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data-component="mdc-c-module-wrapper" data-module-theme="dark" data-module-background="deep-blue" data-module-category="AnchoredHero" class="ArticleDefault_mck-c-article-default__SfYQE"><style></style><div data-component="mdc-c-background-image" class="mdc-c-bg-image___GJdv1_2734c4f background-image-article-default ArticleDefault_mck-c-article-default__parallax-container__fZ7Iq"></div><div class="ArticleDefault_mck-c-article-default__gradient__Uu21n"></div><div class="ArticleDefault_mck-c-article-default__wrapper-content__XOe9C"><div class="mck-o-container"><div class="mck-o-container--wrapped mck-o-container--mobile-spacing mdc-u-grid mdc-u-grid-col-lg-12"><div data-component="mdc-c-content-block" class="mdc-c-content-block___7p6Lu_2734c4f mdc-u-grid-col-lg-start-1 mdc-u-grid-col-lg-span-10"><div><h1 data-component="mdc-c-heading" class="mdc-c-heading___0fM1W_2734c4f mdc-u-ts-2 mck-u-animation-slide-down ArticleDefault_mck-c-article-default__heading__bv6rL"><div>Additive manufacturing: A long-term game changer for manufacturers</div></h1></div><div data-component="mdc-c-description" class="mdc-c-description___SrnQP_2734c4f mdc-u-ts-10 mck-u-animation-blur-in-800 ArticleDefault_mck-c-article-default__description__sjoe9"><div><time datetime="2017-09-12T00:00:00Z">September 12, 2017</time> | Article</div></div></div></div></div></div></div><div class="mck-o-container"><div class="mck-o-container--wrapped mck-o-container--mobile-spacing mdc-u-grid mdc-u-grid-gutter-xxl"><section data-layer-region="article-body-header" class="mdc-u-grid mdc-u-grid-col-md-12 mck-u-animation-blur-in-400 byline-share-container"><div class="mdc-u-grid-col-md-start-2 mdc-u-grid-col-md-end-8 mdc-u-grid-col-lg-start-3 mdc-u-grid-col-lg-end-8 mdc-u-ts-9"><span> </span><span class="AuthorsByLine_mck-c-authors-byline__author__XdrlD"><span class="AuthorsByLine_mck-c-authors-byline__no-wrap__Ced0j">Jörg Bromberger<span> </span></span></span><span class="AuthorsByLine_mck-c-authors-byline__author__XdrlD"><span class="AuthorsByLine_mck-c-authors-byline__no-wrap__Ced0j">Richard Kelly</span></span></div><div class="mdc-u-grid-col-md-start-8 mdc-u-grid-col-md-end-12 mdc-u-grid-col-lg-start-8 mdc-u-grid-col-lg-end-11 ArticleContent_mck-c-article-content__share-tools__kWRRw"></div></section><section class="mdc-u-grid mdc-u-grid-col-md-12 mck-u-animation-blur-in-400"><div class="mdc-u-grid-col-md-start-2 mdc-u-grid-col-md-end-12 mdc-u-grid-col-lg-start-3 mdc-u-grid-col-lg-end-11"><div data-component="mdc-c-description" class="mdc-c-description___SrnQP_2734c4f mdc-u-ts-5"><div class="mck-u-links-inline">To get the most out of additive manufacturing, companies need to think beyond prototyping and understand what the technology means for production.</div></div></div></section><main data-layer-region="article-body" class="mdc-u-grid mdc-u-grid-gutter-xxl"><div class="mdc-u-grid mdc-u-grid-col-1 mdc-u-grid-col-md-12"><div class="mdc-u-grid-col-md-start-2 mdc-u-grid-col-md-end-12 mdc-u-grid-col-lg-start-3 mdc-u-grid-col-lg-end-11"><div class="mdc-o-content-body mck-u-dropcap"><div data-component="mdc-c-module-wrapper" data-module-theme="default" data-module-background="transparent" data-module-category="" class="DownloadsSidebar_mck-c-downloads-sidebar__iFmyt mck-o-xs-right-span"><div data-layer-region="downloads-right-rail"><h3 data-component="mdc-c-heading" class="mdc-c-heading___0fM1W_2734c4f mdc-c-heading--title___5qyOB_2734c4f mdc-c-heading--border___K8dj3_2734c4f"></h3><div><div data-component="mdc-c-link-container" class="mdc-c-link-container___xefGu_2734c4f"><a data-component="mdc-c-link" href="#/download/%2F~%2Fmedia%2Fmckinsey%2Fbusiness%20functions%2Foperations%2Four%20insights%2Fadditive%20manufacturing%20a%20long%20term%20game%20changer%20for%20manufacturers%2Fadditive-manufacturing-a-long-term-game-changer-for-manufacturers.pdf%3FshouldIndex%3Dfalse" class="DownloadsSidebar_mck-c-downloads-sidebar__download-link__fPqFQ mdc-c-link___lBbY1_2734c4f" target="_self" data-layer-event-prefix="Download Link" data-layer-action="click" data-layer-report-type="" data-layer-file-name="additive-manufacturing-a-long-term-game-changer-for-manufacturers" data-layer-report-name="additive-manufacturing-a-long-term-game-changer-for-manufacturers>"><span data-component="mdc-c-icon" class="mdc-c-icon___oi7ef_2734c4f mdc-c-icon--size-md___yi5fA_2734c4f mck-download-icon"></span><span class="mdc-c-link__label___Pfqtd_2734c4f"> (PDF-167 KB)</span></a></div></div></div></div> <p><strong>Additive manufacturing (AM)</strong>—the process of making a product layer by layer instead of using traditional molding or subtractive methods—has become one of the most revolutionary technology applications in manufacturing. Often referred to as 3-D printing, the best-known forms of AM today depend on the material: SLS (selective laser sintering), SLA (stereolithography), and FDM (fused deposition modeling) in plastics, and DMLS (direct metal laser sintering) and LMD (laser metal deposition) in metals. Once employed purely for prototyping, AM is now increasingly used for spare parts, small series production, and tooling. For manufacturing with metals, the ability to use existing materials such as steel, aluminum, or superalloys such as Inconel has significantly eased the process of adopting AM.</p> <div data-component="mdc-c-module-wrapper" data-module-theme="default" data-module-background="transparent" data-module-category="" class="mck-c-disruptor-signup mck-o-sm-left-span mck-u-inline-module-border-top mck-u-inline-module-border-bottom mck-u-screen-only" data-layer-region="disruptor-signup"><div data-component="mdc-c-content-block" class="mdc-c-content-block___7p6Lu_2734c4f"><h2 data-component="mdc-c-heading" class="mdc-c-heading___0fM1W_2734c4f mdc-u-ts-7 DisruptorSignUp_mck-c-disruptor-signup__heading__JR4i0"><div>Stay current on your favorite topics</div></h2></div><div data-component="mdc-c-link-container" class="mdc-c-link-container___xefGu_2734c4f mdc-c-link-container--align-left"><a data-component="mdc-c-link" href="/user-registration/register-mvc" class="mdc-c-button___U4iY2_2734c4f mdc-c-button--primary___Ed-lT_2734c4f mdc-c-button--size-large___jwpUy_2734c4f"><span class="mdc-c-link__label___Pfqtd_2734c4f">Subscribe</span></a></div></div> <p>Meanwhile, the number of materials that AM can handle is constantly expanding. A wide range of new plastics has been developed, along with processes and machines for printing with ceramics, glass, paper, wood, cement, graphene, and even living cells. Applications are now available in industries ranging from aerospace to automobiles, from consumer goods (including food) to health care (where artificial human tissue can be produced using AM) (Exhibit 1).