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Click here for more information." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/19px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/29px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/39px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">American artist and film director (born 1977)</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the artist. For the inmate and social activist, see <a href="/wiki/Kevin_Rashid_Johnson" title="Kevin Rashid Johnson">Kevin Rashid Johnson</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox biography vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;"><div class="fn">Rashid Johnson</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><a href="/wiki/File:20081202_Rashid_Johnson_at_the_Rubell_Family_Collection.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/20081202_Rashid_Johnson_at_the_Rubell_Family_Collection.jpg/220px-20081202_Rashid_Johnson_at_the_Rubell_Family_Collection.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="330" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d0/20081202_Rashid_Johnson_at_the_Rubell_Family_Collection.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="221" data-file-height="332" /></a><div class="infobox-caption">Johnson in 2008</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data">1977 <div style="display:inline" class="birthplace">Illinois, US</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Education</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Columbia_College_Chicago" title="Columbia College Chicago">Columbia College Chicago</a> <a href="/wiki/School_of_the_Art_Institute_of_Chicago" title="School of the Art Institute of Chicago">School of the Art Institute of Chicago</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Occupation</th><td class="infobox-data role">Artist</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Years active</th><td class="infobox-data">1996-present</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Spouse</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Sheree_Hovsepian" title="Sheree Hovsepian">Sheree Hovsepian</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Children</th><td class="infobox-data">1</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Relatives</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Chaka_Patterson" title="Chaka Patterson">Chaka Patterson</a>, brother & Maya Odim, sister</td></tr></tbody></table> Rashid Johnson (born 1977) is an American artist who produces <a href="/wiki/Conceptual_artist" class="mw-redirect" title="Conceptual artist">conceptual</a> <a href="/wiki/Post-black_art" title="Post-black art">post-black art</a>.<a href="#cite_note-ARAFSMSSW2YAaaS-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a> Johnson first received critical attention in 2001 at the age of 24, when his work was included in <a href="/wiki/Freestyle_Exhibition" title="Freestyle Exhibition">Freestyle</a> (2001) <a href="/wiki/Curator" title="Curator">curated</a> by <a href="/wiki/Thelma_Golden" title="Thelma Golden">Thelma Golden</a> at the Studio Museum in Harlem.<a href="#cite_note-RJtpamaantoO-4">[4]</a> He studied at <a href="/wiki/Columbia_College_Chicago" title="Columbia College Chicago">Columbia College Chicago</a> and the <a href="/wiki/School_of_the_Art_Institute_of_Chicago" title="School of the Art Institute of Chicago">School of the Art Institute of Chicago</a> and his work has been exhibited around the world.<a href="#cite_note-NYTimes-AnxiousMen-2015-5">[5]</a> Johnson is known for several bodies of work in different media, including photography and painting. In addition to photography, Johnson makes audio installations, video, and sculpture. Johnson is known for both his unusual artistic productions and for his process of combining various aspects of science with <a href="/wiki/African-American_history" title="African-American history">black history</a>. <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_life">Early life</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Rashid_Johnson&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Early life">edit</a>]</div> Johnson was born in Illinois to an academic and scholar mother, <a href="/wiki/Cheryl_Johnson-Odim" title="Cheryl Johnson-Odim">Cheryl Johnson-Odim</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Rice-6">[6]</a> <a href="#cite_note-OakPark-Dominican-2007-7">[7]</a> and a Vietnam-war veteran father, Jimmy Johnson, who was an artist but worked in electronics. His parents divorced when he was 2 years old<a href="#cite_note-MiamiNewTimes-MessageOurFolks-2012-8">[8]</a> and his mother remarried a man of <a href="/wiki/Nigerian_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Nigerian people">Nigerian</a> descent.<a href="#cite_note-Artspace-Interview-2013-9">[9]</a> Johnson has stated that growing up his family was based in <a href="/wiki/Afrocentrism" title="Afrocentrism">afrocentrism</a> and that his family celebrated <a href="/wiki/Kwanzaa" title="Kwanzaa">Kwanzaa</a>.<a href="#cite_note-CPR-NewGrowth-2014-10">[10]</a> Johnson was raised in the <a href="/wiki/West_Town,_Chicago#Wicker_Park" title="West Town, Chicago">Wicker Park</a> neighborhood of <a href="/wiki/Chicago,_Illinois" class="mw-redirect" title="Chicago, Illinois">Chicago, Illinois</a> and <a href="/wiki/Evanston,_Illinois" title="Evanston, Illinois">Evanston, Illinois</a>, a suburb.<a href="#cite_note-TA-11">[11]</a> A <a href="/wiki/Photography" title="Photography">photography</a> major,<a href="#cite_note-1alnfal-12">[12]</a> he earned a 2000 <a href="/wiki/Bachelor_of_Fine_Arts" title="Bachelor of Fine Arts">Bachelor of Fine Arts</a> from <a href="/wiki/Columbia_College_Chicago" title="Columbia College Chicago">Columbia College Chicago</a> and a 2005 <a href="/wiki/Master_of_Fine_Arts" title="Master of Fine Arts">Master of Fine Arts</a> from the <a href="/wiki/School_of_the_Art_Institute_of_Chicago" title="School of the Art Institute of Chicago">School of the Art Institute of Chicago</a>.<a href="#cite_note-RJF-13">[13]</a> While at the School of the Art Institute of Chicago, one of his mentors was <a href="/wiki/Gregg_Bordowitz" title="Gregg Bordowitz">Gregg Bordowitz</a>.<a href="#cite_note-ArtinAmerica-MessageOurFolks-2012-14">[14]</a> Johnson followed a generation of black artists who focused on the "black experience" and grew up in a generation that was influenced by <a href="/wiki/Hip_hop" class="mw-redirect" title="Hip hop">hip hop</a> and <a href="/wiki/Black_Entertainment_Television" class="mw-redirect" title="Black Entertainment Television">Black Entertainment Television</a>. Because of his generation's high exposure to black culture within <a href="/wiki/Popular_culture" title="Popular culture">pop culture</a>, his contemporary audiences have a greater understanding of the "black experience," which has enabled him to achieve a deeper race and identity interaction.<a href="#cite_note-SORJ-15">[15]</a> His work has been exhibited at the <a href="/wiki/Art_Institute_of_Chicago" title="Art Institute of Chicago">Art Institute of Chicago</a>; the <a href="/wiki/Whitney_Museum_of_American_Art" class="mw-redirect" title="Whitney Museum of American Art">Whitney Museum of American Art</a>, New York; the <a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_Museum_of_Art" title="Metropolitan Museum of Art">Metropolitan Museum of Art</a>, New York; the <a href="/wiki/Detroit_Institute_of_Arts" title="Detroit Institute of Arts">Detroit Institute of Arts</a>; the <a href="/wiki/Walker_Art_Center" title="Walker Art Center">Walker Art Center</a>, Minneapolis; the <a href="/wiki/Corcoran_Museum_of_Art" class="mw-redirect" title="Corcoran Museum of Art">Corcoran Museum of Art</a>, Washington, DC; the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Institute_of_Contemporary_Photography&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Institute of Contemporary Photography (page does not exist)">Institute of Contemporary Photography</a>, New York; the <a href="/wiki/Brooklyn_Museum_of_Art" class="mw-redirect" title="Brooklyn Museum of Art">Brooklyn Museum of Art</a>, New York; and the <a href="/wiki/Museum_of_Contemporary_Art,_Chicago" class="mw-redirect" title="Museum of Contemporary Art, Chicago">Museum of Contemporary Art, Chicago</a>.<a href="#cite_note-RJF-13">[13]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Career">Career</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Rashid_Johnson&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Career">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_career">Early career</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Rashid_Johnson&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Early career">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Rashid_Johnson_I_talk_white.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/5/5e/Rashid_Johnson_I_talk_white.jpg/220px-Rashid_Johnson_I_talk_white.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="261" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/5/5e/Rashid_Johnson_I_talk_white.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="290" data-file-height="344" /></a><figcaption>I talk white, 2003.</figcaption></figure> As a college junior, he opened his first show at the Schneider Gallery.<a href="#cite_note-1alnfal-12">[12]</a> By 2000, he had earned a reputation for his unique photo-printing process and political content.<a href="#cite_note-16">[16]</a><a href="#cite_note-17">[17]</a><a href="#cite_note-SYS-18">[18]</a><a href="#cite_note-ARAFSMSSW2YAaaS-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-RJtpamaantoO-4">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-19">[19]</a> The Freestyle exhibition at the Studio Museum in 2001 is credited with launching Johnson's career. The curator of the show, Thelma Golden, is credited with coining the term "post-black art" in relation to that exhibit, although some suggest the term is attributable to the 1995 book The End of Blackness by <a href="/wiki/Debra_Dickerson" title="Debra Dickerson">Debra Dickerson</a>, who is a favorite of Johnson's.<a href="#cite_note-SORJ-15">[15]</a> The term post-black now refers to art in which race and racism are prominent, but where the importance of the interaction of the two is diminished.<a href="#cite_note-RRJMM-20">[20]</a> Johnson's most controversial exhibition was entitled Chickenbones and Watermelon Seeds: The African American Experience as Abstract Art. The subject matter was a series of stereotypical African-American food culture items such as <a href="/wiki/Watermelon" title="Watermelon">watermelon</a> seeds, <a href="/wiki/Black-eyed_peas" class="mw-redirect" title="Black-eyed peas">black-eyed peas</a>, chicken bones, and <a href="/wiki/Cotton" title="Cotton">cotton</a> seeds placed directly onto photographic paper and exposed to light using an iron-reactive process.<a href="#cite_note-Poamei-21">[21]</a> In 2002, he exhibited at the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sunrise_Museum&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sunrise Museum (page does not exist)">Sunrise Museum</a> in <a href="/wiki/Charleston,_West_Virginia" title="Charleston, West Virginia">Charleston, West Virginia</a>. The exhibit, entitled Manumission Papers, was named for the papers that freed slaves were required to keep to prove their freedom. The exhibition was described as being as much a cultural commentary as an imagery display, and it related to the previous "Chickenbones" exhibit. He geometrically arranged <a href="/wiki/Abstraction" title="Abstraction">abstractions</a> of feet, hands, and elbows in shapes such as cubes, church windows and ships. This was a considered as study in racial identity because the body parts were not identifiable.