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<!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.01 Transitional//EN"> <html> <head> <title>The Political Graveyard: Politicians Who Received the Spingarn Medal</title> <meta name="description" content="A database of political history and cemeteries, with brief biographical entries for 320,919 U.S. political figures, living and dead, from the 1700s to the present."> <meta name="keywords" content="political biography history genealogy cemeteries politics candidates congress senators legislators governors politicians biographies ancestors mayors birthplace geography elections"> <meta name="author" content="Lawrence Kestenbaum"> <script type="text/javascript"> var _gaq = _gaq || []; _gaq.push(['_setAccount', 'UA-7383562-1']); _gaq.push(['_trackPageview']); (function() { var ga = document.createElement('script'); ga.type = 'text/javascript'; ga.async = true; ga.src = ('https:' == document.location.protocol ? 'https://ssl' : 'https://www') + '.google-analytics.com/ga.js'; var s = document.getElementsByTagName('script')[0]; s.parentNode.insertBefore(ga, s); })(); </script> </head> <body bgcolor="#FFFFDD" text="#000000" link="#cc0000" alink="#ff0000" vlink="#760000"> <style type="text/css"> p {font-family:georgia,garamond,serif} td {font-family:georgia,garamond,serif} A:link {text-decoration: none} A:visited {text-decoration: none} A:active {text-decoration: none} A:hover {text-decoration: underline} </style> PoliticalGraveyard.com <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/index.html" border=0> <img src="https://politicalgraveyard.com/images/tpgmain6.gif" width=450 height=216 border=0 alt="The Political Graveyard: A Database of American History"></a> Politicians Who Received the Spingarn Medal (Awarded annually by the N.A.A.C.P. for achievement by a Black American) <table width=100%> <td align="center" valign="center"> <script type="text/javascript"> </script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js"> </script> </td></table> <table width=100%><tr><td valign="top"> in chronological order <table align="left" cellpadding=5> <tr><td width=82 align="right" valign="top"> </td><td valign="top"><img src="rd.gif" width=13 height=13> William Edward Burghardt Du Bois (1868-1963) — also known as W. E. B. Du Bois — of Manhattan, <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/geo/NY/NY-lived.html">New York County</a>, N.Y.; Accra, <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/geo/ZZ/GH-lived.html">Ghana</a>. Born in Great Barrington, <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/geo/MA/BE-born.html">Berkshire County</a>, Mass., <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/chrono/1868/02-23.html">February 23, 1868</a>. <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/occ/faculty.html">College professor</a>; <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/occ/scientist.html">sociologist</a>; <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/occ/writing.html">historian</a>; civil rights leader; Pan-Africanist; one of the founders of the NAACP; received the Spingarn Medal in 1920; member of New York American Labor Party Executive Committee, 1949; American Labor candidate for <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/geo/NY/ofc/ussen.html">U.S. Senator from New York</a>, 1950; in 1951, he and four other leaders of the Peace Information Center, which was <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/trouble/index.html">alleged</a> to be acting on behalf of the Soviet Union, were <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/trouble/index.html">indicted</a> for their failure to register as <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/trouble/sedition.html">foreign agents</a>; the case was dismissed in 1952, but his <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/trouble/index.html">passport was withheld</a> until 1958; awarded the <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/special/lenin-stalin-prize.html">Lenin Peace Prize</a> in 1959. <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/group/african.html">African</a> ancestry. Member, <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/group/naacp.html">NAACP</a>. In 1895, he was the <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/special/first.html">first</a> African-American to receive a Ph.D. from Harvard University. Died in Accra, <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/geo/ZZ/GH-died.html">Ghana</a>, <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/chrono/1963/08-27.html">August 27, 1963</a> (age <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/death/age/95.html">95 years, 185 days</a>). Entombed at <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/geo/ZZ/GH-buried.html# ">Du Bois Memorial Centre</a>, Accra, Ghana. <table width=100% align="left"><tr><td width=20> </td> <td width=26 valign="top"><img src="hand.gif" width=26 height=17></td> <td valign="top">Relatives: Son of Alfred Du Bois and Mary Silvina (Burghardt) Du Bois; married, <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/chrono/1896/05-12.html">May 12, 1896</a>, to Nina Gomer; married <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/chrono/1951/">1951</a> to Shirley Graham.</td></tr> <tr><td width=20> </td> <td width=26 valign="top"><img src="hand.gif" width=26 height=17></td> <td valign="top">See also <a href="https://findagrave.com/memorial/6876927">Find-A-Grave memorial</a></td></tr> <tr><td width=20> </td> <td width=26 valign="top"><img src="hand.gif" width=26 height=17></td> <td valign="top">Books by W. E. B. Du Bois: <a href="https://www.amazon.com/gp/product/1505223377/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1789&creative=9325&creativeASIN=1505223377&linkCode=as2&tag=thepoliticalg-20&linkID=7777aaaa7777bbbb7777cccc7777dddd">The Souls of Black Folk</a></td></tr> </table> </td></tr> <tr><td width=82 align="right" valign="top"> </td><td valign="top"><img src="rd.gif" width=13 height=13> William Henry Hastie (1904-1976) — also known as William H. Hastie — of Philadelphia, <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/geo/PA/PH-lived.html">Philadelphia County</a>, Pa. Born in Knoxville, <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/geo/TN/KX-born.html">Knox County</a>, Tenn., <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/chrono/1904/11-17.html">November 17, 1904</a>. <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/occ/lawyer.html">Lawyer</a>; <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/occ/faculty.html">law professor</a>; <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/geo/VI/ofc/usdjud.html">U.S. District Judge for Virgin Islands</a>, 1937-39; <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/occ/faculty.html">dean</a>, Howard University law school, 1939-46; <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/geo/VI/ofc/gov.html">Governor of U.S. Virgin Islands</a>, 1946-49; <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/offices/us-ct-apps.html">Judge of U.S. Court of Appeals for the 3rd Circuit</a>, 1949-71; took senior status 1971. <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/group/african.html">African</a> ancestry. Member, <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/group/phi-beta-kappa.html">Phi Beta Kappa</a>; <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/group/omega-psi-phi.html">Omega Psi Phi</a>; <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/group/masons.html">Freemasons</a>; <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/group/aclu.html">American Civil Liberties Union</a>; <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/group/ams-dem-action.html">Americans for Democratic Action</a>. Received Spingarn Medal in 1943. Died, at Suburban General <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/death/misc-hospitals.html">Hospital</a>, East Norriton, <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/geo/PA/MO-died.html">Montgomery County</a>, Pa., <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/chrono/1976/04-14.html">April 14, 1976</a> (age <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/death/age/71.html">71 years, 149 days</a>). Burial location unknown. <table width=100% align="left"><tr><td width=20> </td> <td width=26 valign="top"><img src="hand.gif" width=26 height=17></td> <td valign="top">Relatives: Son of William Henry Hastie and Roberta (Child) Hastie; married, <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/chrono/1943/12-25.html">December 25, 1943</a>, to Beryl Lockhart.</td></tr> <tr><td width=20> </td> <td width=26 valign="top"><img src="hand.gif" width=26 height=17></td> <td valign="top">See also <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William H. Hastie">Wikipedia article</a></td></tr> </table> </td></tr> <tr><td width=82 align="right" valign="top"> </td><td valign="top"><img src="rd.gif" width=13 height=13> Thurgood Marshall (1908-1993) — also known as Thoroughgood Marshall — of Manhattan, <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/geo/NY/NY-lived.html">New York County</a>, N.Y. Born in <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/geo/MD/ba-born.html">Baltimore</a>, Md., <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/chrono/1908/07-02.html">July 2, 1908</a>. <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/offices/us-ct-apps.html">Judge of U.S. Court of Appeals for the 2nd Circuit</a>, 1961-65; resigned 1965; U.S. Solicitor General, 1965-67; <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/offices/us-supreme-ct.html">Associate Justice of U.S. Supreme Court</a>, 1967-91; took senior status 1991. <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/group/episcopalian.html">Episcopalian</a>. <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/group/african.html">African</a> ancestry. Member, <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/group/masons.html">Freemasons</a>; <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/group/naacp.html">NAACP</a>; <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/group/nat-bar-assoc.html">National Bar Association</a>; <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/group/alpha-phi-alpha.html">Alpha Phi Alpha</a>; <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/group/aclu.html">American Civil Liberties Union</a>. Received Spingarn Medal in 1946 <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/special/first.html">First</a> African-American Justice of the U.S. Supreme Court. Died, from a <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/death/heart.html">heart attack</a>, in the <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/death/walter-reed.html">National Naval Medical Center</a>, Bethesda, <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/geo/MD/MO-died.html">Montgomery County</a>, Md., <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/chrono/1993/01-24.html">January 24, 1993</a> (age <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/death/age/84.html">84 years, 206 days</a>). Interment at <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/geo/VA/AR-buried.html#cms00004">Arlington National Cemetery</a>, Arlington, Va.; memorial monument at <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/geo/MD/AA-buried.html#cms07296">Lawyers' Mall</a>, Annapolis, Md. <table width=100% align="left"><tr><td width=20> </td> <td width=26 valign="top"><img src="hand.gif" width=26 height=17></td> <td valign="top">Relatives: Married, <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/chrono/1929/09-04.html">September 4, 1929</a>, to Vivien Burey; married, <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/chrono/1955/12-17.html">December 17, 1955</a>, to <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/bio/marshall.html#679.34.94">Cecilia Suyat</a>; father of <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/bio/marshall.html#618.71.93">Thurgood Marshall Jr.</a>.</td></tr> <tr><td width=20> </td> <td width=26 valign="top"><img src="hand.gif" width=26 height=17></td> <td valign="top"> Political family: <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/families/14222.html">Marshall family</a> of New York City, New York.