</p> <div data-component="mdc-c-module-wrapper" data-module-theme="default" data-module-background="transparent" data-module-category="" class="mck-c-inline-module-container mck-o-md-center"><div class="mdc-u-grid mdc-u-grid-gutter-lg mdc-u-grid-col-sm-1 mdc-u-grid--align-start mdc-u-mb-3 GenericItem_mck-c-generic-item__sGwKL"><div data-component="mdc-c-content-block" class="mdc-c-content-block___7p6Lu_2734c4f mdc-u-grid-gutter-xs GenericItem_mck-c-generic-item__content__gq1m0"><div class="mck-c-eyebrow mdc-u-ts-10"><span> 1</span></div></div></div><div class="mck-u-inline-module-border-top mck-u-inline-module-border-bottom"><picture data-component="mdc-c-picture" class="Exhibit_mck-c-exhibit__image__pyIDm"><source media="(min-width: 768px)" srcSet="/~/media/mckinsey/business%20functions/operations/our%20insights/additive%20manufacturing%20a%20long%20term%20game%20changer%20for%20manufacturers/svgz-additive-manufacturing-ex1.svgz?cq=50&cpy=Center"/><img alt="Additive manufacturing is already a reality in many industries." src="/~/media/mckinsey/business%20functions/operations/our%20insights/additive%20manufacturing%20a%20long%20term%20game%20changer%20for%20manufacturers/svgz-additive-manufacturing-ex1.svgz?cq=50&cpy=Center" loading="lazy"/></picture></div><div class="mck-u-sr-only"></div></div> <h2>Additive advantages</h2> <p>Compared with traditional production methods, AM offers enormous benefits, including less hard tooling and assembly. In the long run, AM can completely change the way products are designed and built, as well as distributed, sold, and serviced (Exhibit 2).</p> <div data-component="mdc-c-module-wrapper" data-module-theme="default" data-module-background="transparent" data-module-category="" class="mck-c-inline-module-container mck-o-md-center"><div class="mdc-u-grid mdc-u-grid-gutter-lg mdc-u-grid-col-sm-1 mdc-u-grid--align-start mdc-u-mb-3 GenericItem_mck-c-generic-item__sGwKL"><div data-component="mdc-c-content-block" class="mdc-c-content-block___7p6Lu_2734c4f mdc-u-grid-gutter-xs GenericItem_mck-c-generic-item__content__gq1m0"><div class="mck-c-eyebrow mdc-u-ts-10"><span> 2</span></div></div></div><div class="mck-u-inline-module-border-top mck-u-inline-module-border-bottom"><picture data-component="mdc-c-picture" class="Exhibit_mck-c-exhibit__image__pyIDm"><source media="(min-width: 768px)" srcSet="/~/media/mckinsey/business%20functions/operations/our%20insights/additive%20manufacturing%20a%20long%20term%20game%20changer%20for%20manufacturers/svgz-additive-manufacturing-ex2.svgz?cq=50&cpy=Center"/><img alt="Additive manufacturing offers significant benefits." src="/~/media/mckinsey/business%20functions/operations/our%20insights/additive%20manufacturing%20a%20long%20term%20game%20changer%20for%20manufacturers/svgz-additive-manufacturing-ex2.svgz?cq=50&cpy=Center" loading="lazy"/></picture></div><div class="mck-u-sr-only"></div></div> <p>Adoption of AM has been highest in industries where its higher production costs are outweighed by the additional value AM can generate: improved product functionality, higher production efficiency, greater customization, shorter time to market (that is, improved service levels), and reduced obsolescence, particularly in asset-heavy industries. Engineering-intensive businesses such as aerospace, automotive, and medical can accelerate prototyping, allowing them to explore completely new design features or create fully individualized products at no extra cost. High-value/lower-volume businesses see faster, more flexible manufacturing processes, with fewer parts involved, less material wasted, reduced assembly time for complex components, and even materials with completely new properties created. And spare-parts-intensive businesses in fields such as maintenance, repair, and overhaul get freedom from obsolete parts, faster time to market, more local and on-demand production opportunities, and independence from traditional suppliers.</p> <h2>Manufacturing market potential</h2> <p>Several analyst reports expect that the direct market for AM will grow to at least $20 billion by 2020—a figure that represents just a fraction of the entire tooling market today.<a rel="#footnote1" class="link-footnote" href="#"><sup>1</sup></a> <span style="display:none" id="footnote1" class="tooltip"><span class="footnote-content"><span class="footnote-number">1.</span><span class="footnote-text">Nancy Eigel-Miller, Joe Jablonowski, and Steven Kline Jr., <em>2014 World machine-tool output and consumption survey</em>, Gardner, February 27, 2014, gardnerweb.com.</span><span class="clear"></span></span><span class="footnote-bottom"></span></span> However, we believe that the overall economic impact created by AM could be much higher, reaching $100 billion to 250 billion by 2025, if adoption across industries continues at today’s rate. Most of that potential will come from the aerospace and defense, automotive, medical, and consumer-goods industries.</p> <div data-component="mdc-c-module-wrapper" data-module-theme="default" data-module-background="transparent" data-module-category="" class="mck-c-disruptor1up mck-o-md-center mck-u-inline-module-border-top mck-u-inline-module-border-bottom mck-u-screen-only" data-layer-region="disruptor-1up"><div class="mdc-u-grid mdc-u-grid-gutter-md mdc-u-grid-col-lg-12 mdc-u-grid-col-md-12 "><div class="mdc-u-grid-col-md-span-12"><header data-component="mdc-c-header" class="mdc-c-header"><div class="mdc-c-header__block___i1Lg-_2734c4f"><h3 data-component="mdc-c-heading" class="mdc-c-heading___0fM1W_2734c4f"><div>Would you like to learn more about our <a href="/capabilities/operations/how-we-help-clients">Operations Practice</a>?