<a href="#cite_note-Poamei-21">[21]</a> Also in 2002, presenting his photographic work using chicken bones, Johnson exhibited at the <a href="/wiki/Museum_of_Contemporary_Art,_Chicago" class="mw-redirect" title="Museum of Contemporary Art, Chicago">Museum of Contemporary Art, Chicago</a>, as part of the UBS 12 x 12: New Artists, New Work series.<a href="#cite_note-22">[22]</a> In 2002 he exhibited his homeless men in the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Diggs_Gallery&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Diggs Gallery (page does not exist)">Diggs Gallery</a> of <a href="/wiki/Winston-Salem_State_University" title="Winston-Salem State University">Winston-Salem State University</a>. The exhibit was entitled Seeing in the Dark and used partially illuminated subjects against deep black backgrounds.<a href="#cite_note-23">[23]</a> He also exhibited his homeless men work, including George (1999), in <a href="/wiki/Atlanta,_Georgia" class="mw-redirect" title="Atlanta, Georgia">Atlanta, Georgia</a> as part of the <a href="/wiki/National_Black_Arts_Festival" title="National Black Arts Festival">National Black Arts Festival</a> at <a href="/w/index.php?title=City_Gallery_East&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="City Gallery East (page does not exist)">City Gallery East</a> in July and August 2002.<a href="#cite_note-24">[24]</a> George was part of the Corcoran Gallery of Art November 2004 – January 2005 Common Ground: Discovering Community in 150 Years of Art, Selections From the Collection of Julia J. Norrell exhibition.<a href="#cite_note-25">[25]</a> George and the Common Ground exhibition appeared in several other places including the <a href="/wiki/North_Carolina_Museum_of_Art" title="North Carolina Museum of Art">North Carolina Museum of Art</a> in 2006.<a href="#cite_note-26">[26]</a> He took part in the Chicago Department of Cultural Affairs artist Open Studio Program rotation in the <a href="/wiki/Chicago_Landmark" class="mw-redirect" title="Chicago Landmark">Chicago Landmark</a>/<a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places" title="National Register of Historic Places">National Register of Historic Places</a> <a href="/wiki/Page_Brothers_Building" title="Page Brothers Building">Page Brothers Building</a> during the summer of 2003 with a three-week exhibition. He explored the "historical and contemporary nature of photography".<a href="#cite_note-27">[27]</a> At that time, he was represented by George N'Namdi, who owned G.R. N'Namdi, the oldest African-American-owned, exhibiting commercial gallery in the country.<a href="#cite_note-TPIaROC-28">[28]</a><a href="#cite_note-29">[29]</a> In conjunction with the Renaissance Society at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Chicago" title="University of Chicago">University of Chicago</a>, Rashid Johnson exhibited The Evolution of the Negro Political Costume in December 2004. He presented replicas of three outfits worn by African-American politicians. He included a late 1960s <a href="/wiki/Dashiki" title="Dashiki">dashiki</a> worn by <a href="/wiki/Jesse_Jackson" title="Jesse Jackson">Jesse Jackson</a>, a 1980s running suit worn by <a href="/wiki/Al_Sharpton" title="Al Sharpton">Al Sharpton</a> in the '80s and a <a href="/wiki/Business_suit" class="mw-redirect" title="Business suit">business suit</a> worn by then <a href="/wiki/United_States_Senator" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Senator">United States Senator</a>-elect <a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama">Barack Obama</a>. The presentation, which invited inspection, was as likely to evoke humorous response to the Jackson dashiki as well as critical commentary about the presentation of political attire.<a href="#cite_note-30">[30]</a> Johnson explored the theme of escapism at the <a href="/wiki/Indianapolis_Museum_of_Contemporary_Art" class="mw-redirect" title="Indianapolis Museum of Contemporary Art">Indianapolis Museum of Contemporary Art</a> in a show entitled The Production of Escapism: A Solo Project by Rashid Johnson. He addressed distraction and relief from reality through art and fantasy. Johnson used photos, video and site-specific installation to study escapist tendencies through often with a sense of humor that bordered on the absurd.<a href="#cite_note-31">[31]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Post-graduate_career">Post-graduate career</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Rashid_Johnson&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Post-graduate career">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:184px;max-width:184px"><div class="trow"><div class="theader" style="text-align:center">The Dead Lecturer Exhibition</div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:182px;max-width:182px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Rashid_Johnson_-_The_New_Negro_Escapist_Social_and_Athletic_Club_(Emmett).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/d6/Rashid_Johnson_-_The_New_Negro_Escapist_Social_and_Athletic_Club_%28Emmett%29.jpg/180px-Rashid_Johnson_-_The_New_Negro_Escapist_Social_and_Athletic_Club_%28Emmett%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="112" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/d6/Rashid_Johnson_-_The_New_Negro_Escapist_Social_and_Athletic_Club_%28Emmett%29.jpg/270px-Rashid_Johnson_-_The_New_Negro_Escapist_Social_and_Athletic_Club_%28Emmett%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/d6/Rashid_Johnson_-_The_New_Negro_Escapist_Social_and_Athletic_Club_%28Emmett%29.jpg/360px-Rashid_Johnson_-_The_New_Negro_Escapist_Social_and_Athletic_Club_%28Emmett%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="401" data-file-height="249" /></a></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:182px;max-width:182px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Rashid_Johnson,_The_New_Negro_Escapist_Social_and_Athletic_Club_(Thurgood).jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fa/Rashid_Johnson%2C_The_New_Negro_Escapist_Social_and_Athletic_Club_%28Thurgood%29.jpeg/180px-Rashid_Johnson%2C_The_New_Negro_Escapist_Social_and_Athletic_Club_%28Thurgood%29.jpeg" decoding="async" width="180" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fa/Rashid_Johnson%2C_The_New_Negro_Escapist_Social_and_Athletic_Club_%28Thurgood%29.jpeg/270px-Rashid_Johnson%2C_The_New_Negro_Escapist_Social_and_Athletic_Club_%28Thurgood%29.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/f/fa/Rashid_Johnson%2C_The_New_Negro_Escapist_Social_and_Athletic_Club_%28Thurgood%29.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="281" data-file-height="355" /></a></div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flow-root"><div class="thumbcaption" style="text-align:left">Top: The New Negro Escapist Social and Athletic Club (Emmett), unknown; Bottom: The New Negro Escapist Social and Athletic Club (Thurgood), 2008</div></div></div></div> During the summer of 2005, he took part in a <a href="/wiki/Chicago_Cultural_Center" title="Chicago Cultural Center">Chicago Cultural Center</a> artist exchange program exhibition featuring five emerging Chicago <a href="/wiki/Contemporary_art" title="Contemporary art">contemporary artists</a> and five from <a href="/wiki/Kaohsiung,_Taiwan" class="mw-redirect" title="Kaohsiung, Taiwan">Kaohsiung</a>, <a href="/wiki/Taiwan" title="Taiwan">Taiwan</a>. Half of the ten were women (four from Taiwan). As part of the Crossings exhibition almost all artists had their first chance to exhibit in the country of the others. In this forum, <a href="/wiki/Chicago_Tribune" title="Chicago Tribune">Chicago Tribune</a> <a href="/wiki/Art_critic" title="Art critic">art critic</a> Alan G. Artner said Johnson's audio selection imposed his artistry on all the other exhibits since he chose a <a href="/wiki/Rap_music" class="mw-redirect" title="Rap music">rap</a> song combined with a blunt video.<a href="#cite_note-32">[32]</a><a href="#cite_note-33">[33]</a> Artner became a Johnson detractor in 2005 when Johnson had this and another simultaneous exhibit appearing in Chicago. He described Johnson's exploration of the politics of race as "sloganeering or cute self-advertising" in his two-dimensional works, and his apolitical three-dimensional installations as "glib and superficial" representations. He classified Johnson's work as more suitable for the audience seeking nothing more than American <a href="/wiki/Popular_culture" title="Popular culture">pop culture</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Etli-34">[34]</a> Artner also derided Johnson's short video contribution to the Art Institute of Chicago's Fool's Paradise exhibition as a "conflation of <a href="/wiki/Gospel_music" title="Gospel music">gospel singing</a> with <a href="/wiki/Beat_boxing" class="mw-redirect" title="Beat boxing">beat boxing</a> ... that says nothing worth saying about race."<a href="#cite_note-35">[35]</a> Other Chicago critics describe Johnson's subsequent work as relatively hip.<a href="#cite_note-36">[36]</a> The following year, after obtaining his master's degree, he moved to the <a href="/wiki/Lower_East_Side" title="Lower East Side">Lower East Side</a> in New York City,<a href="#cite_note-TA-11">[11]</a> where he taught at the <a href="/wiki/Pratt_Institute" title="Pratt Institute">Pratt Institute</a>.<a href="#cite_note-37">[37]</a> Although he is generally referred to as a photographer and sometimes referred to as a sculptor, in certain contexts, he has been referred to as an artist-magician.<a href="#cite_note-38">[38]</a> In an ensemble 2006 showing entitled Scarecrow, Johnson exhibited a life-sized photographic nude <a href="/wiki/Self-portrait" title="Self-portrait">self-portrait</a> that was supposed to be menacing and abrasive, but that was perceived as interesting and amusing.<a href="#cite_note-39">[39]</a> His Summer 2007 "Stay Black and Die" work in The Color Line exhibition at the Jack Shainman Gallery left one <a href="/wiki/Art_critic" title="Art critic">art critic</a> from The New York Times wondering whether he was viewing a warning or exhortation.<a href="#cite_note-40">[40]</a> However, at the same time he participated in the Wadsworth Atheneum Museum of Art's For Love of the Game: Race and Sport in America exhibition that seemed to clearly address manners in which questions about race have been asked and answered on American sports fields of play.<a href="#cite_note-41">[41]</a> As a post-black artist, his mixed-media work, such as his Spring 2008 exhibition The Dead Lecturer, plays on race while diminishing its significance by playing with contradictions, coded references and allusions (E.g., The New Negro Escapist Social and Athletic Club (Emmett), right).<a href="#cite_note-42">[42]</a> The exhibit was described as "a fictional <a href="/wiki/Secret_society" title="Secret society">secret society</a> of African-American intellectuals, a cross between <a href="/wiki/Mensa_International" title="Mensa International">Mensa</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Freemasonry" title="Freemasonry">Masons</a>" that was a challenge to either condemn or endorse.<a href="#cite_note-43">[43]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Rise_to_prominence">Rise to prominence</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Rashid_Johnson&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Rise to prominence">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Broken_Five,_2019,_Rashid_Johnson.