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.eki2hvo16::after,.ssrcss-i66k04-NavigationLink-LogoLink:focus .eki2hvo16::after,.ssrcss-i66k04-NavigationLink-LogoLink[data-open='true'] .eki2hvo16::after{width:100%;opacity:1;}@media (min-width: 23.4375rem){.ssrcss-i66k04-NavigationLink-LogoLink{text-align:center;min-width:2.5rem;}}@media (min-width: 18.75rem){.ssrcss-i66k04-NavigationLink-LogoLink{width:auto;}}@media (min-width: 37.5rem){.ssrcss-i66k04-NavigationLink-LogoLink{padding-right:0.5rem;margin-right:0.25rem;}}@media (min-width: 63rem){.ssrcss-i66k04-NavigationLink-LogoLink{padding-right:1rem;}}.ssrcss-qm4a7x-LogoIconWrapper{display:-webkit-inline-box;display:-webkit-inline-flex;display:-ms-inline-flexbox;display:inline-flex;height:2.0625rem;vertical-align:middle;}@media (min-width: 22.5rem){.ssrcss-qm4a7x-LogoIconWrapper{height:2.0625rem;}}@media (min-width: 23.4375rem){.ssrcss-qm4a7x-LogoIconWrapper{height:2.0625rem;}}@media (min-width: 25.625rem){.ssrcss-qm4a7x-LogoIconWrapper{height:2.0625rem;width:auto;}}@media (min-width: 37.5rem){.ssrcss-qm4a7x-LogoIconWrapper{height:2.0625rem;width:auto;}}@media (max-width: 25rem){.ssrcss-qm4a7x-LogoIconWrapper{padding:0 0.25rem;}}.ssrcss-o7c2ms-BBCBlocks{height:2rem;max-width:7rem;}@media (min-width: 22.5rem){.ssrcss-o7c2ms-BBCBlocks{height:2rem;}}@media (min-width: 23.4375rem){.ssrcss-o7c2ms-BBCBlocks{height:2rem;}}@media (min-width: 25.625rem){.ssrcss-o7c2ms-BBCBlocks{height:2rem;width:auto;}}@media (min-width: 37.5rem){.ssrcss-o7c2ms-BBCBlocks{height:2rem;}}.ssrcss-1f39n02-VisuallyHidden{position:absolute;overflow:hidden;margin:0;width:1px;height:1px;-webkit-clip-path:inset(100%);clip-path:inset(100%);clip:rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px);white-space:nowrap;}.ssrcss-1hjcemq-AccessibilityLinkList{position:absolute;left:0;right:0;top:3.875rem;}.ssrcss-1mjrbfa-AccessibilityLink{position:absolute;overflow:hidden;margin:0;width:1px;height:1px;-webkit-clip-path:inset(100%);clip-path:inset(100%);clip:rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px);white-space:nowrap;}.ssrcss-1mjrbfa-AccessibilityLink:focus{position:static;overflow:visible;width:auto;height:auto;-webkit-clip-path:none;clip-path:none;clip:auto;white-space:inherit;font-family:ReithSans,Helvetica,Arial,freesans,sans-serif;font-weight:700;font-feature-settings:'ss01' off;font-size:0.8125rem;line-height:1.2307692307692308;position:relative;display:block;top:0;left:0;z-index:1;padding:1rem;background:#FFFFFF;border:1px solid #8A8C8E;-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;color:inherit;margin:auto;width:-webkit-max-content;width:-moz-max-content;width:max-content;}@media (min-width: 37.5rem){.ssrcss-1mjrbfa-AccessibilityLink:focus{position:absolute;}}.ssrcss-sk8r9t-GlobalNavigationItem{display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;margin-top:-0.25rem;-webkit-align-self:center;-ms-flex-item-align:center;align-self:center;}@media (min-width: 18.75rem){.ssrcss-sk8r9t-GlobalNavigationItem{-webkit-order:0;-ms-flex-order:0;order:0;width:auto;}}@media (min-width: 37.5rem){.ssrcss-sk8r9t-GlobalNavigationItem{-webkit-order:0;-ms-flex-order:0;order:0;width:100%;}}.ssrcss-sk8r9t-GlobalNavigationItem:hover>*>*::after,.ssrcss-sk8r9t-GlobalNavigationItem:focus>*>*::after,.ssrcss-sk8r9t-GlobalNavigationItem[data-open='true']{width:100%;opacity:100%;}.ssrcss-j17vi8-AccountOptionsList{display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;padding-right:3rem;}@media (min-width: 37.5rem){.ssrcss-j17vi8-AccountOptionsList{padding-right:0;}}.ssrcss-j17vi8-AccountOptionsList >li{display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;}.ssrcss-khi21n-GlobalNavigationProduct-GlobalNavigationNonProductItem-GlobalNavigationAccount{color:#000000;text-align:center;height:3.75rem;min-width:2.75rem;display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;text-align:left;}.ssrcss-khi21n-GlobalNavigationProduct-GlobalNavigationNonProductItem-GlobalNavigationAccount:focus>*>*::after,.ssrcss-khi21n-GlobalNavigationProduct-GlobalNavigationNonProductItem-GlobalNavigationAccount[data-open='true']{width:100%;opacity:100%;}@media (min-width: 37.5rem){.ssrcss-khi21n-GlobalNavigationProduct-GlobalNavigationNonProductItem-GlobalNavigationAccount{min-width:3rem;}}@media (min-width: 80rem){.ssrcss-khi21n-GlobalNavigationProduct-GlobalNavigationNonProductItem-GlobalNavigationAccount{width:11rem;}}.ssrcss-5fw2ee-AccountComponentWrapper{display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;-webkit-box-pack:center;-ms-flex-pack:center;-webkit-justify-content:center;justify-content:center;position:relative;min-width:inherit;width:inherit;}.ssrcss-uwr32o-StyledAccountPlaceholderComponent{height:100%;width:100%;-webkit-align-items:center;-webkit-box-align:center;-ms-flex-align:center;align-items:center;text-align:left;display:inline-block;position:absolute;}html.no-js .ssrcss-uwr32o-StyledAccountPlaceholderComponent{display:none;}.ssrcss-n7m3zs-StyledLoadingPlaceholderWrapper{min-width:inherit;display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;-webkit-box-pack:center;-ms-flex-pack:center;-webkit-justify-content:center;justify-content:center;-webkit-align-items:center;-webkit-box-align:center;-ms-flex-align:center;align-items:center;height:100%;}.ssrcss-h8wpjv-StyledAccountPlaceholderIconWrapper{display:inline-block;-webkit-align-self:center;-ms-flex-item-align:center;align-self:center;width:2rem;height:2rem;}@media (min-width: 63rem){.ssrcss-h8wpjv-StyledAccountPlaceholderIconWrapper{width:1.75rem;height:1.75rem;}}.ssrcss-1lgb55w-Skeleton-StyledAccountPlaceholderIcon{background-color:#F6F6F6;overflow:hidden;border-radius:50%;display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;-webkit-align-items:center;-webkit-box-align:center;-ms-flex-align:center;align-items:center;width:2rem;height:2rem;}@media (min-width: 63rem){.ssrcss-1lgb55w-Skeleton-StyledAccountPlaceholderIcon{width:1.75rem;height:1.75rem;}}.ssrcss-1z04xmt-StyledLoadingPlaceHolderTextWrapper{display:none;}@media (min-width: 63rem){.ssrcss-1z04xmt-StyledLoadingPlaceHolderTextWrapper{display:-webkit-inline-box;display:-webkit-inline-flex;display:-ms-inline-flexbox;display:inline-flex;height:100%;width:100%;-webkit-align-items:center;-webkit-box-align:center;-ms-flex-align:center;align-items:center;margin-left:0.5rem;}}.ssrcss-82dxfl-Skeleton-StyledLoadingPlaceHolderText{background-color:#F6F6F6;overflow:hidden;width:100%;border-radius:5%;height:0.875rem;}.ssrcss-ancd6v-NavigationLink-AccountLink{display:block;height:100%;line-height:calc(4rem - 0.5rem);-webkit-text-decoration:inherit;text-decoration:inherit;color:inherit;white-space:nowrap;text-align:center;pointer-events:none;opacity:0;box-sizing:border-box;white-space:nowrap;overflow:hidden;text-overflow:ellipsis;min-width:1.25rem;position:relative;-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;display:inline-block;text-align:center;margin-right:0.3125rem;}.ssrcss-ancd6v-NavigationLink-AccountLink:hover .eki2hvo16::after,.ssrcss-ancd6v-NavigationLink-AccountLink:focus .eki2hvo16::after,.ssrcss-ancd6v-NavigationLink-AccountLink[data-open='true'] .eki2hvo16::after{width:100%;opacity:1;}@media (min-width: 23.4375rem){.ssrcss-ancd6v-NavigationLink-AccountLink{text-align:center;min-width:2.5rem;}}.ssrcss-ancd6v-NavigationLink-AccountLink::after{content:'';display:block;background-color:#0071F1;position:absolute;right:0;left:0;bottom:0.625rem;height:0.125rem;width:66%;opacity:0;}@media (forced-colors: active){.ssrcss-ancd6v-NavigationLink-AccountLink:hover,.ssrcss-ancd6v-NavigationLink-AccountLink:focus,.ssrcss-ancd6v-NavigationLink-AccountLink[data-open='true']{margin-bottom:-1px;border-bottom:1px solid currentcolor!important;}}.ssrcss-ancd6v-NavigationLink-AccountLink:hover::after,.ssrcss-ancd6v-NavigationLink-AccountLink:focus::after,.ssrcss-ancd6v-NavigationLink-AccountLink[data-open='true']::after{width:100%;opacity:1;}@media (prefers-reduced-motion: no-preference){.ssrcss-ancd6v-NavigationLink-AccountLink::after{-webkit-transition:width 0.2s,opacity 0.2s;transition:width 0.2s,opacity 0.2s;transition-timing-function:cubic-bezier(0.75, 0, 0.15, 1);}}html.no-js .ssrcss-ancd6v-NavigationLink-AccountLink{opacity:1;pointer-events:all;}@media (min-width: 18.75rem){.ssrcss-ancd6v-NavigationLink-AccountLink{min-width:inherit;margin-right:0;}}@media (min-width: 23.4375rem){.ssrcss-ancd6v-NavigationLink-AccountLink{min-width:3rem;text-align:center;}}@media (min-width: 63rem){.ssrcss-ancd6v-NavigationLink-AccountLink{width:8.5rem;text-align:left;}}@media (min-width: 80rem){.ssrcss-ancd6v-NavigationLink-AccountLink{width:11rem;}}.ssrcss-1xrtdyt-AccountIconWrapper{display:inline-block;width:2rem;height:2rem;vertical-align:-0.6875rem;}@media (min-width: 63rem){.ssrcss-1xrtdyt-AccountIconWrapper{width:1.75rem;height:1.75rem;vertical-align:-0.5625rem;}}.ssrcss-xi5oyi-StyledIcon{display:block;height:100%;width:100%;fill:currentcolor;}.ssrcss-qgttmg-AccountText{position:absolute;overflow:hidden;margin:0;width:1px;height:1px;-webkit-clip-path:inset(100%);clip-path:inset(100%);clip:rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px);white-space:nowrap;}@media (min-width: 63rem){.ssrcss-qgttmg-AccountText{position:static;overflow:visible;width:auto;height:auto;-webkit-clip-path:none;clip-path:none;clip:auto;white-space:inherit;margin-left:0.5rem;}}.ssrcss-19sye53-VerticalSeparator{display:none;}@media (min-width: 37.5rem){.ssrcss-19sye53-VerticalSeparator{display:block;border-left:0.0625rem solid #E6E8EA;height:1.5rem;margin-top:1rem;}}.ssrcss-1blxct3-NavigationBarLinkList-En{-webkit-flex:auto;-ms-flex:auto;flex:auto;display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;-webkit-box-pack:justify;-webkit-justify-content:space-between;justify-content:space-between;}.ssrcss-1blxct3-NavigationBarLinkList-En >li{display:none;}@media (min-width: 37.5rem){.ssrcss-1blxct3-NavigationBarLinkList-En >li:nth-of-type(8){display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;-webkit-box-pack:space-evenly;-ms-flex-pack:space-evenly;-webkit-justify-content:space-evenly;justify-content:space-evenly;}}@media (min-width: 37.5rem){.ssrcss-1blxct3-NavigationBarLinkList-En >li:nth-of-type(1),.ssrcss-1blxct3-NavigationBarLinkList-En li:nth-of-type(2),.ssrcss-1blxct3-NavigationBarLinkList-En li:nth-of-type(3){display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;-webkit-box-pack:space-evenly;-ms-flex-pack:space-evenly;-webkit-justify-content:space-evenly;justify-content:space-evenly;}}@media (min-width: 37.5rem){.ssrcss-1blxct3-NavigationBarLinkList-En >li:nth-of-type(4){display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;-webkit-box-pack:space-evenly;-ms-flex-pack:space-evenly;-webkit-justify-content:space-evenly;justify-content:space-evenly;}}@media (min-width: 41.25rem){.ssrcss-1blxct3-NavigationBarLinkList-En >li:nth-of-type(5){display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;-webkit-box-pack:space-evenly;-ms-flex-pack:space-evenly;-webkit-justify-content:space-evenly;justify-content:space-evenly;}}@media (min-width: 45.5rem){.ssrcss-1blxct3-NavigationBarLinkList-En >li:nth-of-type(6){display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;-webkit-box-pack:space-evenly;-ms-flex-pack:space-evenly;-webkit-justify-content:space-evenly;justify-content:space-evenly;}}@media (min-width: 48rem){.ssrcss-1blxct3-NavigationBarLinkList-En >li:nth-of-type(7){display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;-webkit-box-pack:space-evenly;-ms-flex-pack:space-evenly;-webkit-justify-content:space-evenly;justify-content:space-evenly;}}.ssrcss-18tl6fu-GlobalNavigationProduct{color:#000000;text-align:center;height:3.75rem;margin-left:0.5rem;}.ssrcss-18tl6fu-GlobalNavigationProduct:focus>*>*::after,.ssrcss-18tl6fu-GlobalNavigationProduct[data-open='true']{width:100%;opacity:100%;}@media (min-width: 37.5rem){.ssrcss-18tl6fu-GlobalNavigationProduct{min-width:3rem;}}.ssrcss-1yfeg7m-NavigationLink{display:block;height:100%;line-height:calc(4rem - 0.5rem);-webkit-text-decoration:inherit;text-decoration:inherit;color:inherit;white-space:nowrap;text-align:center;}.ssrcss-1yfeg7m-NavigationLink:hover .eki2hvo16::after,.ssrcss-1yfeg7m-NavigationLink:focus .eki2hvo16::after,.ssrcss-1yfeg7m-NavigationLink[data-open='true'] .eki2hvo16::after{width:100%;opacity:1;}@media (min-width: 23.4375rem){.ssrcss-1yfeg7m-NavigationLink{text-align:center;min-width:2.5rem;}}.ssrcss-1rvz278-NavItemHoverState{position:relative;-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;display:inline-block;}.ssrcss-1rvz278-NavItemHoverState::after{content:'';display:block;background-color:#000000;position:absolute;right:0;left:0;bottom:0.375rem;height:0.125rem;width:66%;opacity:0;}@media (forced-colors: active){.ssrcss-1rvz278-NavItemHoverState:hover,.ssrcss-1rvz278-NavItemHoverState:focus,.ssrcss-1rvz278-NavItemHoverState[data-open='true']{margin-bottom:-1px;border-bottom:1px solid currentcolor!important;}}.ssrcss-1rvz278-NavItemHoverState:hover::after,.ssrcss-1rvz278-NavItemHoverState:focus::after,.ssrcss-1rvz278-NavItemHoverState[data-open='true']::after{width:100%;opacity:1;}@media (prefers-reduced-motion: no-preference){.ssrcss-1rvz278-NavItemHoverState::after{-webkit-transition:width 0.2s,opacity 0.2s;transition:width 0.2s,opacity 0.2s;transition-timing-function:cubic-bezier(0.75, 0, 0.15, 1);}}.ssrcss-f4w0g1-GlobalNavigationProduct{color:#000000;text-align:center;height:3.75rem;}.ssrcss-f4w0g1-GlobalNavigationProduct:focus>*>*::after,.ssrcss-f4w0g1-GlobalNavigationProduct[data-open='true']{width:100%;opacity:100%;}@media (min-width: 37.5rem){.ssrcss-f4w0g1-GlobalNavigationProduct{min-width:3rem;}}.ssrcss-c32wmt-NavItemHoverState{position:relative;-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;display:inline-block;}.ssrcss-c32wmt-NavItemHoverState::after{content:'';display:block;background-color:#EB1212;position:absolute;right:0;left:0;bottom:0.375rem;height:0.125rem;width:66%;opacity:0;}@media (forced-colors: active){.ssrcss-c32wmt-NavItemHoverState:hover,.ssrcss-c32wmt-NavItemHoverState:focus,.ssrcss-c32wmt-NavItemHoverState[data-open='true']{margin-bottom:-1px;border-bottom:1px solid currentcolor!important;}}.ssrcss-c32wmt-NavItemHoverState:hover::after,.ssrcss-c32wmt-NavItemHoverState:focus::after,.ssrcss-c32wmt-NavItemHoverState[data-open='true']::after{width:100%;opacity:1;}@media (prefers-reduced-motion: no-preference){.ssrcss-c32wmt-NavItemHoverState::after{-webkit-transition:width 0.2s,opacity 0.2s;transition:width 0.2s,opacity 0.2s;transition-timing-function:cubic-bezier(0.75, 0, 0.15, 1);}}.ssrcss-hv3vcc-NavItemHoverState{position:relative;-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;display:inline-block;}.ssrcss-hv3vcc-NavItemHoverState::after{content:'';display:block;background-color:#FFD230;position:absolute;right:0;left:0;bottom:0.375rem;height:0.125rem;width:66%;opacity:0;}@media (forced-colors: active){.ssrcss-hv3vcc-NavItemHoverState:hover,.ssrcss-hv3vcc-NavItemHoverState:focus,.ssrcss-hv3vcc-NavItemHoverState[data-open='true']{margin-bottom:-1px;border-bottom:1px solid currentcolor!important;}}.ssrcss-hv3vcc-NavItemHoverState:hover::after,.ssrcss-hv3vcc-NavItemHoverState:focus::after,.ssrcss-hv3vcc-NavItemHoverState[data-open='true']::after{width:100%;opacity:1;}@media (prefers-reduced-motion: no-preference){.ssrcss-hv3vcc-NavItemHoverState::after{-webkit-transition:width 0.2s,opacity 0.2s;transition:width 0.2s,opacity 0.2s;transition-timing-function:cubic-bezier(0.75, 0, 0.15, 1);}}.ssrcss-8y8dal-NavItemHoverState{position:relative;-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;display:inline-block;}.ssrcss-8y8dal-NavItemHoverState::after{content:'';display:block;background-color:#AAFF00;position:absolute;right:0;left:0;bottom:0.375rem;height:0.125rem;width:66%;opacity:0;}@media (forced-colors: active){.ssrcss-8y8dal-NavItemHoverState:hover,.ssrcss-8y8dal-NavItemHoverState:focus,.ssrcss-8y8dal-NavItemHoverState[data-open='true']{margin-bottom:-1px;border-bottom:1px solid currentcolor!important;}}.ssrcss-8y8dal-NavItemHoverState:hover::after,.ssrcss-8y8dal-NavItemHoverState:focus::after,.ssrcss-8y8dal-NavItemHoverState[data-open='true']::after{width:100%;opacity:1;}@media (prefers-reduced-motion: no-preference){.ssrcss-8y8dal-NavItemHoverState::after{-webkit-transition:width 0.2s,opacity 0.2s;transition:width 0.2s,opacity 0.2s;transition-timing-function:cubic-bezier(0.75, 0, 0.15, 1);}}.ssrcss-1xo2gyv-NavItemHoverState{position:relative;-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;display:inline-block;}.ssrcss-1xo2gyv-NavItemHoverState::after{content:'';display:block;background-color:#0068FF;position:absolute;right:0;left:0;bottom:0.375rem;height:0.125rem;width:66%;opacity:0;}@media (forced-colors: active){.ssrcss-1xo2gyv-NavItemHoverState:hover,.ssrcss-1xo2gyv-NavItemHoverState:focus,.ssrcss-1xo2gyv-NavItemHoverState[data-open='true']{margin-bottom:-1px;border-bottom:1px solid currentcolor!important;}}.ssrcss-1xo2gyv-NavItemHoverState:hover::after,.ssrcss-1xo2gyv-NavItemHoverState:focus::after,.ssrcss-1xo2gyv-NavItemHoverState[data-open='true']::after{width:100%;opacity:1;}@media (prefers-reduced-motion: no-preference){.ssrcss-1xo2gyv-NavItemHoverState::after{-webkit-transition:width 0.2s,opacity 0.2s;transition:width 0.2s,opacity 0.2s;transition-timing-function:cubic-bezier(0.75, 0, 0.15, 1);}}.ssrcss-45jvgy-NavItemHoverState{position:relative;-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;display:inline-block;}.ssrcss-45jvgy-NavItemHoverState::after{content:'';display:block;background-color:#0052A1;position:absolute;right:0;left:0;bottom:0.375rem;height:0.125rem;width:66%;opacity:0;}@media (forced-colors: active){.ssrcss-45jvgy-NavItemHoverState:hover,.ssrcss-45jvgy-NavItemHoverState:focus,.ssrcss-45jvgy-NavItemHoverState[data-open='true']{margin-bottom:-1px;border-bottom:1px solid currentcolor!important;}}.ssrcss-45jvgy-NavItemHoverState:hover::after,.ssrcss-45jvgy-NavItemHoverState:focus::after,.ssrcss-45jvgy-NavItemHoverState[data-open='true']::after{width:100%;opacity:1;}@media (prefers-reduced-motion: no-preference){.ssrcss-45jvgy-NavItemHoverState::after{-webkit-transition:width 0.2s,opacity 0.2s;transition:width 0.2s,opacity 0.2s;transition-timing-function:cubic-bezier(0.75, 0, 0.15, 1);}}.ssrcss-wtx82e-NavItemHoverState{position:relative;-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;display:inline-block;}.ssrcss-wtx82e-NavItemHoverState::after{content:'';display:block;background-color:#589E50;position:absolute;right:0;left:0;bottom:0.375rem;height:0.125rem;width:66%;opacity:0;}@media (forced-colors: active){.ssrcss-wtx82e-NavItemHoverState:hover,.ssrcss-wtx82e-NavItemHoverState:focus,.ssrcss-wtx82e-NavItemHoverState[data-open='true']{margin-bottom:-1px;border-bottom:1px solid currentcolor!important;}}.ssrcss-wtx82e-NavItemHoverState:hover::after,.ssrcss-wtx82e-NavItemHoverState:focus::after,.ssrcss-wtx82e-NavItemHoverState[data-open='true']::after{width:100%;opacity:1;}@media (prefers-reduced-motion: no-preference){.ssrcss-wtx82e-NavItemHoverState::after{-webkit-transition:width 0.2s,opacity 0.2s;transition:width 0.2s,opacity 0.2s;transition-timing-function:cubic-bezier(0.75, 0, 0.15, 1);}}.ssrcss-o07jwc-GlobalNavigationProduct{color:#000000;text-align:center;height:3.75rem;}.ssrcss-o07jwc-GlobalNavigationProduct:focus>*>*::after,.ssrcss-o07jwc-GlobalNavigationProduct[data-open='true']{width:100%;opacity:100%;}@media (min-width: 37.5rem){.ssrcss-o07jwc-GlobalNavigationProduct{min-width:3rem;}}@media (min-width: 37.5rem){.ssrcss-o07jwc-GlobalNavigationProduct#more-menu-button{display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;max-width:3rem;-webkit-box-pack:end;-ms-flex-pack:end;-webkit-justify-content:flex-end;justify-content:flex-end;}}.ssrcss-1qxzppn-NavigationLink-MenuToggleControlLink{display:block;height:100%;line-height:calc(4rem - 0.5rem);-webkit-text-decoration:inherit;text-decoration:inherit;color:inherit;white-space:nowrap;text-align:center;min-width:1.25rem;margin-top:-0.25rem;}.ssrcss-1qxzppn-NavigationLink-MenuToggleControlLink:hover .eki2hvo16::after,.ssrcss-1qxzppn-NavigationLink-MenuToggleControlLink:focus 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active){.ssrcss-1loutj3-NavItemHoverState:hover,.ssrcss-1loutj3-NavItemHoverState:focus,.ssrcss-1loutj3-NavItemHoverState[data-open='true']{margin-bottom:-1px;border-bottom:1px solid currentcolor!important;}}.ssrcss-1loutj3-NavItemHoverState:hover::after,.ssrcss-1loutj3-NavItemHoverState:focus::after,.ssrcss-1loutj3-NavItemHoverState[data-open='true']::after{width:100%;opacity:1;}@media (prefers-reduced-motion: no-preference){.ssrcss-1loutj3-NavItemHoverState::after{-webkit-transition:width 0.2s,opacity 0.2s;transition:width 0.2s,opacity 0.2s;transition-timing-function:cubic-bezier(0.75, 0, 0.15, 1);}}@media ( min-width: 37.5rem){.ssrcss-1loutj3-NavItemHoverState{width:2rem;}}.ssrcss-13dpa8i-DotsMenuIconWrapper{display:none;}@media (min-width: 37.5rem){.ssrcss-13dpa8i-DotsMenuIconWrapper{display:inline-block;width:1.25rem;height:0.25rem;}.ssrcss-13dpa8i-DotsMenuIconWrapper>svg{vertical-align:0.1875rem;}}.ssrcss-7jj1a6-LastGlobalNavigationItem{display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;-webkit-order:2;-ms-flex-order:2;order:2;-webkit-align-self:center;-ms-flex-item-align:center;align-self:center;padding-left:0;}@media (min-width: 37.5rem){.ssrcss-7jj1a6-LastGlobalNavigationItem{-webkit-order:0;-ms-flex-order:0;order:0;}}@media (min-width: 37.5rem){.ssrcss-7jj1a6-LastGlobalNavigationItem{padding-left:0;}}.ssrcss-1w3za5i-GlobalNavigationItem-GlobalNavigationBurger{display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;margin-top:-0.25rem;-webkit-align-self:center;-ms-flex-item-align:center;align-self:center;width:2rem;}@media (min-width: 18.75rem){.ssrcss-1w3za5i-GlobalNavigationItem-GlobalNavigationBurger{width:auto;}}@media (min-width: 37.5rem){.ssrcss-1w3za5i-GlobalNavigationItem-GlobalNavigationBurger{-webkit-order:0;-ms-flex-order:0;order:0;}}.ssrcss-1w3za5i-GlobalNavigationItem-GlobalNavigationBurger:hover>*>*::after,.ssrcss-1w3za5i-GlobalNavigationItem-GlobalNavigationBurger:focus>*>*::after,.ssrcss-1w3za5i-GlobalNavigationItem-GlobalNavigationBurger[data-open='true']{width:100%;opacity:100%;}@media (min-width: 18.75rem){.ssrcss-1w3za5i-GlobalNavigationItem-GlobalNavigationBurger{width:2.5rem;}}@media (min-width: 23.4375rem){.ssrcss-1w3za5i-GlobalNavigationItem-GlobalNavigationBurger{width:3rem;}}@media (min-width: 37.5rem){.ssrcss-1w3za5i-GlobalNavigationItem-GlobalNavigationBurger{display:none;}}.ssrcss-1myt22i-BurgerMenuIconWrapper{display:-webkit-inline-box;display:-webkit-inline-flex;display:-ms-inline-flexbox;display:inline-flex;width:1.5rem;height:1.375rem;vertical-align:-0.5em;-webkit-box-pack:space-evenly;-ms-flex-pack:space-evenly;-webkit-justify-content:space-evenly;justify-content:space-evenly;}@media (min-width: 37.5rem){.ssrcss-1myt22i-BurgerMenuIconWrapper{display:none;}}.ssrcss-fbjoge-GlobalNavigationItem{display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;margin-top:-0.25rem;-webkit-align-self:center;-ms-flex-item-align:center;align-self:center;}@media (min-width: 18.75rem){.ssrcss-fbjoge-GlobalNavigationItem{width:auto;}}@media (min-width: 37.5rem){.ssrcss-fbjoge-GlobalNavigationItem{-webkit-order:0;-ms-flex-order:0;order:0;}}.ssrcss-fbjoge-GlobalNavigationItem:hover>*>*::after,.ssrcss-fbjoge-GlobalNavigationItem:focus>*>*::after,.ssrcss-fbjoge-GlobalNavigationItem[data-open='true']{width:100%;opacity:100%;}.ssrcss-1bujrf4-NavigationLink-SearchLink{display:block;height:100%;line-height:calc(4rem - 0.5rem);-webkit-text-decoration:inherit;text-decoration:inherit;color:inherit;white-space:nowrap;text-align:center;background:none;min-width:1.25rem;text-align:center;margin-top:-0.25rem;position:relative;-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;display:inline-block;}.ssrcss-1bujrf4-NavigationLink-SearchLink:hover .eki2hvo16::after,.ssrcss-1bujrf4-NavigationLink-SearchLink:focus .eki2hvo16::after,.ssrcss-1bujrf4-NavigationLink-SearchLink[data-open='true'] .eki2hvo16::after{width:100%;opacity:1;}@media (min-width: 23.4375rem){.ssrcss-1bujrf4-NavigationLink-SearchLink{text-align:center;min-width:2.5rem;}}.ssrcss-1bujrf4-NavigationLink-SearchLink::after{content:'';display:block;background-color:#000000;position:absolute;right:0;left:0;bottom:0.375rem;height:0.125rem;width:66%;opacity:0;}@media (forced-colors: active){.ssrcss-1bujrf4-NavigationLink-SearchLink:hover,.ssrcss-1bujrf4-NavigationLink-SearchLink:focus,.ssrcss-1bujrf4-NavigationLink-SearchLink[data-open='true']{margin-bottom:-1px;border-bottom:1px solid currentcolor!important;}}.ssrcss-1bujrf4-NavigationLink-SearchLink:hover::after,.ssrcss-1bujrf4-NavigationLink-SearchLink:focus::after,.ssrcss-1bujrf4-NavigationLink-SearchLink[data-open='true']::after{width:100%;opacity:1;}@media (prefers-reduced-motion: no-preference){.ssrcss-1bujrf4-NavigationLink-SearchLink::after{-webkit-transition:width 0.2s,opacity 0.2s;transition:width 0.2s,opacity 0.2s;transition-timing-function:cubic-bezier(0.75, 0, 0.15, 1);}}@media (min-width: 18.75rem){.ssrcss-1bujrf4-NavigationLink-SearchLink{min-width:2.75rem;}}@media (min-width: 23.4375rem){.ssrcss-1bujrf4-NavigationLink-SearchLink{min-width:3rem;width:3rem;text-align:center;}}@media (min-width: 80rem){.ssrcss-1bujrf4-NavigationLink-SearchLink{background:#E6E8EA;display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;-webkit-align-items:center;-webkit-box-align:center;-ms-flex-align:center;align-items:center;height:1rem;padding:0.75rem 0.625rem;margin-left:0.5rem;min-width:11.25rem;}.ssrcss-1bujrf4-NavigationLink-SearchLink::after{display:none;}}.ssrcss-mwl823-IconWrapper-SearchIconWrapper{display:inline-block;width:1.625rem;height:1.625rem;vertical-align:middle;color:#000000;width:1.75rem;height:1.8125rem;}@media (min-width: 80rem){.ssrcss-mwl823-IconWrapper-SearchIconWrapper{width:1.375rem;height:1.375rem;}}@media (min-width: 80rem){.ssrcss-mwl823-IconWrapper-SearchIconWrapper{width:1rem;height:1rem;vertical-align:-0.25rem;}}.ssrcss-pz7t8-SearchText{padding-left:0.5rem;color:#000000;position:absolute;overflow:hidden;margin:0;width:1px;height:1px;-webkit-clip-path:inset(100%);clip-path:inset(100%);clip:rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px);white-space:nowrap;}@media ( min-width: 80rem){.ssrcss-pz7t8-SearchText{position:static;overflow:visible;width:auto;height:auto;-webkit-clip-path:none;clip-path:none;clip:auto;white-space:inherit;}}.ssrcss-91jqb8-GlobalNavigationDrawer{overflow:hidden;visibility:hidden;}@media (prefers-reduced-motion: no-preference){.ssrcss-91jqb8-GlobalNavigationDrawer>*{transition-property:max-height,height;transition-timing-function:cubic-bezier(0.75, 0, 0.15, 1);transition-delay:0s,0s,0.4s;transition-duration:0.4s,0.4s,0s;transition-property:max-height,height,display;}@media (min-width: 37.5rem){.ssrcss-91jqb8-GlobalNavigationDrawer>*{transition-duration:0.2s,0.2s,0s;}}}.ssrcss-91jqb8-GlobalNavigationDrawer:focus{outline:5px auto -webkit-focus-ring-color;}.ssrcss-2hb8z7-GlobalNavigationMoreMenu{height:0;}.ssrcss-2hb8z7-GlobalNavigationMoreMenu:target{visibility:visible;display:block;height:auto;}@media (min-width: 18.75rem){.ssrcss-2hb8z7-GlobalNavigationMoreMenu:target{height:28rem;}}@media (min-width: 37.5rem){.ssrcss-2hb8z7-GlobalNavigationMoreMenu:target{height:4.0625rem;}}@media (min-width: 37.5rem){.ssrcss-2hb8z7-GlobalNavigationMoreMenu:target{height:8.125rem;}}@media (min-width: 41.25rem){.ssrcss-2hb8z7-GlobalNavigationMoreMenu:target{height:4.0625rem;}}.ssrcss-1obp207-MenuWrapper{display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;-webkit-box-pack:justify;-webkit-justify-content:space-between;justify-content:space-between;}.ssrcss-1pnyklo-MenuLinkList-En{display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;-webkit-flex:auto;-ms-flex:auto;flex:auto;-webkit-align-items:center;-webkit-box-align:center;-ms-flex-align:center;align-items:center;-webkit-box-flex-wrap:wrap;-webkit-flex-wrap:wrap;-ms-flex-wrap:wrap;flex-wrap:wrap;}.ssrcss-1pnyklo-MenuLinkList-En:focus{outline:none;}.ssrcss-1pnyklo-MenuLinkList-En>li{display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;-webkit-align-items:center;-webkit-box-align:center;-ms-flex-align:center;align-items:center;-webkit-flex-basis:50%;-ms-flex-preferred-size:50%;flex-basis:50%;}@media (min-width: 37.5rem){.ssrcss-1pnyklo-MenuLinkList-En>li{-webkit-flex-basis:auto;-ms-flex-preferred-size:auto;flex-basis:auto;}}@supports (display: grid){.ssrcss-1pnyklo-MenuLinkList-En{display:grid;grid-gap:0 0.5rem;gap:0 0.5rem;}@media (min-width: 18.75rem){.ssrcss-1pnyklo-MenuLinkList-En{grid-template-columns:repeat(2, minmax(7.5rem, 1fr));}}@media (min-width: 37.5rem){.ssrcss-1pnyklo-MenuLinkList-En{display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;-webkit-box-flex-wrap:wrap;-webkit-flex-wrap:wrap;-ms-flex-wrap:wrap;flex-wrap:wrap;}}.ssrcss-1pnyklo-MenuLinkList-En>li{min-width:initial;}}@media (min-width: 37.5rem){.ssrcss-1pnyklo-MenuLinkList-En >li:nth-of-type(1),.ssrcss-1pnyklo-MenuLinkList-En li:nth-of-type(2),.ssrcss-1pnyklo-MenuLinkList-En li:nth-of-type(3){display:none;}}@media (min-width: 37.5rem){.ssrcss-1pnyklo-MenuLinkList-En >li{padding-right:1.25rem;}.ssrcss-1pnyklo-MenuLinkList-En >li:nth-of-type(4){display:none;}}@media (min-width: 41.25rem){.ssrcss-1pnyklo-MenuLinkList-En >li:nth-of-type(5){display:none;}}@media (min-width: 45.5rem){.ssrcss-1pnyklo-MenuLinkList-En >li:nth-of-type(6){display:none;}}@media (min-width: 48rem){.ssrcss-1pnyklo-MenuLinkList-En >li:nth-of-type(7){display:none;}}.ssrcss-1smaim7-MenuLinkListItem{height:1.75rem;margin:0.25rem 0;-webkit-align-items:stretch;-webkit-box-align:stretch;-ms-flex-align:stretch;align-items:stretch;}@media (min-width: 18.75rem){.ssrcss-1smaim7-MenuLinkListItem{height:3.5rem;}}.ssrcss-1smaim7-MenuLinkListItem:focus>*::after,.ssrcss-1smaim7-MenuLinkListItem[data-open='true']{width:100%;opacity:100%;}.ssrcss-pt9t4a-MenuLink{font-size:1rem;line-height:1.375;display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;-webkit-box-pack:center;-ms-flex-pack:center;-webkit-justify-content:center;justify-content:center;-webkit-align-items:center;-webkit-box-align:center;-ms-flex-align:center;align-items:center;margin:0.125rem;-webkit-text-decoration:inherit;text-decoration:inherit;color:#000000;white-space:nowrap;position:relative;height:100%;}.ssrcss-pt9t4a-MenuLink::after{content:'';display:block;background-color:#141414;position:absolute;right:0;left:0;bottom:0.125rem;height:0.125rem;width:0;opacity:0;}@media (min-width: 18.75rem){.ssrcss-pt9t4a-MenuLink::after{bottom:0.5rem;}}.ssrcss-pt9t4a-MenuLink:hover::after,.ssrcss-pt9t4a-MenuLink:focus::after,.ssrcss-pt9t4a-MenuLink[data-open='true']::after{width:100%;opacity:1;}@media (min-width: 37.5rem){.ssrcss-pt9t4a-MenuLink{font-size:0.8125rem;line-height:1.2307692307692308;}}@media (min-width: 56.25rem){.ssrcss-pt9t4a-MenuLink{margin:0.375rem;}}@media (prefers-reduced-motion: no-preference){.ssrcss-pt9t4a-MenuLink::after{-webkit-transition:width 0.2s,opacity 0.2s;transition:width 0.2s,opacity 0.2s;transition-timing-function:cubic-bezier(0.75, 0, 0.15, 1);}}.ssrcss-10zs8ef-MenuLink{font-size:1rem;line-height:1.375;display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;-webkit-box-pack:center;-ms-flex-pack:center;-webkit-justify-content:center;justify-content:center;-webkit-align-items:center;-webkit-box-align:center;-ms-flex-align:center;align-items:center;margin:0.125rem;-webkit-text-decoration:inherit;text-decoration:inherit;color:#000000;white-space:nowrap;position:relative;height:100%;}.ssrcss-10zs8ef-MenuLink::after{content:'';display:block;background-color:#EB1212;position:absolute;right:0;left:0;bottom:0.125rem;height:0.125rem;width:0;opacity:0;}@media (min-width: 18.75rem){.ssrcss-10zs8ef-MenuLink::after{bottom:0.5rem;}}.ssrcss-10zs8ef-MenuLink:hover::after,.ssrcss-10zs8ef-MenuLink:focus::after,.ssrcss-10zs8ef-MenuLink[data-open='true']::after{width:100%;opacity:1;}@media (min-width: 37.5rem){.ssrcss-10zs8ef-MenuLink{font-size:0.8125rem;line-height:1.2307692307692308;}}@media (min-width: 56.25rem){.ssrcss-10zs8ef-MenuLink{margin:0.375rem;}}@media (prefers-reduced-motion: no-preference){.ssrcss-10zs8ef-MenuLink::after{-webkit-transition:width 0.2s,opacity 0.2s;transition:width 0.2s,opacity 0.2s;transition-timing-function:cubic-bezier(0.75, 0, 0.15, 1);}}.ssrcss-1l2ctwi-MenuLink{font-size:1rem;line-height:1.375;display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;-webkit-box-pack:center;-ms-flex-pack:center;-webkit-justify-content:center;justify-content:center;-webkit-align-items:center;-webkit-box-align:center;-ms-flex-align:center;align-items:center;margin:0.125rem;-webkit-text-decoration:inherit;text-decoration:inherit;color:#000000;white-space:nowrap;position:relative;height:100%;}.ssrcss-1l2ctwi-MenuLink::after{content:'';display:block;background-color:#FFD230;position:absolute;right:0;left:0;bottom:0.125rem;height:0.125rem;width:0;opacity:0;}@media (min-width: 18.75rem){.ssrcss-1l2ctwi-MenuLink::after{bottom:0.5rem;}}.ssrcss-1l2ctwi-MenuLink:hover::after,.ssrcss-1l2ctwi-MenuLink:focus::after,.ssrcss-1l2ctwi-MenuLink[data-open='true']::after{width:100%;opacity:1;}@media (min-width: 37.5rem){.ssrcss-1l2ctwi-MenuLink{font-size:0.8125rem;line-height:1.2307692307692308;}}@media (min-width: 56.25rem){.ssrcss-1l2ctwi-MenuLink{margin:0.375rem;}}@media (prefers-reduced-motion: no-preference){.ssrcss-1l2ctwi-MenuLink::after{-webkit-transition:width 0.2s,opacity 0.2s;transition:width 0.2s,opacity 0.2s;transition-timing-function:cubic-bezier(0.75, 0, 0.15, 1);}}.ssrcss-1pho4im-MenuLink{font-size:1rem;line-height:1.375;display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;-webkit-box-pack:center;-ms-flex-pack:center;-webkit-justify-content:center;justify-content:center;-webkit-align-items:center;-webkit-box-align:center;-ms-flex-align:center;align-items:center;margin:0.125rem;-webkit-text-decoration:inherit;text-decoration:inherit;color:#000000;white-space:nowrap;position:relative;height:100%;}.ssrcss-1pho4im-MenuLink::after{content:'';display:block;background-color:#AAFF00;position:absolute;right:0;left:0;bottom:0.125rem;height:0.125rem;width:0;opacity:0;}@media (min-width: 18.75rem){.ssrcss-1pho4im-MenuLink::after{bottom:0.5rem;}}.ssrcss-1pho4im-MenuLink:hover::after,.ssrcss-1pho4im-MenuLink:focus::after,.ssrcss-1pho4im-MenuLink[data-open='true']::after{width:100%;opacity:1;}@media (min-width: 37.5rem){.ssrcss-1pho4im-MenuLink{font-size:0.8125rem;line-height:1.2307692307692308;}}@media (min-width: 56.25rem){.ssrcss-1pho4im-MenuLink{margin:0.375rem;}}@media (prefers-reduced-motion: no-preference){.ssrcss-1pho4im-MenuLink::after{-webkit-transition:width 0.2s,opacity 0.2s;transition:width 0.2s,opacity 0.2s;transition-timing-function:cubic-bezier(0.75, 0, 0.15, 1);}}.ssrcss-1v9lxe0-MenuLink{font-size:1rem;line-height:1.375;display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;-webkit-box-pack:center;-ms-flex-pack:center;-webkit-justify-content:center;justify-content:center;-webkit-align-items:center;-webkit-box-align:center;-ms-flex-align:center;align-items:center;margin:0.125rem;-webkit-text-decoration:inherit;text-decoration:inherit;color:#000000;white-space:nowrap;position:relative;height:100%;}.ssrcss-1v9lxe0-MenuLink::after{content:'';display:block;background-color:#0068FF;position:absolute;right:0;left:0;bottom:0.125rem;height:0.125rem;width:0;opacity:0;}@media (min-width: 18.75rem){.ssrcss-1v9lxe0-MenuLink::after{bottom:0.5rem;}}.ssrcss-1v9lxe0-MenuLink:hover::after,.ssrcss-1v9lxe0-MenuLink:focus::after,.ssrcss-1v9lxe0-MenuLink[data-open='true']::after{width:100%;opacity:1;}@media (min-width: 37.5rem){.ssrcss-1v9lxe0-MenuLink{font-size:0.8125rem;line-height:1.2307692307692308;}}@media (min-width: 56.25rem){.ssrcss-1v9lxe0-MenuLink{margin:0.375rem;}}@media (prefers-reduced-motion: no-preference){.ssrcss-1v9lxe0-MenuLink::after{-webkit-transition:width 0.2s,opacity 0.2s;transition:width 0.2s,opacity 0.2s;transition-timing-function:cubic-bezier(0.75, 0, 0.15, 1);}}.ssrcss-1u9nz9a-MenuLink{font-size:1rem;line-height:1.375;display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;-webkit-box-pack:center;-ms-flex-pack:center;-webkit-justify-content:center;justify-content:center;-webkit-align-items:center;-webkit-box-align:center;-ms-flex-align:center;align-items:center;margin:0.125rem;-webkit-text-decoration:inherit;text-decoration:inherit;color:#000000;white-space:nowrap;position:relative;height:100%;}.ssrcss-1u9nz9a-MenuLink::after{content:'';display:block;background-color:#0052A1;position:absolute;right:0;left:0;bottom:0.125rem;height:0.125rem;width:0;opacity:0;}@media (min-width: 18.75rem){.ssrcss-1u9nz9a-MenuLink::after{bottom:0.5rem;}}.ssrcss-1u9nz9a-MenuLink:hover::after,.ssrcss-1u9nz9a-MenuLink:focus::after,.ssrcss-1u9nz9a-MenuLink[data-open='true']::after{width:100%;opacity:1;}@media (min-width: 37.5rem){.ssrcss-1u9nz9a-MenuLink{font-size:0.8125rem;line-height:1.2307692307692308;}}@media (min-width: 56.25rem){.ssrcss-1u9nz9a-MenuLink{margin:0.375rem;}}@media (prefers-reduced-motion: no-preference){.ssrcss-1u9nz9a-MenuLink::after{-webkit-transition:width 0.2s,opacity 0.2s;transition:width 0.2s,opacity 0.2s;transition-timing-function:cubic-bezier(0.75, 0, 0.15, 1);}}.ssrcss-11p9y6l-MenuLink{font-size:1rem;line-height:1.375;display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;-webkit-box-pack:center;-ms-flex-pack:center;-webkit-justify-content:center;justify-content:center;-webkit-align-items:center;-webkit-box-align:center;-ms-flex-align:center;align-items:center;margin:0.125rem;-webkit-text-decoration:inherit;text-decoration:inherit;color:#000000;white-space:nowrap;position:relative;height:100%;}.ssrcss-11p9y6l-MenuLink::after{content:'';display:block;background-color:#589E50;position:absolute;right:0;left:0;bottom:0.125rem;height:0.125rem;width:0;opacity:0;}@media (min-width: 18.75rem){.ssrcss-11p9y6l-MenuLink::after{bottom:0.5rem;}}.ssrcss-11p9y6l-MenuLink:hover::after,.ssrcss-11p9y6l-MenuLink:focus::after,.ssrcss-11p9y6l-MenuLink[data-open='true']::after{width:100%;opacity:1;}@media (min-width: 37.5rem){.ssrcss-11p9y6l-MenuLink{font-size:0.8125rem;line-height:1.2307692307692308;}}@media (min-width: 56.25rem){.ssrcss-11p9y6l-MenuLink{margin:0.375rem;}}@media (prefers-reduced-motion: no-preference){.ssrcss-11p9y6l-MenuLink::after{-webkit-transition:width 0.2s,opacity 0.2s;transition:width 0.2s,opacity 0.2s;transition-timing-function:cubic-bezier(0.75, 0, 0.15, 1);}}.ssrcss-116dfr6-MenuLink{font-size:1rem;line-height:1.375;display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;-webkit-box-pack:center;-ms-flex-pack:center;-webkit-justify-content:center;justify-content:center;-webkit-align-items:center;-webkit-box-align:center;-ms-flex-align:center;align-items:center;margin:0.125rem;-webkit-text-decoration:inherit;text-decoration:inherit;color:#000000;white-space:nowrap;position:relative;height:100%;}.ssrcss-116dfr6-MenuLink::after{content:'';display:block;background-color:#482878;position:absolute;right:0;left:0;bottom:0.125rem;height:0.125rem;width:0;opacity:0;}@media (min-width: 18.75rem){.ssrcss-116dfr6-MenuLink::after{bottom:0.5rem;}}.ssrcss-116dfr6-MenuLink:hover::after,.ssrcss-116dfr6-MenuLink:focus::after,.ssrcss-116dfr6-MenuLink[data-open='true']::after{width:100%;opacity:1;}@media (min-width: 37.5rem){.ssrcss-116dfr6-MenuLink{font-size:0.8125rem;line-height:1.2307692307692308;}}@media (min-width: 56.25rem){.ssrcss-116dfr6-MenuLink{margin:0.375rem;}}@media (prefers-reduced-motion: no-preference){.ssrcss-116dfr6-MenuLink::after{-webkit-transition:width 0.2s,opacity 0.2s;transition:width 0.2s,opacity 0.2s;transition-timing-function:cubic-bezier(0.75, 0, 0.15, 1);}}.ssrcss-l19037-MenuLink{font-size:1rem;line-height:1.375;display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;-webkit-box-pack:center;-ms-flex-pack:center;-webkit-justify-content:center;justify-content:center;-webkit-align-items:center;-webkit-box-align:center;-ms-flex-align:center;align-items:center;margin:0.125rem;-webkit-text-decoration:inherit;text-decoration:inherit;color:#000000;white-space:nowrap;position:relative;height:100%;}.ssrcss-l19037-MenuLink::after{content:'';display:block;background-color:#002856;position:absolute;right:0;left:0;bottom:0.125rem;height:0.125rem;width:0;opacity:0;}@media (min-width: 18.75rem){.ssrcss-l19037-MenuLink::after{bottom:0.5rem;}}.ssrcss-l19037-MenuLink:hover::after,.ssrcss-l19037-MenuLink:focus::after,.ssrcss-l19037-MenuLink[data-open='true']::after{width:100%;opacity:1;}@media (min-width: 37.5rem){.ssrcss-l19037-MenuLink{font-size:0.8125rem;line-height:1.2307692307692308;}}@media (min-width: 56.25rem){.ssrcss-l19037-MenuLink{margin:0.375rem;}}@media (prefers-reduced-motion: no-preference){.ssrcss-l19037-MenuLink::after{-webkit-transition:width 0.2s,opacity 0.2s;transition:width 0.2s,opacity 0.2s;transition-timing-function:cubic-bezier(0.75, 0, 0.15, 1);}}.ssrcss-7nqmpo-MenuLink{font-size:1rem;line-height:1.375;display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;-webkit-box-pack:center;-ms-flex-pack:center;-webkit-justify-content:center;justify-content:center;-webkit-align-items:center;-webkit-box-align:center;-ms-flex-align:center;align-items:center;margin:0.125rem;-webkit-text-decoration:inherit;text-decoration:inherit;color:#000000;white-space:nowrap;position:relative;height:100%;}.ssrcss-7nqmpo-MenuLink::after{content:'';display:block;background-color:#149EDC;position:absolute;right:0;left:0;bottom:0.125rem;height:0.125rem;width:0;opacity:0;}@media (min-width: 18.75rem){.ssrcss-7nqmpo-MenuLink::after{bottom:0.5rem;}}.ssrcss-7nqmpo-MenuLink:hover::after,.ssrcss-7nqmpo-MenuLink:focus::after,.ssrcss-7nqmpo-MenuLink[data-open='true']::after{width:100%;opacity:1;}@media (min-width: 37.5rem){.ssrcss-7nqmpo-MenuLink{font-size:0.8125rem;line-height:1.2307692307692308;}}@media (min-width: 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(min-width: 37.5rem){.ssrcss-19cmzaj-LogoIcon{padding:calc(1rem - 0.25rem) 0;max-width:initial;}}@media (min-width: 37.5rem){.ssrcss-as2ggt-Navigation{border-top:0.0625rem solid #DB7F7F;}}html.no-js .ssrcss-wlpshj-MainNavBarContainer{border-bottom:0.25rem solid #B80000;}.ssrcss-325dy3-MenuContainer-PrimaryNavBarContainer{background-color:#FFFFFF;color:#141414;}@media (min-width: 37.5rem){.ssrcss-325dy3-MenuContainer-PrimaryNavBarContainer{background-color:#B80000;color:#FFFFFF;}}.ssrcss-tr5xws-PrimaryListContainer{margin:0 -0.5rem;}@media (min-width: 25rem){.ssrcss-tr5xws-PrimaryListContainer{margin:0 -1rem;}}@media (min-width: 37.5rem){.ssrcss-tr5xws-PrimaryListContainer{display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;-webkit-box-pack:justify;-webkit-justify-content:space-between;justify-content:space-between;margin:0;}.ssrcss-tr5xws-PrimaryListContainer .e14xdrat1 .eis6szr3:not(:last-of-type) .eis6szr2 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off;font-size:1rem;line-height:1.375;-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;box-sizing:border-box;display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;-webkit-align-items:center;-webkit-box-align:center;-ms-flex-align:center;align-items:center;position:relative;padding:0.5rem;cursor:pointer;color:#FFFFFF;background-color:#B80000;border:none;}html.no-js .ssrcss-pnxjgb-StyledToggle{background-color:#FFFFFF;color:#141414;}@media (min-width: 37.5rem){.ssrcss-pnxjgb-StyledToggle{min-height:2.375rem;}@media (pointer: coarse){.ssrcss-pnxjgb-StyledToggle{min-height:2.75rem;}}}.ssrcss-1m4972l-IconWrapper{display:inline-block;width:1rem;height:1rem;margin-right:0.5rem;}.ssrcss-141d9xq-MenuListContainer{display:none;}html.no-js .ssrcss-141d9xq-MenuListContainer{display:block;}@media (min-width: 37.5rem){.ssrcss-141d9xq-MenuListContainer{margin-left:-0.5rem;margin-right:-0.5rem;padding:0.5rem 0;}}@media (min-width: 37.5rem){.ssrcss-141d9xq-MenuListContainer{background-color:transparent;display:block;padding:0;margin:0;-webkit-flex-basis:100%;-ms-flex-preferred-size:100%;flex-basis:100%;}@media (pointer: coarse){.ssrcss-141d9xq-MenuListContainer{overflow-x:scroll;-webkit-overflow-scrolling:touch;-ms-overflow-style:-ms-autohiding-scrollbar;-ms-overflow-style:none;scrollbar-width:none;}.ssrcss-141d9xq-MenuListContainer::-webkit-scrollbar{display:none;}}}.ssrcss-yhbmpm-StyledMenuList{font-family:ReithSans,Helvetica,Arial,freesans,sans-serif;font-weight:400;font-feature-settings:'ss01' off;}@media (min-width: 37.5rem){.ssrcss-yhbmpm-StyledMenuList{display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;-webkit-box-flex-wrap:wrap;-webkit-flex-wrap:wrap;-ms-flex-wrap:wrap;flex-wrap:wrap;position:relative;left:-0.5rem;}@media (pointer: coarse){.ssrcss-yhbmpm-StyledMenuList{-webkit-box-flex-wrap:nowrap;-webkit-flex-wrap:nowrap;-ms-flex-wrap:nowrap;flex-wrap:nowrap;}}}.ssrcss-or45ca-StyledMenuItem{border-bottom:0.0625rem solid #8A8C8E;position:relative;break-inside:avoid;margin:0;padding:0;}@media (min-width: 37.5rem){.ssrcss-or45ca-StyledMenuItem{border-bottom:none;}}@media (min-width: 37.5rem){.ssrcss-or45ca-StyledMenuItem{-webkit-flex:none;-ms-flex:none;flex:none;}}.ssrcss-dgu9ea-StyledLink{box-sizing:border-box;display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;-webkit-align-items:center;-webkit-box-align:center;-ms-flex-align:center;align-items:center;padding:0.25rem 0 0.25rem 0.5rem;color:inherit;-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;min-height:2.375rem;}@media (pointer: coarse){.ssrcss-dgu9ea-StyledLink{min-height:2.75rem;}}.ssrcss-dgu9ea-StyledLink:hover,.ssrcss-dgu9ea-StyledLink:focus{background-color:#E6E8EA;}.ssrcss-dgu9ea-StyledLink:focus-visible{box-shadow:inset 0 0 0 calc(0.125rem + 0.125rem) #FFFFFF;outline:0.125rem solid #000000;outline-offset:-0.125rem;}.ssrcss-dgu9ea-StyledLink::after{content:none;position:absolute;left:0;bottom:0;width:0.25rem;height:100%;background-color:#B80000;}.ssrcss-dgu9ea-StyledLink:hover::after,.ssrcss-dgu9ea-StyledLink:active::after{content:'';}.ssrcss-dgu9ea-StyledLink:focus-visible::after{content:none;}@media (min-width: 25rem){.ssrcss-dgu9ea-StyledLink{padding-left:1rem;}}@media (min-width: 37.5rem){.ssrcss-dgu9ea-StyledLink{width:auto;padding-left:0.5rem;}}@media (min-width: 37.5rem){.ssrcss-dgu9ea-StyledLink:hover,.ssrcss-dgu9ea-StyledLink:focus{background-color:transparent;color:#FFFFFF;}}@media (min-width: 37.5rem){.ssrcss-dgu9ea-StyledLink::after{background-color:#FFFFFF;width:100%;height:0.25rem;}}@media (min-width: 37.5rem){.ssrcss-dgu9ea-StyledLink{padding-left:0;width:auto;color:#FFFFFF;}}.ssrcss-1u47p8g-LinkTextContainer{line-height:1.125rem;padding:0;}@media (min-width: 37.5rem){.ssrcss-1u47p8g-LinkTextContainer{padding:0 0.45rem;}}.ssrcss-4dxdrt-ToggleContainer{display:none;border-left:0.0625rem solid;border-left-color:#DB7F7F;background-color:transparent;}html.no-js .ssrcss-4dxdrt-ToggleContainer{background-color:#FFFFFF;}@media (min-width: 37.5rem){.ssrcss-4dxdrt-ToggleContainer{display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;-webkit-flex-shrink:0;-ms-flex-negative:0;flex-shrink:0;-webkit-align-items:flex-start;-webkit-box-align:flex-start;-ms-flex-align:flex-start;align-items:flex-start;}}.ssrcss-4dxdrt-ToggleContainer .ekfn8591:focus-visible{box-shadow:inset 0 0 0 calc(0.125rem + 0.125rem) #FFFFFF;outline:0.125rem solid #000000;outline-offset:-0.125rem;}.ssrcss-4dxdrt-ToggleContainer .ekfn8591:hover::after,.ssrcss-4dxdrt-ToggleContainer .ekfn8591:active::after{position:absolute;bottom:0;left:0;width:100%;content:'';height:0.25rem;background-color:#FFFFFF;}html.no-js .ssrcss-4dxdrt-ToggleContainer 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class="ssrcss-w6az1r-StyledLink ed0g1kj0">Climate</a></li></ul></div></div></div></header></div></div><div class="ssrcss-1euvvif-Wrap e42f8511"><div width="wide" class="ssrcss-ahx90r-WrapWithWidth e42f8510"><div data-component="image-block" class="ssrcss-1qd08r-ComponentWrapper-FullWidthWrapper ey0461q0"><figure class="ssrcss-1vfya96-StyledFigure e34k3c22"><div class="ssrcss-ab5fd8-StyledFigureContainer e34k3c21"><span class="ssrcss-5zsoxt-Placeholder etlorgc0"><picture><source srcSet="https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/ace/standard/240/cpsprodpb/B478/production/_133600264_gettyimages-2176515906.jpg.webp 240w, https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/ace/standard/320/cpsprodpb/B478/production/_133600264_gettyimages-2176515906.jpg.webp 320w, https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/ace/standard/480/cpsprodpb/B478/production/_133600264_gettyimages-2176515906.jpg.webp 480w, https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/ace/standard/624/cpsprodpb/B478/production/_133600264_gettyimages-2176515906.jpg.webp 624w, https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/ace/standard/800/cpsprodpb/B478/production/_133600264_gettyimages-2176515906.jpg.webp 800w, https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/ace/standard/976/cpsprodpb/B478/production/_133600264_gettyimages-2176515906.jpg.webp 976w" type="image/webp"/><img alt="Workers nail wooden boards to the outside of a building in Mexico, ahead of the arrival of Hurricane Milton on 7 October 2024" loading="eager" src="https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/ace/standard/976/cpsprodpb/B478/production/_133600264_gettyimages-2176515906.jpg" srcSet="https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/ace/standard/240/cpsprodpb/B478/production/_133600264_gettyimages-2176515906.jpg 240w, https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/ace/standard/320/cpsprodpb/B478/production/_133600264_gettyimages-2176515906.jpg 320w, https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/ace/standard/480/cpsprodpb/B478/production/_133600264_gettyimages-2176515906.jpg 480w, https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/ace/standard/624/cpsprodpb/B478/production/_133600264_gettyimages-2176515906.jpg 624w, https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/ace/standard/800/cpsprodpb/B478/production/_133600264_gettyimages-2176515906.jpg 800w, https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/ace/standard/976/cpsprodpb/B478/production/_133600264_gettyimages-2176515906.jpg 976w" width="976" height="549" class="ssrcss-11yxrdo-Image edrdn950"/></picture></span><span role="text" class="ssrcss-tvuve5-StyledFigureCopyright e34k3c20"><span class="visually-hidden ssrcss-1f39n02-VisuallyHidden e16en2lz0">Image source, </span>Getty Images</span></div></figure></div></div></div><div class="ssrcss-1euvvif-Wrap e42f8511"><div width="wide" class="ssrcss-ahx90r-WrapWithWidth e42f8510"><div data-component="byline-block" class="ssrcss-1d4ve09-BylineComponentWrapper e8mq1e90"><div class="ssrcss-qt5zqv-BylineWrapper e8mq1e917"><div class="ssrcss-h3c0s8-ContributorContainer e8mq1e916"><div class="ssrcss-1u2in0b-Container-ContributorDetails e8mq1e913"><div class="ssrcss-68pt20-Text-TextContributorName e8mq1e96">By Mark Poynting</div><div class="ssrcss-84ltp5-Text e8mq1e910">Climate reporter</div></div></div></div><div class="ssrcss-jlwt2c-Divider e8mq1e915"></div></div></div></div><div class="ssrcss-1euvvif-Wrap e42f8511"><div width="wide" class="ssrcss-ahx90r-WrapWithWidth e42f8510"><div data-component="text-block" class="ssrcss-5rhf4g-RichTextComponentWrapper ep2nwvo0"><div class="ssrcss-7uxr49-RichTextContainer e5tfeyi1"><p class="ssrcss-1q0x1qg-Paragraph e1jhz7w10"><b class="ssrcss-1xjjfut-BoldText e5tfeyi3">Hurricane Milton is heading towards Florida, bringing "potentially catastrophic" winds, storm surges and heavy rainfall, American forecasters have warned. </b></p><p class="ssrcss-1q0x1qg-Paragraph e1jhz7w10">The storm is due to hit the heavily-populated city of Tampa Bay less than two weeks after the state was badly hit by Hurricane Helene.</p><p class="ssrcss-1q0x1qg-Paragraph e1jhz7w10">Milton is the ninth hurricane of the 2024 Atlantic season, which continues until the end of November.</p></div></div></div></div><div class="ssrcss-1euvvif-Wrap e42f8511"><div width="wide" class="ssrcss-ahx90r-WrapWithWidth e42f8510"><div data-component="text-block" class="ssrcss-5rhf4g-RichTextComponentWrapper ep2nwvo0"><div class="ssrcss-7uxr49-RichTextContainer e5tfeyi1"><div class="ssrcss-1x9m6ni-BulletListContainer e5tfeyi0"><ul role="list"><li><p class="ssrcss-1q0x1qg-Paragraph e1jhz7w10"><a href="/news/live/cr753r34n3rt" class="ssrcss-f6h2dj-InlineLink e1kn3p7n0">Follow live updates on this story</a></p></li><li><p class="ssrcss-1q0x1qg-Paragraph e1jhz7w10"><a href="/news/articles/c981q381p58o" class="ssrcss-f6h2dj-InlineLink e1kn3p7n0">Explainer: When will Milton hit Florida?</a></p></li><li><p class="ssrcss-1q0x1qg-Paragraph e1jhz7w10"><a href="/weather/articles/c33v83448d4o" class="ssrcss-f6h2dj-InlineLink e1kn3p7n0">Explainer: What is a storm surge and how serious is the threat from Milton?</a></p></li><li><p class="ssrcss-1q0x1qg-Paragraph e1jhz7w10"><a href="/news/extra/cfpor50x14/Hurricanes" class="ssrcss-f6h2dj-InlineLink e1kn3p7n0">Hurricanes: A look inside the deadly storms</a></p></li><li><p class="ssrcss-1q0x1qg-Paragraph e1jhz7w10"><a href="/news/articles/czd1q9q9gl9o" class="ssrcss-f6h2dj-InlineLink e1kn3p7n0">BBC Verify: Fact checking misinformation about Hurricane Helene</a></p></li></ul></div></div></div></div></div><div class="ssrcss-1euvvif-Wrap e42f8511"><div width="wide" class="ssrcss-ahx90r-WrapWithWidth e42f8510"><div data-component="subheadline-block" class="ssrcss-z0dilw-ComponentWrapper-HeadlineComponentWrapper egtrm1f0"><h2 id="What-are-hurricanes" tabindex="-1" class="ssrcss-pbttu9-Heading e10rt3ze0"><span role="text">What are hurricanes?</span></h2></div></div></div><div class="ssrcss-1euvvif-Wrap e42f8511"><div width="wide" class="ssrcss-ahx90r-WrapWithWidth e42f8510"><div data-component="text-block" class="ssrcss-5rhf4g-RichTextComponentWrapper ep2nwvo0"><div class="ssrcss-7uxr49-RichTextContainer e5tfeyi1"><p class="ssrcss-1q0x1qg-Paragraph e1jhz7w10">Hurricanes are powerful storms which develop in warm tropical ocean waters. </p><p class="ssrcss-1q0x1qg-Paragraph e1jhz7w10">In other parts of the world, they are known as cyclones or typhoons. Collectively, these storms are referred to as "tropical cyclones".</p></div></div></div></div><div class="ssrcss-1euvvif-Wrap e42f8511"><div width="wide" class="ssrcss-ahx90r-WrapWithWidth e42f8510"><div data-component="image-block" class="ssrcss-1qd08r-ComponentWrapper-FullWidthWrapper ey0461q0"><figure class="ssrcss-1vfya96-StyledFigure e34k3c22"><div class="ssrcss-ab5fd8-StyledFigureContainer e34k3c21"><span class="ssrcss-45zjst-Placeholder etlorgc0"><span><noscript><picture><source srcSet="https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/ace/standard/240/cpsprodpb/C42E/production/_133322205_hurricane_tracks_history-2x-nc.png.webp 240w, https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/ace/standard/320/cpsprodpb/C42E/production/_133322205_hurricane_tracks_history-2x-nc.png.webp 320w, https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/ace/standard/480/cpsprodpb/C42E/production/_133322205_hurricane_tracks_history-2x-nc.png.webp 480w, https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/ace/standard/624/cpsprodpb/C42E/production/_133322205_hurricane_tracks_history-2x-nc.png.webp 624w, https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/ace/standard/800/cpsprodpb/C42E/production/_133322205_hurricane_tracks_history-2x-nc.png.webp 800w, https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/ace/standard/976/cpsprodpb/C42E/production/_133322205_hurricane_tracks_history-2x-nc.png.webp 976w" type="image/webp"/><img alt="Graphic showing storm tracks of tropical cyclones from 1842-2023. These storms are called hurricanes in the Atlantic and north-east Pacific, typhoons in the north-west Pacific, and a cyclone in the south-west Pacific and Indian Ocean." loading="lazy" src="https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/ace/standard/1280/cpsprodpb/C42E/production/_133322205_hurricane_tracks_history-2x-nc.png" srcSet="https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/ace/standard/240/cpsprodpb/C42E/production/_133322205_hurricane_tracks_history-2x-nc.png 240w, https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/ace/standard/320/cpsprodpb/C42E/production/_133322205_hurricane_tracks_history-2x-nc.png 320w, https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/ace/standard/480/cpsprodpb/C42E/production/_133322205_hurricane_tracks_history-2x-nc.png 480w, https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/ace/standard/624/cpsprodpb/C42E/production/_133322205_hurricane_tracks_history-2x-nc.png 624w, https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/ace/standard/800/cpsprodpb/C42E/production/_133322205_hurricane_tracks_history-2x-nc.png 800w, https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/ace/standard/976/cpsprodpb/C42E/production/_133322205_hurricane_tracks_history-2x-nc.png 976w" width="1280" height="990" class="ssrcss-11yxrdo-Image edrdn950"/></picture></noscript></span></span></div></figure></div></div></div><div class="ssrcss-1euvvif-Wrap e42f8511"><div width="wide" class="ssrcss-ahx90r-WrapWithWidth e42f8510"><div data-component="text-block" class="ssrcss-5rhf4g-RichTextComponentWrapper ep2nwvo0"><div class="ssrcss-7uxr49-RichTextContainer e5tfeyi1"><p class="ssrcss-1q0x1qg-Paragraph e1jhz7w10">Tropical cyclones are characterised by very high wind speeds, heavy rainfall, and <a href="/weather/articles/c33v83448d4o" class="ssrcss-f6h2dj-InlineLink e1kn3p7n0">storm surges</a> - short-term rises to sea-levels. This often causes widespread damage and flooding.</p><p class="ssrcss-1q0x1qg-Paragraph e1jhz7w10">Hurricanes can be categorised by their peak sustained wind speed. </p><p class="ssrcss-1q0x1qg-Paragraph e1jhz7w10">Major hurricanes are rated category three and above, meaning they reach at least 111mph (178km/h).</p></div></div></div></div><div class="ssrcss-1euvvif-Wrap e42f8511"><div width="wide" class="ssrcss-ahx90r-WrapWithWidth e42f8510"><div data-component="image-block" class="ssrcss-1qd08r-ComponentWrapper-FullWidthWrapper ey0461q0"><figure class="ssrcss-1vfya96-StyledFigure e34k3c22"><div class="ssrcss-ab5fd8-StyledFigureContainer e34k3c21"><span class="ssrcss-154p1ya-Placeholder etlorgc0"><span><noscript><picture><source srcSet="https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/ace/standard/240/cpsprodpb/B66C/production/_133600764_hurricane_scale_wbg_2x640.png.webp 240w, https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/ace/standard/320/cpsprodpb/B66C/production/_133600764_hurricane_scale_wbg_2x640.png.webp 320w, https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/ace/standard/480/cpsprodpb/B66C/production/_133600764_hurricane_scale_wbg_2x640.png.webp 480w, https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/ace/standard/624/cpsprodpb/B66C/production/_133600764_hurricane_scale_wbg_2x640.png.webp 624w, https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/ace/standard/800/cpsprodpb/B66C/production/_133600764_hurricane_scale_wbg_2x640.png.webp 800w, https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/ace/standard/976/cpsprodpb/B66C/production/_133600764_hurricane_scale_wbg_2x640.png.webp 976w" type="image/webp"/><img alt="Graphic explaining the Saffir-Simpson scale of hurricane categories. Category one has peak sustained wind speeds of 74 miles per hour; category two above 96 miles per hour; category three above 111 miles per hour; category four above 130 miles per hour; and category five above 157 miles per hour." loading="lazy" src="https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/ace/standard/1280/cpsprodpb/B66C/production/_133600764_hurricane_scale_wbg_2x640.png" srcSet="https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/ace/standard/240/cpsprodpb/B66C/production/_133600764_hurricane_scale_wbg_2x640.png 240w, https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/ace/standard/320/cpsprodpb/B66C/production/_133600764_hurricane_scale_wbg_2x640.png 320w, https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/ace/standard/480/cpsprodpb/B66C/production/_133600764_hurricane_scale_wbg_2x640.png 480w, https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/ace/standard/624/cpsprodpb/B66C/production/_133600764_hurricane_scale_wbg_2x640.png 624w, https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/ace/standard/800/cpsprodpb/B66C/production/_133600764_hurricane_scale_wbg_2x640.png 800w, https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/ace/standard/976/cpsprodpb/B66C/production/_133600764_hurricane_scale_wbg_2x640.png 976w" width="1280" height="1468" class="ssrcss-11yxrdo-Image edrdn950"/></picture></noscript></span></span></div></figure></div></div></div><div class="ssrcss-1euvvif-Wrap e42f8511"><div width="wide" class="ssrcss-ahx90r-WrapWithWidth e42f8510"><div data-component="subheadline-block" class="ssrcss-z0dilw-ComponentWrapper-HeadlineComponentWrapper egtrm1f0"><h2 id="How-do-hurricanes-form" tabindex="-1" class="ssrcss-pbttu9-Heading e10rt3ze0"><span role="text">How do hurricanes form?