</div></h3></div></header><div data-component="mdc-c-link-container" class="mdc-c-link-container___xefGu_2734c4f mdc-c-link-container--display-column___X0HDD_2734c4f mck-c-disruptor1up__content Disruptor1Up_mck-c-disruptor1up__content--links__VV4lE mdc-u-grid-gutter-md"><a data-component="mdc-c-link" href="" class="mdc-c-link-cta___NBQVi_2734c4f"><span class="mdc-c-link__label___Pfqtd_2734c4f">Visit our Manufacturing page</span><span data-component="mdc-c-icon" class="mdc-c-icon___oi7ef_2734c4f mck-link-arrow-right-icon"></span></a></div></div></div></div> <p>Meanwhile, various stakeholders are accelerating the overall market development for AM. Large OEMs are investing significantly in R&D and building internal centers of competence, while other large corporations—such as HP, from the traditional printing business—are entering the market. Major governments are setting up R&D funds, including the European Union’s Horizon 2020 program, or are starting capability-building programs for their workforces, as in Korea.</p> <p>Universities are partnering with manufacturers’ research centers to create innovation centers for applied R&D, with examples including Advanced Remanufacturing and Technology Centre in Singapore and RWTH Aachen University/Fraunhofer Institute for Production Technology. Finally, a vibrant start-up scene has arisen as most patents on existing AM technologies have run out, leaving space for new (as well as established) players from various industries to enter at all points on the value chain. New design and service companies are being set up and new technologies developed, such as by BigRep and Carbon3D.</p> <h2>AM’s limitations</h2> <p>Despite all of the optimism about AM, there are still major challenges to be overcome before the technology enjoys truly widespread adoption (Exhibit 3).</p> <div data-component="mdc-c-module-wrapper" data-module-theme="default" data-module-background="transparent" data-module-category="" class="mck-c-inline-module-container mck-o-md-center"><div class="mdc-u-grid mdc-u-grid-gutter-lg mdc-u-grid-col-sm-1 mdc-u-grid--align-start mdc-u-mb-3 GenericItem_mck-c-generic-item__sGwKL"><div data-component="mdc-c-content-block" class="mdc-c-content-block___7p6Lu_2734c4f mdc-u-grid-gutter-xs GenericItem_mck-c-generic-item__content__gq1m0"><div class="mck-c-eyebrow mdc-u-ts-10"><span> 3</span></div></div></div><div class="mck-u-inline-module-border-top mck-u-inline-module-border-bottom"><picture data-component="mdc-c-picture" class="Exhibit_mck-c-exhibit__image__pyIDm"><source media="(min-width: 768px)" srcSet="/~/media/mckinsey/business%20functions/operations/our%20insights/additive%20manufacturing%20a%20long%20term%20game%20changer%20for%20manufacturers/svgz-additive-manufacturing-ex3.svgz?cq=50&cpy=Center"/><img alt="Despite additive manufacturing's (AM) many benefits, there are still technological limitations to be overcome." src="/~/media/mckinsey/business%20functions/operations/our%20insights/additive%20manufacturing%20a%20long%20term%20game%20changer%20for%20manufacturers/svgz-additive-manufacturing-ex3.svgz?cq=50&cpy=Center" loading="lazy"/></picture></div><div class="mck-u-sr-only"></div></div> <ul class="bulletList"> <li><em>Lack of design knowledge.</em> There is still a significant worldwide skills gap when it comes to product design for AM. Capturing the technology’s full potential often requires completely rethinking the way products are designed, because AM allows nearly complete freedom: product designs can be calibrated to eliminate unnecessary materials, and inner or organic structures can be incorporated, thus overcoming the limitations of traditional milling or injection molding. Our sense is that companies are only scratching the surface of what is possible.</li> <li><em>High production costs.</em> This is the major barrier to more widespread use of AM. Although AM avoids the high up-front tooling costs that traditional processes (such as injection molding) require, those advantages tend to fade quickly as production volume increases. The good news, however, is that with plastics, the volume threshold where AM has an advantage is increasing, with one AM company claiming to have pushed it to 5,000 units for a relatively small, simple object. But even at low volumes, AM with metals often remains much more expensive than traditional methods because of several interconnected factors: high materials costs, slow build-up rates, and the long machining hours that result, high energy consumption, and postprocessing costs, which are often underestimated.</li> <li><em>Limited production scale.</em> Because most current AM machines are made for prototyping rather than series production, mass production scale is hard to attain. The next-generation machinery needs to keep reducing production costs while adding capabilities necessary to support industrial production, such as process-stability management, in-process quality control, faster changeovers, greater reliability, and easier maintenance and repair.</li> <li><em>Limited cybersecurity and IP protection.</em> Current-generation AM machinery is vulnerable to two especially important security issues. The first is the protection of original designs, including the identification of parts—particularly if parts are designed in ways that make them replicable after the product is sold. The second is protecting data from cyberattacks, the risks of which are increased by tighter integration with suppliers and customers.</li> </ul> <p>Manufacturers of AM machines, however, are addressing these limitations with significant results. Specialized AM service companies, along with engineering and consulting firms, are now bridging the design-skills gap. In addition, regional governments are funding AM-focused production clusters for applied R&D. Several analysts predict that next-generation machines will cut current AM production costs dramatically because of factors such as patent expiration and reduced postprocessing needs. Manufacturers will also benefit from increasing economies of scale and sourcing opportunities in low-cost countries.</p> <p>AM machine manufacturers are working on better in-process control, advanced quality diagnostics, and data storage along the entire production process for certification purposes. Large AM manufacturers, including Materialise and Stratasys, suggest that AM can achieve material properties in both plastics and metals comparable to those from traditional production techniques.</p> <p>We are also seeing an increasing availability of materials with properties comparable or even superior to those of existing ones. These materials include polymers such as nylon, PEEK, and ULTEM that are becoming more heat resistant and lending themselves to more applications, and metals and alloys within the standard range of available materials: industrial metals such as steel, aluminum, titanium, and Inconel; precious metals such as gold and silver; and new materials including amorphous, noncrystalline metals.