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/3/39/The_Broken_Five%2C_2019%2C_Rashid_Johnson.jpg/220px-The_Broken_Five%2C_2019%2C_Rashid_Johnson.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="141" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/3/39/The_Broken_Five%2C_2019%2C_Rashid_Johnson.jpg/330px-The_Broken_Five%2C_2019%2C_Rashid_Johnson.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/3/39/The_Broken_Five%2C_2019%2C_Rashid_Johnson.jpg 2x" data-file-width="395" data-file-height="253" /></a><figcaption>The Broken Five (2019) at the <a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_Museum_of_Art" title="Metropolitan Museum of Art">Metropolitan Museum of Art</a> in 2022</figcaption></figure> In November 2011, Johnson was named one of six finalists for the <a href="/wiki/Hugo_Boss_Prize" title="Hugo Boss Prize">Hugo Boss Prize</a>.<a href="#cite_note-44">[44]</a><a href="#cite_note-45">[45]</a> In 2012, mega-gallery <a href="/wiki/Hauser_%26_Wirth" title="Hauser & Wirth">Hauser & Wirth</a> announced their first solo exhibition with Johnson at their Upper East Side location in New York.<a href="#cite_note-46">[46]</a> In April 2012, the <a href="/wiki/Museum_of_Contemporary_Art,_Chicago" class="mw-redirect" title="Museum of Contemporary Art, Chicago">Museum of Contemporary Art, Chicago</a>, presented Johnson's first major museum solo exhibition in the US, titled Message to Our Folks.<a href="#cite_note-47">[47]</a> MCA Pamela Alper Associate Curator Julie Rodrigues Widholm curated the exhibition in close collaboration with the artist. The exhibition was a survey of the previous ten years of the artist's work. Additionally, a new work commissioned by the MCA was shown for the first time.<a href="#cite_note-48">[48]</a> The exhibition subsequently travelled to the <a href="/wiki/Mildred_Lane_Kemper_Art_Museum" title="Mildred Lane Kemper Art Museum">Mildred Lane Kemper Art Museum</a> in St. Louis, and the <a href="/wiki/High_Museum_of_Art" title="High Museum of Art">High Museum of Art</a> in Atlanta. The Perez Art Museum Miami, acquired the two-dimensional piece Tribe, produced right after the MCA show was open, in 2013.<a href="#cite_note-49">[49]</a> In 2013, Johnson was one of the commissioned artists for the <a href="/wiki/Performa_(performance_festival)" title="Performa (performance festival)">Performa Biennial</a>. In 2021, the Metropolitan Opera in New York City unveiled The Broken Nine, Johnson's two-panel mosaic, ceramic, and branded wood work commissioned for the Opera's interior grand tier landings.<a href="#cite_note-50">[50]</a> The same year, Johnson's works were added to the permanent collections of the <a href="/wiki/Museum_of_Modern_Art" title="Museum of Modern Art">Museum of Modern Art</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_Museum_of_Art" title="Metropolitan Museum of Art">Metropolitan Museum of Art</a>. He also began serving on the boards of Performa, Ballroom Marfa, and the <a href="/wiki/Solomon_R._Guggenheim_Museum" title="Solomon R. Guggenheim Museum">Guggenheim Museum</a>. In 2022, Johnson's Surrender Painting "Sunshine" (2022) sold for $3 million, a record for the artist at auction.<a href="#cite_note-51">[51]</a> At <a href="/wiki/Bonhams" title="Bonhams">Bonhams</a> Post-War and Contemporary Art Sale in London of June 2022, Johnson's wax and spray enamel work "Carver", (2012). Sold for £264,900.<a href="#cite_note-52">[52]</a> Throughout that latter 2010's, Johnson addressed the idea of mental health in multiple series of works, namely Anxious Men and Anxious Audiences and Broken Men.<a href="#cite_note-53">[53]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Film_career">Film career</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Rashid_Johnson&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Film career">edit</a>]</div> Johnson made his directorial debut with <a href="/wiki/Native_Son_(2019_film)" title="Native Son (2019 film)">Native Son</a>, a film adaptation of <a href="/wiki/Richard_Wright_(author)" title="Richard Wright (author)">Richard Wright's</a> acclaimed 1940 <a href="/wiki/Native_Son" title="Native Son">novel</a> of the same name. It was announced in 2018 that Johnson had tapped playwright <a href="/wiki/Suzan-Lori_Parks" title="Suzan-Lori Parks">Suzan Lori-Parks</a> to adapt the novel into a screenplay,<a href="#cite_note-54">[54]</a><a href="#cite_note-55">[55]</a> and cast <a href="/wiki/Ashton_Sanders" title="Ashton Sanders">Ashton Sanders</a> in the lead role of Bigger Thomas.<a href="#cite_note-56">[56]</a> The film was produced by <a href="/wiki/A24" title="A24">A24</a> and premiered at Sundance Film Festival in January 2019. HBO Films acquired the movie hours before its premiere.<a href="#cite_note-57">[57]</a> Critical reception of the film was mixed. Richard Roeper gave the film a rating of 3/4 stars, and noted the actors' "electric" performances.<a href="#cite_note-58">[58]</a> Troy Patterson wrote in the New Yorker that the film suffered from "intelligent grappling with a classic text" that is ultimately "obsolete".<a href="#cite_note-59">[59]</a> Jennifer Vineyard wrote in the <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">New York Times</a> that the movie "isn't a masterpiece" but "has much to admire", citing its "striking visual compositions", "tense atmosphere", and "Sanders' nuanced performance".<a href="#cite_note-60">[60]</a> Review aggregation site <a href="/wiki/Rotten_Tomatoes" title="Rotten Tomatoes">Rotten Tomatoes</a> gives the film a score of 61%, based on reviews from 51 critics, and an average rating of 6.10/10, with the general consensus stated as follows: "Native Son's struggles with its problematic source material are uneven but overall compelling, thanks largely to Ashton Sanders' poised work in the central role."<a href="#cite_note-61">[61]</a> Johnson won "Outstanding Directing in a Motion Picture (Television)" at the <a href="/wiki/51st_NAACP_Image_Awards" title="51st NAACP Image Awards">51st NAACP Image Awards</a> for his work on Native Son.<a href="#cite_note-62">[62]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Techniques_and_processes">Techniques and processes</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Rashid_Johnson&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Techniques and processes">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1224211176">.mw-parser-output .quotebox{background-color:#F9F9F9;border:1px solid #aaa;box-sizing:border-box;padding:10px;font-size:88%;max-width:100%}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatleft{margin:.5em 1.4em .8em 0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatright{margin:.5em 0 .8em 1.4em}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.centered{overflow:hidden;position:relative;margin:.5em auto .8em auto}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatleft span,.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatright span{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .quotebox>blockquote{margin:0;padding:0;border-left:0;font-family:inherit;font-size:inherit}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-title{text-align:center;font-size:110%;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote>:first-child{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote:last-child>:last-child{margin-bottom:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote.quoted:before{font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-weight:bold;font-size:large;color:gray;content:" “ ";vertical-align:-45%;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote.quoted:after{font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-weight:bold;font-size:large;color:gray;content:" ” ";line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .left-aligned{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .right-aligned{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .center-aligned{text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .quote-title,.mw-parser-output .quotebox .quotebox-quote{display:block}.mw-parser-output .quotebox cite{display:block;font-style:normal}@media screen and (max-width:640px){.mw-parser-output .quotebox{width:100%!important;margin:0 0 .8em!important;float:none!important}}</style><div class="quotebox pullquote floatright" style="width:30%; ;"> <blockquote class="quotebox-quote left-aligned" style=""> "I was very proud when Barack got the nomination, ... But I wasn't proud for black people—I was kind of proud for white people." </blockquote> <div style="padding-bottom: 0; padding-top: 0.5em"><cite class="left-aligned" style="">—Rashid Johnson, comments on the <a href="/wiki/Post-black_art" title="Post-black art">post black</a> concept in the context of his country electing its first African American president?<a href="#cite_note-SORJ-15">[15]</a></cite></div> </div> Johnson uses "alchemy, divination, astronomy, and other sciences that combine the natural and spiritual worlds" to augment <a href="/wiki/African-American_history" title="African-American history">black history</a>. According to a <a href="/wiki/Columbia_College_Chicago" title="Columbia College Chicago">Columbia College Chicago</a> publication, Johnson works in a variety of media with physical and visual materials that have independent artistic significance and symbolism but that are augmented by their connections to black history.<a href="#cite_note-RJF-13">[13]</a><a href="#cite_note-SORJ-15">[15]</a> According to the culture publication Flavorpill, he challenges his viewers with photography and sculpture that present the creation and dissemination of norms and expectations.<a href="#cite_note-RJF-13">[13]</a> However, the Chicago Tribune describes the productions resulting from his processes as lacking complexity or depth.<a href="#cite_note-Etli-34">[34]</a> <a href="/wiki/Seattle_Post-Intelligencer" title="Seattle Post-Intelligencer">Seattle Post-Intelligencer</a> writer Regina Hackett described Johnson as an artist who avoids the struggles of black people and explores their strengths, while inserting himself as subject in his "aesthetic aspirations" through a variety of forums.<a href="#cite_note-RJtpamaantoO-4">[4]</a> Johnson has garnered national attention for both his unusual subject matter and for his process.<a href="#cite_note-Poamei-21">[21]</a> In addition to portrait photography, Johnson is known for his use of a 19th-century process<a href="#cite_note-Poamei-21">[21]</a><a href="#cite_note-1alnfal-12">[12]</a> that uses <a href="/wiki/Van_Dyke_brown" title="Van Dyke brown">Van Dyke brown</a>, a transparent organic <a href="/wiki/Pigment" title="Pigment">pigment</a>, and exposure to sunlight. He achieves a <a href="/wiki/Painterly" class="mw-redirect" title="Painterly">painterly</a> feel with his prints with the application of pigment using broad brush strokes.<a href="#cite_note-TPIaROC-28">[28]</a> He uses a 8-by-10-inch (20 by 25 cm) <a href="/wiki/Deardorff" title="Deardorff">Deardorff</a>, which forces him to interact with his subjects.<a href="#cite_note-63">[63]</a> His use of shea butter and tiles in his, respective, sculptural and mosaic work have significant meaning to Johnson.<a href="#cite_note-An_interview_with_Rashid_Johnson-64">[64]</a> The former being a "signifier of African identity,"<a href="#cite_note-An_interview_with_Rashid_Johnson-64">[64]</a> whereas the latter have a more personal connection for him. As a student, a Russian and Turkish Bathouse became a place of refuge, with him viewing the white tiles as a canvas.<a href="#cite_note-An_interview_with_Rashid_Johnson-64">[64]</a> He would even take his college assigned-reading in there with him.