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class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Constantinople Agreement</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 10 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-10" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">10 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%AA%D9%81%D8%A7%D9%82%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%82%D8%B3%D8%B7%D9%86%D8%B7%D9%8A%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9_1915" title="اتفاقية القسطنطينية 1915 – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="اتفاقية القسطنطينية 1915" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%BB%D0%B0-%D1%84%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%B0-%D1%80%D1%83%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B5_%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B5_(1915)" title="Англа-франка-рускае пагадненне (1915) – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Англа-франка-рускае пагадненне (1915)" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B7%D1%83%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5_%D0%B7%D0%B0_%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5" title="Споразумение за Проливите – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Споразумение за Проливите" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abkommen_%C3%BCber_Konstantinopel_und_die_Meerengen" title="Abkommen über Konstantinopel und die Meerengen – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Abkommen über Konstantinopel und die Meerengen" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Accordo_di_Costantinopoli" title="Accordo di Costantinopoli – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Accordo di Costantinopoli" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a 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<div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Triple Entente agreement re potential partition of Ottoman Empire</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the WWI agreement. For other agreements on, about, by, at Constantinople, see <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Constantinople_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Treaty of Constantinople (disambiguation)">Constantinople Treaty</a>.</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:1919_British_map_ahead_of_Paris_Peace_Conference_-_extract_regarding_1915_Constantinople_Agreement.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/1919_British_map_ahead_of_Paris_Peace_Conference_-_extract_regarding_1915_Constantinople_Agreement.png/220px-1919_British_map_ahead_of_Paris_Peace_Conference_-_extract_regarding_1915_Constantinople_Agreement.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/1919_British_map_ahead_of_Paris_Peace_Conference_-_extract_regarding_1915_Constantinople_Agreement.png/330px-1919_British_map_ahead_of_Paris_Peace_Conference_-_extract_regarding_1915_Constantinople_Agreement.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/1919_British_map_ahead_of_Paris_Peace_Conference_-_extract_regarding_1915_Constantinople_Agreement.png/440px-1919_British_map_ahead_of_Paris_Peace_Conference_-_extract_regarding_1915_Constantinople_Agreement.png 2x" data-file-width="646" data-file-height="234" /></a><figcaption>Extract from a January 1919 <a href="/wiki/Foreign_and_Commonwealth_Office" class="mw-redirect" title="Foreign and Commonwealth Office">British Foreign Office</a> memorandum summarizing the wartime agreements regarding the Ottoman Empire - the Constantinople Agreement area ceded to Russia is in yellow.</figcaption></figure> <p>The <b>Constantinople Agreement</b> (also known as the <b>Straits Agreement</b>) was a <a href="/wiki/Secret_treaty" title="Secret treaty">secret exchange of diplomatic correspondence</a> between members of the <a href="/wiki/Triple_Entente" title="Triple Entente">Triple Entente</a> from 4 March to 10 April 1915 during <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a>. France and Great Britain promised to give <a href="/wiki/Constantinople" title="Constantinople">Constantinople</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Dardanelles" title="Dardanelles">Dardanelles</a>, at the time part of the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a>, to the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russian Empire</a> in the event of victory.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Britain and France put forward their own claims, to an increased sphere of influence in Persia (now named Iran) for Britain, and to the annexation of <a href="/wiki/Syria_(region)" title="Syria (region)">Syria</a> (including <a href="/wiki/Palestine_(region)" title="Palestine (region)">Palestine</a>) and <a href="/wiki/Cilicia" title="Cilicia">Cilicia</a> for France, all sides also agreeing that the governance of the <a href="/wiki/Holy_Places" class="mw-redirect" title="Holy Places">Holy Places</a> and <a href="/wiki/Arabia" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabia">Arabia</a> would be under independent <a href="/wiki/Muslim" class="mw-redirect" title="Muslim">Muslim</a> rule.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Greek government was neutral, but in 1915 it negotiated with the Allies, offering soldiers and especially a geographical launching point for attacks on the Turkish Straits. Greece itself wanted control of Constantinople. Russia vetoed the Greek proposal, because its own main war goal was to control the Straits, and take control of Constantinople.