</p> <h2>The AM value chain—players and business models</h2> <p>The AM landscape is diverse. In the plastics printing market, larger, integrated players cover the entire value chain from supplying materials to manufacturing printers to providing printing services. Several have added services by making targeted acquisitions. The larger players are also very active in creating new use cases in particular industries, driving sector-wide adoption and sale of equipment. In the metal printing market, by contrast, relatively small players focus more on certain parts of the value chain, such as in printing equipment or in printing services.</p> <p>Given the investments necessary for developing the next-generation machines, many of these smaller players are looking for capital. Consolidation in the market has therefore begun. Uncertainty about which manufacturers will survive will change the face of the industry, creating risk for manufacturers investing in equipment even as improving technology holds out the promise of surmounting current barriers to the adoption of AM.</p> <p>Meanwhile, in addition to the traditional material, printing, and service businesses, fast-growing niche players are starting to arise. These companies ground their entire business models on AM, ideally combined with digital sales and service models. Align Technology, with its product Invisalign, provides an alternative to metal dental braces; there are similar examples from Sonova for in-ear hearing aids, Mykita with eyeglasses, and Shapeways with crowd design of consumer products.</p> <p>New competitors are also entering the OEM market. Large players such as Stratasys and 3D Systems are certifying an end-to-end process for producing medical parts with newly developed materials, using their own printing technology and offering printing services to customers such as hospitals, which formerly purchased from OEMs.</p> <div data-component="mdc-c-module-wrapper" data-module-theme="default" data-module-background="transparent" data-module-category="" class="mck-c-disruptor1up mck-o-md-center mck-u-inline-module-border-top mck-u-inline-module-border-bottom mck-u-screen-only" data-layer-region="disruptor-1up"><div class="mdc-u-grid mdc-u-grid-gutter-md mdc-u-grid-col-lg-12 mdc-u-grid-col-md-12 "><div class="mdc-u-grid-col-lg-span-4 mdc-u-grid-col-md-span-5 Disruptor1Up_mck-c-disruptor1up__image___2Gc4"><picture data-component="mdc-c-picture"><img alt="The great re-make: Manufacturing for modern times" src="/~/media/mckinsey/business%20functions/operations/our%20insights/the%20great%20remake%20manufacturing%20for%20modern%20times/jpg-ops-dm-compendium-cover-1536x864.jpg?cq=50&mh=145&car=16:9&cpy=Center" loading="lazy"/></picture></div><div class="mdc-u-grid-col-lg-span-8 mdc-u-grid-col-md-span-7"><header data-component="mdc-c-header" class="mdc-c-header"><div class="mdc-c-header__block___i1Lg-_2734c4f"><h3 data-component="mdc-c-heading" class="mdc-c-heading___0fM1W_2734c4f"><div>The great re-make: Manufacturing for modern times</div></h3><div data-component="mdc-c-description" class="mdc-c-description___SrnQP_2734c4f mdc-u-ts-7"><p><div>This 21-article compendium gives practical insights for manufacturing leaders looking to keep a step ahead of today’s disruptions.</div></p></div></div></header><div data-component="mdc-c-link-container" class="mdc-c-link-container___xefGu_2734c4f mdc-c-link-container--display-column___X0HDD_2734c4f mck-c-disruptor1up__content Disruptor1Up_mck-c-disruptor1up__content--links__VV4lE mdc-u-grid-gutter-md"><a data-component="mdc-c-link" href="/capabilities/operations/our-insights/the-great-re-make-manufacturing-for-modern-times-compendium" class="mdc-c-link-cta___NBQVi_2734c4f"><span class="mdc-c-link__label___Pfqtd_2734c4f">View the collection</span><span data-component="mdc-c-icon" class="mdc-c-icon___oi7ef_2734c4f mck-link-arrow-right-icon"></span></a></div></div></div></div> <p>We see little evidence of a race toward a single technology, since—because of factors including variations in cost, available materials, and surface finish—the existing technologies serve different purposes. To explore the potential of AM, manufacturers therefore often need access to more than one technology, which they can get via specialized service providers that offer all the key ones. This picture may change, however, if new entrants dramatically increase performance by improving an existing technology or creating a completely new one.</p> <h3>Disruptive potential of AM for value chains and traditional company functions</h3> <p>People tend to overestimate the short-term impact of technologies and significantly underestimate the long-term impact. Yet there is currently a lot of uncertainty about the long-term impact of AM on traditional value chains. Understandably, the issue is being raised by traditional players such as logistics companies that will be directly affected, and by governments that aim to prepare their manufacturing ecosystems and workforces for changes that may be coming soon.</p> <p>How will the traditional way of serving markets change, and what are the implications for traditional plant setups and value chains? As far as production and distribution are concerned, a few things seem clear. Advantages from production in low-cost countries will likely diminish. New, customer-centric plants will emerge, allowing the finishing of products according to local demand and significantly reducing the need for long-distance transport of finished goods. We may also see new production-network models—for example, production of half-finished products in low-cost countries, with finishing done close to customers to adjust for local taste, seasonality, and similar factors.</p> <p>With these changes in production capabilities will come equally dramatic shifts in company functions and their relative importance on the value chain. The ability to make completely customizable products will shift the traditional manufacturing mind-set of “What is feasible?” to one of “What is possible?” Design capabilities will therefore become an even more important strategic asset.</p> <p>Company functions of today will also change when, for example, operators skilled for one production line will need to operate new AM production lines that produce a large variety of products. Traditional engineers will need to be trained in AM design. Marketing and sales, meanwhile, will need to learn how to market individualized products that can be produced anywhere in the world.