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<p>号称民主的国家，包括肯尼亚和巴基斯坦应确保作为民主中心的人权得到保障——包括言论、集会和结社的自由，还有自由和公平的竞选。但在2007年，太多政府，包括巴林，约旦，尼日利亚，俄国和泰国，它们似乎认为仅仅握着一张选票就足以证明国家够“民主”。而华盛顿，布鲁塞尔和欧洲的首都也赞同它们，人权观察称。布什政府谈到对海外民主的承诺，但对于所有的政府都应尊敬人权却经常保持沉默。</p> <p>“独裁者假扮民主在今天过于容易，” 肯尼斯.罗斯，人权观察的执行主任称。 “那是因为许多西方政府坚持竞选，并且不再管它。他们不坚持政府应关注使民主发挥作用的关键人权问题——新闻自由，和平集会，和一个发挥作用的能真正挑战权力的民间社会。” </p> <p>在2008年度世界报告中，人权观察调查了超过75个国家的人权状况。人权观察提出许多需要注意的人权挑战，包括在乍得，哥伦比亚，刚果民主共和国，埃塞俄比亚的奥加登地区，伊拉克，索马里，斯里兰卡和苏丹的达尔富尔地区的暴行，还有在封闭社会或在缅甸，中国，古巴，厄立特里亚，利比亚，伊朗，朝鲜，沙特阿拉伯和越南的压迫。其它的还有在法国，巴基斯坦，英国和美国“反恐战”中的虐待。</p> <p>在索马里和埃塞俄比亚东部奥加登地区严重的人权践踏使人道主义危机恶化。 “在索马里和埃塞俄比亚的奥加登地区，数以百万计的人在遭受痛苦，这是一个被忘记的悲剧，”罗斯称。 </p> <p>苏丹政府要为历时五年的达尔富尔危机承担主要责任, 人权观察称。约240万人流离失所，还有400万人靠人道主义援助生存。在最近几个星期，西部达尔富尔的村庄被攻击，随着所有方面忽略国际人道主义法，平民面临巨大危险。 </p> <p>缅甸的军事政府因其暴行而臭名昭著长达数十年，在八月和九月用杀伤性力量对付僧人、民主积极分子和普通平民的和平抗议。数以百计的人被强制扣留。</p> <p>在斯里兰卡，泰米尔伊拉姆猛虎解放组织和政府军的激烈战斗导致对平民故意的不加区别的攻击。数百人“消失了”，超过20000 人流离失所。</p> <p>以色列对加沙的封锁使140万居民得不到他们生存所需的食物，燃料和药物，这是违犯国际法的一项集体处罚。巴勒斯坦武装集团违反国际法，继续发动对以色列居民区不加区别的火箭攻击。</p> <p>人权观察认为，围绕 2008奥林匹克运动会的持久的国际压力能使中国领导更重视中国的人权。但人权观察也警告：奥运会使一些问题更趋恶化: 例如强制搬迁，流动劳工权利虐待，用软禁来使异议者沉默。中国政府还在制裁律师和人权活动家。 </p> <p>“2008年奥运会对中国政府来说，是一个历史性的向世界表明它能使13亿人的人权成为现实的机会，”罗斯说。</p> <p>美国对所谓的“反恐怖战争”被拘留者的虐待是主要问题; 275名被拘留者仍然被无罪名地扣留在关塔那摩湾。其他在被美国清除罪名后仍然被扣留，因为他们不可能被送回国，并且没有国家会重新接受他们。 </p> <p>美国仍然有世界上最高的入狱率，黑人男子的入狱率是白人男子的六倍多。</p> <p>人权观察记录了一些被操纵的竞选：完全欺骗(乍得，约旦, 哈萨克斯坦，尼日利亚，乌兹别克斯坦); 控制选举机器 (阿塞拜疆，巴林，马来西亚，泰国，津巴布韦); 阻拦或使反对派候选人泄气 (白俄罗斯，古巴，埃及，伊朗，以色列在被占领的巴勒斯坦疆土，利比亚，土库曼，乌干达); 政治暴力 (柬埔寨，刚果民主共和国，埃塞俄比亚，黎巴嫩); 抑止媒体和民间社团(俄国，突尼斯); 并且削弱法制(中国，巴基斯坦)。 </p> <p>这其中许多政治伎俩根据国内和国际法是非法的，但很少有外部力量号召政府为它负责。人权观察称有巩固基础的民主常不愿意这样做，因为它们怕失去资源或商业机会，或者由于反恐的需要。 </p> <p>人权观察称美国和欧盟应坚持政府不仅仅举行投票，还应要求它们维护国际法所保证的权利——包括自由媒体，集会自由和无记名投票。 </p> <p>“看起来华盛顿和欧洲政府会接受最值得怀疑的竞选——只要 ‘胜者’是一个战略或商业盟友，” 罗斯称。</p> <p>美国和一些盟友在反恐斗争中践踏人权，这使它们要求其他政府维护人权更困难。并且当独裁政府通过假装民主人士来偏转违犯人权的批评时，对人权的全球护卫遭到危害，人权观察称。 </p> <p>在巴基斯坦, 佩尔韦兹•穆沙拉夫总统通过重写宪法和解雇独立法官倾斜了选举，议会选举在 2月要召开。但美国和英国，伊斯兰堡最大的援助捐款人，拒绝帮助政府改进选举前状况。</p> <p>在肯尼亚, 美国至少表达了对12月的总统民意测验明显拼凑和致700多人死亡的暴力的关注。但美国已接受富产石油的尼日利亚2007年二月的表决，尽管对民意测验拼凑和选举暴力有广泛可信的谴责，华盛顿在内罗毕留下的印象是欺骗会被容忍。它甚至没有威胁停止援助以促使政府与反对派谈判。</p> <p>“尼日利亚的领袖在暴力和虚假的选举中上台，然而他已被国际舞台接受，”罗斯称。“难怪肯尼亚总统认为他能拼凑他的重新选举。”</p> <p>奇怪的是，欧洲安全与合作组织，本应促进民主，人权和安全，同意在2010年把主席位让给哈萨克斯坦，欧盟和俄国渴望此国充足的石油和汽的储备。欧洲安全与合作组织的决定是在执政的哈萨克党 “ 赢了” 八月议会选举的每一个席位后做出的。根据欧洲安全与合作组织的监督员，在选举中媒体被审查，反对派被压迫，计票存在缺陷。</p> <p>人权观察还提到了在使暴君为其所犯恶行负责方面所取得的积极发展。阿尔韦托.藤森和查理.泰勒——<br/> 前秘鲁和利比里亚总统——因践踏人权而受审。国际刑事法庭将在五月进行第一次审讯。</p> <p>2008世界报告还包括有关中国外交政策的文章；活动家怎样帮助创立有关同性恋者权利的日惹原则；对在学校、家中、街道和机构中虐待儿童的惩罚；英国政府对反酷刑的腐蚀 —— 通过“外交保证”来避免虐待。</p> </div><div class="node-translations"><span class="label">其他语言</span><ul class="links"><li class="first 0"><a href="/web/20110706032208/http://www.hrw.org/zh-hans/news/2008/01/30/2008-report-democracy-charade-undermines-rights" class="0">English</a></li> <li class="last 1"><a href="/web/20110706032208/http://www.hrw.org/zh-hans/news/2008/01/30/world-report-2008-falsches-spiel-mit-demokratie-untergr-bt-menschenrechte" 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