsearch-public/print/downloadPdf/6000000">"6 Millionth U.S. Patent: Extendible Method and Apparatus for Synchronizing Multiple Files on Two Different Computer Systems"</a>. ppubs.uspto.gov/.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ppubs.uspto.gov%2F&rft.atitle=6+Millionth+U.S.+Patent%3A+Extendible+Method+and+Apparatus+for+Synchronizing+Multiple+Files+on+Two+Different+Computer+Systems&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fppubs.uspto.gov%2Fdirsearch-public%2Fprint%2FdownloadPdf%2F6000000&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+Patent+and+Trademark+Office" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ppubs.uspto.gov/dirsearch-public/print/downloadPdf/7000000">"7 Millionth U.S. Patent: Polysaccharide Fibers"</a>. ppubs.uspto.gov/.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ppubs.uspto.gov%2F&rft.atitle=7+Millionth+U.S.+Patent%3A+Polysaccharide+Fibers&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fppubs.uspto.gov%2Fdirsearch-public%2Fprint%2FdownloadPdf%2F7000000&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+Patent+and+Trademark+Office" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ppubs.uspto.gov/dirsearch-public/print/downloadPdf/8000000">"8 Millionth U.S. Patent: Visual Prosthesis"</a>. ppubs.uspto.gov/.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ppubs.uspto.gov%2F&rft.atitle=8+Millionth+U.S.+Patent%3A+Visual+Prosthesis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fppubs.uspto.gov%2Fdirsearch-public%2Fprint%2FdownloadPdf%2F8000000&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+Patent+and+Trademark+Office" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ppubs.uspto.gov/dirsearch-public/print/downloadPdf/9000000">"9 Millionth U.S. Patent: Windshield Washer Conditioner"</a>. ppubs.uspto.gov/.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ppubs.uspto.gov%2F&rft.atitle=9+Millionth+U.S.+Patent%3A+Windshield+Washer+Conditioner&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fppubs.uspto.gov%2Fdirsearch-public%2Fprint%2FdownloadPdf%2F9000000&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+Patent+and+Trademark+Office" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ppubs.uspto.gov/dirsearch-public/print/downloadPdf/10000000">"10 Millionth U.S. Patent: Coherent Ladar Using Intra-Pixel Quadrature Detection"</a>. ppubs.uspto.gov/.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ppubs.uspto.gov%2F&rft.atitle=10+Millionth+U.S.+Patent%3A+Coherent+Ladar+Using+Intra-Pixel+Quadrature+Detection&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fppubs.uspto.gov%2Fdirsearch-public%2Fprint%2FdownloadPdf%2F10000000&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+Patent+and+Trademark+Office" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ppubs.uspto.gov/dirsearch-public/print/downloadPdf/11000000">"11 Millionth U.S. Patent: Repositioning Wires and Methods for Repositioning Prosthetic Heart Valve Devices within a Heart Chamber"</a>. ppubs.uspto.gov/.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ppubs.uspto.gov%2F&rft.atitle=11+Millionth+U.S.+Patent%3A+Repositioning+Wires+and+Methods+for+Repositioning+Prosthetic+Heart+Valve+Devices+within+a+Heart+Chamber&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fppubs.uspto.gov%2Fdirsearch-public%2Fprint%2FdownloadPdf%2F11000000&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+Patent+and+Trademark+Office" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ppubs.uspto.gov/dirsearch-public/print/downloadPdf/12000000">"12 Millionth U.S. Patent: Labeled Nucleotide Analogs, Reaction Mixtures, and Methods and System for Sequencing"</a>. ppubs.uspto.gov/.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ppubs.uspto.gov%2F&rft.atitle=12+Millionth+U.S.+Patent%3A+Labeled+Nucleotide+Analogs%2C+Reaction+Mixtures%2C+and+Methods+and+System+for+Sequencing&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fppubs.uspto.gov%2Fdirsearch-public%2Fprint%2FdownloadPdf%2F12000000&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+Patent+and+Trademark+Office" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-94"><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTrademarks" class="citation web cs1">Trademarks. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.uspto.gov/trademarks-getting-started/trademark-basics/basis-filing">"Basis for Filing"</a>. USPTO. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190115075806/https://www.uspto.gov/trademarks-getting-started/trademark-basics/basis-filing">Archived</a> from the original on January 15, 2019. Retrieved January 14, 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=USPTO&rft.atitle=Basis+for+Filing&rft.au=Trademarks&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.uspto.gov%2Ftrademarks-getting-started%2Ftrademark-basics%2Fbasis-filing&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+Patent+and+Trademark+Office" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-95"><a href="#cite_ref-95">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://smallbusiness.findlaw.com/trademark/trademark-registration/state-trademark-info-links.html">"State Trademark Information"</a>. FindLaw For Small Business. February 11, 2008. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080302103739/http://smallbusiness.findlaw.com/trademark/trademark-registration/state-trademark-info-links.html">Archived</a> from the original on March 2, 2008. Retrieved February 11, 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=State+Trademark+Information&rft.pub=FindLaw+For+Small+Business&rft.date=2008-02-11&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsmallbusiness.findlaw.com%2Ftrademark%2Ftrademark-registration%2Fstate-trademark-info-links.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+Patent+and+Trademark+Office" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-96"><a href="#cite_ref-96">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.uspto.gov">"Trademark Electronic Search System (TESS)"</a>. United States Patent and Trademark Office. February 11, 2008. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100903003911/http://www.uspto.gov/">Archived</a> from the original on September 3, 2010. Retrieved February 11, 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Trademark+Electronic+Search+System+%28TESS%29&rft.pub=United+States+Patent+and+Trademark+Office&rft.date=2008-02-11&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.uspto.gov&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+Patent+and+Trademark+Office" class="Z3988"> Note: click on "Trademarks" then click on "TESS" tab. </li> <li id="cite_note-97"><a href="#cite_ref-97">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.uspto.gov/learning-and-resources/trademark-faqs">"Trademark FAQs"</a>. United States Patent and Trademark Office. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150912050501/http://www.uspto.gov/learning-and-resources/trademark-faqs">Archived</a> from the original on September 12, 2015. 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Journal of Law, Economics, & Organization. 37 (3): 607–636. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fjleo%2Fewaa026">10.1093/jleo/ewaa026</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Law%2C+Economics%2C+%26+Organization&rft.atitle=Low-Quality+Patents+in+the+Eye+of+the+Beholder%3A+Evidence+from+Multiple+Examiners&rft.volume=37&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=607-636&rft.date=2020&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fjleo%2Fewaa026&rft.aulast=de+Rassenfosse&rft.aufirst=Gaetan&rft.au=Griffiths%2C+William&rft.au=Jaffe%2C+Adam&rft.au=Webster%2C+Elizabeth&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1093%2Fjleo%2Fewaa026&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+Patent+and+Trademark+Office" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-NYTimes2004_10_21-117">^ <a href="#cite_ref-NYTimes2004_10_21_117-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-NYTimes2004_10_21_117-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHal_H._Varian2004" class="citation news cs1">Hal H. 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The New York Times. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150528062022/http://www.nytimes.com/2004/10/21/business/21scene.html">Archived</a> from the original on May 28, 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Patent+Protection+Gone+Awry&rft.date=2004-10-21&rft.au=Hal+H.+Varian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2004%2F10%2F21%2Fbusiness%2F21scene.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+Patent+and+Trademark+Office" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-118"><a href="#cite_ref-118">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLauren_Weinstein2002" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Lauren_Weinstein_(activist)" class="mw-redirect" title="Lauren Weinstein (activist)">Lauren Weinstein</a> (October 21, 2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wired.com/politics/law/news/2002/10/55831">"Stop the Patent Process Madness"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Wired_News" class="mw-redirect" title="Wired News">Wired News</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140119134737/http://www.wired.com/politics/law/news/2002/10/55831">Archived</a> from the original on January 19, 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Wired+News&rft.atitle=Stop+the+Patent+Process+Madness&rft.date=2002-10-21&rft.au=Lauren+Weinstein&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wired.com%2Fpolitics%2Flaw%2Fnews%2F2002%2F10%2F55831&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+Patent+and+Trademark+Office" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-119"><a href="#cite_ref-119">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSara_Schaefer_Muñoz2005" class="citation news cs1">Sara Schaefer Muñoz (April 5, 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB111266108673297874">"Patent No. 6,004,596: Peanut Butter and Jelly Sandwich"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Wall_Street_Journal" title="The Wall Street Journal">The Wall Street Journal</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170710051120/https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB111266108673297874">Archived</a> from the original on July 10, 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Wall+Street+Journal&rft.atitle=Patent+No.+6%2C004%2C596%3A+Peanut+Butter+and+Jelly+Sandwich&rft.date=2005-04-05&rft.au=Sara+Schaefer+Mu%C3%B1oz&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wsj.com%2Farticles%2FSB111266108673297874&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+Patent+and+Trademark+Office" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-120"><a href="#cite_ref-120">^</a> Reexamination certificate no. 