<a href="#cite_note-An_interview_with_Rashid_Johnson-64">[64]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Other_activities">Other activities</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Rashid_Johnson&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Other activities">edit</a>]</div> Johnson served on the jury that selected <a href="/wiki/Otobong_Nkanga" title="Otobong Nkanga">Otobong Nkanga</a> for the <a href="/wiki/Nasher_Sculpture_Center" title="Nasher Sculpture Center">Nasher Prize</a> in 2024.<a href="#cite_note-65">[65]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Personal_life">Personal life</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Rashid_Johnson&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Personal life">edit</a>]</div> Johnson is married to artist <a href="/wiki/Sheree_Hovsepian" title="Sheree Hovsepian">Sheree Hovsepian</a>.<a href="#cite_note-W-ArtistsinResidence-2014-66">[66]</a> They live in New York City and have a son.<a href="#cite_note-Paddle8-8Things-2015-67">[67]</a><a href="#cite_note-An_interview_with_Rashid_Johnson-64">[64]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Awards">Awards</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Rashid_Johnson&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Awards">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li>2012: David C. Driskell Prize</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Exhibitions">Exhibitions</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Rashid_Johnson&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Exhibitions">edit</a>]</div> Johnson has staged numerous solo shows at museums and galleries in the United States and internationally. His notable solo shows include The Rise and Fall of the Proper Negro (2003), Monique Meloche Gallery, <a href="/wiki/Chicago" title="Chicago">Chicago</a>;<a href="#cite_note-68">[68]</a> The Production of Escapism (2005), <a href="/wiki/Indianapolis_Contemporary" title="Indianapolis Contemporary">Indianapolis Contemporary</a>;<a href="#cite_note-69">[69]</a> Smoke and Mirrors (2009), <a href="/wiki/SculptureCenter" title="SculptureCenter">SculptureCenter</a>, <a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York</a>;<a href="#cite_note-70">[70]</a> Rashid Johnson: Message to Our Folks (2012-2013), originating at the <a href="/wiki/Museum_of_Contemporary_Art,_Chicago" class="mw-redirect" title="Museum of Contemporary Art, Chicago">Museum of Contemporary Art, Chicago</a>;<a href="#cite_note-71">[71]</a> The gathering (2013), <a href="/wiki/Hauser_%26_Wirth" title="Hauser & Wirth">Hauser & Wirth</a>, <a href="/wiki/Zurich" title="Zurich">Zurich</a>;<a href="#cite_note-72">[72]</a> Anxious Men (2015), <a href="/wiki/Drawing_Center" title="Drawing Center">Drawing Center</a>, New York;<a href="#cite_note-73">[73]</a> Provocations: Rashid Johnson (2018), <a href="/wiki/Institute_for_Contemporary_Art,_Richmond" title="Institute for Contemporary Art, Richmond">Institute for Contemporary Art, Richmond</a>, <a href="/wiki/Virginia" title="Virginia">Virginia</a>;<a href="#cite_note-74">[74]</a> and The Crisis (2021), <a href="/wiki/Storm_King_Art_Center" title="Storm King Art Center">Storm King Art Center</a>, <a href="/wiki/New_Windsor,_New_York" title="New Windsor, New York">New Windsor, New York</a>.<a href="#cite_note-75">[75]</a> He has also participated in many group shows, including <a href="/wiki/Freestyle_Exhibition" title="Freestyle Exhibition">Freestyle</a> (2001), <a href="/wiki/Studio_Museum_in_Harlem" title="Studio Museum in Harlem">Studio Museum in Harlem</a>, New York;<a href="#cite_note-76">[76]</a> <a href="/wiki/IBCA_2005" title="IBCA 2005">IBCA 2005</a>, <a href="/wiki/Prague" title="Prague">Prague</a>;<a href="#cite_note-77">[77]</a> ILLUMInations (2011), <a href="/wiki/54th_Venice_Biennale" title="54th Venice Biennale">54th Venice Biennale</a>;<a href="#cite_note-78">[78]</a> <a href="/wiki/Shanghai_Biennale" title="Shanghai Biennale">Shanghai Biennale</a> (2012);<a href="#cite_note-79">[79]</a> Prospect. 4: The Lotus in Spite of the Swamp (2017), <a href="/wiki/Prospect_New_Orleans" title="Prospect New Orleans">Prospect New Orleans</a>;<a href="#cite_note-80">[80]</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Liverpool_Biennial" title="Liverpool Biennial">Liverpool Biennial</a> (2021).<a href="#cite_note-81">[81]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notable_works_in_public_collections">Notable works in public collections</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Rashid_Johnson&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Notable works in public collections">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 40em;"> <ul><li>Michael (1998), <a href="/wiki/Art_Institute_of_Chicago" title="Art Institute of Chicago">Art Institute of Chicago</a><a href="#cite_note-82">[82]</a></li> <li>Calvin (1999), <a href="/wiki/National_Museum_of_African_American_History_and_Culture" title="National Museum of African American History and Culture">National Museum of African American History and Culture</a>, <a href="/wiki/Smithsonian_Institution" title="Smithsonian Institution">Smithsonian Institution</a>, <a href="/wiki/Washington,_D.C." title="Washington, D.C.">Washington, D.C.</a><a href="#cite_note-83">[83]</a></li> <li>Jonathan (1999), <a href="/wiki/Whitney_Museum" title="Whitney Museum">Whitney Museum</a>, <a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York</a><a href="#cite_note-84">[84]</a></li> <li>Self-Portrait with my hair parted like Frederick Douglass (2003), <a href="/wiki/Museum_of_Contemporary_Art,_Chicago" class="mw-redirect" title="Museum of Contemporary Art, Chicago">Museum of Contemporary Art, Chicago</a><a href="#cite_note-85">[85]</a></li> <li>The Evolution of the Negro Political Costume (2004), <a href="/wiki/Brooklyn_Museum" title="Brooklyn Museum">Brooklyn Museum</a>, New York<a href="#cite_note-86">[86]</a></li> <li>Untitled (2007), <a href="/wiki/Seattle_Art_Museum" title="Seattle Art Museum">Seattle Art Museum</a><a href="#cite_note-87">[87]</a></li> <li>Black Steel in the Hour of Chaos (2008), Whitney Museum, New York<a href="#cite_note-88">[88]</a></li> <li>The New Negro Escapist Social and Athletic Club (Emmett) (2008), <a href="/wiki/National_Gallery_of_Art" title="National Gallery of Art">National Gallery of Art</a>, Washington, D.C.<a href="#cite_note-89">[89]</a></li> <li>The New Negro Escapist Social and Athletic Club (Thurgood) (2008), <a href="/wiki/Rubell_Museum" title="Rubell Museum">Rubell Museum</a>, <a href="/wiki/Miami" title="Miami">Miami</a>;<a href="#cite_note-90">[90]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Zeitz_Museum_of_Contemporary_Art_Africa" title="Zeitz Museum of Contemporary Art Africa">Zeitz Museum of Contemporary Art Africa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cape_Town" title="Cape Town">Cape Town</a>, <a href="/wiki/South_Africa" title="South Africa">South Africa</a><a href="#cite_note-91">[91]</a></li> <li>Thurgood in the Hour of Chaos (2009), Brooklyn Museum, New York;<a href="#cite_note-92">[92]</a> <a href="/wiki/Fine_Arts_Museums_of_San_Francisco" title="Fine Arts Museums of San Francisco">Fine Arts Museums of San Francisco</a>;<a href="#cite_note-93">[93]</a> <a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania_Academy_of_the_Fine_Arts" title="Pennsylvania Academy of the Fine Arts">Pennsylvania Academy of the Fine Arts</a>, <a href="/wiki/Philadelphia" title="Philadelphia">Philadelphia</a>;<a href="#cite_note-94">[94]</a> <a href="/wiki/San_Francisco_Museum_of_Modern_Art" title="San Francisco Museum of Modern Art">San Francisco Museum of Modern Art</a>;<a href="#cite_note-95">[95]</a> and Whitney Museum, New York<a href="#cite_note-96">[96]</a></li> <li>The New Negro Escapist Social and Athletic Club (Marcus) (2010), Museum of Contemporary Art, Chicago<a href="#cite_note-97">[97]</a></li> <li>Our People, Kind of (2010), <a href="/wiki/Museum_of_Modern_Art" title="Museum of Modern Art">Museum of Modern Art</a>, New York<a href="#cite_note-98">[98]</a></li> <li>The Treatment (2010), <a href="/wiki/Walker_Art_Center" title="Walker Art Center">Walker Art Center</a>, <a href="/wiki/Minneapolis" title="Minneapolis">Minneapolis</a><a href="#cite_note-99">[99]</a></li> <li>The New Black Yoga (2011), <a href="/wiki/Solomon_R._Guggenheim_Museum" title="Solomon R. Guggenheim Museum">Solomon R. Guggenheim Museum</a>, New York<a href="#cite_note-100">[100]</a></li> <li>River Crossing (2011), <a href="/wiki/Detroit_Institute_of_Arts" title="Detroit Institute of Arts">Detroit Institute of Arts</a><a href="#cite_note-101">[101]</a></li> <li>The Sweet Science (2011), <a href="/wiki/Virginia_Museum_of_Fine_Arts" title="Virginia Museum of Fine Arts">Virginia Museum of Fine Arts</a>, <a href="/wiki/Richmond,_Virginia" title="Richmond, Virginia">Richmond</a><a href="#cite_note-102">[102]</a></li> <li>Four for the Talking Cure (2012), <a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles_County_Museum_of_Art" title="Los Angeles County Museum of Art">Los Angeles County Museum of Art</a><a href="#cite_note-103">[103]</a></li> <li>Tribe (2013), <a href="/wiki/P%C3%A9rez_Art_Museum_Miami" title="Pérez Art Museum Miami">Pérez Art Museum Miami</a><a href="#cite_note-104">[104]</a></li> <li>Planet (2014), National Gallery of Art, Washington, D.C.<a href="#cite_note-105">[105]</a></li> <li>Fatherhood (2015), <a href="/wiki/Baltimore_Museum_of_Art" title="Baltimore Museum of Art">Baltimore Museum of Art</a><a href="#cite_note-106">[106]</a></li> <li>Untitled (2015), <a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_Museum_of_Art" title="Metropolitan Museum of Art">Metropolitan Museum of Art</a>, New York;<a href="#cite_note-107">[107]</a> <a href="/wiki/Museum_of_Fine_Arts,_Boston" title="Museum of Fine Arts, Boston">Museum of Fine Arts, Boston</a>;<a href="#cite_note-108">[108]</a> and Whitney Museum, New York<a href="#cite_note-109">[109]</a></li> <li>Untitled Anxious Audience (2017), <a href="/wiki/Milwaukee_Art_Museum" title="Milwaukee Art Museum">Milwaukee Art Museum</a><a href="#cite_note-110">[110]</a></li> <li>Untitled (Anxious Crowd) (2018), <a href="/wiki/Cleveland_Museum_of_Art" title="Cleveland Museum of Art">Cleveland Museum of Art</a>;<a href="#cite_note-111">[111]</a> Detroit Institute of Arts;<a href="#cite_note-112">[112]</a> and Whitney Museum, New York<a href="#cite_note-113">[113]</a></li> <li>Untitled Escape Collage (2018), <a href="/wiki/Dallas_Museum_of_Art" title="Dallas Museum of Art">Dallas Museum of Art</a><a href="#cite_note-114">[114]</a></li> <li>The Broken Five (2019), Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York<a href="#cite_note-115">[115]</a></li> <li>Anxious Red Painting November 29th (2020), Art Institute of Chicago<a href="#cite_note-116">[116]</a></li> <li>Stacked Heads (2020), <a href="/wiki/Storm_King_Art_Center" title="Storm King Art Center">Storm King Art Center</a>, <a href="/wiki/New_Windsor,_New_York" title="New Windsor, New York">New Windsor, New York</a><a href="#cite_note-117">[117]</a></li> <li>The Bruising: For Jules, The Bird, Jack and Leni (2021), <a href="/wiki/Crystal_Bridges_Museum_of_American_Art" title="Crystal Bridges Museum of American Art">Crystal Bridges Museum of American Art</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bentonville,_Arkansas" title="Bentonville, Arkansas">Bentonville, Arkansas</a><a href="#cite_note-118">[118]</a></li> <li>Standing Broken Men (2021), Cleveland Museum of Art<a href="#cite_note-119">[119]</a></li> <li>Untitled Anxious Red (2021), National Gallery of Art, Washington, D.C.