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Though the Allied attempt to seize the area in the <a href="/wiki/Gallipoli_Campaign" class="mw-redirect" title="Gallipoli Campaign">Gallipoli Campaign</a> failed, Constantinople was nevertheless occupied by the victorious Allies at the end of the war in 1918. By that time, however, the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Revolution" title="Russian Revolution">Russian Revolution</a> had brought about Russian withdrawal from the war, and as it was no longer one of the Allied Powers the agreement was not implemented. Its existence had been revealed by the <a href="/wiki/Bolshevik" class="mw-redirect" title="Bolshevik">Bolshevik</a> government in 1917. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Historical_background">Historical background</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Constantinople_Agreement&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Historical background"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Turkish_Strait_disambig.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Turkish_Strait_disambig.svg/300px-Turkish_Strait_disambig.svg.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="248" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Turkish_Strait_disambig.svg/450px-Turkish_Strait_disambig.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Turkish_Strait_disambig.svg/600px-Turkish_Strait_disambig.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="469" data-file-height="388" /></a><figcaption><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r981673959">.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}</style><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="border: solid 1px#000;background-color:#eb0000; color:white;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact; print-color-adjust: exact;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Bosporus" title="Bosporus">Bosporus Strait</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="border: solid 1px #000;background-color:#ffe605; color:black;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact; print-color-adjust: exact;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Dardanelles" title="Dardanelles">Dardanelles Strait</a></div></figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_entry_into_World_War_I" title="Ottoman entry into World War I">Ottoman entry into World War I</a></div> <p>Access to the <a href="/wiki/Turkish_Straits" class="mw-redirect" title="Turkish Straits">Turkish Straits</a> was governed by the 1841 <a href="/wiki/London_Straits_Convention" title="London Straits Convention">London Straits Convention</a> which stipulated the closure of the straits to warships<sup id="cite_ref-Rozakēs1987_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rozakēs1987-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and, after the <a href="/wiki/Crimean_War" title="Crimean War">Crimean War</a>, by the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Paris_(1856)" title="Treaty of Paris (1856)">Treaty of Paris (1856)</a> which made universal the principle of commercial freedom at the same time as forbidding any militarization in and around the Black Sea, later amended by the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_London_(1871)" title="Treaty of London (1871)">Treaty of London (1871)</a> and reaffirmed in the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Berlin_(1878)" title="Treaty of Berlin (1878)">Treaty of Berlin (1878)</a>. </p><p>In early 1907, in the talks leading up to the <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Russian_Convention" title="Anglo-Russian Convention">Anglo-Russian Convention</a>, Count <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Izvolsky" title="Alexander Izvolsky">Alexander Izvolsky</a>, then Russian Minister of Foreign Affairs, raised the question of the Straits, and talks were carried on in London through the Russian ambassador, <a href="/wiki/Count_Alexander_Benckendorff" class="mw-redirect" title="Count Alexander Benckendorff">Count Alexander Benckendorff</a>. Little is known but the "suggestion appears to have been made that Russia should have free egress from the Black Sea through the Straits, while other powers should have the right to send their vessels of war into the Straits without going into the Black Sea" together with some talk of "Russia's occupying the Bosphorus and England the Dardanelles, after which the Straits might be opened to other warships as well." In the event, nothing came of the discussions at the time.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELanger192968_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELanger192968-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 12 October 1908, the Russian Ambassador to France, <a href="/wiki/Aleksandr_Nelidov" title="Aleksandr Nelidov">Aleksandr Nelidov</a> in a conversation with the British Ambassador to France, <a href="/wiki/Francis_Bertie,_1st_Viscount_Bertie_of_Thame" title="Francis Bertie, 1st Viscount Bertie of Thame">Lord Bertie</a>, said that since Japan would not allow Russia to keep a <a href="/wiki/Pacific" class="mw-redirect" title="Pacific">Pacific</a> fleet, and since the <a href="/wiki/Baltic_Sea" title="Baltic Sea">Baltic</a> was practically closed throughout the winter, it was essential for Russia that the Black Sea should be made "the home for the Russian fleet whence she can move to the Mediterranean, the Baltic and the Far East as necessity may require."