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The New York Times. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170316153058/http://www.nytimes.com/2002/05/13/business/patents-patent-office-faces-huge-backlogs-extremely-technical-inventions-absurd.html">Archived</a> from the original on March 16, 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Patents%3B+The+Patent+Office+faces+huge+backlogs%2C+extremely+technical+inventions%2C+and+absurd+ones.&rft.date=2002-05-13&rft.au=Teresa+Riordan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2002%2F05%2F13%2Fbusiness%2Fpatents-patent-office-faces-huge-backlogs-extremely-technical-inventions-absurd.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+Patent+and+Trademark+Office" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-124"><a href="#cite_ref-124">^</a> Reexamination certificate no. 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Nature. 438 (7065): 139. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2005Natur.438Q.139B">2005Natur.438Q.139B</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2F438139a">10.1038/438139a</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16280998">16280998</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature&rft.atitle=Antigravity+craft+slips+past+patent+officers&rft.volume=438&rft.issue=7065&rft.pages=139&rft.date=2005-11-10&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F16280998&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2F438139a&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2005Natur.438Q.139B&rft.aulast=Ball&rft.aufirst=Philip&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1038%252F438139a&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+Patent+and+Trademark+Office" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-126"><a href="#cite_ref-126">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUnited_Press_International2005" class="citation news cs1">United Press International (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.physorg.com/news8042.html">"Patent issued for anti-gravity device"</a>. Phyorg.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20061210231450/http://www.physorg.com/news8042.html">Archived</a> from the original on December 10, 2006. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2005/11/1111_051111_junk_patent.html">the original</a> on November 14, 2006. Retrieved November 24, 2006.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Antigravity+Machine+Patent+Draws+Physicists%27+Ire&rft.date=2005-11-11&rft.au=Brian+Handwerk&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.nationalgeographic.com%2Fnews%2F2005%2F11%2F1111_051111_junk_patent.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+Patent+and+Trademark+Office" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-128"><a href="#cite_ref-128">^</a> An <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sciencedaily.com/upi/index.php?feed=Science&article=UPI-1-20051109-13140400-bc-us-antigravity.xml">untraceable link</a> was also included here as an additional reference.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#What_information_to_include" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">full citation needed</a>] <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20051204041457/https://www.sciencedaily.com/upi/index.php?feed=Science&article=UPI-1-20051109-13140400-bc-us-antigravity.xml">Archived</a> December 4, 2005, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-129"><a href="#cite_ref-129">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRamon_M_Barrera_(examiner)2005" class="citation web cs1">Ramon M Barrera (examiner) (June 7, 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://sherinianlaw.net/wp-content/uploads/2014/09/11079670.pdf">"Notice of Allowance and Fees Due (PTOL-85)"</a> (PDF). 11/079,670 Space Vehicle Propelled by the Pressure of Inflationary Vacuum State. United States Patent and Trademark Office. p. 2. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160201163821/http://sherinianlaw.net/wp-content/uploads/2014/09/11079670.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on February 1, 2016. Retrieved September 5, 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=11%2F079%2C670+Space+Vehicle+Propelled+by+the+Pressure+of+Inflationary+Vacuum+State&rft.atitle=Notice+of+Allowance+and+Fees+Due+%28PTOL-85%29&rft.pages=2&rft.date=2005-06-07&rft.au=Ramon+M+Barrera+%28examiner%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsherinianlaw.net%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2014%2F09%2F11079670.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+Patent+and+Trademark+Office" class="Z3988"> Note: Navigate to the 'Image File Wrapper' to find the file; download and open with a PDF reader. The specific passage from the document follows: "The following is an examiner's statement of reasons for allowance: None of the prior art of record taught or disclosed the claimed superconducting shield and electromagnetic field generating means structure." </li> <li id="cite_note-130"><a href="#cite_ref-130">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShah" class="citation web cs1">Shah, Agam. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cio.com/article/440863/Dell_Tries_to_Trademark_cloud_Computing_">"Dell Tries to Trademark 'cloud Computing'"</a>. cio.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140416183718/http://www.cio.com/article/440863/Dell_Tries_to_Trademark_cloud_Computing_">Archived</a> from the original on April 16, 2014. Retrieved May 6, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=cio.com&rft.atitle=Dell+Tries+to+Trademark+%27cloud+Computing%27&rft.aulast=Shah&rft.aufirst=Agam&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cio.com%2Farticle%2F440863%2FDell_Tries_to_Trademark_cloud_Computing_&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+Patent+and+Trademark+Office" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-131"><a href="#cite_ref-131">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.eweek.com/c/a/IT-Infrastructure/Dell-Cloud-Computing-Trademark-Rejected/">"Dell Cloud Computing Trademark Rejected"</a>. eweek.com. August 19, 2008. Retrieved May 6, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=eweek.com&rft.atitle=Dell+Cloud+Computing+Trademark+Rejected&rft.date=2008-08-19&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.eweek.com%2Fc%2Fa%2FIT-Infrastructure%2FDell-Cloud-Computing-Trademark-Rejected%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+Patent+and+Trademark+Office" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-132"><a href="#cite_ref-132">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090205122433/http://www.mtpt.co.uk/2008/12/a-netbook-by-any-other-name-or-how-psion-is-going-discover-you-have-to-use-it-or-lose-it.html">"A netbook by any other name, or how Psion is going discover you have to use it or lose it"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mtpt.co.uk/2008/12/a-netbook-by-any-other-name-or-how-psion-is-going-discover-you-have-to-use-it-or-lose-it.html">the original</a> on February 5, 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=A+netbook+by+any+other+name%2C+or+how+Psion+is+going+discover+you+have+to+use+it+or+lose+it&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mtpt.co.uk%2F2008%2F12%2Fa-netbook-by-any-other-name-or-how-psion-is-going-discover-you-have-to-use-it-or-lose-it.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+Patent+and+Trademark+Office" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-USPTO_Activity-133"><a href="#cite_ref-USPTO_Activity_133-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.uspto.gov/web/offices/ac/ido/oeip/taf/h_counts.htm">U.S. Patent Activity 1790 to the Present</a>, USPTO, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121202121415/http://www.uspto.gov/web/offices/ac/ido/oeip/taf/h_counts.htm">archived</a> from the original on December 2, 2012</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=U.S.+Patent+Activity+1790+to+the+Present&rft.pub=USPTO&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.uspto.gov%2Fweb%2Foffices%2Fac%2Fido%2Foeip%2Ftaf%2Fh_counts.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+Patent+and+Trademark+Office" class="Z3988">. </li> <li id="cite_note-134"><a href="#cite_ref-134">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.uspto.gov/web/patents/accelerated/">"Accelerated Examination"</a>. USPTO. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090916021707/http://www.uspto.gov/web/patents/accelerated/">Archived</a> from the original on September 16, 2009. Retrieved May 6, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=USPTO&rft.atitle=Accelerated+Examination&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.uspto.gov%2Fweb%2Fpatents%2Faccelerated%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+Patent+and+Trademark+Office" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-135"><a href="#cite_ref-135">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.uspto.gov/web/offices/com/speeches/07-13.htm">USPTO grants first patent under accelerated review option</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070428003136/http://www.uspto.gov/web/offices/com/speeches/07-13.htm">Archived</a> April 28, 2007, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Press Release </li> <li id="cite_note-136"><a href="#cite_ref-136">^</a> Gene Quinn, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ipwatchdog.com/2008/11/21/how-to-fix-the-uspto/">How to Fix the USPTO</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090327065446/http://www.ipwatchdog.com/2008/11/21/how-to-fix-the-uspto/">Archived</a> March 27, 2009, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, IPWatchdog, November 21, 2008. Consulted on December 6, 2008. </li> <li id="cite_note-137"><a href="#cite_ref-137">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.uspto.gov/dashboards/patents/main.dashxml">"United States Patent and Trademark Office"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130220100513/http://www.uspto.gov/dashboards/patents/main.dashxml">Archived</a> from the original on February 20, 2013. Retrieved February 23, 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=United+States+Patent+and+Trademark+Office&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.uspto.gov%2Fdashboards%2Fpatents%2Fmain.dashxml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+Patent+and+Trademark+Office" class="Z3988"> December 