</span></h2></div></div></div><div class="ssrcss-1euvvif-Wrap e42f8511"><div width="wide" class="ssrcss-ahx90r-WrapWithWidth e42f8510"><div data-component="text-block" class="ssrcss-5rhf4g-RichTextComponentWrapper ep2nwvo0"><div class="ssrcss-7uxr49-RichTextContainer e5tfeyi1"><p class="ssrcss-1q0x1qg-Paragraph e1jhz7w10">Hurricanes, typhoons and cyclones begin as atmospheric <a href="https://scijinks.gov/hurricane/" class="ssrcss-f6h2dj-InlineLink e1kn3p7n0">disturbances<span class="visually-hidden ssrcss-1f39n02-VisuallyHidden e16en2lz0">, <!-- -->external</span></a> - such as, for example, a tropical wave, an area of low pressure where thunderstorms and clouds develop. </p><p class="ssrcss-1q0x1qg-Paragraph e1jhz7w10">As warm, moist air rises from the ocean surface, winds begin to spin. The process is linked to how the Earth's rotation affects winds in tropical regions just away from the equator.</p><p class="ssrcss-1q0x1qg-Paragraph e1jhz7w10">For a hurricane to develop and keep spinning, the sea surface generally needs to be at least 27C to provide enough energy, and the winds need to not vary much with height.</p><p class="ssrcss-1q0x1qg-Paragraph e1jhz7w10">If all these factors come together, an intense hurricane can form, although the exact causes of individual storms are complex.</p></div></div></div></div><div class="ssrcss-1euvvif-Wrap e42f8511"><div width="wide" class="ssrcss-ahx90r-WrapWithWidth e42f8510"><div data-component="image-block" class="ssrcss-1qd08r-ComponentWrapper-FullWidthWrapper ey0461q0"><figure class="ssrcss-1vfya96-StyledFigure e34k3c22"><div class="ssrcss-ab5fd8-StyledFigureContainer e34k3c21"><span class="ssrcss-opr5pk-Placeholder etlorgc0"><span><noscript><picture><source srcSet="https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/ace/standard/240/cpsprodpb/401A/production/_133601461_hurricane_ingredients_2x640.png.webp 240w, https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/ace/standard/320/cpsprodpb/401A/production/_133601461_hurricane_ingredients_2x640.png.webp 320w, https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/ace/standard/480/cpsprodpb/401A/production/_133601461_hurricane_ingredients_2x640.png.webp 480w, https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/ace/standard/624/cpsprodpb/401A/production/_133601461_hurricane_ingredients_2x640.png.webp 624w, https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/ace/standard/800/cpsprodpb/401A/production/_133601461_hurricane_ingredients_2x640.png.webp 800w, https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/ace/standard/976/cpsprodpb/401A/production/_133601461_hurricane_ingredients_2x640.png.webp 976w" type="image/webp"/><img alt="Graphic of ingredients typically needed for a hurricane. They include ocean surface waters warmer than 27C, and horizontally spinning winds." loading="lazy" src="https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/ace/standard/1280/cpsprodpb/401A/production/_133601461_hurricane_ingredients_2x640.png" srcSet="https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/ace/standard/240/cpsprodpb/401A/production/_133601461_hurricane_ingredients_2x640.png 240w, https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/ace/standard/320/cpsprodpb/401A/production/_133601461_hurricane_ingredients_2x640.png 320w, https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/ace/standard/480/cpsprodpb/401A/production/_133601461_hurricane_ingredients_2x640.png 480w, https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/ace/standard/624/cpsprodpb/401A/production/_133601461_hurricane_ingredients_2x640.png 624w, https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/ace/standard/800/cpsprodpb/401A/production/_133601461_hurricane_ingredients_2x640.png 800w, https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/ace/standard/976/cpsprodpb/401A/production/_133601461_hurricane_ingredients_2x640.png 976w" width="1280" height="864" class="ssrcss-11yxrdo-Image edrdn950"/></picture></noscript></span></span></div></figure></div></div></div><div class="ssrcss-1euvvif-Wrap e42f8511"><div width="wide" class="ssrcss-ahx90r-WrapWithWidth e42f8510"><div data-component="subheadline-block" class="ssrcss-z0dilw-ComponentWrapper-HeadlineComponentWrapper egtrm1f0"><h2 id="Have-hurricanes-been-getting-worse" tabindex="-1" class="ssrcss-pbttu9-Heading e10rt3ze0"><span role="text">Have hurricanes been getting worse?</span></h2></div></div></div><div class="ssrcss-1euvvif-Wrap e42f8511"><div width="wide" class="ssrcss-ahx90r-WrapWithWidth e42f8510"><div data-component="text-block" class="ssrcss-5rhf4g-RichTextComponentWrapper ep2nwvo0"><div class="ssrcss-7uxr49-RichTextContainer e5tfeyi1"><p class="ssrcss-1q0x1qg-Paragraph e1jhz7w10">Globally, the frequency of tropical cyclones has not increased over the past century, and in fact the <a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41558-022-01388-4" class="ssrcss-f6h2dj-InlineLink e1kn3p7n0">number may have fallen<span class="visually-hidden ssrcss-1f39n02-VisuallyHidden e16en2lz0">, <!-- -->external</span></a> - although long-term data is limited in some regions. </p><p class="ssrcss-1q0x1qg-Paragraph e1jhz7w10">But it is "likely" that a higher proportion of tropical cyclones across the globe are reaching category three or above, meaning they reach the highest wind speeds, according to the UN's climate body, <a href="https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar6/wg1/downloads/report/IPCC_AR6_WGI_Chapter11.pdf" class="ssrcss-f6h2dj-InlineLink e1kn3p7n0">the IPCC<span class="visually-hidden ssrcss-1f39n02-VisuallyHidden e16en2lz0">, <!-- -->external</span></a>. </p></div></div></div></div><div class="ssrcss-1euvvif-Wrap e42f8511"><div width="wide" class="ssrcss-ahx90r-WrapWithWidth e42f8510"><div data-component="image-block" class="ssrcss-1qd08r-ComponentWrapper-FullWidthWrapper ey0461q0"><figure class="ssrcss-1vfya96-StyledFigure e34k3c22"><div class="ssrcss-ab5fd8-StyledFigureContainer e34k3c21"><span class="ssrcss-1105681-Placeholder etlorgc0"><span><noscript><picture><source srcSet="https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/ace/standard/240/cpsprodpb/190A/production/_133601460_major_hurricanes_3beeswarms_newmethod.png.webp 240w, https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/ace/standard/320/cpsprodpb/190A/production/_133601460_major_hurricanes_3beeswarms_newmethod.png.webp 320w, https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/ace/standard/480/cpsprodpb/190A/production/_133601460_major_hurricanes_3beeswarms_newmethod.png.webp 480w, https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/ace/standard/624/cpsprodpb/190A/production/_133601460_major_hurricanes_3beeswarms_newmethod.png.webp 624w, https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/ace/standard/800/cpsprodpb/190A/production/_133601460_major_hurricanes_3beeswarms_newmethod.png.webp 800w, https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/ace/standard/976/cpsprodpb/190A/production/_133601460_major_hurricanes_3beeswarms_newmethod.png.webp 976w" type="image/webp"/><img alt="Graphic showing the increasing number of category three, four and five hurricanes in the North Atlantic" loading="lazy" src="https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/ace/standard/1920/cpsprodpb/190A/production/_133601460_major_hurricanes_3beeswarms_newmethod.png" srcSet="https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/ace/standard/240/cpsprodpb/190A/production/_133601460_major_hurricanes_3beeswarms_newmethod.png 240w, https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/ace/standard/320/cpsprodpb/190A/production/_133601460_major_hurricanes_3beeswarms_newmethod.png 320w, https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/ace/standard/480/cpsprodpb/190A/production/_133601460_major_hurricanes_3beeswarms_newmethod.png 480w, https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/ace/standard/624/cpsprodpb/190A/production/_133601460_major_hurricanes_3beeswarms_newmethod.png 624w, https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/ace/standard/800/cpsprodpb/190A/production/_133601460_major_hurricanes_3beeswarms_newmethod.png 800w, https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/ace/standard/976/cpsprodpb/190A/production/_133601460_major_hurricanes_3beeswarms_newmethod.png 976w" width="1920" height="1920" class="ssrcss-11yxrdo-Image edrdn950"/></picture></noscript></span></span></div></figure></div></div></div><div class="ssrcss-1euvvif-Wrap e42f8511"><div width="wide" class="ssrcss-ahx90r-WrapWithWidth e42f8510"><div data-component="text-block" class="ssrcss-5rhf4g-RichTextComponentWrapper ep2nwvo0"><div class="ssrcss-7uxr49-RichTextContainer e5tfeyi1"><p class="ssrcss-1q0x1qg-Paragraph e1jhz7w10">The IPCC quotes "medium confidence" that there has been an increase in the average and peak rainfall rates associated with tropical cyclones.</p><p class="ssrcss-1q0x1qg-Paragraph e1jhz7w10">The frequency and magnitude of <a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-023-42669-y" class="ssrcss-f6h2dj-InlineLink e1kn3p7n0">"rapid intensification events" in the Atlantic has also likely increased<span class="visually-hidden ssrcss-1f39n02-VisuallyHidden e16en2lz0">, <!-- -->external</span></a><b class="ssrcss-1xjjfut-BoldText e5tfeyi3">. </b>This is where maximum wind speeds increase very quickly, which can be especially dangerous.</p><p class="ssrcss-1q0x1qg-Paragraph e1jhz7w10">There also seems to have been a <a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-018-0158-3" class="ssrcss-f6h2dj-InlineLink e1kn3p7n0">slowdown in the speed at which tropical cyclones move<span class="visually-hidden ssrcss-1f39n02-VisuallyHidden e16en2lz0">, <!-- -->external</span></a> across the Earth's surface. This typically brings more rainfall for a given location. For example, in 2017 Hurricane Harvey "stalled" over Houston, releasing <a href="https://www.carbonbrief.org/global-warming-could-be-causing-tropical-stroms-slow-down-last-longer/" class="ssrcss-f6h2dj-InlineLink e1kn3p7n0">100cm of rain in three days<span class="visually-hidden ssrcss-1f39n02-VisuallyHidden e16en2lz0">, <!-- -->external</span></a>.</p><p class="ssrcss-1q0x1qg-Paragraph e1jhz7w10">In some places, the average location where tropical cyclones reach their peak intensity has shifted poleward - for example the <a href="https://journals.ametsoc.org/view/journals/clim/29/16/jcli-d-16-0076.1.xml" class="ssrcss-f6h2dj-InlineLink e1kn3p7n0">western North Pacific<span class="visually-hidden ssrcss-1f39n02-VisuallyHidden e16en2lz0">, <!-- -->external</span></a>. This can expose new communities to these hazards. </p><p class="ssrcss-1q0x1qg-Paragraph e1jhz7w10">And there is <a href="https://www.pnas.org/doi/abs/10.1073/pnas.1912277116" class="ssrcss-f6h2dj-InlineLink e1kn3p7n0">some evidence<span class="visually-hidden ssrcss-1f39n02-VisuallyHidden e16en2lz0">, <!-- -->external</span></a> the increased intensity of US hurricanes means they are causing more damage. </p></div></div></div></div><div class="ssrcss-1euvvif-Wrap e42f8511"><div width="wide" class="ssrcss-ahx90r-WrapWithWidth e42f8510"><div data-component="text-block" class="ssrcss-5rhf4g-RichTextComponentWrapper ep2nwvo0"><div class="ssrcss-7uxr49-RichTextContainer e5tfeyi1"><div class="ssrcss-1x9m6ni-BulletListContainer e5tfeyi0"><ul role="list"><li><p class="ssrcss-1q0x1qg-Paragraph e1jhz7w10"><a href="/weather/articles/c1jdzwgepgzo" class="ssrcss-f6h2dj-InlineLink e1kn3p7n0">Why was Hurricane Helene so damaging?</a></p></li></ul></div></div></div></div></div><div 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C19.2877835,7.39889109 17.7457831,7.00000208 15.7552269,7.00000208 L15.7552269,7.00000208 Z M55.8775833,17.2209385 C58.1128062,17.2209385 59.2308065,18.0434943 59.2308065,19.6881614 C59.2308065,20.4602728 58.9369175,21.0518285 58.3496951,21.4629397 C57.7622505,21.8743843 56.9216947,22.0797177 55.8286944,22.0797177 L55.8286944,22.0797177 L52.6469157,22.0797177 L52.6469157,17.2209385 Z M15.8775714,17.2209385 C18.1129054,17.2209385 19.2307946,18.0434943 19.2307946,19.6881614 C19.2307946,20.4602728 18.9370167,21.0518285 18.3496832,21.4629397 C17.7622386,21.8743843 16.9216828,22.0797177 15.8286825,22.0797177 L15.8286825,22.0797177 L12.6469038,22.0797177 L12.6469038,17.2209385 Z M55.412572,9.92028073 C57.3541282,9.92028073 58.3252396,10.6338365 58.3252396,12.0600591 C58.3252396,12.7988371 58.0763506,13.373504 57.5786838,13.7846152 C57.0807948,14.1960598 56.3587946,14.4013932 55.412572,14.4013932 L55.412572,14.4013932 L52.6469046,14.4013932 L52.6469046,9.92028073 Z M15.4125601,9.92028073 C17.3541163,9.92028073 18.3252277,10.6338365 18.3252277,12.0600591 C18.3252277,12.7988371 18.0762276,13.373504 17.5786719,13.7846152 C17.0807829,14.1960598 16.3587826,14.4013932 15.4125601,14.4013932 L15.4125601,14.4013932 L12.6468927,14.4013932 L12.6468927,9.92028073 Z"></path></svg></div></div></div><noscript><div class="ssrcss-1mm7qis-ErrorMessage eitf6462"><div class="ssrcss-1b7cqa9-StyledInnerContainer eitf6461"><p class="ssrcss-1q0x1qg-Paragraph e1jhz7w10">This video can not be played</p><h2 type="normal" class="ssrcss-ad2rmd-Heading e10rt3ze0">To play this video you need to enable JavaScript in your browser.</h2></div></div></noscript></div></div><figcaption class="ssrcss-11b8pqw-StyledFigureCaption e1xtk7to0"><span class="visually-hidden ssrcss-1f39n02-VisuallyHidden e16en2lz0">Media caption, </span><div spacing="6" class="ssrcss-y7krbn-Stack e1y4nx260"><p class="ssrcss-1q0x1qg-Paragraph e1jhz7w10">Watch: Are hurricanes in the US getting worse?</p></div></figcaption></figure></div></div></div><div class="ssrcss-1euvvif-Wrap e42f8511"><div width="wide" class="ssrcss-ahx90r-WrapWithWidth e42f8510"><div data-component="subheadline-block" class="ssrcss-z0dilw-ComponentWrapper-HeadlineComponentWrapper egtrm1f0"><h2 id="Is-climate-change-affecting-hurricanes" tabindex="-1" class="ssrcss-pbttu9-Heading e10rt3ze0"><span role="text">Is climate change affecting hurricanes?</span></h2></div></div></div><div class="ssrcss-1euvvif-Wrap e42f8511"><div width="wide" class="ssrcss-ahx90r-WrapWithWidth e42f8510"><div data-component="text-block" class="ssrcss-5rhf4g-RichTextComponentWrapper ep2nwvo0"><div class="ssrcss-7uxr49-RichTextContainer e5tfeyi1"><p class="ssrcss-1q0x1qg-Paragraph e1jhz7w10">Assessing the precise influence of climate change on individual tropical cyclones is challenging. The storms are relatively localised and short-lived, and can vary significantly in any case. </p><p class="ssrcss-1q0x1qg-Paragraph e1jhz7w10">But rising temperatures do affect these storms in several measurable ways.</p><p class="ssrcss-1q0x1qg-Paragraph e1jhz7w10">Firstly, warmer ocean waters mean storms <a href="https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.aat6711" class="ssrcss-f6h2dj-InlineLink e1kn3p7n0">can pick up more energy<span class="visually-hidden ssrcss-1f39n02-VisuallyHidden e16en2lz0">, <!