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacfie1981328_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacfie1981328-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Izvolsky" title="Alexander Izvolsky">Alexander Izvolsky</a>, the Russian Foreign Minister, in the latter part of 1908 was able to get conditional support for a change in the Straits regime from Austro-Hungarian Foreign Minister <a href="/wiki/Alois_Lexa_von_Aehrenthal" title="Alois Lexa von Aehrenthal">Alois Lexa von Aehrenthal</a>, Italian Minister of Foreign Affairs <a href="/wiki/Tommaso_Tittoni" title="Tommaso Tittoni">Tommaso Tittoni</a> and the German Ambassador to Paris, <a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_von_Schoen" title="Wilhelm von Schoen">Wilhelm von Schoen</a> as well as from Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs <a href="/wiki/Edward_Grey,_1st_Viscount_Grey_of_Fallodon" title="Edward Grey, 1st Viscount Grey of Fallodon">Sir Edward Grey</a>, Grey on 14 October 1908 being clearest on the subject while indicating that Turkish agreement was a prerequisite. <sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacfie1981323–324_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacfie1981323–324-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During the <a href="/wiki/Bosnian_Crisis" title="Bosnian Crisis">Bosnian Crisis</a> of 1908, in the <a href="/wiki/Italo-Turkish_War" title="Italo-Turkish War">Italo-Turkish War</a> of 1911/12 as well as during the <a href="/wiki/Balkan_Wars" title="Balkan Wars">Balkan Wars</a> of 1912/13, Russia made attempts to obtain the opening of the straits for Russian warships but failed for want of support from the <a href="/wiki/Great_power" title="Great power">Great powers</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacfie1998183-184_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacfie1998183-184-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In April/May 1912, the straits were closed for some weeks, and in response to subsequent threats of closure Russia indicated that it would take action in the event of a prolonged closure.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacfie1998184_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacfie1998184-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p> At the outbreak of war, the Ottoman Empire was diplomatically isolated; it had sought an alliance with Britain at the end of 1911, between May and July 1914 with France and Russia, and on 22 July with Germany,<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> to no avail.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Russia was concerned about the potential arrival in the Black Sea of two modern warships being built by British shipyards for the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Navy" title="Ottoman Navy">Ottoman Navy</a>, the <a href="/wiki/HMS_Agincourt_(1913)" title="HMS Agincourt (1913)"><i>Sultân Osmân-ı Evvel</i></a>, which had been completed and was making preparations to leave, and the <a href="/wiki/HMS_Erin" title="HMS Erin"><i>Reşadiye</i></a>. On 30 July, <a href="/wiki/Minister_of_Foreign_Affairs_(Russia)" title="Minister of Foreign Affairs (Russia)">Russian Minister of Foreign Affairs</a> <a href="/wiki/Sergey_Sazonov" title="Sergey Sazonov">Sergey Sazonov</a> instructed Benckendorff:<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><blockquote><p>it is a matter of the highest importance for us that Turkey should not receive the two dreadnoughts..point out to the English government the immense importance of this matter for us, and energetically insist upon the retention of these two ships in England."</p></blockquote> <p><a href="/wiki/First_Lord_of_the_Admiralty" title="First Lord of the Admiralty">First Lord of the Admiralty</a> <a href="/wiki/Winston_Churchill" title="Winston Churchill">Winston Churchill</a> had by then already decided on requisition and when the Turkish ambassador protested on 1 August, he was informed that "in view of the serious situation abroad it was not possible to allow a battleship to leave these waters and pass into the hands of a foreign buyer".<sup id="cite_ref-McKercherCapet2019_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-McKercherCapet2019-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Pursuit_of_Goeben_and_Breslau" title="Pursuit of Goeben and Breslau">pursuit of the two German warships <i>Goeben</i> and <i>Breslau</i></a> by the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Navy" title="Royal Navy">Royal Navy</a> led to their being allowed to enter the Dardanelles on 10 August 1914.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>c<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Details">Details</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Constantinople_Agreement&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Details"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Historian Dmitrii Likharev, analysing key contributions in the historiography of the subject points to contributions of C. Jay Smith who obtained access to the Asquith papers in the 1960s and to William Renzi in 1970 who made use of records released by the British National Archives to date Britain's promise of Constantinople to the Russians to November 1914 <sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>d<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and its genesis to earlier in September <sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>e<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>, prior to the Ottoman entry into the war.