</p> <div data-component="mdc-c-module-wrapper" data-module-theme="default" data-module-background="transparent" data-module-category="" class="mck-c-disruptor-signup mck-o-lg-right-span mck-u-inline-module-border-top mck-u-inline-module-border-bottom mck-u-screen-only" data-layer-region="disruptor-signup"><div data-component="mdc-c-content-block" class="mdc-c-content-block___7p6Lu_2734c4f"><h2 data-component="mdc-c-heading" class="mdc-c-heading___0fM1W_2734c4f mdc-u-ts-4 DisruptorSignUp_mck-c-disruptor-signup__heading__JR4i0"><div>Stay current on your favorite topics</div></h2></div><div data-component="mdc-c-link-container" class="mdc-c-link-container___xefGu_2734c4f mdc-c-link-container--align-left"><a data-component="mdc-c-link" href="/user-registration/register-mvc" class="mdc-c-button___U4iY2_2734c4f mdc-c-button--primary___Ed-lT_2734c4f 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data-component="mdc-c-picture" class="Card_wrapper-image__8b4P6"><style>.picture-uniqueKey-autom-0 { aspect-ratio: 16/9 }</style><img alt="Automation, robotics, and the factory of the future" class="picture-uniqueKey-autom-0" src="/~/media/mckinsey/business%20functions/operations/our%20insights/automation%20robotics%20and%20the%20factory%20of%20the%20future/jpg-ops-11-automation-robotics-1536x1536-500.jpg?cq=50&mw=767&car=16:9&cpy=Center" loading="lazy"/></picture></a></div><div class="Card_wrapper-text__U6Y3k"><div data-component="mdc-c-content-block" class="mdc-c-content-block___7p6Lu_2734c4f Card_content-block__pF6Z1"><span>Article</span><h6 data-component="mdc-c-heading" class="mdc-c-heading___0fM1W_2734c4f mdc-u-ts-6"><a data-component="mdc-c-link" href="/capabilities/operations/our-insights/automation-robotics-and-the-factory-of-the-future" class="mdc-c-link-heading___Zggl8_2734c4f mdc-c-link___lBbY1_2734c4f"><div>Automation, robotics, and the factory of the 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Card_content-block__pF6Z1"><span>Article</span><h6 data-component="mdc-c-heading" class="mdc-c-heading___0fM1W_2734c4f mdc-u-ts-6"><a data-component="mdc-c-link" href="/capabilities/operations/our-insights/human-plus-machine-a-new-era-of-automation-in-manufacturing" class="mdc-c-link-heading___Zggl8_2734c4f mdc-c-link___lBbY1_2734c4f"><div>Human + machine: A new era of automation in manufacturing</div></a></h6></div></div></div><div class="mdc-u-grid mdc-u-grid-gutter-lg Card_card__diA2r Card_hover-effect__RGb9b"><div class="Card_wrapper-image__8b4P6"><a data-component="mdc-c-link" href="/capabilities/operations/our-insights/we-are-living-in-a-digitally-disrupted-world" class="mdc-c-link___lBbY1_2734c4f"><picture data-component="mdc-c-picture" class="Card_wrapper-image__8b4P6"><style>.picture-uniqueKey-wear-0 { aspect-ratio: 16/9 }</style><img alt="JPG-Ops-03-Digitally-disrupted-world-1536x1536-300_Standard" class="picture-uniqueKey-wear-0" src="/~/media/mckinsey/business%20functions/operations/our%20insights/we%20are%20living%20in%20a%20digitally%20disrupted%20world/jpg-ops-03-digitally-disrupted-world-1536x1536-300_standard.jpg?cq=50&mw=767&car=16:9&cpy=Center" loading="lazy"/></picture></a></div><div class="Card_wrapper-text__U6Y3k"><div data-component="mdc-c-content-block" class="mdc-c-content-block___7p6Lu_2734c4f Card_content-block__pF6Z1"><span>Article</span><h6 data-component="mdc-c-heading" class="mdc-c-heading___0fM1W_2734c4f mdc-u-ts-6"><a data-component="mdc-c-link" href="/capabilities/operations/our-insights/we-are-living-in-a-digitally-disrupted-world" class="mdc-c-link-heading___Zggl8_2734c4f mdc-c-link___lBbY1_2734c4f"><div>We are living in a digitally disrupted world</div></a></h6></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></main></div><script id="__NEXT_DATA__" type="application/json">{"props":{"pageProps":{"locale":"en","dictionary":{},"sitecoreContext":{"route":{"name":"Additive manufacturing A long term game changer for manufacturers","displayName":"Additive manufacturing A long term game changer for manufacturers","fields":null,"databaseName":"web","deviceId":"fe5d7fdf-89c0-4d99-9aa3-b5fbd009c9f3","itemId":"3b6eca9e-37fc-453e-8448-4fe89cf0db81","itemLanguage":"en","itemVersion":1,"layoutId":"ae753eb4-a035-40b4-83bf-4b4438df6742","templateId":"683910db-02ba-40ba-92e7-726c880160a9","templateName":"ArticleJSS","placeholders":{"jss-main":[{"uid":"232bb7e9-289f-492d-a916-2b6185e44a84","componentName":"ArticleTemplate","dataSource":"","fields":{"data":{"articleTemplate":{"title":{"jsonValue":{"value":"Additive manufacturing: A long-term game changer for manufacturers"}},"sEOTitle":{"value":""},"description":{"jsonValue":{"value":"To get the most out of additive manufacturing, companies need to think beyond prototyping and understand what the technology means for production."}},"sEODescription":{"value":""},"displayDate":{"jsonValue":{"value":"2017-09-12T00:00:00Z"}},"body":{"value":"[[DownloadsSidebar]] \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAdditive manufacturing (AM)\u003c/strong\u003e\u0026mdash;the process of making a product layer by layer instead of using traditional molding or subtractive methods\u0026mdash;has become one of the most revolutionary technology applications in manufacturing. Often referred to as 3-D printing, the best-known forms of AM today depend on the material: SLS (selective laser sintering), SLA (stereolithography), and FDM (fused deposition modeling) in plastics, and DMLS (direct metal laser sintering) and LMD (laser metal deposition) in metals. Once employed purely for prototyping, AM is now increasingly used for spare parts, small series production, and tooling. For manufacturing with metals, the ability to use existing materials such as steel, aluminum, or superalloys such as Inconel has significantly eased the process of adopting AM.\u003c/p\u003e\n[[DisruptorSignUp left]]\n\u003cp\u003eMeanwhile, the number of materials that AM can handle is constantly expanding. A wide range of new plastics has been developed, along with processes and machines for printing with ceramics, glass, paper, wood, cement, graphene, and even living cells. Applications are now available in industries ranging from aerospace to automobiles, from consumer goods (including food) to health care (where artificial human tissue can be produced using AM) (Exhibit 1).