-- -->external</span></a>, leading to higher wind speeds. </p><p class="ssrcss-1q0x1qg-Paragraph e1jhz7w10">Record high sea surface temperatures were a key reason why <a href="/news/articles/cw441ng00wxo" class="ssrcss-f6h2dj-InlineLink e1kn3p7n0">US scientists forecast an above-normal Atlantic hurricane season for 2024</a><b class="ssrcss-1xjjfut-BoldText e5tfeyi3">.</b></p><p class="ssrcss-1q0x1qg-Paragraph e1jhz7w10">The high temperatures are mainly due to long-term greenhouse gas emissions.</p><p class="ssrcss-1q0x1qg-Paragraph e1jhz7w10">Secondly, a warmer atmosphere can hold more moisture, leading to more intense rainfall.</p><p class="ssrcss-1q0x1qg-Paragraph e1jhz7w10">Climate change made the extreme rainfall from Hurricane Harvey in 2017 around three times more likely, <a href="https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/1748-9326/aa9ef2" class="ssrcss-f6h2dj-InlineLink e1kn3p7n0">according to one estimate<span class="visually-hidden ssrcss-1f39n02-VisuallyHidden e16en2lz0">, <!-- -->external</span></a>. </p></div></div></div></div><div class="ssrcss-1euvvif-Wrap e42f8511"><div width="wide" class="ssrcss-ahx90r-WrapWithWidth e42f8510"><div data-component="image-block" class="ssrcss-1qd08r-ComponentWrapper-FullWidthWrapper ey0461q0"><figure class="ssrcss-1vfya96-StyledFigure e34k3c22"><div class="ssrcss-ab5fd8-StyledFigureContainer e34k3c21"><span class="ssrcss-5zsoxt-Placeholder etlorgc0"><span><noscript><picture><source srcSet="https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/ace/standard/240/cpsprodpb/3890/production/_99108441_gettyimages-842234258.jpg.webp 240w, https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/ace/standard/320/cpsprodpb/3890/production/_99108441_gettyimages-842234258.jpg.webp 320w, https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/ace/standard/480/cpsprodpb/3890/production/_99108441_gettyimages-842234258.jpg.webp 480w, https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/ace/standard/624/cpsprodpb/3890/production/_99108441_gettyimages-842234258.jpg.webp 624w, https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/ace/standard/800/cpsprodpb/3890/production/_99108441_gettyimages-842234258.jpg.webp 800w, https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/ace/standard/976/cpsprodpb/3890/production/_99108441_gettyimages-842234258.jpg.webp 976w" type="image/webp"/><img alt="Floodwater surrounds a Baptist church in Texas" loading="lazy" src="https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/ace/standard/976/cpsprodpb/3890/production/_99108441_gettyimages-842234258.jpg" srcSet="https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/ace/standard/240/cpsprodpb/3890/production/_99108441_gettyimages-842234258.jpg 240w, https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/ace/standard/320/cpsprodpb/3890/production/_99108441_gettyimages-842234258.jpg 320w, https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/ace/standard/480/cpsprodpb/3890/production/_99108441_gettyimages-842234258.jpg 480w, https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/ace/standard/624/cpsprodpb/3890/production/_99108441_gettyimages-842234258.jpg 624w, https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/ace/standard/800/cpsprodpb/3890/production/_99108441_gettyimages-842234258.jpg 800w, https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/ace/standard/976/cpsprodpb/3890/production/_99108441_gettyimages-842234258.jpg 976w" width="976" height="549" class="ssrcss-11yxrdo-Image edrdn950"/></picture></noscript></span></span><span role="text" class="ssrcss-tvuve5-StyledFigureCopyright e34k3c20"><span class="visually-hidden ssrcss-1f39n02-VisuallyHidden e16en2lz0">Image source, </span>Getty Images</span></div><figcaption class="ssrcss-1kk6ucf-StyledFigureCaption ehbdhz00"><span class="visually-hidden ssrcss-1f39n02-VisuallyHidden e16en2lz0">Image caption, </span><div spacing="6" class="ssrcss-y7krbn-Stack e1y4nx260"><p class="ssrcss-1q0x1qg-Paragraph e1jhz7w10">Harvey's extreme rainfall - which has been linked to climate change - caused catastrophic flooding in parts of Texas</p></div></figcaption></figure></div></div></div><div class="ssrcss-1euvvif-Wrap e42f8511"><div width="wide" class="ssrcss-ahx90r-WrapWithWidth e42f8510"><div data-component="text-block" class="ssrcss-5rhf4g-RichTextComponentWrapper ep2nwvo0"><div class="ssrcss-7uxr49-RichTextContainer e5tfeyi1"><p class="ssrcss-1q0x1qg-Paragraph e1jhz7w10">Finally, sea-levels are rising, mainly due to a combination of <a href="/news/science-environment-65399580" class="ssrcss-f6h2dj-InlineLink e1kn3p7n0">melting glaciers</a> and <a href="/news/science-environment-65317469" class="ssrcss-f6h2dj-InlineLink e1kn3p7n0">ice sheets</a>, and the fact that warmer water takes up more space. Local factors can also play a part. This means storm surges happen on top of already elevated sea levels, <a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-021-22838-1" class="ssrcss-f6h2dj-InlineLink e1kn3p7n0">worsening coastal flooding<span class="visually-hidden ssrcss-1f39n02-VisuallyHidden e16en2lz0">, <!-- -->external</span></a>.</p><p class="ssrcss-1q0x1qg-Paragraph e1jhz7w10">For example, it is estimated that flood heights from Hurricane Katrina in 2005 - one of America's deadliest storms - were <a href="https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10584-013-1011-1" class="ssrcss-f6h2dj-InlineLink e1kn3p7n0">15-60%<span class="visually-hidden ssrcss-1f39n02-VisuallyHidden e16en2lz0">, <!-- -->external</span></a> higher than they would have been in the climate conditions of 1900.</p><p class="ssrcss-1q0x1qg-Paragraph e1jhz7w10">Overall, <a href="https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar6/wg1/downloads/report/IPCC_AR6_WGI_Chapter11.pdf" class="ssrcss-f6h2dj-InlineLink e1kn3p7n0">the IPCC concludes that<span class="visually-hidden ssrcss-1f39n02-VisuallyHidden e16en2lz0">, <!-- -->external</span></a> there is "high confidence" that humans have contributed to increases in precipitation associated with tropical cyclones, and "medium confidence" that humans have contributed to the higher probability of a tropical cyclone being more intense. </p></div></div></div></div><div class="ssrcss-1euvvif-Wrap e42f8511"><div width="wide" class="ssrcss-ahx90r-WrapWithWidth e42f8510"><div data-component="text-block" class="ssrcss-5rhf4g-RichTextComponentWrapper ep2nwvo0"><div class="ssrcss-7uxr49-RichTextContainer e5tfeyi1"><div class="ssrcss-1x9m6ni-BulletListContainer e5tfeyi0"><ul role="list"><li><p class="ssrcss-1q0x1qg-Paragraph e1jhz7w10"><a href="/news/science-environment-58073295" class="ssrcss-f6h2dj-InlineLink e1kn3p7n0">Four ways climate change affects extreme weather</a></p></li><li><p class="ssrcss-1q0x1qg-Paragraph e1jhz7w10"><a href="/news/science-environment-24021772" class="ssrcss-f6h2dj-InlineLink e1kn3p7n0">A really simple guide to climate change </a></p></li></ul></div></div></div></div></div><div class="ssrcss-1euvvif-Wrap e42f8511"><div width="wide" class="ssrcss-ahx90r-WrapWithWidth e42f8510"><div data-component="subheadline-block" class="ssrcss-z0dilw-ComponentWrapper-HeadlineComponentWrapper egtrm1f0"><h2 id="How-might-hurricanes-change-in-the-future" tabindex="-1" class="ssrcss-pbttu9-Heading e10rt3ze0"><span role="text">How might hurricanes change in the future?</span></h2></div></div></div><div class="ssrcss-1euvvif-Wrap e42f8511"><div width="wide" class="ssrcss-ahx90r-WrapWithWidth e42f8510"><div data-component="text-block" class="ssrcss-5rhf4g-RichTextComponentWrapper ep2nwvo0"><div class="ssrcss-7uxr49-RichTextContainer e5tfeyi1"><p class="ssrcss-1q0x1qg-Paragraph e1jhz7w10">The number of tropical cyclones globally is unlikely to increase, according to <a href="https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar6/wg1/downloads/report/IPCC_AR6_WGI_Chapter11.pdf" class="ssrcss-f6h2dj-InlineLink e1kn3p7n0">the IPCC<span class="visually-hidden ssrcss-1f39n02-VisuallyHidden e16en2lz0">, <!-- -->external</span></a>.</p><p class="ssrcss-1q0x1qg-Paragraph e1jhz7w10">But as the world warms, it says it is "very likely" they will have higher rates of rainfall and reach higher top wind speeds. This means a higher proportion would reach the most intense categories, four and five.</p><p class="ssrcss-1q0x1qg-Paragraph e1jhz7w10">The more global temperatures rise, the more extreme these changes will tend to be.</p><p class="ssrcss-1q0x1qg-Paragraph e1jhz7w10">The proportion of tropical cyclones reaching category four and five may increase by around 10% if global temperature rises are limited to 1.5C, increasing to 13% at 2C and 20% at 4C, the IPCC says - although the exact numbers are uncertain.</p><p class="ssrcss-1q0x1qg-Paragraph e1jhz7w10"><i class="ssrcss-xbdn93-ItalicText e5tfeyi2">Graphics by Erwan Rivault, Data & Visual Journalism teams.</i></p></div></div></div></div><div class="ssrcss-1euvvif-Wrap e42f8511"><div width="wide" class="ssrcss-ahx90r-WrapWithWidth e42f8510"><div data-component="topic-list" class="ssrcss-7lrs3r-TopicListWrapper etw6iwl1"><div class="ssrcss-113c0cq-StyledTagContainer ed0g1kj1"><div class="ssrcss-50vlbt-TopicListHeaderWrapper etw6iwl0"><h2 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storms\",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"urlLink\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"Hurricanes: A look inside the deadly storms\",\"locator\":\"/news/extra/cfpor50x14/Hurricanes\",\"isExternal\":false,\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"Hurricanes: A look inside the deadly storms\",\"attributes\":[]}}]}}]}}]}},{\"type\":\"listItem\",\"model\":{\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"BBC Verify: Fact checking misinformation about Hurricane Helene\",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"urlLink\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"BBC Verify: Fact checking misinformation about Hurricane Helene\",\"locator\":\"/news/articles/czd1q9q9gl9o\",\"isExternal\":false,\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"BBC Verify: Fact checking misinformation about Hurricane Helene\",\"attributes\":[]}}]}}]}}]}}]}}]}},{\"type\":\"subheadline\",\"model\":{\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"text\",\"model\":{\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"What are 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Collectively, these storms are referred to as \\\"tropical cyclones\\\".\",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"In other parts of the world, they are known as cyclones or typhoons. Collectively, these storms are referred to as \\\"tropical cyclones\\\".\",\"attributes\":[]}}]}}]}},{\"type\":\"image\",\"model\":{\"emphasiseImage\":true,\"image\":{\"alt\":\"Graphic showing storm tracks of tropical cyclones from 1842-2023. These storms are called hurricanes in the Atlantic and north-east Pacific, typhoons in the north-west Pacific, and a cyclone in the south-west Pacific and Indian Ocean.\",\"copyright\":null,\"height\":990,\"width\":1280,\"src\":\"https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/ace/standard/1280/cpsprodpb/C42E/production/_133322205_hurricane_tracks_history-2x-nc.png\",\"srcSet\":\"https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/ace/standard/240/cpsprodpb/C42E/production/_133322205_hurricane_tracks_history-2x-nc.png.webp 240w, https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/ace/standard/320/cpsprodpb/C42E/production/_133322205_hurricane_tracks_history-2x-nc.png.webp 320w, https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/ace/standard/480/cpsprodpb/C42E/production/_133322205_hurricane_tracks_history-2x-nc.png.webp 480w, https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/ace/standard/624/cpsprodpb/C42E/production/_133322205_hurricane_tracks_history-2x-nc.png.webp 624w, https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/ace/standard/800/cpsprodpb/C42E/production/_133322205_hurricane_tracks_history-2x-nc.png.webp 800w, https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/ace/standard/976/cpsprodpb/C42E/production/_133322205_hurricane_tracks_history-2x-nc.png.webp 976w\",\"mimeType\":\"image/webp\",\"fallbackSrcSets\":[{\"mimeType\":\"image/png\",\"srcSet\":\"https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/ace/standard/240/cpsprodpb/C42E/production/_133322205_hurricane_tracks_history-2x-nc.png 240w, https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/ace/standard/320/cpsprodpb/C42E/production/_133322205_hurricane_tracks_history-2x-nc.png 320w, https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/ace/standard/480/cpsprodpb/C42E/production/_133322205_hurricane_tracks_history-2x-nc.png 480w, https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/ace/standard/624/cpsprodpb/C42E/production/_133322205_hurricane_tracks_history-2x-nc.png 624w, https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/ace/standard/800/cpsprodpb/C42E/production/_133322205_hurricane_tracks_history-2x-nc.png 800w, https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/ace/standard/976/cpsprodpb/C42E/production/_133322205_hurricane_tracks_history-2x-nc.png 976w\"}]}}},{\"type\":\"text\",\"model\":{\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"Tropical cyclones are characterised by very high wind speeds, heavy rainfall, and storm surges - short-term rises to sea-levels. This often causes widespread damage and flooding.\",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"Tropical cyclones are characterised by very high wind speeds, heavy rainfall, and \",\"attributes\":[]}},{\"type\":\"urlLink\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"storm surges\",\"locator\":\"/weather/articles/c33v83448d4o\",\"isExternal\":false,\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"storm surges\",\"attributes\":[]}}]}},{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\" - short-term rises to sea-levels. This often causes widespread damage and flooding.\",\"attributes\":[]}}]}},{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"Hurricanes can be categorised by their peak sustained wind speed. \",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"Hurricanes can be categorised by their peak sustained wind speed. \",\"attributes\":[]}}]}},{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"Major hurricanes are rated category three and above, meaning they reach at least 111mph (178km/h).\",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"Major hurricanes are rated category three and above, meaning they reach at least 111mph (178km/h).\",\"attributes\":[]}}]}}]}},{\"type\":\"image\",\"model\":{\"emphasiseImage\":true,\"image\":{\"alt\":\"Graphic explaining the Saffir-Simpson scale of hurricane categories. 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The process is linked to how the Earth's rotation affects winds in tropical regions just away from the equator.\",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"As warm, moist air rises from the ocean surface, winds begin to spin. The process is linked to how the Earth's rotation affects winds in tropical regions just away from the equator.\",\"attributes\":[]}}]}},{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"For a hurricane to develop and keep spinning, the sea surface generally needs to be at least 27C to provide enough energy, and the winds need to not vary much with height.