</td></tr> <tr><td width=20> </td> <td width=26 valign="top"><img src="hand.gif" width=26 height=17></td> <td valign="top">Cross-reference: <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/bio/bryan-bucciarelli.html#678.59.94">William Curtis Bryson</a></td></tr> <tr><td width=20> </td> <td width=26 valign="top"><img src="hand.gif" width=26 height=17></td> <td valign="top">See also <a href="https://www.fjc.gov/servlet/nGetInfo?jid=1489&cid=999&ctype=na&instate=na">federal judicial profile</a> — <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thurgood Marshall">Wikipedia article</a> — <a href="https://www.nndb.com/people/392/000032296">NNDB dossier</a> — <a href="https://www.imdb.com/name/nm0551208">Internet Movie Database profile</a> — <a href="https://findagrave.com/memorial/1675">Find-A-Grave memorial</a> — <a href="https://www.fjc.gov/history/judges/marshall-thurgood">Biographical Directory of Federal Judges</a> — <a href=" http://www.arlingtoncemetery.net/tmarsh.htm">Arlington National Cemetery unofficial website</a></td></tr> <tr><td width=20> </td> <td width=26 valign="top"><img src="hand.gif" width=26 height=17></td> <td valign="top">Books about Thurgood Marshall: Juan Williams, <a href="https://www.amazon.com/gp/product/0812932994/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1789&creative=9325&creativeASIN=0812932994&linkCode=as2&tag=thepoliticalg-20&linkID=7777aaaa7777bbbb7777cccc7777dddd">Thurgood Marshall : American Revolutionary</a> — Randall W. Bland, <a href="https://www.amazon.com/gp/product/1930901232/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1789&creative=9325&creativeASIN=1930901232&linkCode=as2&tag=thepoliticalg-20&linkID=7777aaaa7777bbbb7777cccc7777dddd">Justice Thurgood Marshall, Crusader for Liberalism : His Judicial Biography</a> — Mark V. Tushnet, <a href="https://www.amazon.com/gp/product/0195093143/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1789&creative=9325&creativeASIN=0195093143&linkCode=as2&tag=thepoliticalg-20&linkID=7777aaaa7777bbbb7777cccc7777dddd">Making Constitutional Law: Thurgood Marshall and the Supreme Court, 1961-1991</a> — Mark V. Tushnet, <a href="https://www.amazon.com/gp/product/0195084128/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1789&creative=9325&creativeASIN=0195084128&linkCode=as2&tag=thepoliticalg-20&linkID=7777aaaa7777bbbb7777cccc7777dddd">Making Civil Rights Law: Thurgood Marshall and the Supreme Court, 1936-1961</a> — Gilbert King, <a href="https://www.amazon.com/gp/product/0061792268/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1789&creative=9325&creativeASIN=0061792268&linkCode=as2&tag=thepoliticalg-20&linkID=7777aaaa7777bbbb7777cccc7777dddd">Devil in the Grove: Thurgood Marshall, the Groveland Boys, and the Dawn of a New America</a></td></tr> </table> </td></tr> <tr><td width=82 align="right" valign="top"> </td><td valign="top"><img src="rd.gif" width=13 height=13> Paul Revere Williams (1894-1980) — also known as Paul R. Williams — of Los Angeles, <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/geo/CA/LA-lived.html">Los Angeles County</a>, Calif. Born in Los Angeles, <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/geo/CA/LA-born.html">Los Angeles County</a>, Calif., <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/chrono/1894/02-18.html">February 18, 1894</a>. Republican. <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/occ/architect.html">Architect</a>; <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/special/first.html">first</a> African-American architect west of the Mississippi, and first to be member of the American Institute of Architects; designed many Southern California landmarks, including the homes of Hollywood celebrities; received the Spingarn Medal in 1953; delegate to Republican National Convention from California, <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/parties/R/1952/CA.html">1952</a>, <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/parties/R/1960/CA.html">1960</a>; member, California Housing Commission and California Civil Rights Commission. <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/group/african.html">African</a> ancestry. Member, <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/group/aia.html">American Institute of Architects</a>; <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/group/masons.html">Freemasons</a>. Died, from <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/death/diabetes.html">diabetes</a>, in California <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/death/misc-hospitals.html">Hospital</a>, Los Angeles, <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/geo/CA/LA-died.html">Los Angeles County</a>, Calif., <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/chrono/1980/01-23.html">January 23, 1980</a> (age <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/death/age/85.html">85 years, 339 days</a>). Interment at <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/geo/CA/LA-buried.html#cms02104">Inglewood Park Cemetery</a>, Inglewood, Calif. <table width=100% align="left"><tr><td width=20> </td> <td width=26 valign="top"><img src="hand.gif" width=26 height=17></td> <td valign="top">Presumably named for: <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/special/pols-named-for-famous.html">Paul Revere</a></td></tr> <tr><td width=20> </td> <td width=26 valign="top"><img src="hand.gif" width=26 height=17></td> <td valign="top">Relatives: Son of C. S. Williams and Lila A. (Wright) Williams; married, <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/chrono/1917/06-27.html">June 27, 1917</a>, to Della Mae Givens.</td></tr> <tr><td width=20> </td> <td width=26 valign="top"><img src="hand.gif" width=26 height=17></td> <td valign="top">See also <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul Williams %28architect%29">Wikipedia article</a> — <a href="https://findagrave.com/memorial/7956107">Find-A-Grave memorial</a></td></tr> </table> </td></tr> <tr><td width=82 align="right" valign="top"> </td><td valign="top"><img src="rd.gif" width=13 height=13> Robert Clifton Weaver (1907-1997) — also known as Robert C. Weaver — of <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/geo/DC/wa-lived.html">Washington</a>, D.C.; Manhattan, <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/geo/NY/NY-lived.html">New York County</a>, N.Y. Born in <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/geo/DC/wa-born.html">Washington</a>, D.C., <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/chrono/1907/12-29.html">December 29, 1907</a>. Democrat. <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/occ/economist.html">Economist</a>; received the Spingarn Medal in 1962; <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/offices/cabinet.html">U.S. Secretary of Housing and Urban Development</a>, 1966-68; <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/special/first.html">first</a> African-American cabinet member; <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/parties/D/1968 /speakers.html">speaker</a>, Democratic National Convention, 1968 ; <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/occ/univpres.html">president</a>, Baruch College, 1969; trustee, Mount Sinai <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/occ/hospital-biz.html">Medical Center</a>. <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/group/methodist.html">Methodist</a>. <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/group/african.html">African</a> ancestry. Member, <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/group/naacp.html">NAACP</a>; <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/group/ams-dem-action.html">Americans for Democratic Action</a>. Died in Manhattan, <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/geo/NY/NY-died.html">New York County</a>, N.Y., <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/chrono/1997/07-17.html">July 17, 1997</a> (age <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/death/age/89.html">89 years, 200 days</a>). Burial location unknown. <table width=100% align="left"><tr><td width=20> </td> <td width=26 valign="top"><img src="hand.gif" width=26 height=17></td> <td valign="top">Relatives: Son of Mortimer G. Weaver and Florence (Freeman) Weaver; married, <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/chrono/1935/07-19.html">July 19, 1935</a>, to Ella V. Hiath.</td></tr> <tr><td width=20> </td> <td width=26 valign="top"><img src="hand.gif" width=26 height=17></td> <td valign="top">The Robert C. Weaver <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/special/namesake-buildings.html">Federal Building</a> (opened 1968; named 2000; headquarters of the U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development), in <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/geo/DC/wa-names.html">Washington, D.C.</a>, is <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/special/namesake.html">named for him</a>.</li> </td></tr> <tr><td width=20> </td> <td width=26 valign="top"><img src="hand.gif" width=26 height=17></td> <td valign="top">See also <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert C. Weaver">Wikipedia article</a> — <a href="https://www.nndb.com/people/273/000167769">NNDB dossier</a></td></tr> </table> </td></tr> <tr><td width=82 align="right" valign="top"> </td><td valign="top"><img src="rd.gif" width=13 height=13> Edward William Brooke III (1919-2015) — also known as Edward W. Brooke — of Newton Center, Newton, <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/geo/MA/MI-lived.html">Middlesex County</a>, Mass. Born in <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/geo/DC/wa-born.html">Washington</a>, D.C., <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/chrono/1919/10-26.html">October 26, 1919</a>. Republican. Served in the U.S. Army during World War II; <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/occ/lawyer.html">lawyer</a>; candidate for <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/geo/MA/ofc/sos.html">secretary of state of Massachusetts</a>, 1960; <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/geo/MA/ofc/attygn.html">Massachusetts state attorney general</a>, 1963-67; <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/geo/MA/ofc/ussen.html">U.S. Senator from Massachusetts</a>, 1967-79; defeated, 1978. <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/group/episcopalian.html">Episcopalian</a>. <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/group/african.html">African</a> ancestry. Member, <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/group/aba.html">American Bar Association</a>; <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/group/am-acad-arts-sciences.html">American Academy of Arts and Sciences</a>; <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/group/amvets.html">Amvets</a>; <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/group/alpha-phi-alpha.html">Alpha Phi Alpha</a>. <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/special/first.html">First</a> Black U.S. Senator in the 20th century; recipient of the Spingarn Medal in 1967. Died in Coral Gables, <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/geo/FL/DA-died.html">Miami-Dade County</a>, Fla., <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/chrono/2015/01-03.html">January 3, 2015</a> (age <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/death/age/95.html">95 years, 69 days</a>). Interment at <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/geo/VA/AR-buried.html#cms00004">Arlington National Cemetery</a>, Arlington, Va. <table width=100% align="left"><tr><td width=20> </td> <td width=26 valign="top"><img src="hand.gif" width=26 height=17></td> <td valign="top">Relatives: Son of Edward W. Brooke and Helen (Seldon) Brooke; married, <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/chrono/1947/06-07.html">June 7, 1947</a>, to Remigia Ferrari Scacco.