<a href="#cite_note-120">[120]</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Rashid_Johnson&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Bibliography">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Claudia_Rankine" title="Claudia Rankine">Claudia Rankine</a>, Sampada Aranke, Akili Tommasino, Rashid Johnson, <a href="/wiki/Phaidon_Press" title="Phaidon Press">Phaidon</a>, London, 2023</li> <li>Monica Davis, Claudia Schreier, Rashid Johnson: The Hikers, <a href="/wiki/Hauser_%26_Wirth" title="Hauser & Wirth">Hauser & Wirth</a>, Aspen, 2021</li> <li>Ruth Addison, Kate Fowle, Anton Belov, Rashid Johnson, <a href="/wiki/Garage_Museum_of_Contemporary_Art" title="Garage Museum of Contemporary Art">Garage Museum of Contemporary Art</a>, Moscow, 2016</li> <li>Julie Rodrigues Widholm, <a href="/wiki/Paul_Beatty" title="Paul Beatty">Paul Beatty</a>, <a href="/wiki/Madeleine_Grynsztejn" title="Madeleine Grynsztejn">Madeleine Grynsztejn</a>, Rashid Johnson: Message to Our Folks, <a href="/wiki/Museum_of_Contemporary_Art,_Chicago" class="mw-redirect" title="Museum of Contemporary Art, Chicago">Museum of Contemporary Art</a>, Chicago, 2012</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Rashid_Johnson&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-ARAFSMSSW2YAaaS-1">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ARAFSMSSW2YAaaS_1-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ARAFSMSSW2YAaaS_1-1">b</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output 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Retrieved January 11, 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=ART+IN+REVIEW%3B+National+Black+Fine+Art+Show&rft.date=2000-02-04&rft.au=Johnson%2C+Ken&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fquery.nytimes.com%2Fgst%2Ffullpage.html%3Fres%3D9C06E1DE113FF937A35751C0A9669C8B63&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARashid+Johnson" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFuller,_Janet_Rausa2000" class="citation web cs1">Fuller, Janet Rausa (October 8, 2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://docs.newsbank.com/openurl?ctx_ver=z39.88-2004&rft_id=info:sid/iw.newsbank.com:NewsBank:CSTB&rft_val_format=info:ofi/fmt:kev:mtx:ctx&rft_dat=0EB424A07B71A7E8&svc_dat=InfoWeb:aggregated5&req_dat=0D0CB579A3BDA420">"Thirteen rising stars - Portraits of the Chicago artists as up-and-coming visual forces"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Chicago_Sun-Times" title="Chicago Sun-Times">Chicago Sun-Times</a>. <a href="/wiki/Newsbank" class="mw-redirect" title="Newsbank">Newsbank</a>. 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Galerie Guido W. Baudach. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.guidowbaudach.com/artists/Rashid-Johnson/biography">the original</a> on June 9, 2011. 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Retrieved January 11, 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Chicago+Tribune&rft.atitle=N%27Namdi%27s+broad+art+world+-+Art+but+one+of+many+facets+in+the+universe+of+gallery+pioneer&rft.date=2003-06-20&rft.au=Stein%2C+Lisa&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdocs.newsbank.com%2Fopenurl%3Fctx_ver%3Dz39.88-2004%26rft_id%3Dinfo%3Asid%2Fiw.newsbank.com%3ANewsBank%3ACTRB%26rft_val_format%3Dinfo%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Actx%26rft_dat%3D0FBCB805AFCB7C4D%26svc_dat%3DInfoWeb%3Aaggregated5%26req_dat%3D0D0CB579A3BDA420&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARashid+Johnson" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCamper,_Fred2004" class="citation web cs1">Camper, Fred (December 17, 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://docs.newsbank.com/openurl?ctx_ver=z39.88-2004&rft_id=info:sid/iw.newsbank.com:NewsBank:CTRB&rft_val_format=info:ofi/fmt:kev:mtx:ctx&rft_dat=1070B0EA3812FD29&svc_dat=InfoWeb:aggregated5&req_dat=0D0CB579A3BDA420">"Artists' 'Perfect Union' a view to a complex world"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Chicago_Tribune" title="Chicago Tribune">Chicago Tribune</a>. <a href="/wiki/Newsbank" class="mw-redirect" title="Newsbank">Newsbank</a>. Retrieved January 12, 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Chicago+Tribune&rft.atitle=Artists%27+%27Perfect+Union%27+a+view+to+a+complex+world&rft.date=2004-12-17&rft.au=Camper%2C+Fred&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdocs.newsbank.com%2Fopenurl%3Fctx_ver%3Dz39.88-2004%26rft_id%3Dinfo%3Asid%2Fiw.newsbank.com%3ANewsBank%3ACTRB%26rft_val_format%3Dinfo%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Actx%26rft_dat%3D1070B0EA3812FD29%26svc_dat%3DInfoWeb%3Aaggregated5%26req_dat%3D0D0CB579A3BDA420&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARashid+Johnson" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSlosarek,_Steve2005" class="citation web cs1">Slosarek, Steve (March 4, 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://docs.newsbank.com/openurl?ctx_ver=z39.88-2004&rft_id=info:sid/iw.newsbank.com:NewsBank:INDY&rft_val_format=info:ofi/fmt:kev:mtx:ctx&rft_dat=108A1FD628F42D0C&svc_dat=InfoWeb:aggregated5&req_dat=0D0CB579A3BDA420">"Day by Day - What's new, promising or a best bet"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Indianapolis_Star" title="The Indianapolis Star">The Indianapolis Star</a>. <a href="/wiki/Newsbank" class="mw-redirect" title="Newsbank">Newsbank</a>. Retrieved January 12, 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Indianapolis+Star&rft.atitle=Day+by+Day+-+What%27s+new%2C+promising+or+a+best+bet&rft.date=2005-03-04&rft.au=Slosarek%2C+Steve&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdocs.newsbank.com%2Fopenurl%3Fctx_ver%3Dz39.88-2004%26rft_id%3Dinfo%3Asid%2Fiw.newsbank.com%3ANewsBank%3AINDY%26rft_val_format%3Dinfo%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Actx%26rft_dat%3D108A1FD628F42D0C%26svc_dat%3DInfoWeb%3Aaggregated5%26req_dat%3D0D0CB579A3BDA420&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARashid+Johnson" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFArtner,_Alan_G.2005" class="citation web cs1">Artner, Alan G. (August 11, 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://docs.newsbank.com/openurl?ctx_ver=z39.88-2004&rft_id=info:sid/iw.newsbank.com:NewsBank:CTRB&rft_val_format=info:ofi/fmt:kev:mtx:ctx&rft_dat=10BECA3CF8BDA668&svc_dat=InfoWeb:aggregated5&req_dat=0D0CB579A3BDA420">"10 artists make 'Crossings' - Exhibit features works from Taiwan, Chicago"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Chicago_Tribune" title="Chicago Tribune">Chicago Tribune</a>. <a href="/wiki/Newsbank" class="mw-redirect" title="Newsbank">Newsbank</a>. Retrieved January 12, 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Chicago+Tribune&rft.atitle=10+artists+make+%27Crossings%27+-+Exhibit+features+works+from+Taiwan%2C+Chicago&rft.date=2005-08-11&rft.au=Artner%2C+Alan+G.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdocs.newsbank.com%2Fopenurl%3Fctx_ver%3Dz39.88-2004%26rft_id%3Dinfo%3Asid%2Fiw.newsbank.com%3ANewsBank%3ACTRB%26rft_val_format%3Dinfo%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Actx%26rft_dat%3D10BECA3CF8BDA668%26svc_dat%3DInfoWeb%3Aaggregated5%26req_dat%3D0D0CB579A3BDA420&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARashid+Johnson" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNance,_Kevin2005" class="citation web cs1">Nance, Kevin (August 2, 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://docs.newsbank.com/openurl?ctx_ver=z39.88-2004&rft_id=info:sid/iw.newsbank.com:NewsBank:CSTB&rft_val_format=info:ofi/fmt:kev:mtx:ctx&rft_dat=1236F3AAB597BDE8&svc_dat=InfoWeb:aggregated5&req_dat=0D0CB579A3BDA420">"East meets West: 'Crossings: 10 Artists From Chicago & Kaohsiung' brings together young talent at Cultural Center"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Chicago_Sun-Times" title="Chicago Sun-Times">Chicago Sun-Times</a>. <a href="/wiki/Newsbank" class="mw-redirect" title="Newsbank">Newsbank</a>. Retrieved January 12, 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Chicago+Sun-Times&rft.atitle=East+meets+West%3A+%27Crossings%3A+10+Artists+From+Chicago+%26+Kaohsiung%27+brings+together+young+talent+at+Cultural+Center&rft.date=2005-08-02&rft.au=Nance%2C+Kevin&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdocs.newsbank.com%2Fopenurl%3Fctx_ver%3Dz39.88-2004%26rft_id%3Dinfo%3Asid%2Fiw.newsbank.com%3ANewsBank%3ACSTB%26rft_val_format%3Dinfo%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Actx%26rft_dat%3D1236F3AAB597BDE8%26svc_dat%3DInfoWeb%3Aaggregated5%26req_dat%3D0D0CB579A3BDA420&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARashid+Johnson" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Etli-34">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Etli_34-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Etli_34-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFArtner,_Alan_G.2005" class="citation web cs1">Artner, Alan G. (September 30, 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://docs.newsbank.com/openurl?ctx_ver=z39.88-2004&rft_id=info:sid/iw.newsbank.com:NewsBank:CTRB&rft_val_format=info:ofi/fmt:kev:mtx:ctx&rft_dat=10CF44F1F2A6C818&svc_dat=InfoWeb:aggregated5&req_dat=0D0CB579A3BDA420">"Electric talents left idle - Versteeg's show can be interesting, falls short overall"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Chicago_Tribune" title="Chicago Tribune">Chicago Tribune</a>. <a href="/wiki/Newsbank" class="mw-redirect" title="Newsbank">Newsbank</a>. Retrieved January 12, 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Chicago+Tribune&rft.atitle=Electric+talents+left+idle+-+Versteeg%27s+show+can+be+interesting%2C+falls+short+overall&rft.date=2005-09-30&rft.au=Artner%2C+Alan+G.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdocs.newsbank.com%2Fopenurl%3Fctx_ver%3Dz39.88-2004%26rft_id%3Dinfo%3Asid%2Fiw.newsbank.com%3ANewsBank%3ACTRB%26rft_val_format%3Dinfo%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Actx%26rft_dat%3D10CF44F1F2A6C818%26svc_dat%3DInfoWeb%3Aaggregated5%26req_dat%3D0D0CB579A3BDA420&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARashid+Johnson" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFArtner,_Alan_G.2006" class="citation web cs1">Artner, Alan G. (August 31, 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://docs.newsbank.com/openurl?ctx_ver=z39.88-2004&rft_id=info:sid/iw.newsbank.com:NewsBank:CTRB&rft_val_format=info:ofi/fmt:kev:mtx:ctx&rft_dat=113DAEB3A5557EC0&svc_dat=InfoWeb:aggregated5&req_dat=0D0CB579A3BDA420">"Wisdom hard to find in 'Fool's Paradise' - Show explores meaning of place, but mostly is lost"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Chicago_Tribune" title="Chicago Tribune">Chicago Tribune</a>. <a href="/wiki/Newsbank" class="mw-redirect" title="Newsbank">Newsbank</a>. 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Retrieved January 11, 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Snuggle+and+Sip&rft.date=2007-12-09&rft.au=Nelson%2C+Karin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2007%2F12%2F09%2Ffashion%2F09boite.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARashid+Johnson" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBerry,_S.L.2005" class="citation web cs1">Berry, S.L. 