\",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"For a hurricane to develop and keep spinning, the sea surface generally needs to be at least 27C to provide enough energy, and the winds need to not vary much with height.\",\"attributes\":[]}}]}},{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"If all these factors come together, an intense hurricane can form, although the exact causes of individual storms are complex.\",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"If all these factors come together, an intense hurricane can form, although the exact causes of individual storms are complex.\",\"attributes\":[]}}]}}]}},{\"type\":\"image\",\"model\":{\"emphasiseImage\":true,\"image\":{\"alt\":\"Graphic of ingredients typically needed for a hurricane. They include ocean surface waters warmer than 27C, and horizontally spinning winds.\",\"copyright\":null,\"height\":864,\"width\":1280,\"src\":\"https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/ace/standard/1280/cpsprodpb/401A/production/_133601461_hurricane_ingredients_2x640.png\",\"srcSet\":\"https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/ace/standard/240/cpsprodpb/401A/production/_133601461_hurricane_ingredients_2x640.png.webp 240w, https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/ace/standard/320/cpsprodpb/401A/production/_133601461_hurricane_ingredients_2x640.png.webp 320w, https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/ace/standard/480/cpsprodpb/401A/production/_133601461_hurricane_ingredients_2x640.png.webp 480w, https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/ace/standard/624/cpsprodpb/401A/production/_133601461_hurricane_ingredients_2x640.png.webp 624w, https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/ace/standard/800/cpsprodpb/401A/production/_133601461_hurricane_ingredients_2x640.png.webp 800w, https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/ace/standard/976/cpsprodpb/401A/production/_133601461_hurricane_ingredients_2x640.png.webp 976w\",\"mimeType\":\"image/webp\",\"fallbackSrcSets\":[{\"mimeType\":\"image/png\",\"srcSet\":\"https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/ace/standard/240/cpsprodpb/401A/production/_133601461_hurricane_ingredients_2x640.png 240w, https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/ace/standard/320/cpsprodpb/401A/production/_133601461_hurricane_ingredients_2x640.png 320w, https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/ace/standard/480/cpsprodpb/401A/production/_133601461_hurricane_ingredients_2x640.png 480w, https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/ace/standard/624/cpsprodpb/401A/production/_133601461_hurricane_ingredients_2x640.png 624w, https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/ace/standard/800/cpsprodpb/401A/production/_133601461_hurricane_ingredients_2x640.png 800w, https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/ace/standard/976/cpsprodpb/401A/production/_133601461_hurricane_ingredients_2x640.png 976w\"}]}}},{\"type\":\"subheadline\",\"model\":{\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"text\",\"model\":{\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"Have hurricanes been getting worse?\",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"Have hurricanes been getting worse?\",\"attributes\":[]}}]}}]}}],\"level\":2,\"fontScale\":\"headlineSmall\",\"id\":\"Have-hurricanes-been-getting-worse\",\"isFocusable\":true}},{\"type\":\"text\",\"model\":{\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"Globally, the frequency of tropical cyclones has not increased over the past century, and in fact the number may have fallen - although long-term data is limited in some regions. \",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"Globally, the frequency of tropical cyclones has not increased over the past century, and in fact the \",\"attributes\":[]}},{\"type\":\"urlLink\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"number may have fallen\",\"locator\":\"https://www.nature.com/articles/s41558-022-01388-4\",\"isExternal\":true,\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"number may have fallen\",\"attributes\":[]}}]}},{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\" - although long-term data is limited in some regions. \",\"attributes\":[]}}]}},{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"But it is \\\"likely\\\" that a higher proportion of tropical cyclones across the globe are reaching category three or above, meaning they reach the highest wind speeds, according to the UN's climate body, the IPCC. \",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"But it is \\\"likely\\\" that a higher proportion of tropical cyclones across the globe are reaching category three or above, meaning they reach the highest wind speeds, according to the UN's climate body, \",\"attributes\":[]}},{\"type\":\"urlLink\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"the IPCC\",\"locator\":\"https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar6/wg1/downloads/report/IPCC_AR6_WGI_Chapter11.pdf\",\"isExternal\":true,\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"the IPCC\",\"attributes\":[]}}]}},{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\". \",\"attributes\":[]}}]}}]}},{\"type\":\"image\",\"model\":{\"emphasiseImage\":true,\"image\":{\"alt\":\"Graphic showing the increasing number of category three, four and five hurricanes in the North Atlantic\",\"copyright\":null,\"height\":1920,\"width\":1920,\"src\":\"https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/ace/standard/1920/cpsprodpb/190A/production/_133601460_major_hurricanes_3beeswarms_newmethod.png\",\"srcSet\":\"https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/ace/standard/240/cpsprodpb/190A/production/_133601460_major_hurricanes_3beeswarms_newmethod.png.webp 240w, https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/ace/standard/320/cpsprodpb/190A/production/_133601460_major_hurricanes_3beeswarms_newmethod.png.webp 320w, https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/ace/standard/480/cpsprodpb/190A/production/_133601460_major_hurricanes_3beeswarms_newmethod.png.webp 480w, https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/ace/standard/624/cpsprodpb/190A/production/_133601460_major_hurricanes_3beeswarms_newmethod.png.webp 624w, https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/ace/standard/800/cpsprodpb/190A/production/_133601460_major_hurricanes_3beeswarms_newmethod.png.webp 800w, https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/ace/standard/976/cpsprodpb/190A/production/_133601460_major_hurricanes_3beeswarms_newmethod.png.webp 976w\",\"mimeType\":\"image/webp\",\"fallbackSrcSets\":[{\"mimeType\":\"image/png\",\"srcSet\":\"https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/ace/standard/240/cpsprodpb/190A/production/_133601460_major_hurricanes_3beeswarms_newmethod.png 240w, https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/ace/standard/320/cpsprodpb/190A/production/_133601460_major_hurricanes_3beeswarms_newmethod.png 320w, https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/ace/standard/480/cpsprodpb/190A/production/_133601460_major_hurricanes_3beeswarms_newmethod.png 480w, https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/ace/standard/624/cpsprodpb/190A/production/_133601460_major_hurricanes_3beeswarms_newmethod.png 624w, https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/ace/standard/800/cpsprodpb/190A/production/_133601460_major_hurricanes_3beeswarms_newmethod.png 800w, https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/ace/standard/976/cpsprodpb/190A/production/_133601460_major_hurricanes_3beeswarms_newmethod.png 976w\"}]}}},{\"type\":\"text\",\"model\":{\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"The IPCC quotes \\\"medium confidence\\\" that there has been an increase in the average and peak rainfall rates associated with tropical cyclones.\",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"The IPCC quotes \\\"medium confidence\\\" that there has been an increase in the average and peak rainfall rates associated with tropical cyclones.\",\"attributes\":[]}}]}},{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"The frequency and magnitude of \\\"rapid intensification events\\\" in the Atlantic has also likely increased. This is where maximum wind speeds increase very quickly, which can be especially dangerous.\",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"The frequency and magnitude of \",\"attributes\":[]}},{\"type\":\"urlLink\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"\\\"rapid intensification events\\\" in the Atlantic has also likely increased\",\"locator\":\"https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-023-42669-y\",\"isExternal\":true,\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"\\\"rapid intensification events\\\" in the Atlantic has also likely increased\",\"attributes\":[]}}]}},{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\". \",\"attributes\":[\"bold\"]}},{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"This is where maximum wind speeds increase very quickly, which can be especially dangerous.\",\"attributes\":[]}}]}},{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"There also seems to have been a slowdown in the speed at which tropical cyclones move across the Earth's surface. This typically brings more rainfall for a given location. For example, in 2017 Hurricane Harvey \\\"stalled\\\" over Houston, releasing 100cm of rain in three days.\",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"There also seems to have been a \",\"attributes\":[]}},{\"type\":\"urlLink\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"slowdown in the speed at which tropical cyclones move\",\"locator\":\"https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-018-0158-3\",\"isExternal\":true,\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"slowdown in the speed at which tropical cyclones move\",\"attributes\":[]}}]}},{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\" across the Earth's surface. This typically brings more rainfall for a given location. For example, in 2017 Hurricane Harvey \\\"stalled\\\" over Houston, releasing \",\"attributes\":[]}},{\"type\":\"urlLink\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"100cm of rain in three days\",\"locator\":\"https://www.carbonbrief.org/global-warming-could-be-causing-tropical-stroms-slow-down-last-longer/\",\"isExternal\":true,\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"100cm of rain in three days\",\"attributes\":[]}}]}},{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\".\",\"attributes\":[]}}]}},{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"In some places, the average location where tropical cyclones reach their peak intensity has shifted poleward - for example the western North Pacific. This can expose new communities to these hazards. \",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"In some places, the average location where tropical cyclones reach their peak intensity has shifted poleward - for example the \",\"attributes\":[]}},{\"type\":\"urlLink\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"western North Pacific\",\"locator\":\"https://journals.ametsoc.org/view/journals/clim/29/16/jcli-d-16-0076.1.xml\",\"isExternal\":true,\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"western North Pacific\",\"attributes\":[]}}]}},{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\". This can expose new communities to these hazards. \",\"attributes\":[]}}]}},{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"And there is some evidence the increased intensity of US hurricanes means they are causing more damage. \",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"And there is \",\"attributes\":[]}},{\"type\":\"urlLink\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"some evidence\",\"locator\":\"https://www.pnas.org/doi/abs/10.1073/pnas.1912277116\",\"isExternal\":true,\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"some evidence\",\"attributes\":[]}}]}},{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\" the increased intensity of US hurricanes means they are causing more damage. \",\"attributes\":[]}}]}}]}},{\"type\":\"text\",\"model\":{\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"unorderedList\",\"model\":{\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"listItem\",\"model\":{\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"Why was Hurricane Helene so damaging?\",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"urlLink\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"Why was Hurricane Helene so damaging?\",\"locator\":\"/weather/articles/c1jdzwgepgzo\",\"isExternal\":false,\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"Why was Hurricane Helene so damaging?\",\"attributes\":[]}}]}}]}}]}}]}}]}},{\"type\":\"video\",\"model\":{\"caption\":{\"type\":\"text\",\"model\":{\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"Watch: Are hurricanes in the US getting worse?\",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"Watch: Are hurricanes in the US getting worse?\",\"attributes\":[]}}]}}]}},\"media\":{\"__typename\":\"ElementsMediaPlayer\",\"items\":[{\"id\":\"p0g69kfp\",\"title\":\"Are hurricanes in the US getting worse?\",\"duration\":109,\"holdingImageUrl\":\"https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/images/ic/$recipe/p0g69ljm.jpg\",\"kind\":\"programme\",\"isEmbeddingAllowed\":true,\"isAdvertisingAllowed\":true}]}}},{\"type\":\"subheadline\",\"model\":{\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"text\",\"model\":{\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"Is climate change affecting hurricanes?\",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"Is climate change affecting hurricanes?\",\"attributes\":[]}}]}}]}}],\"level\":2,\"fontScale\":\"headlineSmall\",\"id\":\"Is-climate-change-affecting-hurricanes\",\"isFocusable\":true}},{\"type\":\"text\",\"model\":{\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"Assessing the precise influence of climate change on individual tropical cyclones is challenging. The storms are relatively localised and short-lived, and can vary significantly in any case. \",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"Assessing the precise influence of climate change on individual tropical cyclones is challenging. The storms are relatively localised and short-lived, and can vary significantly in any case. \",\"attributes\":[]}}]}},{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"But rising temperatures do affect these storms in several measurable ways.\",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"But rising temperatures do affect these storms in several measurable ways.