</td></tr> <tr><td width=20> </td> <td width=26 valign="top"><img src="hand.gif" width=26 height=17></td> <td valign="top">See also <a href="https://bioguide.congress.gov/scripts/biodisplay.pl?index=B000871">congressional biography</a> — <a href="https://www.govtrack.us/congress/person.xpd?id=401828">Govtrack.us page</a> — <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward Brooke">Wikipedia article</a> — <a href="https://www.nndb.com/people/804/000119447">NNDB dossier</a></td></tr> </table> </td></tr> <tr><td width=82 align="right" valign="top"> </td><td valign="top"><img src="rd.gif" width=13 height=13> Sammy Davis Jr. (1925-1990) — also known as Samuel George Davis — Born in Harlem, Manhattan, <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/geo/NY/NY-born.html">New York County</a>, N.Y., <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/chrono/1925/12-08.html">December 8, 1925</a>. Democrat. Served in the U.S. Army during World War II; <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/occ/music.html">singer</a>; <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/occ/music.html">dancer</a>; <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/occ/entertainment.html">actor</a>; injured in an automobile accident in 1954, and <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/special/disabled.html">lost his left eye</a>; <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/parties/D/1960 /speakers.html">honored guest</a>, Democratic National Convention, 1960. <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/group/jewish.html">Jewish</a>. <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/group/african.html">African</a> and <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/group/hispanic.html">Cuban</a> ancestry. Received the Spingarn Medal in 1968. Died, from complications of <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/death/throat-cancer.html">throat cancer</a>, in Beverly Hills, <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/geo/CA/LA-died.html">Los Angeles County</a>, Calif., <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/chrono/1990/05-16.html">May 16, 1990</a> (age <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/death/age/64.html">64 years, 159 days</a>). Interment at <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/geo/CA/LA-buried.html#cms00954">Forest Lawn Memorial Park</a>, Glendale, Calif. <table width=100% align="left"><tr><td width=20> </td> <td width=26 valign="top"><img src="hand.gif" width=26 height=17></td> <td valign="top">Relatives: Son of Samuel George Davis and Elvera (Sanchez) Davis; married, <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/chrono/1958/01-10.html">January 10, 1958</a>, to Loray White; married, <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/chrono/1960/11-13.html">November 13, 1960</a>, to May Britt; married, <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/chrono/1970/05-11.html">May 11, 1970</a>, to Altovise Gore.</td></tr> <tr><td width=20> </td> <td width=26 valign="top"><img src="hand.gif" width=26 height=17></td> <td valign="top">Epitaph: "The Entertainer -- He Did It All"</td></tr> <tr><td width=20> </td> <td width=26 valign="top"><img src="hand.gif" width=26 height=17></td> <td valign="top">See also <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sammy Davis, Jr.">Wikipedia article</a> — <a href="https://www.nndb.com/people/534/000022468">NNDB dossier</a> — <a href="https://www.imdb.com/name/nm0002035">Internet Movie Database profile</a> — <a href="https://findagrave.com/memorial/263">Find-A-Grave memorial</a></td></tr> </table> </td></tr> <tr><td width=82 align="right" valign="top"><a href="https://www.flickr.com/photos/library_of_congress/50888208241/"><img src="https://politicalgraveyard.com/thumb/964/94.74.jpg" width=70 height=106 border=0 alt="Andrew Young"></a></td><td valign="top"><img src="rd.gif" width=13 height=13> Andrew Jackson Young Jr. (b. 1932) — also known as Andy Young — of Atlanta, <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/geo/GA/FU-lived.html">Fulton County</a>, Ga. Born in New Orleans, <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/geo/LA/OR-born.html">Orleans Parish</a>, La., <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/chrono/1932/03-12.html">March 12, 1932</a>. Democrat. <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/occ/clergy.html">Ordained minister</a>; one of the founders of the Southern Christian Leadership Conference, 1957; close advisor of Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. until his assassination; <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/geo/GA/ofc/usrep.html">U.S. Representative from Georgia</a> 5th District, 1973-77; defeated, 1970; U.S. Representative to <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/offices/un.html ">United Nations</a>, 1977-79; <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/geo/GA/ofc/atlanta.html">mayor of Atlanta, Ga.</a>, 1982-90; <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/parties/D/1988 /speakers.html">speaker</a>, Democratic National Convention, 1988 ; candidate for <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/geo/GA/ofc/gov.html">Governor of Georgia</a>, 1990. <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/group/congregationalist.html">United Church of Christ</a>. <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/group/african.html">African</a> ancestry. Member, <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/group/cfr.html">Council on Foreign Relations</a>; <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/group/prince-hall-masons.html">Prince Hall Masons</a>. Received the Spingarn Medal in 1978; received the <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/special/medal-of-freedom.html">Presidential Medal of Freedom</a> in 1981. Still living as of 2021. <table width=100% align="left"><tr><td width=20> </td> <td width=26 valign="top"><img src="hand.gif" width=26 height=17></td> <td valign="top">Presumably named for: <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/bio/jackson1.html#174.79.95">Andrew Jackson</a></td></tr> <tr><td width=20> </td> <td width=26 valign="top"><img src="hand.gif" width=26 height=17></td> <td valign="top">Relatives: Son of Andrew Jackson Young and Daisy (Fuller) Young; married <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/chrono/1954/">1954</a> to Jean Childs; married, <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/chrono/1996/03-24.html">March 24, 1996</a>, to Carolyn Watson.</td></tr> <tr><td width=20> </td> <td width=26 valign="top"><img src="hand.gif" width=26 height=17></td> <td valign="top">See also <a href="https://bioguide.congress.gov/scripts/biodisplay.pl?index=Y000028">congressional biography</a> — <a href="https://www.govtrack.us/congress/person.xpd?id=411962">Govtrack.us page</a> — <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew Young">Wikipedia article</a> — <a href="https://history.state.gov/departmenthistory/people/young-andrew-jackson ?">U.S. State Dept career summary</a> — <a href="https://www.nndb.com/people/235/000025160">NNDB dossier</a> — <a href="https://www.imdb.com/name/nm0949258">Internet Movie Database profile</a> — <a href="https://www.ourcampaigns.com/CandidateDetail.html?CandidateID=8416">OurCampaigns candidate detail</a></td></tr> <tr><td width=20> </td> <td width=26 valign="top"><img src="hand.gif" width=26 height=17></td> <td valign="top">Image source: Library of Congress</td></tr> </table> </td></tr> <tr><td width=82 align="right" valign="top"> </td><td valign="top"><img src="rd.gif" width=13 height=13> Coleman Alexander Young (1918-1997) — also known as Coleman A. Young — of Detroit, <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/geo/MI/WY-lived.html">Wayne County</a>, Mich. Born in Tuscaloosa, <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/geo/AL/TU-born.html">Tuscaloosa County</a>, Ala., <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/chrono/1918/05-24.html">May 24, 1918</a>. Served in the U.S. Army Air Force in World War II; <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/occ/labor.html">national representative</a>, UAW-CIO, 1946-47; <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/occ/labor.html">director</a> of organization, Wayne County CIO Council, 1947-48; <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/occ/labor.html">executive secretary</a>, National Negro Labor Council, 1951-55; candidate for <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/geo/MI/ofc/sthse.html">Michigan state house of representatives</a>, 1959, 1962 (Democratic primary); <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/geo/MI/ofc/cncn7.html">delegate to Michigan state constitutional convention</a> from Wayne County 9th District, 1961-62; member of <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/geo/MI/ofc/stsen.html">Michigan state senate</a> 4th District, 1965-73; defeated (Progressive), 1948; resigned 1973; delegate to Democratic National Convention from Michigan, <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/parties/D/1968/MI.html">1968</a>, <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/parties/D/1972/MI.html">1972</a>, <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/parties/D/1976/MI.html">1976</a>, <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/parties/D/1980/MI.html">1980</a>, <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/parties/D/1984/MI.html">1984</a> (<a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/parties/D/1984/speakers.html">speaker</a>), <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/parties/D/1988/MI.html">1988</a> (<a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/parties/D/1988/speakers.html">speaker</a>), <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/parties/D/1996/MI.html">1996</a>; member of <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/parties/D/MI.html">Democratic National Committee from Michigan</a>, 1969-81; <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/geo/MI/ofc/detroit.html">mayor of Detroit, Mich.</a>, 1974-94; candidate for Presidential Elector for Michigan. <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/group/african.html">African</a> ancestry. Member, <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/group/masons.html">Freemasons</a>; <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/group/naacp.html">NAACP</a>. Received the Spingarn Medal in 1981. Died, of <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/death/emphysema.html">emphysema</a>, while hospitalized for <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/death/heart.html">heart problems</a>, at Sinai <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/death/misc-hospitals.html">Hospital</a>, Detroit, <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/geo/MI/WY-died.html">Wayne County</a>, Mich., <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/chrono/1997/11-29.html">November 29, 1997</a> (age <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/death/age/79.html">79 years, 189 days</a>). Interment at <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/geo/MI/WY-buried.html#cms00088">Elmwood Cemetery</a>, Detroit, Mich. <table width=100% align="left"><tr><td width=20> </td> <td width=26 valign="top"><img src="hand.gif" width=26 height=17></td> <td valign="top">Relatives: Son of Coleman Young and Ida (Jones) Young; father of <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/bio/young2.html#021.38.06">Coleman A. Young II</a>.</td></tr> <tr><td width=20> </td> <td width=26 valign="top"><img src="hand.gif" width=26 height=17></td> <td valign="top">Cross-reference: <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/bio/majors-malloney.html#417.66.38">Conrad L. Mallett, Jr.</a></td></tr> <tr><td width=20> </td> <td width=26 valign="top"><img src="hand.gif" width=26 height=17></td> <td valign="top">See also <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coleman Young">Wikipedia article</a> — <a href="https://www.nndb.com/people/393/000032297">NNDB dossier</a></td></tr> <tr><td width=20> </td> <td width=26 valign="top"><img src="hand.gif" width=26 height=17></td> <td valign="top">Books by Coleman A. Young: <a href="https://www.amazon.com/gp/product/0670845515/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1789&creative=9325&creativeASIN=0670845515&linkCode=as2&tag=thepoliticalg-20&linkID=7777aaaa7777bbbb7777cccc7777dddd">Hard Stuff : The Autobiography of Coleman Young</a> (1994)</td></tr> <tr><td width=20> </td> <td width=26 valign="top"><img src="hand.gif" width=26 height=17></td> <td valign="top">Books about Coleman A. Young: Wilbur C. Rich, <a href="https://www.amazon.com/gp/product/0814320945/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1789&creative=9325&creativeASIN=0814320945&linkCode=as2&tag=thepoliticalg-20&linkID=7777aaaa7777bbbb7777cccc7777dddd">Coleman Young and Detroit Politics : From Social Activist to Power Broker</a></td></tr> </table> </td></tr> <tr><td width=82 align="right" valign="top"> </td><td valign="top"><img src="rd.gif" width=13 height=13> Thomas Bradley (1917-1998) — also known as Tom Bradley — of Los Angeles, <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/geo/CA/LA-lived.html">Los Angeles County</a>, Calif. Born in Calvert, <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/geo/TX/RB-born.html">Robertson County</a>, Tex., <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/chrono/1917/12-29.html">December 29, 1917</a>. Democrat. <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/occ/lawenforcement.html">Police officer</a>; <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/occ/lawyer.html">lawyer</a>; delegate to Democratic National Convention from California, <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/parties/D/1968/CA.html">1968</a>, <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/parties/D/1972/CA.html">1972</a>; <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/geo/CA/ofc/losangeles.html">mayor of Los Angeles, Calif.