\u003c/p\u003e\n[[Exhibit 1]]\n\u003ch2\u003eAdditive advantages\u003c/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eCompared with traditional production methods, AM offers enormous benefits, including less hard tooling and assembly. In the long run, AM can completely change the way products are designed and built, as well as distributed, sold, and serviced (Exhibit 2).\u003c/p\u003e\n[[Exhibit 2]]\n\u003cp\u003eAdoption of AM has been highest in industries where its higher production costs are outweighed by the additional value AM can generate: improved product functionality, higher production efficiency, greater customization, shorter time to market (that is, improved service levels), and reduced obsolescence, particularly in asset-heavy industries. Engineering-intensive businesses such as aerospace, automotive, and medical can accelerate prototyping, allowing them to explore completely new design features or create fully individualized products at no extra cost. High-value/lower-volume businesses see faster, more flexible manufacturing processes, with fewer parts involved, less material wasted, reduced assembly time for complex components, and even materials with completely new properties created. And spare-parts-intensive businesses in fields such as maintenance, repair, and overhaul get freedom from obsolete parts, faster time to market, more local and on-demand production opportunities, and independence from traditional suppliers.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003eManufacturing market potential\u003c/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eSeveral analyst reports expect that the direct market for AM will grow to at least $20 billion by 2020\u0026mdash;a figure that represents just a fraction of the entire tooling market today.\u003ca href=\"#\" class=\"link-footnote\" onclick=\"return false;\" rel=\"#footnote1\"\u003e\u003csup\u003e1\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/a\u003e \u003cspan class=\"tooltip\" id=\"footnote1\" style=\"display: none;\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"footnote-content\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"footnote-number\"\u003e1.\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"footnote-text\"\u003eNancy Eigel-Miller, Joe Jablonowski, and Steven Kline Jr., \u003cem\u003e2014 World machine-tool output and consumption survey\u003c/em\u003e, Gardner, February 27, 2014, gardnerweb.com.\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"clear\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"footnote-bottom\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e However, we believe that the overall economic impact created by AM could be much higher, reaching $100 billion to 250 billion by 2025, if adoption across industries continues at today\u0026rsquo;s rate. Most of that potential will come from the aerospace and defense, automotive, medical, and consumer-goods industries.\u003c/p\u003e\n[[disruptor1UP dis1]]\n\u003cp\u003eMeanwhile, various stakeholders are accelerating the overall market development for AM. Large OEMs are investing significantly in R\u0026amp;D and building internal centers of competence, while other large corporations\u0026mdash;such as HP, from the traditional printing business\u0026mdash;are entering the market. Major governments are setting up R\u0026amp;D funds, including the European Union\u0026rsquo;s Horizon 2020 program, or are starting capability-building programs for their workforces, as in Korea.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eUniversities are partnering with manufacturers\u0026rsquo; research centers to create innovation centers for applied R\u0026amp;D, with examples including Advanced Remanufacturing and Technology Centre in Singapore and RWTH Aachen University/Fraunhofer Institute for Production Technology. Finally, a vibrant start-up scene has arisen as most patents on existing AM technologies have run out, leaving space for new (as well as established) players from various industries to enter at all points on the value chain. New design and service companies are being set up and new technologies developed, such as by BigRep and Carbon3D.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003eAM\u0026rsquo;s limitations\u003c/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eDespite all of the optimism about AM, there are still major challenges to be overcome before the technology enjoys truly widespread adoption (Exhibit 3).\u003c/p\u003e\n[[Exhibit 3]]\n\u003cul class=\"bulletList\"\u003e\n \u003cli\u003e\u003cem\u003eLack of design knowledge.\u003c/em\u003e There is still a significant worldwide skills gap when it comes to product design for AM. Capturing the technology\u0026rsquo;s full potential often requires completely rethinking the way products are designed, because AM allows nearly complete freedom: product designs can be calibrated to eliminate unnecessary materials, and inner or organic structures can be incorporated, thus overcoming the limitations of traditional milling or injection molding. Our sense is that companies are only scratching the surface of what is possible.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003e\u003cem\u003eHigh production costs.\u003c/em\u003e This is the major barrier to more widespread use of AM. Although AM avoids the high up-front tooling costs that traditional processes (such as injection molding) require, those advantages tend to fade quickly as production volume increases. The good news, however, is that with plastics, the volume threshold where AM has an advantage is increasing, with one AM company claiming to have pushed it to 5,000 units for a relatively small, simple object. But even at low volumes, AM with metals often remains much more expensive than traditional methods because of several interconnected factors: high materials costs, slow build-up rates, and the long machining hours that result, high energy consumption, and postprocessing costs, which are often underestimated.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003e\u003cem\u003eLimited production scale.\u003c/em\u003e Because most current AM machines are made for prototyping rather than series production, mass production scale is hard to attain. The next-generation machinery needs to keep reducing production costs while adding capabilities necessary to support industrial production, such as process-stability management, in-process quality control, faster changeovers, greater reliability, and easier maintenance and repair.