\",\"attributes\":[]}}]}},{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"Firstly, warmer ocean waters mean storms can pick up more energy, leading to higher wind speeds. \",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"Firstly, warmer ocean waters mean storms \",\"attributes\":[]}},{\"type\":\"urlLink\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"can pick up more energy\",\"locator\":\"https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.aat6711\",\"isExternal\":true,\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"can pick up more energy\",\"attributes\":[]}}]}},{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\", leading to higher wind speeds. \",\"attributes\":[]}}]}},{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"Record high sea surface temperatures were a key reason why US scientists forecast an above-normal Atlantic hurricane season for 2024.\",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"Record high sea surface temperatures were a key reason why \",\"attributes\":[]}},{\"type\":\"urlLink\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"US scientists forecast an above-normal Atlantic hurricane season for 2024\",\"locator\":\"/news/articles/cw441ng00wxo\",\"isExternal\":false,\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"US scientists forecast an above-normal Atlantic hurricane season for 2024\",\"attributes\":[]}}]}},{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\".\",\"attributes\":[\"bold\"]}}]}},{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"The high temperatures are mainly due to long-term greenhouse gas emissions.\",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"The high temperatures are mainly due to long-term greenhouse gas emissions.\",\"attributes\":[]}}]}},{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"Secondly, a warmer atmosphere can hold more moisture, leading to more intense rainfall.\",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"Secondly, a warmer atmosphere can hold more moisture, leading to more intense rainfall.\",\"attributes\":[]}}]}},{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"Climate change made the extreme rainfall from Hurricane Harvey in 2017 around three times more likely, according to one estimate. \",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"Climate change made the extreme rainfall from Hurricane Harvey in 2017 around three times more likely, \",\"attributes\":[]}},{\"type\":\"urlLink\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"according to one estimate\",\"locator\":\"https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/1748-9326/aa9ef2\",\"isExternal\":true,\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"according to one estimate\",\"attributes\":[]}}]}},{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\". \",\"attributes\":[]}}]}}]}},{\"type\":\"image\",\"model\":{\"emphasiseImage\":true,\"caption\":{\"type\":\"text\",\"model\":{\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"Harvey's extreme rainfall - which has been linked to climate change - caused catastrophic flooding in parts of Texas\",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"Harvey's extreme rainfall - which has been linked to climate change - caused catastrophic flooding in parts of Texas\",\"attributes\":[]}}]}}]}},\"image\":{\"alt\":\"Floodwater surrounds a Baptist church in Texas\",\"copyright\":\"Getty Images\",\"height\":549,\"width\":976,\"src\":\"https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/ace/standard/976/cpsprodpb/3890/production/_99108441_gettyimages-842234258.jpg\",\"srcSet\":\"https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/ace/standard/240/cpsprodpb/3890/production/_99108441_gettyimages-842234258.jpg.webp 240w, https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/ace/standard/320/cpsprodpb/3890/production/_99108441_gettyimages-842234258.jpg.webp 320w, https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/ace/standard/480/cpsprodpb/3890/production/_99108441_gettyimages-842234258.jpg.webp 480w, https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/ace/standard/624/cpsprodpb/3890/production/_99108441_gettyimages-842234258.jpg.webp 624w, https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/ace/standard/800/cpsprodpb/3890/production/_99108441_gettyimages-842234258.jpg.webp 800w, https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/ace/standard/976/cpsprodpb/3890/production/_99108441_gettyimages-842234258.jpg.webp 976w\",\"mimeType\":\"image/webp\",\"fallbackSrcSets\":[{\"mimeType\":\"image/jpeg\",\"srcSet\":\"https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/ace/standard/240/cpsprodpb/3890/production/_99108441_gettyimages-842234258.jpg 240w, https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/ace/standard/320/cpsprodpb/3890/production/_99108441_gettyimages-842234258.jpg 320w, https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/ace/standard/480/cpsprodpb/3890/production/_99108441_gettyimages-842234258.jpg 480w, https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/ace/standard/624/cpsprodpb/3890/production/_99108441_gettyimages-842234258.jpg 624w, https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/ace/standard/800/cpsprodpb/3890/production/_99108441_gettyimages-842234258.jpg 800w, https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/ace/standard/976/cpsprodpb/3890/production/_99108441_gettyimages-842234258.jpg 976w\"}]}}},{\"type\":\"text\",\"model\":{\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"Finally, sea-levels are rising, mainly due to a combination of melting glaciers and ice sheets, and the fact that warmer water takes up more space. Local factors can also play a part. This means storm surges happen on top of already elevated sea levels, worsening coastal flooding.\",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"Finally, sea-levels are rising, mainly due to a combination of \",\"attributes\":[]}},{\"type\":\"urlLink\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"melting glaciers\",\"locator\":\"/news/science-environment-65399580\",\"isExternal\":false,\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"melting glaciers\",\"attributes\":[]}}]}},{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\" and \",\"attributes\":[]}},{\"type\":\"urlLink\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"ice sheets\",\"locator\":\"/news/science-environment-65317469\",\"isExternal\":false,\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"ice sheets\",\"attributes\":[]}}]}},{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\", and the fact that warmer water takes up more space. Local factors can also play a part. This means storm surges happen on top of already elevated sea levels, \",\"attributes\":[]}},{\"type\":\"urlLink\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"worsening coastal flooding\",\"locator\":\"https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-021-22838-1\",\"isExternal\":true,\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"worsening coastal flooding\",\"attributes\":[]}}]}},{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\".\",\"attributes\":[]}}]}},{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"For example, it is estimated that flood heights from Hurricane Katrina in 2005 - one of America's deadliest storms - were 15-60% higher than they would have been in the climate conditions of 1900.\",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"For example, it is estimated that flood heights from Hurricane Katrina in 2005 - one of America's deadliest storms - were \",\"attributes\":[]}},{\"type\":\"urlLink\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"15-60%\",\"locator\":\"https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10584-013-1011-1\",\"isExternal\":true,\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"15-60%\",\"attributes\":[]}}]}},{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\" higher than they would have been in the climate conditions of 1900.\",\"attributes\":[]}}]}},{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"Overall, the IPCC concludes that there is \\\"high confidence\\\" that humans have contributed to increases in precipitation associated with tropical cyclones, and \\\"medium confidence\\\" that humans have contributed to the higher probability of a tropical cyclone being more intense. \",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"Overall, \",\"attributes\":[]}},{\"type\":\"urlLink\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"the IPCC concludes that\",\"locator\":\"https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar6/wg1/downloads/report/IPCC_AR6_WGI_Chapter11.pdf\",\"isExternal\":true,\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"the IPCC concludes that\",\"attributes\":[]}}]}},{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\" there is \\\"high confidence\\\" that humans have contributed to increases in precipitation associated with tropical cyclones, and \\\"medium confidence\\\" that humans have contributed to the higher probability of a tropical cyclone being more intense. \",\"attributes\":[]}}]}}]}},{\"type\":\"text\",\"model\":{\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"unorderedList\",\"model\":{\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"listItem\",\"model\":{\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"Four ways climate change affects extreme weather\",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"urlLink\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"Four ways climate change affects extreme weather\",\"locator\":\"/news/science-environment-58073295\",\"isExternal\":false,\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"Four ways climate change affects extreme weather\",\"attributes\":[]}}]}}]}}]}},{\"type\":\"listItem\",\"model\":{\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"A really simple guide to climate change \",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"urlLink\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"A really simple guide to climate change \",\"locator\":\"/news/science-environment-24021772\",\"isExternal\":false,\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"A really simple guide to climate change \",\"attributes\":[]}}]}}]}}]}}]}}]}},{\"type\":\"subheadline\",\"model\":{\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"text\",\"model\":{\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"How might hurricanes change in the future?\",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"How might hurricanes change in the future?\",\"attributes\":[]}}]}}]}}],\"level\":2,\"fontScale\":\"headlineSmall\",\"id\":\"How-might-hurricanes-change-in-the-future\",\"isFocusable\":true}},{\"type\":\"text\",\"model\":{\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"The number of tropical cyclones globally is unlikely to increase, according to the IPCC.\",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"The number of tropical cyclones globally is unlikely to increase, according to \",\"attributes\":[]}},{\"type\":\"urlLink\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"the IPCC\",\"locator\":\"https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar6/wg1/downloads/report/IPCC_AR6_WGI_Chapter11.pdf\",\"isExternal\":true,\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"the IPCC\",\"attributes\":[]}}]}},{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\".\",\"attributes\":[]}}]}},{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"But as the world warms, it says it is \\\"very likely\\\" they will have higher rates of rainfall and reach higher top wind speeds. This means a higher proportion would reach the most intense categories, four and five.\",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"But as the world warms, it says it is \\\"very likely\\\" they will have higher rates of rainfall and reach higher top wind speeds. This means a higher proportion would reach the most intense categories, four and five.\",\"attributes\":[]}}]}},{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"The more global temperatures rise, the more extreme these changes will tend to be.\",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"The more global temperatures rise, the more extreme these changes will tend to be.\",\"attributes\":[]}}]}},{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"The proportion of tropical cyclones reaching category four and five may increase by around 10% if global temperature rises are limited to 1.5C, increasing to 13% at 2C and 20% at 4C, the IPCC says - although the exact numbers are uncertain.\",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"The proportion of tropical cyclones reaching category four and five may increase by around 10% if global temperature rises are limited to 1.5C, increasing to 13% at 2C and 20% at 4C, the IPCC says - although the exact numbers are uncertain.\",\"attributes\":[]}}]}},{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"Graphics by Erwan Rivault, Data & Visual Journalism teams.\",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"Graphics by Erwan Rivault, Data & Visual Journalism teams.\",\"attributes\":[\"italic\"]}}]}}]}},{\"type\":\"topicList\",\"model\":{\"topics\":[{\"title\":\"Floods\",\"url\":\"/news/topics/c26xdmnee19t\",\"isEvent\":false},{\"title\":\"Climate\",\"url\":\"/news/topics/cmj34zmwm1zt\",\"isEvent\":true},{\"title\":\"Hurricanes\",\"url\":\"/news/topics/cv0enqmljg3t\",\"isEvent\":false},{\"title\":\"Severe weather\",\"url\":\"/news/topics/cx1m7zg05wpt\",\"isEvent\":false}]}}]}},\"contributor\":null,\"relatedUrls\":[],\"topics\":[{\"title\":\"Floods\",\"url\":\"/news/topics/c26xdmnee19t\",\"isEvent\":false},{\"title\":\"Climate\",\"url\":\"/news/topics/cmj34zmwm1zt\",\"isEvent\":true},{\"title\":\"Hurricanes\",\"url\":\"/news/topics/cv0enqmljg3t\",\"isEvent\":false},{\"title\":\"Severe weather\",\"url\":\"/news/topics/cx1m7zg05wpt\",\"isEvent\":false}]},\"importance\":\"PRIMARY\",\"isPersonalised\":false,\"hasFetcher\":true},\"service-bar?language=en-GB&product=news\":{\"name\":\"service-bar\",\"props\":{\"product\":\"news\",\"language\":\"en-GB\"},\"data\":{\"title\":\"BBC News Services\",\"serviceLinks\":[{\"text\":\"On your mobile\",\"url\":\"https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/10628994\",\"type\":\"devices-and-inputs:smartphone\"},{\"text\":\"On smart speakers\",\"url\":\"https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/help-50068132\",\"type\":\"devices-and-inputs:microphone\"},{\"text\":\"Get news alerts\",\"url\":\"https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/10628323\",\"type\":\"content-types:newsletter\"},{\"text\":\"Contact BBC News\",\"url\":\"https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/20039682\",\"type\":\"participate:email\"}]},\"importance\":\"SECONDARY\",\"isPersonalised\":false,\"hasFetcher\":true},\"global-footer?country=sg&language=en-GB&service=news\":{\"name\":\"global-footer\",\"props\":{\"country\":\"sg\",\"language\":\"en-GB\",\"service\":\"news\"},\"data\":{\"accessibilityLinks\":[{\"label\":\"Skip to content\",\"url\":\"#main-heading\"},{\"label\":\"Accessibility Help\",\"url\":\"https://www.bbc.co.uk/accessibility/\"}],\"signInLabel\":\"Sign in\",\"accountLabel\":\"Your account\",\"forYouLabel\":\"For you\",\"forYouUrl\":\"https://www.bbc.co.uk/foryou\",\"menuLabel\":\"Menu\",\"moreLabel\":\"More\",\"moreMenuLabel\":\"More menu\",\"closeButtonLabel\":\"Close menu\",\"disclaimer\":{\"text\":\"漏 2024 BBC. 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