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELikharev2019273–275_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELikharev2019273–275-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>From 4 March to 10 April 1915, the <a href="/wiki/Triple_Entente" title="Triple Entente">Triple Entente</a> of Britain, France, and Russia secretly<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> discussed how to divide up the lands of the Ottoman Empire. Britain was to control an even larger zone in Persia, while Russia would get the Ottoman capital, Constantinople. The Dardanelles were also promised to Russia. The language of the agreement described the following boundaries: </p> <blockquote><p>...the city of <a href="/wiki/Istanbul" title="Istanbul">Constantinople</a>, the western bank of the <a href="/wiki/Bosphorus" class="mw-redirect" title="Bosphorus">Bosphorus</a>, of the <a href="/wiki/Sea_of_Marmara" title="Sea of Marmara">Sea of Marmara</a> and of the <a href="/wiki/Dardanelles" title="Dardanelles">Dardanelles</a>, as well as southern <a href="/wiki/Thrace" title="Thrace">Thrace</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Enez" title="Enez">Enez</a>-<a href="/wiki/K%C4%B1y%C4%B1k%C3%B6y" title="Kıyıköy">Midye</a> line... and... that part of the Asiatic shore that lies between the Bosphorus, the <a href="/wiki/Sakarya_River" title="Sakarya River">Sakarya River</a> and a point to be determined on the <a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Izmit" class="mw-redirect" title="Gulf of Izmit">Gulf of Izmit</a>, and the islands of the Sea of Marmara, the <a href="/wiki/Imbros" title="Imbros">Imbros</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tenedos" title="Tenedos">Tenedos</a> islands.</p></blockquote> <p>The British and the French sought to limit Russian claims, but were not able to do so, and also had to contend with the possibility that Russia might make a separate peace with the Central Powers.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The agreement was one of a series of agreements regarding the partition of the Ottoman Empire by the Triple Entente and Italy following the war, including the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_London_(1915)" title="Treaty of London (1915)">Treaty of London (1915)</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Sykes%E2%80%93Picot_Agreement" title="Sykes–Picot Agreement">Sykes–Picot Agreement</a> (1916) and the <a href="/wiki/Agreement_of_Saint-Jean-de-Maurienne" title="Agreement of Saint-Jean-de-Maurienne">Agreement of Saint-Jean-de-Maurienne</a> (April to August 1917). The British <a href="/wiki/Gallipoli_Campaign" class="mw-redirect" title="Gallipoli Campaign">Gallipoli Campaign</a> (1915–16) was aimed at seizing the Dardanelles and Constantinople, but was defeated by the Ottomans, and the Allies did not gain control of the region until <a href="/wiki/Occupation_of_Constantinople" class="mw-redirect" title="Occupation of Constantinople">occupying it</a> in November 1918, after the end of the war. By that time, the Communist <a href="/wiki/Bolsheviks" title="Bolsheviks">Bolsheviks</a> had seized power in Russia during the <a href="/wiki/October_Revolution" title="October Revolution">October Revolution</a> of 1917 and had signed <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Brest-Litovsk" title="Treaty of Brest-Litovsk">a separate peace</a> with the Central Powers in March 1918, dropping out of the war.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As the Allies therefore no longer considered Russia among their number, and, indeed, did not even recognize the legitimacy of the Bolshevik government, the agreement was never implemented. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Constantinople_Agreement&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Diplomatic_history_of_World_War_I" title="Diplomatic history of World War I">Diplomatic history of World War I</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Constantinople_Agreement&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Footnotes">Footnotes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Constantinople_Agreement&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Footnotes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">A secret alliance was concluded between the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman%E2%80%93German_alliance" class="mw-redirect" title="Ottoman–German alliance">Ottoman Empire and the German Empire</a> on August 2, 1914.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sazonov had made a similar request earlier in June but had been refused on the grounds that the government could not intervene in a commercial matter.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">On 6 August 1914, at 0100 hours, <a href="/wiki/Grand_Vizier" class="mw-redirect" title="Grand Vizier">Grand Vizier</a> <a href="/wiki/Said_Halim_Pasha" title="Said Halim Pasha">Said Halim</a> summoned the German ambassador, <a href="/wiki/Hans_Freiherr_von_Wangenheim" class="mw-redirect" title="Hans Freiherr von Wangenheim">Hans Freiherr von Wangenheim</a>, to his office to inform him that the Cabinet had decided "unanimously" to open the Straits to the Goeben and Breslau.