</a>, 1973-93; defeated, 1969; candidate for <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/geo/CA/ofc/gov.html">Governor of California</a>, 1982, 1986. <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/group/methodist.html">Methodist</a>. <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/group/african.html">African</a> ancestry. Member, <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/group/masons.html">Freemasons</a>; <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/group/kappa-alpha-psi.html">Kappa Alpha Psi</a>; <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/group/urban-league.html">Urban League</a>; <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/group/naacp.html">NAACP</a>. Received the Spingarn Medal in 1984. Died, of a <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/death/heart.html">heart attack</a>, at Kaiser Permanente <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/death/misc-hospitals.html">Medical Center</a>, Los Angeles, <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/geo/CA/LA-died.html">Los Angeles County</a>, Calif., <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/chrono/1998/09-29.html">September 29, 1998</a> (age <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/death/age/80.html">80 years, 274 days</a>). Entombed in mausoleum at <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/geo/CA/LA-buried.html#cms02104">Inglewood Park Cemetery</a>, Inglewood, Calif. <table width=100% align="left"><tr><td width=20> </td> <td width=26 valign="top"><img src="hand.gif" width=26 height=17></td> <td valign="top">Relatives: Son of Lee Thomas and Crenner (Hawkins) Thomas; married, <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/chrono/1941/05-04.html">May 4, 1941</a>, to Ethel Mae Arnold.</td></tr> <tr><td width=20> </td> <td width=26 valign="top"><img src="hand.gif" width=26 height=17></td> <td valign="top">Epitaph: "Beloved Husband and Father"</td></tr> <tr><td width=20> </td> <td width=26 valign="top"><img src="hand.gif" width=26 height=17></td> <td valign="top">See also <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom Bradley (politician)">Wikipedia article</a> — <a href="https://www.nndb.com/people/904/000047763">NNDB dossier</a> — <a href="https://www.imdb.com/name/nm0103417">Internet Movie Database profile</a> — <a href="https://findagrave.com/memorial/3993">Find-A-Grave memorial</a></td></tr> <tr><td width=20> </td> <td width=26 valign="top"><img src="hand.gif" width=26 height=17></td> <td valign="top">Books about Tom Bradley: J. Gregory Payne, <a href="https://www.amazon.com/gp/product/0915677296/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1789&creative=9325&creativeASIN=0915677296&linkCode=as2&tag=thepoliticalg-20&linkID=7777aaaa7777bbbb7777cccc7777dddd">Tom Bradley : The Impossible Dream : A Biography</a></td></tr> </table> </td></tr> <tr><td width=82 align="right" valign="top"> </td><td valign="top"><img src="rd.gif" width=13 height=13> Benjamin Lawson Hooks (1925-2010) — also known as Benjamin L. Hooks — of Memphis, <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/geo/TN/SH-lived.html">Shelby County</a>, Tenn. Born in Memphis, <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/geo/TN/SH-born.html">Shelby County</a>, Tenn., <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/chrono/1925/01-31.html">January 31, 1925</a>. Democrat. <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/occ/lawyer.html">Lawyer</a>; <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/occ/clergy.html">pastor</a>; state court judge in Tennessee, 1965; member, Federal Communications Commission, 1972-77; delegate to Democratic National Convention from Tennessee, <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/parties/D/1996/TN.html">1996</a>, <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/parties/D/2000/TN.html">2000</a>; speaker, <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/parties/D/1988/speakers.html">1988</a>; candidate for Presidential Elector for Tennessee. <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/group/baptist.html">Baptist</a>. <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/group/african.html">African</a> ancestry. Member, <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/group/masons.html">Freemasons</a>. Civil rights leader; friend and confidant of Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr.; recipient of the Spingarn Medal in 1986. Died <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/chrono/2010/04-15.html">April 15, 2010</a> (age <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/death/age/85.html">85 years, 74 days</a>). Burial location unknown. <table width=100% align="left"><tr><td width=20> </td> <td width=26 valign="top"><img src="hand.gif" width=26 height=17></td> <td valign="top">See also <a href="https://www.nndb.com/people/918/000111585">NNDB dossier</a></td></tr> </table> </td></tr> <tr><td width=82 align="right" valign="top"> </td><td valign="top"><img src="rd.gif" width=13 height=13> Percy Ellis Sutton (1920-2009) — also known as Percy Sutton — of Manhattan, <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/geo/NY/NY-lived.html">New York County</a>, N.Y. Born in San Antonio, <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/geo/TX/BX-born.html">Bexar County</a>, Tex., <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/chrono/1920/11-24.html">November 24, 1920</a>. Democrat. Member of <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/geo/NY/ofc/asmbly.html">New York state assembly</a>, 1965-66 (New York County 11th District 1965, 77th District 1966); <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/geo/NY/ofc/newyorkcity.html#3">borough president of Manhattan, New York</a>, 1966-77; delegate to Democratic National Convention from New York, <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/parties/D/1972/NY.html">1972</a>, <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/parties/D/1984/NY.html">1984</a>; candidate for <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/geo/NY/ofc/newyorkcity.html">mayor of New York City, N.Y.</a>, 1977. <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/group/african.html">African</a> ancestry. Recipient of the Spingarn Medal in 1987. Died <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/chrono/2009/12-26.html">December 26, 2009</a> (age <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/death/age/89.html">89 years, 32 days</a>). Burial location unknown. <table width=100% align="left"><tr><td width=20> </td> <td width=26 valign="top"><img src="hand.gif" width=26 height=17></td> <td valign="top">Relatives: Son of Samuel Johnson Sutton and Lillian Sutton.</td></tr> <tr><td width=20> </td> <td width=26 valign="top"><img src="hand.gif" width=26 height=17></td> <td valign="top">See also <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Percy Sutton">Wikipedia article</a></td></tr> </table> </td></tr> <tr><td width=82 align="right" valign="top"><a href="https://www.flickr.com/photos/library_of_congress/50888301847/"><img src="https://politicalgraveyard.com/thumb/133/20.66.jpg" width=70 height=108 border=0 alt="Jesse L. Jackson"></a></td><td valign="top"><img src="rd.gif" width=13 height=13> Jesse Louis Jackson (b. 1941) — also known as Jesse L. Jackson; "Thunder" — of Chicago, <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/geo/IL/CO-lived.html">Cook County</a>, Ill. Born in Greenville, <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/geo/SC/GR-born.html">Greenville County</a>, S.C., <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/chrono/1941/10-08.html">October 8, 1941</a>. Democrat. Delegate to Democratic National Convention from Illinois, <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/parties/D/1972/IL.html">1972</a>; speaker, <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/parties/D/1984/speakers.html">1984</a>, <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/parties/D/1988/speakers.html">1988</a>; candidate for Democratic nomination for President, <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/parties/D/1984/index.html">1984</a>, <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/parties/D/1988/index.html">1988</a>; delegate to Democratic National Convention from District of Columbia, <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/parties/D/1996/DC.html">1996</a>. <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/group/african.html">African</a> ancestry. Member, <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/group/masons.html">Freemasons</a>; <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/group/cfr.html">Council on Foreign Relations</a>; <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/group/omega-psi-phi.html">Omega Psi Phi</a>. Civil rights leader; associate of Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr.; recipient of the Spingarn Medal in 1989. Still living as of 2021. <table width=100% align="left"><tr><td width=20> </td> <td width=26 valign="top"><img src="hand.gif" width=26 height=17></td> <td valign="top">Relatives: Married <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/chrono/1964/">1964</a> to Jacqueline Brown; father of <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/bio/jackson5.html#950.40.95">Jesse Louis Jackson Jr.</a>.</td></tr> <tr><td width=20> </td> <td width=26 valign="top"><img src="hand.gif" width=26 height=17></td> <td valign="top">Cross-reference: <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/bio/daniels.html#107.34.74">Ron Daniels</a></td></tr> <tr><td width=20> </td> <td width=26 valign="top"><img src="hand.gif" width=26 height=17></td> <td valign="top">See also <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesse Jackson">Wikipedia article</a> — <a href="https://www.nndb.com/people/365/000024293">NNDB dossier</a> — <a href="https://www.imdb.com/name/nm0413666">Internet Movie Database profile</a></td></tr> <tr><td width=20> </td> <td width=26 valign="top"><img src="hand.gif" width=26 height=17></td> <td valign="top">Books about Jesse Jackson: Marshall Frady, <a href="https://www.amazon.com/gp/product/0679778454/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1789&creative=9325&creativeASIN=0679778454&linkCode=as2&tag=thepoliticalg-20&linkID=7777aaaa7777bbbb7777cccc7777dddd">Jesse: The Life and Pilgrimage of Jesse Jackson</a> — Marshall Frady, <a href="https://www.amazon.com/gp/product/0743291441/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1789&creative=9325&creativeASIN=0743291441&linkCode=as2&tag=thepoliticalg-20&linkID=7777aaaa7777bbbb7777cccc7777dddd">Jesse: The Life and Pilgrimage of Jesse Jackson</a></td></tr> <tr><td width=20> </td> <td width=26 valign="top"><img src="hand.gif" width=26 height=17></td> <td valign="top">Critical books about Jesse Jackson: Bernard Goldberg, <a href="https://www.amazon.com/gp/product/0060761288/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1789&creative=9325&creativeASIN=0060761288&linkCode=as2&tag=thepoliticalg-20&linkID=7777aaaa7777bbbb7777cccc7777dddd">100 People Who Are Screwing Up America (And Al Franken Is #37)</a> — Kenneth R. Timmerman, <a href="https://www.amazon.com/gp/product/0895261650/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1789&creative=9325&creativeASIN=0895261650&linkCode=as2&tag=thepoliticalg-20&linkID=7777aaaa7777bbbb7777cccc7777dddd">Shakedown: Exposing the Real Jesse Jackson</a></td></tr> <tr><td width=20> </td> <td width=26 valign="top"><img src="hand.gif" width=26 height=17></td> <td valign="top">Image source: Library of Congress</td></tr> </table> </td></tr> <tr><td width=82 align="right" valign="top"> </td><td valign="top"><img src="rd.gif" width=13 height=13> Lawrence Douglas Wilder (b. 1931) — also known as L. Douglas Wilder — of <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/geo/VA/rm-lived.html">Richmond</a>, Va. Born <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/chrono/1931/01-17.html">January 17, 1931</a>. Democrat. <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/occ/lawyer.html">Lawyer</a>; member of <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/geo/VA/ofc/stsen.html">Virginia state senate</a> 9th District, 1974-79; delegate to Democratic National Convention from Virginia, <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/parties/D/1980/VA.html">1980</a>; <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/geo/VA/ofc/ltgov.html">Lieutenant Governor of Virginia</a>; elected 1985; <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/geo/VA/ofc/gov.html">Governor of Virginia</a>, 1990-94; candidate for Democratic nomination for President, <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/parties/D/1992/index.html">1992</a>; Independent candidate for <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/geo/VA/ofc/ussen.html">U.S. Senator from Virginia</a>, 1994; <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/geo/VA/ofc/richmond.html">mayor of Richmond, Va.