2012 Patents Data </li> <li id="cite_note-138"><a href="#cite_ref-138">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRein2014" class="citation news cs1">Rein, Lisa (August 10, 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/patent-office-filters-out-worst-telework-abuses-in-report-to-watchdog/2014/08/10/cd5f442e-1e4d-11e4-82f9-2cd6fa8da5c4_story.html">"Patent office filters out worst telework abuses in report to its watchdog"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Washington_Post" title="The Washington Post">The Washington Post</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140812014557/http://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/patent-office-filters-out-worst-telework-abuses-in-report-to-watchdog/2014/08/10/cd5f442e-1e4d-11e4-82f9-2cd6fa8da5c4_story.html">Archived</a> from the original on August 12, 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=Patent+office+filters+out+worst+telework+abuses+in+report+to+its+watchdog&rft.date=2014-08-10&rft.aulast=Rein&rft.aufirst=Lisa&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fpolitics%2Fpatent-office-filters-out-worst-telework-abuses-in-report-to-watchdog%2F2014%2F08%2F10%2Fcd5f442e-1e4d-11e4-82f9-2cd6fa8da5c4_story.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+Patent+and+Trademark+Office" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-139"><a href="#cite_ref-139">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.uspto.gov/about-us/executive-biographies/joseph-matal">"Joseph Matal"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170626070849/https://www.uspto.gov/about-us/executive-biographies/joseph-matal">Archived</a> from the original on June 26, 2017. Retrieved June 15, 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Joseph+Matal&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.uspto.gov%2Fabout-us%2Fexecutive-biographies%2Fjoseph-matal&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+Patent+and+Trademark+Office" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-PTO20180208-140"><a href="#cite_ref-PTO20180208_140-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFucito2018" class="citation news cs1">Fucito, Paul (February 8, 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.uspto.gov/about-us/news-updates/andrei-iancu-begins-role-new-director-united-states-patent-and-trademark">"Andrei Iancu Begins Role as New Director of United States Patent and Trademark Office"</a>. U.S. Patent and Trademark Office. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180210180325/https://www.uspto.gov/about-us/news-updates/andrei-iancu-begins-role-new-director-united-states-patent-and-trademark">Archived</a> from the original on February 10, 2018. Retrieved February 16, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Andrei+Iancu+Begins+Role+as+New+Director+of+United+States+Patent+and+Trademark+Office&rft.date=2018-02-08&rft.aulast=Fucito&rft.aufirst=Paul&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.uspto.gov%2Fabout-us%2Fnews-updates%2Fandrei-iancu-begins-role-new-director-united-states-patent-and-trademark&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+Patent+and+Trademark+Office" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=United_States_Patent_and_Trademark_Office&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Further reading">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDobyns1994" class="citation book cs1">Dobyns, Kenneth W. (November 1994). The Patent Office Pony: A History of the Early Patent Office (1st ed.). Fredericksburg, Virginia: Sergeant Kirkland's Museum and Historical Society. p. 249. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-9632137-4-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-9632137-4-1"><bdi>0-9632137-4-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Patent+Office+Pony%3A+A+History+of+the+Early+Patent+Office&rft.place=Fredericksburg%2C+Virginia&rft.pages=249&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=Sergeant+Kirkland%27s+Museum+and+Historical+Society&rft.date=1994-11&rft.isbn=0-9632137-4-1&rft.aulast=Dobyns&rft.aufirst=Kenneth+W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+Patent+and+Trademark+Office" class="Z3988"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-9632137-4-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-9632137-4-7">978-0-9632137-4-7</a>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchacht2011" class="citation web cs1">Schacht, Wendy H. (January 6, 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ipmall.info/hosted_resources/crs/RS20906_110106.pdf">"U.S. Patent and Trademark Office Appropriations Process: A Brief Explanation"</a> (PDF). Congressional Research Service. Retrieved April 22, 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=U.S.+Patent+and+Trademark+Office+Appropriations+Process%3A+A+Brief+Explanation&rft.pub=Congressional+Research+Service&rft.date=2011-01-06&rft.aulast=Schacht&rft.aufirst=Wendy+H.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fipmall.info%2Fhosted_resources%2Fcrs%2FRS20906_110106.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+Patent+and+Trademark+Office" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=United_States_Patent_and_Trademark_Office&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid 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