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003e\u003cem\u003eLimited cybersecurity and IP protection.\u003c/em\u003e Current-generation AM machinery is vulnerable to two especially important security issues. The first is the protection of original designs, including the identification of parts\u0026mdash;particularly if parts are designed in ways that make them replicable after the product is sold. The second is protecting data from cyberattacks, the risks of which are increased by tighter integration with suppliers and customers.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ul\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eManufacturers of AM machines, however, are addressing these limitations with significant results. Specialized AM service companies, along with engineering and consulting firms, are now bridging the design-skills gap. In addition, regional governments are funding AM-focused production clusters for applied R\u0026amp;D. Several analysts predict that next-generation machines will cut current AM production costs dramatically because of factors such as patent expiration and reduced postprocessing needs. Manufacturers will also benefit from increasing economies of scale and sourcing opportunities in low-cost countries.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAM machine manufacturers are working on better in-process control, advanced quality diagnostics, and data storage along the entire production process for certification purposes. Large AM manufacturers, including Materialise and Stratasys, suggest that AM can achieve material properties in both plastics and metals comparable to those from traditional production techniques.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eWe are also seeing an increasing availability of materials with properties comparable or even superior to those of existing ones. These materials include polymers such as nylon, PEEK, and ULTEM that are becoming more heat resistant\nand lending themselves to more applications, and metals and alloys within the standard range of available materials: industrial metals such as steel, aluminum, titanium, and Inconel; precious metals such as gold and silver; and new materials including amorphous, noncrystalline metals.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003eThe AM value chain\u0026mdash;players and business models\u003c/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe AM landscape is diverse. In the plastics printing market, larger, integrated players cover the entire value chain from supplying materials to manufacturing printers to providing printing services. Several have added services by making targeted acquisitions. The larger players are also very active in creating new use cases in particular industries, driving sector-wide adoption and sale of equipment. In the metal printing market, by contrast, relatively small players focus more on certain parts of the value chain, such as in printing equipment or in printing services.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eGiven the investments necessary for developing the next-generation machines, many of these smaller players are looking for capital. Consolidation in the market has therefore begun. Uncertainty about which manufacturers will survive will change the face of the industry, creating risk for manufacturers investing in equipment even as improving technology holds out the promise of surmounting current barriers to the adoption of AM.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eMeanwhile, in addition to the traditional material, printing, and service businesses, fast-growing niche players are starting to arise. These companies ground their entire business models on AM, ideally combined with digital sales and service models. Align Technology, with its product Invisalign, provides an alternative to metal dental braces; there are similar examples from Sonova for in-ear hearing aids, Mykita with eyeglasses, and Shapeways with crowd design of consumer products.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNew competitors are also entering the OEM market. Large players such as Stratasys and 3D Systems are certifying an end-to-end process for producing medical parts with newly developed materials, using their own printing technology and offering printing services to customers such as hospitals, which formerly purchased from OEMs.\u003c/p\u003e\n[[disruptor1UP great]]\n\u003cp\u003eWe see little evidence of a race toward a single technology, since\u0026mdash;because of factors including variations in cost, available materials, and surface finish\u0026mdash;the existing technologies serve different purposes. To explore the potential of AM, manufacturers therefore often need access to more than one technology, which they can get via specialized service providers that offer all the key ones. This picture may change, however, if new entrants dramatically increase performance by improving an existing technology or creating a completely new one.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003eDisruptive potential of AM for value chains and traditional company functions\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003ePeople tend to overestimate the short-term impact of technologies and significantly underestimate the long-term impact. Yet there is currently a lot of uncertainty about the long-term impact of AM on traditional value chains. Understandably, the issue is being raised by traditional players such as logistics companies that will be directly affected, and by governments that aim to prepare their manufacturing ecosystems and workforces for changes that may be coming soon.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eHow will the traditional way of serving markets change, and what are the implications for traditional plant setups and value chains? As far as production and distribution are concerned, a few things seem clear. Advantages from production in low-cost countries will likely diminish. New, customer-centric plants will emerge, allowing the finishing of products according to local demand and significantly reducing the need for long-distance transport of finished goods. We may also see new production-network models\u0026mdash;for example, production of half-finished products in low-cost countries, with finishing done close to customers to adjust for local taste, seasonality, and similar factors.