</a>, 2005-. <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/group/african.html">African</a> ancestry. Member, <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/group/masons.html">Freemasons</a>. Received the Spingarn Medal in 1990. Still living as of 2014. <table width=100% align="left"><tr><td width=20> </td> <td width=26 valign="top"><img src="hand.gif" width=26 height=17></td> <td valign="top">See also <a href="https://www.nga.org/governor/l-douglas-wilder/">National Governors Association biography</a> — <a href="https://www.nndb.com/people/844/000055679">NNDB dossier</a> — <a href="https://www.imdb.com/name/nm0928573">Internet Movie Database profile</a></td></tr> <tr><td width=20> </td> <td width=26 valign="top"><img src="hand.gif" width=26 height=17></td> <td valign="top">Books about L. Douglas Wilder: Judson L. Jeffries, <a href="https://www.amazon.com/gp/product/1557532001/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1789&creative=9325&creativeASIN=1557532001&linkCode=as2&tag=thepoliticalg-20&linkID=7777aaaa7777bbbb7777cccc7777dddd">Virginia's Native Son : The Election and Administration of Governor L. Douglas Wilder</a></td></tr> </table> </td></tr> <tr><td width=82 align="right" valign="top"><a href="https://www.kpbs.org/photos/2012/nov/06/20019/"><img src="https://politicalgraveyard.com/thumb/533/18.54.jpg" width=70 height=105 border=0 alt="Colin L. Powell"></a></td><td valign="top"><img src="rd.gif" width=13 height=13> Colin Luther Powell (1937-2021) — also known as Colin L. Powell; "Balloonfoot" — Born in Manhattan, <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/geo/NY/NY-born.html">New York County</a>, N.Y., <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/chrono/1937/04-05.html">April 5, 1937</a>. Republican. Served in the U.S. Army during the Vietnam war; U.S. Army general; National Security Advisor, 1987-89; chairman, Joint Chiefs of Staff, 1989-93; <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/offices/cabinet.html">U.S. Secretary of State</a>, 2001-05; received 3 electoral votes for President, <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/offices/pres-vp-2016.html">2016</a>. <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/group/african.html">African</a> ancestry. Recipient of the Spingarn medal, 1991; twice recipient of the <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/special/medal-of-freedom.html">Presidential Medal of Freedom</a>, in 1991 and again in 1995. Died, from <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/death/covid19.html">COVID-19</a>, at <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/death/walter-reed.html">Walter Reed Medical Center</a>, Bethesda, <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/geo/MD/MO-died.html">Montgomery County</a>, Md., <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/chrono/2021/10-18.html">October 18, 2021</a> (age <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/death/age/84.html">84 years, 196 days</a>). Burial location unknown. <table width=100% align="left"><tr><td width=20> </td> <td width=26 valign="top"><img src="hand.gif" width=26 height=17></td> <td valign="top">Relatives: Son of Luther Theophilus Powell and Maud Ariel (McKoy) Powell; married, <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/chrono/1962/08-25.html">August 25, 1962</a>, to Alma Vivian Johnson; father of <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/bio/powell.html#436.91.97">Michael K. Powell</a>.</td></tr> <tr><td width=20> </td> <td width=26 valign="top"><img src="hand.gif" width=26 height=17></td> <td valign="top">See also <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colin Powell">Wikipedia article</a> — <a href="https://www.nndb.com/people/649/000022583">NNDB dossier</a> — <a href="https://www.imdb.com/name/nm0694068">Internet Movie Database profile</a></td></tr> <tr><td width=20> </td> <td width=26 valign="top"><img src="hand.gif" width=26 height=17></td> <td valign="top">Books by Colin L. Powell: <a href="https://www.amazon.com/gp/product/0679432965/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1789&creative=9325&creativeASIN=0679432965&linkCode=as2&tag=thepoliticalg-20&linkID=7777aaaa7777bbbb7777cccc7777dddd">My American Journey : An Autobiography</a> — <a href="https://www.amazon.com/gp/product/0062135120/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1789&creative=9325&creativeASIN=0062135120&linkCode=as2&tag=thepoliticalg-20&linkID=7777aaaa7777bbbb7777cccc7777dddd">It Worked for Me: In Life and Leadership</a> (2012)</td></tr> <tr><td width=20> </td> <td width=26 valign="top"><img src="hand.gif" width=26 height=17></td> <td valign="top">Books about Colin L. Powell: Oren Harari, <a href="https://www.amazon.com/gp/product/0071388591/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1789&creative=9325&creativeASIN=0071388591&linkCode=as2&tag=thepoliticalg-20&linkID=7777aaaa7777bbbb7777cccc7777dddd">The Leadership Secrets of Colin Powell</a> — Karen DeYoung, <a href="https://www.amazon.com/gp/product/1400041708/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1789&creative=9325&creativeASIN=1400041708&linkCode=as2&tag=thepoliticalg-20&linkID=7777aaaa7777bbbb7777cccc7777dddd">Soldier : The Life of Colin Powell</a> — Reggie Finlayson, <a href="https://www.amazon.com/gp/product/0822549662/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1789&creative=9325&creativeASIN=0822549662&linkCode=as2&tag=thepoliticalg-20&linkID=7777aaaa7777bbbb7777cccc7777dddd">Colin Powell</a> (for young readers)</td></tr> <tr><td width=20> </td> <td width=26 valign="top"><img src="hand.gif" width=26 height=17></td> <td valign="top">Image source: KPBS Public Broadcasting</td></tr> </table> </td></tr> <tr><td width=82 align="right" valign="top"><a href="https://www.flickr.com/photos/library_of_congress/50887466828/"><img src="https://politicalgraveyard.com/thumb/294/78.87.jpg" width=70 height=111 border=0 alt="Barbara Jordan"></a></td><td valign="top"><img src="rd.gif" width=13 height=13> Barbara Charline Jordan (1936-1996) — also known as Barbara Jordan — of Houston, <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/geo/TX/HR-lived.html">Harris County</a>, Tex. Born in Houston, <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/geo/TX/HR-born.html">Harris County</a>, Tex., <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/chrono/1936/02-21.html">February 21, 1936</a>. Democrat. Member of <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/geo/TX/ofc/stsen.html">Texas state senate</a>, 1967; <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/geo/TX/ofc/usrep.html">U.S. Representative from Texas</a> 18th District, 1973-79; <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/parties/D/1988 /speakers.html">speaker</a>, Democratic National Convention, 1988. <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/group/female.html">Female</a>. <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/group/african.html">African</a> ancestry. <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/group/lgbt.html">Lesbian</a>. Inducted, <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/special/natl-womens-hof.html">National Women's Hall of Fame</a>, 1990; received the Spingarn Medal in 1992, and the <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/special/medal-of-freedom.html">Presidential Medal of Freedom</a> in 1994. Died of <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/death/leukemia.html">leukemia</a> and <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/death/other-diseases.html">multiple sclerosis</a>, <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/chrono/1996/01-17.html">January 17, 1996</a> (age <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/death/age/59.html">59 years, 330 days</a>). Interment at <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/geo/TX/TV-buried.html#cms01455">Texas State Cemetery</a>, Austin, Tex. <table width=100% align="left"><tr><td width=20> </td> <td width=26 valign="top"><img src="hand.gif" width=26 height=17></td> <td valign="top">See also <a href="https://bioguide.congress.gov/scripts/biodisplay.pl?index=J000266">congressional biography</a> — <a href="https://www.govtrack.us/congress/person.xpd?id=406158">Govtrack.us page</a> — <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barbara Jordan">Wikipedia article</a> — <a href="https://www.nndb.com/people/690/000046552">NNDB dossier</a> — <a href="https://www.womenofthehall.org/inductee/barbara-jordan/">National Women's Hall of Fame</a></td></tr> <tr><td width=20> </td> <td width=26 valign="top"><img src="hand.gif" width=26 height=17></td> <td valign="top">Books about Barbara Jordan: Mary Beth Rogers, <a href="https://www.amazon.com/gp/product/0553380664/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1789&creative=9325&creativeASIN=0553380664&linkCode=as2&tag=thepoliticalg-20&linkID=7777aaaa7777bbbb7777cccc7777dddd">Barbara Jordan : American Hero</a> — Ann Fears Crawford, <a href="https://www.amazon.com/gp/product/1931823111/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1789&creative=9325&creativeASIN=1931823111&linkCode=as2&tag=thepoliticalg-20&linkID=7777aaaa7777bbbb7777cccc7777dddd">Barbara Jordan : Breaking the Barriers</a> (for young readers)</td></tr> <tr><td width=20> </td> <td width=26 valign="top"><img src="hand.gif" width=26 height=17></td> <td valign="top">Image source: Library of Congress</td></tr> </table> </td></tr> <tr><td width=82 align="right" valign="top"> </td><td valign="top"><img src="rd.gif" width=13 height=13> Aloyisus Leon Higginbotham Jr. (1928-1998) — also known as A. Leon Higginbotham, Jr. — of Pennsylvania. Born in Trenton, <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/geo/NJ/ME-born.html">Mercer County</a>, N.J., <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/chrono/1928/02-25.html">February 25, 1928</a>. Member, Federal Trade Commission, 1962-64; <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/geo/PA/ofc/usdjud.html">U.S. District Judge for the Eastern District of Pennsylvania</a>, 1964-77; <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/offices/us-ct-apps.html">Judge of U.S. Court of Appeals for the 3rd Circuit</a>, 1977-93. <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/group/african.html">African</a> ancestry. Received the <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/special/medal-of-freedom.html">Presidential Medal of Freedom</a> in 1995; received the Spingarn Medal in 1996. Died, following a series of <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/death/stroke.html">strokes</a>, in a <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/death/misc-hospitals.html">hospital</a> at Boston, <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/geo/MA/SU-died.html">Suffolk County</a>, Mass., <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/chrono/1998/12-14.html">December 14, 1998</a> (age <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/death/age/70.html">70 years, 292 days</a>). Burial location unknown. <table width=100% align="left"><tr><td width=20> </td> <td width=26 valign="top"><img src="hand.gif" width=26 height=17></td> <td valign="top">See also <a href="https://www.nndb.com/people/879/000098585">NNDB dossier</a></td></tr> </table> </td></tr> <tr><td width=82 align="right" valign="top"> </td><td valign="top"><img src="rd.gif" width=13 height=13> Carl Thomas Rowan (1925-2000) — also known as Carl T. Rowan — of <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/geo/DC/wa-lived.html">Washington</a>, D.C. Born in Ravenscroft, <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/geo/TN/WH-born.html">White County</a>, Tenn., <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/chrono/1925/08-11.html">August 11, 1925</a>. Served in the U.S. Navy during World War II; syndicated <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/occ/newspaper.html">newspaper</a> <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/occ/writing.html">columnist</a>, <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/occ/writing.html">author</a>, <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/occ/writing.html">biographer</a>, <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/occ/radiotv.html">television</a> and <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/occ/radiotv.html">radio</a> commentator; U.S. Ambassador to <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/geo/ZZ/FI-diplomats.html ">Finland</a>, 1963-64; in 1988, he <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/trouble/murder-mayhem.html">shot and wounded</a> an intruder in his backyard in Washington, D.C.; he was <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/trouble/index.html">arrested</a>, <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/trouble/index.html">charged</a> with a <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/trouble/weapons.html">weapons violation</a>, and <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/trouble/index.html">tried</a>; the jury was unable to reach a verdict, and a mistrial was declared; received the Spingarn Medal in 1997. <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/group/african.html">African</a> ancestry. Member, <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/group/ams-dem-action.html">Americans for Democratic Action</a>. Died, of <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/death/heart.html">heart</a> and <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/death/kidney.html">kidney</a> ailments and <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/death/diabetes.html">diabetes</a>, at the Washington <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/death/misc-hospitals.html">Hospital Center</a>, <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/geo/DC/wa-died.html">Washington</a>, D.C., <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/chrono/2000/09-23.html">September 23, 2000</a> (age <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/death/age/75.html">75 years, 43 days</a>). Burial location unknown. <table width=100% align="left"><tr><td width=20> </td> <td width=26 valign="top"><img src="hand.gif" width=26 height=17></td> <td valign="top">See also <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl Rowan">Wikipedia article</a> — <a href="https://history.state.gov/departmenthistory/people/rowan-carl-thomas ?">U.S. State Dept career summary</a> — <a href="https://www.nndb.com/people/216/000112877">NNDB dossier</a></td></tr> </table> </td></tr> <tr><td width=82 align="right" valign="top"> </td><td valign="top"><img src="rd.gif" width=13 height=13> John Robert Lewis (1940-2020) — also known as John Lewis — of Atlanta, <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/geo/GA/FU-lived.html">Fulton County</a>, Ga. Born in Troy, <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/geo/AL/PI-born.html">Pike County</a>, Ala., <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/chrono/1940/02-21.html">February 21, 1940</a>. Democrat. Among the leaders of the civil rights movement of the 1960s; chair, Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee, 1963-66; board member, Southern Christian Leadership Conference; <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/geo/GA/ofc/usrep.html">U.S. Representative from Georgia</a> 5th District, 1987-; defeated, 1977; delegate to Democratic National Convention from Georgia, <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/parties/D/1996/GA.html">1996</a>, <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/parties/D/2000/GA.html">2000</a>, <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/parties/D/2004/GA.html">2004</a>, <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/parties/D/2008/GA.html">2008</a>; received the Spingarn Medal in 2002. <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/group/baptist.html">Baptist</a>. <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/group/african.html">African</a> ancestry. Died <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/chrono/2020/07-17.html">July 17, 2020</a> (age <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/death/age/80.html">80 years, 147 days</a>). Burial location unknown. <table width=100% align="left"><tr><td width=20> </td> <td width=26 valign="top"><img src="hand.gif" width=26 height=17></td> <td valign="top">Relatives: Son of Eddie Lewis and Willie Mae (Carter) Lewis; married, <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/chrono/1968/12-21.html">December 21, 1968</a>, to Lillian Miles.</td></tr> <tr><td width=20> </td> <td width=26 valign="top"><img src="hand.gif" width=26 height=17></td> <td valign="top">See also <a href="https://bioguide.congress.gov/scripts/biodisplay.pl?index=L000287">congressional biography</a> — <a href="https://www.govtrack.us/congress/person.xpd?id=400240">Govtrack.us page</a> — <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John Lewis (civil rights leader)">Wikipedia article</a> — <a href="https://www.nndb.com/people/627/000039510">NNDB dossier</a></td></tr> <tr><td width=20> </td> <td width=26 valign="top"><img src="hand.gif" width=26 height=17></td> <td valign="top">Books by John Lewis: <a href="https://www.amazon.com/gp/product/0684810654/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1789&creative=9325&creativeASIN=0684810654&linkCode=as2&tag=thepoliticalg-20&linkID=7777aaaa7777bbbb7777cccc7777dddd">Walking With the Wind : A Memoir of the Movement</a> (1998)</td></tr> </table> </td></tr> <tr><td width=82 align="right" valign="top"> </td><td valign="top"><img src="rd.gif" width=13 height=13> Constance Baker Motley (1921-2005) — of Manhattan, <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/geo/NY/NY-lived.html">New York County</a>, N.Y. Born in New Haven, <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/geo/CT/NH-born.html">New Haven County</a>, Conn., <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/chrono/1921/09-14.html">September 14, 1921</a>. Democrat. Member of <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/geo/NY/ofc/stsen.html">New York state senate</a> 21st District, 1964-65; alternate delegate to Democratic National Convention from New York, <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/parties/D/1964/NY.html">1964</a>; <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/geo/NY/ofc/newyorkcity.html#3">borough president of Manhattan, New York</a>, 1965-66; <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/geo/NY/ofc/usdjud.html">U.S. District Judge for the Southern District of New York</a>, 1966-86; took senior status 1986. <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/group/female.html">Female</a>. <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/group/african.html">African</a> ancestry. Inducted, <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/special/natl-womens-hof.html">National Women's Hall of Fame</a>, 1993; received the Spingarn Medal in 2003. Died, from <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/death/heart.html">congestive heart failure</a>, in NYU Downtown <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/death/misc-hospitals.html">Hospital</a>, Manhattan, <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/geo/NY/NY-died.html">New York County</a>, N.Y., <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/chrono/2005/09-28.html">September 28, 2005</a> (age <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/death/age/84.html">84 years, 14 days</a>). Burial location unknown. <table width=100% align="left"><tr><td width=20> </td> <td width=26 valign="top"><img src="hand.gif" width=26 height=17></td> <td valign="top">Relatives: Daughter of McCullough Alva Baker and Rachel (Huggins) Baker; married to Joel Wilson Motley, Jr.</td></tr> <tr><td width=20> </td> <td width=26 valign="top"><img src="hand.gif" width=26 height=17></td> <td valign="top">See also <a href="https://www.fjc.gov/servlet/nGetInfo?jid=1704&cid=999&ctype=na&instate=na">federal judicial profile</a> — <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constance Baker Motley">Wikipedia article</a> — <a href="https://findagrave.com/memorial/12261874">Find-A-Grave memorial</a> — <a href="https://www.womenofthehall.org/inductee/constance-baker-motley/">National Women's Hall of Fame</a> — <a href="https://www.fjc.gov/history/judges/motley-constance-baker">Biographical Directory of Federal Judges</a></td></tr> <tr><td width=20> </td> <td width=26 valign="top"><img src="hand.gif" width=26 height=17></td> <td valign="top">Books by Constance Baker Motley: <a href="https://www.amazon.com/gp/product/0374526184/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1789&creative=9325&creativeASIN=0374526184&linkCode=as2&tag=thepoliticalg-20&linkID=7777aaaa7777bbbb7777cccc7777dddd">Equal Justice Under Law : An Autobiography</a></td></tr> </table> </td></tr> <tr><td width=82 align="right" valign="top"> </td><td valign="top"><img src="rd.gif" width=13 height=13> Robert Lee Carter (1917-2012) — also known as Robert L. Carter — of Manhattan, <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/geo/NY/NY-lived.html">New York County</a>, N.Y. Born in Caryville, <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/geo/FL/WA-born.html">Washington County</a>, Fla., <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/chrono/1917/03-11.html">March 11, 1917</a>. <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/occ/lawyer.html">Lawyer</a>; served in the U.S. Army Air Force in World War II; <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/geo/NY/ofc/usdjud.html">U.S. District Judge for the Southern District of New York</a>, 1972-86; took senior status 1986. <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/group/african.html">African</a> ancestry. Member, <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/group/alpha-phi-alpha.html">Alpha Phi Alpha</a>. Received the Spingarn Medal in 2004. Died in Manhattan, <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/geo/NY/NY-died.html">New York County</a>, N.Y., <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/chrono/2012/01-03.html">January 3, 2012</a> (age <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/death/age/94.html">94 years, 298 days</a>). Burial location unknown. <table width=100% align="left"><tr><td width=20> </td> <td width=26 valign="top"><img src="hand.gif" width=26 height=17></td> <td valign="top">Relatives: Son of Robert L. Carter and Annie (Martin) Carter; married <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/chrono/1946/">1946</a> to Gloria Spencer.</td></tr> <tr><td width=20> </td> <td width=26 valign="top"><img src="hand.gif" width=26 height=17></td> <td valign="top">See also <a href="https://www.fjc.gov/servlet/nGetInfo?jid=392&cid=999&ctype=na&instate=na">federal judicial profile</a> — <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert L. Carter">Wikipedia article</a> — <a href="https://www.fjc.gov/history/judges/carter-robert-lee">Biographical Directory of Federal Judges</a></td></tr> </table> </td></tr> <tr><td width=82 align="right" valign="top"> </td><td valign="top"><img src="rd.gif" width=13 height=13> Oliver White Hill (1907-2007) — also known as Oliver W. Hill — of <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/geo/VA/rm-lived.html">Richmond</a>, Va. Born in <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/geo/VA/rm-born.html">Richmond</a>, Va., <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/chrono/1907/05-01.html">May 1, 1907</a>. Democrat. <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/occ/lawyer.html">Lawyer</a>; served in the U.S. Army during World War II; in 1947, he was elected as the <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/special/first.html">first</a> Black member of Richmond's city council since Reconstruction; candidate for Presidential Elector for Virginia. <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/group/african.html">African</a> ancestry. Member, <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/group/naacp.html">NAACP</a>. Received the <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/special/medal-of-freedom.html">Presidential Medal of Freedom</a> in 1999, and the Spingarn Medal in 2005. Died in <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/geo/VA/rm-died.html">Richmond</a>, Va., <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/chrono/2007/08-05.html">August 5, 2007</a> (age <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/death/age/100.html">100 years, 96 days</a>). Interment at <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/geo/VA/rm-buried.html# ">Forest Lawn Cemetery</a>, Richmond, Va. <table width=100% align="left"><tr><td width=20> </td> <td width=26 valign="top"><img src="hand.gif" width=26 height=17></td> <td valign="top">Relatives: Married, <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/chrono/1934/09-05.html">September 5, 1934</a>, to Beresenia Ann Walker.