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Retrieved August 15, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ICA+VCU&rft.atitle=Provocations%3A+Rashid+Johnson&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ficavcu.org%2Fexhibitions%2Frashid-johnson%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARashid+Johnson" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://collections.stormking.org/Detail/occurrences/144">"The Crisis"</a>. Storm King. <a href="/wiki/Storm_King_Art_Center" title="Storm King Art Center">Storm King Art Center</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211215184357/https://collections.stormking.org/Detail/occurrences/144">Archived</a> from the original on December 15, 2021. Retrieved August 15, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Storm+King&rft.atitle=The+Crisis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcollections.stormking.org%2FDetail%2Foccurrences%2F144&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARashid+Johnson" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCotter2001" class="citation news cs1"><a href="/wiki/Holland_Cotter" title="Holland Cotter">Cotter, Holland</a> (May 11, 2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2001/05/11/arts/art-review-a-full-studio-museum-show-starts-with-28-young-artists-and-a-shoehorn.html">"ART REVIEW; A Full Studio Museum Show Starts With 28 Young Artists and a Shoehorn"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220324025938/https://www.nytimes.com/2001/05/11/arts/art-review-a-full-studio-museum-show-starts-with-28-young-artists-and-a-shoehorn.html">Archived</a> from the original on March 24, 2022. Retrieved August 16, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=ART+REVIEW%3B+A+Full+Studio+Museum+Show+Starts+With+28+Young+Artists+and+a+Shoehorn&rft.date=2001-05-11&rft.aulast=Cotter&rft.aufirst=Holland&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2001%2F05%2F11%2Farts%2Fart-review-a-full-studio-museum-show-starts-with-28-young-artists-and-a-shoehorn.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARashid+Johnson" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.e-flux.com/announcements/42089/ibca-2005-international-biennale-of-contemporary-art/">"IBCA 2005 INTERNATIONAL BIENNALE OF CONTEMPORARY ART"</a>. <a href="/wiki/E-flux" title="E-flux">e-flux</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210519001320/https://www.e-flux.com/announcements/42089/ibca-2005-international-biennale-of-contemporary-art/">Archived</a> from the original on May 19, 2021. Retrieved August 15, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=e-flux&rft.atitle=IBCA+2005+INTERNATIONAL+BIENNALE+OF+CONTEMPORARY+ART&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.e-flux.com%2Fannouncements%2F42089%2Fibca-2005-international-biennale-of-contemporary-art%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARashid+Johnson" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://universes.art/en/venice-biennale/2011/tour/illuminations-arsenale/rashid-johnson">"Rashid Johnson. ILLUMInations"</a>. universes.art. Universes in Universe. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201028141341/https://universes.art/en/venice-biennale/2011/tour/illuminations-arsenale/rashid-johnson">Archived</a> from the original on October 28, 2020. Retrieved August 15, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=universes.art&rft.atitle=Rashid+Johnson.+ILLUMInations&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Funiverses.art%2Fen%2Fvenice-biennale%2F2011%2Ftour%2Filluminations-arsenale%2Frashid-johnson&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARashid+Johnson" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.powerstationofart.com/whats-on/programs/shanghai-bienniale-2012/artist-and-artwork">"Shanghai Biennale 2012"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Power_Station_of_Art" title="Power Station of Art">Power Station of Art</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220815203521/https://www.powerstationofart.com/whats-on/programs/shanghai-bienniale-2012/artist-and-artwork">Archived</a> from the original on August 15, 2022. Retrieved August 15, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Power+Station+of+Art&rft.atitle=Shanghai+Biennale+2012&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.powerstationofart.com%2Fwhats-on%2Fprograms%2Fshanghai-bienniale-2012%2Fartist-and-artwork&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARashid+Johnson" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.prospectneworleans.org/prospect-4">"Prospect.4"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Prospect_New_Orleans" title="Prospect New Orleans">Prospect New Orleans</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220326080808/https://www.prospectneworleans.org/prospect-4">Archived</a> from the original on March 26, 2022. Retrieved August 15, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Prospect+New+Orleans&rft.atitle=Prospect.4&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.prospectneworleans.org%2Fprospect-4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARashid+Johnson" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biennial.com/2021/exhibition/artists/rashid-johnson">"Rashid Johnson, Liverpool Biennial"</a>. Bienniel. <a href="/wiki/Liverpool_Biennial" title="Liverpool Biennial">Liverpool Biennial</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210511192837/https://www.biennial.com/2021/exhibition/artists/rashid-johnson">Archived</a> from the original on May 11, 2021. Retrieved August 15, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Bienniel&rft.atitle=Rashid+Johnson%2C+Liverpool+Biennial&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.biennial.com%2F2021%2Fexhibition%2Fartists%2Frashid-johnson&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARashid+Johnson" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.artic.edu/artworks/151911/michael">"Michael"</a>. ArtIC. <a href="/wiki/Art_Institute_of_Chicago" title="Art Institute of Chicago">Art Institute of Chicago</a>. 1998. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220203131033/https://www.artic.edu/artworks/151911/michael">Archived</a> from the original on February 3, 2022. Retrieved August 15, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ArtIC&rft.atitle=Michael&rft.date=1998&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.artic.edu%2Fartworks%2F151911%2Fmichael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARashid+Johnson" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nmaahc.si.edu/object/nmaahc_2015.184">"Calvin"</a>. NMAAHC. <a href="/wiki/Smithsonian_Institution" title="Smithsonian Institution">Smithsonian Institution</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170924145026/https://nmaahc.si.edu/object/nmaahc_2015.184">Archived</a> from the original on September 24, 2017. Retrieved August 15, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=NMAAHC&rft.atitle=Calvin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnmaahc.si.edu%2Fobject%2Fnmaahc_2015.184&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARashid+Johnson" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://whitney.org/collection/works/19376">"Jonathan"</a>. Whitney. <a href="/wiki/Whitney_Museum" title="Whitney Museum">Whitney Museum</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201103130710/https://whitney.org/collection/works/19376">Archived</a> from the original on November 3, 2020. Retrieved August 15, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Whitney&rft.atitle=Jonathan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwhitney.org%2Fcollection%2Fworks%2F19376&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARashid+Johnson" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mcachicago.org/collection/items/rashid-johnson/2965-self-portrait-with-my-hair-parted-like-frederick-douglass">"Self-Portrait with my hair parted like Frederick Douglass"</a>. MCAChicago. <a href="/wiki/Museum_of_Contemporary_Art,_Chicago" class="mw-redirect" title="Museum of Contemporary Art, Chicago">Museum of Contemporary Art, Chicago</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220815222312/https://mcachicago.org/collection/items/rashid-johnson/2965-self-portrait-with-my-hair-parted-like-frederick-douglass">Archived</a> from the original on August 15, 2022. Retrieved August 15, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=MCAChicago&rft.atitle=Self-Portrait+with+my+hair+parted+like+Frederick+Douglass&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmcachicago.org%2Fcollection%2Fitems%2Frashid-johnson%2F2965-self-portrait-with-my-hair-parted-like-frederick-douglass&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARashid+Johnson" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.brooklynmuseum.org/opencollection/objects/2733">"The Evolution of the Negro Political Costume"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Brooklyn_Museum" title="Brooklyn Museum">Brooklyn Museum</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220805073053/https://www.brooklynmuseum.org/opencollection/objects/2733">Archived</a> from the original on August 5, 2022. Retrieved August 15, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Brooklyn+Museum&rft.atitle=The+Evolution+of+the+Negro+Political+Costume&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.brooklynmuseum.org%2Fopencollection%2Fobjects%2F2733&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARashid+Johnson" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://art.seattleartmuseum.org/objects/35631/untitled?">"Untitled"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Seattle_Art_Museum" title="Seattle Art Museum">Seattle Art Museum</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191209071442/https://art.seattleartmuseum.org/objects/35631/untitled">Archived</a> from the original on December 9, 2019. Retrieved August 15, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Seattle+Art+Museum&rft.atitle=Untitled&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fart.seattleartmuseum.org%2Fobjects%2F35631%2Funtitled%3F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARashid+Johnson" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://whitney.org/collection/works/50474">"Black Steel in the Hour of Chaos"</a>. Whitney. <a href="/wiki/Whitney_Museum" title="Whitney Museum">Whitney Museum</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220815212854/https://whitney.org/collection/works/50474">Archived</a> from the original on August 15, 2022. Retrieved August 15, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Whitney&rft.atitle=Black+Steel+in+the+Hour+of+Chaos&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwhitney.org%2Fcollection%2Fworks%2F50474&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARashid+Johnson" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nga.gov/collection/art-object-page.221714.html">"The New Negro Escapist Social and Athletic Club (Emmett)"</a>. NGA. <a href="/wiki/National_Gallery_of_Art" title="National Gallery of Art">National Gallery of Art</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220805171907/https://www.nga.gov/collection/art-object-page.221714.html">Archived</a> from the original on August 5, 2022. Retrieved August 15, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=NGA&rft.atitle=The+New+Negro+Escapist+Social+and+Athletic+Club+%28Emmett%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nga.gov%2Fcollection%2Fart-object-page.221714.