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHamiltonHerwig2005163_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHamiltonHerwig2005163-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"This affirmation was repeated in a memorandum dated November 14 which Buchanan delivered to the Russian Foreign Office. Again, Grey made the promised contingent on Germany's defeat."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERenzi19706_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERenzi19706-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"This early [September 23], then, the inexorable logic of events clearly suggested an arrangement with Russia regarding Constantinople and the Straits."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmith19651023_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith19651023-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Constantinople_Agreement&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Citations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cathal J. Nolan, ed. <i>The Greenwood Encyclopedia of International Relations: A-E</i>, (Greenwood Publishing Group, 2002), 350.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFJ._C._Hurewitz1979" class="citation book cs1">J. C. Hurewitz (1979). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=w9TsVxeUkQMC&pg=PA19"><i>The Middle East and North Africa in World Politics: A Documentary Record. British-French supremacy, 1914-1945. 2</i></a>. Yale University Press. pp. <span class="nowrap">16–</span>21. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-300-02203-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-300-02203-2"><bdi>978-0-300-02203-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Middle+East+and+North+Africa+in+World+Politics%3A+A+Documentary+Record.+British-French+supremacy%2C+1914-1945.+2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E16-%3C%2Fspan%3E21&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=1979&rft.isbn=978-0-300-02203-2&rft.au=J.+C.+Hurewitz&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dw9TsVxeUkQMC%26pg%3DPA19&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConstantinople+Agreement" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hugh Seton-Watson, <i>The Russian Empire, 1801-1917</i> (1967) pp 706-7.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Rozakēs1987-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Rozakēs1987_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChrēstos_L._Rozakēs1987" class="citation book cs1">Chrēstos L. Rozakēs (31 August 1987). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=yJc7HWhF-K8C"><i>The Turkish Straits</i></a>. Martinus Nijhoff Publishers. p. 25. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/90-247-3464-9" title="Special:BookSources/90-247-3464-9"><bdi>90-247-3464-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Turkish+Straits&rft.pages=25&rft.pub=Martinus+Nijhoff+Publishers&rft.date=1987-08-31&rft.isbn=90-247-3464-9&rft.au=Chr%C4%93stos+L.+Rozak%C4%93s&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DyJc7HWhF-K8C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConstantinople+Agreement" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELanger192968-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELanger192968_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLanger1929">Langer 1929</a>, p. 68.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacfie1981328-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacfie1981328_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMacfie1981">Macfie 1981</a>, p. 328.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacfie1981323–324-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacfie1981323–324_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMacfie1981">Macfie 1981</a>, pp. 323–324.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacfie1998183-184-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacfie1998183-184_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMacfie1998">Macfie 1998</a>, p. 183-184.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacfie1998184-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacfie1998184_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMacfie1998">Macfie 1998</a>, p. 184.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://avalon.law.yale.edu/20th_century/turkgerm.asp"><i>The Treaty of Alliance Between Germany and Turkey</i></a>, Yale</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Treaty+of+Alliance+Between+Germany+and+Turkey&rft.pub=Yale&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Favalon.law.yale.edu%2F20th_century%2Fturkgerm.asp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConstantinople+Agreement" class="Z3988"></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFromkin1989" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/David_Fromkin" title="David Fromkin">Fromkin, David</a> (1989). <a href="/wiki/A_Peace_to_End_All_Peace:_The_Fall_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_and_the_Creation_of_the_Modern_Middle_East" class="mw-redirect" title="A Peace to End All Peace: The Fall of the Ottoman Empire and the Creation of the Modern Middle East"><i>A Peace to End All Peace: The Fall of the Ottoman Empire and the Creation of the Modern Middle East</i></a>. New York: Owl. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/peacetoendallpea00from/page/52">52</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8050-6884-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8050-6884-9"><bdi>978-0-8050-6884-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Peace+to+End+All+Peace%3A+The+Fall+of+the+Ottoman+Empire+and+the+Creation+of+the+Modern+Middle+East&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=52&rft.pub=Owl&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=978-0-8050-6884-9&rft.aulast=Fromkin&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConstantinople+Agreement" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-McKercherCapet2019-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-McKercherCapet2019_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohn_W.Young2019" class="citation book cs1">John W.Young (24 January 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=LCaFDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT174">"3:Winston Churchill and Britain's decision for war"</a>. In B.J.C. McKercher; Antoine Capet (eds.). <i>Winston Churchill: At War and Thinking of War before 1939</i>. Taylor & Francis. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-429-63992-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-429-63992-0"><bdi>978-0-429-63992-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=3%3AWinston+Churchill+and+Britain%27s+decision+for+war&rft.btitle=Winston+Churchill%3A+At+War+and+Thinking+of+War+before+1939&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=2019-01-24&rft.isbn=978-0-429-63992-0&rft.au=John+W.Young&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DLCaFDwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT174&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConstantinople+Agreement" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMassie2004" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Robert_Massie" class="mw-redirect" title="Robert Massie">Massie, Robert</a> (2004). <a href="/wiki/Castles_of_Steel" title="Castles of Steel"><i>Castles of Steel: Britain, Germany and the winning of the Great War</i></a>. Random House. p. 47. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-224-04092-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-224-04092-8"><bdi>0-224-04092-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Castles+of+Steel%3A+Britain%2C+Germany+and+the+winning+of+the+Great+War&rft.pages=47&rft.pub=Random+House&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=0-224-04092-8&rft.aulast=Massie&rft.aufirst=Robert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConstantinople+Agreement" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHamiltonHerwig2005163-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHamiltonHerwig2005163_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHamiltonHerwig2005">Hamilton & Herwig 2005</a>, p. 163.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERenzi19706-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERenzi19706_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRenzi1970">Renzi 1970</a>, p. 6.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith19651023-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmith19651023_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSmith1965">Smith 1965</a>, p. 1023.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELikharev2019273–275-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELikharev2019273–275_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLikharev2019">Likharev 2019</a>, pp. 273–275.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"He [Sir Edward Grey] had emphasized, too, that the Constantinople agreement they had just reached was to be kept secret". David Fromkin, <i>A Peace to End All Peace</i> (2001), p.139</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKucherov1949" class="citation journal cs1">Kucherov, Samuel (1949). "The Problem of Constantinople and the Straits". <i>Russian Review</i>. <b>8</b> (3): 209. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F125120">10.2307/125120</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/125120">125120</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Russian+Review&rft.atitle=The+Problem+of+Constantinople+and+the+Straits&rft.volume=8&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=209&rft.date=1949&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F125120&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F125120%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Kucherov&rft.aufirst=Samuel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConstantinople+Agreement" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGordon_Martel2008" class="citation book cs1">Gordon Martel, ed. (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ASLAUrX3UE8C&pg=PA132"><i>A Companion to International History 1900 - 2001</i></a>. John Wiley & Sons. p. 132. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780470766293" title="Special:BookSources/9780470766293"><bdi>9780470766293</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Companion+to+International+History+1900+-+2001&rft.pages=132&rft.pub=John+Wiley+%26+Sons&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=9780470766293&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DASLAUrX3UE8C%26pg%3DPA132&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConstantinople+Agreement" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Constantinople_Agreement&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFitzgerald1994" class="citation journal cs1">Fitzgerald, Edward Peter (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2125155">"France's Middle Eastern Ambitions, the Sykes-Picot Negotiations, and the Oil Fields of Mosul, 1915-1918"</a>. <i>The Journal of Modern History</i>. <b>66</b> (4): <span class="nowrap">697–</span>725. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2F244937">10.1086/244937</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0022-2801">0022-2801</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2125155">2125155</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+Modern+History&rft.atitle=France%27s+Middle+Eastern+Ambitions%2C+the+Sykes-Picot+Negotiations%2C+and+the+Oil+Fields+of+Mosul%2C+1915-1918&rft.volume=66&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E697-%3C%2Fspan%3E725&rft.date=1994&rft.issn=0022-2801&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2125155%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1086%2F244937&rft.aulast=Fitzgerald&rft.aufirst=Edward+Peter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2125155&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConstantinople+Agreement" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFromkin2001" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/David_Fromkin" title="David Fromkin">Fromkin, David</a> (2001). <i><a href="/wiki/A_Peace_to_End_All_Peace" title="A Peace to End All Peace">A peace to end all peace: the fall of the Ottoman Empire and the creation of the modern Middle East</a></i> (1. Owl Books ed.). New York: Henry Holt & Company, Incorporated. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8050-6884-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-8050-6884-8"><bdi>0-8050-6884-8</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/53814831">53814831</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+peace+to+end+all+peace%3A+the+fall+of+the+Ottoman+Empire+and+the+creation+of+the+modern+Middle+East&rft.place=New+York&rft.edition=1.+Owl+Books&rft.pub=Henry+Holt+%26+Company%2C+Incorporated&rft.date=2001&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F53814831&rft.isbn=0-8050-6884-8&rft.aulast=Fromkin&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConstantinople+Agreement" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHelmreich1976" class="citation journal cs1">Helmreich, Paul C. (1976). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1877819">"Italy and the Anglo-French Repudiation of the 1917 St. Jean de Maurienne Agreement"</a>. <i>The Journal of Modern History</i>. <b>48</b> (2): <span class="nowrap">99–</span>139. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2F241525">10.1086/241525</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0022-2801">0022-2801</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1877819">1877819</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+Modern+History&rft.atitle=Italy+and+the+Anglo-French+Repudiation+of+the+1917+St.+Jean+de+Maurienne+Agreement&rft.volume=48&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E99-%3C%2Fspan%3E139&rft.date=1976&rft.issn=0022-2801&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1877819%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1086%2F241525&rft.aulast=Helmreich&rft.aufirst=Paul+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1877819&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConstantinople+Agreement" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Pınar Üre: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://encyclopedia.1914-1918-online.net/article/constantinople_agreement/">Constantinople Agreement</a>, in: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191230080030/https://encyclopedia.1914-1918-online.net/home.html">1914-1918-online. International Encyclopedia of the First World War</a>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHamiltonHerwig2005" class="citation book cs1">Hamilton, Richard F.; Herwig, Holger H. (2005). <i>Decisions for War,1914–1917</i>. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-51119-678-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-51119-678-2"><bdi>978-0-51119-678-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Decisions+for+War%2C1914%E2%80%931917&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-51119-678-2&rft.aulast=Hamilton&rft.aufirst=Richard+F.&rft.au=Herwig%2C+Holger+H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConstantinople+Agreement" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRenzi1970" class="citation journal cs1">Renzi, William A. (March 1970). "Great Britain, Russia, and the Straits, 1914–1915". <i>The Journal of Modern History</i>. <b>42</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">2–</span>20. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2F240513">10.1086/240513</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1905979">1905979</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:144998651">144998651</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+Modern+History&rft.atitle=Great+Britain%2C+Russia%2C+and+the+Straits%2C+1914%E2%80%931915&rft.volume=42&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E2-%3C%2Fspan%3E20&rft.date=1970-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A144998651%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1905979%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1086%2F240513&rft.aulast=Renzi&rft.aufirst=William+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConstantinople+Agreement" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBobroff2006" class="citation book cs1">Bobroff, Ronald (24 February 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=LUWaecIcuq8C"><i>Roads to Glory: Late Imperial Russia and the Turkish Straits</i></a>. I.B.Tauris. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84511-142-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84511-142-7"><bdi>978-1-84511-142-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Roads+to+Glory%3A+Late+Imperial+Russia+and+the+Turkish+Straits&rft.pub=I.B.Tauris&rft.date=2006-02-24&rft.isbn=978-1-84511-142-7&rft.aulast=Bobroff&rft.aufirst=Ronald&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DLUWaecIcuq8C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConstantinople+Agreement" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmith1965" class="citation journal cs1">Smith, C.Jay (July 1965). "Great Britain and the 1914–1915 Straits Agreement with Russia: The British Promise of November 1914". <i>American Historical Review</i>. <b>70</b> (4): <span class="nowrap">1015–</span>1034. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F1846901">10.2307/1846901</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1846901">1846901</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Historical+Review&rft.atitle=Great+Britain+and+the+1914%E2%80%931915+Straits+Agreement+with+Russia%3A+The+British+Promise+of+November+1914&rft.volume=70&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1015-%3C%2Fspan%3E1034&rft.date=1965-07&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F1846901&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1846901%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.aufirst=C.Jay&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConstantinople+Agreement" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMacfie1981" class="citation journal cs1">Macfie, A.L. (1981). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ojs.lib.uom.gr/index.php/BalkanStudies/article/view/1828/1851">"The Straits Question,1908–1914"</a>. <i>Political Science Quarterly</i>. <b>22</b> (2): <span class="nowrap">321–</span>332<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 October</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Political+Science+Quarterly&rft.atitle=The+Straits+Question%2C1908%E2%80%931914&rft.volume=22&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E321-%3C%2Fspan%3E332&rft.date=1981&rft.aulast=Macfie&rft.aufirst=A.L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fojs.lib.uom.gr%2Findex.php%2FBalkanStudies%2Farticle%2Fview%2F1828%2F1851&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConstantinople+Agreement" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMacfie2006" class="citation journal cs1">Macfie, A.L. (6 December 2006). "The straits question in the First World War, 1914–18". <i>Middle Eastern Studies</i>. <b>19</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">43–</span>74. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F00263208308700533">10.1080/00263208308700533</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1905979">1905979</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Middle+Eastern+Studies&rft.atitle=The+straits+question+in+the+First+World+War%2C+1914%E2%80%9318&rft.volume=19&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E43-%3C%2Fspan%3E74&rft.date=2006-12-06&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F00263208308700533&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1905979%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Macfie&rft.aufirst=A.L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConstantinople+Agreement" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMacfie1998" class="citation book cs1">Macfie, A.L (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=OKLtAAAAMAAJ"><i>The end of the Ottoman Empire, 1908–1923</i></a>. Longman. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-582-28763-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-582-28763-1"><bdi>978-0-582-28763-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+end+of+the+Ottoman+Empire%2C+1908%E2%80%931923&rft.pub=Longman&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0-582-28763-1&rft.aulast=Macfie&rft.aufirst=A.L&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DOKLtAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConstantinople+Agreement" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLanger1929" class="citation journal cs1">Langer, William L. (January 1929). "Russia, the Straits Question, and the European Powers, 1904-8". <i>The English Historical Review</i>. <b>44</b> (173): <span class="nowrap">59–</span>85. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fehr%2FXLIV.CLXXIII.59">10.1093/ehr/XLIV.CLXXIII.59</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/552495">552495</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+English+Historical+Review&rft.atitle=Russia%2C+the+Straits+Question%2C+and+the+European+Powers%2C+1904-8&rft.volume=44&rft.issue=173&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E59-%3C%2Fspan%3E85&rft.date=1929-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fehr%2FXLIV.CLXXIII.59&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F552495%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Langer&rft.aufirst=William+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConstantinople+Agreement" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLanger1928" class="citation journal cs1">Langer, William L. 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