</td></tr> <tr><td width=20> </td> <td width=26 valign="top"><img src="hand.gif" width=26 height=17></td> <td valign="top">See also <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oliver Hill">Wikipedia article</a></td></tr> </table> </td></tr> <tr><td width=82 align="right" valign="top"> </td><td valign="top"><img src="rd.gif" width=13 height=13> Benjamin Solomon Carson (b. 1951) — also known as Ben Carson — of West Palm Beach, <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/geo/FL/PB-lived.html">Palm Beach County</a>, Fla. Born in Detroit, <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/geo/MI/WY-born.html">Wayne County</a>, Mich., <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/chrono/1951/09-18.html">September 18, 1951</a>. Republican. <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/occ/physician.html">Physician</a>; <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/occ/physician.html">surgeon</a>; candidate for Republican nomination for President, <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/parties/R/2016/index.html">2016</a>; <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/offices/cabinet.html">U.S. Secretary of Housing and Urban Development</a>, 2017-. <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/group/adventist.html">Seventh-Day Adventist</a>. <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/group/african.html">African</a> ancestry. Recipient of the Spingarn Medal, 2006. Still living as of 2019. <table width=100% align="left"><tr><td width=20> </td> <td width=26 valign="top"><img src="hand.gif" width=26 height=17></td> <td valign="top">See also <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ben Carson">Wikipedia article</a> — <a href="https://americanloons.blogspot.com/2015/09/1451-ben-carson.html">Encyclopedia of American Loons</a></td></tr> </table> </td></tr> <tr><td width=82 align="right" valign="top"> </td><td valign="top"><img src="rd.gif" width=13 height=13> John James Conyers Jr. (1929-2019) — also known as John Conyers, Jr. — of Detroit, <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/geo/MI/WY-lived.html">Wayne County</a>, Mich. Born in Highland Park, <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/geo/MI/WY-born.html">Wayne County</a>, Mich., <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/chrono/1929/05-16.html">May 16, 1929</a>. Democrat. Served in the U.S. Army during the Korean conflict; <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/occ/lawyer.html">lawyer</a>; <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/geo/MI/ofc/usrep.html">U.S. Representative from Michigan</a>, 1965-2017 (1st District 1965-93, 14th District 1993-2013, 13th District 2013-17); resigned 2017; delegate to Democratic National Convention from Michigan, <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/parties/D/1968/MI.html">1968</a>, <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/parties/D/1972/MI.html">1972</a>, <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/parties/D/1976/MI.html">1976</a>, <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/parties/D/1984/MI.html">1984</a>, <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/parties/D/1988/MI.html">1988</a>, <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/parties/D/1996/MI.html">1996</a>, <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/parties/D/2000/MI.html">2000</a>, <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/parties/D/2004/MI.html">2004</a>, <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/parties/D/2008/MI.html">2008</a>; <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/trouble/index.html">arrested</a> during an <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/trouble/protest.html">anti-apartheid protest</a> outside the South African Embassy in Washington, 1984; candidate for <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/geo/MI/ofc/detroit.html">mayor of Detroit, Mich.</a>, 1989; in 2017, it was reported that a former member of Conyers' staff had <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/trouble/index.html">alleged</a> that he had <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/trouble/sex-crimes-scandals.html">sexually harassed</a> her, and had been paid a settlement of $27,000; subsequently, the House Ethics Committee started an <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/trouble/index.html">investigation</a> into multiple such allegations; he subsequently <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/trouble/index.html">resigned</a> from Congress. <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/group/baptist.html">Baptist</a>. <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/group/african.html">African</a> ancestry. Member, <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/group/naacp.html">NAACP</a>. Recipient of the Spingarn Medal, 2007. Died in Detroit, <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/geo/MI/WY-died.html">Wayne County</a>, Mich., <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/chrono/2019/10-27.html">October 27, 2019</a> (age <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/death/age/90.html">90 years, 164 days</a>). Entombed at <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/geo/MI/MA-buried.html#cms05206">Detroit Memorial Park East</a>, Warren, Mich. <table width=100% align="left"><tr><td width=20> </td> <td width=26 valign="top"><img src="hand.gif" width=26 height=17></td> <td valign="top">Relatives: Son of John James Conyers and Lucille Jane (Simpson) Conyers; brother of <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/bio/conrey-coogan.html#779.08.11">Nathan G. Conyers</a>; married <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/chrono/1990/">1990</a> to Monica Esters.</td></tr> <tr><td width=20> </td> <td width=26 valign="top"><img src="hand.gif" width=26 height=17></td> <td valign="top">See also <a href="https://bioguide.congress.gov/scripts/biodisplay.pl?index=C000714">congressional biography</a> — <a href="https://www.govtrack.us/congress/person.xpd?id=400080">Govtrack.us page</a> — <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John Conyers">Wikipedia article</a> — <a href="https://www.nndb.com/people/236/000036128">NNDB dossier</a> — <a href="https://findagrave.com/memorial/204206974">Find-A-Grave memorial</a></td></tr> </table> </td></tr> <tr><td width=82 align="right" valign="top"><a href="https://www.flickr.com/photos/library_of_congress/50888191436/"><img src="https://politicalgraveyard.com/thumb/200/40.69.jpg" width=70 height=122 border=0 alt="Julian Bond"></a></td><td valign="top"><img src="rd.gif" width=13 height=13> Julian Bond (1940-2015) — also known as Horace Julian Bond — of Georgia. Born in Hubbard <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/special/born-hospital.html">Hospital</a>, Nashville, <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/geo/TN/DA-born.html">Davidson County</a>, Tenn., <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/chrono/1940/01-14.html">January 14, 1940</a>. Democrat. A leader of the civil rights movement in the 1960s and 1970s; one of the founders of the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC) in 1960, and the Southern Povery Law Center in 1971; member of <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/geo/GA/ofc/sthse.html">Georgia state house of representatives</a>, 1967-74; candidate for Democratic nomination for Vice President, <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/parties/D/1968/index.html">1968</a>; member of <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/geo/GA/ofc/stsen.html">Georgia state senate</a> 39th District, 1975-87; <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/parties/D/1984 /speakers.html">speaker</a>, Democratic National Convention, 1984 ; candidate for <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/geo/GA/ofc/usrep.html">U.S. Representative from Georgia</a>, 1986; chairman, NAACP, 1998-2010. <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/group/african.html">African</a> ancestry. Member, <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/group/masons.html">Freemasons</a>; <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/group/naacp.html">NAACP</a>. He received the Spingarn Medal in 2009. Died in Fort Walton Beach, <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/geo/FL/OK-died.html">Okaloosa County</a>, Fla., <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/chrono/2015/08-15.html">August 15, 2015</a> (age <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/death/age/75.html">75 years, 213 days</a>). Burial location unknown. <table width=100% align="left"><tr><td width=20> </td> <td width=26 valign="top"><img src="hand.gif" width=26 height=17></td> <td valign="top">Relatives: Son of Horace Mann Bond and Julia Agnes (Washington) Bond; married <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/chrono/1961/">1961</a> to Alice Clopton; married <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/chrono/1990/">1990</a> to Pamela Sue Horowitz.</td></tr> <tr><td width=20> </td> <td width=26 valign="top"><img src="hand.gif" width=26 height=17></td> <td valign="top">See also <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julian Bond">Wikipedia article</a></td></tr> <tr><td width=20> </td> <td width=26 valign="top"><img src="hand.gif" width=26 height=17></td> <td valign="top">Critical books about Julian Bond: Bernard Goldberg, <a href="https://www.amazon.com/gp/product/0060761288/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1789&creative=9325&creativeASIN=0060761288&linkCode=as2&tag=thepoliticalg-20&linkID=7777aaaa7777bbbb7777cccc7777dddd">100 People Who Are Screwing Up America (And Al Franken Is #37)</a></td></tr> <tr><td width=20> </td> <td width=26 valign="top"><img src="hand.gif" width=26 height=17></td> <td valign="top">Image source: Library of Congress</td></tr> </table> </td></tr> <tr><td width=82 align="right" valign="top"> </td><td valign="top"><img src="rd.gif" width=13 height=13> Cicely Tyson (b. 1924) — of Atlanta, <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/geo/GA/FU-lived.html">Fulton County</a>, Ga. Born in Manhattan, <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/geo/NY/NY-born.html">New York County</a>, N.Y., <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/chrono/1924/12-19.html">December 19, 1924</a>. Democrat. <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/occ/entertainment.html">Model</a>; <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/occ/entertainment.html">actress</a>; <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/parties/D/1984 /speakers.html">speaker</a>, Democratic National Convention, 1984. <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/group/female.html">Female</a>. <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/group/african.html">African</a> ancestry. Member, <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/group/delta-sigma-theta.html">Delta Sigma Theta</a>. Recipient of the Spingarn Medal in 2010, and the <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/special/medal-of-freedom.html">Presidential Medal of Freedom</a> in 2016. Still living as of 2019. <table width=100% align="left"><tr><td width=20> </td> <td width=26 valign="top"><img src="hand.gif" width=26 height=17></td> <td valign="top">Relatives: Daughter of William Tyson and Theodesia Tyson; married, <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/chrono/1981/11-26.html">November 26, 1981</a>, to Miles Davis.