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARashid+Johnson" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://rubellmuseum.org/30a-rashid-johnson">"Rashid Johnson"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Rubell_Museum" title="Rubell Museum">Rubell Museum</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221114005300/https://rubellmuseum.org/30a-rashid-johnson">Archived</a> from the original on November 14, 2022. Retrieved November 14, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Rubell+Museum&rft.atitle=Rashid+Johnson&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Frubellmuseum.org%2F30a-rashid-johnson&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARashid+Johnson" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://zeitzmocaa.museum/art/new-negro-escapist-social-athletic-club-thurgood/">"THE NEW NEGRO ESCAPIST SOCIAL AND ATHLETIC CLUB (THURGOOD)"</a>. ZeitzMOCAA. <a href="/wiki/Zeitz_Museum_of_Contemporary_Art_Africa" title="Zeitz Museum of Contemporary Art Africa">Zeitz Museum of Contemporary Art Africa</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221114005430/https://zeitzmocaa.museum/art/new-negro-escapist-social-athletic-club-thurgood/">Archived</a> from the original on November 14, 2022. Retrieved November 14, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ZeitzMOCAA&rft.atitle=THE+NEW+NEGRO+ESCAPIST+SOCIAL+AND+ATHLETIC+CLUB+%28THURGOOD%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fzeitzmocaa.museum%2Fart%2Fnew-negro-escapist-social-athletic-club-thurgood%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARashid+Johnson" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.brooklynmuseum.org/opencollection/objects/211224">"Thurgood in the House of Chaos"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Brooklyn_Museum" title="Brooklyn Museum">Brooklyn Museum</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220425045407/https://www.brooklynmuseum.org/opencollection/objects/211224">Archived</a> from the original on April 25, 2022. Retrieved August 15, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Brooklyn+Museum&rft.atitle=Thurgood+in+the+House+of+Chaos&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.brooklynmuseum.org%2Fopencollection%2Fobjects%2F211224&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARashid+Johnson" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.famsf.org/artworks/thurgood-in-the-hour-of-chaos">"Thurgood in the House of Chaos"</a>. FAMSF. <a href="/wiki/Fine_Arts_Museums_of_San_Francisco" title="Fine Arts Museums of San Francisco">Fine Arts Museums of San Francisco</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221114005120/https://www.famsf.org/artworks/thurgood-in-the-hour-of-chaos">Archived</a> from the original on November 14, 2022. Retrieved November 13, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=FAMSF&rft.atitle=Thurgood+in+the+House+of+Chaos&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.famsf.org%2Fartworks%2Fthurgood-in-the-hour-of-chaos&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARashid+Johnson" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-94"><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pafa.org/museum/collection/item/thurgood-hour-chaos">"Thurgood in the House of Chaos"</a>. PAFA. <a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania_Academy_of_the_Fine_Arts" title="Pennsylvania Academy of the Fine Arts">Pennsylvania Academy of the Fine Arts</a>. December 28, 2014. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220815222911/https://www.pafa.org/museum/collection/item/thurgood-hour-chaos">Archived</a> from the original on August 15, 2022. Retrieved August 15, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=PAFA&rft.atitle=Thurgood+in+the+House+of+Chaos&rft.date=2014-12-28&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pafa.org%2Fmuseum%2Fcollection%2Fitem%2Fthurgood-hour-chaos&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARashid+Johnson" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-95"><a href="#cite_ref-95">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sfmoma.org/artwork/2012.295.6/">"Thurgood in the Hour of Chaos"</a>. SFMoMA. <a href="/wiki/San_Francisco_Museum_of_Modern_Art" title="San Francisco Museum of Modern Art">San Francisco Museum of Modern Art</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220815224501/https://www.sfmoma.org/artwork/2012.295.6/">Archived</a> from the original on August 15, 2022. Retrieved August 15, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=SFMoMA&rft.atitle=Thurgood+in+the+Hour+of+Chaos&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sfmoma.org%2Fartwork%2F2012.295.6%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARashid+Johnson" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-96"><a href="#cite_ref-96">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://whitney.org/collection/works/42044">"Thurgood in the Hour of Chaos"</a>. Whitney. <a href="/wiki/Whitney_Museum" title="Whitney Museum">Whitney Museum</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201103130604/https://whitney.org/collection/works/42044">Archived</a> from the original on November 3, 2020. Retrieved August 15, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Whitney&rft.atitle=Thurgood+in+the+Hour+of+Chaos&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwhitney.org%2Fcollection%2Fworks%2F42044&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARashid+Johnson" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-97"><a href="#cite_ref-97">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mcachicago.org/collection/items/rashid-johnson/3293-the-new-negro-escapist-social-and-athletic-club-marcus">"The New Negro Escapist Social and Athletic Club (Marcus)"</a>. MCA Chicago. <a href="/wiki/Museum_of_Contemporary_Art,_Chicago" class="mw-redirect" title="Museum of Contemporary Art, Chicago">Museum of Contemporary Art, Chicago</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221114005552/https://mcachicago.org/collection/items/rashid-johnson/3293-the-new-negro-escapist-social-and-athletic-club-marcus">Archived</a> from the original on November 14, 2022. Retrieved November 14, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=MCA+Chicago&rft.atitle=The+New+Negro+Escapist+Social+and+Athletic+Club+%28Marcus%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmcachicago.org%2Fcollection%2Fitems%2Frashid-johnson%2F3293-the-new-negro-escapist-social-and-athletic-club-marcus&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARashid+Johnson" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-98"><a href="#cite_ref-98">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.moma.org/collection/works/420464?">"Our People, Kind of"</a>. MoMA. <a href="/wiki/Museum_of_Modern_Art" title="Museum of Modern Art">Museum of Modern Art</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211107204927/https://www.moma.org/collection/works/420464">Archived</a> from the original on November 7, 2021. Retrieved August 15, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=MoMA&rft.atitle=Our+People%2C+Kind+of&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.moma.org%2Fcollection%2Fworks%2F420464%3F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARashid+Johnson" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-99"><a href="#cite_ref-99">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://walkerart.org/collections/artworks/the-treatment">"The Treatment"</a>. WalkerArt. <a href="/wiki/Walker_Art_Center" title="Walker Art Center">Walker Art Center</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210803192139/https://walkerart.org/collections/artworks/the-treatment">Archived</a> from the original on August 3, 2021. Retrieved August 15, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=WalkerArt&rft.atitle=The+Treatment&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwalkerart.org%2Fcollections%2Fartworks%2Fthe-treatment&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARashid+Johnson" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-100"><a href="#cite_ref-100">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.guggenheim.org/artwork/31394">"The New Black Yoga"</a>. Guggenheim. <a href="/wiki/Solomon_R._Guggenheim_Museum" title="Solomon R. Guggenheim Museum">Solomon R. Guggenheim Museum</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220120215804/https://www.guggenheim.org/artwork/31394">Archived</a> from the original on January 20, 2022. Retrieved August 15, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Guggenheim&rft.atitle=The+New+Black+Yoga&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.guggenheim.org%2Fartwork%2F31394&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARashid+Johnson" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-101"><a href="#cite_ref-101">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dia.org/collection/river-crossing-107161">"River Crossing"</a>. DIA. <a href="/wiki/Detroit_Institute_of_Arts" title="Detroit Institute of Arts">Detroit Institute of Arts</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221114010909/https://dia.org/collection/river-crossing-107161">Archived</a> from the original on November 14, 2022. Retrieved November 14, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=DIA&rft.atitle=River+Crossing&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdia.org%2Fcollection%2Friver-crossing-107161&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARashid+Johnson" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-102"><a href="#cite_ref-102">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://vmfa.museum/piction/6027262-62231543/">"The Sweet Science"</a>. VMFA. <a href="/wiki/Virginia_Museum_of_Fine_Arts" title="Virginia Museum of Fine Arts">Virginia Museum of Fine Arts</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220815212408/https://vmfa.museum/piction/6027262-62231543/">Archived</a> from the original on August 15, 2022. Retrieved August 15, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=VMFA&rft.atitle=The+Sweet+Science&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fvmfa.museum%2Fpiction%2F6027262-62231543%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARashid+Johnson" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-103"><a href="#cite_ref-103">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://collections.lacma.org/node/2110191">"Four for the Talking Cure"</a>. LACMA. <a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles_County_Museum_of_Art" title="Los Angeles County Museum of Art">Los Angeles County Museum of Art</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180205171356/https://collections.lacma.org/node/2110191">Archived</a> from the original on February 5, 2018. Retrieved August 15, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=LACMA&rft.atitle=Four+for+the+Talking+Cure&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcollections.lacma.org%2Fnode%2F2110191&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARashid+Johnson" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-104"><a href="#cite_ref-104">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pamm.org/en/artwork/2013.11">"Tribe"</a>. PAMM. <a href="/wiki/P%C3%A9rez_Art_Museum_Miami" title="Pérez Art Museum Miami">Pérez Art Museum Miami</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220815224136/https://www.pamm.org/en/artwork/2013.11/">Archived</a> from the original on August 15, 2022. Retrieved August 15, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=PAMM&rft.atitle=Tribe&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pamm.org%2Fen%2Fartwork%2F2013.11&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARashid+Johnson" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-105"><a href="#cite_ref-105">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nga.gov/collection/art-object-page.224930.html">"Planet"</a>. NGA. <a href="/wiki/National_Gallery_of_Art" title="National Gallery of Art">National Gallery of Art</a>. Retrieved February 13, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=NGA&rft.atitle=Planet&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nga.gov%2Fcollection%2Fart-object-page.224930.