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eWith these changes in production capabilities will come equally dramatic shifts in company functions and their relative importance on the value chain. The ability to make completely customizable products will shift the traditional manufacturing mind-set of \u0026ldquo;What is feasible?\u0026rdquo; to one of \u0026ldquo;What is possible?\u0026rdquo; Design capabilities will therefore become an even more important strategic asset.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eCompany functions of today will also change when, for example, operators skilled for one production line will need to operate new AM production lines that produce a large variety of products. Traditional engineers will need to be trained in AM design. Marketing and sales, meanwhile, will need to learn how to market individualized products that can be produced anywhere in the world.\u003c/p\u003e\n[[DisruptorSignUp full-width]]"},"isFullScreenInteractive":{"boolValue":false},"hideStickySocialShareBar":{"boolValue":false},"desktopID":{"value":""},"mobileID":{"value":""},"desktopURL":{"value":""},"mobileURL":{"value":""},"desktopPaddingPercentage":{"value":""},"mobilePaddingPercentage":{"value":""},"desktopOverrideHeight":{"value":""},"mobileOverrideHeight":{"value":""},"cerosOembedURL":{"value":""},"cerosRenderMode":{"targetItem":null},"cerosBackgroundColor":{"targetItem":null},"hideByLine":{"boolValue":false},"tableOfContentsTitle":{"value":"TABLE OF CONTENTS"},"accessStatus":{"targetItem":{"key":{"value":"RegisteredUsers"},"value":{"value":"Registered Users"}}},"articleType":{"targetItem":{"displayName":"Article"}},"hasSpecialReport":{"boolValue":false},"contentType":{"targetItem":{"displayName":"Article"}},"sourcePublication":{"targetItem":null},"externalPublication":{"value":""},"mobileReady":{"boolValue":true},"forClientsOnly":{"boolValue":false},"excludeFromClientLink":{"boolValue":false},"originalPublishDate":{"jsonValue":{"value":"2017-09-12T00:00:00Z"}},"footnotes":{"value":""},"contributoryPractice":{"targetItems":[]},"aboutTheAuthors":{"value":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eJ\u0026ouml;rg Bromberger\u003c/strong\u003e is a senior expert in McKinsey\u0026rsquo;s Berlin office, and \u003cstrong\u003eRichard Kelly\u003c/strong\u003e is a partner in the \u003ca href=\"/sitecore/service/notfound.aspx?item=web%3a%7bfd2e153f-2e5c-4ec6-afc8-182509c19a84%7d%40en\"\u003eStamford office\u003c/a\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e"},"authors":{"targetItems":[{"template":{"id":"3FBABDB63A094F68B1F8E1BBE1BA124E","name":"Author"},"id":"838367B99AFB49E7B7EB2CC7A6FEB8A5","name":"Jorg Bromberger","authorTitle":{"value":"Jörg Bromberger"},"description":{"value":""},"thumbnailImage":{"alt":"","src":null},"profile":{"targetItems":[]}},{"template":{"id":"3FBABDB63A094F68B1F8E1BBE1BA124E","name":"Author"},"id":"C6F89471E2A94971B40027E8D5D192C4","name":"Richard Kelly","authorTitle":{"value":"Richard Kelly"},"description":{"value":""},"thumbnailImage":{"alt":"","src":null},"profile":{"targetItems":[]}}]},"nonPartnerAuthors":{"targetItems":[]},"interactiveToUse":{"targetItem":null},"enableArticleComponents":{"boolValue":false},"relatedArticles":{"targetItems":[{"sourcePublication":{"targetItem":null},"publicationSource":null,"externalPublication":{"value":""},"title":{"value":"Automation, robotics, and the factory of the future"},"url":{"path":"/capabilities/operations/our-insights/automation-robotics-and-the-factory-of-the-future"},"eyebrow":{"targetItem":{"name":"Article"}},"articleType":{"targetItem":{"name":"Article"}},"contentType":{"targetItem":{"name":"Article"}},"description":{"value":"Cheaper, more capable, and more ﬂexible technologies are accelerating the growth of fully automated production facilities. The key challenge for companies will be deciding how best to harness their power."},"standardImage":{"src":"/~/media/mckinsey/business functions/operations/our insights/automation robotics and the factory of the future/jpg-ops-11-automation-robotics-1536x1536-500.jpg","alt":"Automation, robotics, and the factory of the future"},"heroImage":null,"thumbnailImage":null},{"sourcePublication":{"targetItem":null},"publicationSource":null,"externalPublication":{"value":""},"title":{"value":"Human + machine: A new era of automation in manufacturing"},"url":{"path":"/capabilities/operations/our-insights/human-plus-machine-a-new-era-of-automation-in-manufacturing"},"eyebrow":{"targetItem":{"name":"Article"}},"articleType":{"targetItem":{"name":"Article"}},"contentType":{"targetItem":{"name":"Article"}},"description":{"value":"New technologies are opening a new era in automation for manufacturers\u0026mdash;one in which humans and machines will increasingly work side by side."},"standardImage":{"src":"/~/media/mckinsey/business functions/operations/our insights/human plus machine a new era of automation in manufacturing/jpg-human-plus-machine-1536x1536-500.jpg","alt":"Human + machine: A new era of automation in manufacturing"},"heroImage":null,"thumbnailImage":null},{"sourcePublication":{"targetItem":null},"publicationSource":null,"externalPublication":{"value":""},"title":{"value":"We are living in a digitally disrupted world"},"url":{"path":"/capabilities/operations/our-insights/we-are-living-in-a-digitally-disrupted-world"},"eyebrow":{"targetItem":{"name":"Article"}},"articleType":{"targetItem":{"name":"Article"}},"contentType":{"targetItem":{"name":"Article"}},"description":{"value":"Will the inundation of digital data power your business, or wash it away?"},"standardImage":{"src":"/~/media/mckinsey/business functions/operations/our insights/we are living in a digitally disrupted world/jpg-ops-03-digitally-disrupted-world-1536x1536-300_standard.jpg","alt":"JPG-Ops-03-Digitally-disrupted-world-1536x1536-300_Standard"},"heroImage":null,"thumbnailImage":null},{"sourcePublication":{"targetItem":null},"publicationSource":null,"externalPublication":{"value":""},"title":{"value":"How 3-D printing will transform the metals industry"},"url":{"path":"/industries/metals-and-mining/our-insights/how-3d-printing-will-transform-the-metals-industry"},"eyebrow":{"targetItem":{"name":"Article"}},"articleType":{"targetItem":{"name":"Article"}},"contentType":{"targetItem":{"name":"Article"}},"description":{"value":"The role of 3-D printing in today\u0026rsquo;s metal market is quite small. 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