</td></tr> <tr><td width=20> </td> <td width=26 valign="top"><img src="hand.gif" width=26 height=17></td> <td valign="top">See also <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cicely Tyson">Wikipedia article</a> — <a href="https://www.nndb.com/people/709/000023640">NNDB dossier</a> — <a href="https://www.imdb.com/name/nm0001807">Internet Movie Database profile</a></td></tr> </table> </td></tr> <tr><td width=82 align="right" valign="top"> </td><td valign="top"><img src="rd.gif" width=13 height=13> Nathaniel Raphael Jones (b. 1926) — also known as Nathaniel R. Jones — Born in Youngstown, <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/geo/OH/MA-born.html">Mahoning County</a>, Ohio, <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/chrono/1926/05-12.html">May 12, 1926</a>. Served in the U.S. Army during World War II; <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/occ/lawyer.html">lawyer</a>; <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/offices/us-ct-apps.html">Judge of U.S. Court of Appeals for the 6th Circuit</a>, 1979-95. Recipient of the Spingarn Medal in 2016. Still living as of 2017. <table width=100% align="left"><tr><td width=20> </td> <td width=26 valign="top"><img src="hand.gif" width=26 height=17></td> <td valign="top">See also <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nathaniel R. Jones">Wikipedia article</a></td></tr> </table> </td></tr> <tr><td width=82 align="right" valign="top"> </td><td valign="top"><img src="rd.gif" width=13 height=13> Willie Lewis Brown Jr. (b. 1934) — also known as Willie L. Brown, Jr. — of <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/geo/CA/sf-lived.html">San Francisco</a>, Calif. Born in Mineola, <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/geo/TX/WO-born.html">Wood County</a>, Tex., <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/chrono/1934/03-20.html">March 20, 1934</a>. Democrat. <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/occ/lawyer.html">Lawyer</a>; member of <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/geo/CA/ofc/asmbly.html">California state assembly</a>, 1964-96; <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/geo/CA/ofc/spkr.html">Speaker of the California State Assembly</a>, 1981-95; delegate to Democratic National Convention from California, <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/parties/D/1968/CA.html">1968</a>, <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/parties/D/1972/CA.html">1972</a>, <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/parties/D/1988/CA.html">1988</a>, <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/parties/D/1996/CA.html">1996</a>, <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/parties/D/2000/CA.html">2000</a>, <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/parties/D/2004/CA.html">2004</a>; candidate for Presidential Elector for California; <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/geo/CA/ofc/sanfrancisco.html">mayor of San Francisco, Calif.</a>, 1996-2004; member of <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/parties/D/CA.html">Democratic National Committee from California</a>, 2004. <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/group/methodist.html">Methodist</a>. <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/group/african.html">African</a> ancestry. Member, <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/group/masons.html">Freemasons</a>. Recipient of the Spingarn Medal in 2018. Still living as of 2018. <table width=100% align="left"><tr><td width=20> </td> <td width=26 valign="top"><img src="hand.gif" width=26 height=17></td> <td valign="top">Relatives: Married <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/chrono/1958/">1958</a> to Blanche Vitero.</td></tr> <tr><td width=20> </td> <td width=26 valign="top"><img src="hand.gif" width=26 height=17></td> <td valign="top">Cross-reference: <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/bio/dufrene-dukakis.html#483.33.92">Bevan Dufty</a></td></tr> <tr><td width=20> </td> <td width=26 valign="top"><img src="hand.gif" width=26 height=17></td> <td valign="top">See also <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willie Brown (politician)">Wikipedia article</a> — <a href="https://www.nndb.com/people/725/000026647">NNDB dossier</a> — <a href="https://www.imdb.com/name/nm0114922">Internet Movie Database profile</a></td></tr> <tr><td width=20> </td> <td width=26 valign="top"><img src="hand.gif" width=26 height=17></td> <td valign="top">Books by Willie L. Brown, Jr.: <a href="https://www.amazon.com/gp/product/074329081X/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1789&creative=9325&creativeASIN=074329081X&linkCode=as2&tag=thepoliticalg-20&linkID=7777aaaa7777bbbb7777cccc7777dddd">Basic Brown : My Life and Our Times</a> (2007)</td></tr> <tr><td width=20> </td> <td width=26 valign="top"><img src="hand.gif" width=26 height=17></td> <td valign="top">Books about Willie Brown: James Richardson, <a href="https://www.amazon.com/gp/product/0520213157/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1789&creative=9325&creativeASIN=0520213157&linkCode=as2&tag=thepoliticalg-20&linkID=7777aaaa7777bbbb7777cccc7777dddd">Willie Brown : A Biography</a></td></tr> </table> </td></tr> <tr><td width=82 align="right" valign="top"> </td><td valign="top"><img src="rd.gif" width=13 height=13> Patrick Gaspard (b. 1967) — Born in Kinshasa, <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/geo/ZZ/CK-born.html">Congo (Kinshasa)</a>, <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/chrono/1967/index.html">1967</a>. White House director of political affairs, 2009-11; U.S. Ambassador to <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/geo/ZZ/SF-diplomats.html ">South Africa</a>, 2013-16; president, Open Society Foundation, 2017-. <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/group/african.html">African</a> ancestry. Recipient of the Spingarn Medal in 2019. Still living as of 2019. <table width=100% align="left"><tr><td width=20> </td> <td width=26 valign="top"><img src="hand.gif" width=26 height=17></td> <td valign="top">See also <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patrick Gaspard">Wikipedia article</a></td></tr> </table> </td></tr> </table> </td> <td width=180 align="center" valign="center"> <script type="text/javascript"> </script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js"> </script> </td></tr></table> <table width=100%> <td align="center" valign="center"> <script type="text/javascript"> </script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js"> </script> </td></table> <table width=100%> <tr><td align="center"> "Enjoy the hospitable entertainment of a political graveyard." Henry L. Clinton, Apollo Hall, New York City, February 3, 1872</td> <td><a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/"> <img src="https://politicalgraveyard.com/images/tpgsub.gif" width=450 height=71 align="right" border=0 alt="The Political Graveyard"></a></td></tr></table> <table width=100% cellpadding=2> <tr><td colspan=3> <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/index.html">The Political Graveyard</a> is a web site about U.S. political history and cemeteries. Founded in 1996, it is the Internet's most comprehensive free source for American political biography, listing 320,919 politicians, living and dead.</td></tr> <tr><td colspan=3> </td></tr> <tr><td width=32 align="right" valign="top"> </td> <td valign="top"> <img src="rd.gif" width=10 height=10> The coverage of this site includes (1) the President, Vice President, members of Congress, elected state and territorial officeholders in all fifty states, the District of Columbia, and U.S. territories; and the chief elected official, typically the mayor, of qualifying municipalities; (2) candidates at election, including primaries, for any of the above; (3) all federal judges and all state appellate judges; (4) certain federal officials, including the federal cabinet, diplomatic chiefs of mission, consuls, U.S. district attorneys, collectors of customs and internal revenue, members of major federal commissions; and political appointee (pre-1969) postmasters of qualifying communities; (5) state and national political party officials, including delegates, alternate delegates, and other participants in national party nominating conventions; (6) Americans who served as "honorary" consuls for other nations before 1950. Note: municipalities or communities "qualify", for Political Graveyard purposes, if they have at least half a million person-years of history, inclusive of predecessor, successor, and merged entities.</td> <td width=100 align="right" valign="top"> </td></tr> <tr><td width=32 align="right" valign="top"> </td> <td valign="top"> <img src="rd.gif" width=10 height=10> The listings are incomplete; development of the database is a continually ongoing project.</td> <td width=100 align="right" valign="top"> </td></tr> <tr><td width=32 align="right" valign="top"> </td> <td valign="top"> <img src="rd.gif" width=10 height=10> Information on this page — and on all other pages of this site — is believed to be accurate, but is not guaranteed. Users are advised to check with other sources before relying on any information here.</td> <td width=100 align="right" valign="top"> </td></tr> <tr><td width=32 align="right" valign="top"> </td> <td valign="top"> <img src="rd.gif" width=10 height=10> The official URL for this page is: <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/special/spingarn-medal.html">https://politicalgraveyard.com/special/spingarn-medal.html</a>.</td> <td width=100 align="right" valign="top"> </td></tr> <tr><td width=32 align="right" valign="top"> </td> <td valign="top"> <img src="rd.gif" width=10 height=10> Links to this or any other Political Graveyard page are welcome, but specific page addresses may sometimes change as the site develops.</td> <td width=100 align="right" valign="top"> </td></tr> <tr><td width=32 align="right" valign="top"> </td> <td valign="top"> <img src="rd.gif" width=10 height=10> If you are searching for a specific named individual, try the <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/alpha/index.html">alphabetical index of politicians</a>.</td> <td width=100 align="right" valign="top"> </td></tr> <tr><td colspan=3 align="left" valign="top"> Copyright notices: (1) Facts are not subject to copyright; see <a href="https://www.law.cornell.edu/copyright/cases/499_US_340.htm">Feist v. Rural Telephone</a>. (2) Politician portraits displayed on this site are 70-pixel-wide monochrome thumbnail images, which I believe to constitute fair use under applicable copyright law. Where possible, each image is linked to its online source. However, requests from owners of copyrighted images to delete them from this site are honored. (3) Original material, programming, selection and arrangement are © 1996-2023 Lawrence Kestenbaum. (4) This work is also licensed for free non-commercial re-use, with attribution, under a <a href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/">Creative Commons License</a>.</td></tr> <tr><td colspan=3 align="left" valign="top"> Site information: The Political Graveyard is created and maintained by Lawrence Kestenbaum, who is solely responsible for its structure and content. — The mailing address is The Political Graveyard, P.O. Box 2563, Ann Arbor MI 48106. — This site is hosted by <a href="https://www.hdl.com">HDL</a>. — The Political Graveyard opened on July 1, 1996; the last full revision was done on March 8, 2023. </td></tr> </table> <hr> <table align="center" cellpadding=5><tr> <td align="center" valign="center"> <a href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/"><img alt="Creative Commons License" border="0" src="https://creativecommons.org/images/public/somerights.gif" width=88 height=31></a></td> <td align="center" valign="center"><a href="https://www.facebook.com/politicalgraveyard" target="_TOP" title="The Political Graveyard"><img src="https://badge.facebook.com/badge/40475596932.4982.1015512377.png" width="120" height="84" style="border: 0px;" /></a></td> <td align="center" valign="center"><a href="https://www.twitter.com/polgraveyard"> <img src="https://twitter-badges.s3.amazonaws.com/follow_us-a.png" border=0 alt="Follow polgraveyard on Twitter"/></a></td> <td align="center" valign="center"><a href="https://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/redirect?tag=thepoliticalg-20&path=subst/home/home.html"> <img src="https://politicalgraveyard.com/images/a150X70b.gif" border=0 alt="[Amazon.com]" align="center"></a></td> </tr></table> </body> </html>