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARashid+Johnson" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-106"><a href="#cite_ref-106">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://artbma.org/collection/contemporary/">"Contemporary Collection"</a>. ArtBMA. <a href="/wiki/Baltimore_Museum_of_Art" title="Baltimore Museum of Art">Baltimore Museum of Art</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221212033717/https://artbma.org/collection/contemporary/">Archived</a> from the original on December 12, 2022. Retrieved December 12, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ArtBMA&rft.atitle=Contemporary+Collection&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fartbma.org%2Fcollection%2Fcontemporary%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARashid+Johnson" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-107"><a href="#cite_ref-107">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.metmuseum.org/art/collection/search/710452?">"Untitled"</a>. MetMuseum. <a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_Museum_of_Art" title="Metropolitan Museum of Art">Metropolitan Museum of Art</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210418080135/https://www.metmuseum.org/art/collection/search/710452">Archived</a> from the original on April 18, 2021. Retrieved August 15, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=MetMuseum&rft.atitle=Untitled&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.metmuseum.org%2Fart%2Fcollection%2Fsearch%2F710452%3F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARashid+Johnson" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-108"><a href="#cite_ref-108">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://collections.mfa.org/objects/683252/two-faces?">"Two Faces"</a>. MFA. <a href="/wiki/Museum_of_Fine_Arts,_Boston" title="Museum of Fine Arts, Boston">Museum of Fine Arts, Boston</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220815214045/https://collections.mfa.org/objects/683252/two-faces">Archived</a> from the original on August 15, 2022. Retrieved August 15, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=MFA&rft.atitle=Two+Faces&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcollections.mfa.org%2Fobjects%2F683252%2Ftwo-faces%3F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARashid+Johnson" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-109"><a href="#cite_ref-109">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://whitney.org/collection/works/47938">"Untitled"</a>. Whitney. <a href="/wiki/Whitney_Museum" title="Whitney Museum">Whitney Museum</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201103130426/https://whitney.org/collection/works/47938">Archived</a> from the original on November 3, 2020. Retrieved August 15, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Whitney&rft.atitle=Untitled&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwhitney.org%2Fcollection%2Fworks%2F47938&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARashid+Johnson" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-110"><a href="#cite_ref-110">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://collection.mam.org/details.php?id=35784">"Untitled Anxious Audience"</a>. MAM. <a href="/wiki/Milwaukee_Art_Museum" title="Milwaukee Art Museum">Milwaukee Art Museum</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220815223952/http://collection.mam.org/details.php?id=35784">Archived</a> from the original on August 15, 2022. Retrieved August 15, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=MAM&rft.atitle=Untitled+Anxious+Audience&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcollection.mam.org%2Fdetails.php%3Fid%3D35784&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARashid+Johnson" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-111"><a href="#cite_ref-111">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.clevelandart.org/art/2020.78">"Untitled (Anxious Crowd)"</a>. ClevelandArt. <a href="/wiki/Cleveland_Museum_of_Art" title="Cleveland Museum of Art">Cleveland Museum of Art</a>. March 24, 2020. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220705223154/https://www.clevelandart.org/art/2020.78">Archived</a> from the original on July 5, 2022. Retrieved August 15, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ClevelandArt&rft.atitle=Untitled+%28Anxious+Crowd%29&rft.date=2020-03-24&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.clevelandart.org%2Fart%2F2020.78&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARashid+Johnson" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-112"><a href="#cite_ref-112">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dia.org/collection/untitled-anxious-crowd-109922">"Untitled (Anxious Crowd)"</a>. DIA. <a href="/wiki/Detroit_Institute_of_Arts" title="Detroit Institute of Arts">Detroit Institute of Arts</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221114010435/https://dia.org/collection/untitled-anxious-crowd-109922">Archived</a> from the original on November 14, 2022. Retrieved November 14, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=DIA&rft.atitle=Untitled+%28Anxious+Crowd%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdia.org%2Fcollection%2Funtitled-anxious-crowd-109922&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARashid+Johnson" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-113"><a href="#cite_ref-113">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://whitney.org/collection/works/62483">"Untitled (Anxious Crowd)"</a>. Whitney. <a href="/wiki/Whitney_Museum" title="Whitney Museum">Whitney Museum</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201103130351/https://whitney.org/collection/works/62483">Archived</a> from the original on November 3, 2020. Retrieved August 15, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Whitney&rft.atitle=Untitled+%28Anxious+Crowd%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwhitney.org%2Fcollection%2Fworks%2F62483&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARashid+Johnson" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-114"><a href="#cite_ref-114">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://collections.dma.org/artwork/5350184">"Untitled Escape Collage"</a>. DMA. <a href="/wiki/Dallas_Museum_of_Art" title="Dallas Museum of Art">Dallas Museum of Art</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220815222438/https://collections.dma.org/artwork/5350184">Archived</a> from the original on August 15, 2022. Retrieved August 15, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=DMA&rft.atitle=Untitled+Escape+Collage&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcollections.dma.org%2Fartwork%2F5350184&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARashid+Johnson" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-115"><a href="#cite_ref-115">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.metmuseum.org/art/collection/search/845852?">"The Broken Five"</a>. MetMuseum. <a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_Museum_of_Art" title="Metropolitan Museum of Art">Metropolitan Museum of Art</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210924004957/https://www.metmuseum.org/art/collection/search/845852">Archived</a> from the original on September 24, 2021. Retrieved August 15, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=MetMuseum&rft.atitle=The+Broken+Five&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.metmuseum.org%2Fart%2Fcollection%2Fsearch%2F845852%3F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARashid+Johnson" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-116"><a href="#cite_ref-116">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.artic.edu/artworks/261470/anxious-red-painting-november-29th">"Anxious Red Painting November 29th"</a>. ArtIC. <a href="/wiki/Art_Institute_of_Chicago" title="Art Institute of Chicago">Art Institute of Chicago</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220815213819/https://www.artic.edu/artworks/261470/anxious-red-painting-november-29th">Archived</a> from the original on August 15, 2022. Retrieved August 15, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ArtIC&rft.atitle=Anxious+Red+Painting+November+29th&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.artic.edu%2Fartworks%2F261470%2Fanxious-red-painting-november-29th&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARashid+Johnson" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-117"><a href="#cite_ref-117">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://collections.stormking.org/Detail/objects/7642">"Stacked Heads"</a>. Storm King. <a href="/wiki/Storm_King_Art_Center" title="Storm King Art Center">Storm King Art Center</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220815214835/https://collections.stormking.org/Detail/objects/7642">Archived</a> from the original on August 15, 2022. Retrieved August 15, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Storm+King&rft.atitle=Stacked+Heads&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcollections.stormking.org%2FDetail%2Fobjects%2F7642&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARashid+Johnson" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-118"><a href="#cite_ref-118">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://collection.crystalbridges.org/objects/10838/the-bruising-for-jules-the-bird-jack-and-leni?">"The Bruising: For Jules, The Bird, Jack and Leni"</a>. Crystal Bridges. <a href="/wiki/Crystal_Bridges_Museum_of_American_Art" title="Crystal Bridges Museum of American Art">Crystal Bridges Museum of American Art</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220815223432/https://collection.crystalbridges.org/objects/10838/the-bruising-for-jules-the-bird-jack-and-leni">Archived</a> from the original on August 15, 2022. Retrieved August 15, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Crystal+Bridges&rft.atitle=The+Bruising%3A+For+Jules%2C+The+Bird%2C+Jack+and+Leni&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcollection.crystalbridges.org%2Fobjects%2F10838%2Fthe-bruising-for-jules-the-bird-jack-and-leni%3F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARashid+Johnson" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-119"><a href="#cite_ref-119">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.clevelandart.org/art/2021.161">"Standing Broken Men"</a>. ClevelandArt. <a href="/wiki/Cleveland_Museum_of_Art" title="Cleveland Museum of Art">Cleveland Museum of Art</a>. January 26, 2022. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220705193706/https://www.clevelandart.org/art/2021.161">Archived</a> from the original on July 5, 2022. Retrieved August 15, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ClevelandArt&rft.atitle=Standing+Broken+Men&rft.date=2022-01-26&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.clevelandart.org%2Fart%2F2021.161&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARashid+Johnson" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-120"><a href="#cite_ref-120">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nga.gov/collection/art-object-page.223448.html">"Untitled Anxious Red"</a>. NGA. <a href="/wiki/National_Gallery_of_Art" title="National Gallery of Art">National Gallery of Art</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220815211909/https://www.nga.gov/collection/art-object-page.223448.html">Archived</a> from the original on August 15, 2022. 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